# Reconstruction of Land and Marine Features by Seismic and Surface Geomorphology Techniques
## 8 Discussions and Results Overview  
Several seismic and surface geomorphology techniques exist for delineating, identifying, and extracting the geomorphology features from both seismic reflection and surface geomorphology data (Table 2).  
The seismic attribute technique (including geometrical attribute: seismic facies) is widely used as the first approach of quantitatively identifying geological and geomorphological features from seismic reflection data. Therefore, this kind of seismic geomorphology technique is often used in industry and academia since its introduction back in the 1980s. The results offered by this technique really depend on the quality of seismic reflection data together with human knowledge and experience (Table 2). The seismic sedimentology technique is a relatively new technique that deals with thin-bedded geology and geomorphology (Table 2), thus, it needs the human knowledge and experience to provide a good result. Thin-bedded features could be in a range of 2 to 10 m thick with horizontal resolution of the conventional seismic reflection data. This kind of technique is usually ignored when the seismic attributes technique could solve the problem of imaging geomorphological features from seismic reflection data. Furthermore, volume rendering and geobody extraction depend on the availability of 3D seismic reflection data (Table 2). Application of this technique will also be dependent on the objective of the project; it is mainly used for volume calculation of the geological and geomorphological features. The results offered would depend on the quality of the seismic reflection data (Table 2). The machine learning technique could also be applied on the seismic geomorphology technique to speed up the interpretation processes. Nowadays, this kind of technique is often used, but the results offered always need to be validated by human experience and knowledge (Table 2). The surface geomorphology techniques combining a large number of emerging space and proxy-remote sensing technologies are presented as the best techniques used for local, regional, and continental geomorphological studies (Table 3). Such techniques improve the ability to acquire the surface feature of elevation and to extract geomorphological features. In addition, the proliferation of a large number of GEE and GIS software allow for facies filtering and elevation modeling in quantitative analysis and geobody extraction studies, and eventually allowing the development of a reliable 3D geomorphological earth surface model.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Techniques** & **Geomorphological** & **Scale and Resolution** & **Results** & **Ratios (In Time)** \\  & **Analysis and Frequency** & & & and References \\ \hline Seismic attribute & Most cases, often used & Vertical (20–30 m) \& & Good (Depends on data \\  & & horizontal (10–20 m) & quality) & 1980s—now, see chapter 3 \\ Seismic sedimentology & In special cases & Vertical (2–10 m) \& & \\  & (e.g., thin bedded) & horizontal (10–20 m) & & 2010s—now, see chapter 4 \\ Volume rendering and & In special cases (e.g., (3D \\ geobody extraction & seismic reflection data) & horizontal (10–20 m) & & 2000s—now, see chapter 5 \\ Machine learning & Becoming often (Last decade) & Vertical (20–30 m) \& & Good (Needs human \\ Integrated seismic and surface geomorphology & Not often, lack of reference & horizontal (10–20 m) & & 2010s—now, see chapter 6 \\  & & Vertical (2–10 m) \& & Better (Reducing result \\  & & horizontal (10–20 m) & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Seismic geomorphology technical analysis.  
Finally, the integration of the seismic and surface geomorphology workflow is proposed to give better results for reconstructing land and marine features (Figure 7 and Table 1). The data quality together with human knowledge and experience will influence the results, but this integrated workflow will reduce the uncertainty about the results since it combines several seismic and surface geomorphology techniques that can complement each other.