## 3 HCI Design Requirements for Minimally Invasive Surgery Robots  
Through contextual inquiry and user group analysis, design directions in relevant fields can be analyzed. Figure 2 organizes the minimally invasive surgical procedures and usage scenarios for different types of robots, summarizing three common stages: patient information collection, surgical planning, and motion instruction execution [14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22]. Patient information collection: Before surgery, patient information is collected through relevant equipment, and images are reconstructed and visualized in three dimensions. Moreover, surgical instrument localization can be achieved by calculating the positional relationship between the robot, the optical system, and the patient. Surgical planning: The surgeon determines the location of the lesion and the characteristics of the surrounding tissue based on the subcutaneous image information of the patient, and plans the optimal surgical path through image-guided surgery (IGS) [23] and reference point marking, providing guidance for the navigation system [24]. Motion instruction execution: The surgeon controls the patient-side robot to execute surgical instructions through master devices such as joysticks [25]. The motion information of the master device is transmitted to the slave device after being processed by the control system, thereby driving the surgical instruments to complete various movements like punctures [26]. Figure 1: (**a**) Annual number of publications statistics; and (**b**) research direction: classification and statistics. Figure 2: Usage scenarios. Robotic minimally invasive surgery is completed by multiple surgeons. The entire product service system involves three types of users: patients, primary surgeons, and assistant surgeons [27]. The operation of the master control system is the responsibility of the primary surgeon, who is under high work pressure. The primary surgeon needs to rely on their personal medical knowledge to analyze complex conditions, and make judgments and decisions, thereby ensuring the safety of the patient's surgery. Therefore, in the design process of the HCI system for minimally invasive surgery robots, the goal should be to reduce the workload of doctors, assist users in building good cognitive models, and, thus, improve work efficiency and operational experience [28]. The unique application scenarios and user groups propose directional requirements for the HCI design of minimally invasive surgery robots. Based on the above analysis and taking into account existing product research in HCI, and in conjunction with the three-level standard system for related products proposed by [PERSON] et al. [29], as shown in Figure 3, the design requirements in four directions are summarized as follows: effectiveness, safety, compatibility, and usability. 1. Effectiveness: Effectiveness is a key indicator for measuring the clinical effect of minimally invasive surgery robots [12]. Good effectiveness can be reflected in the increase of the surgery success rate and operation precision or the decrease of blood loss and complications [30]. Traditional minimally invasive surgery may cause fatigue due to the long periods of high-intensity work, leading to a decline in operational precision and hand-eye co-ordination [31]. Robotic surgery itself can reduce manual operation and overcome these shortcomings. Some products further enhance the effectiveness of minimally invasive surgery robots through tactile feedback and optimized operation processes [32]. 2. Safety: Safety involves multiple performance indicators such as system monitoring, abnormal data handling, and device self-protection. The safety performance of the interactive system is vital to patient life and health and is a factor that must be considered in the design process [33]. System safety can be enhanced through methods such as fault-tolerant design, early warning design, and the control of interaction synchronization.