## 3 Results
### Catalyst Characterization
The coexistence of these oxidation states may enable a synergistic effect, potentially enhancing the overall catalytic performance and durability of the material. Catalyst functionalities for different samples were analyzed by FT-IR (Figure 4). The FT-IR study shows typical peaks for biomass materials. For TWM, the peaks at 1010 and 1440 cm\({}^{-1}\) are indicative of the stretching vibration of C-O and C-H bonds, the peaks at 1738 and 1617 cm\({}^{-1}\) are likely associated with the stretching of C=O and C=C bonds, and peaks at 2849 and 2919 cm\({}^{-1}\) correspond to the asymmetric stretching of C-H bonds within methyl (-CH\({}_{3}\)) groups [16]. Additionally, a broad peak in the region of 3100-3600 cm\({}^{-1}\) is attributed to the O-H stretching vibration of hydroxyl groups. For CuFeNPs, the stretch bonds associated with Fe-O and Cu-O were observed at 536 and 417 cm\({}^{-1}\), respectively [7]. In the case of the binary compound, CuFeNPs@TWM, peaks observed for its components were maintained, confirming the formation of the binary. The morphology of the prepared materials was examined using SEM (Figure 5), providing insights into particle distribution, shape, and interactions within the catalyst structure. On the one hand, SEM analysis of TWM (Figure 5a) revealed a complex, irregular structure featuring a network of open pores and fibrous textures. This morphology likely arises from structural changes during the pyrolysis process, where high temperatures cause the breakdown and volatilization of organic compounds [32]. The observed opening of stomata, along with the development of interconnected pores and fibers, suggests that the biomass undergoes significant physical transformation, leaving behind a highly porous carbonaceous matrix [34]. The TWM support provides a carbonaceous matrix derived from biomass, potentially adding additional active sites or functionalities that could enhance metal-support interactions. On the other hand, SEM analysis revealed that in CuFeNPs (Figure 5b), the nanoparticles were highly agglomerated, forming irregular  
Figure 3: Elemental high-resolution spectra obtained by XPS for the CuFeNPs@TWM sample: (**a**) C 1s, (**b**) N 1s, (**c**) O 1s, (**d**) Fe 2p, and (**e**) Cu 2p. clusters with near-spherical morphologies. This clustering is likely driven by magnetic interactions between the CuFeNPs, a common phenomenon in materials with high magnetic susceptibility. Such agglomeration could impact the surface area and accessibility of active sites, which are critical factors in catalytic efficiency. The average particle size was measured at 133 \(\pm\) 1 nm (Figure S2), suggesting a nanoscale distribution that can enhance reactivity by providing a high surface-to-volume ratio. Additionally, the analysis of the binary catalyst (Figure 4 confirmed that the CuFeNPs were well-dispersed on the TWM surface. The strong anchoring of the CuFeNPs on the TWM surface likely results from both chemical bonding and physical interactions, which may improve catalyst durability by minimizing nanoparticle detachment during use. The composition and elemental distribution of the materials were analyzed using EDS and elemental mapping, offering detailed insights into the elemental composition of the catalyst and support interactions. The EDS spectrum for TWM (Figure S3) indicated the presence of mostly C (82.7 at.%) and O (21.8 at.%) and traces of N, Na, K, Ca, and Mg, which were not quantified. For CuFeNPs, EDS (Figure S4) revealed that only Cu, Fe, and O were present, with atomic percentages of 12.2%, 29.7%, and 58.1%, respectively. In the CuFeNPs@TWM sample, elemental analysis revealed percentages of 90.4 at.% for C, 6.7 at.% for Fe, 0.9 at.% for Cu, and 2.2 at.% for O. The high carbon content indicates a strong presence of the TWM support, which serves as a carbon-rich matrix for metallic nanoparticles. The above is consistent with the high intensity of the D, G, and 2D bands of the binary observed via Raman spectroscopy.