esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Detailed Landcover Map Update Methodology  
The GIS-based detailed urban area landcover map upgrade methodology is composed of four steps (Figure 2): preprocessing, first and second manual updating process of landcover information, and quality assurance.  
These steps were grouped into stage 1 (coordinate conversion and first landcover update) and stage 2 (second landcover update and quality assurance) in order to facilitate the process depending on the characteristics of the landcover maps obtained, which comprised 7 low-level (First level, 1:50,000), 22 medium-level (Second level, 1:25,000), and 41 high-level (Third level, 1:5000) maps. Medium-level landcover maps were generated nationwide in 2007, but the generation of high-level landcover maps is still underway. Data from medium-level landcover maps, i.e., those lacking some details, were intended to go through both stages, while data from high-level landcover maps were intended to go only through stage 2.  
Figure 1: Location of Sejong City, Korea.  
High-level landcover maps were available for Sejong City, allowing direct stage 2 processing. However, given that the maps were generated in 2015, some updates and corrections were performed in stage 1. As of 2017, high-level landcover maps are available  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Thematic Map** & **Source** & **Updating Year and Cycle** & **Collection Route** & **File Format** & **Contents** \\ \hline High-level landcover map & Ministry of Environment (1:5000) & Last updated in 2015 (MOE) & Environmental Geographic Information Service & Shape file & A total of 108 map sheet \\ \hline Digital topographic map 2.0 (1:5000) & National Geographic Information Institute & Updated weekly & National Geographic Information Institute & Shape file & A total of 108 map sheet \\ \hline Serial cadastral map & Local government (district office); Korea Land Information System & Updated daily & Portal Service of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport & Shape file & Continuous map sheet \\ \hline Ortho-aerial photos (GSD 25 cm) & National Geographic Information Institute & Aerial photos: 2014 (FOOTNOTE:4]Footnote 4: [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pdf/](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pdf/)]([https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pdf/](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pdf/))  
throughout the country, except for Jeollanam-do province in the south, and additional updating was performed in the northern and southern Han River areas.
# Seismic Effectiveness of Multiple Seismic Measures on a Continuous Gider Bridge
## 5 Calculation Analysis and Discussion
### Bending Moment
Figure 11 shows the ratio of bending moment at the bottom of #1 and #5 piers with sliding laminated rubber bearings to #2, #3, and #4 piers with laminated rubber bearings under the action of earthquakes. The seismic measure does not influence the bending moment at the bottom of the piers under the action of the small earthquake. However, the bending moment at the bottom of #1 and #5 piers is close to--but more than that of--#2, #3, and #4 piers, under the action of other earthquakes after seismic measures are taken. In Cases 1 and 2, the bending moment at the bottom of #1 and #5 piers is less than one-quarter of that of #2, #3, and #4 piers; in Cases 4, 5, and 6, the bending moment at the bottom of #1 and #5 piers is slightly more than that of #2, #3, and #4 piers under the action of large and Northridge earthquakes. That means that the unseating prevention devices dramatically strengthen the connection between the substructure and superstructure at #1 and #5 piers, so #1 and #5 share a bigger seismic load. The above studies show that, although the seismic measures can increase the seismic performance of the bridge, they will also increase the ductility requirements of the piers for setting seismic measures. This is different from the results of other research, and the reason is that the structure in this paper  
Figure 11: Moment ratio at pier bottom. is a continuous beam bridge, and the seismic response of its pier under an earthquake is quite different from that of the frame structure studied by [PERSON] et al. [38], which is more susceptible to seismic measures.
