esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results
### Absorbed Fraction (AF) Calculations  
Absorbed fractions (AF) for monoenergetic electrons distributed uniformly in unit-density spheres of different radii are calculated using the convolution integral, Equation (4), and the present analytic relations, Equations (14)-(16). The size of target spheres (radius 1.3 mm to 6.2 cm) was chosen in order to compare the present results against the available MC simulation data from the literature for electron energies in the range 100 keV-4 MeV. In Figure 5, the percentage difference, \(100\frac{(\mathrm{AF_{MC}-AF_{PW}})}{\mathrm{AF_{PW}}}\), between the MC data and the results of the present work (PW), is depicted for the various spheres and MC codes examined.  
Figure 4: Percentage difference of electron CSDA range between the calculations of the present work (PW) and ICRU Report 90 as a function of electron energy.  
Figure 5: _Cont._When averaged over the electron energies examined (E\({}_{\text{i}}\)), the mean percentage (absolute) difference of the AFs, \(100\frac{1}{\text{N}}\sum_{i=1}^{\text{N}}\left|\frac{\left(\text{AF}_{\text{ MC,E}}-\text{AF}_{\text{PW,E}}\right)}{\text{AF}_{\text{PW,E}_{\text{i}}}}\right|\), and the maximum percentage (absolute) difference of the AFs, \(\text{Max}\left\{100\left|\frac{\left(\text{AF}_{\text{MC,E}}-\text{AF}_{ \text{PW,E}}\right)}{\text{AF}_{\text{PW,E}_{\text{i}}}}\right|\right\}\), between the MC data and the results of the present work (PW) for each sphere radius is depicted in Figure 6. To put these differences in perspective, the maximum and mean percentage differences between the MCNP and EGS4 codes are also included in Figure 6.  
Figure 5: Percentage difference of absorbed fraction (AF) between published MC simulation data from different codes (EGS4, MCNP, ETRAN, MCNPX, Geant4) and the analytic calculations of the present work (PW), for several electron energies in the range 100 keV–4 MeV and different sphere radii (1.3 mm–6.2 cm).
# An Observer-Based Current Sensor-Less Control Scheme for Grid-Following Converters
## 1 Introduction
To the best of the authors' knowledge, measuring the output current of the inverter is required in all of the presented control schemes in the literature, and there is no grid-side current sensor-less control scheme for GFL inverters. To cover this gap, this paper proposes a new scheme that controls the GFL inverter without requiring any grid-side current measurement. In the proposed control scheme, only the grid-side and DC-link voltages are used in the control system. Considering the obtained dynamic interaction between the grid-side current and the DC-link voltage, the grid-side currents are estimated via an observer-based controller. Accordingly, the measured currents are used in the control loop of the system. The novelties and contributions of the paper are summarized as follows. 1. Proposing an observer for the estimation of the grid-side currents of a GFL-inverter considering the nonlinear dynamics of DCLV;
2. Including the nonlinear model of DC-link voltage dynamic and the filter inductance instantaneous power in the estimation process;
3. Providing the well-proved eigenvalue analysis to verify the overall stability of the GFL inverter control system with the proposed observer. Using the proposed scheme reduces the overall cost of manufacturing the GFL inverter and enhances its reliability and fault-tolerant capability. The different parts of the paper are organized in seven complementary sections. In Section 2, the modeling of a GFL inverter with emphasize on the DCLV dynamic is presented. Conventional control of GFL inverter is explained in Section 3. III. The proposed scheme for the estimation of the grid-side currents is described in Section 4. The overall state-space model of the GFL inverter, with both the conventional and the proposed control schemes, is obtained in Section 5, and the stability of the overall system is studied in possible operating points. Various case studies and time-domain simulations are presented in Section 6, to show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme under different scenarios and dynamic conditions. Finally, the paper is concluded in Section 7.
