esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Video Acquisition  
To monitor heart rate activity, 4 individual Danionella larvae were placed in a beaker filled with aquarium water. A waterproof, dustproof, shockproof, and cold-resistant digital video camera (Everio R, JVC Kenwood Corporation, Yokohama, Japan) was positioned beside the beaker (as shown in Figure 1) to record the larvae through the glass wall of the beaker. The camera captured footage at a resolution of 1920 \(\times\) 1080 pixels using an interlaced scan (60i) with a variable bit rate (VBR) averaging approximately 24 Mbps. The device supports continuous recording for approximately 4 h and 40 min and measures 60 \(\times\) 59.5 \(\times\) 128 mm (Figure 1, dimensions refer to the physical size of the recording camera. Battery life factors limit recording autonomy to 4 h 40 min). The method involves a frame-by-frame analysis of video recordings. First, the color video is transformed into grayscale. Next, illuminance differences (pixel-wise differences between consecutive frames) are computed. These differences are then thresholded to create a binary motion mask. The number of motion pixels is counted, and a cardiac cycle is detected when this motion count exceeds a predefined threshold.  
Due to the optical transparency of Danionella larvae, internal organs, including the heart, are clearly visible. The heart appears reddish under standard lighting conditions owing to circulating blood, which facilitates visual identification and motion-based heartbeat detection. The red arrow indicates the heart. In transparent fish, the beating heart is clearly visible. The heart is a pump that sends blood throughout the body, and here, the beating heart is the subject of observation and research. Figure 1a shows a Danionella being filmed with a video camera. Depending on the time of day, there is little movement, so the heart rate can be measured visually using a multi-counter (The lack of movement here refers to the movement of fish larvae. The variation in heart rate at different times of the day suggests that heart rate may increase after eating and decrease before sleep). Figure 1b shows a Danionella filmed in video mode. Due to the extreme optical transparency of Danionella larvae, not only the heart but also skeletal structures such as the vertebral column are clearly visible without dissection or staining. This characteristic facilitates non-invasive observation of physiological and anatomical features.
# Towards Efficient Wireless Body Area Network Using Two-Way Relay Cooperation
## 4 Simulation, Performance Evaluation and Optimal Packet Size
The simulation results endorse the analytical results. The existing relaying methods include multiple-stage incremental relaying with the highest efficiency shown by single stage one-way relaying. The proposed two-way relaying outperforms the scheme in terms of energy efficiency, transmission slots and number of sensor nodes. Figure 4: Energy efficiency over distance (in-body communication). Figure 5: Energy efficiency over distance (on-body communication). (**a**) energy efficiency over distance (on-body LOS communication); (**b**) energy efficiency over distance (on-body NLOS communication). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **In-Body** & **On-Body** \\ \hline \(E_{TX\_elice}\) (nl/bit) & 18.75 & 11.25 \\ \(E_{RX\_elice}\) (nl/bit) & 18.75 & 11.25 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Transceiver specifications.
###### Abstract  
The purpose of this study is to construct a hands-free endoscopic surgical communication support system that can draw lines in space corresponding to head movements using AR technology and evaluate the applicability of the drawing motion by the head movement to the steering law, one of the HCI models, for the potential use during endoscopic surgery. In the experiment, the participants manipulated the cursor by using head movements through the pathway and movement time (\(MT\)); the number of errors and subjective evaluation of the difficulty of the task was obtained. The results showed that the head-movement-based line drawing manipulation was significantly affected by the tracking direction and by the task difficulty, shown as the Index of Difficulty (\(ID\)). There was high linearity between \(ID\) and \(MT\), with a coefficient of determination R\({}^{2}\) of 0.9991. The Index of Performance was higher in the horizontal and vertical directions compared to diagonal directions. Although the weight and biocompatibility of the AR glasses must be overcome to make the current prototype a viable tool for supporting communication in the operating room environment, the prototype has the potential to promote the development of a computer-supported collaborative work environment for endoscopic surgery purposes.  
endoscopic surgery; head motion; steering law; augmented reality; usability +
Footnote †: journal: Medical Engineering  
11 May 2021  
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**C Copyright:** 2021 by the authors. Licence MDP, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)]([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))).
