## 1 Introduction
[34] developed and tested a hybrid GFRP-reinforced bridge truss girder system, which incorporated headed-end GFRP bars for improved anchorage at truss joints under both fatigue and static loading conditions. Bridge barriers, especially in Canada, are subjected to significant quantities of de-icing salts throughout the winter months, which serve as catalysts for the corrosion of conventional steel reinforcement. Figure 1 illustrates a photograph of a deteriorated bridge barrier resulting from the corrosion of steel bars and concrete spalling, highlighting the necessity for an alternative to steel reinforcing bars for the barrier wall. Given that GFRP bars do not possess steel properties, corrosion is effectively mitigated, making them an appropriate substitute [35; 36; 37; 38]. While GFRP bars are resistant to corrosion, their long-term performance may vary based on exposure conditions, and design considerations should account for potential reductions due to environmental effects. The use of GFRP bars in bridge barriers has drawn significant attention due to their corrosion resistance and high strength-to-weight ratio. [PERSON] et al. [39] and [PERSON] et al. [40] emphasized that GFRP bond strength is highly sensitive to surface texture, embedment conditions, and environmental exposure, with durability compromised under aggressive agents like chlorides and alkalis. These findings stress the importance of robust anchorage detailing and adequate embedment lengths. Barrier-deck overhang joints for new construction must satisfy demanding load criteria, especially under MASH TL-5 conditions. The NCHRP Report 1078 [41] and Frosch & Morel [42] highlighted the need for stronger anchorage in thinner decks. [PERSON] et al. [43] showed that optimized anchorage improves impact resistance even with 5-inch deck thicknesses. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [30] validated the performance of sand-coated GFRP bars under static loading, supporting their applicability in such configurations. Precast or replacement of barrier-deck joints benefits from advanced connectors. [PERSON] et al. [44] and [PERSON] et al. [45] tested grouted sleeves and loop-bar connectors, demonstrating high impact resistance. [PERSON] et al. [46] optimized prefabricated connector geometry, while [PERSON] [47] and [PERSON] [48] demonstrated the feasibility of precast alternatives for accelerated bridge construction. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [49] further supported this through full-scale testing. [PERSON] et al. [50] proposed an innovative precast barrier system improving constructability and safety. [PERSON] et al. [51] experimentally studied the effect of beam depth on anchorage strength of hooked and headed bars, while [PERSON] and [PERSON] [52] showed that anchorage of barrier posts or curbs is equally critical. A few studies [53; 54; 55] examined failure modes under horizontal loads. [PERSON] et al. [56] and [PERSON] et al. [57] combined steel and GFRP in post-and-curb systems. Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) was examined as a filling material in the barrier-deck overhang joints, and steel dowels for postinstalled barrier construction were explored to enhance prefabricated barrier  
Figure 1: Photo of a deteriorated reinforced steel bridge barrier in Canada. strength [58,59]. Finally, recent investigations by [PERSON] et al. [60] and [PERSON] et al. [61] confirmed that postinstalled headed GFRP bars with epoxy provide reliable anchorage strength, making them viable for deteriorated barrier replacement on existing decks. The integration of GFRP bars in bridge construction is on the rise, supported by comprehensive research supported by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO) to evaluate the practical use of existing products. Following successful crash tests and static load evaluations on a developed MTO TL-5, GFRP-reinforced barriers [26,30], the MTO established Standard Drawing MTO-S110-92, which outlines the dimensions and GFRP specifications for use by designers and contractors.