## 4 Heuristic Optimization Techniques Analysis
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Ref. No.** & **Optimization** & **Constraints** & **Taken Case Study for** & **Advantages and** \\  & **Techniques** & **Constraints** & **Optimization** & **Disadvantages** \\ \hline
[15] 2020 & Hybrid NSGA & Power balance and generation limits & 4- and 7-unit system & It can handle single- as well as multi-objective problems. \\ \hline
[17] 2021 & HBOA & Transmission losses and the valve point & 4, 24, 84, and 96 generating units & Compared to other \\  & & & 4, 24, 84, and 96 generating units &
\begin{tabular}{c} Compared to other \\ optimization techniques, the \\ feasibility, capability, and \\ efficiency are better for \\ large-scale systems. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[18] 2021 & HBJSA & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Power balance and generation limits \\ \end{tabular} & 24-, 48-, 84- and 96-unit systems &
\begin{tabular}{c} The method used by HBJSA to \\ calculate the lowest minimum, \\ average, and maximum \\ generation costs is very stable \\ and efficient. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[19] 2015 & \begin{tabular}{c} Opposition-based \\ group search \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Value-point loading \\ and prohibited \\ operating zones \\ \end{tabular} & 4-, 7-, 24-, and 28-unit systems &
\begin{tabular}{c} Best situated for small and \\ large data sets to solve \\ nonlinear problems \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[20] 2016 & \begin{tabular}{c} Gravitational search \\ algorithm(GSA) \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Value-point effect, \\ power balance, and \\ generation limits \\ \end{tabular} & 5-, 7-, 24- and 48-unit systems &
\begin{tabular}{c} Ability to solve large data sets \\ of CHPED problems, good \\ convergence characteristics, \\ and efficiency in computation \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[21] 2020 & BLPSO & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Power and heat \\ limitations and \\ prohibited operating \\ zones. \\ \end{tabular} & 5, 7, 24, and 48 units &
\begin{tabular}{c} This approach prevents \\ premature convergence and \\ increases the precision of \\ the solution. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[22] 2106 & \begin{tabular}{c} Cuckoo search \\ algorithm (CSA) \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Value point, power \\ losses, and power \\ balance \\ \end{tabular} & 4 and 5 units &
\begin{tabular}{c} Controls parameters in such a \\ way that they evaluate the \\ high-quality solution and take \\ less computational time. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[23] 2017 & CPSO & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Prohibited operating \\ zones, valve point, and \\ transmission losses \\ \end{tabular} & 4, 7, and 24 units &
\begin{tabular}{c} Enhances the quality of the \\ answer while requiring fewer \\ function evaluations. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[24] 2017 & MGSO & \
\begin{tabular}{c} power balance and \\ valve point \\ \end{tabular} & 5-, 24-, 48-, 7-2-, and 96-unit test system &
\begin{tabular}{c} The suggested approach \\ provides a better solution and \\ outperforms existing methods \\ computationally. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[25] 2017 & \begin{tabular}{c} Hybrid \\ TVAC-GSA-PSO \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Power balance and \\ generation limits \\ \end{tabular} & 24 units, 48 units, &
\begin{tabular}{c} This technology is robust in \\ evaluating the minimum \\ generation cost with less \\ expensive solutions. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[26] 2018 & CSA-BA-ABC & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Power and heat balance \\ and prohibited \\ operation zones \\ \end{tabular} & 5- and 7-unit &
\begin{tabular}{c} Delivering a high-quality \\ solution with more economic \\ benefits and no \\ convergence issues \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[27] 2020 & SFS & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Power balance and \\ generation limits \\ \end{tabular} & 5- and 7-unit & It is possible to avoid local \\
\begin{tabular}{c} minima and require less \\ computing time. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[28] 2020 & \begin{tabular}{c} Kho-Kho optimization \\ (KKO) \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Power balance and \\ prohibited operation \\ zones \\ \end{tabular} & 5- and 7-unit & This method imitates the \\ test system &
\begin{tabular}{c} special technique the chasing \\ squad used to touch the \\ runners team. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}