# A Novel Wearable Foot and Ankle Monitoring System for the Assessment of Gait Biomechanics
## 3 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Stance Phase**} \\ \cline{2-6}  & **0–2\%** & **0–10\%** & **10–30\%** & **30–50\%** & **50–60\%** \\ \hline R\({}_{\text{FSR85,TA}}\) & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ R\({}_{\text{FSR4,TA}}\) & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ R\({}_{\text{FSR3,TA}}\) & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ R\({}_{\text{FSR2,TA}}\) & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ R\({}_{\text{FSR1,TA}}\) & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ R\({}_{\text{FSR0,TA}}\) & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ R\({}_{\text{FSR5,GC}}\) & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ R\({}_{\text{FSR4,GC}}\) & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ R\({}_{\text{FSR3,GC}}\) & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ R\({}_{\text{FSR2,GC}}\) & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ R\({}_{\text{FSR1,GC}}\) & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ R\({}_{\text{FSR0,GC}}\) & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: The gait map for the stance phase plotted in Figure 19, generated from the cross-correlation functions from Figure 21.  
Figure 22: The FSR recordings during a stance phase, plotted alongside the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius EMG respectively. The results of its bi-dimensional cross-correlation to the physiological gait map template from Table 5 results in the surface plot from Figure 23. The maximum in the cross-correlation origin accounts for the identification of physiological gait. Regarding the discrimination of pathological gait, Table 7 illustrates the gait map of heel-walking, whereas Table 7 illustrates the gait map of a toe-walking. The cross-correlation results of each gait map to the reference gait map from Table 4 are plotted in Figure 24. It should be noticed both defective walking patterns were reproduced by the healthy volunteer for illustration purpose. Both are described as follows. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**(a)**} \\ \hline  & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Stance Phase**} \\ \cline{2-6}  & **0–2\%** & **0–10\%** & **10–30\%** & **30–50\%** & **50–60\%** \\ \hline R\({}_{\text{FSR5,TA}}\) & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ R\({}_{\text{FSR4,TA}}\) & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ R\({}_{\text{FSR3,TA}}\) & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ R\({}_{\text{FSR2,TA}}\) & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ R\({}_{\text{FSR1,TA}}\) & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ R\({}_{\text{FSR0,TA}}\) & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ R\({}_{\text{FSR5,GC}}\) & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ R\({}_{\text{FSR4,GC}}\) & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ R\({}_{\text{FSR3,GC}}\) & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ R\({}_{\text{FSR2,GC}}\) & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ R\({}_{\text{FSR1,GC}}\) & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ R\({}_{\text{FSR0,GC}}\) & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: The gait map for the stance phase for (**a**) heel walking, and (**b**) toe walking. Figure 23: Surface plot of the bi-dimensional cross-correlation of the gait map from Table 5 to the physiological gait map template from Table 4.  
Table 7a reads that heel-walking accounts for plantar pressure on the heel area, i.e., FSR\({}_{5}\), along the complete stance phase, and on the lateral heel/heel section of the metatarsal arch, i.e., FSR\({}_{4}\), during midstance. The tibialis anterior activity is recorded along the complete stance phase, according for foot dorsiflexion during heel walking. The gastrocnemius on the other hand is activated only during lifting of the foot. The fact that this walking pattern does not account for physiological gait is visible in the surface plot from Figure 24a--illustrating the cross-correlation result of the heel-walking gait map to the reference gait map from Table 4, which exhibits the maximum outside the origin. Table 7b reads that toe-walking accounts for pressure readings on the toe and metatarsal arches respectively, i.e., FSR\({}_{0}\), FSR\({}_{1}\) and FSR\({}_{2}\) respectively, during strike, with the corresponding activation of the gastrocnemius, followed by the activation of the tibialis anterior at toe off. Gastrocnemius activity along the whole stance phase accounts for plantar fiction along toe-walking.