## 3 Technical Overview of Wallet Architectures, Attack Vectors, and Related Work
As a non-custodial wallet, Trust Wallet grants users full ownership and control over their private keys, ensuring that no third party has access to their funds. One of its most distinguishing features is its multichain support, which allows users to interact with more than 100 blockchain networks [6]. This broad compatibility makes it an attractive option for those who store and trade various cryptocurrencies, eliminating the need for multiple wallets. Moreover, Trust Wallet features an integrated dApp browser that enables effortless  
Figure 2: The architecture of a MetaMask-based platform and its integration with an Ethereum blockchain network. interaction with blockchain-based platforms, including decentralized exchanges (DEXs) and decentralized finance (DeFi) protocols, directly within the wallet interface. Trust Wallet also supports staking, a feature based on the PoS consensus mechanism. This allows users to lock their cryptocurrency holdings to help maintain and secure blockchain networks. In return, they earn staking rewards in the form of additional cryptocurrency. This feature encourages network participation while providing users with a passive income opportunity. Like MetaMask, Trust Wallet utilizes SRP as a backup mechanism for account recovery. The Coinbase wallet [31] is another cryptocurrency wallet worth examining in detail. It is a mobile-based non-custodial wallet operated by the Coinbase cryptocurrency exchange. Similarly to Trust Wallet, Coinbase Wallet is a self-custody solution, meaning that users have full control over their private keys. The wallet application is available for iOS and Android devices, making it easily accessible for mobile users. It includes a built-in dApp browser, allowing users to search and interact with decentralized applications and perform trades on DEXs directly within the app. To enhance security, the wallet stores private keys locally on the user's device and utilizes SRP as a backup mechanism. A major advantage of Coinbase Wallet is its compatibility with hardware wallets, such as Ledger [23]. By integrating with Ledger devices, users can add an extra layer of security, reducing exposure to potential cyber threats. The final cryptocurrency wallet that we want to examine is Argent [32], an advanced and innovative wallet that represents the next generation of digital asset management, leveraging Ethereum smart contracts to improve security, usability, and asset protection. It is available in both mobile and web-based versions. Unlike MetaMask, Argent does not rely on traditional private- and public-key pairs. Instead, it is a smart contract-based wallet, meaning that all transactions and security mechanisms are governed by predefined rules embedded within the smart contract code. This architectural difference enables enhanced programmability, allowing for the implementation of advanced security features, such as transaction limits and account freezing. Argent eliminates the need for users to memorize complex private keys or SRPs, which can be a significant challenge in terms of usability in traditional wallets. Instead, it introduces an innovative mechanism based on third parties trusted by guardians who can assist in account recovery and provide an additional layer of security. These guardians can include friends and family members, other cryptocurrency wallets, or independent security services. Guardians play a crucial role in account recovery procedures, as they can be authorized to approve the recovery process in case the user loses access to their wallet. In addition, they help mitigate security risks by providing protection in scenarios where unauthorized access to the wallet is detected. Argent also allows users to set transaction limits, restricting the amount of cryptocurrency that can be transferred without additional authorization. This feature improves security by preventing large unauthorized transactions and reducing the risk of total asset loss in the event of an attack.