###### Abstract  
The introduction of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems has the potential to alleviate urban traffic congestion. However, in certain cities in China, the increasing prevalence of privately owned vehicles, combined with the underutilization of bus lanes due to infrequent bus departures, has contributed to heightened congestion in general lanes. The advent of Internet of Things (IoT) technology offers a promising opportunity to develop intelligent public transportation systems, facilitating efficient management through seamless information transmission to end devices. This paper presents an IoT-based shared bus lane (IoT-SBL) that integrates intersection information, real-time traffic queuing conditions, and bus location data to encourage passenger vehicles to utilize the bus lane. This encouragement can be communicated through traditional signaling methods or future Infrastructure-to-Vehicle (I2V) and Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication technologies. To evaluate the effectiveness of the IoT-SBL strategy, we proposed a stochastic model that incorporates queuing effects and derived a series of performance metrics through model analysis. The experimental findings indicated that the IoT-SBL strategy significantly reduces vehicle queuing, decreases vehicle delays, enhances intersection throughput efficiency, and lowers fuel consumption compared to the traditional bus lane strategy. Bus Rapid Transit; shared lane; traffic management; vehicle queuing modelling 2025 8 7  
of general traffic is a persistent challenge that requires innovative solutions to ensure BRT systems effectively serve all road users [7; 8]. One promising approach to mitigate the negative effects of dedicated bus lanes on general traffic is the concept of the Intermittent Bus Lane (IBL). The foundational principles of IBL systems were first introduced by [PERSON] and [PERSON], who analyzed the viability of such systems [9; 10; 11]. Unlike traditional bus lanes, IBLs are designed to allow general traffic to use the bus lane when no buses are present, thus optimizing road use and reducing congestion. Initially proposed to enhance flexibility, IBL systems allow private vehicles to utilize the bus lane during off-peak periods, which helps reduce congestion without compromising bus service efficiency [12]. This concept has gained traction as a potential solution to balance bus priority and general traffic flow when the bus lane is underutilized [13]. In practice, the operation of an IBL involves dynamic control systems, such as Variable Message Signs (VMS) and embedded longitudinal \"spiral\" lights, which inform drivers of approaching buses and indicate when it is prohibited to enter the bus lane. These systems aim to minimize disruptions to bus operations while allowing general vehicles to use the lane when no buses are present. Thus, the lane functions as a bus-only lane when buses are approaching but is open to general traffic at other times. The intermittent bus lane concept provides a potential means to reduce congestion while preserving the efficiency benefits of BRT systems [14]. Despite the initial promise of IBLs, a significant design flaw was revealed in earlier studies [14; 15]. Specifically, the framework allowed general vehicles to enter the bus lane ahead of an approaching bus, without requiring those already in the lane to exit. This led to the formation of queues, causing delays for buses and reducing the overall efficiency of the system. This raised concerns about the effectiveness of IBL systems in maintaining bus priority [16; 17]. To address this issue, several studies proposed modifications to the IBL system to ensure buses retain priority [12; 18; 19]. These modifications focused on requiring vehicles in the bus lane to exit when a bus is approaching, thus preventing the formation of queues and maintaining bus operations. This led to the development of the Bus Lane with Intermittent Priority (BLIP) concept, a refined version of the IBL system.