# May the Extensive Farming System of Small Ruminants Be Smart?
## 3 Results  
### Precision Livestock Farming in Extensive Small Ruminant Farming  
Small ruminant farms are numerous and very varied (in terms of using sheep or goats, local breeds, and different production purposes and degrees of intensification). However, they all contribute to maintaining natural habitats and biodiversity [15]. To increase profit margins, according to market demands, farmers are abandoning traditional small ruminant farming and moving towards more specialised extensive forms (all-grass or organic lambs; fine wool) or intensive production systems (dairy sheep and goats) [23]. In both systems, there is a labour shortage and a low presence of young people in the small ruminant sector. Extensive systems, which cover a lot of global agricultural land, have significant socio-economic importance worldwide for maintaining ecosystem services. Therefore, the application of technologies in management could solve some problems. Precision Livestock Farming in extensive animal farms includes wearable sensors, environmental monitoring equipment, and remote sensing, which can monitor production, solve management problems, and improve efficiency in resource management and decision-making processes [19,23]. Over time, most farmers have shown a greater interest in technologies, adopting systems adapted to their needs, such as mechanical milking, electric fencing, and solar panels [22,38,39]. They seem to appreciate technologies that interfere less with consolidated routines and that they can take care of and manage autonomously [6,40]. However, precision farming systems and new technologies require acquiring new skills (technical, IT, and data management skills) and, therefore, the presence of specialised technicians to follow farmers. Technological applications in intensive systems of small ruminants have reduced labour and increased production, as noted in previous research [16,37] on the use of electronic identification (EID) systems for semi-automatic milk registration in goats and sheep. As reported by [39] [PERSON] et al. [6,41], little information is available on extensive systems. Until 2018, there were not many articles published per year. There was a peak in 2019 (with 59 articles). Their results show that significant publications on precision farming in extensive systems come from Europe, with Asia ranking second due to Europe's greater research capacity and financial resources. From the bibliography analysis, the sheep is the species of concern that has been raised extensively. Research regarding extensive breeding has been recorded recently for cattle and small ruminants on pasture [6,37,39,40,41]. The term \"behavior\" applies to cattle since behaviour control is fundamental for precision systems. Sheep farming is of particular interest for milk and meat production. Studies on animal behaviour have used wearable sensors, and the activities monitored have mainly been eating, grazing, resting, stationary behaviour, standing, walking, trotting, running, and scratching [30,42]. The study of behaviour has also involved grazing animals, as reported by [PERSON] et al. [43], with attention to feeding activities and standing or walking with heads down. Observing behaviour is a valid tool for the rational use of pasture and the correct satisfaction of the nutritional needs of small ruminants [7] as it is also helpful for identifying states of animal distress such as lameness. Sensors monitoring an animal's behaviour reduce the need for the visual observation of animals [42], allowing for obtaining information on stress, diseases, lameness and daily feed consumption [44]. [PERSON] et al. [33] reported that walking and scratching were grouped as active behaviours while standing and resting were grouped as inactive behaviours to detect potential dis eases. [PERSON] et al.