esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results Analysis
### Prefabrication Processing Stage
#### 3.7.2 Summary  
Through the discussions and research of many scholars, it is easy to conclude that the prefabrication and processing stages of assembled electromechanical systems are complex and vital processes. The prefabrication stage mainly involves processing raw materials or semi-finished products into various components the system requires. The core of this stage is to improve efficiency under the premise of guaranteeing safety, ensuring the quality of prefabricated products, adopting new materials and methods to reduce costs, and improving the durability of the components. The accuracy and quality of the prefabricated components directly affect the smoothness of the subsequent installation and construction stages and the operation and maintenance stages, as well as the entire system's performance.  
Compared to traditional building MEP construction, the fabrication of assembled MEP systems requires a more complex stage. However, off-site fabrication provides cheaper, safer, more sustainable, and higher-quality MEP system components [91].  
Completing the high-precision prefabrication and machining stage marks the full readiness of all the assembled MEP modules. At this point, we will enter the critical installation and construction stage, relying on specialized construction teams and precise and error-free coordination mechanisms to integrate the prefabricated MEP modules into the building structure. Ensuring the integrity and functionality of the system is finally realized.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Floating-Point Multipliers  
The crucial part and main bottleneck in the performance of floating-point multipliers is mantissa multiplication. All other related floating-point operations for exponent, normalization, rounding, and exceptional case handling (see Figure 2) are relatively simple, and it is much easier to partition their data path, which generally contains some comparators, small adders/subtractors, and multiplexers.  
According to the IEEE 754 standard, the mantissa of half-, single-, and double-precision floating-point numbers has 11-, 24-, and 53-bit lengths, respectively. The lowest delay was achieved using the Wallace tree and radix-4 Booth multipliers. However, related studies on floating-point multipliers based on the Booth algorithm [35; 36] show that many changes require an algorithm for unsigned mantissa multiplication. As shown in Figure 5, the radix-4 Booth multiplier is used for fixed-point signed multiplication. Thus, the considerations of multiplier recoding, based on two's complement form, and sign extension are not needed in floating-point multipliers, because the mantissa is an unsigned number.  
By taking the lowest delay found as a reference, which corresponds to the 11-bit Wallace multiplier, it can be inferred from Table 3 that the delay of the 24- and 53-bit Wallace multipliers increased by 137% and 190%, respectively. Compared with the radix-4 Booth multiplier, the delay of the 24- and 53-bit multipliers is increased by 165% and 185%, respectively. This analysis shows that the Wallace tree multiplier has the lowest delay in mantissa multiplication of single-precision floating-point numbers. Meanwhile, there was no significant difference between the Wallace and radix-4 Booth multipliers for mantissa multiplication of double-precision floating-point numbers. As shown in Figure 6 and Table 3, the Wallace tree multiplier uses a smaller area than the radix-4 Booth multiplier for both the single- and double-precision floating-point multipliers
# Secure D2D Group Authentication Employing Smartphone Sensor Behavior Analysis
## 6 Security Analysis
### Certificateless Authentication  
The certificateless authentication feature is provided in our scheme, where key escrow issue can be prevented. In this section, the certificateless authentication properties can be analyzed as follows.  
**Theorem 4**: _The proposed protocol can provide certificateless authentication for D2D devices. The malicious entities cannot reveal the confidential key message of particular vehicle. Furthermore, SN cannot impersonate legitimate vehicles with the acquired knowledge._  
**Proof of Theorem 4**: As illustrated above, during the authentication phase, SN has zero knowledge about the self-generated random partial key \(\vartheta_{i}\in\mathbb{Z}_{\mathcal{P}}\) from UE side. Moreover, according to DBDH, SN cannot derive the \(\vartheta_{i}\) within the received \(\mathcal{T}_{i}=PK^{\vartheta_{i}}\), either. In this way, the impersonation on certain UE cannot be conducted.
## 2 Islanding Detection Methods
### Active Methods  
The primary idea behind active techniques is to modify the DG output by adding an external minor disturbance signal. The system parameters change under the islanding conditions as a result of this injection. When various passive approaches fail to detect islanding, such as when there is a power balance between DG output and load consumption, active methods can detect the islanding state successfully. However, while using these techniques, the system may experience issues with harmonic distortion and power quality. Below is a basic explanation of active approaches.
# Gravity Field Recovery Using High-Precision, High-Low Inter-Satellite Links
## 6 Outlook  
The gravity field solutions of the high-low tracking concept presented in this paper were based on the minimal configuration of MOBILE. On top of this scenario, the optional implementation of a third or fourth MEO satellite, but also a second LEO, could be considered to further increase the mission performance, but also significantly improve the temporal resolution. Due to the largely passive instrumentation of this mass transport mission, the function of the MEO satellites could be implemented as a backpack application of other MEO missions, such as the Galileo next-generationsatellites, in order to extend and maintain the infrastructure for laser ranging payloads. Aside, one of the most important fields of research is the mitigation of temporal aliasing errors. In this context it is important to mention that aliasing effects due to imperfect ocean tide models represent one of the largest error sources in temporal gravity field retrieval. The capability of the multi-directional observations of MOBILE of co-parameterize tidal parameters over long time spans, as proposed in Reference [24], in order to improve current ocean tide models will be the subject of further study.  
