## 3 Research Results and Discussion
### Carbonization
Table 2 shows that gamma radiation increases the corrosion rate in the presence of chlorides at elevated temperatures and also under conditions of high accumulated radiation doses (above 150 kGy). The threshold value of 0.3 kGy/h shows the onset of the effect of gamma radiation. [PERSON] (2022) [60; 69] and [PERSON]. (2017) [66] investigate changes in corrosion properties of low-carbon steel reinforcement exposed to gamma irradiation. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Research, Year**} & \multirow{2}{*}{ \begin{tabular}{c} **The Medium in Which the Study was Conducted** \\ \end{tabular}  } & \multirow{2}{*}{ \begin{tabular}{c} **Temperature** \\ **for Testing** \\ **Procedures,** C \\ \end{tabular}  } & \multirow{2}{*}{ \begin{tabular}{c} **pH of** \\ **the** \\ **Medium** \\ **LQGy/h** \\ \end{tabular}  } & \multirow{2}{*}{ \begin{tabular}{c} **Gamma** \\ **Radiation** \\ **Dose,** \\ **LQGy/h** \\ \end{tabular}  } & \multirow{2}{*}{ \begin{tabular}{c} **Test Time,** \\ **Days** \\ \end{tabular}  } & \multirow{2}{*}{**Key Findings**} \\  & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{\ \begin{tabular}{c} **Pure water (anoxic conditions)** \\ \end{tabular}  } & \multirow{6}{*}{Water with carbonates (anoxic conditions)} & \multirow{6}{*}{25} & \multirow{6}{*}{0.3} & \multirow{6}{*}{15, 109, and 340} & \multirow{6}{*}{15, 109, and 340} & \multirow{6}{*}{ \begin{tabular}{c} In experimental media, acceleration of \\ effect of high-dose gamma radiation. \\ \end{tabular}  } \\  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5} \cline{7-7} \cline{6-7} \cline  
[PERSON] et al. examine the behavior of unalloyed steel in cement mortar from the standpoint of radiolysis triggered by gamma radiation (about 15 Gy/h). These researchers did not reveal a great effect of gamma irradiation on the corrosion rate up to the accumulated dose of 0.3 MGy [66]. [PERSON] et al. consider cylindrical specimens filled with cement mortar (Portland cement CEM I 52.5 R) with a steel rod (S235 JR with a diameter of 6 mm) in the middle, irradiated for 8 months at different relative humidity levels (50% and 100%). The values of absorbed doses of gamma radiation were close to 1.8 MGy. The following conclusions were made [60; 69]: in all cases gamma irradiation shifts corrosion potential to negative values, which shows an increase in the probability of a reduction in corrosion resistance; as for specimens in a medium with 100% relative humidity, gamma radiation caused a slight increase in current density (by 1.1-1.3 times), while at 50% humidity, higher current density values (by 4-12 times) were observed; the gamma radiation dose up to 2 MGy reduces protective properties of the passivating layer of reinforcing steel; no significant effect of the limestone aggregate on the process of steel corrosion was revealed; in turn, the presence of fly ash in the specimens caused an insignificant increase in the corrosion rate. The process itself was characterized by [PERSON] [60] as electrochemical. It is consistent with the observation of degradation of steel elements used in nuclear power plants; [PERSON]. [PERSON] et al. [54] emphasize that the main problem is electrochemical corrosion. The research studies of [PERSON] (2022) [60; 69] and [PERSON]. (2017) [66] demonstrate that gamma radiation has little effect on reinforcement, although the passive layer in irradiated specimens is more unstable. Probably, irradiation has a greater effect on the composition of the pore fluid due to water radiolysis and due to more accelerated carbonation of the solution in the near-surface layer, triggering changes in the near-surface layer of the reinforcement. Conclusions made in [69] show that the effect of gamma radiation on steel corrosion is significantly stronger in an atmosphere with a content of 1% CO\({}_{2}\) and moderate relative humidity (50%) than with a content of 1% CO\({}_{2}\) and a fully saturated atmosphere (relative humidity--100%).