esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 6 Causing Mechanism of Seismicity during the Impoundment
### Influence of Direct Reservoir Water Load  
Observations of the gravity can directly reflect the vertical crustal movement in the crust, and the positive gravity anomaly indicates that the area is squeezed in the vertical direction. The cumulative changes in the gravity field from October 2001 to November 2008 given in Figure 8 show that water impounding has led to a huge banded positive anomaly of gravity along the river in the study area. The positive anomaly of gravity near Xiangxireached \(450\times 10^{-8}\) ms\({}^{-2}\). It formed a good envelope for the seismic activity in the head area of the reservoir, indicating that the direct reservoir water load caused by the impoundment has a huge impact on the crustal stress-strain field in the study area.  
At the same time, from the maximum shear-strain field near the surface of the study area, it can be seen that, before the water impoundment, the crustal shear-strain field of the study area is closely related to the distribution of active faults (Figure 9a), which is about 1.3, a relatively low level. As the reservoir water level rose to 135 m and 156 m, the maximum crustal shear-strain field along the river increased to 3.0 and 3.4. Then, finally, at the 175 m stage, it reached 7.0 at the intersection of the Jiuwanxi faults and the Yangtze River (Figure 9b-d). At the beginning of the 135 m water impounding stage, especially, the upstream of the dam showed noticeable characteristics of banded strips along the river (Figure 9b), which is consistent with the positive gravity anomaly range.  
The characteristics of the crustal strain field obtained by the numerical simulation indicate that water impoundment would create drastic changes in the crustal stress-strain field along the river. It also explains why the 20 m to 30 m changes of the reservoir water level, before and after different impounding stages, can cause such a substantial transformation in seismic activity characteristics (Figure 5). After further combining the distribution characteristics of the banded strips of the positive gravity anomalies along the river (Figure 8), we can understand the mechanism of reservoir earthquakes directly induced by reservoir water loads. To elaborate, the instant elastic loading at the bottom of the reservoir caused the instability of mines, karst caves, shallow rock strata, and faults within 10 km along the river and near the reservoir bank to induce earthquakes [26], which manifested as an \"instantaneous\" response to the rise of the reservoir water, non-tectonic (induced) reservoir earthquakes.
# Nanomaterials-Based Ion-Imprinted Electrochemical Sensors for Heavy Metal Ions Detection: A Review
## 2 Preparation of IIPs
### Preparation Methods of IIPs
#### 2.2.5 Surface Imprinting Method  
Surface imprinting method is to confine the binding site to the surface of solid phase support with good accessibility by surface modification or coating and then crosslinking polymerized [36]. The technique is simple and environmentally friendly, and the obtained IIP particles are small and moreover easy to combine and separate with template ions quickly, exhibiting a high mass transfer rate and rapid binding kinetics [45; 47]. In recent years, the surface imprinting method has been used as an alternative to other types of polymerization become a highly using IIPs preparation technique [48]. [PERSON] et al. synthesized a graphite-based IIP (G-IIP) which exhibits a potential adsorbent for wastewater treatment by using the surface-printing technique with allylthiourea as the functional monomer, nitrate as the template, and EGDMA as the crosslinker [49]. [PERSON] et al. utilized novel magnetic Pb(II) ion-imprinted polymer (Pb(II)-MIIP) nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized by the surface imprinting technique with 4-VP (functional monomer), EGDMA (crosslinker), 2,3,5,6-tetra(2-pyridyl) pyrazine (TPPZ, chelating agent), and magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MMWCNTs, carrier) for the sensitive and selective detection of Pb(II) ions [50].
