esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# The Cybersecurity Focus Area Maturity (CYSFAM) Model
## 2 Related Work
### Information Security and Cybersecurity Standards  
Standards can be categorized into five groups according to their publishers as follows [18]:  
1. International standards are developed by international SDOs and made available to the public, possibly at cost. ISO (International Organization of Standardization) standards are the most well-known ones.
2. Regional standards are adopted by a number of nations in a particular region. European Committee for Standardization (CEN) standards are examples of this category.
3. National standards are developed for use in a particular country.
4. Industry standards are adopted by a particular industry for common use. An example is the Security Industry Association (SIA) standard.
5. Proprietary or company standards are constructed by organizations (mainly commercial) with little to no attention to external parties.  
In order to help to improve general awareness on standardization, certification, and labelling in cybersecurity, the European Cybersecurity Organisation (ECSO) published an overview of existing cybersecurity standards and certification schemes [19]. Given the extensive number of domain-related standards, this document helps organisations and individuals to address the relevant standards easily.  
In this state of the art syllabus document, ECSO not only focuses on the standards specific to sectors, but also the standards applicable to generic organisations. The generic organisations in this sense are those not associated with any particular industry vertical (e.g., energy, healthcare, and telecom). It should be noted that the standards applicable to generic organisations are also perfectly applicable to industry verticals but may not include the sector-specific requirements.  
Figure 1: Relationship between cybersecurity and other security domains and the related standards (redrawn from International Organization for Standardization/International Electrotechnical Commission (ISO/IEC) 27032 [17]).  
Table 1 lists the ISO standards for generic organisations provided in the overview of cybersecurity standards [19]. The first column presents the related security domain or topic. Compared to Figure 1, this list includes additional standards: privacy, incident management, and supplier relationships security.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Separation and Grain Losses  
During the field test for guide vane influence on separation and grain losses, engine load was maintained at approximately 90% for both machines. Despite this, the feed flow rate varied across different guide vane settings, increasing as vane inclination was raised. This indicates that the guide vane angle regulates crop throughput and residence time within the threshing-separation unit.  
Across the tested guide vane range (10-35\({}^{\circ}\)), Combine A exhibited more dynamic and immediate responses to changes in vane inclination. When the guide vane angle increased from 10 to 15\({}^{\circ}\), separation losses in Combine A rose from 0.20% to 0.36%. In contrast, Combine B showed a more gradual change over the same interval, increasing from 0.32% to 0.42%, or 0.10 percentage points. This sharper sensitivity in Combine A reflects its fully synchronized vane adjustment, which uniformly accelerates material along the rotor housing and exposes grain to more abrupt changes in residence time. As the inclination increases, material is propelled more quickly through the threshing zone, reducing the time available for effective grain separation.  
By comparison, the discontinuous design of Combine B--with fixed front vanes--creates flow mismatches between the threshing and separation sections. This limits the effective responsiveness of the system, resulting in smoother but less adaptable changes in performance. Consequently, Combine A consistently demonstrated lower separation losses than Combine B at all guide vane angles up to 35\({}^{\circ}\), indicating that full-length  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Indices** & **Winter Wheat, Ada** \\ \hline Number of stems & 345.0 \(\pm\) 53.1 Stems m\({}^{-2}\) \\ Store mass & 249.0 \(\pm\) 23.1 g m\({}^{-2}\) \\ Grain mass & 346.0 \(\pm\) 11.6 g m\({}^{-2}\) \\ Biological mass & 841.0 \(\pm\) 63.1 g \\ Moisture & 14.0\% \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Biometrical crop indices.  
where the fully adjustable vanes allowed greater throughput but also made the system more susceptible to separation inefficiency at high angles.  
In summary, the results confirm that guide vane inclination exerts influence on separation and grain loss characteristics in axial-flow combine harvesters. While Combine A's fully adjustable vane design enabled more responsive and effective separation at moderate angles, it also introduced higher sensitivity to changes at steep settings. Combine B, although less efficient overall, demonstrated more stable but limited adaptation. These findings emphasize the importance of synchronized material flow control in optimizing harvesting performance and minimizing grain loss.
