esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Case Study
### One Intermediate Timing Point
In addition, Figure 7 shows that the energy consumption of the speed profile is lower as bigger is the tolerance. This is mainly because the train can perform higher running time for the whole journey if there is more flexibility (as well at the arrival time). A second order effect is that the more flexibility gives more freedom to perform different speed profiles that can be more efficient. Figure 6: Evolution of the mean value of the fitness of the best solution found by the Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm for the case of one intermediate timing point. Figure 7: Evolution of the mean value of the fitness of the best solution found by the DE algorithm in the feasible region for the case of one intermediate timing point. The energy improvements found by the algorithm are non-trivial. It could be thought that once a speed profile that meets the timing points is found, the rest of feasible solutions will be similar. However, it is possible to obtain a variety of energy consumption results among the feasible speed profiles. For instance, in the case of 1 s of tolerance (which is the most restrictive case), the most energy consuming solution found by the algorithm in all the executions and in all the iterations consumes 1.04 MWh while the most energy efficient solution consumes 0.96 MWh. This is a difference of 7.7%, which is a relevant figure in eco-driving studies. Figure 8 shows the speed profile of the most efficient and most energy consuming solutions found by the algorithm as well as the timing points. Both solutions meet the target times but in different ways. The most efficient solution presents a smoother speed profile that coasts at 284 km position. On the other hand, the most energy consuming solution reduces its speed just before it has passed the intermediate timing point. This causes that the train must coast later, at 292 km position, to meet the arrival target time. The difference of energy consumption is caused mainly because of the difference in the length of the coasting period performed by the train. Concerning the computational time, the DE algorithm needs nearly 6 min to complete the 24 iterations demanded. This time is excessive for an online application where the train would need to react to changes in timing points during the journey. However, it is adequate for an offline application where the target times are considered constant.
## 4 Conclusions  
The performance results of the 1 \(\times\) 4 channel optical demultiplexer circuit reported in this article suggests that complex optical signal processing functionalities can be added to the Si\({}_{3}\)N\({}_{4}\) waveguide based components (_i.e._, phase shifting by thermal tuning, integrating optical buffers) such that more advantage from this ultra low-loss PIC technology can be harnessed. Using the integrated thermal tuners, the optical phase shift in the MZI delay arms can be controlled, which promises the scalability of the proposed demultiplexer architecture from four to eight channels by decreasing the adjacent channels' separation. In this paper, we have designed the demultiplexer using 3.1 dB/m propagation loss Si\({}_{3}\)N\({}_{4}\) waveguides with PECVD top cladding. However, by changing the waveguide cross-section of Si\({}_{3}\)N\({}_{4}\) waveguides (50 nm \(\times\) 6.5 \(\upmu\)m) and by increasing the minimum bend radius to 9.8 mm with the PECVD top cladding, lower propagation losses (_i.e._, 0.5 dB/m in [9]) than a 3.1 dB/m loss are demonstrated. Therefore, in future designs, the losses of some application specific PICs (_i.e._, that includes long optical buffer waveguides with MZI based demultiplexers [1]) can be reduced by using the Si\({}_{3}\)N\({}_{4}\) waveguides demonstrated in [9].