###### Abstract  
This study focuses on the mid- and low-midlatitude ionospheric response to the 2024 Mother's Day superstorm, utilizing ground-based and Swarm satellite observations. The ground-based ionosonde measured F1, F2-layer, B0 and B1 parameters, as well as isodensity data, were used. The ionospheric absorption was investigated with the so-called amplitude method, which is based on ionosonde data. Auroral sporadic E-layer was the first time ever recorded at Sopron. Moreover, the auroral F-layer appeared at exceptionally low latitude (35\({}^{\circ}\) mlat, over San Vito) during the storm main phase. These unprecedented detections were confirmed by optical all-sky cameras. The observations revealed that these events were linked to the extreme equatorward shift of the auroral oval along with the midlatitude trough. As a result, the midlatitude ionosphere became confined to the trough itself. Three stages of F2-layer uplift were identified during the night of 10/11 May, each caused by different mechanisms: most probably by the effect of prompt penetration electric fields (PPEFs) (1), the travelling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) (2) and the combination of electrodynamic processes and decreased O/N\({}_{2}\) ratio (3). After a short interval of G-condition, an unprecedented extended disappearance of the layers was observed during daytime hours on 11 May, which was further confirmed by Swarm data. This phenomenon appeared to be associated with a reduced O/N\({}_{2}\) along with the influence of disturbance dynamo electric fields (DDEFs) and it cannot be explained only by the increased ionospheric absorption according to the results of the amplitude method.  
M _et remote sensing Article
## 3 Results
### Comfort Evaluation
#### 3.1.3 Acoustic Evaluation  
Previous studies suggested that different sound source and behavior patterns influence the acoustic perception of users in an indoor environment [34]. In the survey wards, the sound source composition and behavior patterns are relatively simple. The main sound sources are speech and activity. Table 4 provides a statistical analysis using [PERSON]'s correlation between the acoustic comfort evaluation of various individual sound sources and the comfort evaluation of the overall acoustic environment (\(p<0.01\)). The results showed that there was a positive correlation between the acoustic comfort evaluation of the speech sound of staff, shouting, crying, and pager sounds. Shouting and crying were the most relevant. In summary, these types of sounds were very disturbing, and when these types of sound were the dominant sound sources, the ambient acoustic comfort rating would significantly affect the overall comfort.  
The mean value of the LAeq in the survey wards during the daytime was 59.2 dB, and the LAeq was kept between 57.3 dB and 63.8 dB. As shown in Figure 2, it should be noted that the LAeq in wards was satisfactory, with the measured value of 45-65 dB, and highly acceptable at 45-55 dB. However, when the LAeq reached 70 dB, the participants mainly reported dissatisfied (43.5%) and strongly dissatisfied (21.7%). This result indicated that patients prefer a quieter environment.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Type of Sound Sources** & **Sound Source Composition** & **Coefficient Correlation** \\ \hline Speech sound & Speech of companions & 0.35 \({}^{*}\) \\  & Chatting of other users & 0.067 \\  & Speech of staff & 0.286 \({}^{**}\) \\  & Shouting & 0.438 \({}^{**}\) \\  & Phone calls & 0.098 \\  & Crying & 0.426 \({}^{**}\) \\ Activity sound & TV sounds & \(-\)0.198 \({}^{*}\) \\  & Pager sounds & 0.392 \({}^{**}\) \\  & Walking sounds & 0.061 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{*}\)Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). \({}^{**}\) Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).  
\end{table}
Table 4: Analysis using Spearman’s correlation between the acoustic comfort of sound sources and the overall sound environment comfort evaluation.  
Figure 2: The relationship between the measured equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level (LAeq) and acoustic satisfaction.  
Figure 2 shows the relationship between the measured LAeq and acoustic satisfaction, where the linear regressions and coefficient of determination R\({}^{2}\) are also presented. It should be noted that LAeq lower than 65 dB allowed for a satisfactory acoustic environment. With an increase in the measured LAeq, the acoustic satisfaction decreased. A correlation analysis of the evaluation of the measured value and satisfaction evaluation indicated that evaluation of the satisfaction of the acoustic environment was significantly and negatively correlated with the sound pressure level. The noisier the background noise, the lower the patients' acoustic satisfaction evaluation of the environment.
## Materials and Methods
### Potato Peel Extracts Characterization
#### 2.2.2 Antioxidant Capacity of the Extracts Determined by ABTS and FRAP Assays  
Because traditional assays can provide only an estimation of the real antioxidant potential of the natural plant extracts, we used two different methods to obtain a more complete view of the antioxidant ability of our samples and to compare the effects of the different extraction protocols.  
2,2\({}^{\prime}\)-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothic-6-sulphonic acid Antioxidant assay (ABTS) of both extracts was performed as reported in a previous paper [26].  
