# Chemical Migration from Wine Contact Materials
## 3 Chemical Migration, European Regulation, and International Organization of Vine and Wine
Based on the current legislation and literature, these can be divided into Intentionally Added Substances (IAS) and Non-Intentionally Added Substances (NIAS) [40; 41; 45]. The term IAS refers to substances that are intentionally used in the manufacture of plastics intended to come into contact with food and may include monomers, additives, colorants, and antioxidants, among others. Reg EU 10/2011 lists more than 1000 such authorized substances and defines the Specific Migration Limit (SML) for more than 400 of them, expressed in mg of substance per kg of food or food simulant (mg/kg). These compounds can be determined using sensitive analytical methods with limits of quantification that comply with the SMLs. However, an analytical challenge is that only ca. 60% of these regulated substances have an available analytical standard, which is necessary for the reliable identification and quantification of the compounds [46; 47]. On the other hand, the term NIAS refers to substances that are not added for a technical reason during the production process but are present in food contact materials (FCMs) and could, therefore, migrate into food. These substances could be (i) break-down products originating from the degradation of polymers and additives, (ii) impurities present in raw materials used during the manufacture of plastics, (iii) reaction by-products generated during the production of the plastics, such as oligomers of PET during the polymerization process [48; 49; 50], and finally, (iv) contaminants that can originate from the recycled material's input and recycling process, the previously packaged food, and/or misuse of the packaging before recycling [45; 51]. It is apparent that the analytical determination of NIAS requires wide-scope analytical methods of high-confidence structural identification since the analytes might be unknown. It is noted that according to Reg EU 10/2011, there are substances that are not allowed to migrate at all into food, like some primary aromatic amines. For some of these substances, there are specific requirements for the detection limit of the applied analytical method, whereas, in the absence of specific detection limits, a general limit of 0.01 mg/kg is required. The same regulation also defines that the overall migration (OM) limit, which is the maximum permitted amount of non-volatile substances released from a material or article into food simulants, should not exceed the value of 10 mg/dm\({}^{2}\) or 60 mg/kg. The use of recycled plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with foods is specified according to Commission Regulation (EU) 2022/1616 [52], where it is defined that the recycled plastic should be in compliance with Commission Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 and that the sum of constituents of the plastic material, which occur due to repeated recycling, like for example residues of additives, should be considered as non-intentionally added substances and their concentrations should remain at levels that are considered safe according to a risk assessment [41; 52]. The migration of substances from glass is specified in Council Directive 84/500/EEC [53] and Commission Directive 2005/31/EC [54] related to ceramic articles intended to come into contact with foodstuffs, which define the specific migration limits for lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) at 4.0 mg/L and 0.3 mg/L, respectively, the conditions of the migration test using a food simulant 4% (\(\
u/v\)) acetic acid, and the performance criteria of the analytical method (limits of detection and quantification, recovery, and specification). At this point, it should be noted that Pb and Cd could be found in food, especially in wine, from other sources since these elements are environmental pollutants. The specific migration limits concern only the migration from ceramic materials and are different from the maximum levels permitted to be found in foodstuffs specified in Reg EU 2023/915 [55].