## 2 Background  
### Notion of Manmade Climate  
The concept of a manmade climate, which first emerged in Europe in the early 20 th century and centered on Germany, aims to control the urban environment through buildings during the urbanization process [21]. This concept applies to regulating the climate of not only external spaces but also internal spaces. Furthermore, the target of climate regulation is not just a single building but also the entire city. In particular, cities, which are residential spaces for many urban residents, are composed of various buildings. To control the urban climate, plans should be made that consider the entire urban system rather than a single building. Work on manmade climates, which is based on an understanding of these complex urban systems, is carried out through interdisciplinary exchanges in various fields, such as climatology, architecture, urban planning, and ecology. The concept of a manmade climate in architecture was proposed by the Bauhaus and the Congres Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM), a group of modernist architects, in the early 20 th century. They proposed \"light, fresh air, and space\" as the three essential elements for architecture and sought to control the climate of urban spaces beyond the interior spaces of buildings [22]. Modernist architects have proposed the development of immediate empirical models of technology-integrated architecture that apply the concept of a human-made climate. The concept of a manmade climate, ideally presented by modernist architects, began to be implemented as a specific project in the 21 st century. This architectural implementation of the 21 st-century manmade climate concept is not the result of inheriting the intellectual architectural concepts of modern architects but rather a response to serious climate change caused by environmental pollution. Global warming and the Anthropocene have sparked new architectural interest in the concept of climate determinism [23]. Architecture is being gradually developed to control unexpected natural phenomena. A concrete example of an empirical study that implemented the concept of a manmade climate in the 21 st century is the Beddington Zero Energy Development (BedZED), a housing complex built in Beddington, England, in 2000 [24]. BedZED was created with the goal of developing a housing complex that does not use fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and gas, as energy sources. The city aims to be carbon-free by not using fossil fuels; to this end, the buildings that make up the residential complex utilize renewable energy, and an energy-independent model has been introduced for transportation. Residential buildings have adopted energy-saving architectural designs. Passive energy building design methods utilizing building orientation and insulation, and active energy building design methods that generate energy from solar panels and steam have been developed. In addition, a car-sharing system was implemented to minimize the traffic demand within the complex, and auxiliary facilities, such as parking towers for storing shared and electric vehicles, were installed. BedZED was the first project to establish the concept of a manmade climate for eco-friendly architecture and cities. Recently, with the advancement of IoT technology, the concept of a manmade climate has been expanded and applied to the construction field. Recently, futuristic architecture and cities have been designed using artificial intelligence (AI) to analyze massive amounts of IoT data. The purpose of a city that combines IoT and AI is to create an optimal natural environment for human survival beyond the efficiency of city operation [25; 26; 27]. These urban spaces that incorporate digital technology advancements are called \"smart cities\" and are being created in cities around the world. In Korea, where the IoT infrastructure is best established, a smart city has been under construction in Sejong City since 2018, with a goal of completion by 2030 [28].