## 2 Results
### Overlapping Features  
Table 6 is a list of overlapping features from different models that classify between two different disease severity groups. Eight features are shared between models that predict low vs. high skin disease activity and moderate vs. high skin disease activity groups. Three features are shared between models that predict moderate vs. high and low vs. moderate disease activity groups. One feature is shared between models that predict low vs. moderate or high disease activity groups. One feature is shared between all disease activity groups. The corresponding peak images can be found in Table S11. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \(m/z\) & \begin{tabular}{c} **Retention Time** \\ **(min)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Adduct** \\ **Model** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Monoisotopic** \\ **Mass** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **AUC** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Tentative Identification** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
546.3528 & 14.59 & [M + Na]\({}^{*}\) & 523.3638 & 0.59 & Platelet-activating factor; 6 other hits \\ \hline
544.3373 & 13.35 & [M + Na]\({}^{*}\) & 521.3481 & 0.58 & LysoPC(0:0/18:1(9Z)); 5 other hits \\ \hline
116.0708 & 0.60 & [M + H]\({}^{*}\) & 115.0633 & 0.58 & Proline \\ \hline
427.1938 & 5.74 & [M + NH\({}_{4}\)]\({}^{*}\) & 409.1584 & 0.58 & dermatan L-iduronate; 1 other hit \\ \hline
496.3397 & 12.95 & [M + Na]\({}^{*}\) & 473.3505 & 0.57 & Clupanodonyl carnitine; 5 other hits \\ \hline
373.2735 & 9.79 & [M + H]\({}^{*}\) & 372.2664 & 0.57 & Cervonoyl ethanolamide \\ \hline
520.3398 & 12.33 & [M + H]\({}^{*}\) & 519.3325 & 0.57 & LysoPC(0:0/18:2(9Z,12Z)); 1 other hit \\ \hline
370.2950 & 8.20 & [M + NH\({}_{4}\)]\({}^{*}\) & 352.2614 & 0.57 & MG(18:3(6Z,9Z,12Z)/0:0/0:0); 8 other hits \\ \hline
289.1409 & 5.12 & [M + Na]\({}^{*}\) & 266.1518 & 0.57 & pentadeca-5,7,9-trienedioic acid; 8 other hits \({}^{*}\) \\ \hline
356.2793 & 7.49 & [M + NH\({}_{4}\)]\({}^{*}\) & 338.2457 & 0.57 & 11,12-DHETF; 8 other hits \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Clear peak, but insufficient quality; AUC: Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Top 10 tentatively identified endogenous metabolites for low vs. high skin disease activity. Figure 4: Top-performing models according to the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for predicting skin disease activity in PsA based on negative mode data. Models include: support vector machine (SVM), logistic regression (LogReg), Random Forest, Lasso Regression (LogRegL1), Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost), LogitBoost, Ridge Regression (LogRegL2), Naïve Bayes, and J48 Decision Tree. (**A**) ROC curves of predictive single or combinations of features for low vs. high disease activity. (**B**) ROC curves of predictive single or combinations of features for moderate vs. high disease activity. (**C**) ROC curves of predictive single or combinations of features for low vs. moderate disease activity. AUC: Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.
# Data-Driven Calibration Estimation for Robust Remote Pulse-Oximetry
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Model Fitting
#### 2.2.3 Dataset  
The experimental setup consists of four monochrome CCD cameras (AVT Manta G-283B, Allied Vision GmbH, Stadtroda, Germany) equipped with four identical 150 mm lenses (Schneider-Kreuznach 7805791, Bad Kreuznach, Germany). To obtain spectral selectivity, optical bandpass filters with center wavelengths (CWLs) of 675, 760, 800 and 905 nm were used, whose transmission spectra are visualized in Figure 6. The cameras were externally triggered at a stable frame rate of 15 Hz and were horizontally spaced by 9 cm. The frames from the four cameras were registered using an affine transformation. Illumination was provided by two armatures (Falcon Eyes, Hong Kong, China), each equipped with 9 incandescent lamps (60 W, Philips, Amsterdam, the Netherlands) at a distance of about 1.5 m from the subject. A current-limited DC power supply set to 210 V, 3.95 A (SM330-AR-22, Delta Elektronica, Zierikzee, the Netherlands) powered the lamps. For SpO\({}_{2}\) reference, we used 4 conventional SpO\({}_{2}\) probes coupled to Philips MP2 patient monitors: a Philips finger sensor, a Philips ear sensor (M1191B and M1194A, Philips Medizin-Systeme, Boblingen, Germany), a Masimo finger sensor (LNCS DC-I, Masimo Corporation, Irvine, CA, USA), and a Nellcor finger sensor (DS-100A Medtronic, Dublin, Ireland). A sample-wise (1 Hz) median of all 4 probes was defined as the reference signal.  
