# Online Privacy Fatigue: A Scoping Review and Research Agenda
## 3 Findings
### The Antecedents and Outcomes of Online Privacy Fatigue
#### 3.3.1 Antecedents of Privacy Fatigue  
From the analysis, five categories of privacy fatigue antecedents emerged (Figure 5). The focus was not on finding as much theoretical overlap as possible (to assist in merging them, for example) but rather to illustrate them accurately as used in the source articles. To effectively guide future research, the level of significance was also taken into consideration. From a significance point of view, most of the antecedents would likely add value to future research, as most achieved a statistically acceptable level of significance as used. Only one antecedent was found to be nonsignificant, with the majority of the quantitative results (\(n=16\)) attaining a high degree of significance (\(p<0.01\)). Most of the more prominent antecedents (those with higher frequencies) were identified from qualitative articles (noted as a significant qualitative finding in the legend). This is an interesting finding given that most of the articles used a quantitative study design. Figure 5: Privacy fatigue antecedents by level of significance. The Influence of Privacy Risks  
Over half of the articles (\(n=12\)) investigated the influence of at least one antecedent related to privacy risk (Figure 5). These antecedents measured the influence of participants' experience with privacy invasions or threats (i.e., _privacy threat experience_) and the concerns that surround them. Privacy concerns in particular were identified as a prominent antecedent in both the qualitative and quantitative articles reviewed. At least one of the articles [29] found _privacy concerns_ to significantly influence fatigue--a finding most applicable to those who are skilled internet users. [PERSON] et al. [14] proved the link between creepiness and _privacy concerns_. In their study, users expressed shock and resignation (followed by fatigue) at the extent to which an insurance chatbot was able to use limited personal information to tailor very detailed insurance profiles. Here, too, users felt it futile to engage in protective behavior despite significant privacy concerns. Similar findings were reported by [PERSON] et al. [26], who found significant links between digital resignation and privacy cynics. Similar to [PERSON] et al. [29], [PERSON] et al. [26] also found skills (self-efficacy in their context) to moderate the influence of _privacy concerns_. On the other hand, one of the qualitative articles [16] found concerns to be weakened by privacy cynicism similar to the findings of [PERSON] et al. [5], who report _privacy concerns_ to statistically interact with fatigue when dealing with online vendors. According to [PERSON] and [PERSON] [15], such _privacy concerns_ are only significant in a social setting as opposed to an institutional setting, in other words, where the privacy of a user's personal information is subject to the privacy behavior of those in their social sphere as opposed to information harvested by companies. In addition to privacy concerns, three articles investigated antecedents associated with privacy invasions. Two of these articles explicitly investigated the influence of _privacy invasion_ or threats as conceptualized by [PERSON] et al. [16]. Similar to [PERSON], [PERSON] et al. [14] found evidence to suggest that, despite having experienced _privacy invasions_, a significant portion of users still avoid privacy-protective behaviors, this despite also being made aware of the PRISM surveillance program and Cambridge Analytica [6]. Similar findings are reported by [PERSON] et al. [19], who found that _privacy invasions_ are inevitable, with most Facebook users living in privacy invasion denial. Again, _privacy invasions_ are not viewed as a possibility but rather as an eventuality. One article found these views to extend even to the use of IoT devices, where users perceive their personal information to be particularly vulnerable [24]. [PERSON] et al. [24] also happen to be the authors that quantified the influence of _perceived severity of invasion_.