## 3 Result Statements from the Analysis of the Available Literature
### Fate of Glyphosate in the Environment and Its Toxic Effects on Organisms
Aside from the above, the occurrence of GBHs in water could result from aquatic weed control efforts by which GBHs are intentionally applied directly to the water, as well as from the disposal of GBH waste into water sources [151; 152]. Hence, the continual use, release, and transfer of GBHs and AMPA into aquatic environments could result in the prolonged exposure of aquatic organisms to the chemicals through contaminated feed intake and polluted aquatic habitats, thereby increasing the risk of the induction of detrimental effects. Figure 3: Glyphosate fate and transport. In general, glyphosate's mode of action after the absorption of GBHs through foliage is to inhibit the enzyme 5-enolpyruvateylshitz-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase in the shikimic acid pathway. This inhibition results in the deficiency of essential aromatic amino acids responsible for protein synthesis, such as phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine, ultimately leading to the stunted growth, leaf malformation, desiccation, and death of target plants [153]. This pathway is absent in animals and is considered to contribute to the nonexistent or low toxicity of glyphosate toward animals [154; 155; 156]. Nonetheless, comprehensive toxicology investigations in different animal species have illustrated the hazard potential in various organisms following acute and chronic exposure to glyphosate/GBHs. Multiple studies confirmed different effects on environmental and animal health such as: changes in the community structure and diversity in plankton [157; 158]; decreased acetylcholinesteraseonitesterase activity in mussels, shrimp, and fish [159; 160; 161; 162]; excessive reactive oxygen species formation or impaired antioxidant capacity in plankton, worms, mussels, shrimp, prawns, and fish [163; 164; 165; 166; 167; 168; 166; 167; 168]. Studies also showed histopathological changes in fish and frogs [166; 168; 169; 170]; endocrine disruption and reproductive impairment in plankton and fish [171; 172; 157]; metabolic alterations in fish and frogs [166; 173], behavioral changes in shrimp, fish, and frogs [168; 174; 175; 176; 177; 173]; growth and development inhibition and increased mortality in plankton, shrimp, fish, and frogs [178; 179; 180]. This information is summarized in Table 1.  
In human cells, glyphosate and GBHs can act as endocrine disruptors, affecting the estrogen and androgen pathways [181; 182; 183], damaging the neural system, genetic materials, and ultrastructure of the cells [184; 185; 186], and enhancing the proliferation of the breast cancer cell line [183]. Considering multiple deleterious effects of glyphosate and GBHs, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified glyphosate into Group 2A, \"probably carcinogenic to humans\", in 2017 [187]. Furthermore, adjuvants added in commercial GBH formulations to increase the efficacy of GBHs could also enhance the toxicity and/or bioaccumulation of glyphosate, in some cases displaying increased toxicity compared to the parent material [182; 188; 172]. In addition, the detection of glyphosate in worm and fish tissues indicates that there is a risk of glyphosate bioaccumulation at multiple trophic levels, from producers to consumers [163; 162; 179], in spite of its high-water solubility and moderate bioaccumulation potential [189].