## 3 Results
### Karyotype Structure  
A morphometric analysis of the chromosomes was performed for 47 accessions representing 38 _Crepis_ species and three accessions of _L. communis_. The majority of the analysed species (38 accessions of 31 species) had symmetrical karyotypes (Table 2). Only nine of the analysed _Crepis_ species had karyotypes with a higher asymmetry index (Table 2). The asymmetry index (AI) values were mapped onto the ML phylogenetic tree using the maximum likelihood (Figures 5 and S6). The analysis was performed using better supported the cpDNA phylogenetic trees. The symmetrical karyotype was inferred as the ancestral state for the common ancestor of _Lagoseris_ and _Crepis_ s.s. (Figure 5). In the evolutionary lineage of _Lagoseris_, an increase in the karyotype asymmetry accompanied the speciation of _C. praemorsa_ and _L. communis_. An increase in the karyotype asymmetry accompanied also the evolution of several _Crepis_ s.s. species from subclades IVb in the cpDNA tree (_C. alpina_, _C. sibrica_, _C. sviraca_, _C. rubra_, and _C. zacintha_) and from subclade IVc (_C. oporinoides_, _C. pyrenaa_, and _C. capillaris_; Figure 5). Figure 4: Ancestral character state reconstruction of the chromosome base numbers of the analysed species of _Crepis_ s.l. The chromosome base numbers have been mapped on the ML tree of concatenated cpDNA sequences using the maximum likelihood method implemented in ChromEvol 2.0 software ([PERSON], 2018). The tree was rooted with _Picris hieracioides_, _Lactuca serriolta_, and _Sonchus oleracus_. Fourteen different karyotype formulas were found based on the morphometric analyses of _Crepis_ chromosomes (Table 2 and Figures 2,3 and S4). Four different karyotype formulas were observed in the species from clade I and clade II that had the same chromosome base number as the ancestral recovered state (\(x=6\)). The karyotypes of the species from clade II mainly consisted of metacentric chromosomes (_C. lyrata_ and _C. pygmeae_ with the karyotype formula \(2n=2x=12=12\)m; Figures 2F and S2; _C. succisifolia_ and _C. mollis_ with the karyotype formula \(2n=2x=12=10\)m + 2 sm; Figures 2E and S4; Table 2), whereas the karyotypes of the species from clade I mainly had submetacentric chromosomes (_C. jacquiii_ with \(2n=2x=12=12\)sm; and _C. paludosa_ with \(2n=2x=12=2\)m + \(8\)sm + \(2\)st; Figure 2C,D; Table 2). Ten of the analysed species with a chromosome base number of \(x=5\) had five different karyotype formulas. The karyotypes of most of the species consisted of metacentric, submetacentric, and sublectentric chromosomes (Figures 2,3 and S4) and represented  
Figure 5: Karyotype evolution in the analysed species of _Crepis_ s.l. Genome sizes were mapped on the ML tree of concatenated cpDNA sequences using the maximum likelihood method implemented in Phytools. Karyotype formulas (symbols preceding the species names) and the increases in karyotype asymmetry (black arrows) are indicated for all species. The genome sizes, karyotype formulas, and asymmetry indexes of each species are presented in Table 2. The figure includes only species for which all three datatypes (chromosome number, karyotype formula, and asymmetry index) were provided. The tree was rooted with _Picris hieracioides_, _Lactuca serriola_, and _Sonchus oleracus_. three different karyotype formulas: (i) \(2n=2x=10=4\)m + 2 sm + 4 st (_C. albicans_; Figure S4; Table 2); (ii) \(2n=2x=10=2\)m + 4 sm + 4 st (_C. magellensis_, _C. sibrica_, _C. albicans_ and _C. sancta_; Figures 2B and S4; Table 2); and (iii) \(2n=2x=10=4\)m + 4 sm + 2 st (_C. aureus_ and _C. foetida_; Figure S4; Table 2). The karyotype of _C. leontodontoides_ exclusively consisted of metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes (\(2n=2x=10=6\)m + 4 sm; Figure 3H). Two other species (_C. syriaca_ and _C. rubra_; Figures 3D and S4; Table 2) had metacentric and subtelocentric chromosomes (\(2n=2x=10=4\)m + 6 st).