## 2 Experimental Design and Methodology
### Test Methodology  
Compressive strength, CIELAB, and TG spectroscopy measurements were performed at 3, 7, and 28 days of age. However, XRD measurements were performed on the 28 th day only.  
The compressive strength was measured using a hydraulic universal testing machine (Toni Technik, Baustoffprufysysteme, Berlin, Germany) in accordance with ASTM C109 [24]. Compressive strength is defined as the load divided by the cross-sectional area. Compressive strength measurements showed that the average measured values of three specimens and the standard deviation were within a confidence level of 95%.  
To investigate the compositions of hydrates, powder-type samples that passed through a 75 \(\upmu\)m sieve were separated from the specimens with which compressive strength was measured at each age. To stop the hydration of the samples used for Rietveld refinement-based quantitative analysis, the samples were immersed in acetone according to the solvent-exchange method and were subjected to oven drying. The crushed parts were dried using  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Binder (wt. \%)** & **CaO** & **SiO\({}_{\mathbf{2}}\)** & **Al\({}_{\mathbf{2}}\)O\({}_{\mathbf{3}}\)** & **MgO** & **Na\({}_{\mathbf{2}}\)O** & **K\({}_{\mathbf{2}}\)O** & **SO\({}_{\mathbf{3}}\)** & **Fe\({}_{\mathbf{2}}\)O\({}_{\mathbf{3}}\)** & **TiO\({}_{\mathbf{2}}\)** \\ \hline White cement & 66.79 & 16.14 & 4.40 & 2.47 & 0.08 & 1.18 & 3.23 & 3.83 & 0.34 \\ Silica fume & 0.02 & 99.0 & 0.30 & 0.01 & 0.05 & 0.02 & 0.05 & 0.05 & 0.06 \\ Silica powder & 0.05 & 99.0 & 0.30 & 0.05 & 0.05 & 0.05 & 0.05 & 0.05 & 0.06 \\ \hline
**Pigment (wt. \%)** & **Al** & **Ca** & **Ti** & **Cr** & **Fe** & **Co** & **Zn** & **As** & **Sb** \\ \hline Red & 0.00 & 0.03 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 26.40 & 0.00 & 0.01 & 0.02 & 0.05 \\ Green & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 21.26 & 0.00 & 0.01 & 0.01 & 0.02 & 0.01 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Chemical compositions of binder and pigments.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Mixture ID.** & **Cement** & **Silica Fume** & **Silica Powder** & **Water** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **SP** \\ **Admixture** \\ \end{tabular} & **Pigment** \\ \hline P & & & & & 0 \\ R5 & & & & & 0.05 \\ R10 & 1 & 0.23 & 0.33 & 0.26 & 0.04 & 0.1 \\ G5 & & & & & & 0.05 \\ G10 & & & & & & 0.1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Mix proportions of specimens (mass ratio).  
silica gel, and XRD and TG were performed after maintaining a vacuum state in a desiccator. The test conditions for analyzing the hydration product compositions are as follows: XRD was performed using a P-analytical X'Pert PRO-MPD device (DA101 at KBSI Daegu Center, Daegu, Korea), and the analysis was conducted by setting the CuK\(\alpha\) radiation at 40 kV and 30 mA. The scan range of the specimen was 0.02\({}^{\circ}\) in 20, and scanning was performed from 5\({}^{\circ}\) to 70\({}^{\circ}\) at 3.0 s intervals for 3 h. For TG analysis (TGA), a temperature range of 0 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 800 \({}^{\circ}\)C was set in an N\({}_{2}\) gas-injection environment using a TA Instruments Q600 device (PH407, KBSI Pusan Center, Pusan, Korea), and the heating rate was set to 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C per min [25; 26; 27; 28].  
For CIELAB, a color system (NR-11A, Nippon Denshoku Industries Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) was used to perform quantitative color analysis. The light reflected from the object was measured for 2 s at each wavelength and every 6 s via spectrocolorimetry using the diffraction-grating post-spectral method. The measurement stability was within \(\Delta\)E*ab = 0.06, and high-precision measurements were performed by calculating the X, Y, and Z values from the RGB values. The X, Y, and Z values belong to the color mixture system and quantitatively represent colors.  
Correlation analysis was performed on the factors measured through the abovementioned analysis method according to age using the statistical package for social sciences version 26 (IBM SPSS Statistics 26, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).