## 3 Experimental Setup
### Collaborative Workflow
Task Allocation Strategy: To maximize efficiency and annotation accuracy, an optimized task allocation method is employed, taking into account image complexity and annotator expertise. Image complexity is quantitatively assessed using indicators such as the number of image features, texture complexity, and the quantity of target objects. Images containing multiple targets, complex backgrounds, or blurred details are classified as high-complexity, whereas images with simple backgrounds and singular targets are deemed low-complexity. Determining annotator expertise is equally critical. By analyzing annotators' historical performance data, including accuracy rates across various domains, their areas of specialization can be identified. For example, Annotator A may demonstrate superior performance in medical image annotation, while Annotator B excels in traffic scene annotation. Based on these insights, a task allocation model is constructed to align image complexity with annotator expertise. High-complexity images are assigned to experienced annotators in relevant fields to ensure precise and efficient annotations. Conversely, low-complexity images are allocated to general annotators, optimizing workforce utilization. This targeted assignment enhances both efficiency and annotation quality by achieving an optimal match between tasks and annotator capabilities. To maintain fairness and rationality in workload distribution, the workflow incorporates a task priority queue and a dynamic adjustment mechanism. Tasks are prioritized based on factors such as project urgency and data requirements, ensuring high-priority tasks are assigned promptly to qualified annotators. Furthermore, by monitoring annotator progress and task completion status, the allocation process is dynamically adjusted to balance workloads and improve overall collaborative efficiency.
# Two-Step Classification with SVD Preprocessing of Distributed Massive Datasets in Apache Spark
## 4 Implementation
### PAMAP Dataset  
The second dataset in our experiments is PAMAP realistic dataset [46], also provided by UCL ([[http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/PAMAP2+Physical+Activity+Monitoring](http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/PAMAP2+Physical+Activity+Monitoring)]([http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/PAMAP2+Physical+Activity+Monitoring](http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/PAMAP2+Physical+Activity+Monitoring))). It contains \(2.8M\) rows of data from 8 subjects and 12 different activities. The devices used to obtain those measurements were inertial measurement units on the ankle, chest and hands of the subject as well as a heart rate monitor. There were missing entries, mainly because of entries lost from the wireless sensors and problematic hardware setup. In addition, the sampling frequency of the heart rate monitor was lower than that of the inertial measurement units. All those missing values were indicated as NaN.  
Our first attempt to clean up the data by withdrawing all the rows containing at least one NaN value resulted in withdrawing \(2.6M\) rows of data. To overcome this obstacle, we replaced all the intermediate NaN values of the heart rate monitor with the last known value. After that replacement, the dataset contained only 13K rows with one or more NaNs, which were ignored in the analysis. Additionally, rows with saturated accelerometer or invalid orientation readings were excluded too,reaching a total of 18K discarded rows. Apart from that, there was also some additional preprocessing: the dataset contained a column with the timestamp at which the reading took place. That feature was also excluded as no time-history related analysis was conducted.  
In order to perform the analyses, we split the original data into segments of 5K, 10K, 25K, 50K, 75K, 100K, and 200K rows. However, in order for the results to be comparable, we had to keep the ratio of instances belonging to specific classes the same across all experiments. Thus, we ensured that at each subset, the fraction of observations belonging to a specific class is the same.
## 2 Results  
### Strawberry Yield Promotion Achieved by H\({}_{2}\)-Based Irrigation  
Field experimental data from two growing seasons showed that H\({}_{2}\)-based irrigation (HNW) exhibited positive effects on strawberry growth and yield, regardless of nutrient fertilization (Figure 1A, Supplementary Figure S1 and Table S1). For example, HNW irrigation caused significant increases in total yield (87.7 \(\pm\) 17.8% and 82.9 \(\pm\) 9.1%) and yield per plant (76.10 \(\pm\) 0.58% and 52.04 \(\pm\) 1.85%) of strawberry in the absence and presence of fertilizers, calculated from 18 December 2020 to 6 April 2021 (Figure 1B). Additionally, the single fruit weight was significantly increased by H\({}_{2}\)-based irrigation only under fertilizer-free condition. However, no significant difference was observed between the SW + F and HNW + F groups.
