esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Task Offloading Based on Lyapunov Optimization for MEC-Assisted Vehicular Platooning Networks
## 4 Problem Formulation  
In this paper, energy consumption is considered from the perspective of a task requester [13; 36; 37]. The objective of the optimization is to obtain an efficient offloading strategy that enables all PMs to complete tasks with minimal average total energy consumption. Therefore, the optimization problem can be formulated as  
\[\begin{split}&\min\overline{E}\overset{\Delta}{=}\lim_{t\to+ \infty}\sup\frac{1}{t}\sum\limits_{\tau=1}^{t}\sum\limits_{m=1}^{M}\Omega\{E_ {m}(\tau)\},\\ &\text{s.t.}\quad\text{C1}:\overline{Q}\overset{\Delta}{=}\lim_{t \to+\infty}\sup\frac{1}{t}\sum\limits_{\tau=1}^{t}\sum\limits_{k=0}^{M}\Omega \{Q_{k}(\tau)\}<\infty\end{split} \tag{7}\]  
where \(\Omega\) is the sign for averaging, and \(\overline{E}\) represents the average energy consumption of the task. The constraint condition means that all queues are completed under convergence, where \(\overline{Q}\) represents the average queue length of tasks.
## 1 Introduction  
The pipe-roofing method is widely used in geotechnical engineering [1; 2; 3; 4; 5] since its appearance in Japan in 1971 [6]. This method is a kind of pre-supporting technology that can effectively control the disturbance of tunnel excavation, especially in shallow buried tunnel construction. For the general pipe roof, the pipe line is nearly straight and the water sealing problem between pipes is commonly solved by usage of a pipe lock combined with grouting. However, during the construction of Gongbei tunnel (Zhuhai, China), a critical part of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau bridge (HZMB) project, a curved pipe roof was used due to objective conditions [7]. Considering the complex geological conditions in the excavation area, such as water-rich strata and stagger distribution of soft sandy and silty clay, the above conventional method using a pipe lock is unable to ensure the water sealing performance between the pipes. Thus, a new pre-supporting system for shallow buried tunnel, called \"freeze-sealing pipe roof\" (FSPR) [8], was adopted to solve this problem.  
As a combination of the pipe-roofing method and the artificial ground freezing (AGF) method, the FSPR system consists of a steel pipe roof and a frozen soil wall between the pipes. The pipe roof is designed to play a primary role in load bearing, while the frozen wall is designed for water sealing. A similar method called pipe-shed freezing was adopted in Japan, Germany, and China before the FSPR was proposed [9]. In that method, the frozen soil wall mainly played a role in load bearing, which is essentially different from the FSPR method being discussed. [PERSON] and other researchers carried out experimental and theoretical research on the mechanical characteristics and the interaction between them [10; 11; 12]. The freezing scheme and the related thermal properties of the FSPR were studied by [PERSON]'s research group through analytical solutions [13], numerical simulations [9; 14], a large-scale physical model test [15; 16], and an in situ test [17; 18; 19]. A laboratory test was also conducted by the group to study the mechanical behavior of the FSPR system [20].  
Based on the field temperature data of the project, the freezing characteristics of the FSPR system used in Gongbei tunnel in different freezing periods were analyzed in this paper. The time-dependent changes of temperature of the frozen soil between two adjacent pipes are presented. The results verify the safety of the FSPR system and provide reference and guidance for similar projects in the future.
# Geolocation, Calibration and Surface Resolution of CYGNSS GNSS-R Land Observations
## 6 Results  
This paper presents an algorithm for the geolocation of CYGNSS observations over diverse terrain conditions. Three criteria were used in the assessment of surface regions for the likelihood of directing power toward the GNSS-R receiver: delay iso-surface range agreement, Doppler iso-surface frequency agreement, and forward reflection Snell angle geometry. It was found that it was possible to estimate the geo-location point of the land reflected signal accurately (mean confidence level of greater than 2) over more than 77.2% of the Earth's land surface. It was also observed that in more complicated terrain environments it is possible for multiple surface areas to contribute to a single GNSS-R observation, thus making observation geolocation inherently problematic.  
