esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Modeling of a Coal Transshipment Complex Based on a Queuing Network
## 4 Computational Experiment
### Experiment 1. Evaluation of the Current Performance of the Complex  
Table 5 shows the results of simulating QN-1. The incoming flow, given by matrices (2), corresponds to a coal volume receipt of 23 million tons yearly.  
Let us interpret the modeling results (Table 5) in terms of the object considered and analyze them.  
1. All requests enter the system freely, so the loss probability \(P_{L}=0\). At the same time, the channel blocking duration (\(b_{1}=0.1\)) at Node 1 is one of the smallest among all nodes. Consequently, trains arrive and depart from the receiving yard without any hindrance. The situation is similar at Terminal 1 (Node 3).
2. For Node 4 (cargo yard), the channel load factor \(K_{4}=\overline{K}_{4}/n_{4}=0.66\) (\(n_{4}\) is the number of channels) and \(K_{6}=0.37\), \(K_{9}=0.65\), and \(K_{10}=0.65\) for Nodes 6, 9, and 10, respectively. It means that the subsystems for unloading coal from cars and transporting it to Daltransugol JSC are loaded at no more than 66%.
3. The longest blocking duration among Nodes 6, 9, and 10 is \(b_{10}=32.5\) days. This means that the conveyor system is idle 32.5/90 \(\times\) 100 = 36% of the time due to the lack of vessels.
4. At the initial time moment, the queue length at Node 8 (warehouse) is 4286 requests, and at the end of the simulation, \(LC=12303\). Consequently, 11.5 vessels per month are not enough to depart the incoming volume of coal, and the warehouse will be overfilled within six months.  
Thus, the current complex load does not exceed 66% and the volume of coal transshipment can be significantly increased. The limiting factor is the size of the bulk carrier fleet. Thus, during the observation period, the average number of dispatches is 11.5 per month. Perhaps, in the future, their number will be increased, which is indirectly confirmed by the following.  
One loader fills the hold of a vessel with the largest capacity (114 thousand tons) at an average of 114,000/4200 = 27.1 h. If we take into account the duration of other operations that are performed before departure (replenishment of supplies, preparation of documents, technical breaks) [2], then the average time for loading vessels can be estimated at 1.5-1.6 days. This value is close to the average time the request spends in the queue at Node 11 (5850.6/60 \(-\) 58.27 = 39.24 h), which can be interpreted as the average time the vessel spends at the berth. If we consider this value as the service time, then the throughput of the berthing cargo yard will increase by 32.7%. Next, let us assume the average carrier loading time is 39.24 h and evaluate the maximum performance of the complex.
# A Reversed-Phase HPLC Method for Determination of Osteopontin in Infant Formula
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Method Validation
#### 3.2.2 Linearity, LOD and LOQ  
A linear correlation was observed between the concentration of OPN standards and their peak areas obtained following this method. The calibration curve (Figure 2) suggests high level of correlation coefficient (\(r^{2}=0.9999\)) in a range of 0.625 to 5 mg/L OPN attesting the linearity of the method. Moreover, as a constitutive element of HPLC method validation, the LOD and LOQ were calculated following Section 2.4.3 and found as 0.14 and 0.41 mg/L respectively, indicating high sensitivity of this method.
# Structural Augmentation in Seismic Data for Fault Prediction
## 2 Methods
### Adding Virtual Faults  
As shown in Figure 3, the simulation of the virtual fault structures is divided into four parts in this study: fault reference plane, fault near-field displacement, fault surface, and fault drag. The initial reference plane of a fault can be defined by the reference point \((X_{0},Y_{0},Z_{0})\), azimuth \(\Phi\), and dip angle \(\Theta\)[96]:  
\[\left[\begin{array}{c}\tilde{X}\\ \tilde{Y}\\ \tilde{Z}\end{array}\right]=\mathbb{R}\left[\begin{array}{c}X-X_{0}\\ Y-Y_{0}\\ Z-Z_{0}\end{array}\right]\qquad\mathbb{R}=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\sin\Phi& \cos\Phi&0\\ \cos\Phi\cos\Theta&-\sin\Phi\cos\Theta&\sin\Theta\\ \cos\Phi\sin\Theta&\sin\Phi\sin\Theta&-\cos\Theta\end{array}\right], \tag{5}\]  
where \(\mathbb{R}\) is the coordinate rotation matrix, which defines the normal direction of the reference plane as \(\tilde{Z}\), the strike direction as \(\tilde{X}\), and the dip direction as \(\tilde{Y}\) (Figure 3a).