## 4 Results and Discussion  
### Experimental Setup  
The proposed concept has been implemented on the MIRob platform [23] and experiments have been carried out in an artificially created domestic environment in order to validate the behavior of the proposed system in switching the perceptive distance according to the intention of the user based on the pointing gestures accompanied with verbal instructions. Furthermore, another set of experiments has been carried out in order to evaluate the performance gain of the proposed method over the work presented in [20] (i.e., system without the intention switching ability) which is not  
Figure 5: The ways to estimate the alternative perceptive distances are illustrated for the possible two scenarios. The shaded areas represent the obstacles/objects in the environment that are in near vicinity of the considered field view. The field angle is denoted as \(\alpha\). The dashed-line represents the perpendicular drawn to the intended moving path from the evaluated gesture pointing position in each scenario. \(D_{gesture}\) is calculated based on the point referred by the gesture as explained in Section 3.3.2. \(D_{r}\), \(D_{a,min}\) and \(D_{a,max}\) are computed based on the data of navigation map. This illustrates the parameter estimation considering the indented moving direction as forward. The same is applied for other directions too.  
capable of analyzing the information conveyed through gestures. The evaluation was carried out with five healthy participants (average and standard deviation of the age of the participant are 25.2 years and 1.7 years, respectively) and they were graduate students in the university. The experiments have been carried out based on the guidelines suggested in [25] for designing, planning and executing human studies for human-robot interactions in order to avoid the subjectivity of the experimental results. The scalar constants \(\delta_{max}\) and \(\delta_{min}\) are chosen experimentally as 1.5 and 0.75, respectively, in for achieving the desired characteristics.
# Flexible Antennas for a Sub-6 GHz 5G Band:
## 4 Flexible Antennas for a Sub-6 GHz 5G Band
### Flexible Array Antennas for a Sub-6 GHz 5G Band
#### 4.2.1 Slot/Slit Based Flexible Antenna  
In [63], a flexible array antenna is proposed for sub-6 GHz 5G applications. The antenna consists of a slot-integrated circular patch that is embedded on a semi-flexible RT5880 substrate. Figure 12(a) shows the proposed antenna under testing. The antenna covers a bandwidth ranging from 5.55-5.6 GHz, as shown in Figure 12(b). A corporate fed array where each element is placed symmetrically to each other is proposed.
## 6 Conclusions
Although, it is much more economical and easier to implement, it has produced quite reliable and consistent results. Figure 8: The Horizontal Gradient Magnitude (HGM) derived from gravity measurements with linearities indicating possible fault segments (url-4: [[https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright](https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright)]([https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright](https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright)): accessed on 8 March 2022). (Datum: WGS84 UTM Zone 36 N). Figure 10: The ED and HGM lineaments on known faults in the study area (anomaly color scheme changed due to greater visibility) [4; 10; 11; 27]. (Datum: WGS84 UTM Zone 36 N). Figure 9: The HGM and ED lineaments together superimposed on Bouguer gravity anomaly map. (Datum: WGS84 UTM Zone 36 N). We are suggesting shortening the distance between the measurement stations in an East-West direction, which means measuring more lines between the existing lines can reveal more un-known buried fault locations. In addition, we propose precise seismic reflection studies at locations determined by the gravity method in order to determine the exact locations of the detected faults and, if possible, to obtain information regarding their characteristics. The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app13042286/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app13042286/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app13042286/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app13042286/s1)), Data S1 [43]: 3 column tab-delimited ASCII file of the Bouguer gravity anomaly data of Eskisehir/Study Area: 1 st column: Longitude, 2 nd column: Latitude, 3 rd column: Bouguer gravity anomaly. Scintrex CG-5 gravimeter has been used for data gathering. Javad Triumph-1 RTK (real time kinematics) device has been used for precise coordinate value and elevation value collecting. Geosoft Oasis Montaj application has been used for data processing. Conceptualization, E.B. ; methodology, E.B. ; software, E.B and M.T. ; validation, E.B. and M.T. ; formal analysis, E.B. ; investigation, E.B. and M.T. ; resources, E.B. and M.T. ; data curation, E.B. ; writing--original draft preparation, E.B. ; writing--review and editing, E.B. and M.T. ; visualization, E.B. and M.T. ; supervision, M.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research received no external funding. The study did not require ethical approval. Not applicable. Data Availability StatementData is contained within the article or Supplementary Materials. The data presented in this study are available in Supplementary Materials. This research was supported within the scope of Anadolu University Scientific Research Project numbered 1401F026. The results of this research are the outputs of [PERSON]'s Master's thesis, which was conducted under the supervision of [PERSON]. We would like to thank Research Assistant [PERSON] for his valuable contribution in the process of collecting gravity data in the field. Additionally, we would like to thank USGS for providing digital elevation model data. The authors declare no competing conflict of interests.