The radical solution was diluted in water in order to obtain at 734 nm an absorbance of 0.70 \(\pm\) 0.05. The decrease in absorbance was monitored after 5 min from the addition of the extract (1%v/v) and compared to a dose-response curve of standard Trolox in the 0.2-1.5 mM range. The activities of the extracts were expressed as Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) L\({}^{-1}\) extract.  
The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) was carried out using a freshly prepared reagent that contained 2 mM ferric chloride and 1 mM TPTZ (2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine). A total of 0.25 M acetate buffer at pH 3.6 (2.0 mL), the FRAP reagent (900 \(\mu\)L), and the plant extract (100 \(\mu\)L) were mixed in a spectrophotometric cuvette. A calibration curve was prepared with standard solutions of ferrous ammonium sulphate in the range 0-1000 \(\mu\)M Fe (II). The working wavelength was 593 nm.
# Towards a Flexible Smart Factory with a Dynamic Resource Orchestration
## 3 The Orchestrator  
The Orchestrator is a complex, distributed system designed to support and enhance the flexibility of both new production systems--made from the ground up--and old ones adapted to be smart. It orchestrates a safe collaboration of all types of factory resources--humans, machines, robots--with the aim of successfully bringing the production to end result.  
Formally specified production processes are fed to the Orchestrator, which is in turn responsible for the complete orchestration--modelling, matching, scheduling, and enriching the process--and for the execution of final production steps in an SF's Digital Twin. The Digital Twin (DT) metaphor is a part of the I4.0 movement which implies the mirroring of a real system, to include both the physical appearance and its behaviour [18]. Although different in nature, once formally modelled as DTs within the Orchestrator, all the resources are used uniformly, not depending on their type. Execution commands, received from the Orchestrator, are propagated by a DT to its correlative resource to be carried out at a shop floor level. The notion of production orchestration represents mixed activities of scheduling, both batch product planning and operation scheduling, and allocation of operation steps on resources. These activities are to be performed automatically, enabling the fast and dynamical adaptation of the shop floor to the customers' needs. This paper is a continuation of the segments of our research previously presented in [13; 19].  
The distant goal in applying the Orchestrator is to reach the milestone of 'the assembly of anything' in SF which will implement listed principles:  
* Complete production flow is coordinated by the Orchestrator, from ordering to delivering an assembled product.
* Assembly tasks are dynamically distributed among various resources.
* All resources have a uniform treatment, including a human worker as a potentially central figure.
* Retrofitting of legacy resources and Plug-and-Produce is supported, to first adapt the current production into an intermediate, smarter factory solution, 'SF3.5', before reaching the long-term goal of 'SF4.0'.
* Generic and powerful process and shop floor modelling tools that would enable easy customisation and adaptation of the previously gained modelling knowledge.
* Simulation is synchronised with the real-time execution, thus enabling powerful monitoring and quality control.
* All resources collaborate safely in real-time.
* Standardisation and interoperability are strongly advocated but not a limiting factor.  
All the mentioned principles can be applied more abstractly to support future production as a whole--i.e., manufacturing, supply chain, packaging, and delivery--and are not limited to only one domain. A vision of an SF in which these principles are applied is enabled by introducing the architecture of the Orchestrator presented next.
###### Abstract  
Advances in radar technology have driven efforts to develop effective countermeasures. Plasma is recognized as a highly effective medium for absorbing electromagnetic waves. Recent research has focused on enhancing plasma element performance. This paper achieved ultra-high-density, low-pressure cold plasma with a density of \(1.15\times 10^{12}\) cm\({}^{-3}\), surpassing similar studies by more than an order of magnitude. Tungsten electrodes with high-curvature spiked structures were invented to replace traditional iron-nickel alloy electrodes, increasing plasma density by 88.2% under the same conditions. Lightweight and cost-effective tubular and annular ultra-high-density, low-pressure cold plasma devices were developed, demonstrating exceptional performance in electromagnetic wave absorption, plasma transient antennas, and radar stealth technology. The influence of plasma on electromagnetic waves and its numerical relationship were analyzed. By measuring the radar cross-section (RCS), the reduction in radar detection rates was quantified. The results show that the ultra-high-density cold plasma devices exhibit very low intrinsic RCS values, suitable for plasma antenna applications. The array of plasma elements generates a large-area high-density low-pressure cold plasma. This plasma effectively reduces the radar cross-section (RCS) of metallic equipment in the S and C bands and shows attenuation in the X band. These effects highlight the superior characteristics of plasma technology in electronic warfare. This exploratory research lays the groundwork for further defense applications.  
