# A Perspective on Emerging Inter-Disciplinary Solutions for the Sustainable Management of Food Waste
## 4 Food Waste Management, Regulations, and Biological Treatment Technologies
For example, it is challenging to find the best lignocellulosic pre-treatment techniques for commercial biogas digesters [120]. Typically, controlling chemical, mechanical, biological pre-treatment options, or a combination thereof, is crucial in achieving a successful digestion process with optimal biogas generation. [PERSON] et al. [105] also indicated that optimizing several factors (e.g., substrate pre-treatment, microbial valorization potential, microbial profiles, biomass utilization, and process technology) is critical for improving the efficiency of anaerobic digestion. Therefore, anaerobic digestion has received significant attention from researchers worldwide as an effective waste-treatment strategy for a broad range of practical, ecological, and financial reasons [123]. However, significant challenges still exist in developing small-scale anaerobic digesters, mainly due to high response times and inadequate methane gas output [22]. Consequently, improving methane output for commercial use requires a focus on regulating key operating factors (including feedstock, temperature, pH, buffering capacity, and feedstock concentrations), studying the microbiota that drives anaerobic digestion, and modelling anaerobic processes [124]. Current and Prospective Interdisciplinary Food Waste Management Initiatives Utilizing Anaerobic Digestion Systems  
According to our analyses, the most efficient waste management systems should provide nutritional and economical solutions that are both sustainable and equitable. Of note, the hierarchical structure of the present perspective encourages expertise from various disciplines to collaborate to address issues relating to waste management throughout the food supply chain. A multi-technological strategy that includes government initiatives and advances in bioengineering/bioprocess engineering, omics, artificial intelligence, and nanotechnology is crucial for waste management, and vital for maximizing its efficiency. The most successful waste management solution on a global scale remains the incorporating of current and emerging cutting-edge technology while promoting government accountability (legislation, regulations, etc.). Figure 4 depicts the recommended multidisciplinary approach system that is thoroughly discussed in the subsequent sections. Indeed, there is evidence of and prospects for multidisciplinary collaboration initiatives to address food waste by utilizing biological systems (e.g., anaerobic digestion) in conjunction with other cutting-edge technologies. Table 1 provides an overview of a few of those transdisciplinary research initiatives. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline
**Bioprocess** & **Nanotechnology** & **Omics Techniques** & **Artificial Intelligence** & **Treatment Method** & **Biogas Yield/\%** & **References** \\
**Engineering Techniques** & **Techniques** & **Omics Techniques** & **Intelligence** & **Treatment Method** & **Biogas Yield/\%** & **References** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Surface-state engineering} & \(\begin{array}{c}\text{Fe}_{\text{S}}\text{O}_{\text