esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Experiments
### Remote Sensing Investigations of Large Rivers Deltas
#### 3.5.8 Nile Delta  
The Nile Delta supports 63% of Egypt's agricultural land and accommodates about 45% of its population. Erosion, land subsidence, and deterioration of natural habitats have influenced the coastal areas of the Nile Delta [133]. Severe erosion has occurred along the Nile Delta coast due to reduced sediment supply after dam construction on the river, with estimated maximum shoreline recession rates of about 100 m/year [454; 455]. InSAR techniques has been used to retrieve land subsidence of the delta; most of the big cities in the delta are suffering from land subsidence, which are mainly due to ground water pumping [456]. The subsidence of the deltaic region has led to land-use change and land loss for agriculture and aquaculture activities. Coherence data obtained from ERS-1/ERS-2 SAR data's tandem mission were also utilized to delineate the border between the water and land [457].
# Image Deblurring Based on Convex Non-Convex Sparse Regularization and Plug-and-Play Algorithm
###### Abstract
The second group comprises deep learning algorithms, which are designed to automatically learn features from the data, rather than relying on hand-crafted features [4; 5; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31]. For example, [PERSON] et al. [28] propose a new Scale-recurrent Network (SRN-DeblurNet) to deal with two problems in a CNN-based deblurring system. Based on a new NFRes-block, [PERSON] et al. [27] propose the NFResnet and NFResnet+. [PERSON] et al. [30] introduce a dilated convolution model (SDWNet) for image deblurring. Despite the computational advantages of these neural network-based methods, they are not without their drawbacks, including excessive network parameters and a lack of interpretability. The current approach known as learning-based optimization or model-based deep learning combines the strengths of iterative algorithms and deep neural networks to enhance computational performance while also exhibiting commendable interpretability and generalization capabilities [32; 33; 34]. The PnP algorithm is a learning-based optimization framework, which aims to enhance the iterative algorithm by replacing the proximal operator with a state-of-the-art denoiser. By leveraging a deep neural network denoiser, the performance of the PnP algorithm can be significantly improved. Moreover, within the framework of the iterative algorithm, theoretical guarantees for convergence are also provided. As a result, PnP algorithms have gained widespread adoption in various image tasks [7; 8; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40]. In this paper, we propose a novel image deblurring model by utilizing CNC sparse regularization and solving it by a PnP algorithm. In summary, our contributions are as follows:By incorporating CNC sparse regularization into the image deblurring model, we obtain a new image deblurring model with non-convex sparse regularization, which can effectively address the limitations of the \(\ell_{1}\)-norm. Additionally, we establish the necessary conditions for ensuring the overall convexity of the proposed model. * After constructing the iterative proximal operator of CNC sparse regularization by using the forward-backward splitting (FBS) algorithm, we propose an FBS algorithm for the proposed image deblurring model with CNC sparse regularization (FBS-CNC) and further derive the corresponding PnP-FBS-CNC algorithm by substituting the proximal operator with a denoiser. * The inherent advantages of the proposed algorithm compared with other existing algorithms are verified through numerical experiments. The paper is organized as follows. We recall the basic definitions and algorithms in Section 2. In Section 3, we introduce the CNC sparse regularization problem for image deblurring and establish the convexity condition. Section 4 is the pivotal section of this paper, where we present the FBS and PnP-FBS algorithms based on CNC sparse regularization to tackle the problem proposed in Section 3. We experimentally evaluate the performance of the algorithm in Section 5. Section 6 concludes with a summary.
## 3 Results  
### Numerical Simulation Results of Mixers  
The simulation of a gas mixer can generate velocity and concentration fields, with the concentration field being the main focus for evaluating the mixing effect. The concentration field distribution results of the static mixer with various L/D ratios under identical operating conditions are shown in Figures 5 and 6. Upon reaching a steady state, it is observed that the gas concentration gradient inside the SV mixer with different L/D ratios of 0.75, 2.5, and 6 are approximately 20%, 8%, and 2%, respectively. It is noted that a higher L/D ratio results in improved gas phase uniformity and enhanced gas mixing efficiency within the mixer.  
The simulation results of mixers with various L/D ratios indicate that a larger L/D ratio leads to a longer gas flow path within the mixer, enhancing turbulence effects due to turbulence elements. This increased path length and narrower space can further improve the convective diffusion of substances in both time and space dimensions. However, it is important to consider the limitations of installation space and manufacturing processes when determining the optimal L/D ratio for a mixer, as increasing it indefinitely is not feasible and should be balanced with actual test results.
