## Results
### Atmospheric Investigations  
In this section, we present the atmospheric investigation six months the ML3.3 Guidonia 1 st January 2023 earthquake. The results in terms of time series and maps of surface air temperature, aerosol, surface total energy flux (also known as surface latent heat flux), SO\({}_{2}\), surface specific humidity, and total precipitation are provided in Supplementary Materials in Figures S4-S7, Figures 3-6. All the time series were calculated in a square box centred on the Guidonia 1 st January 2023 earthquake with a 3\({}^{\circ}\) side. The surface air temperature time series has some anomalous values. Still, none have multi-day persistence, a criterion found effective for Central Italy by [PERSON] et al. [38]. The aerosol, humidity, total precipitation, and especially SO\({}_{2}\) investigations revealed several anomalous days, and we provided some geographical maps to better investigate if the increase in these quantities was local or global. The aerosol on 18 August 2022 was particularly anomalous, and its map is shown in Figure 3. From the aerosol distribution,  
Figure 3: The aerosol map on 18 August 2022. The epicentre of Guidonia 1 January 2023 earthquake is shown with a white star. it seems that all of the Tyrrhenian Sea recorded a high value of aerosol, probably due to particular weather conditions. In any case, it does not seem related to the earthquake. Figure 4: Total latent energy flux time series from 4 July 2022 to 31 December 2022 (i.e., from six months before until the day before the ML = 3.3 Guidonia 1 January 2023 earthquake, red dashed line). The blue line represents the historical mean calculated from 1980 to 2021 in the same period and region. Cyan, green, and yellow bands represent 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 standard deviations of the historical values from 1980 to 2021. The horizontal axis represents the day before the Guidonia earthquake for the red dashed line (i.e., the 2022 time series), and the mean and standard deviation of the historical values are computed on the same day of the previous years. The vertical dashed black line represents the Guidonia earthquake (EQ) occurrence time. A red arrow with the specific date is reported for the anomalous days, i.e., the values that exceeded two standard deviations. Figure 5: SO\({}_{2}\) time series from 4 July 2022 until 31 December 2022 (i.e., from six months before until the day before the ML = 3.3 1 January 2023 Guidonia earthquake). The years 1985, 1989, and 1993 have been excluded automatically as particularly anomalous. The representation graphic is the same as Figure 4.  
Figure 4 reports the time series of the surface total energy flux, known as surface latent heat flux (SLHF), in the six months before the ML3.3 Guidonia 1 January 2023 earthquake. Several days exceeded the two-standard-deviation threshold, and they can be considered anomalous. Their occurrence dates (8 July, 19 August, 17 and 21 September, and 5 and 22 November 2022) are reported in red in Figure 4.  
Figure 5 shows the time series of sulphur dioxide in the six months before the ML3.3 Guidonia 1 January 2023 earthquake. Figure 6 reports three anomalous days of SO\({}_{2}\) in the investigated area, i.e., 18 July, 23 October, and 1 November 2022. The 18 July and 1 November dates show a slightly higher value of SO\({}_{2}\) along almost all the coastline, excluding a local phenomenon. Despite this, in all three maps, the highest values are recorded in the sea, corresponding to an important subduction slab of the Tyrrhenian Sea (dashed grey line). The emission of this SO\({}_{2}\) could be due to the stress on the subduction slab, and the important volcanic activity of the several volcanos close to this area (the Stromboli in the Aeolian Islands, submersed Marsili, or Etna, in Sicily). These volcanos are well known to emit SO\({}_{2}\), and contribute significantly to the global budget of SO\({}_{2}\) emissions [39].