esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Learn-CIAM: A Model-Driven Approach for the Development of Collaborative Learning Tools
## 5 Validation
### Planning and Execution of the Experiments
#### 5.1.1 Research Questions  
The research was conducted to assess the opinion and subjective perception of potential users of the proposed framework regarding its main components (methodological framework, specification language and conceptual framework and, finally, the technological support). This objective is embodied in the following research question:  
**RQ.** What is the subjective perception of experts in the areas of Education and Computer Science regarding the _suitability_, _completeness_, _usefulness_ and _ease of use_ of the Learn-CIAM proposal and its main components?  
Since the research question under consideration may be a broad one, we propose a set of sub-questions:  
Figure 12: The collaborative graphical modeling digital circuit tool generated.  
**RQ1.** What is the subjective perception of potential users regarding the _need_ to apply a process of modeling and generation of collaborative learning tools?  
**RQ2.** What is the subjective perception of potential users regarding the _convenience of applying the model-based development paradigm_ to approach the development of collaborative learning tools?  
**RQ3.** What is the subjective perception of potential users regarding the selection of _Eclipse_ as environment to support the proposed method?  
**RQ4.** What is the subjective perception of potential users regarding the _proposed_ Learn-CIAM _process_ (its phases and stages and the use of high-level languages)?  
**RQ5.** What is the subjective perception of potential users regarding the support offered by Learn-CIAM to _non-technical users_?  
**RQ6.** What is the subjective perception of potential users regarding the _suitability_, _complexity_ and _completeness_ of modeling elements supported by the Learn-CIAN notation?  
**RQ7.** What is the subjective perception of potential users regarding the _suitability_ and _completeness_ of the modeling elements related to _awareness_ and _pedagogical usability_ supported by the proposal?  
**RQ8.** What is the subjective perception of potential users regarding the _difficulty of applying_ the modeling, validation and generation _stages_ of collaborative learning tools supported by Learn-CIAT?  
**RQ9.** What is the subjective perception of potential users regarding _the quality of the products generated_ as a result of applying Learn-CIAM, in terms of _ease of use_ and _learning_, as well as _support for communication_, _coordination_ and _awareness mechanisms_?  
As can be seen, research questions RQ1-RQ5 refer to aspects related to the methodological proposal (Learn-CIAM), questions RQ6 and RQ7 focus on aspects related to the notation (Learn-CIAN) and the conceptual framework and, finally, questions RQ8 and RQ9 address aspects related to the use of Learn-CIAT and the quality of the products generated as a result of applying the method. The relation between these research questions and the items of the questionnaire are summarized in both tables of the Appendix A.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Volatile Compound Analysis of Lafun Samples and Raw Cassava Roots
#### 3.3.2 Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry Analysis  
A total of 50 odorants were detected by both assessors by GC-O analysis of the samples (Table 6), 27 of which were detected in the lafun samples, with the remaining 23 being highly potent aroma compounds present at levels below the instrumental detection limit. All but 5 of these were identified; 37 were confirmed with authentic standards, and 8 were identified using the LSB@TUM odorant database or other literature sources. Lipid-derived aldehydes had the highest odour intensities, contributing mainly green, fried, and coriander odours. However, 3-hexanal and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one contributed to the desirable sweet and orange notes in both samples. It was clearly observed that (E,E)-2.4-decadienal (fried note) had the highest intensity in both samples. Quantitative differences were observed between the market sample and the laboratory sample. The most notable difference was the contribution of an off-note from methoxypyrazines, p-cresol, and guaiacol, found only in the market sample. Furthermore, butanoic acid was not detected in the GC-O analysis of the lafun produced by LABs. There are no data in the literature regarding odour description in lafun, and the identified odourants were detected for the first time in this study.
## 5 Evaluation and Results
### Security Considerations and Threat Awareness  
While this work does not include a formal threat model, certain classes of security concerns are inherently addressed by the system's architectural design. The use of Hyperledger Fabric ensures that all access control operations--such as policy definition, evaluation, and logging--are tamper-evident and auditable through immutable ledger records. Attribute-based access control allows for context-sensitive enforcement, reducing exposure to hardcoded privilege escalation risks typical of static RBAC systems.  
However, the system has not yet been evaluated against advanced threat scenarios such as insider collusion, policy injection attacks, or compromised peer nodes. These remain important areas for future work. In particular, applying formal threat modeling frameworks such as STRIDE, attack trees, or misuse cases could provide a more systematic analysis of resilience under adversarial conditions.