Conceptualization, M.H. and R.P.; methodology, M.H.; software, M.H.; validation, M.H. and R.P.; formal analysis, M.H.; investigation, M.H.; resources, M.H. and R.P.; data curation, M.H.; writing--original draft preparation, M.H.; writing--review and editing, R.P.; visualization, M.H.; supervision, R.P.; project administration, R.P.; funding acquisition, R.P.  
This research was funded by _Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)_, grant number, _PA 1543/8-2_ and the APC was funded by _Institutional Open Access Program of the Technical University of Munich (TUM)_.  
A big part of the investigations presented in this paper was performed in the framework of the study \"Two-way satellite tracking to provide a basis for gravity field mission scenarios--a simulation study with detailed error analysis II, \" Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Contract No. _PA 1543/8-2_ funded by DFG.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
# Cargo Terminal Intelligent-Scheduling Strategies Based on Improved Bee Colony Algorithms
## 3 Methodologies
### The Improved ABC Algorithms
#### 3.2.2 Random Multidimensional Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm  
The PfdABC algorithm mentioned above travels all the dimensions in parallel, which could improve the optimization accuracy and efficiency. In this part, another algorithm named random multidimensional artificial bee colony (RmdABC) algorithm is proposed to balance the abilities of exploration and exploitation. The key improvement of the strategy is to randomly select several dimensions from {1, 2,..., D}, and execute corresponding updating cycles with Equation (7) in the related dimensions. The number of updating cycles for one solution is equal to the number of selected dimensions, that is, it could be one to D. As RmdABC randomly traverses any number of dimensions for each solution, fewer dimensions are updated compared to PfdABC, and its time complexity could be greatly improved. On the other hand, RmdABC covers more dimensions compared to ABC, and the likelihood of obtaining the optimal solution could be enhanced. The pseudo-code of RmdABC is shown as Algorithm 1.  
```
01://Initialization, set the maximum number of iterations, the swarm size \(N\), the number of dimension \(D\)
02://Employed bee phase for\(i=1\) to \(FoodNumber\)
03:\(flag=0\);
04:\(Random\_D=\) randi(\(D\)); //Generate a random sequence
05://Random multi-dimensional greedy search strategy for\(j=1\) to \(Random\_D\)
06: produce candidate solution with Equation (7), evaluate its fitness value;
07: if fitness (\(Sol_{i}\)) < fitness (\(Food_{i}\)) then \(Food_{i}=Sol_{i}\) and \(flag=1\);
08: end if
09: end for
10: if \(flag=1\) then \(trial=0\); else \(trial+1\);
11: end if
12: end for
13://Onlooker bee phase According to Equation (8), calculate the probability \(prob_{i}\) and determine if the onlooker bee chooses to exploit or not around the \(i\)th employed bee
14: for\(i=1\) to \(FoodNumber\)
15: flag = 0;
16: if \(rand<prob_{i}\)
17: produce the candidate solution with Equation (7) and evaluate its fitness value;
18: if \(fitness\) (\(Sol_{i}\)) < \(fitness\) (\(Food_{i}\)) then \(Food_{i}=Sol_{i}\) and \(flag=1\);
19: end if
20: if \(flag=1\) then \(trial=0\); else \(trial+1\);
21: end if
22: end for
23://Scout bee phase if \(trial>Limit\)
24:\(trial=0\);
25: Randomly generate a solution;
26: end if
27: end for
```  
**Algorithm 1**Pseudo-code of RmdABC.  
As stated above, more dimensions are explored in fdABC compared to ABC, but more time is needed. With the master-slave parallel strategy, calculations could be executed in different CPU cores, and the time for optimization could be reduced; through random dimensional selection, less dimensions will be explored, thus the efficiency could be improved. Therefore, the two proposed strategies could effectively balance the abilities of exploration and exploitation.
## 5 Conclusions  
This paper proposes and simulates a filter-assisted direct detection system capable of receiving PDM-OFDM-DSB signals. At the transmitter, two independent 112 Gbit/s 16 QAM signals are up-converted to the optical domain using a DP-IQ modulator and then coupled with a central optical carrier aligned with the polarization state of one signal to form a DSB signal. At the receiver, the signal is detected using a filter-assisted receiver, achieving a transmission rate of 224 Gbit/s. Compared to other polarization-multiplexed direct detection schemes, this approach enables the detection of double-sideband signals, significantly improves receiver sensitivity, and addresses the issue of carrier fading, which has been a major obstacle to realizing polarization multiplexing. The simulation results show that compared with traditional CD results, an OSNR penalty of 3 dB is incurred without  
Figure 6: BER versus OSNR for PDM-OFDM FASCD with different MIMO equalization (**a**) at BTB and (**b**) after 320 fiber transmission. w/: with; w/o: without.  
