# Cost Overrun Causative Factors in Road Infrastructure Projects: A Frequency and Importance Analysis
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Quantitative Analysis
#### 3.4.3 Quantitative Analysis by Stakeholder's Group  
The quantitative analysis by stakeholder's group was carried out with the Stakeholder's Influence Index (_SII_) that was calculated through Equation (5). \[SII=\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{k}{{{I}}_{i}}}{\sum_{j=1}^{n}{{{I}}_{j}}}*100\%\, \tag{5}\]  
where \(k\) is the number of cost overrun factors associated with the stakeholder, \(n\) is the total number of cost overrun factors analyzed (\(n=38\)), and \({{I}}_{i}\) are the influence indexes calculated for the different factors identified (Table 7). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**ID** & **Factors** & **Relative Frequency** & _RII_ & _II_ & **Influence Rank** \\ \hline F\({}_{12}\) & Failures in design & 12.78\% & 0.5947 & 7.60\% & 1 \\ F\({}_{21}\) & Price variation of materials & 6.67\% & 0.5053 & 3.37\% & 2 \\ F\({}_{32}\) & Inadequate project planning & 5.56\% & 0.3421 & 1.90\% & 3 \\ F\({}_{38}\) & Project scope changes & 5.56\% & 0.2632 & 1.46\% & 4 \\ F\({}_{11}\) & Design changes & 4.44\% & 0.2579 & 1.15\% & 5 \\ F\({}_{3}\) & Unrealistic contract duration & 4.44\% & 0.1711 & 0.76\% & 6 \\ F\({}_{33}\) & Inadequate bidding method & 3.33\% & 0.1947 & 0.65\% & 7 \\ F\({}_{22}\) & Legal issues & 3.33\% & 0.1842 & 0.61\% & 8 \\ F\({}_{28}\) & Late decision making by owner & 2.78\% & 0.1868 & 0.52\% & 9 \\ F\({}_{15}\) & Political situation & 3.33\% & 0.1500 & 0.50\% & 10 \\ F\({}_{19}\) & Financial difficulties of owner & 2.78\% & 0.1526 & 0.42\% & 11 \\ F\({}_{6}\) & Inadequate contractor’s experience & 2.78\% & 0.1474 & 0.41\% & 12 \\ F\({}_{7}\) & Poor size management and supervision & 3.33\% & 0.1158 & 0.39\% & 13 \\ F\({}_{14}\) & Economy issues & 2.78\% & 0.1316 & 0.37\% & 14 \\ F\({}_{37}\) & Poor site investigation & 2.22\% & 0.1632 & 0.36\% & 15 \\ F\({}_{9}\) & Poor communication among stakeholders & 2.78\% & 0.1237 & 0.34\% & 16 \\ F\({}_{20}\) & Payment delays to contractor & 2.22\% & 0.1526 & 0.34\% & 17 \\ F\({}_{31}\) & Staffing problems & 2.78\% & 0.1211 & 0.34\% & 18 \\ F\({}_{36}\) & Ground conditions & 2.22\% & 0.1474 & 0.33\% & 19 \\ F\({}_{29}\) & Scope changes due to the owner & 2.22\% & 0.1079 & 0.24\% & 20 \\ F\({}_{5}\) & Inadequate construction methods & 1.67\% & 0.0895 & 0.15\% & 21 \\ F\({}_{2}\) & Poor contract management & 1.67\% & 0.0895 & 0.15\% & 21 \\ F\({}_{27}\) & Land acquisition & 1.67\% & 0.0868 & 0.14\% & 23 \\ F\({}_{18}\) & Financial difficulties of contractor & 2.22\% & 0.0605 & 0.13\% & 24 \\ F\({}_{16}\) & Unethical activities & 1.67\% & 0.0789 & 0.13\% & 25 \\ F\({}_{24}\) & Shortage of materials & 1.67\% & 0.0789 & 0.13\% & 25 \\ F\({}_{54}\) & Project characteristics & 1.67\% & 0.0658 & 0.11\% & 27 \\ F\({}_{28}\) & Lack of owner’s management skills & 1.67\% & 0.0447 & 0.07\% & 28 \\ F\({}_{8}\) & Claims and disputes with stakeholders & 1.11\% & 0.0500 & 0.06\% & 29 \\ F\({}_{4}\) & Delays of activities & 1.11\% & 0.0421 & 0.05\% & 30 \\ F\({}_{30}\) & Low productivity of labor & 1.11\% & 0.0368 & 0.04\% & 31 \\ F\({}_{25}\) & Change orders due to the owner & 0.56\% & 0.0526 & 0.03\% & 32 \\ F\({}_{23}\) & Slow permits by local authorities & 0.56\% & 0.0526 & 0.03\% & 32 \\ F\({}_{10}\) & Poor coordination among stakeholders & 0.56\% & 0.0474 & 0.03\% & 34 \\ F\({}_{13}\) & Shortage of equipment & 0.56\% & 0.0421 & 0.02\% & 35 \\ F\({}_{1}\) & Late decision making by consultants & 0.56\% & 0.0316 & 0.02\% & 36 \\ F\({}_{28}\) & Relocation of underground utilities & 0.56\% & 0.0316 & 0.02\% & 36 \\ F\({}_{17}\) & Weather & 1.11\% & 0.0158 & 0.02\% & 36 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Top cost overrun factors according to the Influence Index (_II_). Table 9 shows the results for the Stakeholder's Influence Index (_SII_) according to the groups analyzed, it is observed that designer (_SII_ = 40.51%) and the owner (_SII_ = 28.45%) have a high responsibility in the occurrence of cost overruns in road projects.