## 2 Related Works  
This section discusses the current literature that draws on using LPWANs for geolocation tracking applications. Remarkably, most of these studies are based on LoRa technology. Down below, the recently published papers have been summarized with the aim of investigating the impact of the channel characteristics related to the coverage of wireless networks. [PERSON] and [PERSON] presented the design of a GPS-supported location tracking system through LoRa connectivity [22]. Their designed system provides information about the GPS position (latitude and longitude), speed of mobility over the ground, and the direction of movement of mobile objects. The LoRa devices were built on the Arduino Uno platform, while the gateway runs on Intel Galileo Gen 2 board. Both were equipped with a Dragino LoRa Shield, which supports an 868 MHz frequency band. The low-cost GMS7-CR6 GPS module was also used to provide accurate satellite positioning. The data transmission reliability of the system was evaluated by considering the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI). The obtained experimental results showed that the coexistence of multiple LoRa devices degrades the signal quality of received packets, especially as the number of LoRa devices moving in the same path increases. [PERSON] et al. proposed an open-source tracking system that determines the location and speed of tourist boats in Malaysia [23]. The study's main aim is to investigate the practical limits of signal transmission with LoRa technology. For this purpose, the authors designed a location tracking board (transponder) with a GPS receiver, LoRa transmitter, and Raspberry Pi. They have also used a Dragino LG01 gateway to receive the packets from boats and forward them to the server via LAN, Wi-Fi, 3G, or 4G. Although the urban and rural ranges of LoRa transmissions were 2 km and 20 km, respectively, the average limit of the gateway is at the 400-m radius, which is far below the expected range. To minimize the effects of the signal attenuation sources (e.g., buildings), the authors suggest using higher-quality antennas by improving the height and placement. [PERSON] et al. focused on the end-to-end network architecture that can enable vehicular monitoring and tracking applications [24]. In their proposed model, the vehicle's current status is captured with On-Board Diagnostics (OBD)-II protocol, and the original data packets were compressed to transmit over the constrained bandwidth and transferred to a cloud server through the gateway. LoRa technology was used as the network's backbone to establish the wireless link between the vehicles and the server. The authors also deployed an experimental test bench to demonstrate the validity of the proposed monitoring platform. Thanks to the information visualization capability of the cloud server, it is possible to track vehicles' locations and operational parameters. The LoRa devices comprised an Arduino board and Microchip RN2483 transceiver chip. An omnidirectional antenna with a gain of 2.2 dBi was attached to each end device to transmit at 14 dBm power. On the other side, to collect the data packets from all assigned end devices, the RisingHF RHF2S008 gateway was used, which is equipped with Semtech SX1301 multi-channel concentrator chip and also 5 dBi gain omnidirectional antenna. [PERSON] et al. evaluated the performance of LoRa technology in transit vehicle tracking services in medium-sized cities where they do not have exclusive lanes [25]. In this context, the authors conducted several experiments to measure the RSSI values of all the data packets a gateway receives. The experiments were repeated many times for different setups by changing the distance, the number of LoRa devices, and the main LoRa transmission parameters (spreading factor, bandwidth, and coding rate).