Additionally, a dual approach level 1 land calibration algorithm was presented which calculates both the BRCS and the surface reflectivity for every land DDM. It was proposed that the CYGNSS level 1 DDM coherency estimator could be used to assist in the determination of the physical scattering or reflection conditions and guide which surface parameter to apply (reflectivity or NBRCS) during land geophysical parameter retrievals. Reflectivity and BRCS maps over regions of varied coherent reflection were presented using 12 days of data from the NASA CYGNSS mission.  
Finally, an investigation was performed to quantify the the CYGNSS surface resolution for coherently reflected land signals, and to assess the probability of small water body detection, using the NARWidth Data Set of mean river widths. The resulting analysis showed that (for a 500 m mean width river), the CYGNSS level-1 coherence detector could be used to estimate the bounds of the surface detection resolution with respect to the incoherent integration interval. The resulting detection resolution was determined to be 4600 m for 1 Hz observations (1 s interation) and 2400 m for 2 Hz observations (0.5 s integration). This clearly demonstrates the advantage (48% improvement) with the shorter integration intervals in the detection of land coherent water bodies.  
**Author Contributions:** S.G.: methodology, validation, writing, review and editing, all Sections. A.O.: methodology, Section 2. A.R.: software, Sections 2 and 3. M.M.A.-K.: methodology and formal analysis, Section 4. J.T.J.: methodology and supervision, all Sections. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by the NASA Earth Ventures Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS), Extended Mission.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Developing a Fire Monitoring System Based on MQTT, ESP-NOW, and a REM in Industrial Environments
## 5 Performance Results and Evaluation
### Practical Contributions of the Proposed System  
The proposed system demonstrates significant practical contributions validated through extensive experimental evaluation. The following metrics highlight the system's performance:  
* Zero Packet Loss: Packet loss is eliminated in all test scenarios thanks to the combination of ESP-NOW with the radio environment map (REM), which guarantees optimal node placement. In contrast, the average packet loss for random node placement settings was 13%. This improvement demonstrates how REM-guided positioning is dependable in guaranteeing continuous data transfer;
* Low-latency Performance: The system achieved an average latency of 5 ms when fire detection notifications were transmitted to the external monitoring server. This low latency shows that ESP-NOW is suitable for real-time applications.
* Energy Efficiency: In comparison with Wi-Fi-based implementations, the system uses 30% less energy by utilizing ESP-NOW's low-power communication protocol. Because of its efficiency, battery-powered devices may operate for longer periods of time, which makes the system suitable for large-scale or remote deployments.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Metric** & **Random Placement** & **REM-Guided Placement** \\ \hline Success Rate (\%) & 87 & 100 \\ Average Latency(ms) & 400 & 150 \\ Packet Loss (\%) & 13 & 0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Performance comparison between random and REM-guided node placements.  
Figure 11: The user interface of the Node-RED server showing fire alerts.  
* High-Success Rate: The system successfully transmitted fire detection alerts to the monitoring server in all 75 trials. This high reliability is crucial for industrial settings where prompt and precise alerts are critical.
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, we proposed an MF based editing expert recommendation method which utilizes ordinal and binary ratings given by users to editing experts. MF is adopted to explore the inherent characteristics of a manuscript and latent information in user opinions to address the drawbacks of the current manual matching process in manuscript editing companies. Specifically, binary ratings were utilized in addition to ordinal ratings to alleviate the sparsity in ordinal ratings and refine user's negative opinions.  
Experiments on a real-world dataset collected from a manuscript editing service were conducted to evaluate the recommendation performances of the proposed method and validate its capabilities. Two conclusions can be drawn from the results. First, the recommender system utilizing both ordinal and binary ratings outperformed the method utilizing only ordinal ratings, which implies that the use of binary ratings can successfully address the data sparsity problem. Second, in terms of constructing a feedback rating matrix, a method, where binary ratings are employed to substitute ordinal ratings when a user left a negative opinion (dislike), outperformed the rest. This implies that the negative opinions of users are more accurately expressed by binary ratings than ordinal ratings.  