# Simulation of the Marangoni Effect and Phase Change Using the Particle Finite Element Method
## 2 Governing Equations and Solution Methods
### Navier-Stokes Equations  
The Navier-Stokes equations include the linear momentum conservation equation and the continuity equation. The continuity equation for incompressible media can be written in its local form as  
\[\
abla\cdot\mathbf{v}=0, \tag{1}\]  
where \(\
abla\cdot(\ )\) is the divergence operator and \(v\) is the velocity vector. The conservation of linear momentum is written in the Lagrangian form as  
\[\rho\frac{dv}{dt}-\
abla\cdot\mathbf{\sigma}-\rho\mathbf{b}-\mathbf{s}=0, \tag{2}\]  
where \(\rho\) is the density, \(d/dt(\ )\) is the material time derivative, \(\mathbf{\sigma}\) is the Cauchy stress tensor and \(\mathbf{b}\) is the body force vector, which usually represents gravitational acceleration in \(y\)-direction \(g=-9.81\ \mathrm{m/s^{2}}\) unless otherwise stated. \(\mathbf{s}\) is a source term that permits adding or removing momentum, which we utilized for the solid phase as explained in Section 2.5 For the momentum equation, the Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions are  
\[\mathbf{v}(\mathbf{x},t)=\overline{\mathbf{v}}(\mathbf{x},t)\ \ \mathrm{on}\ \Gamma_{\mathrm{v}} \tag{3}\]  
\[\mathbf{\sigma}(\mathbf{x},t)\cdot\mathbf{n}=\overline{\mathbf{t}}(\mathbf{x},t)\ \ \mathrm{on}\ \Gamma_{\mathrm{t}} \tag{4}\]where \(\mathbf{x}\) is the current location in space, \(\overline{\mathbf{v}}\) is the imposed velocity and \(\overline{\mathbf{t}}\) is the imposed surface traction. \(\Gamma_{v}\) and \(\Gamma_{t}\) are the parts of the boundary \(\Gamma\) where velocity or traction is imposed, respectively, such that \(\Gamma_{v}\cup\Gamma_{t}=\Gamma\) and \(\Gamma_{v}\cap\Gamma_{t}=\varnothing\). Next, a Newtonian fluid constitutive law is introduced,  
\[\mathbf{\sigma}=-p\mathbf{I}+2\mu\dot{\mathbf{\varepsilon}}, \tag{5}\]  
where \(p\) is the pressure, \(\mathbf{I}\) is the identity matrix, \(\mu\) is the dynamic viscosity and \(\dot{\mathbf{\varepsilon}}\) is the strain rate, which can be re-written in terms of velocity \(\mathbf{v}\) as  
\[\mathbf{\sigma}=-p\mathbf{I}+\mu\Big{(}\
abla\mathbf{v}+\
abla\mathbf{v}^{T}\Big{)}. \tag{6}\]  
Injecting the constitutive law (6) into the momentum Equation (2) and re-writing in the Lagrangian form gives us the strong form of the incompressible Navier-Stokes momentum equation:  
\[\rho\frac{d\mathbf{v}}{dt}+\
abla p-\mu\
abla\cdot\Big{(}\
abla\mathbf{v}+\
abla\mathbf{v }^{T}\Big{)}-\rho\mathbf{b}-\mathbf{s}=0. \tag{7}\]
# Capacity Bounds for Dense Massive MIMO in a Line-of-Sight Propagation Environment
## 4 Channel Sum-Capacity in LoS and Favorable Propagation Conditions
### Low-SNR Regime  
For the low-SNR regime, we have the following approximation: \(\log_{2}(1+x)\approx x\log_{2}(e)\), when \(x\ll 1\), then Equation (9) can be expressed as  
\[\begin{split} C&\approx K\mathbb{E}\left[\frac{ \rho M\eta}{d_{k}^{2}}\log_{2}\left(e\right)\right]\\ &=K\rho M\eta\log_{2}\left(e\right)\mathbb{E}\left[\frac{1}{d_{k }^{2}}\right]\\ &=\frac{K\rho M\eta\log_{2}\left(e\right)}{RR_{min}}.\end{split} \tag{24}\]  
In Equation (24), we see that the sum-capacity linearly increases with the average SNR, \(\rho\), and/or with the number of antennas, \(M\).
## 1 Introduction
However, most of these studies indicate that (IMERGV5) had greater performance in the characterization of precipitation variability and precipitation detection aptitude, with only slight improvements compared to TMPA products. This study evaluated statistically and hydroditically the precipitation estimates of the (3B42 V7) and (IMERG V05) satellites regarding ground-based precipitation monitoring over the Zat Mountain semi-arid watershed located in the Moroccan High Atlas. The purpose of this study is to solve a major problem due to the unavailability of precipitation measurement stations, which leads to a considerable lack of data, and therefore difficulties to work on scientific aspects such as flood forecasting and water management. The aims of this paper are (1) to evaluate and statistically compare the performance of the precipitation products (3B42 V7) and (IMERG V05) at several temporal scales in the Zat basin, and (2) to assess the precipitation detection capability of the satellite sensors (3B42 V7) and (IMERG V05), and (3) to be able to evaluate the ability of the SPPSs to reproduce rainfall events and to demonstrate their ability to provide meaningful information in hydrological modeling and flood forecasting.