# A Connectivity-Based Clustering Scheme for Intelligent Vehicles
## 2 Literature Review  
### Routing Issues and Challenges for VANETs  
In VANETs, the communication pattern depends on the routing protocol. A routing protocol aims to deliver safety information to ongoing vehicles on the highway. A reliable VANET faces many challenges due to the highly complex and inconsistent structure. A secure and effective routing protocol is essential for data transmission to resolve the challenges mentioned earlier. Many routing protocols for highly dynamic and dense vehicular networks have been presented in previous studies. Position-based protocols [1], route-discovery protocols [13; 14], broadcasting protocols [15], infrastructure-based protocols [16], and cluster-based protocols [17] are the five categories of available schemes. There are potential limitations in the schemes mentioned above in different use cases and advanced real scenarios [7]. For example, too many beacon messages are generated in broadcast-based protocols, causing high communication and computational overhead. Similarly, route-discovery-based protocols are also not suitable for high evolving networks because of the fixed route lifetime, fixed maintenance time, and immense end-to-end delay [18]. The position-based protocols generate additional overhead through extensive periodic messages to update its routing table for efficient data transmission. Due to installation of the costly RSUs [19], the infrastructure-based routing protocols are area-specific and expensive. To address the above issues, cluster-based routing scheme is an appropriate choice due to its optimal groups based on similar features.
# MAC Protocols for mmWave Communication: A Comparative Survey +
## 4 Centralized Protocols
### D-CoopMAC  
The directional cooperative MAC, known as D-CoopMAC protocol [47], is a comparatively complicated mmWave MAC architecture that works with the help of either an AP or personal basis service set (PBS) control point and obtains essential timing and the allocation properties of service periods. Traditional cooperative communication with omnidirectional antennas ensures that a two-hop link performs better than a single-hop link. In addition, D-CoopMAC makes use of a relay STA to transmit data to the target AP or the PBS control point (PCP).  
The overall strategy has two distinguishable approaches, named basic mode and cooperative mode. In the basic mode, the communication between the STA and PCP/AP occurs with only single-hop communication. On the contrary, cooperative mode takes advantage of request to send (RTS), clear to send (CTS), and two-hop communication. When the source is ready to transmit the data packets, it transmits an RTS packet. The packet then reaches the destination (PCP/AP) through a relay STA. In return, using that relay medium, if the transmission connection between the PCP/AP and the source is possible, and also if the PCP/AP is ready to reply to that transmission, it responds with a directional multigigabit CTS. Only after the confirmation, the two-hop link is established. After the successful connection, an acknowledgement (ACK) packet is exchanged between the PCP/AP and the source.  
* Advantages: This protocol model occupies a directional antenna scheme where it has a quasi-omni antenna pattern with the broadest beam bandwidth (360 deg). Consequently, when two or more non-PCP/non-AP STAs transmit to the PCP/AP at the same time, the deafness problem is eliminated.
* Disadvantages: D-CoopMAC is unsuitable for mobile networks because it involves the collection of data gathering based on the previous data; hence, it cannot ensure optimum relay selection. Moreover, the protocol is only based on the consideration of uplink channel access.
# Acoustic Scattering Models from Rough Surfaces: A Brief Review and Recent Advances
## 3 Historical Approximations
### The Kirchhoff Approximation
#### 3.2.4 Periodic Surfaces  
As it will be discussed in the Section 5, Perspectives, it can also be useful to model scattering from periodic surfaces--such surfaces can notably appear in additive manufacturing parts or in oceans. For the case of periodic surfaces, one exact solution is the classical Rayleigh-Fourier method (RFM) [98]. Impinged by a plane wave, a periodic surface leads to Bragg scattering with a finite number of plane wave propagation angles in far field. A very recent study evaluates the validity of the Kirchhoff approximation (KA) for the scattering problem from a sinusoidal surface--mimicking the ocean one--with comparison to the RFM solution [99]. An asymptotic evaluation of the Kirchhoff integral which is consequently equivalent to geometrical acoustics [100] provides a ray theory which is also evaluated to better understand the Kirchhoff prediction. This notably shows that Kirchhoff has the advantage to exhibit a smooth behaviour near caustics generated by the sinusoidal surface contrary to geometrical acoustics. The KA validity is also studied versus the observation range (projected distance between the source and receiver points): for a short range, KA is very close to RFM. At moderate range, KA sometimes over-estimated the peak pressure due to interferences between several rays. For longer ranges, the KA disagreement increases strongly. This study [99] is very useful for better understandingthe KA limitations due to multiple paths arrivals and grazing incidence/observation. Nevertheless, KA remains a very useful tool even for periodic surfaces when source and observations are not too far.
