# Advancing Fault Detection in Distribution Networks with a Real-Time Approach Using Robust RVFLN
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, in the IEEE 39-busbar power system modeled in the RTDS, with 0 ohm, 10 ohm, 50 ohm, and 100 ohm fault short circuits, was studied for three single-phase ground faults, three two-phase ground faults, three phase-phase faults, and one three-phase short-circuit fault. In addition, random noise was added to make the data closer to reality. The ORR-RVFLN method is presented to detect short-circuit faults of different resistances and types. For this purpose, RSCAD, was used to simulate real systems. The IEEE 39-busbar system was used for fault type and fault location detection. Unlike the existing studies in the literature, six new feature vectors were developed in this work to be used in fault detection. It was observed that the developed feature vectors increased the fault detection accuracy of the proposed methods. It was found that the six new feature vectors contributed to increasing the detection accuracy of high-impedance short-circuit faults by approximately 10%. An important issue in fault location detection is to detect fault locations that occur at long distances from the busbar with high accuracy. In the category where the distance was greater than 400 m, the number of faulty detections under the same conditions was 10 for single-phase ground faults, nine for three-phase faults, eight for phase-phase faults, and five for two-phase ground faults. These results show that the method correctly detects the fault location at distances greater than 400 m with over 90% accuracy. The ORR-RVFLN method is proposed for fault location. When the obtained results are analyzed, it is found that the number of incorrect fault locations increases as the fault impedance increases and decreases as the distance to the busbar increases. This general trend is valid for all fault types. For all fault types, the number of incorrect fault locations and the average distance errors were obtained in seven categories of 0-50, 50-100, \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **With Noise** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Without** \\ **Noise** \\ \end{tabular} & **With Noise** & **With Noise** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Without** \\ **Noise** \\ \end{tabular} & **With Noise** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Without** \\ **Noise** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
\begin{tabular}{c} ORR- \\ RVFLN \\ \end{tabular} & 0 ohm & \multicolumn{3}{c}{30 ohm} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{50 ohm} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{100 ohm} \\ \hline
0-50 m & 58 & 57 & 60 & 59 & 62 & 60 & 65 & 61 \\ \hline \(>\)400 m & 0 & 1 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 8 & 9 & 12 \\ \hline
\begin{tabular}{c} Cauchy-M- \\ RVFLN \\ \end{tabular} & 0 ohm & \multicolumn{3}{c}{30 ohm} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{50 ohm} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{100 ohm} \\ \hline
0-50 m & 61 & 60 & 63 & 61 & 64 & 62 & 67 & 63 \\ \hline \(>\)400 m & 2 & 3 & 5 & 6 & 7 & 10 & 11 & 14 \\ \hline RVFLN & 0 ohm & \multicolumn{3}{c}{30 ohm} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{50 ohm} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{100 ohm} \\ \hline
0-50 m & 62 & 61 & 64 & 63 & 66 & 64 & 68 & 64 \\ \hline \(>\)400 m & 4 & 5 & 7 & 7 & 8 & 11 & 12 & 15 \\ \hline CNN & 0 ohm & \multicolumn{3}{c}{30 ohm} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{50 ohm} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{100 ohm} \\ \hline
0-50 m & 65 & 64 & 67 & 66 & 69 & 67 & 72 & 68 \\ \hline \(>\)400 m & 5 & 6 & 8 & 8 & 9 & 12 & 13 & 16 \\ \hline LSTM & 0 ohm & \multicolumn{3}{c}{30 ohm} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{50 ohm} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{100 ohm} \\ \hline
0-50 m & 66 & 65 & 68 & 66 & 69 & 67 & 72 & 68 \\ \hline \(>\)400 m & 6 & 7 & 9 & 9 & 10 & 13 & 14 & 17 \\ \hline SVM & 0 ohm & \multicolumn{3}{c}{30 ohm} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{50 ohm} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{100 ohm} \\ \hline
0-50 m & 66 & 65 & 68 & 67 & 70 & 68 & 73 & 69 \\ \hline \(>\)400 m & 7 & 8 & 10 & 10 & 11 & 14 & 15 & 18 \\ \hline ELM & 0 ohm & \multicolumn{3}{c}{30 ohm} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{50 ohm} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{100 ohm} \\ \hline
0-50 m & 68 & 67 & 70 & 69 & 71 & 69 & 74 & 70 \\ \hline \(>\)400 m & 9 & 10 & 12 & 13 & 14 & 17 & 18 & 21 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Comparison of fault location performance of different methods for a single 3 ph.