# Experimental Study of 6 LoPLC for Home Energy Management Systems
## 2 Motivation and Related Work
Of course, there are use-cases where ZigBee is arguably preferred above others (e.g., battery thermostats, gas metering and water metering); there are also HEMS applications where the PLC equivalent is more appropriate (e.g., power sensing, load control, Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEV) management, DGS/DSS management, etc.). Thus, it is desirable to have alternative solutions for environments with a strong diversity of appliances or multi-dwelling units in which a single wireless solution may not meet the system reliability requirement. One of the contributions of this work is to exploit such diversity and provide a low-power PLC system. PLC has evolved in the last decade in terms of standardisation [25; 26] and applications [27; 28]. With use-cases in many areas ranging from the smart grid to home networking, untapped potentials still exist for constrained networks. This paper explores an experimental adaptation of IPv6 over LoWPAN (6 LoWPAN) features in PLC networks for monitoring and control applications within the HEMS. Since impulsive noise [29; 30] has been shown to be the most dominant inhibitor in PLCsystems [31; 32], its effects are investigated in a wide range of scenarios, such as application data size and the number of smart appliances. Lastly, we highlight the fundamental consequences of 6 LoPLC in HEMS applications and the variability of performance under the influence of impulsive noise.
## 1 Introduction
In this work, the path for relaying through the planet (i.e., the Moon) orbiter is considered the primary (PRIM) IPN relay path, while the path for relaying through the Earth-orbiting spacecraft is considered the secondary (SEC) IPN relay path. In Figure 1, cislunar relay communication is carried out only through a single spacecraft. However, multiple spacecrafts could be involved in IPN relaying architectures. Figure 1: A typical IPN communications relay infrastructure. While originally targeting the space environment, extensive work has been carried out regarding the application of DTN in deep-space communications and wireless sensor-based networks. Several countries (notably USA, China, Japan, and India) are working on a Moon landing mission. In this work, we study possible concatenations of different DTN CLAs over a cislunar relay communication architecture. We present a simulation-based performance characterization of the concatenations of different CLAs and the associated data transport protocols in an experimental manner. We intend to find out which network relay path and DTN protocol configuration (or concatenation of them) has the highest goodput performance for data transmission over the end-to-end cislunar path. The cislunar environment is quite different from deep-space, terrestrial wireless and sensor-based networking environments. This is the first study to incorporate concatenations of different CLAs in cislunar DTN communications and to compare their performance over a typical primary and secondary cislunar relay architecture. The novelty is that this study quantifies the performance of the concatenations of different DTN data transport protocols over different cislunar relay paths using an experimental testbed, with solid statistical data analysis. As the main contribution of the study, this work provides a basis for further investigation and the eventual engineering of DTN-based cislunar communication, which will eventually integrate with future 7G/8G networks, including IoTs, IoVs and V2X communication networks. The investigation results, conclusions and analysis presented in this paper are useful for lunar mission designers when they select networking protocols and cislunar communication relay architectures. They are also expected to be helpful in enhancing DTN protocols for implementing space-based networks. The related work will be discussed in Section 2. An overview of DTN and its CLAs will be provided in Section 3. In Section 4, we will define the research problem and create hypotheses. In Section 5, the experimental testbed setup and analysis methodology for the proposed study will be discussed. We will present the experimental results in Section 6 and discuss the performance comparison results and the reasons behind the results in Section 7. Then, we will draw the conclusions in Section 8.
