esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Case Studies
### Uncertainty Analysis of Series-Parallel Systems
#### 4.1.2 Calculation and Analysis
(**a**) System reliability probability density function in case 1; (**b**) System reliability probability density function in case 2; (**c**) System reliability probability density function in case 3; (**d**) System reliability probability density function in case 4. (**e**) The comparison of system reliability probability density functions of different cases. of its importance measure indicator must be the maximum; in contrast, the failure rate uncertainty of component C1 was the lowest and its structural position was less important than components C3 and C4, so the value of its importance measure indicator must be the minimum. The analysis is consistent with the importance measure indicators ranking: C4, C3, C2, and C1, obtained through the proposed method. (4) In case 4, component C3 had the largest variance in failure rate and took the most important structural position in the system, so the importance measure indicator was the highest; components C1 and C2 were structurally equivalent while C1 had higher uncertainty in failure rate than C2, so the importance measure indicator of component C1 was necessarily higher than C2; components C2 and C4 had the same failure rate parameters while C4 was structurally more important than C2, so the importance measure indicator of component C4 was necessarily higher than C2; in a word, the importance measure indicators ranking must be: C3, C4, C1 and C2, the same as the results in Table 2.  
In summary, the above analysis shows that the proposed importance measure index with its calculation method can correctly calculate and measure the degree of influence of component failure uncertainty on system reliability uncertainty.
## 4 Fluid Dynamic Performance
### Experimental Techniques  
For the study of the dynamic performance of microbots immersed in viscoelastic biofluids, it is common to use simplified microbot prototypes based on living organisms as real bacteria or spermatozoa. For instance, [PERSON] et al. [77] used different prototype morphology starting from square size to most blender geometries as ellipsoids with different aspect ratios. One example of these prototypes is shown in Figure 3, and the image represents an ellipsoid 1:2 in a straight fused silica microchannel.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Vessel** & **Inner Diameter (mm)** & **Blood Velocity (mm/s)** & **Reynolds Number** \\ \hline Aorta & 25 & 400 & 3000 \\ Vena cava & 30 & 50–300 & 3000 \\ Medium artery & 4 & 100–400 & 500 \\ Vein & 5 & 3–50 & 150 \\ small arteriole & 0.03 & 1–100 & 0.7 \\ Venule & 0.02 & \(<\)3 & 0.01 \\ Capillary & 0.008 & \(<\)1 & 0.002 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Characteristics of different veins and arteries of the human circulatory system and the Reynolds numbers under the peak flow conditions [9,74].  
Flow visualizations, pressure drop measurements, \(\mu\)-PIV, and birefringence analysis are the most suitable experimental techniques to be developed in a micro hydrodynamic tunnel for the assessment of the dynamic performance of microbots. For improving the microbot morphology in order to increment its dynamic performance, and to minimize the impact of its presence inside the patient's body, it is important to relate theoretically the drag force, velocity field and pressure drop with the rheological nature of the fluid and the morphology of the microdevice.
## 5 Conclusions  
### Contributions and Findings  
Harnessing the potential of energy from the ocean in terms of both wind and waves through integrated offshore renewable energy stations is a promising solution for the sustainable development of many countries. With the continuous evolution of integrated energy conversion technology, the necessity of choosing both sustainable and efficient locations for WWSs is great. Vietnam's offshore wind energy development roadmap has been studied in recent years. However, wind and wave integrated stations have not been sufficiently analyzed and evaluated. Therefore, this study proposed a novel dual-side behavioral spherical fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making approach to accomplish that purpose.  
As for the practical contribution, a comprehensive assessment of the sustainability and efficiency of locations along the coast of Vietnam was provided. Accordingly, locations are classified into recommended, sustainable, efficient, and considered groups. Renewable energy investors and developers can refer to this classification in their future decisions. As for the theoretical contribution, this study proposed a dual-side approach, which has novelties on each side. To perform the quantitative evaluation, a BDEA model, which is extended according to prospect theory, was used to evaluate the efficiency of alternatives under the consideration of the decision makers' psychological behavior. In parallel, an MCDM method combining the SF DEMATEL and SF EDAS methods was used for the multi-criteria qualitative evaluation. Then, the qualitative and quantitative evaluation results were aggregated to provide the overall evaluation results.  
The practical findings of this study indicate that the recommended locations, whose efficiency and sustainability are high, for the installation of WWSs are distributed from Quang Tri province in the central region to Soc Trang province in the Mekong Delta. Meanwhile, the marine coordinates in the north of Vietnam mainly belong to the group of locations with high sustainability.
