# Ionic Liquids for Development of Heterogeneous Catalysts Based on Nanomaterials for Biocatalysis
## 5 Conclusions  
In summary, the most important achievements in the use of ionic liquids for the development of heterogeneous catalysts, based on the nanomaterials for biocatalysis, were presented. The environment of the enzyme has a crucial influence on the stabilization of the protein conformation and mass-transport phenomena of products from the support. Ionic liquids play a significant role in the prevention of the enzyme against the destruction of the secondary structure and deactivation under scCO\({}_{2}\) conditions, high temperatures, and acidic or polar environments. Due to the structural integrity of ionic liquid, support and active conformation of lipase, the activity, stability, and reusability of immobilized enzymes can be improved substantially. The presence of small amounts of water in the IL increases the activity of the lipases. The authors highlighted the importance of the recycling possibility of SILP/SILLP biomaterials. Over the years, various polymer, silica, magnetic and carbon materials were used as matrixes for the supported ionic liquid phase and supported ionic liquid-like phase technique, for enzyme immobilization. The PS-DVB carrier has many advantages, such as the possibility of the design and control the morphology of the material and surface modification, to obtain desired features. It has been reported that chitin and chitosan with low surface areas can be expand via ionic liquid modification. Among the inorganic supports, magnetic nanoparticles have a great potential, because they can be easily separated from the reaction systems by applying an external magnetic field, but the long procedure and low yield of the synthesis decreases their applications. Nanomaterials are significant matrices that provide high ionic liquid and enzyme loading on the surface. Chemical modification of the surface, in comparison with physical adsorption, requires high costs and a long term of preparation, but prevents leaching of the ionic liquid and provides longer reusability. However, for both the SILP and SILLP enzymes, leaching can appear. In all the cases, surface modification of the support, with ionic liquids, is key, because it can make significant improvements in the surface properties, as well as activity and stability of the enzymes. The physical, chemical, and morphological modifications of the support, with ionic liquids, minimize the leaching of the active phase and improve the catalytic activity for continuous and discontinuous processes. The presented reports showed that SILP and SILLP for enzyme immobilization, have a great application potential in biocatalysis.  
Conceptualization, A.C. and A.W.; literature survey A.W.; writing--original draft preparation, A.W.; writing--review and editing, A.C. and A.W.; visualization, A.W.; supervision, A.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by Silesian University of Technology (Poland), grant No. 04/050/BKM21/0133.  
Data sharing is not applicable for this article.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish.