The advancement of medicine has reduced the global mortality rate; the older adult population continues to grow and is expected to reach 1 in 6 people by 2050 [1]. Aging is a universal and irreversible biological process characterized by reduced defense mechanisms against the environment, loss of functional reserves, and a tendency for organs and apparatuses to atrophy [2,3]. Age-related involutional physiological changes underlying the natural aging process can promote the occurrence of oral pathologies in the elderly [4]. Moreover, systemic diseases and conditions may affect oral health, and oral diseases can influence the course of systemic disorders. Such inter-relations are especially evident in elderly patients due to a higher prevalence of both systemic and oral diseases associated with the physiological effects of advancing age [1, 2, 3, 5, 6]. Age-related systemic conditions and diseases predisposing to adverse oral outcomes mainly comprise frailty (malnutrition, sarcopenia, osteogenic, disability, balance disorders, falls, etc. ); various severe co-morbid states; Alzheimer's and other forms of dementia; Parkinson's disease and other nervous system degenerative disorders; brain stroke sequelae with severe disability and dysphagia; and neoplastic disease statins [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. Consequently, the reduced autonomy in daily activities; cognitive impairment and behavioral symptoms interfering with oral hygiene procedures; swallowing and chewing disorders subsequent to neurological vascular and degenerative diseases; and polypharmacotherapy potentially responsible for xerostomia and other side effects affecting the oral cavity, may promote the occurrence of oral diseases in the elderly [13, 14]. As a counterpart, some oral diseases--more frequently odontogenic and periodontal acute or chronic infections--may also negatively impact certain systemic disorders, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, inflammatory and degenerative disorders, benign and malignant solid neoplasms, and respiratory infectious diseases [15]. The inter-connections between oral and systemic inflammatory status and microbiome, along with oral dysbiosis [16, 17, 18], have been proposed to potentially encourage--through direct and indirect mechanisms--the development and progression of such systemic disorders. The most frequent oral conditions and disorders in older patients comprise, along with benign mucosal lesions and oral cancer, edentulism, caries, and periodontal disease [1, 2]. It is worth noting that an increased incidence of HPV-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma has been recorded in White men > 65 years in the United States, with a concurrent decrease in the smoking-associated form of disease [19, 20]. Fortunately, similar survival rates between \(\leq\)70 and >70 years of age have been recorded [21] in patients undergoing chemoradiotherapy, or radiotherapy alone; nonetheless, these rates have been improved by surgical approaches for elderly patients [22]. Tooth loss has been closely related to age, even though significant differences in prevalence between groups with different socio-cultural and economic statuses have been reported [5]. Socioeconomic status, education, and especially tobacco use [23, 24] are known to be risk factors for tooth loss in the elderly, which is nevertheless attributable in most cases to caries and periodontitis. Dental caries is a chronic disease with multifactorial etiology involving the destruction of dental tissues, proceeding from the outer surface of the enamel toward the pulp. Age-related changes in the enamel surface, facilitating the development of more extensive caries when exposed to acids compared to young individuals [25; 26], and wear phenomena [27; 28], may be responsible for a higher incidence of caries, both at the coronal and root level, in the elderly population. In detail, root caries appears to be much more frequent in the elderly than in the young.