Protocol  
The dataset consists of 25 recordings of 7 min each on one subject. The subject was asked to sit on a chair in upright position at a distance of approximately 8 m from the cameras. The head was supported by a soft support on the left side of face to prevent involuntary ballistocardiographic movements, which could affect the calibration process. The recording of the reference data was started 20 s prior to, and was stopped 20 s after the video recordings to allow synchronization of the camera and contact data because of the processing and physiological delays. During the first 3.5 min of the recording, the subject was asked to breath deeply but calmly and non-guided, resulting in a close to maximum SpO\({}_{2}\) value. In the following 3.5 min, the subject was asked to breathe more shallowly, which led to an average SpO\({}_{2}\) reduction of 3% with short-term desaturations as low as 86%. The rationale to use this protocol is that it is easily repeatable and leads to quasi-stable SpO\({}_{2}\) plateaus, in contrast to our earlier protocol with breath-hold events [8], leading to short dips in SpO\({}_{2}\) which cannot be used for calibration. The histograms of the SpO\({}_{2}\) values during both stages of the protocol are visualized in Figure 7.
## 3 Results
### Topic Dynamics
#### 3.3.1 Prediction Based on Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Technology (ARIMA)
After 2005, only one topic (Topic 13, Wind power generation system) experienced a decline, and the rest of the topics experienced an increase. In particular, \"Fuel cell power generation system\" (Topic 27) increased, on average, 96.55% per year; \"Smart grid\" (Topic 15) increased, on average, 89.4%; and \"Study on power system stability\" (Topic 21) increased, on average, 54.3%. We searched for new topics that emerged after 2011 and found three topics: \"Network communication technology\" (Topic 23), \"Power system in teaching\" (Topic 22), and \"New renewable energy\" (Topic 19). By analyzingemerging topics, researchers will be able to access new changes in research in the field in a timely manner, making their research novel and full of potential. By comparing the average annual growth rate in this field, we set the development trend of each topic as three levels: hot, stable, and cold. We set the topics with a high growth rate in the field as hot topics, those with a negative growth rate as cold topics, and the rest as stable topics. From Table 5, we can clearly see that topic 3, 4, 5, 11, 12, 15, 21, and 23 are hot topics. The top five are \"Micro-grid\" (30.74%), \"Smart grid\" (30.0%), \"Research on electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles\" (27.71%), \"Network communication technology\" (23.86%), and \"Study on power system stability\" (22.6%). With the advocacy of energy conservation and emission reduction, electric vehicles have become the most environmentally friendly choice for people to travel. Therefore, electric vehicles and related micro-grid and energy dispatch topics will become valuable research content in the future. The development of network communication has not only provided convenience for people's lives, but has also become an important engine for economic and social development. Therefore, the integration of network communication technology and power grid technology is particularly important. At the same time, research topics such as \"the stability and safety of power system operation\" and \"Power flow analysis\" still need to be researched in the future.
## 4 Discussion
[62] applied LLLT of various wavelengths (670, 780, or 830 nm) to normal primary osteoblast (MC3T3) and malignant osteosarcoma (MG63) cell lines, which are osteogenic cell lines. They concluded that each cell line responds differently to cell proliferation and ALP activity depending on the specific wavelength and dose combination. [PERSON] et al. [63] demonstrated that a single laser exposure at a wavelength of 905 nm of rat fetal calvaria cells increased osteoblast differentiation. In addition, [PERSON] et al. [64] investigated human osteoblast-like cells (Saos-2) using a 1064 nm wavelength Nd:YAG laser, and they revealed that the increase in pulse energy, pulse repetition rate, and power output negatively affects cell viability and proliferation. In the present study, the LLLT energy was 810 nm, 80 mW, 1.2 J/cm\({}^{2}\), which was lower than that of the LLLT used in the aforementioned reports. It is very difficult to find the optimal dose of LLLT in osteoclast formation due to the many factors involved, such as the different methodologies, different cell types, and different radiation times and distances. [PERSON] et al. [65], when using LLLT with osteoblasts and osteoclasts, suggested setting up an LLLT investigation protocol using a wattmeter for LLLT treatment, as there may be significant differences between the actual emission power and the power applied to the cells. Taken together, we found that LLLT promotes osteoclast formation in RAW 264.7 cells through signaling pathways associated with NF-kB, MAPK (ERK, p38), c-Fos, and NFATc1. For patients with metabolic bone disease and various other diseases, the selection of an appropriate laser source and the standardization of radiation parameters are vital, and further studies are needed to optimize low-level laser treatment. Based on the results of this study, further exploration of this technique using different bone states, different LLLT parameters, and different follow-up periods will be of great value in helping to overcome bone diseases.