## 5 Experiments
### Third Experiment: Textual Semantic Similarity in Representation Space  
In this experiment, we compare sentence similarity scores using embeddings from our model SupMPN, BERT [14], and SimCSE\({}_{\text{sup}}\)[37]. For BERT and SimCSE\({}_{\text{sup}}\), we use \"bert-base-uncased\" ([[https://huggingface.co/bert-base-uncased](https://huggingface.co/bert-base-uncased)]([https://huggingface.co/bert-base-uncased](https://huggingface.co/bert-base-uncased)), accessed on 1 August 2022) and \"princeton-nlp/sup-simscse-bert-base-uncased\" ([[https://huggingface.co/princeton-nlp/sup-simscse-bert-base-uncased](https://huggingface.co/princeton-nlp/sup-simscse-bert-base-uncased)]([https://huggingface.co/princeton-nlp/sup-simscse-bert-base-uncased](https://huggingface.co/princeton-nlp/sup-simscse-bert-base-uncased)), accessed on 1 August 2022) models, respectively. In this experiment, we consider 12 sentences in four different topics (three sentences in each topic). The topics are weather, smartphone, sport, and food. Since we want to compare semantic scoring of these models, we select the sentences of each topic such that two of them have positive meanings and one of them has a negative meaning (anchor-positive-negative). In addition, in the first two topics (weather and sport), the positive or negative meanings of the sentences are completely clear. But in the second and third topics (smartphone and food), positive sentences are selected in such a way that they are difficult to infer by the models compared to negative sentences. We use cosine similarity for scoring. The results are depicted in Figure 2.  
**Results:** As shown in Figure 2a, the BERT model could not produce proper vector space for sentences with different topics and almost all pairs of sentences have similarity scores in the range of 0.6 to 1.0. SimCSE\({}_{\text{sup}}\) model, Figure 2b, despite making a good distinction among different topics, could not embed properly positive and negative sentences in two topics, smartphone and food. For example, in SimCSE\({}_{\text{sup}}\), for triplet sentences as (anchor: \"The women are eating seafood\", positive: \"The women are having lunch\", negative: \"The women are not eating seafood\"), the similarity between the anchor-negative pair is more than the similarity between the anchor-positive pair. In accordance with Figure 2c, SupMPN can embed sentences properly in all four topics and, unlike SimCSE\({}_{\text{sup}}\), it can correctly infer positive and negative sentences in smartphone and food topics and distinguish between them, even if they have common words or not. Therefore, SupMPN can create better semantic-based sentence representation space and can solve the collapse problem of BERT.
# An Efficient Grid-Based Geocasting Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks
## 3 The Proposed Scheme  
The geocasting focuses on location-based routing. This aims to solve the routing issue that is available in more than one region in the network to propose an efficient grid-based geocasting scheme. If there is only one region target needed to transmit data, that is a simple and normal problem, and the shortest path can be established to deal with that.
## 4 Conclusions  
The effect of 0.05 wt.% Pr on high-temperature microstructure and shear strength of Sn-0.3 Ag-0.7 Cu/Cu low-Ag solder joint was studied and the following conclusions were obtained:  
1. SAC0307-0.05 Pr solder has a more refined microstructure with smaller size of Cu6 Sn5 IMCs distributed on Sn matrix after 840 h aging when compared to Sn-0.3 Ag-0.7 Cu solder. This is because of the inhibiting effect on IMCs' growth by Pr atoms adsorbing on their grain surfaces.  
Figure 8: Fracture morphology on the surface of (**a**) SAC0307/Cu, (**b**) SAC0307-0.05 Pr/Cu interface, and (c) aged SAC0307/Cu interface at 150 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 840 h, (**d**) aged SAC0307-0.05 Pr/Cu interface for 840 h, (**e**) EDS data of area A in Figure 8d.  
During aging process, two types of interfacial IMC layers (Cu6 Sn5 + Cu3 Sn) were gradually developed at solder/Cu interfaces and the thicknesses of them also increased with aging time. Theoretical analysis indicated that doping 0.05 wt.% Pr evidently lowered the growth constant of Cu6 Sn5(DCu6), while the growth constant of Cu3 Sn (DCu3) decreased slightly.
* [3] SAC0307-0.05 Pr/Cu solder joint has a higher shear strength than SAC0307/Cu solder joint even after 840 h aging. In this case, SAC0307-0.05 Pr/Cu solder joint still has a better ductility than SAC0307/Cu.  
Investigation, J.W. ([PERSON]); Writing Original Draft Preparation, J.W. ([PERSON]); Writing, Review & Editing, S.X.; J.W. ([PERSON]); Supervision, S.X.; G.H.; Project Administration, J.W. ([PERSON]); Funding Acquisition, S.X.  
This research was funded by [[PERSON]] grant number [No. 51675269], by [[PERSON]] grant number [No. 61605045] and by [[PERSON]] grant number [PAPD].  
