esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Catalytic Evaluation in the NO Reduction with Hydrogen
On the other hand, previous studies of CuO reduction with H\({}_{2}\) by in-situ XRD claimed that under analogous experimental conditions, CuO was directly reduced into Cu\({}^{0}\) without the formation of intermediate oxides such as Cu\({}_{2}\)O or Cu\({}_{4}\)O\({}_{3}\)[58; 59]. Likewise, the same authors studied the effect of the oxidation of metallic copper in similar conditions used in this report. Their results demonstrated that despite the fact that Cu\({}_{2}\)O is a stable intermediate oxide, only CuO was present at the end of the treatment. These results are in agreement with the information revealed by XRD and Raman spectroscopy of our fresh and used catalysts with no clear evidence for the presence of intermediate oxides (Figure 4 and Figure S5 in Supplementary Materials). This would indicate that the active site is metallic copper, remaining as CuO or Cu-O adsorbed species after reaction. Additionally, NO\({}_{2}\) formation for CuAsc/SiO\({}_{2}\) at 300 and 500 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and for CuOB/SiO\({}_{2}\) at 500 \({}^{\circ}\)C could be associated with the adsorption of NO on the oxidized copper sites (see Figure 10). Then, in a second step, the reduction to metallic copper regenerates the active site with the subsequent oxidation of NO and release of NO\({}_{2}\)[23].
# A Simple and Stable Atmospheric Pressure Electrodeless Water Vapor Microwave Plasma Torch
## 4 Conclusions  
In conclusion, we experimentally demonstrate a simple and stable electrodeless microwave plasma device as an atmospheric pressure water vapor microwave plasma source. The water vapor microwave plasma torch combustion process is investigated systematically. The results show that the microwave plasma torch can excite lasting and stably when the microwave power is greater than 800 W, and the height of the plasma torch increases with the increase in power. At the same time, it is also found that the plasma torch will make the top of the ceramic in a molten state instead of corroding the electrode during the excitation process. The XRD test confirmed that the crystallinity of the ceramic was improved after discharge. In addition, the dissociation of water vapor by microwave was confirmed by an emission spectrum. With the introduced ceramic, it is possible to design an even simpler and smaller water vapor microwave plasma torch for special applications.  
The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app12136813/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app12136813/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app12136813/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app12136813/s1)). Video S1. Water vapor plasma torch at 700 W. Video S2. Wick discharge under microwave excitation. Video S3. Discharge process of water vapor on ceramic tube.  
Data curation, Q.T., Z.H., X.C. and Z.T.; Formal analysis, Z.H.; Funding acquisition, Q.T. and J.T.; Investigation, Q.T. and Z.H.; Methodology, Z.H.; Project administration, J.T.; Software, Z.T. and J.T.; Writing--original draft, Q.T., Z.H., X.C., Z.T. and J.T.; Writing--review & editing, Q.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by [National Key Scientific Facility] grant number [51727901] and the APC was funded by [Qiang Tang].  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# A Novel Consistent Quality Driven for JEM Based Distributed Video Coding
## 2 Relevant Background Works  
DVC has attracted significant attention in the last decade due to its specific coding features, notably a flexible distribution of the codec complexity, inherent error resilience, and codec independent scalability [18]. In this section, we briefly describe the state-of-the-art DVC codec, namely DISCOVER DVC, and recent works on DVC.  
The DISCOVER DVC codec [10] is one of the most efficient codec in literature and the most widely used as a reference benchmark for evaluating the performance of a DVC codec [7] among the different DVC codecs following the Stanford architecture. In DISCOVER DVC, the input video is separated into two parts: the key and WZ frames. The key frames are encoded while using conventional H.264/AVC Intra coding, due to its low-encoding complexity, and the WZ frames are coded while using WZ coding scheme, as shown in Figure 1. Typically, the key frames are periodically inserted with a certain GOP size. Most of the results available in the literature use a GOP size of 2, which means that odd and even frames are the key and WZ frames, respectively. For each WZ frame coding, an integer \(4\times 4\) block-based Discrete cosine transform (DCT) is applied prior to quantization. The quantized values are then split into bitplanes, which go through a low density parity check code (LDPC) encoder, as shown in Figure 1.  
