## 5 Conclusions  
Blockchain technology presents a transformative solution for enhancing product identity and traceability in agricultural supply chains. The ability to create secure, tamper-proof digital records ensures that each agricultural product maintains a verifiable history, thereby increasing transparency and reducing fraud. Industry implementations, such as Walmart's IBM Food Trust and Carrefour's blockchain-based consumer traceability, illustrate the practical benefits of the technology in improving food safety and consumer confidence. Despite its advantages, several technical, economic, and regulatory barriers must be addressed. Scalability issues, interoperability with legacy systems, data privacy concerns, and high implementation costs present significant challenges. However, emerging solutions such as hybrid blockchain models, Decentralised Identifiers (DIDs), and smart contract automation offer promising approaches to overcoming these obstacles. Furthermore, regulatory support and advancements in IoT integration could facilitate the broader adoption of blockchain in agricultural supply chains. Looking ahead, blockchain's role in agricultural supply chains is expected to expand through its convergence with AI, IoT, and machine learning-driven analytics. As blockchain frameworks evolve to balance transparency, security, and efficiency, they have the potential to redefine how agricultural products are tracked, verified, and trusted worldwide. Ultimately, blockchain technology will play a critical role in building a more accountable, efficient, and sustainable global food supply chain. This study presents a structured framework for enhancing agricultural supply chain transparency through blockchain-enabled product identity systems. In contrast to the existing literature that often focuses narrowly on logistics or static traceability, this work elevates digital product identity--anchored in technologies such as DIDs, digital twins, and smart contracts--as a critical enabler of trust and efficiency in food systems. The layer architecture presented (Figure 1) that distinguishes among physical data capture, off-chain/on-chain storage, and application-level functionality is distinguished. Furthermore, the synthesis of industry cases (Walmart, Carrefour, Bumble Bee) further demonstrates how real-world deployments align with the model. Additionally, Figures 3 and 4 offer strategic visual summaries that guide both researchers and practitioners through current challenges, future enablers, and expected applied benefits. The scientific novelty of this work lies in unifying these elements into a holistic and scalable design that treats product identity as central--not peripheral--to traceability. Practically, this framework supports regulatory compliance, fraud reduction, automation, and enhanced consumer trust. Future research will focus on operationalising the proposed framework into implementable workflows and algorithms. This involves designing smart contract templates for product identity verification and compliance automation, developing identity binding algorithms to ensure robust digital-physical linkages using Decentralised Identifiers (DIDs) and IoT data, and prototyping a reference implementation in collaboration with industry partners to validate performance, scalability, and user acceptance. Additionally, workflow simulations and pilot deployments will be conducted to assess practical feasibility and fine-tune system design. These efforts will transform the conceptual framework into a fully operationalised solution, enabling practical adoption in real-world agricultural supply chains. Formal Analysis, M.C. ; Investigation, M.C. ; Writing--Review and Editing, M.C. and J.C.F. ; Supervision, J.C.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research received no external funding. Not applicable. The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.