# Review of Land Surface Albedo: Variance Characteristics, Climate Effect and Management Strategy
## 4 Climate Feedback and Management Strategy for Surface Albedo
### Monitoring Short-to-Long-Term Albedo Change and Climate Effects
#### 4.1.3 Application in Ecology and Climate Simulations  
Land surface albedo datasets play an essential role in the evaluation and tuning of most regional and global energy budgets, climates, ecology and biogeochemical models [2]. For example, precise ocean albedo data can significantly reduce the biases of ocean-atmosphere coupled tropical-channel models [196] and Earth system models over tropical oceans [134]. First, surface albedo plays a key role in surface energy and radiation budget models [4]. The impact of ice/snow albedo has attracted particular attention. Based on an energy balance model (EBM) of the Earth's climate, the change in the winter snow line in the middle-latitude plateau of Northern Hemisphere topography can lead to an enhancement of positive SAF [16]. The National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model is used to calculate the increase in solar energy that would be absorbed by the Earth-atmosphere system if all sea ice on the planet were to melt, which presents an upper limit compared to the direct radiative forcing of greenhouse gases, such as atmospheric carbon dioxide [197]. Snow albedo is used to describe the seasonal cycle of snow hydrology [112]. By coupling an atmospheric general circulation model with a sea ice-slab ocean model, the extreme climate of full Earth glaciation is simulated by different surface albedos in conjunction with CO\({}_{2}\), orography and oceanic heat transport [198]. Based on an Earth system model, high snow albedo can lead to excessive ice build-up during glacial times [199]. In early stages, an \"almost trivial\" climate system of geometrical dimension zero was developed and was used to analyse the impact of ice albedo on climate feedback, including three main climate states of interglacial, deep freeze and desert heat [200]. Notably, coupled climate Community Climate System Model v3 (CCSM3) [201] and v4 (CCSM4) [202] were used to simulate and explain the famous Arctic amplification phenomenon, where a substantial reduction in sea ice in the Arctic has been observed at nearly double the warming rate of the global average. Dynamic simulations based on the diurnal EBM implemented in the parallel ice sheet model (PISM) show that SIAF is an essential contributor to the mass loss of the Greenland ice sheet under future warming, which further contributes a large amount to future sea-level rise [203]. The terrestrial cryosphere is mainly composed of snow, glaciers and ice, and covers approximately one-fifth of the Earth, and the ongoing and predicted impacts of cryosphere loss may lead to the disappearance of entire biomes and crises of water availability. In addition, vegetation and urban albedos also have essential impacts on climate change. A two-dimensional cellular automaton Daisyworld was developed to study interactions between environmental conditions (e.g., background albedo and temperature) and organism growth [204]. Forests often suffer from insect plagues, and modelling of mountain pine beetle outbreaks over 240 years shows a reduction in merchantable biomass and an increase in surface albedo; however, these outbreaks may have a much smaller impact on global temperatures over the coming decades and centuries than a single month of global anthropogenic CO\({}_{2}\) emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production [205]. In addition, previous findings highlight the strong sensitivity of summer monsoon circulation and rainfall to surface albedo in an ocean-atmosphere coupled model [196]. Interaction between wind and surface albedo was modelled in low dust emitting regions of stony deserts by using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model; fine-grained sediments and low-albedo gravel-mantled surfaces can alter surficial thermal properties and increase near-surface winds by up to 25%, and wind erosion results in faster winds regionally [206].