## 4 Lipsosomal Microencapsulation Using Conventional and Innovative Methods
### Conventional Methods
#### 4.1.3 Membrane Extrusion  
Vesicle extrusion is a technique that is widely employed in the preparation of liposomes [55]. This method involves forcing pre-formed MLVs through nanoporous membranes to produce monodisperse unilamellar liposomes [61]. Initially, natural or synthetic lipids are dried into a thin film, which is then hydrated to form MLVs. The typical size of these MLVs is between 0.5 and 10 \(\upmu\)m, and they undergo 10 freeze/thaw cycles to enhance lamellarity. Subsequently, the MLVs are extruded through double-stacked nanoporous membranes with defined pore sizes (100 or 200 nm). During the extrusion process, the MLVs' lipid membranes rupture, forming unilamellar liposomes within the nanopore channels (Figure 5). This process is repeated five to ten times to achieve the desired size distribution, with the liposome size generally matching the nanopore diameter. It is essential that extrusion be performed at temperatures above the lipids' phase transition temperature (T\({}_{\text{C}}\)) to ensure that the lipids are in a liquid crystalline phase, thereby providing the necessary membrane flexibility. Track-etched polycarbonate (PCTE) membranes are commonly used for this application [49].  
The membrane extrusion method was utilized to encapsulate silibinin within liposomes to enhance its potential as a treatment for breast cancer [62]. Liposome-encapsulated silibinin (LES) nanoparticles were produced with a controlled size distribution. The resulting liposomes were spherical and had an average size of 60 nm, which is suitable for enhanced cellular uptake and therapeutic efficacy.  
The encapsulation efficiency of the LES nanoparticles was found to be 85%, demonstrating the effectiveness of the membrane extrusion method in achieving high drug loading. The in vitro drug release profile exhibited an initial burst release of silibinin within the first 12 h, followed by a sustained release over a period of 12 days. These characteristics are beneficial for maintaining therapeutic drug levels over an extended period. In terms of anticancer efficacy, the LES nanoparticles significantly reduced the viability of MCF-7 breast cancer cells, with an IC50 value of 20 \(\upmu\)M, compared to 38 \(\upmu\)M for free silibinin, indicating enhanced potency. Furthermore, the study showed that the LES formulation modulated key apoptotic genes, increasing the expression of pro-apoptotic genes like Caspase-3 and Bax, while decreasing the expression of anti-apoptotic genes like Bcl-2.  
Figure 5: Liposome preparation via membrane extrusion.
# Aerodynamic Performance Assessment of Distributed Electric Propulsion after the Wing Trailing Edge
## 4 Numerical Simulations
### Simulation Result
When the central axis of the propeller is above the wind chord, the negative pressure region of the wing decreases. In short, the aerodynamic performance of the pusher DEP structure is affected by the vertical installation position of the propeller. Specifically, the vertical offset from the bottom improves the increment in the lift of the wing. Figure 8 shows the vorticity distribution of the pusher configuration at \(20^{\circ}\) and \(30^{\circ}\). It can be seen that when the propeller is installed above the chord, the tip vortex of the wing acts on the propeller and merges with the propeller downwash flow. Also, the vortex of the wing interacts with the propeller vortex, where the trailing edge vortex is more obvious with the propeller vortex system at \(Xr=1\). This indicates that the interference between the propeller and the wing may be advantageous to improve the performance of the DEP. Figure 9 shows the pressure distribution at 43% spanwise. In Figure 9a, it can be seen that the streamline changed with the pusher structure, which also affected the pressure distribution. The negative pressure of the trailing edge of the wing at \(0.1c\) was slightly higher than that at \(0.15c\), indicating that the change along the flow direction is advantageous to improve the aerodynamic interference and flight duration for a hover state. Figure 9b shows the pressure of the DEP with different vertical offsets at \(30^{\circ}\). The pressure for \(Xr=0.5\) is affected by the upper airfoil vortex with a sudden change. The pressure at the middle section is convexly distributed, with a slightly higher positive pressure than \(Xr=1\). For a