# Applications of the Open-Source Hardware Arduino Platform in the Mining Industry: A Review
## 4 Arduino in Autonomous Mine Systems  
Mining is one of the most hazardous and labor-intensive industries [69]. Therefore, the mining industry has tried to use autonomous systems such as automated haul trucks, monitoring robots, and underground UAVs to effectively enhance safety and productivity in mining operations. Automation in mine environments can play a critical role in improving worker safety and mine productivity. Arduino has been used in the mining industry to develop an initial prototype for supporting mine operations (Table 6). [PERSON] and [PERSON] [70] developed a robot-based underground coal mine monitoring system using Arduino. The system consisted of two parts (transmitter and receiver). In the transmitter, different sensors such as MQ2 for gas, DHT11 for temperature, and ADXL335 for tilt were attached to an Arduino UNO board to monitor the underground mine environment in real time. In addition, a ZigBee wireless communication module (Xbee) was used to send the monitoring data to the receiver. A buzzer module was used to trigger a sound when the measured values obtained from the sensors exceeded threshold levels. The transmitter was mounted on a small rear wheel-type robot with DC motors, controlled by a motor driver IC L293D. In the receiver part, the keypad and ZigBee (Xbee) modules were connected to the Arduino UNO board to receive data from the transmitter and to control the movement of the robot. The developed robot system was tested only in the laboratory, and no field test results were presented. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  
In a similar study, [PERSON] et al. [71] developed an autonomous robot for accessing dangerous areas by remote control and for measuring the concentrations of harmful and flammable gases such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO\({}_{2}\)), methane (CH\({}_{4}\)), and nitrates (NOx). A motor driver module L298N, Bluetooth module HC05, and gas sensor MQ135 were used and attached to the Arduino Mega to implement the robot. A wireless camera was mounted on the robot to support remote operation. The robot was only tested in the laboratory with a remote distance of up to 10 m, owing to the limited range of wireless communication provided by the Bluetooth module. [PERSON] et al. [72] used an Arduino UNO board to develop a mobile sensor robot for detecting toxic gases in underground mines. Various sensors were attached to an Arduino UNO, such as DHT11 for temperature and humidity, MQ2 for CH\({}_{4}\), MQ7 for CO, and MQ135 for CO\({}_{2}\). A Wi-Fi module (ESP8266 SP8266) for facilitating TCP/IP wireless communication was integrated with the board. The robot could be remotely controlled using a smartphone. The developed robot was tested in a nonmetallic surface mine. The concentration of toxic gases generated during an explosion owing to blasting was measured in real time, at a distance of 100 m. However, a field test was not performed in an underground mine. To detect gas from coal mines and carry out rescue operations, [PERSON] et al. [73] developed an experimental prototype of a hexapod robot that could be more precisely controlled. This robot used a high-pressure nitrogen cylinder as a power source, and the leg mechanism had three degrees of freedom to allow straight walking and turning motions. The robot was driven by a cylinder that was controlled by an electromagnetic valve. An Arduino Leonardo with a magnetic valve drive board was used to compile the control circuit of the electromagnetic valve. In addition, the gyroscope was used to measure the changing signals of the joint rotation angle and angular velocity. However, this prototype was only tested in a laboratory environment. [PERSON] et al. [30] used an Arduino UNO to test an automated bucket control module for an LHD used in underground mines. The bucket control module incorporated two major subsystems to be controlled: boom and bucket actuators.