This project is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51675269), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61605045) and the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD).  
We declare no conflict of interest.
# Hyperspectral Imaging Sorting of Refurbishment Plasterboard Waste
###### Abstract  
Post-consumer plasterboard waste sorting is carried out manually by operators, which is time-consuming and costly. In this work, a laboratory-scale hyperspectral imaging (HSI) system was evaluated for automatic refurbishment plasterboard waste sorting. The HSI system was trained to differentiate between plasterboard (gypsum core between two lining papers) and contaminants (e.g., wood, plastics, mortar or ceramics). Segregated plasterboard samples were crushed and sieved to obtain gypsum particles of less than 250 microns, which were characterized through X-ray fluorescence to determine their chemical purity levels. Refurbishment plasterboard waste particles <10 mm in size were not processed with the HSI-based sorting system because the manual processing of these particles at a laboratory scale would have been very time-consuming. Gypsum from refurbishment plasterboard waste particles <10 mm in size contained very small amounts of undesirable chemical impurities for plasterboard manufacturing (chloride, magnesium, sodium, potassium and phosphorus salts), and its chemical purity was similar to that of the gypsum from HSI-sorted plasterboard (96 wt%). The combination of unprocessed refurbishment plasterboard waste <10 mm with HSI-sorted plasterboard \(\geq\)10 mm in size led to a plasterboard recovery yield >98 wt%. These findings underpin the potential implementation of an industrial-scale HSI system for plasterboard waste sorting.  
refurbishment plasterboard waste; gypsum recycling; hyperspectral imaging 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)]([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))).
## 3 Theoretical Analysis
### Material Constitutive Analysis
#### 3.1.2 Constitutive Model of Reinforcement  
For the _HRB400_ steel bar material, the design value of the steel bar yield strength \(\mathrm{f_{y}}\) = 360 N/mm\({}^{2}\), the standard value \(\mathrm{f_{yk}}\) = 400 N/mm\({}^{2}\), and the elastic modulus of the steel bar \(E_{\mathrm{s}}\) = 2 \(\times\) 105 N/mm\({}^{2}\). In the process of software modeling, the ideal elastic-plastic double-fold model without a yield point is selected according to the stress-strain curve of reinforcement under monotonic loading in the specification [19]. The model does not take into account the fracture of steel bars, which is consistent with the fact that there is no fracture in the steel bars during the test. This model has good applicability in reflecting the yield and strengthening stages of ordinary reinforcement, and its reinforcement constitutive model is shown in Figure 6. \(E_{\mathrm{P}}\) = 2.06 \(\times\) 105 N/mm\({}^{2}\) is the elastic modulus of the steel bar in the ideal elastic-plastic bifold model without a yield point. \(E_{\mathrm{t}}\) = 0.01 EP is the elastic modulus of the strengthening stage.  
Figure 5: Stress–strain relationship of plastic models of tensile and compressive damage of concrete: (a) tensile damage; (b) compression impairment.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Type** & **Density** & **Elastic Modulus,** & **Poisson Ration** & **Yield Strength,** \\  & **(kg/m\({}^{3}\))** & **E\({}_{\mathrm{S}}\) (GPa)** & **fy (MPa)** \\ \hline Q345 & 7850 & 210 & 0.3 & 345 \\ HRB400 & 7850 & 200 & 0.3 & 400 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Material properties of reinforcing steel bars.
## 4 Antenna Array
### Array design considerations  
* The spacing between the antenna elements is chosen to be 0.6\(\lambda\), calculated at the center frequency of operation \(f_{0}\). Due to its compact implementation, an inter-element spacing of up to 0.48\(\lambda\) can be also considered if a higher degree of integration is desired [6]. However, for this work, a greater distance between antenna elements has to be used due to mechanical reasons, since the geometrical 90\({}^{\circ}\) rotation of the elements limits the access of the antenna feeding connectors.
* Each antenna is manufactured separately, and it disposes its own independent feeding; therefore, no integrated feeding network for the array is required. This allows a more flexible control of the array feeding, since two measurement scenarios with different amplitude and phase distribution are analyzed.
* The array is built along the \(y\)-axis. The same coordinate system for the array as shown in Figure 3 is considered.
* The antenna feeding ports (\(H_{1}\)-\(H_{5}\), \(V_{1}\)-\(V_{5}\)) correspond to the antenna element numeration (1-5), starting from the left.
* The measurement setup is performed using a 1:6 power divider, model ZB6 PD-17-S of Mini-Circuits [38], in order to feed the array elements. In addition, the triangular amplitude tapering is implemented by means of 3 dB and 10 dB attenuators, namely models 18 AH-03 and 18 AH-10, respectively, from API Inmet. Both power splitters and attenuators are not considered within the calibration.
