esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Discussion of the Case Study--Rwanda
### The Representation of the IoT Domain Model
All services used in this research (subscription/publish, web application, web server, database server, monitoring servers) were built as microservices under the Docker  
Figure 8: Sequence Diagram for End-User Perspective. container. This configuration eased dependencies on management and ensured the correct configuration. The services, known as microservices, were wrapped into an efficient orchestration module known as Docker Swarm. This facilitated the process of activation and deactivation any time there were any malfunctioning services, including device services. Configuration of the services used in this research was done in layering structures. Prometheus was configured to ensure all the metrics from the cAdvisor were ingested and grabbed. To confirm the time interval of sharing the data, the scrape interval was set, including the endpoint where the cAdvisor was executing. It was forced to expose the data at port 8080. All defined services were wrapped within Docker containers to embed all required dependencies. The configurations in the Docker-compose file specified which containers were part of the installation and which ports were exposed by each container service. The configuration file focused on data ingestion from cAdvisor, Prometheus, and Grafana for simplicity. One key point to mention regarding the configuration: by configuring the specific container image, the dependency was able to ensure the direction the data took from container service one to container service two, and so on. There was also another configured time-series database (TSDB) to capture metrics parameters in real-time. In this research context, the configured storage was known as the Redis database.
## 3 Results
### Boron Uptake in OSCC Cell Lines in Association with Trans-Stimulation  
As there were no statistically relevant differences when analysing the cell lines separately (all \(p\) > 0.01), the data of the two lines were pooled and described accordingly. The boron uptake depending on trans-stimulation and used BPA concentrations are shown in Figure 3.  
In brief, no significant differences between both groups with the same BPA concentrations at the same time points were seen (all: \(p\) > 0.05, Table 1).  
For 5 ppm BPA concentration, the maximum boron content showed up after 2.5 h with 75.16 ppb per one million. For cells without trans-stimulation, the mean uptake for all time points was 50.32 (standard deviation (SD): \(\pm\)63.72) ppb per one million cells. Trans-stimulated cells reached 43.60 ppb per one million cells after 4.5 h with a mean uptake of 29.27 (SD: \(\pm\)13.30) ppb per one million cells for all time points. Incubation with a BPA concentration of 20 ppm resulted in the highest boron content (69.65 ppb per one million cells) in the non-trans-stimulated group after 1.5 h. With trans-stimulation, the highest boron content (61.78 ppb per one million cells) was seen after 2.5 h of BPA incubation. The mean uptake for all BPA incubation times with 20 ppm without trans-stimulation reached 48.93 (SD: \(\pm\)30.77) ppb per one million cells and 51.18 (SD: \(\pm\)26.31) ppb per one million cells with trans-stimulation. Regarding incubation with a BPA concentration of  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**BPA Concentration** & **Trans-Stimulation** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Mean Boron Concentration**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**SD**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\(p\)**} \\ \multicolumn{1}{c}{**(ppm)**} & & **(ppb per One Million Cells)** & & \\ \hline
5 & no & 50.31600 & 63.72422 & \\  & yes & 29.25684 & 13.29931 & 0.893 \\  & no & 48.92545 & 30.77410 & \\
20 & yes & 51.18492 & 26.31162 & 0.998 \\
50 & no & 98.63308 & 49.07148 & \\  & yes & 82.42652 & 43.24766 & 0.615 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Results of the ANOVA—no significant effect for trans-stimulation was seen.  
Figure 3: Line charts with error bars for standard error (SE) indicating boron content independent of BPA concentration (5, 20 and 50 ppm) and BPA incubation time (ppb = parts per billion, circles indicate non-trans-stimulated and triangles trans-stimulated cells).  
50 ppm, the maximum was reached without trans-stimulation after 2.5 h (124.64 ppb per one million cells), whereas the mean uptake for all time points was 113.05 (SD: \(\pm\)89.05) ppb per one million cells. In the trans-stimulated cells group, the highest boron uptake was detected after 3 h (136.74 ppb per one million cells) with a mean of 82.43 (SD: \(\pm\)43.25) ppb per one million cells for all time points.
## 5 Conclusions  
1. The weak water-rich and weakly permeable aquifers in the Changxing Formation limestone were interconnected by cracks and caves formed under mining conditions, enhancing the water richness of the Changxing Formation limestone and transforming it into a huge water storage space. This phenomenon often leads to water-inrush incidents in deep mines.
