## 2 The Scope of Space Law in Africa
#### Emergent Patterns in African Domestic Space related Policies and Space Dedicated Legislation  
Our research here shows that there are four categories of states in Africa in relation to Space Activities and space regulation. * First, there are the majority of states that participate in space treaties but do not have active space investments and/or domestic space specific regulations. * Second, there are those countries with active space interest, aims and aspirations but which however, do not have any comprehensive legal text regulating outer space activities. These group consist of Libya (A membership of a regional agency Centre Regional de Teledetection des Etats de l'Afrique du Nord (CRTEAN) (North African Centre for Remote Sensing) and the international organization--ITU), Sudan (A member -CRTEAN and the international organizations-Inter Islamic Network on Space Sciences and Technology--(ISNET) and the ITU. ), Senegal (A member of ISNET and the ITU. ), Kenya (Kenya's progress in space sector has taken major strides over the last decade with the formation of the Kenya National Space Agency. In addition Kenya has established a National Space Secretariat (see further [[http://www.mod.go.ke/?p=1932](http://www.mod.go.ke/?p=1932)]([http://www.mod.go.ke/?p=1932](http://www.mod.go.ke/?p=1932))). Kenya interestingly is not in any African cooperation organisation but is in the Asia-Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum (APRSAF) which was established in 1993 to enhance space activities in the Asia-Pacific region. In addition Kenya is a member of UNCOPUOS and ITU. Kenya is also currently considering its own space law), Niger (A member of ISNET and the ITU), Mauritania (A membership of CRTEAN and the ITU.) and Morocco (It has its own AGENCY-the CRTS and it has a pertinent Decree creating the Royal Remote Sensing Centre (CRTS), of 17 January 1990. Morocco has membership of UNCOPUOS, CRTEAN, ISNET, ITU.). * Third group of states consist of Algeria and Tunisia that have no comprehensive legal text at the moment but have an impressive array of space connected or related legislation. Algeria has established an Algerian Space Agency and several space related decrees. These Include Presidential Decree No. 02-49 \"Creation, Organization and Functioning of the Algerian Space Agency (ASAL)\" of 16 January 2002; Presidential Decree No. 06-225 \"Ratifying the Convention for Damage Caused by Space Objects\" of 24 June 2006 and Presidential Decree No. 06-468 \"Ratifying the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space\" of 11 December 2006 [17], Tunisia has a National Outer Space Commission (CNEEA), created by Decree n\({}^{\circ}\) 84-1125 (24 September 1984) and also established a National Mapping and Remote Sensing Centre of Tunisia (CNCT), (Established under Law 88-83 of June 11 1988. Conformity with international and domestic telecommunications law is maintained through laws such as the Tunisian Order of the Minister of Communication Technologies dated 11 February 2002, approving the National Radio Frequency Plan. See the Tunisian -Order of the Minister of Communication Technologies dated 11 February 2002, approving the National Radio Frequency Plan. The Minister of Communication Technologies, passed this Order having regard inter alia to Law No. 2001-110 of 9 November, 2001, ratifying the Final Acts of the Congress of Plenipotentiaries of the International Telecommunication Union) [18]. The Country retains membership of UNCOPUOS, CRTEAN, ISNET, ITU and UNIDROIT and the ITU, for more information on this organisation see www.cn t.nat.tn visited 15 December 2018. It has domesticated several international space treaties into national law [8,19,20], also has a Law on Telecommunications of 2008 and has created its own national laws of a limited purpose for space activities, Such as the Order on Radio Frequencies of 2002, Minister of National Defense Order on the National Remote Sensing Center Fees.