## 3 Results
### Results of Large-Scale HTV Fire Test  
The large-scale HTB fire test started similarly with intentional initiation. To initiate the HTB fire, a mechanical breach of the battery packing integrity was conducted by a wedge and hammer. After the initial penetration, the slow development of the fire occurred. Initially, only smoke, which gradually weakened, could be observed, as shown in Figure 14a,b. Finally, a decision was made to drive the wedge deeper. Undoubtedly, the deeper drive in of the wedge led to the initiation of the fire, as shown in Figure 14c.d. The initiation was successful after more than 23 min. Subsequently, the fire began to develop. For a period of 18 min, we waited to see if the fire would intensify. Based on the fire conditions shown in Figure 14d,e, we deduced that only other HTB materials, such as plastics, were burning, not lithium. As the fire began to lose intensity, as shown in Figure 14f, the decision was made to apply the car fire blanket. Figure 13: FLIR E96 14\({}^{\circ}\) footage of large-scale ICEV fire test. (**a**) Time point right before car fire blanket application to ICEV fire; (**b**) time point 1 min after application; (**c**) time point 2 min after application; (**d**) time point 3 min after application; (**e**) time point 4 min after application; (**f**) time point 5 min after application; (**g**) time point 6 min after application; (**h**) time point 7 min after application; (**i**) time point 8 min after application; (**j**) time point 9 min after application; (**k**) time point 10 min after application; (**l**) time point right after removal of car fire blanket; * temperature is lower than the temperature range of the set mode (300 to +1500 \({}^{\circ}\)C). In Figure 15a, the fire is depicted just before the car fire blanket application on the HTB fire. Figure 15b shows the condition of the HTB fire right after the application of the fire blanket. Figure 15c displays the state of the HTB fire after 30 s, Figure 15d after 60 s, and Figure 15e after 300 s of the car fire blanket application. Figure 15f illustrates the condition of the HTB fire right after the removal of the car fire blanket. Figure 14: Initiation of HTB. (**a**) HTB after first wedge drive in at 00:02:50; (**b**) HTB after first wedge drive in at 00:10:58; (**c**) HTB after second wedge drive in at 00:23:32; (**d**) HTB after second wedge drive in at 00:24:58; (**e**) HTB after second wedge drive in at 00:28:10; (**f**) HTB after second wedge drive in at 00:35:00. Figure 15: Application of car fire blanket during large-scale HTB fire test. (**a**) Beginning of 10 min interval of application to HTB fire at 00:41:20; (**b**) HTB fully covered at 00:41:45; (**c**) 30 s after application to HTB fire at 00:42:15; (**d**) 60 s after application to HTB fire at 00:42:45; (**e**) 300 s application to HTB fire at 00:46:45; (**f**) car fire blanket removal at 00:51:59. The results of the entire large-scale HTB fire test are displayed in Figure 16. The graph shows the temperature-time curve. The temperatures were measured with thermocouples T0, T1, T2, and T3 in 1 s intervals. Due to the better readability of the graph, a 210 s interval was chosen for the time showcase on the X-axis. The interval of the car fire blanket application is highlighted with an orange-colored area, the same as in the graph for the large-scale ICEV fire test. The graph also highlights the \"peak\" interval, indicating the onset of flame ignition after the second wedge drive in. Right away after the termination of the experiment, the HTB was placed in quarantine in a container designated for extinguishing electric vehicles. The maximum temperature measured by the thermocouples in this experiment was only 335 \({}^{\circ}\)C on thermocouple T0. The first hammering of the wedge to the HTB was at 00:02:50. There was no temperature increase recorded on any of the thermocouples. Visually, smoke was observed, as shown in Figure 14a,b. It is likely that only the casing and parts of the cell in the HTB module were damaged.