At the decoder, the use of motion-compensated interpolation or extrapolation schemes that are based on the previously decoded frames generates the side information estimated for the WZ frames. Along with the parity bits generated in the WZ coding, this side information is utilized in the LDPC  
Figure 1: DISCOVER distributed video coding (DVC) architecture.  
decoder to reconstruct the encoded bitplanes, and then to decode the WZ frames. More details regarding the description of DISCOVER DVC architecture can be referred to in [10].  
Recently, there are several researches that have been introduced to improve the performance of DVC codecs, including the correlation noise modelling (CNM) [19], the side information improvement [20; 21], and distributed scalable video coding (DSVC) [22], etc. Among them, the solutions for high performance key frame coding and consistent video quality are essential issues, since these issues play an important role not only as the most meaningful benchmark for low coding complexity, but also as the essential factors for improving the user's QoE. In the following sections, we describe the proposed methods for these issues in detail.
## 4 WiGuard Overview  
### Channel Interference  
The IEEE 802.11 is widely used for public WiFi, and it usually works on 2.4 GHz, which is between 2400 MHz and 2500 MHz. The 2.4 GHz is divided into 13 frequency bands (only Channel 1-Channel 13 are considered just because Channel 14 is only used in Japan and only 802.11b can support Channel 14 in Japan) [37], and each frequency band is 22 MHz. However, there are 13 channels in the 100-MHz frequency band, and that will lead to overlaps between frequency bands. The overlaps between frequency bands will cause channel interference.  
However, when the central frequency spacing of two frequency bands is more than 22 MHz, there will exist no channel interference between these two frequency bands. Generally, Channel 1, Channel 6 and Channel 11 are chosen to be used simultaneously. Besides Channel 1, Channel 6 and Channel 11; if the devices support, there are two other groups of channels that do not interfere with each other, and they are: Channel 2, Channel 7, Channel 12; Channel 3, Channel 8 and Channel 13.  
For those 13 channels, there are four channels that overlap the same channel. Thus, if an AP uses a certain channel, its neighbor AP must use the channel of the eight remaining un-overlapped channels; otherwise, there will exist channel interference between these two neighbor APs.  
Furthermore, among the four overlapped channels, the channel interference is different between the two neighbor APs when the channel spacing between them is different, because the overlaps between the two channels are different. For example, the overlap between Channel 2 and Channel 1 is 77.27%, while the overlap between Channel 3 and Channel 1 is 54.55%. Thus, the channel interference between Channel 2 and Channel 1 is stronger than that between Channel 3 and Channel 1.  
Prior research works have also demonstrated that the adjacent channel is harmful in the 802.11 network [33, 38]. [PERSON] et al. [17] validated that when there are plenty of wireless transmitters in a region, the co-channel interference will greatly reduce the network output: the output of TCP reduces from 9 Mbps-2 Mbps; the output of UDP also reduces, and it reduces from 9.7 Mbps-8.6 Mbps. In order to prevent the neighbor wireless transmitters from interfering with each other, there are many channel assignment methods proposed for WLANs [14, 15, 16, 39].
# Towards Digital-Twin Assisted Software-Defined Quantum Satellite Networks
## 5 Results
Moreover, Figure 10 shows the time required to configure the E2E path through the loop part of the proposed protocol, represented in Figure 4. It is important to note that only the time required to cross the constellation satellites is considered here and not the time related to the terrestrial path from the MCS to the GSs, which does not depend on the constellation kinematics. Figure 11 represents the measured latency to obtain an entanglement between the couple of GSs. Considering that although it is a TG, the obtained paths have a lifetime equal to the related reference time interval. Furthermore, as shown from Figure 11, the average latency value is around 100 ms.  