## 3 Results
### Explaining Factors for the Results  
Pearson correlations were conducted between the SRTn and the MTG ROI-mean beta values across participants (n = 41 because three CI users reached a floor effect in their SRTn assessment). Significant correlations were revealed with the right and left MTG ROI-mean beta values in the SIN condition (Figure 6), suggesting higher mean beta values for participants with better SRTn. Additional correlations that were conducted specifically for the CI group revealed no significant associations (\(p>0.05\)) between ROI-mean beta values and SRTn (n = 11), age at identification of hearing loss (n = 14), age at implantation (n = 14), or experience with the CI (n = 14). RM-ANOVA was conducted to examine the effect of the implanted ear (defined as the first-implanted ear for the bilateral CI users) on the mean-ROI HbO beta values with Condition (SO, SIN) and Side (right, left) as the within-subject variables and implanted ear (right, left) as the between-subject variable. The results showed no significant differences between the right-implanted (n = 6) and left-implanted (n = 8) CI users (\(p>0.05\)). Further individual examination of the CI group revealed that among the seven late-implanted CI users (\(\geq\)4.06 years old), five (CI3, CI8, CI12, CI13, and CI14) were classified as \"poor\" based on their SRTn.
# BDS-3 Time Group Delay and Its Effect on Standard Point Positioning
## 2 Methodology
### Single-Frequency Users  
For single-frequency users, two important issues need to be considered. One issue is the ionospheric delay. Another issue is TGD corrections. Usually, the ionospheric delay is corrected by the Klobuchar model with eight parameters (K8) for BII, B2I and B3I according to the released public BDS-2 ICD [27] or ionospheric models derived from global ionospheric maps (GIMs) [28]. However, the GIM model does not meet real-time applications; hence, the Klobuchar model is applied in this contribution. With the new signals (B1C and B2a) released by BDS-3, the ionospheric delay correction model does not use  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Signal** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Signal** \\ **Component** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Carrier Frequency** \\ **(MHz)** \\ \end{tabular} & **Modulation** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Wavelength** \\ **(cm)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Chip Rate** \\ **(Mcps)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline B1I & - & 1561.098 & BPSK (2) & 19.2 & 2.046 \\ B1C & B1C\_data & BOC & & 19.03 & 1.023 \\ B2a & B2a\_data & & & \\ B2a & B2a\_pilot & 1176.450 & BPSK (10) & 25.48 & 10.23 \\ B2b & - & 1207.140 & QPSK & 24.83 & 10.23 \\ B3I & - & 1268.520 & BPSK (10) & 23.63 & 10.23 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: The summaries of the BDS-3 open service signals.  
the Klobuchar model with eight parameters; instead the BeiDou global ionospheric delay correction model (BDSGIM) is used. The detailed correction model has been expressed in the BDS-3 ICD [25].  
When BDS-3 satellites B1I or B3I are used with the old broadcast ephemeris, \(B_{j}\) can be described as  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}B_{B1I}=TGD_{1}\\ B_{B3I}=0\end{array}\right. \tag{2}\]  
where \(TGD_{1}\) is the \"equipment group delay differential\" with respect to the B3I signals to maintain signal coherence [29]. When the B3I signal is used, the code bias will not be considered because the broadcast satellite clock offset is based on the B3I signal [20].  
When the BDS-3 satellites B1C or B2a are used with the new broadcast ephemeris, \(B_{j}\) can be described as  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}B_{B1C}=TGD_{B1 Cp}\\ B_{B2a}=TGD_{B2 ap}\end{array}\right. \tag{3}\]  
where \(TGD_{B1 Cp}\) is the group delay differential of the B1C pilot component [21] and \(TGD_{B2 ap}\) is the group delay differential of the B2a pilot component.