2. A hydrochemical connection existed between surface water, the Changxing Formation limestone aquifer water, and mine inflow water. The water quality of mine water and surface water was consistent, with the original Changxing Formation limestone water exhibiting a transitional between the two.
3. Mining-induced damage to the Changxing Formation limestone expanded its damage range and water storage capacity, effectively reducing the distance and increasing the intensity with which atmospheric precipitation replenished the mining area. Therefore, atmospheric precipitation emerged as the main source of water influx in existing mines.
4. The study investigated the mechanism through which atmospheric precipitation replenishes deep mines through the Changxing Formation limestone reservoir and water-conducting channels. However, there remains a lack of in-depth research on the formation mechanism of the Changxing Formation limestone water-conducting channels. Future research on the formation mechanism of these channels will be pivotal in preventing and controlling atmospheric precipitation-induced water damage in deep mines.  
Writing--original draft preparation, X.S.; writing--review and editing, X.S. and S.Z.; formal analysis and funding acquisition, G.X. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Innovation Team of universities in Guizhou Province for mine water disaster prevention and control in southwest karst area. Guizhou education department [2023]092; Engineering research center for coal mine water disaster prevention and control in Bijie region [2023]11.  
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this article.  
Figure 9: Atmospheric precipitation groundwater recharge map after the closure of shallow mines.
# Research on Environmental Vibration Induced by High-Speed Maglev Transportation
## 4 Environmental Ground Surface Vibration
### Vibration Propagation along the Maglev Line  
As the high-speed maglev line is constructed on a viaduct throughout the whole line, the vibration induced by the vehicle-track system can only be propagated to the ground through the column and foundations; thus, the vibration may not be evenly distributed along the line. Although the construction of buildings under guideway girders is not permitted in high-speed design standards [17], many maintenance and controlling devices for maglev transportation are located just under the guideway line, which can also be affected by ground vibrations. Therefore it is necessary to determine the vibration levels under the guideway girder.  
During the field test, vibration test points were set on the top of the foundation wall, which is located at the center of the line and has good contact with the ground. The distance of each test point was 0 m, 7.5 m, 10 m, and 12.5 m away from the foundation center (points G, H, I, and J in Figure 4), as shown in Figure 7. When a maglev train passed through the test area, the acceleration of each test point was measured. The time history results and frequency spectra analysis are shown in Figure 8 (listed in order of distance).  
The test results indicate that the vibration magnitude is generally closer at different points, but with an increase in the distance, the peak acceleration slightly increases and then decreases. The maximum vibration does not occur at the center of the foundation or mid-span, but rather at around 7.5 m from the foundation center because of the traveling wave effect. As the guideway girder spans at the tested area were all 24.768 m and the adjacent girders' structure dynamic characteristics were nearly the same, it can be inferred that the vibration has a symmetrical distribution at the other half of the span under the guideway girder.  
Furthermore, by comparing the frequency spectra of each acceleration record in Figure 8, it can be clearly observed that, with the increase in the distance from the foundation center, the high-frequency components of the ground vibrations attenuate rapidly, as the ground acts as a low-pass filter in the process of vibration propagation. However, the frequency components range from 100 to 150 Hz at a distance of 7.5-12.5 m, which is larger than that at the center of the foundation. The superposition of the waves is most likely the reason for this acceleration-amplifying phenomenon.
## 2 Motion Planning of XXY Stage Using the ANN  
Lithography is a cost-efficient and widely used technology for the manufacturing of microstructures or MEMS on wafers. The photosensitive material is placed in a developer solution after selective exposure to a light source, and lithography typically involves the transfer of a pattern to the photosensitive material by a mask to determine which will be etched away. A mask aligner is the machine which actually transfers the pattern onto the wafer and the mask has the desired pattern on it. A high intensity ultraviolet light is placed over the mask. The light only transmits through the openings in the pattern allowing the pattern to be burned into the photoresist on the wafer. In conventional mask aligners, the geometry of the effective light source which corresponds to the angular spectrum of illumination cannot be changed. Moreover, manual alignment systems are unreliable and time-consuming.  
To improve the reliability of alignment task, an automatic image-servo alignment system (AISAS) is studied. The system consists of the upper mask apparatus, which is used to carry the upper mask, the lower coplanar XXY stage (CHIUAN YAN Ltd., Changhua, Taiwan), which is applied to carry the lower part to align the upper one by the image-servo control, and two distributed overhead GIGA Ethernet CCD cameras equipped with lenses, which are mounted to the top of the system individually as the image-servo sensors for positioning. Figure 1 describes the flow chart of the proposed image-servo alignment system and the details of each subsystem are discussed in the following sections.  