Figure 10: Time interval required for the configuration of the E2E path. Figure 9: Performance of the best path configured according to the optimization performed by the DT compared with a suboptimal one. Furthermore, we evaluated the achievable fidelity on the satellite paths under optimal atmospheric conditions. In particular, Figure 12 illustrates that values above 0.8 can be attained, thereby demonstrating that the quantum states produced have a fidelity that is above the minimum acceptable threshold. An additional study on the scalability of the entire system could provide significant data for the creation of an efficient architecture where the MCS manages a large number of users by evaluating the capabilities under certain conditions.
## 4 Research on the Influence of Track Structure Stiffness Change on Track Deformation
### Analysis of Sensitivity Indexes of Vehicle-Track System Dynamics Response
#### 5.2.1 Wheel-Rail Contact Force Analysis  
The change range of wheel-rail contact stress coefficient sensitivity indexes with different structural stiffness is shown in Figure 24, which shows:  
The wheel-rail vertical force is less affected by the change of the track structure stiffness, and the wheel-rail lateral force is most affected by the vertical stiffness under rail but slightly affected by stiffness. Increasing the vertical stiffness under rail is beneficial to reduce the wheel-rail lateral force but increasing the lateral stiffness under rail will increases it, which is not conducive to maintaining the lateral train stability.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Dynamic Response Coefficient of**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Track Structure Parameter Sensitivity Index**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & \(\epsilon_{\text{2D}}\) & \(\epsilon_{\text{2D}}\) & \(\epsilon_{\text{3D}}\) & \(\epsilon_{\text{4D}}\) \\ \hline Wheel-rail vertical force & \(-0.018\) & \(0.044\) & \(-0.016\) & \(-0.020\) \\ Wheel-rail lateral force & \(-0.218\) & \(0.152\) & \(0.112\) & \(0.058\) \\ Deraliment coefficient & \(-0.150\) & \(0.115\) & \(0.405\) & \(-0.185\) \\ Wheel load reduction rate & \(-0.337\) & \(0.047\) & \(-0.560\) & \(0.020\) \\ Wear coefficient & \(-0.332\) & \(-0.229\) & \(0.192\) & \(-0.097\) \\ Rail vertical displacement & \(-0.276\) & \(0.465\) & \(2.244\) & \(-0.357\) \\ Rail lateral displacement & \(-0.293\) & \(-0.191\) & \(0.184\) & \(-0.081\) \\ Gauge expansion & \(-0.083\) & \(-0.314\) & \(0.153\) & \(-0.211\) \\ Lateral acceleration of vehicle body & \(-0.404\) & \(-1.494\) & \(1.244\) & \(3.006\) \\ Vertical acceleration of vehicle body & \(0.031\) & \(-0.636\) & \(0.090\) & \(0.077\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 12: Sensitivity indexes of vehicle-track system dynamic response under different track structure parameters.  
Figure 24: Sensitivity indexes of wheel–rail contact force coefficient. (**a**) Wheel–rail vertical force and (**b**) Wheel–rail lateral force.
