## 2 Related Work  
Smart waste management, in general, adopts advanced technology for enhancing the collection of waste management. The wireless technologies including wireless-fidelity (Wi-Fi), global Packet for Radio Service (GPRS), radio frequency identification (RFID), and global positioning system (GPS) are implemented for resolving the distinct issues in solid waste management. In regarding these many researchers have implemented the wireless sensor network (WSN) for monitoring the bin status wirelessly [15; 16; 17]. WSN implemented for scrutinizing the status of the bin and applying the closest vehicle first algorithm for optimizing the routes of municipal trucks [18]. Few researchers have integrated the web server and WSN for visualizing the filling of bins [19]. For transmitting the data to the web server, multiple communication technologies are embedded, one of these is GSM/GPRS module. AA smart collection system for solid waste is established with the integration of ultrasonic sensors, GSM protocol, and RFID technology [20]. The Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) framework was designed to provide a system for monitoring waste collections in real-time and almost every garbage bin has a sensor node, which detects the state of bins continuously and sends the signal to nearby vehicles when the bin is full [16]. Zigbee and Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT)-based waste management systems are also established for monitoring the bins, and MQTT protocol communicates the monitoring status from the ZigBee to the server [21]. iBags is a smart waste management system that is an integration of ZigBee and RFID for identifying the bags and communicating the status of the bins to the server [22]. The drawbacks of the ZigBee and GSM/GPRS are: GSM/GPRS communication consumes power consumption, and a prepaid amount needs to be recharged for transmitting the data [23; 24]. The data transmission range of ZigBee is limited to short-range; however, the transmission range can be increased by installing Zigbee repeaters. Installation of Zigbee repeaters is having a higher possibility of connectivity failure. The evolution of LPWAN technologies has widened the opportunities for implementing IoT architecture to waste management, as this technology is capable of transmitting wireless data in the absence of remote cell technology with low power consumption [25; 26]. The recent studies that have integrated into the smart waste management are: LoRa prototype is embedding for the sensor nodes for maximizing waste disposal routes in the Salamanca Area by using a low electrical energy consumption [27]. A low-powered sensor node is proposed for sensing the filling status of the bin with the assistance of LoRaWAN [28]. A recent study integrated the Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+ controller unit and LoRa communication protocol for monitoring the filling status of the waste in the bin [25]. In IoT applications, most designers have opted for microcontroller boards (Arduino board), or SOC (BeagleBone, Raspberry Pi, Lopy) for the platforms to connect sensor nodes to the internet [28]. From the above literature work, it is clear that there is a need of some architecture for designing and developing a customized sensor node and gateway that will be efficient enough for realizing the filling level of the bins with minimal energy consumption.