## 3 Results
### Quantitative Simulation Results  
To evaluate the scalability and performance characteristics of the proposed blockchain framework for circular supply chains, we conducted comprehensive simulations across two distinct industry verticals: apparel and furniture manufacturing. The experimental design tested three production scales (500, 2500, and 5000 units) with proportionally scaled return rates (5%, 10%, and 15%, respectively) to assess framework behavior under realistic circular economy conditions. All simulations were executed with the aforementioned configuration and eight organizations representing different supply chain stakeholders, utilizing Go-based smart contracts for transaction processing and state management. The transaction performance analysis reveals remarkable consistency across different production scales, with average throughput maintaining 22.79-23.46 transactions per second regardless of production volume. As shown in Figure 5, both apparel and furniture supply chains demonstrate linear scalability characteristics, with the furniture supply chain requiring approximately twice the transaction volume per unit due to its multi-component assembly requirements (10,090 transactions for 500 furniture units versus 6150 transactions for 500 apparel units). Despite this increased complexity, transaction latency remains stable at approximately 40 ms across all scenarios, indicating that the framework's performance is not significantly impacted by circular economy process integration or production scale increases. The circular economy integration analysis demonstrates the framework's capacity to handle reverse logistics operations without performance degradation. As illustrated in Figure 6, increasing return rates from 5% to 15% does not significantly impact system throughput or latency metrics. The framework successfully processes return recording, recycling operations, and refurbishment activities (for furniture) as seamlessly integrated components of the overall supply chain workflow. This finding is particularly significant  
Figure 5: Scalability analysis showing throughput consistency across production scales for both apparel and furniture supply chains. The apparel and furniture throughputs overlap in the right figure. as it validates the framework's ability to support comprehensive circular economy models without compromising operational efficiency. Traceability performance evaluation, presented in Figure 7, reveals consistent query response times across different asset types and circular processes. Product history queries execute within 28-41 ms for all categories, including sold products, returned items, recycled materials, and refurbished goods (furniture only). The slight variation in query latency appears correlated with asset complexity rather than production scale, with furniture items showing marginally higher query times due to their multi-component nature. Importantly, circular process assets (returned, recycled, refurbished) demonstrate equivalent traceability performance to original products, confirming that the framework maintains comprehensive audit capabilities throughout the entire product lifecycle. Resource utilization analysis demonstrates efficient blockchain storage patterns and transaction density optimization. The furniture supply chain's higher transaction-to-unit ratio (20.38 transactions per unit versus 12.3 for apparel) reflects the increased complexity of multi-component assembly processes and dual-path circular processing (refurbishment and recycling). Despite this complexity differential, both supply chains exhibit similar storage efficiency patterns, suggesting that the framework's data structures effectively accommodate varying levels of supply chain complexity without excessive overhead. The comprehensive performance dashboard presented in Figure 8 synthesizes multiple performance dimensions, revealing the framework's enterprise readiness characteristics.