## 3 Results and Discussions
### Typical Samples of the Raw Data Collected During the Measurement Campaign
#### 3.2.2 Comparison of Measured Path Loss (MPL) with Predicted Path Loss Models (PPLMs) in Ikorodu  
As stated in the Method's section, four widely used Okumura-Hata family prediction models were investigated. Comparative analysis/plots of the MPL (dB) with the Okumura-Hata, COST-231, ECC-33, and Ericsson models are presented in Figure 3. The ECC-33 and Ericsson models overestimated the path loss and would not be suitable for use in the study  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Tx-Rx Distance** & **Mean MPL** & **Mean MPL** & **Overall** \\ (**km**) & **Dry Season (dB)** & **Wet Season (dB)** & **Mean MPL (dB)** \\ \hline
0.002 & 85.551 & 89.052 & 87.3015 \\
1.010 & 97.545 & 100.052 & 98.7985 \\
2.050 & 104.051 & 102.557 & 103.304 \\
3.090 & 105.550 & 109.053 & 107.3015 \\
4.010 & 96.052 & 109.054 & 102.553 \\
5.020 & 104.551 & 116.054 & 110.3025 \\
6.080 & 110.551 & 121.553 & 116.0515 \\
7.040 & 108.550 & 120.552 & 114.551 \\
8.000 & 113.038 & 124.565 & 118.8015 \\
9.000 & 118.052 & 130.054 & 124.053 \\
10.050 & 124.552 & 137.554 & 131.053 \\ \hline
**Mean** & **106.186** & **114.555** & **110.371** \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Mean measured path loss (MPL) for routes A and B for both dry and wet season months in Ikorodu.  
Figure 2: Comparison of measured path loss (MPL) for both wet and dry season months over distance.  
area. However, the Hata and COST-231 models slightly overestimated the losses, and the two presented almost the same values, with little deviation. Error analysis would determine the better model for prediction between them. In addition, the overall mean value of the measured data was 110.42 dB, while for the predicted data, they were 121.90, 123.55, 158.42, and 291.01 dB for the Hata, COST-231, Ericsson, and ECC-33 models, respectively, as presented in Table 6. The model with the closest prediction was Hata, followed by COST-231 and Ericsson, while ECC-33 predicted the highest overestimated value.  
2.3 Error Analysis of the PPLMs to Determine Their Degree of Reliability for Path Loss Prediction over the DTBS in Ikorodu  
Table 7 presents the results of the performance evaluation metrics of the four models. The Hata model performed the best, with the smallest RMSE, minimum error, maximum error, mean error, and skewness values of 13.540, 2.949, 19.515, 12.820, and 141.150, respectively for the urban calculations. For the suburban calculations for Ikorodu, the Hata model presented RMSE, minimum error, maximum error, mean error, and skewness values of 8.083, 0.323, 19.513, 5.636, and 62.50, respectively. The COST-231 followed the Hata model closely in performance, with RMSEs of 15.099 and 14.801 for the urban and suburban calculations, respectively. The mean RMSE for the Ikorodu computations in both environments using the Hata and COST-231 models were 10.812 and 14.95, respectively. These are the results of this study, using the mean values of both suburban and urban measured path loss for analysis. These RMSE values are still within the acceptable ranges, although many studies have projected maximum acceptable RMSE values of 7 and 15 dB for urban and suburban environments, respectively. These findings show that both the Hata and COST 231 models could be used for prediction. However, the Hata model is the preferred prediction model for use in the study area. Figure 4 presents the variations in the RMSE analyses for the models.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Path Loss** & **MPL (dB)** & **Hata Model (dB)** & **COST-231 (dB)** & **Ericsson (dB)** & **ECC-33 (dB)** \\ \hline Value & 110.42 & 121.90 & 123.55 & 158.42 & 291.01 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Comparison of the mean values of the measured and the predicted path loss models (PPLM) in the study environment.  
Figure 3: Comparison of measured and predicted path loss values in the Ikorodu environment.  
Results and Discussion of Findings over the Digital Transmitting Base Station (DTBS) Channel in Akure