## 3 Proposed Method
### Object Tracking Using Kalman Filter  
The proposed method tracks an object based on the object detection results. Specifically, it monitors the movement of an object and determines whether the object is approaching or moving away from it. A collision warning must be issued for an approaching object, even at considerable distances, whereas no warning is necessary for a receding object, regardless of its proximity. Furthermore, the object tracking process compensates for instances in which an object is not detected or disappears.  
In the proposed method, a Kalman filter is employed for object tracking [32]. The Kalman filter offers the advantage of enabling rapid tracking with minimal computational overhead because it performs prediction and update steps during the tracking process. The state matrix, \(S_{k}\), of the Kalman filter used for object tracking is given by Equation (10).  
\[S_{k}=\left[c_{x}\;c_{y}\;w\;h\;dc_{x}\;dc_{y}\;dw\;dh\right] \tag{10}\]  
where \(c_{x}\) and \(c_{y}\) represent the coordinates of the object's center point, \(w\) denotes the object's width, and \(h\) denotes its height. \(dc_{x}\) and \(dc_{y}\) indicate the changes in the center point, \(dw\) signifies the change in width, and \(dh\) represents the change in height.  
Figure 10 illustrates the results of object tracking, with the same vehicle consistently tracked and identified by a unique number. Figure 10 displays the results of the \(n\)-th frame, while Figure 10 shows the results of the \((n+10)\)-th frame.  
Figure 10: Object tracking result: (**a**) car and truck tracking result in the \(n\)-th frame, and (**b**) car and truck tracking result in the \((n+10)\)-th frame.  
Figure 9: Object detection result (Red box detected in ROI and green box detected in original image): (**a**) zero padding result and (**b**) proposed method result.
# Availability of Primary Closure for Resection of Oral Cavity Cancer
## 2 Materials and Methods  
This study's protocol was approved by the institutional ethics committee (CUDHIRB 2005009). Written informed consent was obtained from all patients, and a retrospective study was conducted using the medical records of patients who underwent surgery for oral cancer at Chosun University Dental Hospital between January 2010 and May 2020. All surgeries were performed by a single skilled surgeon. All patients underwent an incisional biopsy during the work-up period, and panoramic radiographs and CT scans were taken. Additionally, PET CT scans were performed to determine the presence of lymph node metastasis in advance, which helped decide whether to perform neck dissection and its type before surgery. During surgery, wide excision was performed by marking the planned resection margin using a surgical guide or marking pen to ensure the margin was maintained. Furthermore, frozen biopsy was performed on the resection margin during surgery to minimize the possibility of cancer cells remaining within the safety margin. Patients were discharged when they were considered capable of carrying out everyday activities at home. For those who underwent DCIA-free-flap or fibula-free-flap grafting, they were discharged when they had sufficiently recovered and could walk. After discharge, regular follow-up visits were conducted to check for recurrence at the surgical site, and PET CT scans were performed if lymph node metastasis was suspected through routine contrast-enhanced CT scans. Figure 1 schematically shows the treatment flow described above.  
During this period, a total of 85 patients (42 men and 43 women) underwent malignant lesion removal in the oral and maxillofacial area. The medical records of these 85 patients were all tabulated. Data that can be obtained include gender, age, operation time, hospitalization and discharge period, surgical site, surgical method, type of flap used, existence and type of neck dissection, duration of f/u, presence or absence of recurrence, stage, and biopsy results. From January 2010 to May 2020, medical data of 16 patients who underwent primary closure out of the 85 patients with malignant lesions removed were analyzed. Factors such as patients' TNM, stage, neck dissection, histologic type, recurrence, and period of hospitalization were investigated. The staging was according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC, 8 th edition) [6].  
Data were analyzed using the SPSS system. The Mann-Whitney test was used to determine the statistical significance between age and primary closure. The chi-square test was employed to assess the significance of gender and surgical method (primary closure and flap), and the chi-square test was also utilized to evaluate the significance of neck dissection and surgical method (primary closure and flap), and the Mann-Whitney test was used to determine the statistical significance between period of hospitalization and primary closure, and Three-way analysis of variance was performed to verify the main effect of each factor and the interaction between factors.
## 3 Traumatic Corneal Injuries
### Spacflight Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome  
SANS, along with its associated symptoms, was first described and formally identified in 2011 and has since become a critical health concern for astronauts on long-duration missions [50]. The syndrome is characterized by posterior segment changes, including optic disc edema, globe flattening, hyperopic shifts and choroidal folds, which impair visual function and highlight the vulnerability of ocular structures in microgravity [33; 50]. These changes are primarily attributed to cephalad fluid shifts induced by microgravity, which increase intracranial pressure (ICP) and intraocular pressure (IOP), disrupting the delicate balance of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain and the orbital optic nerve sheath [8; 12; 17].  
