esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Thrust Measurements on the High Efficient and Reliable Vacuum Arc Thruster (HERVAT)
## 4 Discussion  
Our measurements show a TTPR in the range of 1.4 to 2.9 uN W\({}^{-1}\) and a PPU to arc energy ratios in the range of 0.58 to 0.92. The maximum TTPR of 2.9 uN W\({}^{-1}\) and also PPU to arc energy ratio of 0.92 were achieved with \(C_{1}\)= 436.9 uF in the presence of magnetic field. Compared to the case without magnetic field, the TTPR as well as the PPU to arc energy ratio were significantly increased. Moreover, no failure of the thruster was detected during the measurements.  
The theoretically calculated TTPR for titanium as a cathode material without the use of a magnetic nozzle is about 12.7 uN W\({}^{-1}\)[2]. Our system lies significantly below this value. One reason for this deviation could be the geometry of our thruster system, which might absorb a significant amount of the generated plasma and neutral particles from the cathode spots and thus reduces the thrust. An optimization of the geometry in addition to an improved magnetic nozzle (including simulation experiments) could solve these issues. This means that the conversion of the arc current into the effective ion current needs to be optimised in order to achieve values closer to the theoretical results. Furthermore, the thrust measurement setup is highly sensitive to adjustment errors and other disturbances that could cause errors on the thrust measurement values. This effect is hard to determine and requires a reference thruster system which is known to achieve TTPR values close to the theoretical determined values.  
Still, our measurements deliver comparable TTPR for similar configurations already reported in the literature. The summary of the experimentally measured TTPR values from other groups with similar thruster systems and comparable thrust balance setups is presented in Table 2.  
Figure 8: Thrust to power ratios (TTPR) values for different dissipated arc energies. The errorbars indicate the measurement uncertainty obtained from the error propagation calculation.  
Compared to measurements without additional magnetic field, the system presented in this paper delivers comparable results to those presented in [8; 9; 19]. For the TTRP of systems in the presence of a magnetic field, the values presented in [8; 19] are up to three times higher than the values measured in this work. However, for magnetic field generation, an additional power supply has been used. The energy needed for magnetic field generation has not been considered in the TTRP calculation, as it has been the case for this work. Taking this energy into account would significantly decrease the TTPR as the energy required to generate the described magnetic field strengths was estimated to be between 0.05 to 0.45J. This estimation was performed by using a SPICE model circuit with the coil current wave forms and coil specifications given in [19].
## 2 Background
### Basic Theory
#### 2.2.3 Support Vector Machine  
SVM is a commonly used algorithm in machine learning. It is estimated according to a given training sample such as \((x_{1},y_{1})\), \((x_{2},y_{2})\),..., \((x_{n},y_{n})\). The dependency between the input and the output, the purpose is to find the optimal function to make the unknown output as accurate as possible, and the method of evaluation is to minimize the expected risk. SVM can find the best compromise between learning ability and model complexity based on limited sample data, showing unique advantages in small sample learning, high dimensional problems and generalization capabilities.
## 7 Experimental Results
ML estimation is optimal in the sense of estimation theory [46; 50]. Thus, it serves as a fair assessment tool to evaluate the performance of the DoA estimation. The mean (\(\mu_{\text{ML}}\)) and the standard deviation (\(\sigma_{\text{ML}}\)) of the error angle \(\psi\) using ML estimation are also depicted in Figure 7. For both employed estimation methods, the mean value and the standard deviation in Figure 7 are calculated for signals arriving from directions with \(\theta<=90^{\circ}\) for power levels \(\mathbf{P_{\text{T}}}=[0\text{ dBm},-10\text{ dBm},-20\text{ dBm},-30\text{ dBm},-40\text{ dBm}]\). It can be clearly observed in Figure 7 that the performances of both MUSIC and ML estimators are almost identical. This proves the near-optimal estimation performance of DoA using the investigated M\({}^{3}\)PA. Additionally, \(\mu_{\text{MU}}\) and \(\sigma_{\text{MU}}\) remain fairly low for \(\mathbf{P_{\text{T}}}>-40\text{ dBm}\). For \(\mathbf{P_{\text{T}}}=40\text{ dBm}\), both \(\mu_{\text{MU}}\) and \(\sigma_{\text{MU}}\) increase but remain well below the tolerated error of \(30^{\circ}\) in ACAS II [5]. In the second experiment, the M\({}^{3}\)PA is assumed to be positioned in the origin of the Cartesian coordinate system, similar to the case in the first experiment. The transmitting horn antenna travels while transmitting in the far field on a trajectory from direction (\(\phi=0^{\circ}\), \(\theta=90^{\circ}\)) further on the \(xy\)-plane to direction (\(\phi=90^{\circ}\), \(\theta=90^{\circ}\)), and it subsequently continues traveling upwards on the \(yz\)-plane to direction (\(\phi=90^{\circ}\), \(\theta=0^{\circ}\)). This experiment is conducted using two different transmit power levels \(\mathbf{P_{\text{T}}}=[-10\text{ dBm},-20\text{ dBm}]\). The results based on the MUSIC Algorithm are illustrated in Figure 8. The receiving M\({}^{3}\)PA is depicted symbolically as a cube positioned on the origin of the 3D Cartesian space. The trajectory on which the transmit antenna travels is represented as a red solid line lying on a sphere. The intention behind using a sphere in this figure is only to show the  
Figure 7: Transmit power (\(P_{T}\)) vs. MUSIC-based mean (\(\mu_{\text{MU}}\)) and standard deviation (\(\sigma_{\text{MU}}\)) of \(\psi\) and ML-based mean (\(\mu_{\text{ML}}\)) and standard deviation (\(\sigma_{\text{ML}}\)) of \(\psi\). directions from which the signals are arriving to the receiver M\({}^{3}\)PA, and not the distance between transmitter and receiver. Remember that the far-field condition is fulfilled. Along this trajectory, the DoAs of the received signals are estimated and plotted as blue crosses. It can be seen in Figure 8 that the estimated DoAs follow the traveled trajectory with a quite good approximation for both investigated transmit power levels. With the exception of the estimated DoAs on the pole, i.e., \(\theta=0^{\circ}\), the estimator shows good performance. Corresponding evaluations were also carried out for the ML estimator. The trajectories are so similar that they are omitted here.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Corrosion Investigations
#### 2.1.1 Potentiodynamic Polarization  
Potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) measurements are performed in a potential interval from 250 mV in the cathodic to 700 mV in the anodic range relative to the open circuit potential (OCP). A scan rate of 0.8 mV s\({}^{-1}\) is used to increase the potential. The measurements are started after reaching the OCP. After the test has been carried out, the actual corroded area is determined by a light microscope, and these values are used to calculate the current densities i. The experiments are evaluated by the software Echem Analyst (Gamry Instruments Inc, Warminster, PA, USA) using Tafel extrapolation of the cathodic branch to determine the corrosion current density i\({}_{\text{corr}}\) and [PERSON]'s law to estimate the corrosion rate m\({}_{\text{corr},\text{e}}\) Furthermore, the Tafel curves are used for the dimensioning of the immersion tests with galvanostatic anodic polarization.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline  & & & & & & **Concentration (mM)** & & & & **(g L\({}^{-1}\))** \\ \cline{2-10}  & **Na\({}^{+}\)** & **K\({}^{+}\)** & **Ca\({}^{2+}\)** & **Mg\({}^{2+}\)** & **HCO\({}_{3}\)\({}^{-}\)** & **CI\({}^{-}\)** & **HPO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{2-}\)** & **SO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{2-}\)** & **Glucose** & **Amino Acids** \\ \hline
**Blood plasma** & 142 & 5 & 2.5 & 1.5 & 27 & 103 & 1 & 0.5 & 5 & Variable \\ \hline
**MEMm** & 144.4 & 5.3 & 1.8 & 0.8 & 26.2 & 124.4 & 1.01 & 0.8 & 5.6 & 0.9 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Composition of the electrolyte used (modified minimum essential medium (MEMm)) in comparison to human blood plasma. Values are taken from the product data sheets and from [27].
## 3 Physical Layer Design
### High-Bandwidth Antennas
It may be noted that the transmission characteristics and radiation patterns of the antennas need to be estimated in presence of realistic features such as heat sinks and other structures. However, due to the variability of the nature of these platforms, it is challenging to formulate a generalized model suitable for all systems and configurations. Due to inability to isolate the antenna characteristics from that of the channel due to the antenna being embedded on-die, the wireless channel and antenna need to be viewed as a unified communication link, necessitating joint optimizations.
