# IoT Technologies during and Beyond COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review
## 4 A Framework of Solutions to Tackle COVID-19 and Emerging Pandemics in the Future Using IoT
### IoT in the Transportation Sector  
COVID-19 has had a huge impact on the transportation industry. With the adoption of COVID prevention methods, a reduced demand for transport has been noticed [42], which has also affected other areas, such as agricultural supply chains [43]. IoT applications such as the toll and reservation ticketing system, navigation tracking and GIS mapping, control \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **IoT Application** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Societal and Economic** \\ **Impact (Low,** \\ **Medium, High)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Timeline for Wide Usage** \\ **(Immediate,** \\ **Post-COVID-19, Future)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Technology Readiness Levels** \\ **(TRLs) of the Application for** \\ **Wider Deployment** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline
1 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Remote Health \\ Monitoring [5; 13; 14; 16] \\ \end{tabular} & High & Immediate & TRL9 \\ \hline
2 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Wearable \\ Sensor [5; 38; 39; 38; 40; 33; 41] \\ \end{tabular} & High & Immediate & TRL9 \\ \hline
3 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Contact Tracing [6; 34] \\ \end{tabular} & High & Immediate & TRL9 \\ \hline
4 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Medication Tracking [9; 36] \\ \end{tabular} & High & Post-COVID-19 & TRL8 \\ \hline
5 & Emergency Services [25; 37] & High & Immediate & TRL5 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Key observations of IoT in the healthcare sector. Figure 4: Key observations of IoT in the healthcare sector. and guidance systems, supply chain management solution systems, and smart vehicle applications can tackle some problems during the pandemic to limit crowded areas and help the process of importing and exporting goods. IoT-based Intelligent transportation systems can provide automation in roadways, railways, marine, and airways [44], which help in limiting human-to-human interaction to reduce the infection risk, while enabling continuation of the workflow. SALUTARY is a safe and reliable public transportation system that aims to make use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to deal with congested situations in public transportation (bus stops, subway stations, trams, busses, trains, and railway) [45]. The system performs real-time monitoring of the number of users to predict congestion, inform the users, and adapt system operations, such as modifying routes and timetables. Adding the system to the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) can allow innovative crowd detection and offer services such as online ticketing, reservation, and vehicle access control to limit the congestion. [PERSON] proposed an IoT, GPS, and Android-based solution that addresses the issues with traffic management for public transport systems and the increased number of vehicles on the streets [46]. [PERSON] also proposed an IoT multifunctional real-time roadside unit for intelligent transportation systems that reduce vehicle congestion and mange metering routes [47]. A framework developed by [48] uses real-time datastream and user incident reports to provide incident notification and route recommendation for users who travel mainly by bus. Vaccine distribution became a key point with the introduction of several reliable vaccines globally. The distribution of vaccines is a critical task due to the temperatures they have to maintain for their effectiveness; for example, Pfizer is required to maintain \(-700\)\({}^{\circ}\)C. Many countries have deployed IoT to monitor this cold chain of vaccine deployment. A case reported from Germany had to discard a huge quantity of vaccines since they observed that one supply could not maintain the required temperature throughout the delivery [49]. On the other hand, it was reported that hackers are trying to attack this cold chain of vaccine supply. Therefore, these IoT-based monitoring platforms should be protected from unauthorized access. These intelligent transport solutions could provide much needed services while adhering to healthcare guidelines.