Figure 7: BER versus OSNR for PDM-OFDM FASCD (**a**) at BTB and (**b**) after 320 fiber transmission.  
LO. Consequently, we believe that the proposed FASCD can deliver unexpected effects in short-distance optical communication.  
Conceptualization, J.H.; methodology, [PERSON], L.H., P.Q., X.Z., H.B. and J.T.; software, J.H., L.H., P.Q., H.B., X.Z. and J.T.; validation, J.H., L.H., P.Q., H.B. and X.Z.; writing--original draft preparation, J.H.; writing--review and editing, authors contributed equally. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China NSFC, U22A2005 and 62201033; and the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program of CIC 2021 QNRC001.  
Not applicable.  
The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# Enhancing Energy Efficiency in Retail within Smart Cities through Demand-Side Management Models
## 3 Proposed Method
### Inventory International Demand-Side Management Practices  
Referring to international DSM practices [32; 33; 34; 35], there are several approaches such as direct load control, interruptible/curtailable programs, demand bidding/ancillary services market provision, emergency demand response, time-of-use pricing, critical peak pricing, real-time pricing, decoupling, system benefits charges/public goods charges, general information and marketing programs, indoor temperature limitation, rolling blackouts/brownouts, agreements with industrial companies, and more. However, some of these approaches are subsidy programs, while others are applicable to production sectors rather than the retail industry. Therefore, this study first identified the DSM practices of each country, referred to the research report \"The Energy Conservation Measures and Applied Technologies for Demand-Side Management\" [36] conducted by the Taiwan Institute for Information Industry under the project of the Energy Bureau of the Ministry of Economic Affairs, and summarized them as shown in Table 1.  
* Direct load control  
In the United States, direct load control is one of the most common DSM measures. Many states in the U.S. have plans to incorporate it into their DSM programs. In Japan, direct load control is also one of the DSM measures adopted by the Japanese power company, but it has been restricted in recent years due to the impact of energy market liberalization policies. * Interruptible/curtailable programs  
Several power companies in the United States have interruptible/curtailable programs. However, the implementation of this measure in some states is restricted due to the potential negative impact on the financial status of power companies. Taiwan has also adopted interruptible programs, where large electricity consumers such as high-tech industries can stop their electricity usage for several hours in exchange for a discount on their electricity price, subject to advance notice.
# Pilot-Assisted OFDM for Underwater Acoustic Communication
## 1 Introduction
Using a Monte Carlo simulation, we provide several bit error rate (BER) plots to show the performances of the equalizers as a function of the various parameters. These simulations are performed over a UWA channel that uses a Rician fading distribution and incorporates absorption loss and ambient noise. The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 of the paper details the background and state of the art research. Section 3 explains the OFDM system architecture along with the channel estimator and equalizer. The channel model is detailed in Section 4. Section 5 presents the results from the simulations and provides a discussion on the reported results. The paper is concluded in Section 6 along with future enhancements.
# Microseismic Signal Denoising and Separation Based on Fully Convolutional Encoder-Decoder Network
###### Abstract  
Denoising methods are a highly desired component of signal processing, and they can separate the signal of interest from noise to improve the subsequent signal analyses. In this paper, an advanced denoising method based on a fully convolutional encoder-decoder neural network is proposed. The method simultaneously learns the sparse features in the time-frequency domain, and the mask-related mapping function for signal separation. The results show that the proposed method has an impressive performance on denoising microseismic signals containing various types and intensities of noise. Furthermore, the method works well even when a similar frequency band is shared between the microseismic signals and the noises. The proposed method, compared to the existing methods, significantly improves the signal-noise ratio thanks to minor changes of the microseismic signal (less distortion in the waveform). Additionally, the proposed methods preserve the shape and amplitude characteristics so that it allows better recovery of the real waveform. This method is exceedingly useful for the automatic processing of the microseismic signal. Further, it has excellent potential to be extended to the study of exploration seismology and earthquakes.  
