## 1 Introduction
From these previous studies, PLS-SEM has proven to be suitable for studying the risky riding behaviors of motorcyclists. However, as indicated in Table 1, all these earlier studies used different parameters than this study. For example, [PERSON] et al. [42] conducted a study to test environmental characteristics, perceived risk, beliefs, and lifestyle behaviors on the frequency of using turn signals at intersections. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**No.** & **Study Objective** & **Study Location** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Variables Studied**} \\ \hline  & & & 1. & Age \\  & & & 2. & Social norms \\  & & & 3. & Tendency for violation \\
1 & To identify the factors affecting the use of & & 4. & Difficulty in helmet use \\  & helmets by motorcycle riders [38] & Iran & 5. & Number of fines \\  & & & 6. & Just carrying a helmet \\  & & & 7. & Just wearing a helmet without \\  & & & & closing the helmet strap \\  & & & 8. & Correct use of a helmet \\ \hline  & To explore the relationships between risky & & 1. & Riding attitude \\
2 & riding behavior and riding attitude, sensation & & 2. & Sensation-seeking anger \\  & seeking, anger, and riding confidence among & & 3. & Riding confidence \\  & motorcyclists [39] & & 4. & Risky riding behavior \\ \hline  & & & 1. & Anger \\
3 & To investigate the elements that relate & & 2. & Sensation seeking \\  & mindfulness to road accidents, especially road & Northern Malaysia & 3. & Attitude \\  & fatalities among high-risk motorists [40] & & 4. & Road accident involvement \\  & & & 5. & Mindfulness \\ \hline  & & & 1. & Demographics \\  & & & 2. & Past crash involvement \\  & & & 3. & Peer influence \\
4 & To analyze various factors that are involved in & & Islamabad and Rawalpmidi, & 4. & Parental and spouse guidance \\  & the risk-taking behavior of young & & 5. & Traffic law enforcement \\  & motorcyclists at unsignalized intersections [41] & & 6. & Carefulness \\  & & & 7. & Confidence level of riding \\  & & & 8. & Risk-taking behavior \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Summary of factors tested with PLS-SEM in risky behavior studies. PLS-SEM is commonly applied to exploratory research, which is conducted to propose a causal relationship in situations that have little clearly defined theory [36]. PLS-SEM is a more robust method that can develop a model where the data collected are not normally distributed, which is commonly found in social studies. Consequently, a self-report survey was conducted to gather information on motorcyclists from several states in Malaysia and subsequently analyzed using PLS-SEM to uncover the relationships between the variables. It should also be noted that the severity of motorcyclist injury was not the main emphasis of this study as this study only focused on the behavior of the riders, that is, the tendency to perform risky behavior instead of the physical severity of motorcyclist injury. Therefore, with this approach, this study aims to investigate the factors affecting Malaysian motorcyclists' risky riding behavior in terms of positive affect and risk perception. However, it should be noted that this study only aims to understand the existing characteristics of Malaysian motorcycle riders instead of exploring new methods or innovations. Moreover, there are many important factors that can affect the occurrence of risky behavior, but considering the length of the questionnaire and the relevance of factors in regard to Malaysian motorcycle riders, only important demographic factors such as age and gender as identified by [PERSON] et al. [30], [PERSON] et al. [43], and [PERSON] et al. [44] and other personal characteristics such as motorcycle type, driving experience, frequency and purpose of travel, and trip distance were tested in this study.