## 3 Results and Discussion
### Electromagnetic Simulation and Analysis for Dielectric Heating Applications
#### 3.2.3 Simulated Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) Analysis  
The simulated Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) values were analyzed using CST Studio Suite version 2024, with the highest SAR values recorded for fish scales, skin, and muscle at varying distances from the horn antenna. The analysis adheres to ICNIRP guidelines, ensuring compliance with electromagnetic exposure safety limits. Figure 8 illustrates the SAR distribution across tissue layers at distances of 3 cm, 6 cm, 9 cm, and 12 cm, respectively.  
At 3 cm (Figure 8a), the SAR values peaked across all tissue types, with the maximum recorded SAR reaching 0.9473 W/kg. Fish scales experienced the highest SAR, closely followed by skin and muscle. The intense energy absorption at this distance indicates a high concentration of electromagnetic exposure, which, while effective for parasite eradication, also poses a risk of localized overheating, particularly in the scales and skin. This high SAR value is consistent with Equation (3), which describes how energy absorption in biological tissues depends on electrical conductivity, electric field intensity, and tissue density. The concentration of electromagnetic energy at short distances results in a higher SAR, increasing the likelihood of excessive heating. At 6 cm (Figure 8b), the SAR values moderated to 0.7454 W/kg, demonstrating a more uniform energy distribution across tissue layers. The reduced SAR suggests a safer and more controlled heating effect, ensuring sufficient energy delivery to the scales for parasite elimination while minimizing the risk of excessive heat buildup. This balance aligns with Equation (4), where optimal power density distribution contributes to controlled heating without excessive energy localization. This balance makes 6 cm an optimal configuration for dielectric heating applications. At 9 cm (Figure 8c), SAR values further decreased to 0.3819 W/kg, with scales still absorbing slightly more energy than skin and muscle. Although overheating risks are minimized at this distance, the lower SAR values indicate that energy absorption may no longer  
Figure 8: Simulated Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) values at varying distances from the horn antenna under ICNIRP standard conditions: (**a**) 3 cm, (**b**) 6 cm, (**c**) 9 cm, (**d**) 12 cm.  
be sufficient for effective parasite inactivation, particularly for embedded parasites. The thermal distribution remains distinguishable, suggesting selective heating remains possible but with reduced intensity. At this distance, the decreasing SAR can be explained by Equation (2), which states that (_PD_) decreases as the dielectric properties of the tissue influence electromagnetic energy absorption. The lower SAR at this distance suggests that energy is dissipated more widely, reducing its concentration in target tissues. At 12 cm (Figure 8d), SAR values dropped significantly to 0.3459 W/kg, with energy distribution becoming less concentrated. While this distance remains within ICNIRP safety limits, the energy intensity may be too low for effective heating of fish scales, potentially limiting its application for deeply embedded parasites. The lower SAR at this distance indicates reduced microwave penetration efficiency, aligning with Equation (2), which describes how increased distance weakens energy concentration, leading to suboptimal heating.  
Under ICNIRP guidelines, which allow a maximum SAR of 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue for public exposure, all SAR values at 6 cm, 9 cm, and 12 cm remain within safe limits, ensuring non-hazardous conditions. In contrast, SAR values at 3 cm approach levels that pose a risk of localized overheating, raising safety concerns. Based on these findings, maintaining a distance of at least 6 cm is recommended to ensure safe and effective dielectric heating while adhering to ICNIRP safety regulations. This recommendation aligns with the relationship between SAR and tissue properties described in Equation (3), ensuring sufficient energy absorption without surpassing safety thresholds.