# Preparation of Magnetic Polymers for the Elimination of 3-Isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine from Wine
## 2 Results and Discussion
### Adsorption Dynamic  
Kinetic adsorption tests were carried out for thermally synthesised MMIP and MNIP in model wine spiked with 30 ng/L of IBMP. Adsorption equilibrium was reached within ten minutes for both polymers (Figure 5), which indicates prompt adsorption. No difference was found for time and polymer type according to one-way ANOVA with Tukey (HSD) pairwise comparison (\(p<0.05\)).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline
**Isotherm** & **Equation** & **Plot** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Langmuir Type 2 [41]} & \(\frac{1}{Q}=\frac{1}{K^{\text{(min}}}\frac{1}{C})+\frac{1}{Q^{\text{max}}}\) & \(Q\) (pmol/g): amount of IBMP adsorbed at equilibrium. & \\  & \(\frac{1}{Q}\) = \(\frac{1}{K^{\text{(min}}}\frac{1}{C})+\frac{1}{Q^{\text{max}}}\) & \(Gf\) (ng/L): final equilibrium concentration of IBMP: & \\  & \(Q_{\text{max}}\) (pmol/g): maximum adsorption capacity. & \(\frac{1}{Q}\) \(Vs\) \(\frac{1}{Cf}\) \\  & \(K\) (L/mol): Langmuir adsorption equilibrium constant. & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Freundlich [25]} & \(logQ=mlogCf+log\) & \(\frac{1}{m}\): adsorption intensity or surface heterogeneity. & \\  & \(\frac{1}{q}\) (pm/g): adsorption capacity of IBMP. & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Dubinin-Radushkevich [25]} & \(lnQ=K\epsilon^{2}+lnQ\)max & \(K\) (dj2/mol): Dubinin-Radushkevich constant. & \\  & \(\epsilon\): Polanyi potential. & \\ \cline{1-1}  & \(\epsilon=RTln\left(1+\frac{1}{Cf}\right)/2\) & \(E\) (kJ/mol): mean adsorption energy. & \\ \cline{1-1}  & \(E=(-2K)^{-1/2}\) & \(R\): gas constant (8.314 J/mol/K). & \\ \cline{1-1}  & \(T\) (K): absolute temperature. & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: List of linear form adsorption isotherm models.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline  & **MMIP** & **MNIP** \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{l}{_Langmuir Type 2_} \\ \hline \(Q_{\text{max}}\) (pmol/g) & 25.19 & 84.03 \\ \(K\) (L/mmol) & 0.3028 & 0.016 \\ \(R^{2}\) & 0.9688 & 0.8842 \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{l}{Freundlich} \\ \hline \(a\) (pmol/g) & 6.24 & 1.99 \\ \(m\) & 0.5436 & 0.8822 \\ \(R^{2}\) & 0.9598 & 0.7754 \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{l}{_Dubinin-Radushkevich_} \\ \hline \(Q_{\text{max}}\) (pmol/g) & 16.95 & 21.60 \\ \(K\) (kJ\({}^{2}\)/mol\({}^{2}\)) & \(5\times 10^{-7}\) & \(-5\times 10^{-6}\) \\ \(E\) (kJ/mol) & 1000 & 316 \\ \(R^{2}\) & 0.8710 & 0.9556 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm constants for the adsorption of IBMP on thermally synthesised magnetic polymers.
# Object Tracking Based on (_m,k_)-firm Model in Multimedia Wireless Sensor Networks +
## 1 Introduction  
Object tracking technology, which is one among various potential application programs based on wireless sensor network is used in not only surveillance and reducing monitoring cost in defense and medical field but is also expected to be used in reducing power consumption at home and office by turning on/off the lights depending on the movements of a person.  
However, the current object tracking technology consisting of location detection [1] and location update [2] in the wireless sensor network regardless of the object type transmits only the position information after object detection, application using the collected information are required to be improved because they remain at a level of simply visualizing the transmitted location information. In order to solve this problem, it is possible to apply a technique of transmitting data in the form of a multimedia stream by using a camera and a microphone on a tracked object. But to do this, real-time guarantee of multimedia data is required.  
In the aspects of real-time communications, until now the real-time guaranteeing technology in wireless sensor networks has been mainly based on general requirements that do not considerapplication specificity. For that reason, it is very difficult to define the traffic modeling and requirements to be used in real world. In addition to that, due to various constraints of sensor nodes, there is a limit in developing technologies that guarantee real-time of multimedia. To solve these problems, our research group already have proposed various techniques to apply (_m,k_)-firm rather than the typical hard/soft real time. (_m,k_)-firm real-time is defined that a real-time message stream is considered to have an (_m,k_)-firm guarantee requirement that at least \(m\) out any \(k\) consecutive messages from the stream must meet their deadlines to ensure adequate Quality of Service (QoS).  
But, the proposed techniques [3,4] are limited to the technique for real-time guarantee of a single node to a sink node that collects the information, and thus new problems arises when applied directly to object tracking. For this purpose, we aim to provide services by defining multimedia data transmitted from each node as a new (_m,k_) -firm model and by consider new (_m,k_)-firm model at the sink together. We present network architecture and concept of adaptive QoS routing. In addition, simulation result is given to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme.
