## 2 Materials and Methods
### The Characterization of PSA Emulsions  
The PSA emulsions were characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), and a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC).  
The polydispersity index (PDI), (D\({}_{\mathrm{p}}\)\({}^{\mathrm{DLS}}\)), particle size distribution, and zeta potential of the PSA emulsions were tested using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) (Malvern Co., Ltd., Malvern, UK, Zetasizer Nano ZS90). For each sample, 3 repetitions were carried out to ensure result reliability. The measurements were performed at a scattering angle of 90\({}^{\circ}\) with the temperature maintained at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C throughout. A drop of PSA emulsion was taken, dispersed in deionized water, and diluted to a concentration of about 50 ppm before being placed in the laser particle size for testing.  
The microscopic morphologies of the PSA emulsions were tested by observing the emulsions using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (Hitachi Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan, H-7650B).  
The chemical structures of the PSA emulsions were tested using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) (Pike Technologies Co., Ltd., Madison, WI, USA, VERTEX 70).  
The T\({}_{\mathrm{g}}\) of the polymer in the PSA emulsion was tested using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) (Mettler Toledo Co., Ltd., Greifensee, Switzerland, STAR SW 16) under the following conditions: inert gas atmosphere, a heating rate of 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min, and a temperature range of 90 \({}^{\circ}\)C-200 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
The film-forming performance of PSA emulsions was tested using the minimum film formation temperature tester. The specific test process is as follows: take an appropriate amount of the emulsion, coat it uniformly on a temperature gradient plate with a circular applicator, blast air, observe the film formation of the emulsion, and determine its MFFT.  
The damping properties (including the loss factor tan \(\delta\)) of latex film molded with PSA emulsions were tested using a dynamic rheometer in parallel plate mode with a fixed strain of 0.1%, a frequency of 1 Hz, a heating rate of 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min, and a temperature range of \(-\)60 \({}^{\circ}\)C-60 \({}^{\circ}\)C. In addition, the latex film was treated at a high temperature before the test. On the one hand, this can completely remove the residual moisture; on the other hand, it can make the surface smoother by cooling and compressing after it becomes molten, improving the accuracy of the test.  
The PSA emulsion was uniformly coated on the surface and cut surface of a 70 mm \(\times\) 70 mm C40 concrete cutting block. Then, it was dried to form a film at 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 7 days. After that, an anchoring adhesive was used to bond a probe (40 mm \(\times\) 40 mm) onto  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
\begin{tabular}{c} Continue heating at 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C for \\ 1 h, cool, and adjust pH with \\ ammonia water to 8–9 \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* The mass ratios of St to BA in the mixed monomers of PSA emulsions were set to five gradients: 1.9, 2.8, 3.7, 4.6, and 5.5, and named SA1–SA5 (in order).  
\end{table}
Table 2: _Cont._the surface of the latex film. After the anchoring adhesive was cured for 24 h, an adhesion test was conducted to measure the interfacial adhesive property between the latex film and the concrete. The schematic diagram of the test is shown in Figure 1. All specimen groups were fabricated using identical proportions of the same batch of concrete. Additionally, multiple specimens were prepared per group in this experiment and tested in parallel. The discreteness of the parallel test data met the test requirements.