###### Abstract  
In arid climates, the optical properties of plastic-covered greenhouses deteriorate very quickly. To examine the effect of greenhouse shape and orientation on the degradation rate of cover optical properties, four greenhouse prototypes were constructed in two shapes (duo-pitched roof and tunnel), covered with a 200 \(\upmu\)m thick low-density polyethylene film. Two types were oriented in the North-South direction, the other two in the East-West direction, and all were exposed for one year to an arid climate. Samples were taken from the different surfaces of each cover for testing. The total transmittance (\(T_{\mathrm{s}}\)) and reflectance (\(R_{\mathrm{s}}\)) of the samples were measured and averaged to obtain the whole cover properties (\(T\) and \(R\)). Measurements were carried out periodically every 30 days for the four prototypes. The degradation behavior of the optical properties of each cover surface (\(T_{\mathrm{s}}\), \(R_{\mathrm{s}}\)) and the whole cover (\(T\), \(R\)) was investigated for the four film covers during the exposure time. Results show that the degradation rate of \(T_{\mathrm{s}}\) depends on the surface location and the cover orientation. Among the different surfaces of the four prototype covers, the maximum difference in the \(T_{\mathrm{s}}\) value between the E and N surfaces for the tunnel cover oriented in the N-S direction was 15.5%. Although the variation of the \(T_{\mathrm{s}}\) value among the different cover surfaces was found, the time dependences of the whole cover transmittance (\(T\)) for the four covers tested were almost similar. Accordingly, the shape and orientation of the small size greenhouses did not significantly affect the degradation rate of the cover optical properties. In the four covers tested, the reduction in the global solar radiation transmittance (\(T\)) was 27-31% after one-year exposure compared to the new film. Nonlinear correlation was developed to predict the degradation rate of the cover transmittance as a function of the accumulated solar irradiance.  
Keywords:optical properties; solar radiation; plastic films; greenhouse cover; degradation; arid climate climate
# SERPINB3, Adult-Onset Immunodeficiency, and Generalized Pustular Sporiasis
###### Abstract  
Background: Generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP; MIM 614204) is a rare and severe pustular autofluorescence skin disease in which acute generalized erythema and scaling develop with numerous sterile pustules. GPP shares skin manifestations, especially pustular skin reaction, with adult-onset immunodeficiency (AOID) with anti-interferon-\(\gamma\) autoantibodies, an autoimmune disease. Methods: Clinical examinations and whole-exome sequencing (WES) were performed on 32 patients with pustular psoriasis phenotypes and 21 patients with AOID with pustular skin reaction. Immunohistochemistry-and histopathological studies were performed. Results: WES identified three Thai patients presenting with similar pustular phenotypes--two with a diagnosis of AOID and the other with GPP. A heterozygous missense variant chr18;g.61325778C-A NM_006919.2: c.438G-?T; NP_008850.1: p.Lys146 Asn; rs193238900 in _SERPINB3_ was identified in two patients: one with GPP and the other with AOID. The other patient who had AOID carried a heterozygous missense variant chr18;g.6132314T7C-C NM_006919.2: c.917A-G; NP_008850.1: p.Asp306 Gly in _SERPINB3_. Immunohistochemical studies showed overexpression of SERPINA1 and SERPINB3, a hallmark of psoriatic skin lesions. Conclusions: Genetic variants in _SERPINB3_ are associated with GPP and AOID with pustular skin reaction. The skin of patients with GPP and AOID carrying _SERPINB3_ mutations showed overexpression of SERPINB3 and SERPINA1. Clinically and genetically, GPP and AOID appear to share pathogenic mechanisms.  
adult-onset immunodeficiency syndrome; anti-interferon-\(\gamma\) autoantibody; hyperactive elastase activity; SERPIN; _SERPINB3_ mutation; generalized pustular psoriasis; pustular skin reaction 4.0/. +  
Footnote †: These authors contributed equally to this work.
