## 3 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Postoperative** & **Group** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Marginal**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**95\% CI for Mean Difference**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Mean**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**T**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{_Phaupfrani_} \\
**Day** & **Mean** & **Lower** & **Upper** & **Difference** & **T** & \multicolumn{1}{c}{_Phaupfrani_} \\ \hline
7 & Ghost & 75.881 & 75.315 & 76.446 & & & & \\ Control & 73.972 & 73.406 & 74.537 & & & & \\ \hline
14 & Ghost & 93.712 & 93.147 & 94.278 & & & & \\ Control & 90.639 & 90.074 & 91.205 & & & & \\ \hline
28 & Ghost & 112.290 & 111.724 & 112.855 & & & & \\ Control & 105.135 & 104.569 & 105.700 & & & & \\ \hline
42 & Ghost & 123.076 & 122.510 & 123.641 & & & & \\ Control & 115.732 & 115.167 & 116.298 & & & & \\ \hline
56 & Ghost & 133.200 & 132.635 & 133.766 & & & & \\ Control & 127.454 & 126.889 & 128.020 & & & & \\ \hline
70 & Ghost & 140.008 & 139.443 & 140.574 & & & & \\ Control & 130.488 & 129.922 & 131.053 & & & & \\ \hline
84 & Ghost & 143.065 & 142.500 & 143.631 & & & & \\ Control & 134.385 & 133.820 & 134.951 & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
Using analysis of covariance (group \(\times\) time course) and a post-hoc test. CI: confidence interval.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Comparisons of arc of motion at different time points between the Ghost and control groups. Figure 4: Between-group comparisons of changes in the arc of wrist flexion-extension using bootstrap data. The data points are slightly jittered horizontally to improve visualization. (**A**): Change in arc of motion over time compared between the Ghost and control groups. The Ghost group showed significantly greater change over time than the control group (\(P_{\text{Bonferroni}}<0.001\)). The blue-green triangles and dashed line indicate Ghost group data, whereasthe red circles and solid line indicate control group data. The plots for each group comprise 7000 bootstrap data points (1000 participants \(\times\) 7 observation points). (**B**): Quantile-quantile plot of arc of wrist flexion-extension using all estimated data for determining the probability distribution. Figure 5: Between-group comparisons of changes in arc of wrist flexion-extension stratified by age. (**A**): Change in arc of motion over time stratified by age and compared between the Ghost and control groups. The blue-green triangles and dashed line indicate Ghost group data, whereas the red circles and solid line indicate control group data. The plots for each group comprise 7000 bootstrap data points (1000 participants \(\times\) 7 observation points). (**B**): Descriptive plots for comparing the change in arc of motion by 10-year groups. Significant interaction (group \(\times\) age) was found in arc data adjusted by time course using analysis of covariance (F = 40.61, df = 3, \(p<\) 0.001, \(\eta^{2}\) = 0.001). The arc of motion of the Ghost group was higher than that of the control group across all age groups (\(p_{Bonferroni}<\) 0.001). The arc of motion of the injured wrist joint was larger in younger patients than in older patients (F = 722.23, df = 3, \(p<\) 0.001, \(\eta^{2}\) = 0.002). Characters and bars indicate the marginal mean and standard deviation respectively. Figure 6: Between-group comparisons of changes in the arc of wrist flexion-extension stratified by  
BMI. (**A**): Change in arc of motion over time stratified by BMI and compared between the Ghost and control groups. The blue-green triangles and dashed line indicate Ghost group data, whereas the red circles and solid line indicate control group data. The plots for each group comprise 7000 bootstrap data points (1000 participants \(\times\) 7 observation points). (**B**): Descriptive plots for comparing the change in arc of motion by BMI. Panels are arranged as follows: left: normal BMI as a reference, center: obese, and right: underweight. Significant interaction (group \(\times\) BMI) was found in arc data adjusted by time course using analysis of covariance (F = 174.70, df = 3, \(p\) < 0.001, \(\eta^{2}\) = 0.004).