# LungVision: X-ray Imagery Classification for On-Edge Diagnosis Applications
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Model Quantization
#### 3.3.3 Quantization-Aware Training  
Quantization-aware training (QAT) [30] is a pre-training technique used to train neural networks while considering the effects of quantization on model performance. During training, QAT simulates the quantization process by applying quantization functions to both activations and weights, allowing the model to adapt to the reduced precision environment. QAT enables the neural network to learn representations that are more robust to quantization, resulting in improved accuracy when deployed on low-bit platforms such as edge devices or specialized hardware.
# Segmented Composite Optical Parametric Amplification
## 1 Introduction  
Some optical applications require short optical pulses with large peak power, which may be obtained with the help of optical parametric amplifiers (OPAs) [1; 2; 3; 4] that are among the most useful nonlinear optical devices. Optical parametric amplification consists of the nonlinear interaction of three waves. In this process, the two waves at the longer wavelengths--the input signal wave as well as the idler wave--gain power at the expense of the pump wave being at the shortest wavelength. In OPA, the main obstacle encountered when short pulses are used is to combine a high signal amplification and a sufficiently broad amplification bandwidth. The latter is limited because material dispersion imposes that, for a given wave interaction configuration, the exact phase-matching condition can be strictly satisfied only for a single set of wavelengths of the three waves. Presently, the most common way to achieve the combination of broadband and high amplification is to use chirped quasi-phase-matching [5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10]. Even though chirped quasi-phase-matching approaches have the advantage of being broadband, they require high pump input intensity and/or very long nonlinear crystals. Very high pump intensities have the drawback of a possible damage of the nonlinear crystal when they approach its damage threshold.  
In this paper, we explore an alternative method to achieve broadband amplification bandwidth together with high amplification. The technique involves a combination of quasi-phase-matching (QPM) gratings together with a segmentation of the crystal that implements the equivalent to the composite pulses approach used in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) to prepare given quantum states in a robust way [11; 12; 13] (see Appendix A). The present approach leads to a highly increased robustness of the nonlinear amplification process with respect to both the phase mismatch (associated to a change of wavelength or of temperature) and the coupling strength. Note that the approach presented here does not involve the stretching and chirping of the pulses before the parametric amplification and a final recompression, as used in Optical Parametric Chirped Pulse Amplification(OPCPA) [14; 15; 16; 17]. Such steps are generally necessary for the shortest (few cycles) pulses and the highest pulse energies to avoid excessive third order nonlinear effects and/or a damage of the samples.  
The paper is organized as following. Section 2 gives the general theory, and Section 3 describes the numerical approach and the simulation results obtained with the best crystal segmentation. Some practical examples are given for the important case of MgO-doped quasi phase-matched LiNbO\({}_{3}\). Finally, Section 4 summarizes.
## 7 Simulation Results and Analysis
### Service Request SR on Two Network Topologies  
#### 7.2.1 Comparison of Different Schemes  
To further verify the performance of the RAWC scheme, we applied the algorithm on both the six-node topology and the NSFNET topology. Figure 7,b illustrate the results of SR versus traffic load for the three schemes on the six-node network topology and the NSFNET topology, respectively, with other initial conditions consistent in both networks. The SR decreases as the traffic load increases in both networks, with the RAWC scheme always having a higher SR than the other two schemes. On NSFNET topology, the proposed RAWC scheme improves SR by 30% on average compared with the Dijkstra algorithm. When the traffic load increases to a certain level, the gap between the RA scheme and the RAWC scheme gradually decreases. The reason is that the moment of arrival of multi-service requests set in this paper is fixed. As the service traffic base increases, the proportion of service requests completed by the RAWC scheme compared to the RA scheme decreases, which will be reflected in Section 7.2.3.
