# Mechanism Study of Combustion Dynamics of GO@CL-20 Composite
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Thermal Behaviors of Composites  
#### 3.1.1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)  
In this study, thermogravimetric differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) was utilized to investigate the preliminary thermal decomposition properties of GO@CL-20 complexes. The thermal decomposition process was analyzed for samples weighing approximately 0.3 mg over a temperature range of 40-400 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The heating rates were set at 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, and 20.0 K/min, with argon serving as the protective gas at a flow rate of 70 mL/min. The experimental results are presented in Figure 3, which illustrates the thermal behavior of the complexes when heated from 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 400 \({}^{\circ}\)C at different rates. Figure 4 displays the linear fit curves derived from the preliminary thermal decomposition reactions, calculated using the Kissinger and Ozawa methods and described by Equations (1) and (2). Relevant parameters are summarized in Table 2.  
The DSC curves in Figure 5 depict the thermal behavior of CL-20 and its mixtures with additives at heating rates of 5, 10, 15, and 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min and a temperature range of 40-400 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Initial analyses of GC-1 samples without graphene oxide revealed a one-step low-temperature decomposition phase. The initial decomposition temperatures of GC-1 were 220.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 221.9 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 225.4 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and 223.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C as the heating rate increased. The corresponding peak decomposition temperatures were 240.2 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 248.9 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 249.4 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and 254.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C. These findings generally align with the previously reported decomposition temperatures of CL-20, with the differences falling within acceptable limits. The non-isothermal kinetic behavior of the mixture was investigated using DSC. As illustrated in Figure 3, as the heating rate increases the exothermic peak of CL-20 shifts to higher temperatures. There is no significant difference in the heat flow curves of the three types of graphene-CL-20 mixtures; all exhibit a single exothermic peak, albeit with varying peak temperatures. At heating rates of 5 and 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min, the peak temperature of the DSC curves for CL-20 samples containing graphene oxide is lower than that of pure CL-20 samples. The peak temperatures for different samples at various heating rates are summarized in Table 2.  
Figure 4: Linear fitting curves of GC-1, GC-2, GC-3, and GC-4 based on Kissinger and Ozawa methods. Figure 3: DSC curves of GC-1, GC-2, GC-3, and GC-4 at different heating rates. As illustrated in the Figure 4, an increase in the heating rate results in a shift of the exothermic peak of CL-20 to higher temperatures. The heat flow curves of the three types of graphene mixed with CL-20 exhibit no discernible difference, displaying a single \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Samples** & \(\beta\)/(\({}^{\circ}\)C **min\({}^{-1}\))** & \(T_{p}\)/\({}^{\circ}\)**C** & \(E_{\rm{K}}\)/(**kJ\(\cdot\)mol\({}^{-1}\))** & \(E_{\rm{O}}\)/(**kJ\(\cdot\)mol\({}^{-1}\))** & \(E_{\rm{mean}}\)/(**kJ\(\cdot\)mol\({}^{-1}\))** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{GC-1} & 5 & 240.2 & & & \\ \cline{2-6}  & 10 & 248.9 & & & \\ \cline{2-6}  & 15 & 249.4 & & 208.91 & 209.98 \\ \cline{2-6}  & 20 & 254.6 & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{GC-2} & 5 & 238.4 & & & \\ \cline{2-6}  & 10 & 247.0 & & & \\ \cline{2-6}  & 15 & 250.6 & 177.81 & 177.30 & 177.56 \\ \cline{2-6}  & 20 & 255.5 & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{GC-3} & 5 & 237.5 & & & \\ \cline{2-6}  & 10 & 246.8 & & & \\ \cline{2-6}  & 15 & 250.2 & 178.44 & 177.88 & 178.16 \\ \cline{2-6}  & 20 & 254.3 & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{GC-4} & 5 & 238.5 & & & \\ \cline{2-6}  & 10 & 246.7 & & & \\ \cline{2-6}  & 15 & 251.1 & 175.58 & 175.18 & 175.38 \\ \cline{2-6}  & 20 & 255.7 & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Non-isothermal kinetic parameters of GC-1, GC-2, GC-3, and GC-4. Figure 5: TG curves of GC-1, GC-2, GC-3, and GC-4 at different heating rates.