# A Survey of Blockchain Applications for Management in Agriculture and Livestock Internet of Things
## 4 Applications of Blockchain in Agricultural and Animal Husbandry IoT
### Building Trust Frameworks
These challenges are accentuated when IoT is integrated with cutting-edge technologies like cloud computing, fog computing, and machine learning, impacting not just the technological dimensions but also the trust relationship between consumers and producers. A trust framework based on blockchain, utilizing the Ethereum network and smart contracts, is introduced to tackle these challenges. This approach enhances security, reliability, traceability, and transparency in IoT-enabled smart agricultural systems, effectively bridging the trust gap between producers and consumers and providing new insights into the security and development of smart agriculture. Meanwhile, paper [115] explores addressing trust-related challenges within the agricultural IoT landscape through blockchain technology. It sets the scene by highlighting the evolution of smart agricultural systems, particularly the adoption of wireless technologies for monitoring crop conditions and gathering data, where data security and the reliability of communications are paramount. These systems frequently encounter obstacles such as network congestion and data security vulnerabilities, with conventional approaches falling short in ensuring trustworthy data exchange and preventing unauthorized access. To overcome these hurdles, the article proposes an innovative amalgamation of blockchain and machine learning. This methodology automates the collection and transmission of data through intelligent devices and employs multivariable linear regression techniques to assess environmental factors, thereby affirming the reliability of the data transmission system. Concurrently, integrating a reliable system within the blockchain framework significantly strengthens communication security, diminishes communication disruptions, and safeguards the integrity and confidentiality of data in transit. This pioneering strategy not only elevates the security and reliability of data and communication within smart agriculture. tural systems but also presents a viable resolution to trust and security issues plaguing agricultural IoT environments. In the realm of the IoT, numerous devices and systems are vulnerable to compromise, resulting in diminished trust. To counteract this, a significant trend in traditional IoT research, as illustrated in papers [116; 117; 118], has been the integration of IoT with blockchain technology to mitigate trust issues. Focusing on the agricultural and pastoral sectors, paper [119] presents an innovative approach, harnessing both blockchain and IoT technologies, to address trust challenges associated with IoT data sharing in agriculture. This research is motivated by the growing impact of climate change on agriculture, which heightens risks linked to weather, soil conditions, and pest infestations. These escalating risks exert economic strains on farmers and pose threats to regional food security. Traditional risk management strategies, such as agricultural insurance, face limited adoption in developing countries, mainly because of mistrust in sharing and accessing risk data through established centralized agricultural information systems. In this context, although IoT devices have great potential in real-time monitoring and data sharing, they also encounter risks that impact the data's reliability and trustworthiness. Employing these devices within centralized data management systems faces challenges like single points of failure and authentication issues. As a solution, the study adopts blockchain technology, utilizing self-sovereign identity (SSI) and Verifiable Credentials (VCs) to improve the security and reliability of sharing data. This approach effectively boosts the trustworthiness of IoT devices in agricultural data sharing, reducing reliance on centralized institutions and addressing trust issues. Additionally, the study introduces a decentralized oracle mechanism for safely accessing risk-related data in smart contracts, further accelerating the agricultural insurance claim process and effectively implementing risk management strategies.