# Aircraft Track Anomaly Detection Based on MOD-Bi-LSTM
## 2 Algorithm Description  
### Track Anomaly Detection Based on MOD-Bi-LSTM  
The aircraft track anomaly includes the track deviation and the track outliers. A track deviation means the flight of the aircraft deviates from the fixed flight route. The track outliers refers to the abnormal height, speed and heading of aircraft at some track points. The flowchart of the algorithm for track anomaly detection based on MOD-Bi-LSTM is shown in Figure 1.
## 2 System Description and Equations of Motion  
### Model Description  
The mechanical model under consideration consists of a flexible bar actuated by an SMA wire as it is shown in Figure 1. The SMA tendon is offset from the neutral axis of the rod by a fixed distance of \(a\). According to Figure 1, SMA wire connects the beginning and end of each section of length \(b\) of the entire beam length \(B\). Electric current \(i\) is the same throughout the wire and in every section of it.  
This electric current produces the same amount of force in each section of wire. The shape memory alloy wire is stretched in the austenitic state, cooled through the temperature range of the start and finish of the forward phase transition, and in the achieved martensitic state, the tensile load is removed. After that, the wire is embedded in the construction as described above. As the current is transmitted through the wire, it heats up, a reverse phase transition occurs, the phase deformations induced by the stretching of the wire disappear, its length is reduced and it generates forces that create a moment on the bar, causing it to bend to an angle \(\alpha\), Figure 2. By controlling the current, the deflection of the flexible bar becomes controllable.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Volatile Compound Profile of Hop Extracts Obtained under Different SFE-CO\({}_{2}\) Conditions  
SPME-GC\(\times\)GC-TOF-MS was employed to analyze the differences in the volatile compound composition of _Ella_ hop lipophilic extracts obtained under different SFE-CO\({}_{2}\) conditions (Table 5). Quantitative assessment was based on the peak area (AU\(\times\)10\({}^{7}\)), which is dependent on the amount of eluting from the GC column compound and is relevant for comparison purposes (Supplementary Materials, Table S4). The extract isolated at 10 MPa generated the highest total peak area, while pressure increase resulted in the lower peak area by 32 to 36%; however, it was not significantly different at 12.5, 15 and 37 MPa (Supplementary Materials, Table S4). These findings may be explained by the dilution of volatile and GC-detectable fraction by the nonvolatile components, which were recovered at remarkably higher yields at the higher pressures (Table 3). Comparing experimental mass spectra with various spectroscopic databases and retention indices with available literature data [24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30], 45 compounds belonging to the different chemical classes were identified in the tested SFE-CO\({}_{2}\) extracts: monoter hydrocarbons (8), oxygenated monoterpenes (1), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (11), oxygenated sesquiterpenenes (1), alcohols (2), aldehydes (1), ketones (2), fatty acids (4) and esters (15). [PERSON] et al. recently reported the importance of different fractions of hop essential oil constituents on the sensory flavor characteristics [43]. Consequently, the composition of volatiles may be important for developing various applications of hop extracts.
## 3 Results  
Using the MDA technique, the vapor lock effect was completely removed in 15 of the 25 cases. Using the PUI technique, the vapor lock was removed in only one sample out of 25. Vapor lock was reduced using MDA in nine samples compared to the 17 samples with PUI. PUI was ineffective at either reducing or removing vapor lock in seven samples compared to the single sample in MDA. The MDA method produced an average percentage reduction in vapor lock of 80%, whereas the PUI method produced a 55% reduction. A detailed representation of the results of our tests is provided in Table 1 and Figure 3.  
Figure 3: Outcomes of vapor lock removal with passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) or MDA. The average reduction in vapor lock was 80% with MDA and 54.6% with PUI; \(p\)-value = 0.0013, Mann–Whitney U test = 153.  
Figure 2: (**A**) After the formation of the vapor lock by PPI, the endo training blocks were numbered, positioned, and photographed on a support with a black background and a millimeter scale; (**C**) the block after activation by manual dynamic agitation (MDA) is repositioned on the support and photographed; (**B,D**) the photos were analyzed in ImageJ J, and the contours of the bubbles were delimited.  
The difference in the percentage of vapor lock removal assessed with the Mann-Whitney U test showed a significantly higher reduction (Figure 3) for MDA compared to PUI (\(p\)-value = 0.0013).