# Cracks in Arch Dams: An Overview of Documented Instances
## 2 Observational Data/Material: Summary of Case Studies
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt}} \hline \hline  & **Dam** & **Main Causes of Cracking** & **Cracked Zone** & **Location of Cracks** & **Crack Dimensions** & **Published Records** \\ \hline
24 & La Tajera & Thermal effects. Inadequate design or execution of the construction. Reservoir empty at high temperatures, galleries without the necessary coercive overlay. & Downstream surface. & Oblique. Along the transition between vault and base. & Max. width: 0.5 mm. & Horizontal and vertical displacements (crest and cantilevers). Precise placement of the cracks. \\ \hline
25 & Matka & Thermal effects. High temperature stresses. & Downstream surface. & Oblique. In the immediate vicinity of the right abutment. & Max. width: 2 mm. & Precise placement of the cracks. Displacements (at cracking). \\ \hline
26 & Nuraghe Arribu-Humendosa & Thermal effects. Cooling of the concrete. & Upstream surface. & Horizontal. From 65 m above the dam base until the crest. & Max. length: 4.7 m. & Precise placement of the cracks. \\ \hline
27 & Pacoima & Seismic events. Earthquakes. & Downstream and upstream surfaces. & Vertical. Between the arch dam and the thrust block on the left abutment. & Max. width: 50.8 mm. & Precise placement of the cracks. \\ \hline
28 & Punt dal Gall & Thermal effects. Chemical effects. Efflorescence. & Internal. & Gallery at 68.4 and 122.4 m above the dam base. & Max. width: 2 mm. & Crack opening evolution. \\ \hline
29 & Quiebrajano & Thermal effects. & Downstream surface. & Gallery at 68.4 and 122.4 m above the dam base. & Max. width: 2 mm. & Uplit pressure measurements. \\ \hline
30 & Sayano-Shushenskaya & Thermal effects. Concrete hydration heat and temperature. & Downstream and thermal. & 24.5 and 129 m in internal. & & \\  & Shushenskaya & Thermal effects. Changes in the stress state in the dam foundation. & Downstream and internal. & Above the dam base. & Max. depth: 3 m. Max. & Displacements (crest). \\ \hline
31 & Shuanghe & Inadequate design or execution of the construction. Self-weight and weak foundation. & Downstream surface. & Vertical. Along the entire surface. & Max. length: 3 m. Max. width: 8 mm. & Precise placement of the cracks. \\ \hline
32 & Spitallamm & Inadequate design or execution of the construction. Pressure growing. & Downstream surface. & Horizontal. At elevation 103 m above the dam base. & Max. length: 50 m. & Evolution of crack opening. Precise placement of the crack. \\ \hline
33 & Susqueda & Thermal effects. & Upstream and internal. & Horizontal. Upper and left areas. & Max. width: 0.92 mm. & Crack opening evolution. Precise placement of the crack. Displacements (crest). \\ \hline
34 & Tolla & Thermal effects. Inadequate design or execution of the construction. High rigid foundations, high ambient too thin. & Downstream and upstream surfaces. & Oblique. In the immediate vicinity of both abutments. & - & Precise placement of the cracks. \\ \hline
35 & Xiaowan & Thermal effects. Tensile stress caused by the temperature drop during the second stage post-cooling process before joint growing & Internal. & Vertical. Gallery at 40 and 107 m above the dam base. & Max. length: 3.5 m. & Evolution of crack opening. Precise placement of the crack. \\ \hline
36 & Xilioudu & Inadequate design or execution of the construction. Dam weight, overhang and foundation constraint. & Internal. & Gallery at 15 m above the dam base. & Max. length: 3.5 m. & Crack opening evolution. Longitudinal and tangential displacements. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Cont. The next sections present a brief background on each of the dams analyzed, adding information on the dam that has not been included in the tables presented before. This information presents a non-uniform structure due to the very different characteristics of the dams and the limited available data. To facilitate readability, the summary does not include again the information already specified in Tables 1 and 2.