## 3 Digital Beam Control and Beamforming Algorithm Design
Each receiving channel adjusts its phase based on this phase difference, completing the beamforming process [29]. In the design of the LEO satellite broadcast signal reception terminal in this article, the K7 series high-capacity FPGA produced by Fudan Microelectronics was chosen, with the model number JKM7K325T. The beamforming algorithm was implemented on this chip, which provides a large resource margin, including 840 DSPs, 50,950 slices, 890 18K RAM blocks, 326,080 logic units, and 500 I/O ports. With the use of two chips, less than 15% and 20% of the resources are required to complete the beamforming and tracking of five satellite signals, and the system can be expanded to support 12 to 24 signals. The beamforming process involves 32 DDCs and more than five beam vector weight accumulations. The frequency-shifting algorithm, which replaces multipliers with logic resources and is widely used in spread-spectrum receivers, greatly reduces the power consumption of DDC resources. Traditional DDC algorithms use fixed-point multiplication, which consumes significant multiplier resources. However, for spread-spectrum receivers, the algorithm proposed in this paper can be implemented using equivalent logic resources,thereby greatly reducing resource consumption. The total resource consumption for the 32-channel DDC is only 128 \(\times\) 32 slices = 4096 slices. For the beam vector weighted accumulation of multiple channels, complex weighted accumulation is used. Each channel requires four multiplications, consuming two 18 \(\times\) 18-bit multipliers, and each channel requires ten array elements for phase synthesis, thus consuming 10 \(\times\) 2 = 20 18 \(\times\) 18-bit multipliers. Therefore, for 10 beamforming channels, only 200 multipliers are required. Since the JKM7K325T chip has 840 multipliers, this is well within its resource capacity. In terms of complex addition, 10 complex additions are needed, consuming 10 \(\times\) 64 = 640 slices. Therefore, in terms of multipliers, up to 32 beamforming channels can be supported. In terms of slice usage, at least 64 beamforming channels can be supported, and considering the DSP resources, the chip can support the simultaneous beamforming of up to 32 satellites. Thus, the optimized DDC and beamforming algorithms significantly reduce the FPGA resource consumption (especially multipliers), enabling the implementation of up to 32 beamforming channels on this chip. Currently, only five channels are used, consuming only 15% of the resources, leaving significant room for expansion. Based on the above description of chip resource utilization, the computational and memory resources required for the digital beamforming process, as well as those available on the FPGA chip, are shown in Table 1.
# Single-Mode Polymer Ridge Waveguide Integration of Organic Thin-Film Laser
###### Abstract  
Organic thin-film lasers (OLAS) are promising optical sources when it comes to flexibility and small-scale manufacturing. These properties are required especially for integrating organic thin-film lasers into single-mode waveguides. Optical sensors based on single-mode ridge waveguide systems, especially for Lab-on-a-chip (LoC) applications, usually need external laser sources, free-space optics, and coupling structures, which suffer from coupling losses and mechanical stabilization problems. In this paper, we report on the first successful integration of organic thin-film lasers directly into polymeric single-mode ridge waveguides forming a monolithic laser device for LoC applications. The integrated waveguide laser is achieved by three production steps: nanoimprint of Bragg gratings onto the waveguide cladding material EpoClad, UV-Lithography of the waveguide core material EpoCore, and thermal evaporation of the OLAS material Alq\({}_{3}\):DCM2 on top of the single-mode waveguides and the Bragg grating area. Here, the laser light is analyzed out of the waveguide facet with optical spectroscopy presenting single-mode characteristics even with high pump energy densities. This kind of integrated waveguide laser is very suitable for photonic LoC applications based on intensity and interferometric sensors where single-mode operation is required.  
integrated optics and photonics; integrated polymer optics; organic laser; integration; polymeric waveguide; Lab-on-a-Chip Article
## 2 Power Packet and its Routing  
The structure of the power packet is depicted in the time domain in Figure 1[2]. The amount of supplied power per packet is regulated by changing the length of the payload or modulating the payloads. The header and footer are physically attached to the payload as a tag. The tag contains several pieces of information such as the address of the source and the destination of the load. The footer is the mark of the end of the packet. The electric power and the information tag are transferred together in a packet in the same physical layer.  
Figure 2 shows a conceptual diagram of the power packet dispatching system. The system consists of multiple power sources, multiple loads, a mixer, a router, and a distribution line between the mixer and router. Each of these sources and loads is assigned a unique address. Figures 3 and 4 depict the circuit diagram of the mixer used in the experiment and a schematic diagram of the router shown in [2], respectively. The mixer has already been implemented and tested. The mixer sorts the packets from various sources to prevent overlapping of the payloads by controlling the switches on the lines. Thus, the mixer performs the time-division multiple access (TDMA). The router receives the packets and reads  
each header and footer. The router controls its switches according to the address included in the header and sends the power packets to the objective loads.  
