## 3 Results and Discussion
Our findings clearly showed that the SM1.5 sample has the maximum \(\upmu\) values at all energies. On the other hand, the term mass attenuation coefficient (\(\upmu_{\text{m}}\)) refers to the density-independent attenuation coefficient, which contains critical information about the material's shielding performance as a function of its elemental structure. Figure 5 illustrates the variation of \(\upmu_{\text{m}}\) values in the low-energy region. Similar to the discovery of \(\upmu\) values, the SM1.5 sample was reported with maximum amounts. This is explained by the fact that replaced TeO\({}_{2}\) and Sm\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) have different elemental structures and atomic numbers, directly affecting gamma-ray attenuation properties. Figure 3: Variation of glass densities as a function of glass type (i.e., Sm\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) %mol). Meanwhile, Figure 5 clearly demonstrated the Te k-absorption peak, indicating that the overwhelming majority of the nominal glass composition was TeO\({}_{2}\). In addition, we demonstrated the variation of \(\mu_{\rm m}\) values as a function of photon energy from 0.015 MeV to 15 MeV. The dominance of main photon-matter interactions, such as photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair production, can be observed in Figure 6.  
Figure 4: Variation of linear attenuation coefficient (\(\mu\)) against Photon energy for all glasses. Figure 5: Variation of mass attenuation coefficients (\(\mu_{\rm m}\)) at low energy region. According to findings, SM1.5 has the maximum \(\mu_{\rm m}\) values among the studied SM glass samples. In this study, half value layers (T\({}_{1/2}\)) of SM glasses were also determined between 0.015 MeV and 15 MeV. The term T\({}_{1/2}\) is crucial for determining the thickness of a shielding material needed to reduce the initial gamma-ray intensity to half Figure 7. It is worth noting that the T\({}_{1/2}\) term has an inverse relationship with the \(\mu\) value, which implies that material with higher \(\mu\) values may also offer lower T\({}_{1/2}\) values. Additionally, a material with the lowest T\({}_{1/2}\) values may be regarded as a clear indicator of gamma-ray superiority among the studied material group. Our results indicated that the SM1.5 sample with the highest Sm\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) additive has the lowest T\({}_{1/2}\) values at all energy levels. For example, T\({}_{1/2}\) values were reported as 2.00553 cm, 2.00262 cm, 1.99835 cm, 1.99359 cm, and 1.98160 cm for SM0.2, SM0.5, SM0.8, SM1.0, and SM1.5 samples at 1 MeV, respectively. At this moment, it can be noted that 1.3% mol Sm\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) (i.e., from 0.2% to 1.5%) decreased the T\({}_{1/2}\) value from 2.00553 cm to 1.98160 cm. As with pure elements, the atomic numbers of compounds, alloys, and composite materials cannot be represented by a single number in the various energy zones. This number is referred to as the effective atomic number (\(Z_{\rm eff}\)) for compounds, alloys, and mixtures, and it changes according to the photon energy [26]. Figure 8 depicts the variation of \(Z_{\rm eff}\) as a function of incident photon energy at all energies. The results indicated that the sample with the highest Zeff value is SM1.5, with the most Sm\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) in the structure. However, no sharp differences were reported due to the structural similarities between the samples. It should be noted that the minimum difference for \(Z_{\rm eff}\) values was reported as 0.07 at 0.04 MeV, whereas the maximum difference was 0.36 at 0.06 MeV. Figure 6: Variation of mass attenuation coefficient (\(\mu_{\rm m}\)) against Photon energy for all glasses. Figure 8: Variation of effective atomic number (\(Z_{\rm eff}\)) against Photon energy for all glasses. Figure 2:0 Variation of half value layer (\(T_{1/2}\)) against Photon energy for all glasses. The buildup factor is a correction factor used in shielding computations to account for the effect of scattered radiation and any secondary particles in the medium.