larger vertical offset \(Xr=1\), the pressure distribution is relatively stable, with a higher maximum than the \(Xr=0.5\), which indicated that this structure has better lift performance. Figure 10 shows the lift distribution of propellers for the pusher DEP configuration. It can be seen that propellers 1 and 3 obtained less lift, and propeller 2 was less affected by the wing tip vortex or the adjacent propellers with a larger lift. Propeller 4 was totally emerged in the wing tip vortex, with an increasing force variation. In addition, lift variation in \(Xr=0,\ D_{rp}=0.1c\), and \(Xr=0,\ D_{rp}=0.15c\) was completely consistent, and \(Xr=0.5,\ D_{rp}=0.1c\), and \(Xr=1,\ D_{rp}=0.1c\) also showed a similar tendency. However, \(Xr=0\), \(D_{rp}=0.1c\) and \(Xr=0.5\), \(D_{rp}=0.1c\) showed better performance. This further verifies that the closer the propeller is, the more interference there is. From the vertical offset, the propeller is mounted above the trailing edge string for better lift performance. Figure 9: Pressure distribution along chordwise direction at a 43% span section. (**a**) \(Xr=0\), \(0.1c\) and \(Xr0\), \(0.15c\); (**b**) \(Xr0.5\), \(0.1c\) and \(Xr1\), \(0.1c\), \(\text{AoA}=30^{\circ}\).
## 4 Experiments and Results
### Algorithm Robustness
Building upon MQIM, it breaks away from embedding different watermarks in different regions. As a result, it improves the resilience of the watermark algorithm's robustness against adding and deleting attacks. Figure 11: Examples of experimental data. (**a**) Points in vector geographic data. (**b**) Polylines in vector geographic data. (**c**) Polygons in vector geographic data. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{\multirow{3}{*}{**Attacks**}} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Quaternk 1**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Quaternk 2**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Quaternk 3**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Quaternk 4**} \\ \cline{3-11}  & **Intensity** & **Proposed** & **Reference [35]** & **Proposed** &  
Random changes in coordinate vertices are made during the processing of vector geographic data; these are considered a common kind of attack. In order to further verify the robustness of the algorithm, random noise attacks are used to simulate these random changes. Four watermarks, Watermark 1, Watermark 2, Watermark 3, and Watermark 4, were embedded in turn in the experimental data using different quantification steps. Then, the random noise attacks were inflicted on the experimental data, which were embedded with watermarks. The noise, which follows a uniform distribution within the range [a, b], was randomly generated and added to the coordinate vertices in the watermarked maps to introduce interference in watermark detection. Subsequently, the watermarks were extracted from the attacked experimental data, and their correlation coefficients with the original watermarks were calculated to assess robustness against random noise attacks. As described above, this experimental process was repeated using 30 sets of experimental data. The results obtained from the experimental maps are presented in Tables 6-8. As shown in Tables 6-8, uniform noise attacks were conducted with mean noise in the range [a, b], and the detected results comprise correlation coefficients between the original watermarks and the extracted watermarks. A coefficient greater than 0.5 indicates the presence of a watermark in the data after an attack, while a coefficient smaller than 0.5 indicates otherwise. The experimental results presented in Tables 6-8 demonstrate that our proposed watermarking algorithm can effectively resist random noise attacks to some extent; however, as the noise intensity increases, each watermark's correlation detection value gradually decreases. Furthermore, compared to the algorithm described in [35], our proposed algorithm exhibits stronger robustness against random noise attacks. Generally, the ability to resist noise attacks follows the order of Watermark 1 > Watermark 2 > Watermark 3 > Watermark 4. The main reason for this is that the top-down quantization method is adopted. The initial quantization step is 3.2, and the corresponding quantization step of each watermark is 3.2 (Watermark 1), 1.6 (Watermark 2), 0.8 (Watermark 3), and 0.4 (Watermark 4). The difference in quantization step size is the main reason for the difference in anti-noise ability.
