## 3 Results and Discussion
### Municipal Waste Treatment  
Two waste treatment facilities are established in Lahore to recover recyclables and manufacture compost from organic municipal solid waste. The compost facility has been operational since 2006, and the MRF/RDF facility has been active since 2013. Both facilities have a total of 2000 tons of waste processing capacity per day. Facilities are located near the waste disposal site north of Lahore. The compost plan has processed 913,900 tons of waste [115] and produced about 244,725 tons of compost since inception (Figure 13a). The compost plant was established (Figure 14c) by LCL in 2004, and it started operation in March 2006. The plant was handed over to LWMC in 2016, and now the plant is under the administrative control of LWMC [116]. The decline in tonnage is observed after 2015, due to compost marketing and registration issues with the agriculture department. Direct GHG emissions, savings, and net emission (kg of CO\({}_{2}\)-eq/ton of organic waste) are calculated as 189.56, 12.54, and 177.02, respectively (Figure 13b). The Lahore compost project is registered under Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) with an estimated emission reduction of  
Figure 10: Equipment and machinery for waste collection: (**a**) Fleet quantity to perform city cleaning operations; (**b**) Town-wise consumption of fuel/month to perform cleanliness operations; (**c**) In-house fabrication of waste storage containers; (**d**) New fleet added in the system to improve collection efficiency.  
4.5 million tons CO\({}_{2}\)-eq during 2008-2026 and is expected to sell emission reduction credits at USD 11/ton to meet its operational expense [117].  
Figure 11: Secondary waste collection arrangements: (**a**) Map of Lahore showing towns and location of TCPs; (**b**) Town-wise resources deployed for secondary waste collection (locally outsourced function); (**c**) TS for secondary collection at Valencia; (**d**) TS at Saggian site.  
Figure 12: Waste storage and collection: (**a**) location of waste storage containers placed in the city for CBC mode; (**b**) Town-wise waste generation and collection.  
Figure 14: RDF plant processing and recovery details: (**a**) Percentage of combustible recoverable material for RDF; (**b**) Yearly detail of processed and combustible recovered material; (**c**) Compost plant at Lahore; (**d**) RDF plant at Lahore.  
Figure 13: Detail of compostion in Lahore: (**a**) Municipal waste processed and compost produced; (**b**) \(\mathrm{GHG}\) emission from compost and incineration (RDF).  
LWMC delivered 500-1000 tons of MSW at the RDF plant (Figure 14d) for the segregation and recovery of high-calorific-value materials, which are further shredded to form pellets. The recovered material is then hauled to the cement industry as an alternative fuel/substitute for coal or gas [118]. Based on the MSW quantity and quality agreed upon, on average, 300-400 tons/day of waste was processed to recover about 24.6% (Figure 14a) of combustible waste for RDF. The yearly quantity of processed mix waste and recovered combustible materials are depicted in Figure 14b. Direct GHG emissions, savings, and net emissions (kg of CO\({}_{2}\)-eq/ton of incinerated waste) are calculated as 1371.58, 794.24, and 577.34, respectively (Figure 13b).  
LWMC has also piloted three waste-to-biogas projects in the city to determine the gas potential and related consumption modes. One project was piloted in Ichu-Gill (Figure 15a), located north of the city, and the other two at Lakhodair LFS. The Ichu-Gill plant was handed over to the community in 2016 after one year of successful operations. It is now supplying biogas to 200 households [119]. In addition, LFS methane was collected and purified (Figure 15b), and its provides biogas as fuel to run the kitchen (Figure 15c) and lights (Figure 15d) in the administration building. At the same time, another piloted project was executed to supply biogas to the adjacent factory to meet its energy demand.