# Formation of Conductive Networks in Polysulfone Filled with Graphite-Derived Materials
## 1 Introduction  
One of the most fascinating and actively studied subfields in nanotechnology and composites is polymer composites, which have shown promise as high-performance, multipurpose materials. The mechanical or other physical features of the filler can be integrated with the properties of the polymer matrix, such as flexibility and low density, by incorporating it into the polymer matrix [1]. Conductive polymer composites (CPCs) are one of the most significant and fascinating topics in polymer composite research, which has been ongoing for several decades, because of its versatility, simplicity of production, and adjustable features [2]. In order to create CPCs, conductive fillers are added to different polymers, as the majority of polymers are not conductive. When a certain filler level is achieved in the polymer matrix, a spike in conductivity can be seen with increasing conductive filler content. It is common to refer to this phenomenon as the electrical percolation threshold (Pc) [3]. More work focuses on employing conductive fillers, such as graphene, carbon black (CB), carbon fibers (CFs), graphite flakes (GFIs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and carbon black (CB), to create conductive networks inside a polymer matrix [4]. Recent progress in electronic devices, personal computers, electromagnetic interference shielding, aircraft accessories, light-emitting diode chips, sensing materials, auto parts, household appliances, mine pipes, medical devices, smart biomaterial for tissue engineering, etc., requires antistatic, electric, and thermal conductive light-weight materials. Correspondingly, CPCs are one of the most significant functional materials in decades [5,6]. High-performance and inexpensive conductive polymer composites are made possible by the effective creation of conductive filler networks in polymer matrices, while other elements like polymer assembly and crystallization must also be considered. The formation effectiveness of conductive networks has been found to be significantly impacted by the distribution of conductive particles, usually carbon fillers like CB and CNTs, in polymermatrices [7]. The superior properties of various nanomaterials can be translated from the nanoscale to the macroscale by polymeric materials acting as matrices or substrates. This has the potential to take nanomaterials from the research lab into real-world technological applications that could completely transform the plastics industry as a whole [8]. The production of high-performance and highly functional composite materials for cutting-edge applications is promised by the reinforcement of normally softer and inactive polymers or resins with nanoparticles with unusual mechanical and functional characteristics [9; 10]. Significant progress in the field of polymer nanocomposites might be facilitated by the recent invention of certain 2D materials, such as large area 2D sheets and 2D heterostructures, and by emerging trends in 2D nanotechnology. Using 2D sheets as fillers makes it possible to precisely position nanomaterials into or onto polymer matrices/substrates while maintaining precise control over the surface/interface layer, the distances between the nano inclusions, and precise structural control at the atomic level--all of which are impractical with conventional polymer nanocomposite materials. Two-dimensional nanofillers are one type of reinforcement used in polymer nanocomposites that have garnered a lot of attention lately because of their exceptional all-around qualities for structural and multifunctional reinforcement [11]. Functional additives, such as activated carbon (AC) [12], CB [13], carbon nanodots (CNDs) [14], CNTs [15], graphene (GR), and graphite nanoparticles (GNs) [16], all of which increased the electrode materials' electrochemical activity, are clearly able to improve the performance of the electrode materials. For instance, [PERSON] et al. showed that thermally expanded graphite (EG) can enhance the Nafion membrane thermal stability for fuel cell applications [17].