# Accounting for Carbon Footprint Flows in Wine Production Process. Case Study in Spanish Winery
## 3 Case Study
### Results and Outcomes  
The work performed during phases 1 and 2 allowed the visualization of the complete value chain of the company linked to CO2 emissions and energy consumption, highlighting all the relevant activities that had to be monitored, and that would imply further addition of CO2 to the final CF of the  
Figure 2: Project flows outline. output. Additionally, inefficiencies and unexpected levels of consumption were discovered in some of the process equipment and machinery, suggesting its repair or replacement in order to save unnecessary energy costs and carbon emissions. Furthermore, the detailed identification of all activities involving energy consumption led to the consideration of potential improvements individually, which had never been taken into account when thinking of the process as a whole. The most significant activities linked to the CF of the company are shown in Figure 3.  
The energy and CO2 emissions audit undertaken helped to determine not only which activities were linked to energy consumption but also their weight in terms of CO2 emissions, due to the type and volume of the energy source used. Furthermore, it allowed one to foresee potential changes in several parts of the process by shifting the conventional energy source used to a renewable or less polluting one. The implementation of phases 3 and 4 led to the actual monitoring and accounting of energy consumption and CO2 emissions throughout the production process, by using the on-line software designed ad-hoc. The company server received real-time communication from internal suppliers (vine farmers) who, having installed the application on their phones, tablets or laptops, would record every step undertaken in their farming activity, transmitting it to the headquarters. While the latter would then have the chance to monitor the accumulated CF of input (grape) and take any measures if needed (advising farmers to change the products used, reduce their consumption, change specific patterns, etc. ), the farmers would also have a record of energy consumption that will help them reduce their costs and check for inefficiencies, thus contributing further to lowering the CF of the company main input. Once the process was fully implemented, the company could accurately determine the CF of the grape introduced in the production process, to which the CO2 from the following activities would be progressively added. As for external suppliers (not cooperative farmers), the company requested them to report on the CO2 associated with their products, so it could be registered in the production software. As a secondary consequence, some external products were replaced by new ones with lower CF, which also contributed to reducing the overall CF. Once determined, the quantity of the different supplies used, and their respective factor identified (in Kg of CO2 equivalent per kg of material), it became possible to calculate the carbon footprint of the whole wine production process. After phases 5 and 6, at the end of the project, the results obtained in terms of overall carbon emissions and unitary carbon emissions, showed a significant reduction as presented in Table 2:  
Figure 3: Description of activities linked to CO2 emissions and energy consumption. The success of the project was patent in the company production process, with close to a 30% decrease in CO\({}_{2}\) emissions in the first year. As for the supply chain, the decrease was still limited, mostly due to the fact that improvements from some the efficiency measures adopted were not yet registered at this stage, having its effect in the following crop. However, even though the grape in the second year had lower contents of water and was therefore less productive than that of the previous year, the CO\({}_{2}\) emissions per liter of final product fell by 4%, exposing an overall improvement in the process. The results for following years will also depend on the grape characteristics, but new decreases are expected as farming efficiency measures are accounted in the final product.