## 5 Conclusions and Future Directions
Protectionist groups such as the ONC have recommended several restrictive measures and standards to regulate acoustic and non-acoustic noise in oceanic environments with the sole purpose of protecting the marine environment [104]. Spread spectrum and time reversal are just \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Human Activity** & **Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems** & **Mitigation Strategies** \\ \hline Noise pollution (from underwater industries, technologies, and infrastructure) & Disrupts communication, navigation, and reproduction of aquatic organisms; can lead to production, and extinction. & Reduce noise pollution through technological improvements (e.g., changing modulation schemes, and frequency bands); implement stricter regulations and enforcement. & Reduce noise pollution through technological improvements (e.g., changing modulation schemes, and frequency bands); implement stricter regulations and enforcement. \\ \hline Vibrations (from underwater industries, technologies, and infrastructure) & Can disrupt aquatic organisms’ behaviour and physiology. & Minimise vibrations through technological advancements and regulations. \\ \hline Disturbances (from underwater industries, technologies, and infrastructures) & Can alter water movements, pressures, temperatures, and water quality, leading to habitat degradation and species displacement. & Implement environmental impact assessments and mitigation measures before undertaking new projects. \\ \hline Overfishing & Depletes fish populations and disrupts marine ecosystems. & Implement sustainable fishing practices, establish marine protected areas, and enforce fishing regulations. \\ \hline Pollution (from industrial and agricultural runoff, plastic waste) & Contaminates water, harms acquatic organisms, and degrades ecosystems. & Reduce pollution at the source, implement wastewater treatment, and promote sustainable practices. \\ \hline Climate change & Raises sea levels, alters ocean temperatures, and acidies oceans, affecting marine biodiversity and ecosystems. & Reduce greenhouse gas emissions, promote renewable energy, and adapt to climate change impacts. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: A summary of the key impacts of human activities on aquatic ecosystems and potential mitigation strategies. The specific impacts and appropriate mitigation measures may vary depending on the location, type of activity, and ecosystem characteristics [1; 3; 26; 28]. some of several LPD (low probability of detection) methods employed with the objective to minimise signal power spectral density [104]; these methods minimize underwater lifeforms' exposure to signal emissions. By implementing networks of sensors and robust intelligent systems using ML or DL models [2; 5; 28; 96] for acoustic target detection, underwater ecosystems can be reliably monitored. Experts can then take informed decisions to mitigate marine environmental concerns. [PERSON] et al. [28] and [PERSON] et al. [2] reported a 94% and 96.9% classification accuracy of four species of dolphins using K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) and SVM classifiers. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using these technologies for monitoring aquatic life. Finally, three major challenges remain: minimizing the environmental impact of underwater communication technologies (UWOC, EM and UWAC) and heavy machinery, improving the accuracy of anthropogenic emissions measurements, and enforcing regulations more strictly for the protection of underwater biodiversity and aquatic ecosystems. Conceptualisation, F.P.F.D. ; methodology, F.P.F.D., I.K.I. and P.M.; validation, I.K.I. and P.M.; formal analysis, I.K.I., A.L. and P.M.; investigation, F.P.F.D. ; resources, F.P.F.D. ; data curation, F.P.F.D. ; writing--original draft preparation, F.P.F.D. ; writing--review and editing, F.P.F.D., I.K.I., P.M. and A.L. ; visualisation, F.P.F.D., I.K.I. and P.M.; supervision, I.K.I., O.K., A.L.