plasma element; plasma density; radar stealth; electromagnetic wave +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 2 Materials and Methods
### \(Z_{eff}\), \(N_{eff}\) and HUI Parameters  
The effective atomic number, \(Z_{eff}\)[18], is an important parameter for tissue equivalence, radiation absorption, radiation scattering and shielding effectiveness for gamma and neutron for compound materials [19]. From the many existing methods to evaluate the effective atomic number, the direct computational method of for the selected tissue substitutes has been carried out by the specific formula [20]:  
\[Z_{eff}=\frac{\sum_{i}f_{i}A_{i}(\frac{\mu}{\rho})_{i}}{\sum_{i}f_{i}\frac{A_{ i}}{Z_{i}}(\frac{\mu}{\rho})_{i}} \tag{6}\]  
where \(A_{i}\), \(Z_{i}\), and \(f_{i}\) are the atomic mass, the atomic number, and the molar fraction of the \(i\)th element.  
Another variant, called the effective atomic number for photon energy absorption (\(Z_{eff,abs}\)), can be obtained from Equation (6) by substituting the mass attenuation coefficient with the mass energy absorption coefficient, written in the following way:  
\[Z_{eff,abs}=\frac{\sum_{i}f_{i}A_{i}(\frac{\mu_{em}}{\rho})_{i}}{\sum_{i}f_{i} \frac{A_{i}}{Z_{i}}(\frac{\mu_{em}}{\rho})_{i}} \tag{7}\]  
Moreover, the number of electrons per unit mass called the effective electron density, \(N_{eff}\), is proportional to \(Z_{eff}\) in the following way:  
\[N_{eff}=N_{A}\frac{Z_{eff}}{\sum_{i}n_{i}A_{i}} \tag{8}\]  
where \(N_{A}\) and \(n_{i}\) are the Avogadro constant and the number of atoms of the \(i\)th element.  
Another important and widely used parameter for comparing the radiation characteristics of a tissue and tissue equivalent material is the CT index or H.U. is given by:  
\[H.U.=\frac{\langle\mu\rangle-\langle\mu_{water}\rangle}{\langle\mu_{water} \rangle-\langle\mu_{air}\rangle} \tag{9}\]  
where \(\langle\mu\rangle\), \(\langle\mu_{water}\rangle\), and \(\langle\mu_{air}\rangle\) are the mean linear attenuation coefficient for actual material, water, and air, respectively.  
HU were generally calculated for 120 kVp standard photon beam spectrum. Here, the standard 30, 80, and 120 kVp spectra were generated using the SpeckCalc program [21].  
The C++ based program includes functions able to speraly compute needed parameters such as: \(Z_{eq}\), \(A_{eff}\), \(Z_{eff}\), \(Z_{eff,ABS}\), \(\mu\), \(\mu_{em}\), EABF, and EBF starting from a given elemental composition (that can be renormalized to be unit) of a material. Atomic density and mass molaire were included for \(Z\) between 1 and 92. Additionally, Compton and total cross sections and \(\mu/\rho\) and \(\mu_{en}/\rho\) for each element were included for photon energy interval up to 150 keV. Before carrying out our computations, each function was first verified against published data from literature.
