# Threat Analysis and Risk Assessment (TARA) Analysis of an Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) System
## 7 Suggested Improvements
### Compliance with ISO/SAE 21434 and ISO 24089 Standards  
Achieving and maintaining adherence to ISO/SAE 21434 and ISO 24089 is essential for automotive cybersecurity, as these standards provide a framework to manage cyber risks across a vehicle's lifecycle. This requires integrating security measures into every phase of vehicle system design, development, and maintenance to ensure the safety and resilience of automotive systems [5]. * **Lifecycle-Based Cybersecurity Management** To comply with ISO/SAE 21434, manufacturers must implement a structured, lifecycle-oriented approach to cybersecurity management. This entails integrating cybersecurity objectives and threat modeling from the concept phase and refining them throughout the design, development, production, operation, and decommissioning phases. Each phase should include specific cybersecurity assessments and documented security objectives tailored to its unique risks. This approach not only facilitates traceabilityand accountability but also enhances the overall resilience of vehicles against evolving cybersecurity threats. * **Risk Assessment and Mitigation Planning** An ongoing and thorough risk assessment is crucial for identifying cybersecurity vulnerabilities and ensuring compliance with ISO/SAE 21434 [4]. Manufacturers should conduct regular evaluations for each vehicle component, such as AEB systems and infotainment units, to assess their security impact. A continuously updated, component-specific threat model should incorporate new risks, field data, and changes in the threat landscape. Effective mitigation planning involves implementing prioritized preventive and corrective actions, ensuring that the cybersecurity framework adapts to technological advancements and enhances vehicle resilience. * **Secure Software Update Mechanisms** ISO 24089 emphasizes the importance of securing software updates for automotive cybersecurity. Manufacturers must implement reliable update mechanisms for both OTA and in-dealership updates, utilizing encryption, cryptographic authentication, and verification protocols to prevent unauthorized access or tampering. Compliance with ISO 24089 requires that only authorized and authenticated updates are deployed, effectively blocking unauthorized code or malicious modifications. This process should be rigorously tested and integrated into the overall cybersecurity strategy to enhance the vehicle's security framework [5]. * **Component-Level Cybersecurity Practices** Manufacturers must perform regular vulnerability testing and validation for each component to ensure compliance with security standards. This includes both automated and manual methods, such as penetration testing, static and dynamic analysis, and component-specific threat modeling. The early identification of vulnerabilities allows for risk mitigation before integration into the larger system. Additionally, ensuring that each component meets security requirements reinforces the overall cybersecurity posture of the AEB system, contributing to the vehicle's integrity. * **Compliance Audits and Continuous Monitoring** Compliance audits should systematically assess adherence to ISO/SAE 21434 and ISO 24089 standards, focusing on system integrity, update mechanisms, and incident response protocols. Conducting these audits regularly--such as quarterly or bi-annually--enables manufacturers to track compliance status and identify improvement areas. Continuous monitoring involves deploying real-time surveillance mechanisms to detect potential threats and vulnerabilities. This proactive strategy allows for the early identification of anomalies, facilitating prompt responses to security issues. Manufacturers should leverage automated monitoring tools and threat intelligence feeds to ensure that their systems are aligned with the evolving threat landscape.