# Poly(lactic acid)-Based Electrospun Fibrous Structures for Biomedical Applications
## 8 Biomedical Applications of PLA-Based Nanofibrous Structures
### Tissue Engineering
#### 8.3.1. PLA Electrospun Structures for Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Polymers and Blends** & **Solvent (s)** & **Additive** & **Scaffold Properties** & **Tissue** & **Refs.** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{6}{*}{PLLA, average Mw = 138,000} & \multirow{6}{*}{HFIP} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Diameter of aligned nanofiber: 0.58 \(\pm\) 0.10 μm, Diameter of random nanofiber: 0.59 \(\pm\) 0.10, Alignment improved the ability to promote proliferation, migration and facilitating the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs} \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{PLLA, PL 65} & DCM: DMF (955 \(w/w\)) & Dopamine and SiO\({}_{2}\) nanoparticles to be coated on the surface of fibers & Highly porous with a rougher surface, good & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{PLLA} & \multirow{6}{*}{CHCl\({}_{3}\)} & The scaffold was & & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & coated with & & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{PLLA Mw = 50 kDa} & DCM: DMF (2:1 \(w/w\)) & Nano- & nHA/PLA/CEL scaffold r immobilized with peptides have Interconnected and multilevel porous structures similar to native ECM & Bone & [134] \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{PLLA} & \multirow{6}{*}{CHCl3: DMF (3:1)} & Cellulose (3:1 \(w/w\)) & Diameter: 0.15–3 μm & Bone & [137] \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{PLLA /lecithin} & DCM & Dimer: 0.15–3 μm & Bone & [138] \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{PLLA /lecithin} & DCM & Dimer 2.89 \(\pm\) 0.51 μm, & & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{PLLA (Mw: 90,000–120,000 g/mol), Gelatin (Mw: 40,000–100,000 g/mol)} & DCM: DMF (3:1 \(w/w\)), Acetic acid for gelatin (MWCN) 15\%(wt) & & & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Different studies in which electrospun PLA fibers have been used for tissue engineering applications. \begin{table} \begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**Polymers and Blends** & **Solvent (s)** & **Additive** & **Scaffold Properties** & **Tissue** & **Refs.** \\ \hline PLA 4043D, cellulose(CA) & HFIP for PLA and & Introduction of regenerated cellulose in & & \\ celluloseacetate (CA) & DMAc/acetone, 2:1 & the scaffolds improved superabsorbent & Bone & [140] \\  & \(w/w\) for CA & & property and mechanical strength & \\ \hline \end{tabular} \begin{tabular}{c} PLA scaffolds with CS \\ island-nanotechnology surfaces were \\ favorable for the spread of cells and the \\ CS (DA 90\%) \\ \end{tabular} \begin{tabular}{c} Bone \\ [141] \\ \end{tabular} \begin{tabular}{c} [141] \\ \end{tabular} \begin{tabular}{c} Bone \\ [142] \\ \end{tabular} \begin{tabular}{c} [143] \\ \end{tabular} \begin{tabular}{c} [144] \\ \end{tabular} \begin{tabular}{c} [142] \\ \end{tabular} \begin{tabular}{c} [143] \\ \end{tabular} \begin{tabular}{c} [144] \\ \end{tabular} \begin{tabular}{c} [145] \\ \end{tabular} \begin{tabular}{c} [146] \\ \end{tabular}  \ \begin{tabular}{c} [147] \\ \end{tabular} 
\begin{tabular}{c} [148 Regarding the importance of topographic cues of electrospun membranes, such as alignment and diameter on cellular behaviors, [PERSON] et al. [130] investigated the influence of PLLA fiber diameter and alignment on cellular responses of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), including cell attachment, migration, proliferation, and osteogenesis.