# Blockchain Integrated IoT for Food Supply Chain: A Grey Based Delphi-DEMATEL Approach
## 2 Literature Review
### B-IoT in the Food Supply Chain  
A multi-level distribution system is present in the food supply chain, which is composed of manufacturers, designing companies, retailers, suppliers, and consumers [50]. [PERSON] et al. [51] have found that most of the business of food products between these competitors is driven by a negotiation mechanism, in which little value trade-off occurs in the process. In most countries, in local markets, there is a great deal of difficulty in tracing and tracking the origin, process, quality, and ecological footprint of goods that are purchased; therefore, there are concerns of food safety and security because it is difficult to trace goods. [PERSON] et al. [52] have highlighted the lack of transparency relevant to the production and preparation of food, as well as the lack of footprints related to traceability, integrity, and food waste. The modern FSC poses a number of problems. It is essential that organizations embrace and manage modern technologies, including those that enable organizational, performance, scientific, and economic changes, in order to ensure food security and lucidity in the FSC [53]. A B-IoT-based food safety system that enhances food safety is one of the most important factors for enhancing e-governance and policy initiatives on improving food safety. The B-IoT enabled food supply chain is shown in Figure 1.  
Based on a report by [PERSON] et al. [13], B-IoT-enabled technical systems can be used to achieve accuracy in the FSC if the cost is not an obstacle. Devices that are used in FSC can be remotely controlled and monitored using the Internet of Things [54]. Further, the security concerns can be addressed by integrating these devices with distributed ledgers; IoT devices can be connected to the Internet of Things in order to ensure secure transactions of information. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [55] investigated the benefits and disadvantages of implementing blockchain in the FSC as well as the trade-offs. They maintain that among the advantages are the elements of accountability, trust, traceability, and authenticity, while the disadvantages are the elements of permissions, stakeholder involvement, transaction time, and scalability issues. With the adoption of technologies such as B-IoT, food security and customer service will be improved through electronic culture. [PERSON] et al. [56], address the issue of requirements, potential opportunities, and design principles for a blockchain in order to integrate with the supply chain. It also provides a better idea of how to handle the technical challenges while designing the blockchain enabled supply chain.  
From the application perspective, Walmart is utilizing the IoT enabled by the B-IoT technology called Hyperledger fabric in order to track different kinds of foods (meats and poultry, dairy produce, multi-ingredient products, fruits, etc.) using an application that is based on the IoT [57]. In a recent announcement, the World Wildlife Fund-Australia has confirmed that it is currently developing an open-source web service called Open SC, which will help the B-IoT assist customers in preventing the consumption of illicit and unsafe food products. The B-IoT and its implementation, despite the limited disclosure of their practical advantages, still remain theoretical and under-developed, calling for further innovation and possible future applications [58; 59].