## 1 Introduction  
Nanomaterials are being studied in a variety of domains, including optoelectronics, biosensors, magnetic sciences, and catalysis. This type of research is developing swiftly. In contrast to other processes, such as chemical synthesis, the biological fabrication of nanomaterials has recently attained popularity because of its simplicity of processing and isolation, ecologically friendly attributes, reusability, and cheap processing cost. The biosynthesized nanoparticles (NPs) are more affordable, durable, and stable than other NPs that are created using traditional techniques [1]. Nanoparticles are used in a variety of processes, including those in the food, medicine, cosmetic, and material engineering industries [2]. Biological methods (so-called \"green synthesis\") are promoted as ecofriendly synthesis techniques and include microorganisms, plant extracts, DNA, and proteins. The physicochemical properties of the biosynthesized nanoparticles are similar to those of chemically or physically produced NPs [3]. Zinc and its oxide are among the metals with biological effects that have been extensively investigated. Zinc is an active element with significant chemical properties [4, 5]. Due to its bandgap energy and stability, zinc oxide (ZnO) is a viable alternative to titanium dioxide (TiO\({}_{2}\)). Therefore, it has been used in a variety of applications. According to the US Food and Drug Administration, ZnO is a safe food additive [6]. The functionalization of ZnO molecules by bioactive compounds can produce ZnO nanoscale materials with better activity [7]. It is possible to create ZnO nanoparticles by biological, chemical, or physical processes. The synthesis method determines the nanoparticle's crystal formation, shape, size, size distribution, stability, and aggregation characteristics [8]. The most potent microbial killers are nanoparticles made of metals and their oxides, such as Zn, Ag, etc. [2]. Therefore, loading bioactive compounds on metal oxide nanoparticles could boost the activity of metal oxides as antimicrobial agents. Plant extract is employed as a production aid for nanoparticles because it is inexpensive and harmless to the environment. Numerous studies that have used plant extracts to create zinc oxide nanoparticles have been published [3; 9; 10; 11]. Bacterial infections are considered serious health issues all over the world. The rise in pathogenic strain outbreaks, novel bacterial mutations, and antibiotic resistance have all contributed to the need for the development of more potent antibacterial drugs. We know that zinc oxide has antibacterial characteristics. ZnO nanoparticles are widely recognized to have antibacterial attributes, with activities directly correlated to their concentration, and inversely correlated to their particle size [2]. The antimicrobial action of nanoparticles can target a wide range of strains; nonetheless, their efficacy against different strains can vary significantly. It has previously been established that using ZnO nanoparticles as drugs can affect the growth of fungi, as well as Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria have a higher sensitivity to ZnO nanoparticles than Gram-negative bacteria [12; 13; 14]. The features of the cell wall structure of Gram-negative bacteria can account for their slightly better resistance to antibiotics in particular [15]. ZnO NPs have been investigated as an alternative antibiotic to improve the antibacterial effect against pathogenic strains. They have unique physicochemical characteristics that could affect how microbes react biologically and toxicologically. They primarily work against microbes by releasing metal ions, adsorbing particles, and producing reactive oxygen species [16]. Furthermore, the large specific surface areas of ZnO NPs facilitate adsorption for antimicrobial actions [17]. High antimicrobial efficiency at low concentrations against a variety of bacteria and a comparatively inexpensive cost are only two of the benefits of ZnO nanoparticles.