The traditional XY-\(\Theta\)z stage is using the stacked mechanism (as shown in Figure 2a), which consists of an \(X\)-axis translation stage, a \(Y\)-axis translation stage and a \(Z\)-axis rotational stage. The controller design for the XY-\(\Theta\)z stage is easy, because each axis movement is independent. However, the XY-\(\Theta\)z stage has cumulative flatness errors due to stacked assembly and the stage's size is large. Recently, a coplanar XXY stage is developed, because its coplanar design has smaller cumulative error  
Figure 1: Block-diagram for the proposed automated image-servo alignment system.  
and it can move faster than the traditional XY-\(\Theta\)z stage. Figure 2b shows the structure of the coplanar XYY stage, which is driven by three stepping motors, which are denoted as \(X1\)-axis motor, \(X2\)-axis motor and \(Y\)-axis motor [11]. The working stage is supported by four sub-stages; each sub-stage consists of X-translation, Y-translation and \(\theta\)z-rotation stages. Therefore, the motion of the XXY stage has three degrees of freedom (DOF), which are two translations of \(X\)-axis and \(Y\)-axis with one rotation of \(\theta z\)-axis.
# Electromagnetic Power Harvester Using Wide-Angle and Polarization-Insensitive Metasurfaces
## 4 Conclusions  
In this paper, a new polarization-insensitive MS was designed, fabricated, and experimentally demonstrated to absorb the electromagnetic power in wide incidence angle. The designed MS is an electrical small square-ring resonator whose center operating frequency is 2.5 GHz (LTE/WiFi). No matter whether the incident wave is TE or TM polarization, the proposed MS can keep high RF power harvesting efficiency. The good performance and accuracy of the proposed MS design are verified by using simple and effective simulations and measurements. The proposed square-ring MS  
Figure 11: Measured energy harvesting efficiency of the fabricated 9 \(\times\) 9 MS energy harvesting array for different polarization and incident angles, (**a**) TE-polarized oblique incidence and (**b**) TM-polarized oblique incidence.  
harvester has many advantages, such as miniaturization, polarization insensitivity, wide angle stability, high efficiency, and easy to conformal, which are suitable for ambient power harvesting.  
This work is supported by National Key R&D Program of China, and is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Contract No. 51477126, and supported by Technology Explorer and Innovation Research Project. All authors contributed substantially to the reported work. [PERSON] conceived the idea of metasurface for ambient energy harvesting. [PERSON] designed the subwavelength electrical small ring resonator and performed the simulations and experiments; [PERSON] provided the main instructions of experiments; [PERSON] provided the main instructions of this study and revised the paper. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Principles and Methods of Servomotor Control: Comparative Analysis and Applications
## 4 Control Methods of Servomotors
### Other Modern Methods  
In addition to the methods of servomotor control discussed above, there are new methods emerging that have not yet gained widespread use in industrial, robotics, and other fields, and therefore are not considered in comparison with the presented methods. However, it is worth noting that modern servo motor control methods are a very promising direction in the development of control systems. Such methods include Model Predictive Control (MPC), Neural Network Control (NNC), piecewise linear control, and others.  
MPC is a control method where the use of an accurate mathematical model of a mechanism or process can create a behavior model and determine performance criteria in advance [105]. This control finds its application in areas where control of systems with delays or variable characteristics is necessary, such as chemical production and long-acting robotic systems [106; 107]. However, even though MPC allows optimization of system performance based on the desired criteria, the computational power of this method remains a significant downside that limits its proliferation. Creating a complex mathematical model, as well as computing the optimal solution at each time step, is a challenging task for most mechanisms and productions [21; 108].  
NNC is a control method that uses neural networks and principles of artificial intelligence to approximate nonlinear control functions and the mathematical model of the process. This type of servo motor control is used in systems where it is impossible or difficult to create an accurate mathematical model, such as multi-level autonomous control systems [109; 110]. This method resonates with fuzzy logic-based control methods and possesses similar positive qualities such as flexibility, adaptability of control, and the ability to react quickly to external influences [111]. However, unlike fuzzy logic, training a neural network requires a huge amount of data and resources, as well as a significant amount of time, which is an obstacle in the real world where fast decision-making based on unexplored data is required.  