# Sustainable Modularity Approach to Facilities Development Based on Geothermal Energy Potential
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Architectural Design
#### 3.2.3 Passive Design Strategies  
Striving for high level of energy efficiency and climate-responsive design, a series of passive design strategies were proposed to support the overall design goals.  
Placement and orientation: Placement of all open-air features and enclosed spaces was done in a way that provided optimal daylight, solar exposure and shading. North-facing sections were used for technical rooms like storage and sanitary spaces. Circulation corridors connecting the modules were also placed on the northern side, leaving the south-facing open-air spaces between the modules to be sheltered and functionally supported by the side volumes. Longitudinal circulation space can be open or enclosed with glazed south-facing walls to serve as a buffer space for modules.  
Missing, solar gains and shading: Modules are compact to provide a good shape factor for each unit. The same principles were applied to all public and utility spaces except for the longitudinal circulation corridor. Modular units and the corridor were mainly opaque on the north facade for improved thermal performance and almost fully glazed on the South facade to maximize solar gain. Adequate shading was provided by various design features tailored to provide unobstructed views under various weather conditions (Figure 12) and additionally supported by an adequate choice of glazing and flexible interior shading.  
Natural ventilation and cooling: Glazed surfaces are designed to maximize the share of operable elements with cross-ventilation that are provided for all spaces. The basic layout, as previously described in this chapter, provides very good preconditions for natural ventilation and effective application of night cooling, which are further enhanced by the green areas and water features. Under favourable weather conditions, the glazed facade of the long corridor can be open along the intermediate semi-atrium spaces.  
Thermal mass and materials: The modules are designed as lightweight structures where a low thermal mass optimizes comfort and energy efficiency in intermittently used spaces. Enhanced thermal insulation and a high-performance glazed element could significantly contribute to further mitigation of energy demands for cooling and heating. The facade and roof finishing also affect the energy efficiency, but they should be considered case by case. In exposed sites, with peak occupancy in summer season, reflective surfaces or green roofs should be prioritized. In more secluded sites, where structures are surrounded by deciduous trees (naturally shaded in summer and exposed in winter), reflectivity is not so much of an advantage.
## 6 Conclusions
### Limitations and Future Research Directions  
In the future, we need to develop a new algorithm for monitoring dust concentration in opencast mines by combining various types of sensors to address the shortcomings of relying on a single monitoring method. Additionally, we should enhance fundamental theoretical research and create a comprehensive database for dust concentration in opencast mines. This involves sampling dust from key production processes, analyzing its physical and chemical properties in the lab, and studying the characteristics of dust generation, spatial variations, and the factors influencing different dust concentrations. This will help refine the input variables for our prediction model, providing a solid theoretical foundation for dust concentration forecasting. Furthermore, we should conduct a thorough seasonal analysis of dust concentration data to explore trends across different seasons, enabling precise predictions despite variations in dust concentration data. Lastly, we should investigate the development of an integrated system platform for monitoring, analyzing, forecasting, early warning, and intelligent prevention and control of dust in opencast mines.  