## 2 Material and Methods
### The LSASAF LST Product  
For the purpose of the current study, skin temperature retrieval according to the LSASAF LST product (MLST, LSA-001) using information from the geostationary Meteosat satellite was applied [48]. The retrieval of LST was based on clear-sky measurements from the MSG system in the thermal infrared window (MSG/SEVIRI channels IR10.8 and IR12.0). Theoretically, LST values can be determined 96 times per day from MSG but, in practice, fewer observations are available due to cloud cover. The identification of cloudy pixels is based on the cloud mask generated by the Nowcasting and Very Short Range Forecasting Satellite Application Facility (NWC SAF) software, [[https://landsaf.ipma.pt/en/products/land-surface-temperature/lst/](https://landsaf.ipma.pt/en/products/land-surface-temperature/lst/)]([https://landsaf.ipma.pt/en/products/land-surface-temperature/lst/](https://landsaf.ipma.pt/en/products/land-surface-temperature/lst/)). The LST MSG product is computed within the area covered by the MSG disk, every 15 min. The Meteosat LSASAF LST product is received via EUMETCast at the NIMH environment and some missing slots/time intervals are provided by the LSASAF help desk archive for the purposes of this study. The 12-year time series available in HDF5 format are processed by the GDAL_grid translator library and the georeferenced gridded datasets for the region of Bulgaria are visualized, producing maps. Daytime digital LST values at 0900 UTC and 1200 UTC time slots (\(\pm\)30 min to avoid the limitations of cloudy pixels) are inferred at MSG pixel resolution (about 5 km for Bulgaria region) to calculate monthly/annual mean values.
The sampling clock frequency offset and CSI between [PERSON] and [PERSON] are treated as security keys which can be determined at [PERSON]'s end according to the reciprocal principle. Meanwhile, [PERSON] and [PERSON] do not have a negotiation of compensation for the sampling rate and CSI; [PERSON] can only use incoherent demodulation techniques. Finally, the LPD and LPI performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated by the detection probability of the received signal and BER, respectively. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the construction of the LPD signal waveform, the principle of the signal detection method. Section 3 presents the application of the designed LPD signal for physical layer security. A practical secure transmission scheme based on channel reciprocity is proposed. Section 4 analyses the LPD performance of the designed signal in the Wire-tap channel. Section 5 investigates the signal and information security performance in terms of detection probability and BER at both [PERSON]'s and [PERSON]'s ends by simulations. Finally, the conclusions are drawn in Section 6.
## 1 Introduction
In this study, we demonstrate the fabrication of ZnO thin films using the sol-gel dip-coating method, followed by modification with Pd through chemical photodeposition with varying UV light doses (2.5, 5, and 10 J/cm\({}^{2}\)). The obtained photocatalysts and Pd deposition products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and UV-vis spectroscopy (diffuse reflectance spectroscopy). To assess the impact of Pd functionalization on Pd/ZnO photocatalytic activity, we conducted experiments on the degradation of doxycycline (DC) antibiotic under artificial UV illumination, also examining the effects of water composition (distilled vs. tap water) on removal efficiency.
## 1 Introduction
However, previous studies have overlooked factors influencing the control effectiveness of grout filling on surface subsidence and only provided a qualitative analysis of individual parameters [24]. Additionally, surface subsidence prediction has neglected the consideration of physical and mechanical properties as well as movement processes of overlying strata, treating them (including key layers) as homogeneous granular media, resulting in significant errors in practical applications. Furthermore, there is a lack of accurate numerical simulation methods specifically designed for predicting surface subsidence caused by grouting into overburden separation. To address these challenges, this paper introduces a mechanical model for key strata deflection and a predictive model for surface subsidence under grouting into overburden separation conditions, grounded in the theories of elastic foundation beams and equivalent mining height. Moreover, we developed a numerical simulation approach using the discrete element method to analyze the subsidence and tilting characteristics of surfaces under varying injection-extraction ratios. The efficacy of our ground surface subsidence prediction method was validated through numerical simulations and field measurements at the 8006 working face of the Wuyang Coal Mine, demonstrating its practical applicability and accuracy. The research findings possess significant reference value for scientifically selecting an injection-extraction ratio, effectively reducing surface subsidence, and protecting surface structures.
# Linked Data Aware Agent Development Framework for Mobile Devices
## 2 Architecture of LDAF-M  
LDAF-M has a layered architecture which mainly consists of two layers, as shown in Figure 1. The bottom layer provides the communication infrastructure. LDAF-M also follows the FIPA specifications which mostly affect the communication and deployment infrastructure. FIPA compliancy is also explained in this section following the communication infrastructure. On top of the communication layer, the agency layer is located. The agency layer contains the implementation for the BDI model of agency.  
