## 1 Introduction  
In recent years, we have seen a significant increase in the use of mobile phones in various aspects of daily life. Modern wireless communication technologies have become an integral part of our society and are practically ubiquitous--from phone applications, communication between different devices, Bluetooth connections in vehicles, Internet systems, to solutions in industrial applications. These technologies operate based on the principle of an EMF within a radio frequency (RF) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. The interaction of EMF with biological materials can be studied at two different levels: the macroscopic level, where we observe objects and the whole body, and the microscopic level, where cells, membranes, and molecules are the subject of study. However, the interaction phenomena at these two levels cannot be considered independently. It is necessary to consider the distribution of energy that occurs in an object located in an EMF. The macroscopic level of interaction provides information about the phenomenon of energy penetration and dissipation. At the microscopic level, interaction mechanisms can be studied at smaller scales. The effect of the interaction of electromagnetic (EM) waves with biological tissues can be considered as the result of three phenomena: the penetration of EM waves into the living system and their propagation in it, the primary interaction of the waves with biological tissues, and possible secondary effects caused by primary interactions. The term \"interaction\" emphasizes the fact that the results do not depend only on the action of the field but are also influenced by the response of the living system. EM waves propagate in tissues at a reduced speed and are refracted, diffracted, and reflected when encountering inhomogeneities. The specific electrical properties of each tissue govern the rate of reduction, refraction, and diffraction. These properties, as well as the geometry of the inhomogeneities, determine the proportion of energy absorbed by tissues. The main parameters that describe EM waves are the frequency of oscillation, the amplitude of the electric or magnetic field, and the phase angle, which defines the instantaneous state of the oscillation. It is very difficult to fully characterize the propagation of EM fields in the human body, bearing in mind the complexity and inhomogeneous nature of biological tissues. However, with the advent of computers, it is now possible to perform highly accurate dosimetry assessments for the human body or body parts. The EM wave includes both a changing electric field and a changing magnetic field, the propagation of which is described by the differential form of complex time-harmonic Maxwell equations [6]. The principles of diffraction, scattering, wave penetration, and absorption are applied here. However, it is very challenging to apply these interactions to biological systems due to their extreme complexity and their different levels of organization in living organisms, as well as the wide range of dielectric properties of biological tissues. The human body is a complex environment composed of aqueous electrolytes, colloids, and cells, where tissues represent their suspension and composition [7]. From the perspective of dielectric properties, biological tissues exhibit the characteristics of layered lossy dielectrics. They are defined by their conductivity (\(\sigma\)) in Siemens per meter (S-m\({}^{-1}\)) and complex permittivity (\(\hat{\varepsilon}\)) (-). These properties vary based on factors such as field frequency, tissue temperature, and water content. These factors influence how the EMF interacts with the biological environment. Generally, biological tissues are considered to be isotropic, linear, and homogeneous lossy dielectrics. Unlike ideal dielectrics, lossy dielectrics allow both displacement current and conduction current to flow through their volume under time-varying field exposures in a linear environment.