# Enhancing Railway Network Safety by Reproducing Wheel-Rail Electrical Contact on a Laboratory Scale
## 2 Bench Conception
### Four-Point Electrical Measurements  
The measurement of the wheel-rail electrical contact resistance was performed using the four-point method, as shown in Figure 2(b), which illustrates the principle of this technique applied to the test bench. Figure 2(a) shows a photograph of the concrete implementation, where two copper thread brushes were used to inject current from a source into the contact, while two other brushes (placed closest to the contact) were used to measure the contact voltage. The current flowing through the contact was evaluated by measuring the voltage \(V_{s}\) across a well-known shunt resistance \(R_{s}\).
# Influence of Lower Lateral Bracing on the Seismic Pounding Damage to Slab-On-Girder Steel Bridges
## 4 Discussion
Through refined numerical simulation, it can be found that, especially under the action of seismic pounding, the lower lateral bracing shares 1/3 of the pounding force of the steel beam (as shown in Figure 12). The lower lateral bracing disperses the huge bounding force from the key area to multiple areas on the beam, thereby significantly reducing the seismic damage to the steel beam. In general, fine numerical models must be used to reflect the seismic damage to steel beams, and lower lateral bracing has made significant contributions to controlling seismic pounding damage to steel beams. Of course, in addition to the lower lateral bracing, other factors may also help control seismic pounding damage to steel beams, such as setting dampers and limit devices. Taking into account the cost and complexity of construction, setting sufficient lower lateral bracings, and ensuring good connection details is an effective measure in current practice. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [17] established a detailed three-dimensional finite element model of a viaduct steel girder bridge, including the steel beam of the plate element and the lower lateral bracing of the beam element. Through numerical simulation, it was found that the bottom plate of the end steel beam will rotate inward under seismic action, and damage will occur at the connection with lower lateral bracing. The lower lateral bracing showed a residual inelastic strain after an earthquake, and the maximum strain could be reduced by increasing the strength of the side block. The above conclusion fully shows that the steel beam will be damaged under the action of earthquakes, and the lower lateral bracing shares the damage to the steel beam. Although the study focused on the pounding damage of steel beams under earthquakes, it did not carefully consider the lower lateral bracing. Through the results of Figures 17 and 18, it can be found that the connection details of the bracing and steel beam significantly affect the seismic performance of the lower lateral bracing. The lower lateral bracing has continuous stiffeners, which should be emphasized in the design. In summary, the main advantage of this study is that the seismic damage of the slab-on-girder steel bridge is studied using a fine three-dimensional finite element model. All steel components are simulated using plate elements, and the material and geometric nonlinearity as well as the contact nonlinearity in the event of seismic poundings are taken into account. Through the simulation results, the seismic pounding damage to the steel beam, the lower lateral bracing, and the protective effect of the bracing on the steel beam are discussed. In addition, the failure mode of the lower lateral bracing and the influence on its seismic performance are further analyzed.
# Multibeam Wideband Transmit Beamforming Using 2D Sparse FIR Trapezoidal Filters
## 4 Full-Wave Electromagnetic Simulation Results
### Multibeam Beamforming
#### 4.1.3 Same Signal Transmission in Two DODs  
As an example of two-direction beamforming of the same signal, consider the case where \(\theta_{1}=-26^{\circ}\) and \(\theta_{2}=28^{\circ}\), with corresponding \(\alpha_{1}=-23.67^{\circ}\) and \(\alpha_{2}=25.15^{\circ}\), respectively. The magnitude frequency response \(|H(e^{i\omega_{x}},e^{i\omega_{ct}})|\) of the 2-D FIR filters of order \(14\times 64\), with a nonsparse impulse response and sparse impulse response (with only 161 nonzero elements), is shown in Figure 8a and Figure 8b, respectively. Values for the other parameters are \(\mu=0.1\) and \(\epsilon_{th}=0.00701\). The wideband transmit beam patterns produced by the nonsparse and sparse filters are shown in Figure 8e and Figure 8f, respectively. Furthermore, Table 2 provides a comparison of the wideband beam pattern and DSP complexity between the proposed 2D sparse and a nonsparse FIR filter-based transmit beamformers. We note that the effect of sparsification is minimal, while saving more than 83% in DSP complexity.