# LESS: Link Estimation with Sparse Sampling in Intertidal WSNs
## 1 Introduction
Therefore, we propose to optimize the scheduling strategies with fine-grained sparse sampling, which further integrates the system knowledge \(\mathbf{K}\) (e.g., the tide cycle in our systems) as a critical input. Without loss of generality, we design three scheduling algorithms, namely the basic random sampling (RS) without requiring \(\mathbf{K}\), K-Spatial and K-Temporal algorithms with the availability of \(\mathbf{K}\). We extensively verify and evaluate the performance of LESS in both systems in George Town and Zhoushan, as well as in a large-scale trace-driven simulation. In summary, the contribution of this paper is as follows:  
* We systematically investigate two real-world WSN systems in the intertidal area to reveal the network dynamics. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first measurement work in the real intertidal WSN systems. * We analyze and verify the feasibility of compressive sensing and design the data and transform matrices to tailor CS for link quality reconstruction. * We introduce LESS, a link estimation protocol for dynamic networks. We optimize the scheduling strategies and routing path update method with fine-grained system knowledge for various cases. * We implement and evaluate LESS in the two real-world WSN systems as well as the trace-driven simulations. Exhaustive evaluation results demonstrate that \(LESS\) can achieve high link estimation accuracy with limited overhead. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 3, we introduce the motivation of this paper by analyzing the network dynamics and the data property from two intertidal WSN systems. Section 4 introduces the design challenges and solutions in utilizing compressive sensing. In Section 5, we elaborate the design details of our protocol. We introduce the hardware design in Sections 6 and 7 shows the evaluation results of our protocol. Section 2 discusses the related work and we conclude this paper in Section 8.
## 3 Case Studies
### Passive Optimization  
The building designed in Section 2.1 (the initial design) was the same for all locations considered: the walls u-values are 0.49 W/m\({}^{2}\)K, the windows on the north facade: 5.60 W/m\({}^{2}\)K u-value, 0.85 g-value, 50 \(p\)-value, on the East facade: 1.4 W/m\({}^{2}\)K u-value, 0.7 g-value, 9 \(p\)-value, on the south facade: 3.30 W/m\({}^{2}\)K u-value, 0.75 g-value, 50 \(p\)-value. Finally, the roof u-value is 0.57 W/m\({}^{2}\)K, and for the floor the u-value is 0.23 W/m\({}^{2}\)K. The solution is assuming a 3% interest rate and an increase in energy prices of about 5% for 30-year study.  
Initially, the heating and cooling demand (Table 3) was calculated based on the type on materials used in the construction, which are defined in the previous paragraph,  
Currently, the EU carbon price (expressed as CO\({}_{2}\)) is about 20 \(\upxi\) per ton (lower limit) [23]. On the other hand, the electricity price in Spain is about 0.13 \(\upxi\)/kWh (standard with no time restrictions) [24].  
Figure 3: Plan of the single-family house.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{2-11}  & **1** & **2** & **3** & **4** & **5** & **6** & **7** & **8** & **9** & **10** & **11** & **12** \\ \hline
**Climatic Zones** & **A3** & **A4** & **B3** & **B4** & **C1** & **C2** & **C3** & **C4** & **D1** & **D2** & **D3** & **E1** \\ \hline Heating demand (kWh/m\({}^{2}\)) & 12 & 9.5 & 21.8 & 17.2 & 48.4 & 33.1 & 41.6 & 34.9 & 71.5 & 70.1 & 51.1 & 85.8 \\ \hline Cooling demand (kWh/m\({}^{2}\)) & 6.22 & 0.98 & 4.29 & 12.4 & 0 & 1.82 & 3.21 & 8.12 & 0 & 0.5 & 3.07 & 0 \\ \hline Heating CO\({}_{2}\) emissions (kg/m\({}^{2}\)) & 4.02 & 3.19 & 7.34 & 5.8 & 16.2 & 11.1 & 13.9 & 11.7 & 24 & 23.5 & 17.1 & 28.7 \\ \hline Cooling CO\({}_{2}\) emissions (kg/m\({}^{2}\)) & 2.05 & 2.96 & 1.41 & 4.12 & 0 & 0.6 & 5.74 & 2.68 & 0 & 0.17 & 1.01 & 0 \\ \hline Estimation of life cycle cost (k\(\upxi\)) & 26.6 & 24.2 & 39.1 & 28.9 & 57.0 & 54.0 & 66.7 & 60.1 & 108 & 106 & 80.5 & 129 \\ \hline Energy Efficiency Index (EEI). & 0.6 & 0.6 & 0.67 & 0.63 & 0.84 & 0.74 & 0.76 & 0.72 & 0.88 & 0.81 & 0.81 & 0.92 \\ \hline Energy rating & C & C & C & C & C & C & C & C & C & C & C \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Initial design.