The communication layer and the agency layer basically interact by means of agent communication layer messages. The agency layer extracts the objectives that it will try to satisfy by examining the incoming messages stored in the incoming message queue of the agent. On the other hand, as a result of executing a plan, some messages need to be sent to other agents. In this case,the agency layer places the messages to be sent in the outgoing message queue, which then are sent to the related agents by the communication layer.
## 5 Connectivity Manager  
The connectivity manager takes care of end-to-end resource management, integrating satellite and terrestrial technologies together. A vessel can be simultaneously within coverage of several different access technologies, as depicted in Figure 3. One of the most important functionalities in a multi-radio access network is the selection of the interface. The selection is dependent on the service requiring connectivity as well as the characteristics and availability of connection links. The main tasks of a connectivity manager are [5]:  
* To prioritize and allocate the data to available communication channels and routes.  
* To ensure that there is enough capacity for data to be transferred.
* To ensure that the data reaches its destination with integrity within latency requirements
* To cooperate with other ships in the vicinity to ensure that everyone will obtain required service. Safety is always prioritized.  
The development of these functionalities is currently a research topic and is advanced together with the development of the ship gateway. There are many standardized 5G features such as QoS control, prioritization, and network slicing that can be used in the depicted integrated satellite-terrestrial architecture to ensure end-to-end service and a robust connection, e.g., between the ship and the remote operator.  
However, integration of many different networks requires the development of new logic and functionalities while taking into account the specific requirements of shipping. Prioritization of safety/critical data during a distress guarantees that it will be delivered as soon as possible while other not so critical data can wait.
## 2 Simulation Setup and Estimation
### Estimated SRP Parameters
The DYB coordinate system is optimized for MEO and IGSO satellites but not for GEO satellites. As in orbit-normal mode, the orientation of the solar panel is not perpendicular to the Sun-satellite direction, so we used a different DYB orientation for the GEO satellites, named DYB. In this frame, \(\underline{\text{Y}}\) is perpendicular to the orbital plane, \(\underline{\text{B}}\) is perpendicular to Y and the Sun-satellite direction, and \(\underline{\text{D}}\) completes the right-handed orthogonal system. In [17], we analyzed the modeling error introduced by the parameter differences of the true and mismodeled BW parameters for the GEO satellites. The result was a further optimized model, as shown in Equation (4). The maximum number of parameters is still 13. \[ \begin{array}{l}\underline{\text{D}}=\underline{\text{D}}_{0}+\underline{ \text{D}}_{\text{1s}}\,\sin(\Delta\text{u})+\underline{\text{D}}_{\text{2c}}\, \cos(2\Delta\text{u})+\underline{\text{D}}_{\text{3s}}\,\sin(3\Delta\text{u}) +\underline{\text{D}}_{\text{4c}}\,\cos(4\Delta\text{u}),\\ \underline{\text{Y}}=\underline{\text{Y}}_{0}+\underline{\text{Y}}_{\text{1s} }\,\sin(\Delta\text{u})+\underline{\text{Y}}_{\text{2c}}\,\cos(2\Delta\text{u }),\\ \underline{\text{B}}=\underline{\text{B}}_{0}+\underline{\text{B}}_{\text{1c}}\, \cos(\Delta\text{u})+\underline{\text{B}}_{\text{2s}}\,\sin(2\Delta\text{u}) +\underline{\text{B}}_{\text{3c}}\,\cos(3\Delta\text{u})+\underline{\text{ B}}_{\text{4s}}\,\sin(4\Delta\text{u}),\end{array}  \tag{4}\]
# Twitter-Based Safety Confirmation System for Disaster Situations
## 3 Proposed Application T-@npi
### Requirements  
The requirements of the proposed system are listed below:  
1. Social media adoption: The safety information of victims should be confirmed as quickly as possible after a disaster. The proposed system requires the use of social media such as Twitter for efficient information sharing.
2. Facilitation of sending rescue requests: Victims needing to be rescued must provide detailed information and the coordinates of their location on a tweet, as instructed by @TwitterLifeline [19]. However, even people who are familiar with smartphones or similar devices and social media cannot easily provide such detailed information. Thus, the proposed system must be equipped with a function that sends rescue requests via an easy operation.
3. Renewal and deletion of old information: As instructed in [19], users who sent a rescue request should remove the rescue-request tweet after the rescue, and then update their status (rescue or self-resolution of the emergency). To prevent the spreading of old information, the proposed system requires a reregistration function by which users can delete the previously posted rescue request and post the new information.
4. Encouraging mutual and public help: Self-help, mutual help, and public help are important for disaster prevention and mitigation. The existing services can share a user's safety information with families, relatives, and friends (i.e., self-help), but lack functions for sending and sharing rescue requests by victims in trouble (i.e., mutual and public help). To facilitate rescue and support activities, the safety information and rescue requests should be shared with local governments and rescue experts (enabling public help), and with neighbors of the victims. The needs of a large-scale disaster may exceed the capacity of local governments, firefighter rescue parties, and police officers, necessitating the assistance of neighbors (i.e., mutual help.) Thus, the proposed system must support both mutual and public help.
