## 3 Discussion  
In this work, we showed that WT _Saccharomyces cerevisiae_ cells in response to MMW irradiation (85-105 GHz) at \(\sim\)1.0 mW/cm\({}^{2}\) for 6 h using a standard pyramidal horn antenna reduced the rate of division by up to 62% as compared to sham (control) (see Figure 1 and Table 1). The inhibition of the cell growth was performed for a constant cell density (50 cells/\(\upmu\)L sample). We studied the frequency and energy dose dependence over the tested range. Our results have showed a strong inhibition of proliferation as compared to previous published (contradictory) results using radiation in the MMW ranges and the specified conditions, which were mentioned in the introduction [12; 13; 14; 15]. Anti-proliferative effects of MMW radiation was elicited with a minimal power density of 0.83 \(\pm\) 0.02 mW/cm\({}^{2}\) at 105 GHz (Table 1) and was sufficient to inhibit cell growth and division (Figure 1a) on the concentration of cells used (50 cells/\(\upmu\)L). Additionally, the effect was energy dose dependent as 5 dBm for 6 h at a constant frequency of 105 GHz showed similar cell growth reduction as 6 dBm for 5 h (Figure 1b). Next, we examined a hypothesis, whether the MMW cell growth inhibition effect was due to permanent DNA genotoxic effects. Using the yeast strain with deletion of Rad52p, which is responsible for DNA double strand breaks repair, we found no significant effect on the cells' growth after irradiation treatment under the specified parameters (Figure 2). Our results indicate that growth inhibitory effect on WT yeast cells by non-ionizing MMW radiation does not occur due to permanent genomic alterations, while other indirect genomic effects may be possible through protein regulatory networks. In general, non-ionizing radiations with low photon energies of 0.3-0.4 meV are not expected to biochemically alter physiological DNA structure or function. [PERSON] et al. proposed a mechanism of coherent frequency-specific deposition of microwave energy on DNA in water [25]. The resonance of DNA molecules with irradiated spectra can be calculated in terms of the absorption coefficient. 2734 base pairs (bp) supercoiled circular DNA, 2734 bp linear DNA, 1786 bp linear DNA, and 948 bp linear DNA were found to resonate with 2.55-8.75 GHz, 2.75-5.60 GHz, 4.10 GHz, and 2.65 GHz respectively [25]. This indicates that DNA polymer chain length determining the structural conformation and size (globular or linear, large or small) directly correspond to their respective resonant frequencies. Illustratively, a resonance shift occurs within the frequency range of 41-52 GHz upon changing the length of the haploid genetic material in _E. coli_[26]. Further, relative viscosity measurements showed that the resonance frequencies decreased proportionally to the enhancement of haploid genome length. These reports suggest that resonant interactions of MMW with genetic material can arise by structure based energetic coupling without causing biochemical genomic alterations (see Figure 2) within the threshold powers of non-thermal exposure. Experimentally, irradiation of transformed Human Corneal Epithelial (HCE-T) and Human Lens Epithelial (SRA01/04) cell lines by 60 GHz at 1 mW/cm\({}^{2}\) over 24 h of constant exposure found no statistically significant genotoxic effects on the nucleus [27]. Further, resonance absorption of MMW irradiation corresponding to different DNA polymer chain lengths [25] and found to be related to their structural conformation and size (globular or linear, large or small) as discussed above (see Results Section 2.2). Thus, certain irradiation regimes may exercise switch ON/Off control over genetic expression by affecting conformational changes, which translate into specific modifications of the proteome determining the extent of cell division effects. Experimentally, resonance shifts occurring within the frequency range of 41-52 GHz corresponded to changing lengths of the genetic material in _E. coli_ located directly in the cytosol of the cells [26].