# Charting Past, Present, and Future Research in the Semantic Web and Interoperability
## 1 Introduction
[21] examines research on the semantic-based solution for web mining and argues that the semantic web can simplify the extraction of pertinent documents. Academics have also investigated semantic web technologies in the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) systems. To illustrate, ref. [22] examines recent developments in the construction of knowledge bases and discusses knowledge-based fault diagnosis for industrial IoT systems. The authors of [23] discuss semantic interoperability in the web of things and recommend ontology learning and alignment techniques. Similarly, ref. [24] proposes a use case diagram for the alignment of IoT entities and discusses ontology's role in these entities' abstraction and semantic integration. The authors of [25] address the issues of limited depth and expressiveness in current ontologies by developing an enhanced reference generalized ontological model based on a reference architecture model for Industry 4.0. Using an AI-related artificial neural network (ANN) model, ref. [26] proposes a novel algorithm for ontology matching. The authors of [27] explain the benefits of combining ANNs and semantic web technologies. In addition, ref. [28] emphasizes the capacity of the semantic web to accommodate computational intelligence, such as fuzzy logic, ANN, and evolutionary computation. According to the authors, supervised and unsupervised ANNs can be used for ontology alignment and learning. In the semantic web, fuzzy logic can also improve query results. Semantic web technologies can also be used to address cloud computing problems. In this regard, ref. [29] provides an overview of semantic information processing at the web scale for cloud computing. The authors of [30] also analyze the areas where semantic models can benefit cloud computing. Their findings indicate that semantic models have three application areas in cloud computing: functional and nonfunctional definitions, data modeling, and service prescription enhancement. Finally, ontologies for cloud computing were reviewed by [31]. The authors summarized research into four categories: cloud services discovery and selection, cloud interoperability, cloud resources and service prescription, and cloud security. As research fields become increasingly complex and mature, scholars should periodically evaluate the knowledge built and accumulated to identify new contributions, capture trends and research traditions, comprehend which themes are discussed and the theories applied, and propose future research directions [32]. Knowledge domain visualization [33] aims to reveal hidden patterns in the formation and structure of scholarly knowledge through graphical illustrations [34]. This is accomplished by mapping the entire domain of scientific knowledge pertaining to the semantic web and interoperability. Even though bibliometric techniques have been utilized in a variety of fields to examine the development of knowledge [35; 36; 37; 38; 39], no prior research has examined the intellectual structure of research at the intersection of the semantic web and interoperability. We believe the current study makes significant contributions to the existing body of knowledge by bridging this gap. First, we argue that this is the first study to use bibliometric techniques to review semantic web and interoperability research by analyzing information about authors, studies, and keywords. By analyzing bibliometric networks, dynamics, and eminent scholars in this knowledge field, we contribute to the discussion on the semantic web's future directions, opportunities, and emerging challenges. Second, we argue that the enormous amounts of data collected instantaneously in global business activities have the potential to be transformative in improving the human condition and provide solutions to many global and local issues concerned with a fair and equitable distribution of resources, wealth generation, and opportunity. However, the data need to be standardized through standards such as the W3C [40].