## 2 Nature and Characteristics of _A. altissima_
### Uses of A. altissima
The researchers identified several chemical compounds in the extracts, including quassinoids, which are known for their allebotathic impact. [PERSON] et al. [76] suggested that this species extract could be used as a natural herbicide to control the growth of weeds. [PERSON] et al. [77] found that the presence of _A. altissima_ had a negative impact on the growth and survival of several native plant species in a riparian ecosystem. The authors investigated the invasiveness of wetland plants, including _A. altissima_, in temperate NorthAmerica and suggested that these findings could have implications for the management of wetland ecosystems and that efforts to control the spread of this invasive species may be necessary to maintain native plant biodiversity. This study indicated that the allelo-pathic effects of this species may contribute to its invasiveness and ability to outcompete native species. Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. [78] investigated this species' root extracts and isolated ailanthone allelopathic effects on the growth of three test species (lettuce, radish, and cress) in laboratory conditions. They used different concentrations of root extracts and isolated ailanthone to test their effects on the germination, root and shoot growth, and biomass accumulation of the test species. The results showed that both the root extracts and isolated ailanthone had allelopathic effects on the test species, but the effects varied depending on the concentration and the test species. The highest concentrations of root extracts and especially the isolated ailanthone significantly reduced the germination and growth of all test species, while lower concentrations had no significant effects or even promoted the growth of some species. The authors suggested that the allelopathic effects of tree-of-heaven on other plants could be attributed to various allelochemicals, including ailanthone. [PERSON] et al. [79] explored the potential of the invasive plant _A. altissima_ as a source of natural pesticides. They reported that the plant has a high content of biologically active compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins, which have shown insecticidal and fungicidal properties. The study included a comprehensive assessment of the phytochemical composition and biological activity of different parts of _A. altissima_, including leaves, stems, and seeds. They reported that the plant extracts showed strong insecticidal and fungicidal properties against various pests and pathogens, including aphids, spider mites, and powdery mildew, and also discussed the economic potential of this species as a source of natural pesticides. It was suggested that the development of a sustainable and eco-friendly production chain for this species' extracts could provide new opportunities for rural development and job creation. [PERSON] et al. [80] examined the physiological and transcriptomic responses of _Arabidopsis thaliana_ to ailanthone, as a potential bio-herbicide and analyzed the effect of different concentrations of this substance on the growth, chlorophyll content, and gene expression of _Arabidopsis_. The results showed that ailanthone had a dose-dependent effect on _Arabidopsis_ growth and chlorophyll content. At higher concentrations, ailanthone inhibited the growth and chlorophyll content of _Arabidopsis_. Several differentially expressed genes in _Arabidopsis_ were identified as a result of the exposure to ailanthone, and these genes were involved in various biological processes, including stress response, cell wall modification, and hormone signaling pathways. Light was shed on the action mechanisms of this compound on plant physiology and gene expression. However, the effects of ailanthone on other plant species have not been detected so far, or on the potential environmental impact of using this compound as an herbicide. Therefore, further research is needed to explore the potential efficacy and safety of using ailanthone as an herbicide and to assess its environmental impact. Although these studies suggest that _A.