## 2 Results
### Reduction in Fishy Odor  
GC-MS analysis revealed that the original concentration of n-hexaldehyde was 5.9 \(\pm\) 0.2 ug/L, which decreased significantly to 2.0 \(\pm\) 0.1 ug/L following ozone treatment (\(p\) < 0.05), representing a reduction of 66.5 \(\pm\) 0.2% (Table 5). N-hexaldehyde initially exhibited a markedly high OAV = 295, indicating its dominant sensory contribution. Following ozonation, this value was substantially reduced to 100. In contrast, the OAV for nonanal transitioned from below the typical sensory relevance threshold (0.7) to slightly above (1.6), while the OAV for octanal remained negligible throughout the process (increasing from 0.06 to 0.1). Crucially, although the OAV of nonanal marginally exceeded the sensory threshold after ozonation, its overall contribution to the aroma remained minor compared to n-hexaldehyde, whose OAV remained around 60-fold higher. These huge differences col  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Sample**} & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Sample Returned to Room Temperature Within**} \\ \cline{2-6}  & **1 Day** & **3 Days** & **7 Days** & **21 Days** & **28 Days** \\ \hline Cosmetic containing 1\% & Barely & & & & \\ untreated tuna peptide powder & acceptable & Unacceptable & Unacceptable & Unacceptable & Unacceptable \\ Cosmetic containing 1\% & & & & & \\ ozone-treated tuna & & & & & \\ peptide powder & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Sensory scores for cosmetic samples during low-/high-temperature stability tests (moderately acceptable sensory score is 2–3, barely acceptable sensory score is 3–4, and unacceptable sensory score is 4–5).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline  & **Original Sample** & **Dry Sample** & **Wet Sample** \\ \hline Total nitrogen content & & & \\ (calculated as N) & 15.4 \(\pm\) 0.3 a  & 14.3 \(\pm\) 0.1 b  & 15.0 \(\pm\) 0.2 a  \\ (g/100 g) & & & & \\ Amino acid nitrogen & & & & \\ (g/100 g) & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Effects of dry and wet ozonation on total nitrogen and amino nitrogen content of tuna peptide powder (measured average value \(\pm\) standard error, \(n\) = 3).  
lectively underscore the role of n-hexaldehyde as a primary contributor to the characteristic fishy odor.  
In addition, compounds recognized in the literature as significant contributors to fishy odor [25] were detected in our samples. A comparative analysis of GC-MS peak areas for a range of such potential odorants (including the various aldehydes, alcohols, sulfur compounds, esters, ketones, and alkanes detected) before and after treatment is provided for reference in the Supplementary File (Table S1). Among the C8 compounds, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol and butyl butyrate were associated with mild floral/oily and fruity notes, respectively. Additionally, C7 compounds benzaldehyde (almond aroma) and 3-heptanone (fruity/ketonic) were present. The detection of dimethyl trisulfide is noteworthy, as sulfur compounds often possess low odor thresholds and can significantly impact odor profiles [26].
## 2 Background
### Other Existing Methods
#### 2.1.1 Data Compression
This work solely tackles the problem of reconstruction quality and not the over-aching energy consumption problem in WSN. In addition, in [28], the authors propose a method for data acquisition using the hierarchical routing method and compressive sensing for WSN, similar to the work in [24], instead their work is targeted at verifying suitable methods for a large region covered by a multi-hop network. The work in [29] proposes a data acquisition method for accurate signal estimation in wireless sensor networks. Their method uses a concept of \"virtual clusters\", to form groups of sensor nodes with the same spatial and temporal properties. Two algorithms are used, namely: The \"distributed formation\" algorithm, which automatically forms and classifies the virtual clusters and the \"round robin sample scheme\", which schedules the virtual clusters to sample the event signals in turn. Although the authors propose a data acquisition scheme using a combination of round-robin and virtual clusters, this is different from our approach where we propose a combination of CS and data prediction to achieve real-time data gathering at low-cost. Other literature exists [30; 31] wherein they propose hybrid methods that combine CS and other approaches notably routing, none of these works propose to use CS and data prediction scheme. Moreover, the focus of these previous studies is centered on how to achieve better reconstruction with respect to the sparsity of the signals and the recovery methods. Indeed, given any averagely sparse signal with reconstruction matrices, we are interested in designing a real-time data acquisition scheme that allows fast-detection of interesting events and to simultaneously achieve low energy consumption in light of energy intensive tasks. This requires each node to sample data autonomously depending on the rate of change of the signal, while keeping energy consumption low in the entire network. Consequently, to achieve this goal, our method uses a combination of CS, prediction, and adaptive sampling strategies. And as a further proof of concept, we have demonstrated our work using a real-world testbed implementation. It is worthy of note that while the design of CS with routing algorithm could also improve longevity of WSN deployments, we have not investigated this approach, instead we envision that the combination of our method with any of the proposed routing algorithms described in previous works could yield more attractive results for WSN deployments. The design of this approach is currently out of scope and is therefore left as an open research issue.
