## 2 Materials and Test Protocol
### Monotonic Direct Tension Test  
The monotonic direct tension test was conducted by the material test systems (MTS) 810 machine imported from MTS Company located in Eden Prairie, MN, USA. For each specimen, each of the two ends was bonded with a round steel loading plate by steel glue. Then, after at least 3 days, specimens were moved into a temperature-controlled cabinet at the corresponding target test temperature for 4 h. Subsequently, specimens were shifted out and clamped onto the loading platform to be tested at a loading rate of 5 mm/min [32]. Pretension was performed at the beginning of each test to prevent eccentric phenomena from occurring during the test process. All the test results were acquired through the built-in computer system at a sampling frequency of 10 Hz. The relative indexes were calculated according to the following equations.  
\[\sigma_{\text{max}}=\frac{\text{F}_{\text{max}}}{\text{bd}} \tag{1}\]  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Performance Parameters** & **Unit** & **Coarse Aggregate** & **Fine Aggregate** & **Filler** & **Method** \\ \hline Los Angeles abrasion & \% & 10.9 & & ASTM C131-14 \\ Flat and elongated particles & \% & 1.4 & & ASTM D4791-19 \\ Fine aggregate angularity & \% & & 38 & AASHTO T304-17 \\ Specific gravity & g/cm\({}^{3}\) & 2.762 & & ASTM C127-15 \\ Specific gravity & g/cm\({}^{3}\) & & 2.73 & ASTM C128-15 \\ Specific gravity & g/cm\({}^{3}\) & & 2.704 & ASTM D854-14 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Basic performance parameters test results of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and filler.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Sieve Size/mm** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Passing Percentage/\%**} \\ \cline{2-3}  & **AC-13** & **SMA-13** \\ \hline
16 & 100 & 100 \\
13.2 & 95 & 90 \\
9.5 & 76.5 & 50 \\
4.75 & 53 & 20 \\
2.36 & 37 & 15 \\
1.18 & 26.5 & 14 \\
0.6 & 19 & 12 \\
0.3 & 13.5 & 10 \\
0.15 & 10 & 9 \\
0.075 & 6 & 8 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Mineral aggregate gradation.  
\[\varepsilon_{\max}=\frac{\varepsilon_{\max}+\varepsilon_{\max}}{2} \tag{2}\]  
\[\omega_{\mathrm{pre}}=\int_{0}^{\varepsilon_{\max}}\sigma\mathrm{d}\varepsilon \tag{3}\]  
\[\omega_{\mathrm{post}}=\int_{\varepsilon_{\max}}^{\varepsilon_{\sigma-\frac{1} {2}}\sigma_{\max}}\sigma\mathrm{d}\varepsilon \tag{4}\]  
where \(\sigma_{\max}\) denotes the tensile strength (MPa); \(\mathrm{F}_{\max}\) denotes peak loading value (N); b and d denote the width and the height of the specimen, respectively (mm); \(\varepsilon_{\max}\) denotes the ultimate strain (\(10^{-6}\)) \(\varepsilon_{\max}\), \(\varepsilon_{\max}\) denote the strain value of extensometers corresponding to the loading value, respectively (\(10^{-6}\)); \(\omega_{\mathrm{pre}}\) denotes the pre-peak strain energy density (MJ/m\({}^{3}\)); \(\omega_{\mathrm{post}}\) denotes the post-peak strain energy density (MJ/m\({}^{3}\)); \(\varepsilon_{\sigma=\frac{1}{2}}\sigma_{\max}\) denotes the strain at which the corresponding stress drops to half of the tensile strength (\(10^{-6}\)); \(\sigma\) denotes stress in the tension process (MPa); \(\varepsilon\) denotes strain in the tension process (\(10^{-6}\)).