This power packetization leads to the _digitization_ of electrical power transfer system. Figure 5 shows a schematic diagram of the proposed power packet dispatching system in the general communication system by [PERSON] [7]. With a digitized power transfer system, a similar theory based on [PERSON]'s communication theory may be applied and will be the target of our future study. At the same time, it is worth noting that power packetization can apply _coloring_ of the electric power, _i.e._, each load can receive the power delivered from a source suitable to its requirements.  
Figure 1: Structure of the power packet.  
Figure 3: Schematic of the mixer.  
Figure 2: Concept of the power packet dispatching system.
# Magnetic Abrasive Finishing of Beta-Titanium Wire Using Multiple Transfer Movement Method
## 1 Introduction  
Materials with good mechanical properties are needed in high-tech applications. Therefore, many studies are being conducted to achieve high accuracy and improve the quality of products, particularly with regard to surface properties. Many machining methods have been adopted for high-precision processing technology [1, 2]. However, the surface accuracy results obtained are not satisfactory in many industries. Wire titanium comes in the form of pure titanium alloy, which has been widely used in eyeglasses frames because of its good elasticity, resilience, and ability to bend to fit the shape of the face. Beta titanium is lighter than regular titanium and can be a good alternative material for weight reduction because it is stronger, resistant to heat, and shows less deformation and deterioration caused by salt [3]. Thus, it has been applied in clinical situations, for example, in braces for teeth. However, beta-titanium alloy is difficult to machine due to its low thermal conductivity. The magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) process is an ultra-precision machining technique which uses magnetic fields to process hard-to-work pieces [4, 5, 6]. [PERSON] et al. [7] applied the magnetic abrasive finishing process to achieve a high surface quality of magnesium alloy bar (\(\O 3\) mm \(\times\) 50 mm). His result showed that the value of surface roughness was reduced 0.02 \(\upmu\)m after the finishing process within 20 s. [PERSON] et al. [8] used the magnetic abrasive finishing process for cylindrical surface finishing of SKD11 steel material (\(\O 15\) mm \(\times\) 80 mm). His result showed that after the finishing process, the best surface roughness (Ra) of 0.042 \(\upmu\)m was achieved by 180 \(\upmu\)m steel grit abrasive.  
However, workpieces made of small diameter beta-titanium alloy wire may experience fractures and micro-cracks due to the high pressure of the magnetic abrasive finishing process [9; 10; 11; 12]. Therefore, the magnetic abrasive finishing process must be employed with new processing parameters such as a wire moving system (WMS), a wire vibration system (WVS), or a combination of WMS and WVS.  
We conducted a study to identify the optimal conditions for beta-titanium workpieces using a magnetic abrasive finishing process with multiple transfer movement methods. The experiments were carried out with various abrasive particle sizes, rotational speeds, finishing gaps, and multiple transport motion methods under the chosen processing conditions.
## 5 ML Intersection with 6G Enabling Technologies
### ML and THz/mmWave Convergence for 6G Wireless Communication
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Ref** & **ML Algorithm** & **Application** & **Outcome** \\ \hline
[134] & RFC and SVM & Beam selection optimization & The proposed approach lowered the complexity of the system by 99.8\%. \\ \hline
[135] & K-Means, AHC, and DBSCAN & User cluster optimization & The AHC approach outperformed the other methods in terms of merge cost and sum data rates for both primary and secondary users. \\ \hline
[137] & ADMM & Power allocation & The proposed scheme achieved faster convergence, higher EE, and lower power consumption. \\ \hline
[136] & k-means & User clustering and power allocation & ML integration enhanced the performance of the system and yielded a good tradeoff between performance and complexity. \\ \hline
[139] & XGBoost classifier & Handover succession prediction & The proposed integrated ML approach yielded improvement in the inter-RAT handover success rate. \\ \hline
[138] & Efficient beamforming & Federated DRL & The proposed approach achieved a significant reduction in communication overhead and the model learned to steer beams with superior performance. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Summary of ML and THz/mm Wave convergence for optimized 6G wireless networks. Figure 3: Illustration of the performance of the different beam selection schemes in terms of computational complexity ratio. Adapted from [134].