# Human Factor Issues in Remote Ship Operations: Lesson Learned by Studying Different Domains
## 4 Results
### Relationships between Human Factor Issues  
Table 3 presents relationships between human factor issues in the context of remote ship operations and how these issues affect each other and human interactions. It highlights decision-making as a human factor issue that is highly integrated into the context of SCCs and reflects the impact of other human factor issues. In Table 3, only the human factors that affect each other are presented. The negative and positive relationships between these issues are identified as well. Some human factors can have both a positive and negative effect on each other. For instance, good teamwork via effective work with team members, commitment to team processes and success [65]--derived from high-quality human-human interactions--can positively affect the different aspects of decision making. In this respect, good teamwork does not include jealously [66] between the SCC operators, captain, and engineers, is centered around improving communication and takes all team members seriously [66]. On the other hand, poor teamwork can lead to poor decisions within an SCC. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**SA** & **Teamwork** & **Skill** & **High Level of** & **Communication** & **Decision** \\  & & **Degradation** & **Workload** & **Challenges** & **Making** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & & & Low level of SA \\  & & & has a negative \\  & & & effect on \\  & & & decision \\  & & & making \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Relationship matrix (relationships between human factor issues). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**SA**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Teamwork**} & **Skill Degradation** & **High Level of Workload** & **Communication Challenges** & **Decision Making** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Skill Degradation**} & & & & Skill degradation affects the decision making negatively \\ \cline{2-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{2-5}  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**High Level of Workload**} & & & High workload affects the decision making negatively \\ \cline{2-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{2-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{2-5}  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Boredom**} & & & & \\ \cline{2-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{2-5}  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Communication Challenges**} & & & Communication challenges have negative effect on teamwork & Communication challenges affect the decision making negatively \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Lack of Direct Sensory**} & & & Lack of direct sensory information leads to communication of SA negatively & Lack of direct sensory information has negative effect on decision making \\ \cline{2-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{2-5}  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Human machines Interfaces**} & & & Lack of direct sensory information is sensory information has negative effect of SA negatively, efficient performance affect increases affect affect affect affect affect affect as an a positive way. & Lack of direct direct sensory information has negative effect the decision making positively and negatively \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Fatigue**} & & & & \\ \cline{2-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{2-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{2-5}  & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: _Cont._The authors analyzed the literature and extracted the relationship between human factors. This information can provide knowledge in relation to the importance of each human factor and, therefore, it could form a baseline for future studies. For instance, the quality and design of human-machine interfaces can affect the level of SA, workload, communication challenges and also decision making. [PERSON] et al. (2016) highlighted suitable data presentation at the human-machine interface as one of the technological aspects of decision making. This implies that good design and efficient human-machine interfaces may solve a wide range of problems regarding communication, workload, level of SA and decision making. As seen in Table 3, a lack of direct sensory information leads to a lower level of SA.