## 4 Results  
Figure 3 reveals the variation in maximum values across 121 heatmaps corresponding to 121 compensation angles for TC Noru, TC Doksuri, and TC Koinu, respectively. In the figure, the blue solid lines and orange dashed lines represent the local maximum values in each heatmap for Stage 1 and Stage 2 of the estimation process, respectively. As illustrated in the figure, the global maximum values for Stage 1 and Stage 2 occur at distinct compensation angles for each TC. For TC Noru, the global maximum values are observed at a compensation angle of \(0.5^{\circ}\) in Stage 1 and \(-0.5^{\circ}\) in Stage 2. For TC Doksuri, the global maximum values shift more significantly, occurring at \(-16.5^{\circ}\) in Stage 1 and \(-27.5^{\circ}\) in Stage 2. Similarly, for TC Koinu, the global maximum values are found at \(-17.5^{\circ}\) in Stage 1 and \(-23.0^{\circ}\) in Stage 2. These observations highlight the adaptability and iterative improvement of the TC-center estimation algorithm across different compensation angles. The distinct compensation angles at which the global maximum values occur for each TC demonstrate the algorithm's responsiveness to the unique characteristics of each storm. By iteratively refining the compensation angle, the algorithm achieves higher accuracy in the TC-center estimation, illustrating its robustness and effectiveness in handling varying TC structures and intensities. As shown in Figure 4a-c, the entire area for each sub-figure represents the corresponding candidate area, which is larger than the coverage of the corresponding SAR image. This broader candidate area allows for a more robust determination of the TC center by encompassing all potential locations within the SAR image's vicinity. The coarsely estimated center positions of TCs Noru, Doksuri, and Koinu are denoted as red points, providing an initial approximation based on the algorithm's Stage 1 estimation process. The removed SSWDs, which are considered less reliable or less relevant for TC-center estimation, are represented by green lines. In contrast, the remaining SSWDs, which contribute to the TC center position, are denoted by yellow lines. The visually located TC center positions, used as ground truth to assess the accuracy of the algorithm-estimated TC center positions, are indicated by cyan triangles. Each sub-figure also includes a sub-SAR image, highlighted within green boxes. These sub-images are used to precisely estimate the TC center position  
Figure 5: Precise estimation for centers of (**a,d**) TC Noru; (**b,e**) TC Doksuri; (**c,f**) TC Koinu. The precisely estimated TC center positions are denoted by green points in (**a–c**). The sub-SAR images inside the blue boxes are used to adjust the precise estimation by NRCS. (**d–f**) represent the heatmaps corresponding to the compensation angles of \(-0.5^{\circ}\), \(-27.5^{\circ}\), and \(-23.0^{\circ}\), respectively. The position of the maximum value in (**d–f**) represents the precisely estimated TC center positions (green points in (**a–c**)). in Stage 2. By focusing on a smaller, more targeted area within the larger candidate region, the algorithm can achieve greater precision in identifying the exact TC center position. Figure 4d-f display the heatmaps corresponding to the compensation angles of \(0.5^{\circ}\), \(-16.5^{\circ}\), and \(-17.5^{\circ}\), respectively, for TCs Noru, Doksuri, and Koinu. The location of the maximum value in each of the three heatmaps corresponds to the coarsely estimated TC center position, as determined in Stage 1 of the algorithm. These maximum values indicate the points where the initial estimation aligns closely with the true TC center, setting the stage for further refinement in subsequent stages. Figure 5a-c depict the precisely estimated center positions of TCs Noru, Doksuri, and Koinu, identified by green points. These green points represent the refined TC center positions after the algorithm has undergone its second stage of estimation, improving upon the initial coarse estimates.