**Author Contributions:** [PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived this study, and proposed the overall framework; [PERSON] and [PERSON] wrote this study; [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] conducted a statistical analysis of the data; [PERSON] and [PERSON] performed the data prediction work; [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] participated in the design of this study and verified the results; all authors contributed to revisions. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by [The National Natural Science Foundation of China] grant number [52004202], and [Open Project of Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Coal Resources Green Mining, Ministry of Education] grant number [KLXGY-KB2424].  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** Author [PERSON] was employed by the company Shaanxi Coalbed Methane Development Co., Ltd. Author [PERSON] was employed by the company North Weijiamao Power and Coal Co., Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
## 3 A Comprehensive Monitoring System for Landslides in 'Space-Sky-Ground-Underground'
### Space-Based Monitoring  
Space-based monitoring technology mainly monitors macro factors such as surface deformation and failure mode. The main sliding direction and sliding trend of landslides are monitored by using satellite remote sensing technology to achieve precise control of the overall condition of landslides. GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System), mainly composed of GPS, GLONASS, BDS, and Galileo four subsystems, is most widely used in space-based landslide monitoring. The real-time monitoring and transmission of landslide status are achieved through satellite constellations, ground monitoring systems, and user receivers [30; 31; 32; 33]. This method is particularly suitable for full coverage and all-weather monitoring of large-scale landslides. Figure 10 shows the development process of global satellite navigation systems.  
InSAR technology has been widely applied in the field of landslide monitoring for a long time. However, there is a certain degree of uncertainty in the results of a single monitoring, and so the monitoring results have certain uncertainties. Based on this, [PERSON] et al. [34] proposed a method combining SBAS-InSAR (small baseline subset InSAR) and PS-InSAR (permanent scatterer InSAR) technology for landslide deformation measurement (Figure 11). The feasibility of this method was verified through drone images, multi-resource remote sensing data, and field surveys, providing an important reference for the wide application of InSAR technology in the field of landslide monitoring.  
Figure 9: Monitoring system for landslides in ‘Space-Sky-Ground-Underground’.
# Model Checking Resiliency and Sustainability of In-Vehicle Network for Real-Time Authenticity
## 4 MAuth-CAN
### Countermeasures of MAuth-CAN
#### 4.3.1 Countermeasure to Masquerade Attack  
To avoid masquerade attacks, MAuth-CAN performs the authentication for every single message via CAN bus, as shown in Figure 3. When an ECU transmits a message upon CAN bus, every CAN controller takes the message into its reception queue but delays in reading it until the authentication for the message is done. A CAN controller keeps a new message in its reception queue for T B time units, as shown in Figure 3. The controller reads a new message when the TB expires (Pass scenario in Figure 3). If a message does not pass authentication, then a CAN authenticator creates and broadcasts an error report i.e., an authentication-fail report (AFR) and ECUs discard the message (Fail scenario in Figure 3). MAuth-CAN uses the duration of the length of 4 \(\times\) T\({}_{\text{tx}}\) for TB under the assumption that the transmission time is always greater than the authentication time. In this paper, we present the results of model checking for proving that the condition and the assumptions of MAuth-CAN authenticator are sufficient to protect masquerade attack to CAN system. The details regarding the AFR message is given in [21].  
Figure 1: Bus-off attack scenarios from a single-point adversary (IFS: Interframe space, Suspend: Suspend transmission, RX mode: Reception mode, Active: Error active state, Passive: Error passive state, C#1: Controller #1, C#2: Controller #2).  
Figure 2: New authenticator model with dual CAN controllers.
## 7 Conclusions  
Mandarin orange peels activated with carbon (AC-MOP) were used to adsorb methylene blue and Ibuprofen from an aqueous solution. FTIR spectroscopy showed that the -C-O, -C=O, -OH and -NH2 functional groups were modified substantially compared to those in MOP, which may have increased adsorption capacity. BET data of AC-MOP indicated a higher surface area of 5.48 m\({}^{2}\)/g than that of MOP with 1.43 m\({}^{2}\)/g. The results showed that carbonization and activation of MOP changed its structure. Batch sorption studies established the pH dependency of adsorption, with the optimal pH for both pollutants being 6.0. Thermodynamics data showed that the sorption process was spontaneous and exothermic. The adsorption data followed the Langmuir model for both pollutants, suggesting that the adsorption was homogeneous on the surface of AC-MOP. The adsorption kinetics best fitted PSO compared to the PFO. The overall sorption capacities for methylene blue and Ibuprofen were 73.74 mg/g and 79.82 mg/g, respectively. The optimum times for methylene blue and Ibuprofen sorption were 10 and 40 min, respectively. Few studies have reported on mandarin peels as potential adsorbents. This research has shown that methylene blue and Ibuprofen adsorption can be achieved using an activated carbon-based mandarin orange peel treated with hydrochloric acid. Some of the major advantages of using waste materials as adsorbents are that they are abundantly available and made up of lignin and cellulose, which can potentially absorb dyes and other pollutants. Other advantages include simple technique, minimum processing, adsorption of pollutants (dyes, pharmaceutical and metal ions) and easy regeneration.  