5. GIS integration: The registered safety information and rescue requests must be mapped on an online map for decision making decisions by local governments and rescue experts.
## 3 Results
### Performances of Multielectrode Unipolar (MEU) and Multielectrode Bipolar (MEB) Modes
The corresponding power generation and heat energy absorption in different materials for the two ablation models are illustrated in Figure 8. As the current seldom flowed toward the deeper region of the model in the MEB mode, the power generated in the connective tissue, lung, and muscle was extremely low (average \(2.34\times 10^{-3}\) W, \(1.31\times 10^{-3}\) W, and \(7.67\times 10^{-6}\) W, respectively); therefore, this was ignored in the result. The decreasing trend of the power in the myocardium of the MEB mode was believed to be caused by the temperature control. Since blood is more electrically conductive than the myocardium, more power and energy are consumed by the blood in both ablation modes. The consumption was even more severe in the lung region in the MEU mode. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Mode**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Surface Area (mm2)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Maximum Sectional Lesion Area (mm2)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Corresponding Depth (mm)**} \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{5-6}  & **30 s** & **60 s** & **30 s** & **60 s** & **30 s** & **60 s** \\ \hline MEU & 40.66 & 52.51 & 186.28 & 206.24 & 1.30 & 2.37 \\ MEB & 104.30 & 109.62 & 152.92 & 171.88 & 1.04 & 1.25 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Surface lesion area, the maximum sectional lesion area inside of the myocardium, and the corresponding depth to approach the section in the MEU and MEB modes at 30 s and 60 s of RFCA. Figure 7: (**a**) Maximum depth of lesion and (**b**) Maximum temperature under each active electrode at 30 s and 60 s of RFCA. (**c**) Time required to generate effective lesion and (**d**) total lesion volume at 60 s of RFCA in MEU and MEB modes.
## 4 Results and Discussions
### Sensorless Speed Control Change in the Moment of Inertia  
The responses of the DSMC-based SMO under the sudden decrease and increase of the moment of inertia (10%) at 0.02 s are shown in Figure 20a-c, respectively. From these figures, it is observed that there is a little speed deviation in the estimated speed as related to the actual speed, which further illustrates the SMO's insensitivity and robustness.  
Figure 19: (**a**) Estimated and actual speeds, (**b**) speed tracking error, and (**c**) estimated and actual net torque values when load torques varied.  
When the moment of inertia increased, the speed of the motor decreased. It is because that, with the increase in the moment of inertia, the phase current has to be increased to overcome the inertia, but the phase current is determined by the command current, and the command current is the proposition to the speed error with constant proposed controller parameters, according to the control schemes. Therefore, the speed decreased a little. Similarly, when the moment of inertia decreased, the speed of the rotor also increased.
# Nanomaterials in Bone Regeneration
## 4 Nanoparticles
### Copper Nanoparticles  
Copper is a noble metal of reddish color characterized by very good thermal and electrical conductivity [132]. It is one of the most important trace elements in the human body, needed for a variety of biological functions, including Cu-dependent enzyme activity, bone metabolism control, blood clotting, and vision process. Copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) have an antioxidant effect and, due to their biocompatibility and ability to induce the migration and proliferation of endothelial cells, are suitable for wound healing [133].  
The use of copper ions in scaffolds can improve bone tissue regeneration. [PERSON] et al. compared the influence of copper-doped CS scaffolds on bone renewal. Scaffolds were implanted into 5 mm calvarial defects in Fisher 344 male rats. An increase in bone volume was found after 4 weeks by micro-CT scans and histological examination. They concluded that the inclusion of copper ions in scaffolds could enhance tissue regeneration [134].  
[PERSON] et al. prepared a novel type of Cu-containing calcium phosphate cement (Cu-CPC) enriched by copper phosphate nanoparticles. The effect of these particles at different concentrations on osteogenesis and angiogenesis was investigated on mouse BM-MSCs and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Cu-CPC with 0.01 wt% and 0.05 wt% of copper phosphate nanoparticles showed a significant increase in adhesion and proliferation of BM-MSCs. The differentiation was confirmed by collagen type I production and by elevated expression of osteogenesis-related genes _Runx2_, _Col-I_, and _OC_, and by angiogenesis-related genes _VEGF_, _eNOS_, and _FGF_. Higher content of copper phosphate nanoparticles than 0.05 wt% inhibited the proliferation of murine BM-MSCs [135].