# Intelligent Prediction of Nitro Oxide Capture in Designable Ionic Liquids
## 5 Conclusions  
In this study, intelligent predictions of N\({}_{2}\)O capture in several different ionic liquids were proposed by implementing three machine learning algorithms: the linear regression, voting, and TLFFNN methods. T, P, \(\omega\), Tc, and Pc were considered as the inputs, while solubility functioned as the output. The models were assessed by employing R\({}^{2}\), RMSE, MSE, and MAE. We showed that the voting model was able to precisely predict the solubility in most cases, with individual exceptions. However, by adjusting the combinations of different algorithms, the voting method could overcome the weakness of every model and achieve strong generalizability, which means it has a broadly promising future in gas solubility prediction for various systems. Among all three models in this study, the TLFFNN model was the most accurate; it could produce highly consistent predictions with experimental data for all kinds of ionic liquids involved in this study. The TLFFNN model had a much higher R\({}^{2}\) of 0.9981 and a much lower MSE of 0.00002 compared with values reported in the literature. The TLFFNN technique may be trusted to accurately forecast N\({}_{2}\)O solubility in various ionic liquids at various pressures and temperatures. Then, the analysis of thermodynamic and molecular properties of ionic liquids showed that, under different pressure ranges, the anions and cations of ionic liquids differed greatly in their absorption of N\({}_{2}\)O. The [(OH)\({}_{2}\)IM] cation and [AC] anion performed best in capturing N\({}_{2}\)O in the low-pressure zone (under 10 bar), while the [(ETO)\({}_{2}\)IM] cation and [SCN] anion performed best in the high-pressure zone (over 80 bar). As far as we know, this is the first study to report this peculiar phenomenon, which will provide guidance for applications of ionic liquids in the removal of N\({}_{2}\)O. Due to their enormous capacity for N\({}_{2}\)O capture with rising pressure, the [(ETO)\({}_{2}\)IM] cation and [SCN] anion are favored when synthesizing new ILs.  
Conceptualization, H.F.; methodology, H.F.; software, H.F.; validation, H.W.; formal analysis, H.W.; investigation, W.Q.; resources, W.Q.; data curation, W.Q.; writing--original draft preparation, H.F.; writing--review and editing, G.H.; visualization, H.W.; supervision, G.H.; project administration, H.F.; funding acquisition, G.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by a Ph.D. scientific research project from Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology (SZIIT), grant number: SZIIT2021 KJ012. This research was also partially supported by the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (No. 2022A1515010417); Key Project of Shenzhen Municipality (No. JSGG20211029095545002); School-enterprise Collaborative Innovation Project of SZIIT (XQ2021). The APC was funded by SZIIT.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
###### Abstract  
The present work deals with simulations carried out at the University of Pisa by using the System Thermal Hydraulics code RELAP5/Mod3.3 to support the experimental campaign conducted at the ENEA (Energia Nucleare ed Energie Alternative) Brasimone Research Centre on the CIRColazione Eutettico--Heavy liquid mEtal pRessurized water cOuled tubes (CIRCE-HERO) facility. CIRCE is an integral effect pool type facility dedicated to the study of innovative nuclear systems and cooled by heavy liquid metal, while HERO is a heat exchanger heavy liquid metal/ pressurized cooling water system hosted inside the CIRCE facility. Beside the H2020 project Multi-Purpose Hybrid Research Reactor for High-Tech Applications (MYRRHA) Research and Transmutation Endeavour (MYRTE), a series of experiments were performed with the CIRCE-HERO facility, for both nominal steady-state settings and accidental scenarios. In this framework, the RELAP5/Mod3.3 code was used to simulate the experimental tests assessing the heat losses of the facility and analyzing the thermal hydraulics phenomena occurring during the postulated Protected Loss Of Flow Accident (PLOFA). The modified version Mod. 3.3 of the source code RELAP5 was developed by the University of Pisa to include the updated thermo-physical properties and convective heat transfer correlations suitable for heavy liquid metals. After reproducing the facility through an accurate nodalization, boundary conditions were applied according to the experiments. Then, the PLOFA scenarios were reproduced by implementing the information obtained by the experimental campaign. Sensitivity analyses of the main parameters affecting the thermofluidynamics of the Lead-Bismuth Eutectic (LBE) were carried out. In the simulated scenario, the LBE mass flow rate strongly depends on the injected argon flow time trend. The numerical results are in agreement with the experimental data, however further investigations are planned to analyze the complex phenomena involved.  
