# Digital Manufacturing Platforms in the Industry 4.0 from Private and Public Perspectives
## 1 Introduction  
The Industry 4.0 concept has gained a global context beyond the German Industrie 4.0 initiative and suggests a perspective of the fourth industrial revolution that brings ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) into manufacturing that aims at the development of smart factories with fully integrated production systems. Among the different Industry 4.0 definitions, there is a common understanding that Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data Analytics, and Internet of Services (IoS) are the main components that embody Industry 4.0 [1; 2]. Besides the technological perspective, Industry 4.0 can be understood as a collective term for technologies and concepts of value chain organization [3]. As a result, in industries worldwide, highly flexible processes that can be changed quickly enable individualized mass production [4]. Within modularly structured Smart Factories, Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) monitor physical processes, create a virtual representation of the physical world, and make decisions. The traditional structure of the automation pyramid and the IT/OT (Information Technologies/Operational Technologies) frontiers are blurring, CPS enable new means of communication and cooperation among devices, production assets and information systems in an orchestrated and decentralized way in real time. Via the Internet of Services (IoS), both internal and cross organizational services are offered and used by stakeholders of the value chain. Different countries and regions have designed their own programs to achieve this fourth revolution. For example, the German government and the European Union (EU) promote the Industry 4.0 program [5], while in the United States, the Smart Manufacturing Leadership Coalition (SMLC) is the main initiative [6]. Other important manufacturing countries such as Japan [7] and Korea [8] have also established national programs on smart manufacturing. Economic expectations are also important, as PwC estimated a global investment in technologies for industry digitization in 2020 of more than $900 billion annually. It also reported that 72% of the companies that took part in the survey expected to have achieved \"advanced levels of digitization\" by 2020 [9]. There is a growing awareness in business communities regarding the market opportunity for platform suppliers based on the level of investment.  
Focusing on Europe, in 2016, the European Commission started the Digitizing European Industry initiative (DEI) aimed to reinforce the EU's competitiveness in digital technologies. The European Commission strategy defines four pillars: Digital Innovation Hubs, regulatory framework, skills, and Digital Platforms [10]. The EU has launched several calls in the Horizon 2020 program to advance in the development of digital industrial platforms like DT-ICT-07 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 with a budget over $100 M. Digital platforms for manufacturing play a key role in addressing competitive pressures and integrating new technologies, apps and services. The challenge is to make full use of new technologies that enable manufacturing businesses, particularly mid-caps and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to meet the requirements of evolving supply and value chains. Besides innovation and research actions there are also coordination and support Activities in order to cross-fertilize the industrial platform communities, facilitating the adoption of digital technologies from ongoing and past research projects to real-world use cases and encouraging the transfer of skills and know-how between industry and academia. The first steps towards the digitization of the European industry were made in 2013 by an Industry 4.0 working group that published a report [5], which provided the vision, the integration features, the priority areas for action, and the example applications for the fourth industrial revolution.