# A Multi-Technology Communication Platform for Urban Mobile Sensing
## 3 Architecture Overview  
Our platform architecture, illustrated in Figure 1, aims to provide a city-wide scenario where heterogeneous elements, such as cars, aerial and aquatic drones, bicycles, or fixed sensors stations, can interact between themselves, either by direct or indirect connections, producing a large, unified and extremely heterogeneous network. With that end, we can identify four different main components that compose our architecture: data-collecting units (DCUs) equipped with monitoring sensors, mobile nodes, gateways, and a server.  
In the scope of the IoT paradigm, the communication must allow the seamless integration of any object with the Internet, allowing new forms of interaction between people and devices or directly between devices (machine-to-machine, M2M). In this way, the infrastructure to support the  
Figure 1: Architecture overview.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Algorithms** & **Type** & \begin{tabular}{l} **Single/** \\ **Multiple** \\ **Copy** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} **Replication** \\ **Rate** \\ \end{tabular} & **Information Needed** & **Objectives/Comments** \\ \hline Direct Contact & Direct & S & None & N/A & Source moves and delivers the bundle directly \\ Epidemic & Flooding & M & Very High & N/A & Rapid propagation of data \\ HPR & Probabilistic & M & N/A & N/A & Messages sent to increasing delivery probability nodes using \\ GeoSpray & Geo & S/M & Medium & Navigation & Does not tackle mobile destination \\ VeloSent & Movement & \begin{tabular}{l} Movement \\ Prediction \\ \end{tabular} & M & N/A & Location and velocity & Tries to predict destination movement, routing accordingly \\ \begin{tabular}{l} DelQue \\ \end{tabular} & Social & M & Medium & Spatio-temporal & Receiver-driven approach \\ Controlled & & & & Number of contacts, & Uses neighborhood rank classification based on node contact \\ Replication - & Opportunistic & M & Low & \begin{tabular}{l} Timestamps of last \\ connection with the gateway \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{l} Uses neighborhood rank classification based on node contact \\ features in a recent time window \\ \end{tabular} \\ Controlled & & & & & & \\ Replication - & Opportunistic & M & Medium & \
\begin{tabular}{l} Mean velocity, heading \\ angle \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{l} Uses neighborhood rank classification based on movement \\ properties of nodes \\ \end{tabular} \\ Mobile & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Forwarding strategies overview.  
development of an IoT environment must address the following requirements, which are presented in the proposed platform:  
* An infrastructure capable of collecting and disseminating a large amount of data through heterogeneous nodes, with the purpose of delivering the information to gateways stations, and therefore, to a database;
* An infrastructure considering multi-technology communication: WiFi for short-range communication, and LoRa, on the other hand, for long-range communications;
* An infrastructure capable of serving as an evaluation platform for a wide range of purposes, going from the different delay-tolerant network (DTN) forwarding decisions to the multi-gateway LoRa MAC protocol.