Keywords:LBE; PLOFA; CIRCE-HERO; RELAP5/Mod3.3; thermohydraulics +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters B
## 2 Literature Review
### Review of Empirical Models for Extinction and Backscattering
#### 2.3.2 Empirical Models for Rain  
The empirical models for the extinction coefficient of rain are usually based on the precipitation rate \(R\) [mm/h]. For example, in Germany, precipitation rates over 10 mm/h occur only around 30 times a year, and usually last only a couple of minutes, down to even several seconds for very high precipitation rates of 50 mm/h to 100 mm/h. Table 2 shows three different empirical models of common rain types, and Figure 5 depicts the calculated extinction coefficients in relation to the precipitation rate [22; 23; 24]. However, no empirical model for the backscattering coefficient \(\beta_{\text{rain}}\) of rain could be found in the literature.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Coefficient** & **Author** & **Fog Type** & **Equation** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\(\alpha\)} & [19] & Advection & \(\alpha_{\text{Adv}}(\lambda)=\dfrac{0.11478\lambda+3.8367}{V}\) \\  & [19] & Radiation & \(\alpha_{\text{Rad}}(\lambda)=\dfrac{0.18126\lambda^{2}+0.13709\lambda+3.7502 }{V}\) \\  & [20] & Generic & \(\alpha(\lambda)=\dfrac{3.91}{V}\dfrac{\lambda}{550\text{ nm}}^{-q}\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(\beta\)} & [9] & Generic & \(\beta=\dfrac{0.046}{V}\) \\ \cline{2-4}  & & & \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Comparison of different coefficient models for fog.  
Figure 4: Comparative analysis of Fog Extinction coefficient models: (**a**) 0–1000 m range. (**b**) 150–275 m range (zoom in).
## 4 Discussion
### Perspectives for NIRS Approach  
Actually, the use of proximal sensors is already a reality and should increase, with the reduction of sensor costs and complexity [52]. Due to the low cost, speed and reliability attributed to the NIR technique to estimate the quality of pastures, it is predictable that its adoption in the future will be great, providing more timely information to assist the farmers in their decision making [11,28]. The adoption of NIR technologies to estimate the quality parameters of pastures, especially using portable sensors, will help to improve the management of pastures and their nutrients, reducing production costs and losses [11]. It is expected that this adoption will mainly involve the use of a portable spectrometer, since it implies less processing time, less labour and real-time results. For the use of these technologies by farmers to be a reality, it is necessary to carry out research in the context of a real farm, in order to identify the advantages and barriers to adoption by agricultural managers [52]. As was the case in the [PERSON] et al. [28] study, the present study also focused on the evaluation of a micro-NIR sensor--a sensor never before used in pastures in the Montado ecosystem--in the prediction of CP and NDF in real farms. Yet, as already mentioned in the materials and methods section, this study was limited to the peak of production and pasture quality under Mediterranean conditions, thus, there is one measurement and harvest date for each plot. The internal calibration and validation models of the current study may not be as robust as desirable, due, as mentioned by [PERSON] et al. [31], to the fact that the dataset is not particularly large. Therefore, we suggest that a similar study be carried out, under the same conditions, with a larger number of samplesand throughout the entire production cycle of the pasture in Mediterranean region (autumn, winter and spring).
## 4 Discussion
### THD of the IM Electromagnetic Torque  
In this context, it was considered useful to analyze the total harmonic distortion of the IM electromagnetic torque, noted \(\mathrm{THD_{Te}}\), due to the presence of both voltage and current harmonics of the same order. The graphs plotted according to the k-order of the harmonics, having the level of the voltage harmonics \(\gamma_{\mathrm{Vk}}\) as a parameter, are shown in Figure 6. The fact that, in most of the situations, studied \(\mathrm{THD_{Te}}\) exceeds 10%--reaching up to the value of 55%--raises the question of the resulting mechanical stresses, both for the motor and the mechanical system of the driven machine. Particularly, the existence of some resonance frequencies of the parts and subassemblies from the overall mechanical system composition is of interest, as well as the fact that they are in the range (250-950) Hz.  
In such cases, it is necessary to intervene in limiting the harmonics run of the stator voltage, since the mechanical measures to dampen the mechanical oscillations, as a consequence of the harmonics in the IM supply, can be heavier and more expensive.  
Figure 5: The amplitude of the electromagnetic harmonic torque of the IM in relation with the order and the level of the voltage harmonics.