Piecewise linear control of servo motors is a control method that allows the motor control curve to be divided into separate linear segments to achieve control points with sufficiently high precision [112]. This method is characterized by its simplicity of implementation and discretization of control space, with each control segment having its own characteristics. This method is an optimal solution where the use of complex algorithms is too costly and the number of computational resources is significantly limited [113; 114]. However, this method is quite a specific solution and has many limitations when applied to solving complex and dynamic tasks [115].
# An Empirical Study on Ensemble of Segmentation Approaches
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Loss Functions
#### 2.2.6 Boundary Enhancement Loss  
The boundary enhancement loss is a loss proposed in [35] which explicitly focuses on the boundary areas during training.  
This loss has very good performances as it does not require neither any pre- or post-processing of the image nor a particular net in order to work.  
The Laplacian filter \(\mathcal{L}(\cdot)\) is the milestone of this loss as it generates strong responses around the boundaries and zero everywhere else. When applying the Laplacian filter to a mask \(S\), we obtain:  
\[\mathcal{L}(\mathrm{x},\mathrm{y})=\frac{\partial^{2}S}{\partial x^{2}}+ \frac{\partial^{2}S}{\partial y^{2}} \tag{9}\]  
The positive aspect about using the Laplacian filter, is that it can be achieved quite easily by a series of convolution operations. So, the idea is to evaluate the difference between the filtered output of ground-truth labels and the filtered output of the predictions.  
The boundary enhancement loss, as proposed in [35], is:  
\[L_{BE}=||\mathcal{L}(T)-\mathcal{L}(Y)||_{2}=\left||\frac{\partial^{2}(T-Y)}{ \partial x^{2}}+\frac{\partial^{2}(T-Y)}{\partial y^{2}}\right||_{2} \tag{10}\]  
where \(||\ ||_{2}\) is the \(l_{2}\) norm. This can be easily achieved as already described in the original paper [35].  
Based on the idea of the same paper, we will be using dice loss and boundary enhancement loss together, weighted appropriately, and the structure loss:  
\[L_{DiceBES}=\lambda_{1}L_{Dice}+\lambda_{2}L_{BE}+L_{Str} \tag{11}\]  
The best results are achieved by using \(\lambda_{1}=1\) and \(\lambda_{2}=0.01\).
# Identification of Underwater Structural Bridge Damage and BIM-Based Bridge Damage Management
## 2 Commissioning the Camera  
### Selection of Depth Camera  
An ordinary camera outputs an object in three-dimensional space as a two-dimensional picture, and there is no real basis to determine the distance between the camera and the object in the image. Depth cameras differ from ordinary cameras by obtaining the 3D coordinate value of a point of the object and then calculating the distance between each point of the object and the camera to realize the modelling of 3D objects.  
Depth cameras can be divided into binocular cameras, structured light cameras, and TOF (Time-of-Flight) cameras, depending on their operating principles [47, 48, 49]. The working principles of the different cameras and a detailed comparison are shown in the following Table 1.  
RGB binocular cameras passively perform ranging, relying on the visual difference between the two cameras to obtain depth information, which is indirectly calculated by matching image feature points using the triangulation principle, and can achieve millimetre-level accuracy at a closer measuring distance, while RGB binocular cameras have low power consumption to meet the needs of outdoor use; structured light cameras actively project a  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Camera Category** & **RGB Binocular** & **Structured Light** & **TOF** \\ \hline Operating & Triangulation principle, & Projecting laser patterns onto & Measurement using the \\ Principle & feature point matching & objects to enhance feature & emission and reflection times \\  & & matching & of light \\ \hline Ranging method & Passive & Proactive & Proactive \\ \hline Measurement Range & Proximity measurement, & Suitable for proximity & Can measure longer distance \\  & limited by baseline, generally & measurement 0.1–10 m & 1–100 m \\  & within 10 m & & \\ \hline Power & relatively low & Moderate & high \\  & & & \\ \hline Frame Rate & From high to low & Generally 30 FPS & Up to hundreds of FPS \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Performance Comparison of Three Types of Cameras.  
known coded pattern through active ranging to the TOF camera, which sends continuous pulsed light waves to the target and uses the sensor to accept the light reflected back from the object, and determines the distance to the target by detecting the time of round-trip flight of the light, which is generally used for longer distance measurement with higher frame rate of measurement results and requires higher power consumption while scanning comprehensively.  
In order to obtain better 3D information, a binocular camera is selected in this paper. It has good environmental adaptability as well as strong anti-interference ability to obtain depth information through binoculars outdoors, and its use of the triangulation principle can effectively improve the quality of depth information.