## 2 Datasets
### Validation Weather Radar Data  
To validate the methodology proposed in this paper, weather radar over Europe are used. They are provided by the Operational Programme for the Exchange of Weather Radar Information (OPERA) in form of a composite mosaic of 200 weather radar across the Europe [26] (see Figure 1). The number of dual-polarization radars in Europe is growing steadily and the current count is 48. Most of the radars operate at C-band (168 sites), but many S-band radars are installed in the south of Europe (33 sites). The most northern radar is in Hasvik (Norway) at 70.6\({}^{\circ}\) N, and the most southern one is in Gran Canaria (Spanish island off the African coast, southwest of Europe; not shown on the map) at 28.0\({}^{\circ}\) N. The most western radar is located in Keflavik (Iceland) at 22.6\({}^{\circ}\) W, and the most eastern one in Berlevag (Norway) at 29.0\({}^{\circ}\) E. The median distance between two neighboring radars in the network is 128 km, and the smallest distance between a pair is just 7 km (a C-band and an S-band radar in Oradea, Romania) and the largest distance is only 276 km. These mosaic products are generated on a Cartesian grid covering the whole of Europe (area: 3800 \(\times\) 4400 km) with a horizontal grid spacing of 2.0 km. Every mosaic pixel is a weighted average of the lowest valid pixels of the contributing radars, weighted by the inverse of the beam altitude. Polar volume data cells within a search radius of 2.5 km of the composite pixel are considered. Each pixel of the mosaic is provided with an error-based quality index (range 0 to 1). This index is calculated by combining information on radar properties, measurement position, and meteorological conditions in a form that relates directly to rain rate error. The performance of the quality index have been demonstrated to be positive, smoothing rain rates at the boundaries between radar fields, and reinstating some rain that was missed in the operational composite. As reported in [27], the statistics show no significant reduction in compositing skill, and in fact suggest improved skill at high rain rates. These data indicate that use of a quality index for compositing increases the accuracy of surface rain rate estimates at high intensity, without significantly decreasing accuracy at lower rain rates.
## 6 Conclusions and Perspectives  
In order to address the increasing demand for energy production and at the same time deal with environmental protection issues, the European Union has set the goal of increasing the share of renewable energy to 20%, among other objectives of the \"Europe 2020 Strategy\". The studies carried out to date show that some plant species have particular physical and chemical characteristics for their use as biomass crops for bioenergy production, with clear advantages both in terms of energy production and at the economic level. Moreover, it is clear that the different techniques used to obtain bioenergy require different characteristics in plant biomass. For example, in direct combustion, the biomass at harvest should have low water (\(<\)10%-12%) and ash content and a high amount of lignin. In the production of ethanol or in gasification systems, the lignocellulosic components (such as cellulose and hemicellulose) are important. The most suitable materials for the production of biogas through the process of AD are those with a high content of organic matter; for example, the biomasses obtained from energy crops such as maize.  
The use of plant biomass for the production of (bio)energy can therefore be considered a suitable and environmentally friendly option to achieve the desired renewable energy share. The appearance of new and alternative plant species, like the ones described in this review, may help to pave the way to the implementation of the different energy production alternatives that are currently being established and or developed, particularly in southern European countries. The lower fertilization needs and higher adaptability to different soil types, including degraded and contaminated ones, of some of these species compared to conventional crops used for bioenergy production, together with their elevated energy yield potential, make the cultivation of these plants both economically and environmentally profitable. In addition, the competition for land use and agricultural resources with food crops would be significantly diminished, a relevant step towards the necessary sustainability of agroecosystems in southern Europe.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, M.P.B. and R.C.; resources, D.G., M.P.B., and R.C.; writing--original draft preparation, D.G.; writing--review and editing, M.P.B. and R.C.; supervision, M.P.B. and R.C.; funding acquisition, M.P.B. and R.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities and the EU (FEDER funds), grant number RTI2018-100819-B-I00.  
**Acknowledgments:** The authors would like to thank [PERSON] for the English revision of the manuscript.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.