## 1 Introduction
[18] presented a CCPP integrating a Rankine cycle (RC), Bryton cycle (BC), and recovering regenerative ORCs, achieving 54.22 MW with 44.79% energy efficiency and 40.89% exergy efficiency, with R123 as the optimal fluid. It cost USD 1965.43/h and showed significant exergy destruction in the combustion chamber and high capital costs for the gas turbine. [PERSON] [19] explored heat recovery configurations in combined gas turbine (GT) and steam turbine (ST) cycle power plants. They proposed modifying the hot side temperature profile and installing two gas turbines with a shared single-pressure heat recovery steam generator and two alternative heat exchanger designs to improve conventional systems. [PERSON] et al. [20] analyzed two CCPPs, focusing on steam-injection systems. Design 1 generates steam in the HRSG, while design 2 uses a heat-recovery system from the compressor outlet. Both have a Rankine cycle (RC) with two pressure abstraction levels. Steam injection improves efficiency, mainly when generated outside the HRSG. [PERSON] et al. [21] analyzed a triple-pressure CCPP with reheat facilities, focusing on temperature gradients and exergy destruction. Critical parameters like the superheat pressure, reheat pressure, and steam quality significantly affected turbine output and efficiencies. Solar energy stands out in terms of various renewable energy sources as more desirable for delivering thermal electricity for power generation [22]. RES offers sustainability and can meet the world's energy demand. Hence, employing hybrid systems that combine fossil fuels with renewable energy (RE) can effectively mitigate fuel consumption while overcoming barriers associated with RES [23]. Enhancing plant efficiency and decreasing energy generation costs can be achieved by employing a hybrid power plant to meet energy demands. Numerous research studies focus on integrating the RES with the CCHP to enhance power plant efficiency and increase output power. For instance, [PERSON] et al. [24] conducted economic, exergy, and energy (3E) analyses on a power station integrated into a natural gas CCPP. Using direct steam generation (DSG) with parabolic trough collectors (PTCs), feed water preheated and evaporated in the solar field enhanced plant performance. The study showed energy and exergy efficiencies of 53.79% and 27.39%, respectively, with a 7.84% increase in plant output and a reduction in electricity generation costs from 7.4 to 6.7 cents/kWh. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [25] developed an SPRC system for electricity in Aden, Yemen, featuring PTCs, an RC, and a thermal storage tank. A 4E investigation revealed that the system produces a 50 MW net with 30.7% exergetic and 32.4% energy efficiency. [PERSON] et al. (2016) investigated the ISCC in Yazd, Iran, using thermodynamic, exergy, exergoeconomic, and exergoenvironmental analyses based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The ISCC achieved 48.25% thermal efficiency and 419,600 kW net power, with the equipment showing less than 10% avoidable exergy destruction, costs, and environmental impacts. [PERSON] et al. (2017) studied the integration of PTC solar power into CCPPs in Southern Poland to improve environmental performance. Their model predicted plant performance and exergy balance, showing that solar integration reduced CO2 emissions by 9% and slightly increased capital costs, making it an attractive and cost-effective solution. [PERSON] et al. (2018) proposed a hybrid energy system with a BC, RC, two ORCs, and renewable sources using CPVT panels. Optimal ORC fluids were R123 and ammonia. The system achieved 50.59% energy efficiency and 25.44% exergy efficiency, generating 524.66 kW of power. Annual costs were USD 107,034, with monthly CO2 emissions of 11,672 kg and 35,401 kg. Optimization improved exergy efficiency by 0.25% and reduced costs by USD 500 annually. [PERSON] et al. (2019) studied hybrid energy systems for Libya's Sarir power plant. They proposed an ISCC system with a closed BC, an RC using PTCs with waste heat, and an organic Rankine cycle. [PERSON] et al.