microseismic monitoring; deep learning; microseismic signal analysis; time-frequency domain; convolutional neural network +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters  
1
## 7 Conclusions  
A triple-band, \(\varepsilon\)-negative, double-epsilon-shaped metamaterial was designed in this study. The presented work deliberated a metamaterial (10 \(\times\) 10 \(\times\) 1.524 mm\({}^{3}\)) on Rogers RT6002 (lossy) substrate. The unit cell of the proposed MM was simulated using the CST microwave and exhibited three resonance peaks at frequencies 2.38 GHz, 4.55 GHz and 9.42 GHz covering S-, C- and X-bands. The simulated results were authenticated using different validations such as equivalent circuit model, HFSS and array orientation. The significant material characteristics, namely, permittivity, permeability and refractive index, were extracted using the NRW-method-based MATLAB software. To investigate the response and activities of different resonators for the incident EM wave, an analysis was executed to assess the electric field, magnetic field and surface current. The 1 \(\times\) 2 array and 2 \(\times\) 2 arrays were simulated to compare the performance of the metamaterial. A good harmony was observed among the performance of ADS, HFSS and array. The designed unit cell yielded an EMR of 12.61 at the lower frequency of 2.38 GHz confirming compact size based on the compact metamaterial standard, L < \(\lambda/4\). In conclusion, the proposed metamaterial can be used to boost the performance of different microwave devices for their n-negative and epsilon-negative characteristics. Since the S-, C- and, X-bands are frequently deployed for satellite and radar applications, the proposed MM may be a good candidate to improve the performance of satellite and radar communication devices.  
Conceptualization, M.S.U.A. and M.R.I.F.; methodology, M.S.U.A. and M.R.I.F.; software, M.S.U.A.; validation, M.S.U.A. and M.R.I.F.; formal analysis, M.S.U.A. and M.R.I.F.; investigation, M.S.U.A. and M.R.I.F.; data curation, M.S.U.A.; writing--original draft preparation, M.S.U.A.; writing--review and editing, M.S.U.A., M.R.I.F. and M.U.K.; visualization, M.S.U.A., M.R.I.F., M.U.K., A.A. and D.A.B.; supervision, M.R.I.F.; project administration, M.R.I.F.; funding acquisition, A.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the Research Universiti Grant, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Gearan Universiti Penyelidikan (GUP), code: 2021-074.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Microscopic Examination  
The microstructure surface of PBS films and PBS films with additives was examined by SEM, and the micrographs revealed increased surface roughness in all of the examined samples (Figure 5). The neat PBS demonstrated rough surface properties, with a kind of microbead structure, with cracks and holes being noted. A similar film microstructure was noted by [PERSON] et al. [35]. However, these authors analyzed PBS-DLA (poly (butylene succinate-butylene dilinoleate)), a polymer composed of saturated dilinoleic acid (DLA) as the soft segment and poly(butylene succinate) as the hard segment) films. [PERSON] et al. [36] and [PERSON] found contradictory results [36; 37], observing that neat PBS had a homogenous, clear, and smooth surface. Meanwhile, a rough surface with a microbead structure was noted by [PERSON] [36], though only for PBS blends with poly (dioxanone) (PDO). Similarly, [PERSON] [37] noted a rough surface with various forms of holes, but in the case of NCC (nanocrystalline cellulose), reinforced PBS. A SEM analysis performed by [PERSON] et al. [11] demonstrated that the PBS neat film showed an apparently smooth surface, confirming the toughness of the pure PBS polymer structure. However, an area of clumps appeared on the surface of PBS film containing thymol in a polymer matrix, revealing a poor dispersion of the active agent within the PBS matrix, probably caused by an aggregation of solid thymol leading to the phase separation between the two materials. Meanwhile, PBS film with kesum showed a well-integrated structure, confirming good compatibility between kesum and PBS compounds. A microscopic analysis demonstrated that significant differences between PBS films and PBS films containing added scCO\({}_{2}\) and Chl sea buckthorn extracts were not observed. It might be concluded that both extracts were well distributed in the PBS matrix. However, more holes/cracks were noted in the case of the PBS film containing scCO\({}_{2}\) extract, perhaps influencing a faster release of active substances from the biopolymer matrix. This assumption was confirmed by an examination of the antimicrobial properties of the film, which showed that PBS-CO\({}_{2}\) 5 was the most active against _S. aureus_ and _E. coli_, and also had the strongest antioxidant properties. In addition, films which contained 0.05 g of this extract per 1 g of PBS were more porous than those containing a lower concentration of the scCO\({}_{2}\) extract, confirming that not only the method of extraction, but also the amount of extract has an influence on the microstructure of PBS films.  
Figure 5: _Cont_.
# Applying Deep Learning to Medical Imaging: A Review
## 2 Deep Learning Techniques in Medical Imaging
### Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs)  
#### 2.2.1 Basic Concepts  
RNNs are a class of DL models designed to handle sequential data [80]. Unlike feed-forward neural networks, RNNs possess internal memory that enables them to maintain a hidden state across time steps, allowing them to learn patterns within sequences [81]. This property makes RNNs suitable for tasks that require processing time-dependent data, such as natural language processing, time-series prediction, and video analysis [82].