## 2 Shear Tests on Cross-Frames in Lightweight Segments
### Materials and Methods
#### 2.1.3 FE-Analysis  
All specimens were modelled three dimensionally with the calculation parameters shown in Table 1, which also shows the parameters for the modelled push-off tests described in Section 3 below. To reduce the computational effort, only one connecting element was modelled for each investigated specimen (Figure 5). This resulted in concrete panels with a size of 200 \(\times\) 500 \(\times\) 70 mm and one connecting element between two panels, or one embedded SIN-beam, respectively. Figure 5a shows the supports, modelled as fixed boundary conditions in the respective direction. Additionally, a symmetry boundary-condition was implemented at one side of the free-floating panel or on the steel flange. The load was introduced as a displacement of 10 mm via a steel panel on top of the specimens, as in the real tests. The analysis was performed with 3 calculation steps:  
1. Boundary conditions: vertical support, horizontal support, symmetry
2. Self-weight
3. Loading phase: application of 10 mm deformation  
At the lattice girders diagonals, deformations in the longitudinal direction of the girders towards the lower belt (see Figure 5b and Table 2) with different magnitudes were observed. The influence of the magnitude of imperfections was studied by running several FE-simulations with magnitudes of imperfections from 0 mm (perfect geometry) to 6 mm, as shown in Figure 5b. Figure 4: Test setup in side-view and front-view (free panel not displayed in front-view), units in mm. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Parameter**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Cross Frames in Segments**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Push-Off Tests on**} \\ \cline{2-6}  & **Lattice Ginder** & **Lattice Ginder** & **Kap Wave** & **SIN-Welded** & **SIN-Penetrated** & **SIN-Welded** \\ \hline
**Calculation Procedure** & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Abaqus/Dynamic, Implicit (Application: Quasi Static)**} \\ \hline  & & & & SIN beam flange (5 mm), bond reinforcement (5 mm), SIN beam part embedded in concrete (5 mm) & V1–3 (30 mm-2.5 mm) V2-3 Grout (2.5 mm) V4 Grout (3 mm) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Elements \\ (Element size) \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{C3D10} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Concrete panels (20 mm)} & V4 \\ \cline{2-6}  & & Lattice girder (2.7 mm) & Lattice girder (5 mm) & - & Concrete-specimen (30 mm-3 mm) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} T3D2 \\ \end{tabular} } & \multicolumn{4}{c}{panel reinforcement (20 mm)} & specimen reinforcement (20 mm) \\ \cline{2-6}  & & & Kap Wave (2.5 mm) & Corrugated Web (10 mm) & - \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Interaction \\ \end{tabular} } & Steel- & & & normal: hard contact, transverse: penalty (\(\mu\) = 0.8) \\  & Concrete- & & & (\(\mu\) = 0.3) & V2: friction and cohesion \\  & Grout & & & embedded & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Interaction \\ \end{tabular} } & Reinforcement- & & & & normal: hard contact, transverse: penalty (\(\mu\) = 0.8) \\  & concrete & & & (\(\mu\) = 0.3) & V2: friction and cohesion \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} Interaction \\ \end{tabular} } & \multicolumn{4}{c}{embedded} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{} \\ \cline{2-6}  & & & & & normal: hard contact, transverse: penalty (\(\mu\) = 0.3) & - \\ \cline{2-6}  & Shell to solid & & & free to embedded part of corrugated web & - \\ \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{Solution technique} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Full newton} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Material model \\ \end{tabular} } & Concrete & Concrete damaged plasticity (dilation angle = 35\({}^{\circ}\); eccentricity = 0.1; \(\xi_{0}/\xi_{0}\) = 1.16; K = 0.667; Viscosity \\ \cline{2-6}  & Elastic- & & panel reinforcement & specimen reinforcement \\ \cline{2-6}  & plastic & Lattice girder & Kap-Wave, Kap-Sticks & SIN Beam & reinforcement \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Parameters used for the FEA-simulations in the software Abaqus for cross-frames and push-off tests on joints.