## Appendix A
### VSM in Analyze Site Selection Criteria
#### Design Phase
Kaizen in Analyze Engineering Performance  
The diagram presents a four-step Kaizen cycle to optimize engineering performance, using 3D/4D BIM as the central platform and AI (Machine Learning) for data-driven insights [88]. The process includes defining objectives, identifying inefficiencies, testing improvements, and validating results to ensure continuous refinement and improved project outcomes. It starts with Defining Objectives and Metrics in BIM models covering structural, mechanical, and electrical systems. Identifying Issues uses AI simulations to detect inefficiencies such as overdesign or thermal bridging, supported by Kaizen workshops. Propose and Test Improvements involves updating the BIM model with optimized materials and layouts, validated through AI simulations and stakeholder reviews. Finally, Validate and Refine confirms improvements against baseline metrics. KPI benefits include cost savings from optimized material use, enhanced productivity through refined designs, process optimization via AI and BIM integration, and increased collaboration through workshops and feedback loops. Waste reduction and improved quality and safety result from minimizing excess materials and ensuring system reliability. TVD in Analyzing Sustainability Performance  
Figure 10 demonstrates the six-step application of Target Value Design (TVD) to enhance sustainability performance in construction projects. It integrates 6D BIM for modeling and simulations, Blockchain for transparent tracking of materials and certifications, and multidisciplinary collaboration to align sustainability goals with budget constraints. The process ensures the iterative refinement of designs, validation of performance metrics, and standardization of best practices, fostering continuous improvement in energy efficiency, material sustainability, and carbon reduction [84]. The impact of KPIs such as cost efficiency and savings by optimizing material use and energy performance reduce long-term operational costs. Time efficiency and delivery improve as Blockchain ensures supply chain transparency and BIM facilitates real-time performance tracking. Waste reduction is achieved through efficient material selection, lifecycle analysis, and energy-saving strategies. Quality and safety benefit from resilient, eco-friendly materials and regulatory compliance. Additionally, stakeholder satisfaction and collaboration improve as a multidisciplinary approach fosters the shared ownership of sustainability goals. Appendix A.1.3. Construction Phase  
This subsection describes the framework's applicability during the construction phase, with each stage elaborated sequentially according to the corresponding rows in Table 7.  
Takt Planning and Control in the Author Construction Site Logistics Model  
Figure 11 presents the implementation of Takt Planning and Control, integrating Robotics, RFID, and BIM for workflow synchronization and real-time monitoring [90]. BIM visualizes logistics and task progress, while RFID and robotics data support continuous optimization, enhancing efficiency, reducing waste, and improving collaboration across trades. The process begins with Defining Takt Areas and Sequences using BIM to segment work zones and plan robotic tasks. Determining Takt Time uses BIM simulations to set task durations based on robotics and trade requirements. Aligning Resources ensures RFID-tracked materials and equipment are synchronized with the Takt plan, supported by BIM dashboards. Implementing Control Mechanisms uses real-time RFID and IoT data to track progress and ensure schedule adherence. Addressing Constraints applies analytics to resolve bottlenecks and optimize flow. Review and Continuous Improvement leverages BIM and RFID data with stakeholder feedback to refine strategies. KPI benefits include improved time efficiency, resource utilization, and process optimization through automation and real-time tracking. Stakeholder collaboration improves via transparent progress monitoring, while waste reduction is achieved by minimizing idle time and material waste.