# Effects of Resonant Electromagnetic Fields on Biofilm Formation in _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_
## 1 Introduction  
Widespread use of antibiotics has led to an increase in antimicrobial resistance (AMR), exemplified by the pathogenic bacteria Methicillin-resistant _Staphylococcus aureus_ (MRSA) and _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_, the latter being a major challenge for cystic fibrosis patients [1]. Today, this is a threat to people with compromised immune systems, and tomorrow it may be a threat to all of humanity [2]. Consequently, there is an urgent need and a race against time to discover and invent new compounds or methods of combating life threatening infectious diseases, not only with regards to bacterial pathogens, but also viral pathogens, as currently witnessed (anno 2020) by the global COVID-19 pandemic. Quantum physics has shown that the basic constituents of nature exist both as particles and waves. Medicine and biology have been highly successful in treating life from a particle perspective, which might explain why the wave aspect of biology was largely neglected and considered insignificant, even controversial. This may be due to a difficulty in replicating experiments and the belief that non-thermal radiation does not affect living systems. However, it is well known that weak forces, resonating at the right frequency, may have strong effects, as witnessed by opera singers' voices shattering crystal glasses and stable winds collapsing suspension bridges. Furthermore, rhythms play a fundamental role in living systems and rhythms are a musical expression of the modulation of frequencies [3]. Experiments now demonstrate that low-energy, highly specific resonant electromagnetic fields (EMF) affect living systems, e.g., the induction of stem cell differentiation or interference of bacterial growth [4; 5]. A medical therapeutic breakthrough occurred in 2011, when the first resonant field-based therapy for treating brain tumors in terminal patients was approved for clinical use by FDA (reviewed in [6]). The Relationship between Resonant Electromagnetic Fields, Coherence in Water, and Biological Effects  
The mechanistic understanding of these phenomena has been lacking behind the observable effects; however, the pieces are starting to come together. Equation (1):  
\[\omega_{C}=\frac{zB}{2\pi m} \tag{1}\]  
The claim and observations that an induced Lorentz force many orders of magnitude lower than the Brownian force should have an effect on specific ions was questioned for a long period [9], until new theories of water came to the forefront in the frame of Quantum Electrodynamics (QED). This theory claims that water is a biphasic liquid, containing a phase of coherent, self-organized clusters of molecules, capable of storing additional energy, analogous to the coherent form of light known as laser [10]. The coherent clusters or domains flicker in and out of existence in the order of tenth of picoseconds. Only clusters stabilized by surfaces have lifetimes long enough to store and release energy from the ambience [11; 12]. Experimental evidence of this theory has been supported by experimental findings using various spectroscopic methods, including infrared and near-infrared spectroscopy and X-ray studies of supercooled water [13; 14; 15; 16]. As quoted above [9], [PERSON] formulated the claim early that a weak electromagnetic field in the ELF band (\(\leq\)60 Hz) induces a Lorentz force in water, which is several orders of magnitude lower than the Brownian force at room temperature. If we consider that the cytoplasm is a bath, where several species of molecules are dissolved in an aqueous solution, we should thus conclude that no chemical reaction can happen in cytoplasm due to a weak electromagnetic field. However, the theory of [PERSON] was formulated within the framework of classical physics and before QED was fully developed to describe coherence in the matter [17]. There was also the false belief that quantum physics could not apply to the macroscopic phenomenon of living matter, despite the early warning of [PERSON] [18].