SANS-related changes often develop gradually over the course of long-duration missions, with papilledema, optic disc edema, and choroidal thickening among the most common findings [50]. While early-stage papilledema is often asymptomatic, prolonged elevation of ICP can lead to irreversible visual field defects and optic atrophy [11]. Detection in space relies on optical coherence tomography (OCT), fundus photography, and ultrasound of the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD), all of which have been used on the ISS to monitor astronauts [11]. Prevention strategies focus on mitigating cephalad fluidshifts, including the use of lower-body negative pressure, head-elevated sleep postures, and pharmacological options such as acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that reduces ICP [33]. Early detection and intervention are crucial in preventing permanent vision impairment, underscoring the need for in-mission monitoring and countermeasures.  
The functional consequences of SANS are significant. Astronauts frequently report blurred vision, which can compromise mission-critical tasks, such as spacecraft docking and EVAs [8]. These visual disturbances underscore the need for vision correction during space missions as well as comprehensive ocular monitoring during and after missions, covering both posterior and anterior segment changes [10].  
Recent advancements in imaging technologies, such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), have been instrumental in detecting and tracking the subtle morphological changes associated with SANS. Tools like OCT allow for precise measurement of optic nerve head morphology, retinal thickness, and choroidal alterations, significantly improving our understanding of the syndrome's pathophysiology [11; 34]. However, the underlying mechanisms of SANS remain incompletely understood, necessitating further research into its multifactorial causes.  
Preventive measures are essential to mitigate the risks posed by SANS. Countermeasures, such as lower body negative pressure devices, show promise in managing fluid shifts and reducing their ocular impact. Continued innovation in monitoring tools and countermeasures is vital to safeguarding astronaut health and ensuring the success of increasingly ambitious space missions [10; 33].
## 3 Emotional Regulation, Dysregulation, and Twin Studies
### Twin Studies on Emotional Dysregulation
These findings suggest that, although genetic factors connect internalizing symptoms and Disordered Eating through ER difficulties, the pathways leading to Disordered Eating involve additional unique genetic influences, highlighting the importance of considering distinct developmental trajectories in the understanding of eating disorders in relation to internalizing psychopathology. This study underscores ER as a critical shared mechanism in these conditions, suggesting potential targets for intervention and treatment strategies [44]. Expanding on the role of genetic and environmental influences in ED, recent research has also investigated its association with neurodevelopmental disorders, which are commonly characterized by ED. In this context, [PERSON] et al. [45] examined the association between ADHD and ED using a co-twin control design with 389 twin pairs aged 8-31 years. Their findings revealed a significant association between ADHD and ED, even after adjusting for age, sex, and other mental health conditions. Within-pair analyses showed that twins with ADHD exhibited significantly higher levels of ED compared to their co-twins without ADHD. This association remained significant in DZ twins but was non-significant in the MZ subsample, as evidenced by non-overlapping confidence intervals between the DZ and MZ estimates. The differential pattern observed between DZ and MZ twinssuggests a genetic contribution to the association between ADHD and ED. These results align with prior findings emphasizing the heritability of ED and further suggest that ADHD may represent an additional pathway through which genetic and environmental factors shape ED [45]. However, when interpreting these findings, it is essential to consider potential limitations to their cross-cultural generalizability. For instance, [PERSON] et al. [46] demonstrated that the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to psychological traits differ between Chinese and Western populations, with genetic influences on traits being less pronounced among Chinese adolescents compared to their Western counterparts.
# Role of Radio Telescopes in Space Debris Monitoring: Current Insights and Future Directions
## 4 Radio Telescope Measurements with Illuminators of Opportunity
### Murchison Widefield Array
Moreover, a rigorous assessment was conducted between 2019 and 2023 by investigators to extract precise angular measurements of satellites from spatially blurred detections produced by non-coherent passive radar techniques using the MWA [83; 84]. By develop  
Figure 15: The resulting orbit predictions from the multistatic measurements of COSMOS 1707, conducted in December 2019 with the MWA radio telescope. The top rows show the covariance of the position estimate and the velocity estimate, and the bottom row shows the mean errors when compared with the Two-Line Element (TLE). Reproduced from [17]. ing specialized signal processing methods, researchers were able to derive time-stamped angular coordinates for 32 observed satellite passes, which were then used to perform high-accuracy orbit determination through a least-squares fitting algorithm. The resulting median uncertainties of 860 m in the cross-track and 780 m in the in-track directions have been reported for LEO objects, which are comparable to the typical 1000 m uncertainty in publicly available TLE data [85; 86]. Over the past decade, the development of MWA has been successful, with significant improvements in passive radar signal processing techniques that have enhanced the ability to refine the orbit determination of space objects. Advancements in MWA in this area have contributed to more accurate tracking and monitoring of the growing population of space debris, which poses escalating risks to operational satellites and future space missions.
