## 4 Discussion
On the right side of Figure 9, the temperature distribution during La Nina events is depicted, with negative ONI values ranging from \(-1.6\) to \(-1.7\). Based on the findings presented in Table 6, significant differences in the maximum, minimum, and average temperatures were observed between El Nino and La Nina events. During El Nino events, the average temperature showed adifference ranging from 3.51 to 4.71 \({}^{\circ}\)C, while the difference in the maximum temperature ranged from 2.06 to 4.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and the difference in the minimum temperature ranged from 5.36 to 6.65 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Table 6 also reveals that when the ONI values are between \(-1\) and \(+1\), indicating moderate strength, the maximum, minimum, and average temperatures are lower compared to the statistics derived from the MODIS satellite. Figure 9: The areas with surface temperatures exceeding 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C during La Niña and El Niño events in Kuching City can be observed from Landsat satellite data. The extent of focal point areas of extreme heat during El Nino events is higher compared to that during La Nina events. During the El Nino events in 2015 and 2016, the areas of hotspots were 89.32 km\({}^{2}\) and 97.8 km\({}^{2}\), respectively, compared to the La Nina events in August 2018 and October 2018, which had clustered hotter areas of 61.23 km\({}^{2}\) and 59.73 km\({}^{2}\) (Figure 10). The pattern of the heat concentration area extent remains the same for the El Nino event in 1998, with a hot area of 89.32 km\({}^{2}\), compared to that of La Nina in 2011, which had an area of 55.82 km\({}^{2}\). This indicates the influence of ENSO on the change in the extent of the focal point areas of extreme heat. The increase in the nucleus heat area by 34 to 36 km\({}^{2}\) during El Nino events led to an increase in electricity usage by 20-30% from normal levels to balance the temperature in residential and office areas in Kuching City, Sarawak. These findings are supported by previous studies that state the increase in temperature during El Nino events is due to El Nino's ability to raise global temperatures [1; 5; 32; 33]. The indirect increase in global temperature can result in a local temperature increase, particularly in the study location. This is supported by [PERSON] et al. [34], [PERSON] et al. [14], and [PERSON] et al. [35], who state that the influence of local climate cannot affect the warming effect of El Nino when it is dominant, particularly at a mature stage. This explains why the statistical values of the maximum, minimum, and average temperatures, as well as the extent of hotter areas, are higher around Kuching City during El Nino compared to those during La Nina. The extent of concentrated hot areas during El Nino events is higher compared to that during La Nina events (Figure 11). During the El Nino event in February 2016 with  
Figure 10: Areas of land surface temperature Landsat above 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
an ONI of 2.6 and in January 2016 with an ONI of 2.1, the respective cluster hotter areas were 90.75 km\({}^{2}\) and 60.5 km\({}^{2}\), compared to 30.25 km\({}^{2}\) during the La Nina events in 2008 and 2010. The extent of hotter areas during El Nino and La Nina events is consistent with the findings using the Landsat satellite, in which the extent of the focal point areas of extreme heat during El Nino is higher than that during La Nina events (Figure 11). The increase in hotspot areas during El Nino events will lead to an increased demand for electricity to compensate for the higher temperatures in residential and office areas in Kuching City, Sarawak. The left side of Figure 9 displays the temperature distribution during El Nino events, characterized by ONI values ranging from 2.2 to 2.6. On the right side of Figure 9, the temperature distribution during La Nina events is depicted, with negative ONI values ranging from \(-\)1.6 to \(-\)1.7.