## 5 Current and Prospective Solutions to Enhance 5G Security  
As we are witnessing an exponential growth in the deployment of 5G networks, it is imperative to address the associated security concerns [4]. These issues include technical vulnerabilities, regulatory ambiguities, and potential threats from a diverse group of malicious actors. To fortify the security stance of 5G networks, a myriad of current and prospective solutions is being explored. These solutions are multilayered and operate in various aspects of the network, such as technical, organizational, regulatory, and user-based levels. Technical solutions form the bedrock of 5G security, as they directly deal with the various threats and vulnerabilities [6]. The first line of defense usually involves robust encryption protocols. Advanced encryption standards, such as the 256-bit AES, are being used to secure communication channels in 5G networks. Moreover, ML and AI are increasingly playing a significant role in 5G network security. These technologies are used for anomaly detection, intrusion detection, and rapid response to potential threats [7]. They help in identifying patterns of malicious activities even when they vary from previously identified threats, thereby improving the network's adaptive capabilities. Blockchain technology is also being leveraged for decentralizing security control, which significantly reduces the chances of single-point security failure. blockchain technology can be utilized for secure device authentication in 5G networks [100]. Organizational and regulatory solutions are equally vital in enhancing 5G security. These involve the adoption of best practices, risk management frameworks, and adherence to international standards and regulations. Organizations are encouraged to adopt a risk-based approach for their cybersecurity initiatives. This involves identifying the most critical assets, potential threats to those assets, and implementing effective countermeasures. Regulatory bodies play a crucial role in ensuring adherence to the established security standards and guidelines. They work on the international harmonization of 5G security standards to avoid regional discrepancies and loopholes that may be exploited. Traditional rule-based systems, designed for earlier network generations, find themselves outpaced by the dynamic and diverse nature of 5G traffic. Consequently, the arena of network security is witnessing a paradigm shift towards AI and ML security solutions [9; 39]. These advanced technologies, with their capability to learn and adapt from data, are uniquely positioned to detect complex patterns and predict potential anomalies with impressive accuracy. By perpetually training on fresh data, they ensure that the detection mechanisms remain relevant to the ever-evolving threat environment. Table 9 encapsulates various security solutions deployed in 5G networks, categorizing them based on their examples, strengths, and weaknesses. Machine learning and AI offer high adaptability and real-time threat detection but are resource-intensive. Blockchain technology provides robust IoT security but faces scalability issues. Software-Defined Networking and Network Function Virtualization contribute to enhanced network flexibility but introduce new vulnerabilities. Encryption methods like the AES and homomorphic encryption provide robust security but have their own limitations, such as speed and quantum resistance. Organizational measures help set security benchmarks but require initial investment and continuous compliance efforts. User education aims to reduce human-related errors but its effectiveness depends on continuous educational initiatives and user engagement [91; 101; 102].