# 2D vs. 3D Radiological Methods for Dental Age Determination around 18 Years: A Systematic Review
## 3 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Author** & **Anatomical Structure** & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Age Interval**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Accuracy**} & **Reliability** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2017) & incisors and canines & - & error: CBCT 1\%—OPG 15\% & - \\  & & & to 30\% & \\ [PERSON] et al. (2014) & mandible and maxilla & 8–25 & - & Intra and Inter: CBCT 0.71 and 0.5—OPG 0.65 and 0.4 \\ [PERSON] et al. (2014) & maxillary premolars & - & \begin{tabular}{c} CBCT four times \\ more accurate \\ \end{tabular} & ICC: CBCT 0.995—OPG 0.997 \\ [PERSON] et al. (2015) & mandibular ramus & 65–95 & - & ICC: CBCT 0.99—OPG 0.99 \\ [PERSON] et al. (2014) & mandibular raman & 18–61 & - & ICC: CBCT 0.88—OPG 0.74 \\ [PERSON] et al. (2013) & alveolar ridge & 58–94 & error: CBCT 3\%—OPG 5.7\% & ICC: CBCT 0.987—OPG 0.974 \\ [PERSON] et al. (2012) & mandible and maxilla & - & \begin{tabular}{c} OPG \(1.85\pm 2.09\) mm \\ magnification: \\ \end{tabular} & - \\ [PERSON] et al. (2011) & mandible and maxilla & - & CBCT 4\%—OPG 20\% & - \\ [PERSON] et al. (2009) & upper lateral incisors & - & sensitivity: CBCT 95—OPG 78 & - \\ [PERSON] et al. (2007) & TMJ & - & \
\begin{tabular}{c} resorption detection ROC: \\ CBCT 0.946—OPG 0.644 \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} intraobserver K: \\ CBCT 0.657—OPG 0.716 \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Summary of data regarding dental anatomy evaluation. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Author** & **Anatomical Structure** & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Age Interval**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Radiographic Method**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Radiation Dose**} \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2017) & 2 nd molar & 3–19 & OPG & 0.11 (0.5) \\ [PERSON] et al. (2016) & 3 rd molar and spheneo-occipital synchondrosis & 8–25 & CBCT & 0.14 (0.34) \\ [PERSON] et al. (2013) & 3 rd molar & 9–25 & CBCT & \\ [PERSON] et al. (2012) & permanent teeth & 11–15 & OPG & 0.12 (0.3) \\ [PERSON] et al. (2011) & deciduous and permanent teeth & 0–18 & OPG & 0.19 (0.01) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Summary of data regarding the accuracy of dental methods for age estimation. into the manuscript, a \"Cannot Determine\" (CD) judgement was reported for that specific item. Quality of studies scoring more than five out of eight \"Yes\" was considered \"Good,\" quality of studies which ranged from three to five \"Yes\" was considered \"Fair,\" and quality of studies with less than three \"Yes\" was considered \"Poor.\"  
Following these criteria, one of the studies regarding dental anatomy evaluation was rated as \"Poor\" and the remaining nine were rated as \"Fair\" (Table 7), while all five studies regarding the accuracy of dental methods for age estimation (Table 8) and all 10 studies regarding radiation dose evaluation (Table 9) were rated as \"Fair.\"into the market of small size sensors that helped, together with an increased diffusion of this technology, to make the economic cost of a scanner more affordable. The possibility for the clinician to see orthogonal sections of a Region Of Interest (ROI) in virtually all the desired directions is an obvious advantage for the diagnosis. This could be really useful not only in implantology, when bone thickness and height must be exactly measured before placing a dental implant, or in oral surgery, when the proximity of sensible structures to the area of the intervention must be carefully evaluated, but also in other dental fields such as orthodontics, periodonontology, restorative dentistry, endodontics, and gnathology [30; 31; 32; 33; 34]. CBCT images quality is mainly influenced by their resolution, the presence of noise, and the presence of artefacts. These, in turn, are controlled by equipment parameters such as Field Of View (FOV) dimension, milliamperage seconds (mAs), peak tube voltage (KVp), reconstruction algorithm, scanning time, frame rate, speed of sensor rotation, arc of sensor trajectory, and type of detector.