## 1 Introduction
* The layer-specific learning rate is considered for better results. * The clipped ReLU layer is applied with a customized cut-off value for better control on the CNN. * Softmax classifier is the popular choice in CNN. However, several classifiers are investigated and the SVM classifier is the most suitable. * The outcomes of the proposed scheme are equated with the popular schemes Zhu-Net, SRNet, Yedroudj-Net, and Ye-Net. * The comprehensive outcomes are discussed for HILL, Mi-POD, S-UNIWARD, and WOW steganography schemes with 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 bpp payloads. * The proposed scheme is discussed in detail in Section 2. The experimental evaluation is carried out in Section 3 and the conclusions are presented in Section 4.
# Some Thoughts about Infrared Radiation Response Characteristics during Loading of Sandstone Samples
## 5 Discussion of Infrared Radiation Mechanisms during Loading of Rocks
### Error Analysis  
In the experiments, the measured infrared radiation is interfered with by various types of noise, resulting in a distortion of the obtained infrared radiation information [7]. The main reasons are: (1) The temperature of the sample during the experiment is generally lower than or close to the ambient temperature. As a result, any fluctuation of the ambient temperature causes significant disturbances on the AIRT measurement results [27]; (2) Due to the inhomogeneity of the uncooled infrared focal plane array (IRFPA), during long-term observations, a time drift occurs, resulting in some inaccuracy in the AIRT measurement [28]; (3) The AIRT variation of the compressed rock samples during the damage evolution is relatively small, so that noise signals can hide real small AIRT information.  
To solve the problems mentioned above, reference samples were added to the experimental system, and a background thermal noise correction model was used to denoise the AIRT of the loaded sample. Although the background noise correction model was implemented to obtain the AIRT variations of the loaded sample, the noise could not be removed entirely [18]. For example, as shown in Figure 8, the AIRT of the reference sample after denoising still fluctuates (the maximum fluctuation range is 0.03 \({}^{\circ}\)C). This means that the error range of noise interference on the AIRT value of the loaded sample surface after denoising may reach 0.03 \({}^{\circ}\)C. This may also be an important reason as to why some experimental phenomena could not reasonably be well explained.  
Figure 7: Frictional heating at a shear fracture of sandstone sample A\({}_{5}\). (**a**) Infrared thermal image (\({}^{\circ}\)C). (**b**) Object picture.  
Another important aspect which has to be considered is the fact that only part of the sample is observed (only front side). Especially after the onset of fracture propagation and damage evolution, the radiation characteristics become very inhomogeneous and the missing information from parts of the surface may lead to erroneous AIRT values.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Quality of Mash
The results obtained in this work show a significantly different starting TP and even when they have the same starting share of TSP, different wheats can have different ratios of the mentioned protein groups, which results in different shares of HMW N, MMW N, and LMW N. Furthermore, by reducing the granulation of the grist, it exceeds more protein fractions in the mash, which consequently leads to a drop in the Kolbach index, i.e., to an increase in their solubility. The values for HMW N concentrations for the fine and superfine granulation of the grist were similar. MMW N concentrations were significantly higher in wheat with a lower and higher initial total protein content, while TSP concentrations were similar with similar values for LMW N concentrations for fine and superfine granulation for both wheats. A significant reduction in the final attenuation limit for the superfine granulation for wheat with less initial total protein and a higher fine extract for superfine granulation compared to fine (Table 2) failed to compensate for the greater transfer of non-fermentable soluble protein compounds of the ingredients (primarily MMW N) and a significant reduction in the final attenuation limit. In wheat with a higher initial protein content, this phenomenon is less pronounced, although similar values were found for total soluble N in both mash. As it has already been established that viscosity is not a problematic factor when using this type of wheat in brewing, the main emphasis will be on solving the problem of removing MMW N fractions from the mash in order to increase fermentability, especially since the proteins of this fraction make up the bulk of the so-called \"haze active\" proteins, which is problematic from the point of view of colloidal stability and minimum shelf life of beer [17]. So, from the results of the research, it can be seen that the increase in the fineness of the grist results in a decrease in the fermentability of the mash (expressed as the final attenuation limit), which is certainly an economic disadvantage caused by the increase in the non-fermentable extract in the total fine extract. This decrease in fermentability is caused by an increase in the concentration of the MMW N protein fraction. If the advantages of increasing the fineness of grain milling are to be utilized, further research should be focused on the selective separation (precipitation) of the MMW N fraction. In this way, it would be possible to increase the proportion of unmalted wheat and/or wheat malt in the mash/wort without adversely affecting the other quality indicators of the mash and consequently the beer.