# Tutorial Review on Space Manipulators for Space Debris Mitigation
## 3 Robotic On-Orbit Servicing
Although the functional subsystems were encapsulated into ORUs, the wiring harness and certain electronics boxes beneath thermal blankets were not designed for serviceability. The Hubble Space Telescope (1990) was also designed for serviceability though it was not based on the MMS platform. As HST has amply demonstrated with five servicing missions, serviceability provides not only repair capability but also upgradability with superior instruments. Nevertheless, no serviceable spacecraft have been designed and launched subsequently to 1980s. The trend has been towards throwaway cubesats, but large spacecraft remain, and spacecraft keep failing [19]. Furthermore, each satellite failure diminishes the space environment by introducing either irreparable junk or a spacecraft of diminished capacity or longevity that must be replaced early. OOS appears to have reached an impasse--much of the robotics technology has been developed, but there has been little in the way of commercial development. However, active debris removal has emerged as another application of the same technology which could potentially provide the final leverage to OOS as a space infrastructure capability. OOS itself also acts as a debris mitigation strategy--refuelling and servicing spacecraft at end-of-life will reduce the rate of creation of space junk using freeflyer tankers in the geostationary ring (perhaps supplying LH/LOX extracted from lunar water). Defunct parts may be replaced and/or upgraded, although this requires supply from Earth (though supply from lunar in situ resources remains an intriguing future possibility [20]). Still-functional parts such as antennas may also be salvaged from irreparable spacecraft and installed on reparable ones. Re-usable infrastructure hardware in the form of serviceable multi-purpose platforms may similarly be serviced and leased for on-orbit services (communications, navigation or remote sensing). However, here we are considering the direct application of space manipulators to active debris removal. Indeed, this scenario eases some of the more complex manipulations, such as the handling of thermal blankets and tape, which are considered the most difficult of manipulations, but these are not required for debris handling. Nevertheless, the requirement for interception, robust grappling, passivation and attachment of de-orbit devices remains.
# Pollen-Food Allergy Syndrome: Allergens, Clinical Insights, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges
## 6 Protein Families Involved in PFAS
### Isoflavonoid Reductases (IFRs)  
Isoflavonoid reductases (IFRs) are a group of enzymes belonging to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) family [184]. These enzymes play a critical role in the biosynthesis of isoflavonoids and related compounds, which are vital secondary metabolites in plants [185]. Isoflavonoids contribute to plant defense by acting as phytoalexins, antimicrobial compounds synthesized in response to pathogen attack [184].  
PFAS caused by IFRs is most prevalent in temperate regions where exposure to pollen allergens such as Bet v 6 (birch) and Ole e 12 (olive) is high. In Northern and Central Europe, birch pollen is a major trigger, leading to frequent cross-reactivity with foods like apple, carrot, and peach. The Mediterranean region sees significant sensitization to olive and ash pollens, with related reactions to persimmon, citrus fruits, and tomatoes [100]. In East Asia, birch pollen contributes to PFAS alongside regional foods like lithci and citrus, while South America and Africa experience lower birch exposure but report PFAS due to olive and cypress pollens in Mediterranean-like climates [55].  
The IFRs from pollens include Bet v 6 from birch, Cor a 6 from hazel, and Ole e 12 from olive. In foods, IFR allergens include Cit s IFR from orange, Lit c IFR from litchi, Pyr c 5 from pear, and Dau c 5 from carrot [44]. Additional sources include peach, apple, persimmon, bell pepper, potato, and tomato, which are associated with PFAS, particularly in individuals sensitized to IFRs in pollens like birch or ash [127].  
IFR allergens can trigger respiratory symptoms such as allergic rhinitis, nasal congestion, and asthma when inhaled as pollen particles [44]. Food sources of IFR-like proteins, such as soybeans, peanuts, and other legumes, can induce symptoms ranging from OAS to systemic reactions like urticaria, gastrointestinal distress, and anaphylaxis in sensitized individuals. Cross-reactivity with other legumes or foods containing similar proteins may exacerbate allergic responses, particularly in individuals with a primary sensitization to peanut or soybean allergens [186].