# Investigation of Fault Effect on Blast-Induced Vibration
## 3 Vibration Measurements  
In line with the scope and specifications of the above studies, a total of 11 production blasts in the limestone quarry within Aydin Province, Soke area, registered to Batusoke Cimento Sanayii A.S. were monitored to determine the range and distance over which vibrations would be dampened depending on the amount of the instant explosive charge used. Based on the boundaries of the blast sites and the directions of the geologic units, 42 vibrations measurements, 23 of them in the southwest and the others in the northwest direction, were recorded. The measurement directions were determined considering the location of the fault zone. Location of the limestone quarry, blasting and measurements points, and fault zone direction are given in Figure 6. The resulting values were analyzed  
Figure 5: Fault zone location in quality distribution map by % MgO content; (**a**) Perspective view, (**b**) Cross-section view. using the empirical estimation model proposed by the United States Bureau of Mines (USBM) for each direction. The measurements are 89 mm hole diameter, 2 m burden, 3 m spacing, 3 m stemming, 10-14 m hole length. For each blast hole, 0.5 kg cap sensitivity emulsion explosive and ANFO (Ammonium nitrate-Fuel Oil) with 35-62 kg per delay is used. In Figure 7, the typical blast pattern and cross-section of the boreholes are illustrated. Data that have been taken from blasting is given in Table 1. In addition, Figure 8 shows the fragmentation mechanism in the blast of B7. In Figure 8 (1)-(6) represents snapshot of the blast taken at 400 ms intervals. In this study, by keeping the blasting pattern constant, its effect on the vibration velocity measurements is minimized. Scaled distances were calculated for two different (southwest and northwest) directions using the USBM equation based on the positions of the geophones and the amount of the explosives per delay (Table 1). For this purpose, vibration monitoring is carried out with miniature blaster, minimize plus geophones and Blastware 8.12 software program manufactured by Instantel. All of the measurement stations (geophones) in the northwest direction are located behind the fault zone. For example, the pictures of the G3 geophone used for blast 2-3-4 in the SW direction and the G5 geophone used for blast 10 in the NW direction are given in Figure 9.  
Figure 6: Location of blast areas, measurement points (geophone locations) and fault zone direction. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Amount of**} & & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Scaled**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Peak Particle**} \\
**Blast** & **Geophone** & **No.** & **Explosive** & **(R) (m)** & **Distance (SD)** & **Distance (SD)** & **Veelocity** \\  & & & **(W) (Kg)** & & \(\sqrt{\text{W}}\) & **(PPV) (mm/s)** \\ \hline B1 & 1 & 44 & 111 & 16.7 & 7.3 \\ B1 & 2 & 44 & 151.9 & 22.9 & 2.93 \\ B1 & 3 & 44 & 316.6 & 47.7 & 1.32 \\ B1 & 4 & 44 & 291.9 & 44.0 & 1.53 \\ B1 & 5 & 44 & 101.7 & 15.3 & 3.85 \\ B2 & 1 & 42 & 373.7 & 57.7 & 0.963 \\ B2 & 2 & 42 & 409.7 & 63.2 & 0.456 \\ B2 & 3 & 42 & 568.7 & 87.8 & — \\ B2 & 4 & 42 & 666.4 & 102.8 & — \\ B2 & 5 & 42 & 202.6 & 31.3 & 1.54 \\ B3 & 1 & 62 & 275.5 & 35.0 & 2.7 \\ B3 & 2 & 62 & 398.2 & 50.6 & 1.19 \\
**Southwest** & & 3 & 62 & 565.4 & 71.8 & 1.78 \\
**Direction** & & 4 & 62 & 670 & 85.1 & 1.43 \\ B4 & 1 & 35 & 361.9 & 61.2 & 1.26 \\ B4 & 2 & 35 & 398.2 & 67.3 & 0.534 \\ B4 & 3 & 35 & 565.4 & 95.6 & 0.588 \\ B4 & 4 & 35 & 670 & 113.3 & 0.533 \\ \hline B4 & 5 & 35 & 211.8 & 35.8 & 1.71 \\ B5 & 1 & 40 & 424.2 & 67.1 & 1.2 \\ B5 & 2 & 40 & 512.2 & 81.0 & 0.678 \\ B5 & 3 & 40 & 277.9 & 43.9 & 0.79 \\ B6 & 1 & 42 & 463.3 & 71.5 & 1.45 \\ B6 & 2 & 42 & 551.1 & 85.0 & 0.903 \\ B6 & 3 & 42 & 316 & 48.8 & 1.26 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Peak particle velocities, number of explosives, distances for vibration measurement points and scaled distances. Figure 7: Blast pattern, (**a**) plan view and initiation systems of blast 10, (**b**) cross section of blasthole.