###### Abstract  
Efficient operation of urban metro systems depends on accurate passenger flow predictions, a task complicated by intricate spatiotemporal correlations. This paper introduces a novel spatiotemporal graph neural network (STGNN) designed explicitly for predicting multistep passenger flow within metro stations. In the spatial dimension, previous research primarily focuses on local spatial dependencies, struggling to capture implicit global information. We propose a spatial modeling module that leverages a dynamic global attention network (DGAN) to capture dynamic global information from all-pair interactions, intricately fusing prior knowledge from the input graph with a graph convolutional network. In the temporal dimension, we design a temporal modeling module tailored to navigate the challenges of both long-term and recent-term temporal passenger flow patterns. This module consists of series decomposition blocks and locality-aware sparse attention (LSA) blocks to incorporate multiple local contexts and reduce computational complexities in long sequence modeling. Experiments conducted on both simulated and real-world datasets validate the exceptional predictive performance of our proposed model.  
metro system; multistep passenger flow prediction; dynamic global attention; locality-aware sparse attention; graph convolutional network +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
# Hybrid Fibres as Shear Reinforcement in High-Performance Concrete Beams with and without Openings
## 3 Experimental Results and Discussion
### Load-Deflection Curves and Cracking Behaviour
#### 3.1.4 Ultimate Load  
All the values of maximum loads, ultimate loads and failure modes of the beams are given in Table 5. The ultimate load is defined as the load dropped to 80% of the maximum load.  
The increase in hybrid fibre content raised the ultimate load capacity by about 17.51% for the B3 beam and 11.89-14.27% for the beams with openings. Steel and polypropylene fibres in the amount at least of 1% and 0.05% respectively provided the great benefits. For the beam with lower fibre content, a fall in the ultimate load and change in the failure mode were observed.  
Figure 5: Comparison of beam initial stiffness.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Beam**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Fibre Volume**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Maximum**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Ultimate**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Increase/Decrease**} \\ \cline{3-8}  & & **Load** & **Deflection** & **Load** & **Deflection** & **in Maximum and** & **Filature Mode** \\ \hline B1 & – & 397.0 & 37.16 & 317.6 & 44.54 & – & \begin{tabular}{c} Flexure-shear \\ with stirrup \\ rupture \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline B2 & \begin{tabular}{c} 0.5 ST + 0.025 \\ PP \\ \end{tabular} & 294.8 & 5.51 & 235.8 & 6.23 & \(-\)25.76 & Shear \\ \hline B3 & \begin{tabular}{c} 1 ST + 0.05 PP \\ \end{tabular} & 466.5 & 33.98 & 373.2 & 73.94 & 17.51 & Flexure-shear \\ \hline BO1 & – & 404.6 & 42.79 & 323.7 & 42.98 & – & \begin{tabular}{c} Flexure-shear \\ with stirrup \\ rupture \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline BO2 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} 1 ST + 0.05 PP \\ \end{tabular} & 452.7 & 24.91 & 362.2 & 25.30 & 11.89 & Flexure-shear \\ \hline BO3 &
\begin{tabular}{c} 1.5 ST + 0.1 PP \\ \end{tabular} & 462.4 & 51.65 & 369.9 & 65.09 & 14.27 & Flexure \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Load-deflection response parameters of beams at maximum and ultimate loads.
## 4 Two Relevant Applications  
In order to illustrate the practical implications of the outcomes of the study, two relevant applications for road bridges are considered in the following.  
They concern the evaluation of the minimum value of the reference length \(L\) beyond which vehicle simultaneity becomes significant, in case of vehicles running on the same lane or in two different lanes, respectively. The case studies are developed referring in particular to Eurocode EN1991-2 [21], even if their validity is much more general.  
The results are very important for real applications, as they delimit clearly the field where the EN1991-2 fatigue load models can be directly applied, i.e., disregarding simultaneity.  
In the examples, according to EN1991-2, five different lorry flows \(N\) have been considered: \(N\); \(N=2\times 10^{5};N=5\times 10^{5};N=10^{6}\); and \(N=2\times 10^{6}\) vehicles per lane per year, spread over 280 working days.  
To cover the most significant practical situations, in the first example, concerning simultaneity on one lane, reference lengths \(L\) have been considered ranging in the interval 50-200 m; while, in the second example, concerning simultaneity on different lanes, \(L\) have been considered ranging in the interval 10-200 m.  
An average lorry speed \(v=13.89\) m/s (50 kmph) has been hypothesized, assuming a minimum distance \(d=30\) m between the first axles of two consecutive lorries, corresponding to a net clearance between consecutive vehicles of 10-15 m. The time interval between two consecutive lorries is then \(t^{*}=2.16\) s.