## 1 Introduction  
Industry 4.0 is a new reality of the modern economy because innovation and technological development play important roles in all organisations. As the first industrial revolution improved the operation of manufacturing industries, the second one introduced electricity into the industry, the third automated the uniform tasks of line workers, and the fourth aimed at improving information management and decision making. Cyber-physical systems (CPS), the Internet of Things (IoT), the Internet of Service (IoS), and smart factories are the four main pillars of Industry 4.0 [1]. These components work together to create highly automated and efficient production environments. Seven design principles further define Industry 4.0: interoperability, virtualisation, decentralisation, real-time capability, service orientation, modularity, cost reduction, and efficiency [2]. All components of the industrial network have a flawless connection thanks to interoperability. Decentralisation spreads decision-making and control, while virtualisation makes it possible to represent real assets digitally. Rapid adaptation to shifting circumstances is made possible by real-time capabilities, whereas service orientation emphasises the integration of modular, reusable services. Developing systems with easily interchangeable components is called modularity. Cost reduction and efficiency are focused on optimising industrial operations to increase productivity and profitability while minimising waste and resource consumption. Smart manufacturing systems can improve process efficiency, reduce downtime, and enhance supply chain management by leveraging evolutive technologies such as IIoT, AI, big data analytics, additive manufacturing, distributed ledgers, cloud computing, and robotics. By integrating the latest technologies into their operations, organisations can reduce costs, increase productivity, and enhance sustainability, all while delivering high-quality products and services to customers. Businesses may develop highly automated, interconnected, and effective smart manufacturing systems by implementing Industry 4.0 ideas and technology. Organisations must undergo this change to be competitive in a world market that is always changing. Businesses may provide value to consumers and shareholders while fostering sustainable economic growth by utilising the most recent digital technology to enhance operations and achieve long-term success. To define the term 14.0 only through one word, this is digitalisation. The concept of \"digitalisation\" alludes to our society's greater reliance on automation, networked, and web-enabled technology [3]. The main technology pushing digital transformation across all industries, and not only, is called digital twin (DT), representing a concept associated with cyber-physical integration. The DT concept came to life in 2002 at the University of Michigan when Prof. [PERSON] introduced, during a PLM course, the concept of virtual space that was equivalent to a physical product and with a bidirectional communication channel between these two spaces [4]. Presently, there are several different definitions of a digital twin [5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10]. Nonetheless, the essence of all of them stays with the initial concept of a mirrored spaces model with bridges of communication between the physical world and the virtual world, and the conceptual model is presented in Figure 1.  
Despite the DT philosophy and model proposed in 2002, its application remained limited in the first decade for various reasons [11]. During this time, another concept associated with integrating CPS made significant progress, and CPS was hailed as a main pillar of Industry 4.0. Some perspectives view DT as a subset of CPS, [12]; however, notable differences exist. Introduced in 2006, CPS primarily functions as a scientific category, addressing complex systems that traditional IT terminology could not sufficiently describe. CPS represents a profound integration of computation, networking, and physical processes.