This research received no external funding.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Data from this research are available upon request.  
Figure 12: Proposed mechanism of MB and IBF adsorption on AC-MOP.  
**Acknowledgments:** The writer thanks the Biotechnology and Chemistry Department, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijpark, South Africa, for allowing this study to be conducted in the chemistry research laboratories.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Aluminum-Loaded Bifunctional Resins for Efficient Fluoride Removal from Aqueous Solutions
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Material Characterization  
As shown in Figure 1a,b, the SEM image revealed that the surface roughness of Al-S957 increases, which is beneficial for enhancing adsorption performance [26]. ICP-OES analysis showed that the aluminum contents of Al-S957, Al-D412, and Al-D001 were 1.05, 0.71, and 1.18 mmol/g, respectively. Notably, the aluminum loading capacity of Al-S957 exceeds that of Al-D412, which can be attributed to the presence of sulfonic acid groups in S957. These functional groups enhance the hydrophilicity of the resin and improve mass transfer kinetics during the loading process, thereby facilitating the chelation of a greater number of aluminum compared to D412 [11]. Although Al-D001 achieves an even higher aluminum loading, it exhibits substantial aluminum leaching during subsequent adsorption experiments, as discussed in detail in Section 3.3.  
Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms of S957 and Al-S957 are shown in Figure 2a,b. According to the IUPAC classification, the isotherms of both samples are type IV with an H3 hysteresis loop, indicating the presence of fissure-type pores [27; 28]. The pore size distribution calculated by the BJH method shows that both S957 and Al-S957 possess predominantly mesoporous structures (Figure 2c,d), which are favorable for adsorption [29]. Table 1 provides the physical properties of S957 and Al-S957. Following aluminum loading, the BET surface area of S957 increases significantly, facilitating better contact between fluoride and the active adsorption sites of Al-S957. Additionally, compared with S957, the average pore diameter and total pore volume of Al-S957 exhibited negligible changes, with a marginal decrease. This phenomenon is primarily attributed to the modification process, during which the hydrogen form of S957 is converted to the aluminum form. The incorporation of aluminum introduces additional positive charges into the resin framework, inducing a contraction of the matrix structure and thereby resulting in a minor reduction in pore size [30].  
Figure 1: SEM image of (**a**) S957 and (**b**) Al-S957.  
Figure 2: Nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms for (**a**) S957 and (**b**) Al-S957; pore size distribution curve for (**c**) S957 and (**d**) Al-S957.
## 5 Enhancement of Brillouin Stokes Signal (II): Influence of Core Diameter and Fiber Length
### Summary  
The BGS properties of PFGI-POFs with 62.5-\(\upmu\)m core diameter were investigated. The Stokes power was extremely high compared to that of a PFGI-POF with 120-\(\upmu\)m core, and the Brillouin threshold power for 5-m PFGI-POF was estimated to be 53.3 W. It was also shown that employing a PFGI-POF longer than \(\sim\)50 m is not an effective way to enhance the Stokes signal. In addition, it was theoretically found that it is difficult to reduce the Brillouin threshold power of PFGI-POFs at 1.55-\(\upmu\)m wavelength below that of long silica SMFs even if their core diameter is sufficiently decreased to satisfy the single-mode condition. Finally, the Brillouin linewidth narrowing effect was confirmed. These results will be a good guideline for developing practical Brillouin systems using PFGI-POFs as well as for designing new PFGI-POF structures for Brillouin applications in future.