* The phase control of each antenna element is adjusted with self-manufactured cables with the corresponding electrical length. All the cables dispose of comparable lengths in order to assure a similar phase variation within the desired frequency range.
* All the measurements are carried out with a rectangular aluminum plate (50.1 \(\times\) 104.2 cm) that is attached to the array, as it is shown in Figure 6. This allows for fixing the structure under testing on top of the positioner tower of the Compact Test Range.
* The simulated and measured results are presented for the center frequency of operation 1.325 GHz.
# Water Resistant Composite Membranes for Carbon Dioxide Separation from Methane
## Results and Discussion  
### Hydrophobicity of the Composite Membranes  
The hydrophobicity of the composite membranes is demonstrated by water contact angles on the surface, provided in Table 2 along with that of pure Teflon AF1600 film. The contact angle observed for pure Teflon AF1600 is comparable with literature and highlights the superhydrophobic surface of the perfluoropolymer [23]. The composite membranes all have comparable water contact angles to that of the pure Teflon AF1600 layer, demonstrating that the superhydrophobic layer covers the composite structure surface. In contrast, PIM-1 has a reported water contact angle of 85\({}^{\circ}\)[24], while the 6 FDA-TMPDA film had a measured contact angle of 88\({}^{\circ}\). While these contact angles correspond to hydrophobic materials, that are not to the same degree as that of Teflon AF1600, and hence the perfluoropolymer layer will hinder water transport through the composite membrane structure.
# ACT-FRCNN: Progress Towards Transformer-Based Object Detection
to appear on the left of higher-level feature maps [5]. This property makes it easy to convert convolutional classifiers into object detectors by adding detection heads that output object classes and positions on high-level convolutional maps. Unlike convolutional networks, transformers can work at each layer of the network, potentially affecting the spatial relationship between input features and those at the middle layers. This raises the question of whether ACT can be adjusted to perform tasks that require more sensitivity to local context, such as object detection or segmentation. This research proposes an ACT technique to replace the transformer in the encoder of the original FRCNN system as an easy-to-add component. The ACT works well with the classic transformer and does not require new skills. Adding Multi-Task Knowledge Distillation (MTKD) to ACT can improve its accuracy to match the original transformer. MTKD can also allow for a seamless transition between models with different computing resources and accuracy during inference. However, some transformer adjustments can be made to reduce computational complexity [6; 7; 8; 9]. If we have enough processing power, one obvious question is if we can improve the performance of FRCNN and strike a balance with computational resources. In this paper a new model ACT-FRCNN is developed. The model is based on ACT and includes specific task heads for detecting and locating objects in images. The aim is to demonstrate that ACT-FRCNN, with its transformer-based backbone, can effectively preserve crucial spatial information for object detection. The experiment illustrate that ACT-FRCNN shares many of the desired features of transformer-based models while achieving strong performance on various benchmarked datasets including: BSDS500 [10], NC2016 [11], and COCO 2017 [12]. This research examines the benefits of using the extensive pre-training method with transformers for object detection tasks. The experimental results demonstrate a decrease in false positive detections and improved detection performance for large objects, possibly due to the architecture's ability to attend globally. In this paper a large-scale computer vision models are typically trained on massive datasets and then fine-tuned for specific tasksa. The main contributions are threefold:  
* [noitemsep,topsep=0 pt]
* Designed an ACT-FRCNN model that can be used for object detection and segmentation. * Proposed an Adaptive Clustering Transformer (ACT) with Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) as the backbone of ACT-FRCNN. * ACT-FRCNN is evaluated on three different datasets: BSDS500, NYUDv2, and COCO 2017, and demonstrate significant outcomes. The remaining manuscript sections are organized: Section 2 discusses related work. Section 3 demonstrates the method and materials used in this research. Section 4 describes the experimental procedure. Finally, Sections 5 and 6 presents the discussion and conclusion respectively.
## 3 Selection of Suitable Radio Frequency Protocol
### Global Positioning System (GPS) Coverage  
The viability of the solution described above depends on the GPS coverage on the track of the rail convoy. If the GPS coverage is not sufficient, this solution cannot be adopted. An ATMega 328 microcontroller board associated with a GPS board and a micro-SD card (Figure 5) have been embedded on the train. The system records the GPS coordinates acquired during the journey of the rail convoy every 2 s on the railway where the final solution will be tested.  
Over time, a GPS covering map was built over the train journey (Figure 6). A quick calculation showed 99.8% GPS coverage of the train between the two destinations. The areas where GPS coordinates could not be acquired (Figure 7) have been identified as tunnel passages. These results are excellent and have confirmed the relevance of this solution for this railway safety system.  
Figure 4: Hi-Rail pickup from Tshuetin company in northern Quebec.