## 3 Results and Discussion
### Study of Adaptive Properties of Fungi
#### 3.3.1 Ligninolytic Enzymes Production  
As mentioned above, the key stages of the degradation of aromatic pollutants, including PAHs, can catalyze ligninolytic enzymes. We have shown that the degradation of PAHs by the studied basidiomycetes was accompanied by the production of ligninolytic enzymes (Table 2). All representatives of the genera _Pleutrotus_, _Tranetes_, as well as _L. betulina_, _S. murashkinskyi_, and _S. commune_, produced lacases and Mn-peroxidase. Lignin peroxide-dase and Mn-peroxidase activities were revealed in _B. adusta_, whereas _S. rugosaunulata_ had only lacase. It was first found that the PAH degradation by ascomycetes _L. aphanocladii_, _F. oxysporum_, and _C. herbarum_ was accompanied by the production of peroxididases. In _G. candidum_, the activities of these enzymes were not revealed. Perhaps the low degradative activity of this fungus towards PAHs is the result of this. A study of the production of ligninolytic enzymes during the decolorization of dyes showed that all basidiomycetes produced lacases and Mn-peroxidases, whereas ascomycetes showed only peroxidase activity (Table 2). We have previously shown that both investigated dyes are available for both ligninolytic peroxididases and lacases [30]. Apparently, the activity of only peroxidase (in the case of ascomycetes) is not enough for complete decolorization of these dyes. The decolorization activity of _G. candidum_ suggested the production of peroxidase. This enzyme oxidized 2,6-dimethoxyphenol and anthraquinone-type dyes [74]. Figure 6: Effect of PAHs and their fungal metabolites on germination of seeds (\(\square\)), length of shoots (\(\blacksquare\)), and length of roots (\(\blacksquare\)) of sorghum: ANT—anthracene, ANTQ—9,10-anthraquinone, PHE—phenanthrene, PHEQ—phenanthrene-9,10-quinone, FLU –fluorene, FLU-on—9-fluorenone, CBA—2-carboxobenzaldehyde, DIPH—2,2′-diphenic acid, PHTH—phthalic acid. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{10}{c}{**Activity, U/mL**} \\ \cline{2-10}  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Activities of extracellular enzymes (U/mL) after 14 days of the cultivation of the studied fungi both with and without pollutants. To study the effect of oil on the production of ligninolytic enzymes, we used the basidiomycetes-rich environment, which supports the production increase and peroxididases. As in the case of other pollutants, the process of the oil degradation by basidiomycetes was accompanied by the production of ligninolytic enzymes. All representatives of the species _P. ostreatus, L. betulina_ produced lactose and Mn-peroxidase, which is a characteristic property of these fungi. The presence of lignin peroxidase was shown in all representatives of the genus _Trametes_ and in the litter-decomposing fungus _S. rugososanulata_ (Table 2). The activity of this enzyme was absent in the control treatments (without pollutant) and in the presence of PAHs. Perhaps oil can contain any compounds which can act as inducers of this enzyme. Oil degradation by three ascomycetes, as well as the degradation of the other studied pollutants, was accompanied by the production of the single ligninolytic enzyme, peroxidase. The activity of ligninolytic enzymes in _G. candidium_ was not revealed. The degradation of neonol AF9-12 was accompanied by the production of lacases and Mn-peroxidases by basidiomycetes and only peroxididases in ascomycetes (Table 2). Many authors discuss the Mn-peroxidases, lacases, and cyt P450 as the enzymes which can be involved in alkylphenols degradation. Commonly, ligninolytic fungi can polymerize the alkylphenols or degrade the primary structure of these compounds [75]. The degradation of isononylphenol was accompanied by the production of lacase and Mn-peroxidase in all the mentioned basidiomycetes and peroxidase in ascomycete _C. herbarum_ (Table 2, Figure 5B). In addition, _T. versicolor_ MUT, as a response to the presence of isononylphenol in the cultivation medium, produced lignin peroxidase, in contrast to the control treatment (without pollutant).