# Blockchain-Based Applications in Education: A Systematic Review
## 4 Discussion
### What Applications Have Been Developed with Blockchain Technology for Educational Purposes?
Such a system can be used to gather, analyze, and report data regarding school systems, which can help and support the decision-making process. The fifth category is related to fees and credits transfer. It includes some applications with similar features for transferring credential records or fees among institutions, organizations, or even universities due to the high security and trust of blockchain. Usually, educational institutions rely on a third party/intermediary to handle and approve the transfer of credits or fees. Fortunately, the blockchain can be used as an efficient manner to exchange information and eliminate the need of such third or intermediary parties based on its high security level. To illustrate, the EduCTX system [34] enabled the transfer process using tokens. These tokens can be in terms of any digital form for learning units such as certificates, courses, and diplomas. Each educational institution has its own EduCTX address to handle the secured transfer process. The sixth category discussed some applications related to obtaining digital guardianship consent. Blockchain helped enhance the traditional way of gathering parents' consents to be collected electronically instead. This was highly reflected due to the trust that blockchain technology can provide. The decentralized nature of blockchain assists in accelerating the process of collecting consent without compromising its privacy. This has a great impact to ease the collecting and commutation process among a large number of students, parents, and educational institutions. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [36] proposed a framework to permit public schools to give authorization rights to any third-party institutions who would like to meet their students without obtaining parents' consents for every single time. Blockchain helped establish a nested authorization process that speeds up the whole process and, thus, guarantees the privacy and access control of consent. Another category concerns competition management, which utilizes blockchain technology to facilitate managing competition operations and to enhance its efficiency and transparency. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [29] introduced a competition model based on the e-commerce operation sandbox, which is a decision-making system for examining students' professional knowledge and expertise. They developed this system to build up an evaluation system, which measures and manages students' operational proficiencies. Furthermore, evaluating students' professional ability is another category that links students' professionalism with specific industries for the purpose of employment recommendations. One example for this category was a study by [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [26], which applied the blockchain technology to link between educational institutions and employment enterprises for sharing all necessary information regarding recruitment and industry requirements. Similarly, another example was illustrated by [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [25], where an application program was developed using blockchain in order to evaluate students' professional skills based on their academic achievements and performances, which then could be provided to any interested industry. This evaluation system has been designed to assess and analyze students' abilities based on the clustering algorithm within the blockchain. Another category classified as copyrights management preserves the ownership rights when using the blockchain. [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [37] discussed the implementation of a decentralized learning system \"CHiLO\" for protecting e-books' copyrights and ownerships. Moreover, protecting learning objects is another category that emphasizes the importance of utilizing the blockchain application in order to protect any new knowledge or learning objects acquired from students or faculty members.