## 4 The Use of Myostatin Genetics to Increase Meat Yield in Cattle
### The Myostatin F94L Amino Acid Substitution  
The myostatin gene (_MSTN_) nucleotide substitution c.282C\(>\)A (rs110065568) results in the substitution of phenylalanine with leucine at position 94 (p.P94L) of the myostatin protein sequence. This substitution had a'moderately large' effect on muscling in a backcross that used first-cross bulls that were the progeny of Jersey \(\times\) Limousin or Limousin \(\times\) Jersey, mated to Jersey and Limousin cows [28]. They described how the c.282A allele, which originated from the Limousin bulls and was not found in the Jersey cattle, was associated with a 5.5% increase in silverside percentage and eye muscle area (EMA), and a 2.3% increase in total meat percentage relative to the c.282C allele. The authors suggested that this would be 'of significant value' for beef cattle producers.  
Subsequently, with the same backcross cattle, it was suggested that the c.282A allele did not affect birth and growth traits, but in the Limousin backcross calves, it was associated with an increase in meat weight of 7.3% and 5.9% in Australia and New Zealand, respectively, a reduction in fat depth of 13.9% (below trait mean) for live calves and -18.7% for carcasses, but only in Australia, and not New Zealand [29]. Meat tenderness, pH, and cooking loss for the _Longissimus dorsi_ muscle were not affected by F94L. Interestingly, despite the use of Jersey genetics, neither this study nor another study [28] mentioned whether the findings would be of any value to dairy beef systems.  
[PERSON] et al. (2009) studied the above lines of Limousin-Jersey cattle too [30], but only those raised in Australia, and reported that c.282A homozygous animals had more tender meat as measured by both peak force and compression. The variant was also responsible for a reduction in the collagen/elastin content of muscle. The c.282A allele had no effect on muscle myofibure diameter in the _Smitendinosus_ muscle of the hind leg, even though the variant causes substantial increases in muscle mass. This led them to suggest that the increase in muscle mass of the variant must be due to myofibure hyperplasia and not hypertrophy, and that the myostatin effects on tenderness are caused by changes in the extracellular matrix rather than muscle myofibure diameter. Once again, the potential value of the cattle studied for dairy production was not mentioned.
###### Abstract  
With the increasing sophistication of network attacks, machine learning (ML)-based methods have showcased promising performance in attack detection. However, ML-based methods often suffer from high false rates when tackling encrypted malicious traffic. To break through these bottlenecks, we propose EFTransformer, an encrypted flow transformer framework which inherits semantic perception and multi-scale feature fusion, can robustly and efficiently detect encrypted malicious traffic, and make up for the shortcomings of ML in the context of modeling ability and feature adequacy. EFTransformer introduces a channel-level extraction mechanism based on quintuples and a noise-aware clustering strategy to enhance the recognition ability of traffic patterns; adopts a dual-channel embedding method, using Word2 Vec and FastText to capture global semantics and subword-level changes; and uses a Transformer-based classifier and attention pooling module to achieve dynamic feature-weighted fusion, thereby improving the robustness and accuracy of malicious traffic detection. Our systematic experiments on the ISCX2012 dataset demonstrate that EFTransformer achieves the best detection performance, with an accuracy of up to 95.26%, a false positive rate (FPR) of 6.19%, and a false negative rate (FNR) of only 5.85%. These results show that EFTransformer achieves high detection performance against encrypted malicious traffic.  
malicious traffic detection; semantic embedding; transformer architecture; encrypted network traffic 2025  
16 May 2025  
Revised: 25 June 2025  
Accepted: 30 June 2025  
Published: 17 July 2025  
**Citation:** [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] A Multi-Feature Semantic Fusion Machine Learning  
Architecture for Detecting Encrypted Malicious Traffic: _J. Cybersecurity. Priv._**2025**, 5, 47. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp30004](https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp30004)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp30004](https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp30004))  
**Copyright:** 02 2025 by the authors.  
Liconsec MDPL, Basel, Switzerland.  
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license  
([[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)]([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))).