## 3 Lipid Signalling in Microgravity
### Eicosanoids
Eicosanoids are known to be involved in the homeostasis of bone tissue [88; 89; 90], however, to date, only a few data are available describing the alteration of their signalling pathways or metabolism upon prolonged Space flights. In particular, microgravity has been shown to trigger up-regulation of COX-2 and enhanced production of PGE\({}_{2}\), as well as increased production of IL-6 in osteoblasts [11; 17; 91; 92].
# Sensors for Sustainable Smart Cities: A Review
## 3 Results
### Applications
The sensors can improve the automation in identifying and separating waste, allowing an increase in the processing speed for reuse and recycling to convert a smart city to a city with zero-waste [20; 137]. All data collected from the bins and the analytics, in conjunction with the use of a GPS to know the coordinate position of bins, dumps, and fleet, can be used to manage in novel ways the collection and segregation of waste [17; 129; 136; 138; 141]. Finally, countries are looking to implement innovative technologies focused on minimizing energy consumption and improving their citizens' environment and welfare. For this reason, there are various applications in the areas of buildings, public lighting, and urban space such as counting, movement, and location of people and vehicles, security actions for citizens, fire detection in building enclosures [140], smart homes [135; 147; 175] and home networks [135; 136], Light Emitted Diode-wireless (LED) indoor and outdoor lighting fixtures [18], geothermal technology [137], hygrothermal comfort [17], cybernetic cities, ubiquitous connectivity [176], HPCense (seismic activity), smart thermostat [18], indoor lighting apps [129], microgrids [139], structural health monitoring of buildings [18], ecological buildings [134], among others.
## 4 Discussion
### Significance of MISTiC Winds for Weather Research
These initial OSSEs were performed at GMAO using the 7 km GEOS5 Nature Run with a \(\frac{1}{4}\) degree Forecast Model, a \(\frac{1}{2}\) degree Analysis model, and 3D-Var assimilation with Himawari-sized errors in wind speed. It is expected that the fine temporal and spatial scale observations MISTiC Winds will provide will have an even greater impact on forecast accuracy for the fine-grid convection-permitting NWP models being developed.
# An Overview on the Applications of Matrix Theory in Wireless Communications and Signal Processing
## 4 Matrices in Image Processing
### Block Transform Coding  
The block transform coding [37] is a compression technique which divides an image into several non-overlapping subimages of equal size and then processes these subimages using a 2-D transform. It turns out that after implementing a block transformation, for most subimages, a large portion of the resulting coefficients present small magnitudes and thus can be discarded. Therefore, using the  
Figure 7: Example of gray-scale figure.  
block transform coding, one can develop a very simple storage mechanism since most of the block transformed entries assume small values and can be neglected.  
Specifically, an \(M\times N\) image is divided into \(MN/n^{2}\) subimages each of which has a size \(n\times n\). Consider a subimage with coefficients \(g(x,y)\), the 2-D transform can be expressed as follows:  
\[T(u,v)=\sum_{x=0}^{n-1}\sum_{y=0}^{n-1}g(x,y)r(x,y,u,v). \tag{37}\]  
The original image \(g(x,y)\) can be recovered by the inverse transform defined by  
\[g(x,y)=\sum_{u=0}^{n-1}\sum_{v=0}^{n-1}T(u,v)s(x,y,u,v). \tag{38}\]  
In these equations, \(r(x,y,u,v)\) and \(s(x,y,u,v)\) are referred to as forward and inverse transformation kernels, respectively. The kernels depend on what transformation (DFT, DCT, Haar Wavelet Transform, etc.) is implemented. In this paper, the JPEG image compression standard using the discrete cosine transform (DCT) is presented. In this case, we have  
\[r(x,y,u,v)=s(x,y,u,v)=\alpha(u)\alpha(v)\cos\left[\frac{(2x+1)u\pi}{2n}\right] \cos\left[\frac{(2y+1)v\pi}{2n}\right],\]  
where  
\[\alpha(x)=\begin{cases}&\sqrt{\frac{1}{n}},\;\;\;x=0,\\ &\sqrt{\frac{2}{n}},\;\;\;x=1,2,\cdots,n-1.\end{cases}\]  
Equations (37) and (38) can be written in a compact form by using matrices. Consider (38) as an example,  
\[\mathbf{G}=\sum_{u=0}^{n-1}\sum_{v=0}^{n-1}T(u,v)\mathbf{S}_{uv}, \tag{39}\]  
where \(\mathbf{G}\) is the subimage matrix consisting of \(g(x,y)\) and  
\[\mathbf{S}_{uv}=\begin{bmatrix}&s(0,0,u,v)&s(0,1,u,v)&\cdots&s(0,n-1,u,v)\\ &s(1,0,u,v)&s(1,1,u,v)&\cdots&s(1,n-1,u,v)\\ &\vdots&\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\\ &s(n-1,0,u,v)&s(n-1,1,u,v)&\cdots&s(n-1,n-1,u,v)\end{bmatrix}.\]  
Similarly, (37) can be defined as  
\[\mathbf{T}=\sum_{x=0}^{n-1}\sum_{y=1}^{n-1}g(x,y)\mathbf{R}_{xy}. \tag{40}\]
###### Abstract  
Structural engineers often use deep columns in high seismic areas to reduce drifts, yet this somehow contradicts what is stated in some tests in the sense that even though deep columns may satisfy current seismic provisions, they can suffer premature twisting; this is an indication that a lot of research is needed in this area. Numerical and experimental studies have been conducted to estimate the response of steel buildings with medium and deep columns under the action of static and cyclic loading; however, studies accounting for the dynamic characteristics of buildings and strong motions are not common. In addition, responses in terms of local parameters have not been considered either. In this study, the nonlinear seismic responses of steel buildings with perimeter moment-resisting frames and medium (W14) columns are numerically calculated and compared to those of similar steel buildings with equivalent deep columns in terms of cost (W27 and larger). Low-, mid-, and high-rise steel building models with different dynamic characteristics, as well as several strong motions with different frequency contents, are considered. Results indicate that the drifts of the models with medium columns may be up to 140% greater than those of the models with deep columns. Significant reductions are also observed for top displacements, normalized interstory shears, and combined normalized axial loads and bending moments. Hence, the seismic demands of the buildings with deep columns may be much smaller than those of the buildings with medium columns and, therefore, the buildings with deep columns exhibit a superior behavior, which results in more economical designs. The reduction is greater for the case of low- and mid-rise buildings than for high-rise buildings. One of the reasons for this is that as medium columns are replaced by deep columns, the stiffness and the strength increase, which are lower in the tallest model.  
moment-resisting steel frames; deep columns; low-, mid-, and high-rise buildings; seismic loading; local and global response +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Coherent Chaotic Communication Using Generalized Runge-Kutta Method
## 3 Investigation of Chaotic Communication System with \(\alpha\)-Based Signal Modulation
### Bit Error Rate Analysis  
The communication system under investigation uses a binary alphabet to transmit messages, where each character corresponds to a particular value of the parameter or value of \(\alpha\). Our experiments included three sets of parameters and values of alpha for the transmission of binary messages. The values of the corresponding sets of parameters are listed in Table 1.  
Let us perform a classical BER analysis using direct error counting for the ranges of parameters and \(\alpha\) values given in Table 1. It should be noted that we used a relatively small range of parameters for the system, resulting in relatively low noise immunity [54], because in this study, we focused on investigating a CCS with a certain low level of noise immunity with the purpose of disclosure of the most covert modulation technique.  
The results are shown in Figure 12, and the BER analysis was performed for 10,000 bits using the chaotic communication test bench described in Section 3.1.  
The results of the experiments show that two of three experimental cases (namely, PM case 1 and \(\alpha\)M case 2; PM case 2 and \(\alpha\)M case 3) possess similar noise immunity. In addition, the selected coefficients for VMM and SCM provide almost identical noise immunity in all cases. Taking into account the similar level of noise immunity of all investigated techniques, one can conclude that the proposed modulation method is potentially superior for secrecy of transmission. Secrecy analysis is performed in the next subsection.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l} \hline \hline  & & \(\alpha\)M & & & PM & \\ \hline  & \(\alpha_{1}\) & \(\alpha_{2}\) & \(\Delta\alpha\) & \(a_{1}\) & \(a_{2}\) & \(\Delta a\) \\ \hline Case 1 & \(-24\) & \(25\) & \(49\) & \(0.1\
## 5 Network Management Architecture of the Proposed Topology
When using clustering and a node moves, it is often only necessary to update the information in the nodes sharing a cluster with the mobile node; all nodes in the network will not have to be updated. Clustering into chains can also facilitate network management and routing since many implementations require only the chain leader to participate in these functions. In this management architecture, the chain leaders (often called sub-manager) report the data to the manager on behalf of the entire cluster. Three major aspects of the proposed network management are discussed below, namely fault detection, performance management, and security management.