Our future research directions are as follows. Experiments using diverse datasets will be conducted to improve the robustness of performance evaluation results as the experiments utilized review texts written in Korean and collected from a specific service. The proposed framework can be applied to other languages with minor adaptations such as changing POS tagger and sentiment dictionary. Moreover, we plan to investigate the adaptation of the selective use of binary ratings over ordinal ratings to various methods of MF and to validate the effectiveness using more general datasets. Next, we plan to extend the proposed method to utilize additional types of user feedback, such as review texts, to enrich users' opinions. We hope our finding on the effectiveness of the selective use of  
Figure 11: Experiment result according to various \(\rho\)s in terms of RMSE.  
binary ratings over the ordinal rating when a user showed a negative opinion can be the beginning of more in-depth research.  
Conceptualization, Y.S. and Y.C.; data curation, Y.S. and Y.C.; formal analysis, Y.C.; funding acquisition, Y.C.; methodology, Y.S. and Y.C.; software, Y.S.; supervision, Y.C.; validation, Y.S.; visualization, Y.S.; writing-original draft preparation, Y. S. and Y.C.; writing-review and editing, Y.S. and Y.C. All authors have read and agree to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
This work was supported by Kyonggi University Research Grant 2017.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Result and Performance Assessment of Models
### Aoc-Rec Curve  
The Regression Error Characteristics curve (REC) is a probability curve and a metric system to check the performance of the regression model [45]. Area Over Curve (AOC) is the measure of distinction of the predicted data of the model from the actual data. From Figure 3, it can be seen and analyzed that the AOC value of the SOS-LSSVM model is relatively less; therefore, it proves to outperform the other two models. In addition, the value of AOC for MARS is lesser than for EmNN, resulting in a better model than EmNN.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline
**BF** & **Equation** \\ \hline BF1 & max(0, x\({}_{4}\) \(-\) 0.695789507393035) \\ BF2 & max(0, 0.695789507393035 \(-\) x\({}_{4}\)) \\ BF3 & max(0, x\({}_{2}\) \(-\) 0.897423953169214) \\ BF4 & max(0, 0.897423953169214 \(-\) x\({}_{2}\)) \\ BF5 & max(0, x\({}_{3}\) \(-\) 0.902027009611503) \\ BF6 & max(0, 0.902027009611503 \(-\) x\({}_{3}\)) \\ BF7 & BF4 \(\times\) max(0, x\({}_{1}\) \(-\) 0.82105313562625) \\ BF8 & BF4 \(\times\) max(0, 0.382105313562625 \(-\) x\({}_{1}\)) \\ BF9 & BF2 \(\times\) max(0, 0.557894812924718 \(-\) x\({}_{1}\)) \\ BF10 & BF6 \(\times\) max(0, x\({}_{4}\) \(-\) 0.81157903285569) \\ BF11 & BF6 \(\times\) max(0, 0.81157903285569 \(-\) x\({}_{4}\)) \\ BF12 & BF4 \(\times\) max(0, x\({}_{3}\) \(-\) 0.408783600920691) \\ BF13 & BF4 \(\times\) max(0, 0.408783600920691 \(-\) x\({}_{3}\)) \\ BF14 & BF1 \(\times\) max(0, x\({}_{1}\) \(-\) 0.760000104402251) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Main equation} & y = 0.597051492431488 + 1.2033558916995 \(\times\) BF1 \(-\) 1.01013033595132 \(\times\) BF2 + 0.262683442461409 \(\times\) BF3 \\  & \(-\) 0.290024870554842 \(\times\) BF4 \(-\) 0.082457045638103 \(\times\) BF5 + 0.124577962754319 \(\times\) BF6 \(-\) \\ \cline{1-1}  & 0.334859635113939 \(\times\) BF7 + 0.254991811556967 \(\times\) B78 + 0.44643437906744 \(\times\) BF9 + 0.27641860123112 \(\times\) BF10 \(-\) 0.0700841355527202 \(\times\) BF11 + 0.0920347477963486 \(\times\) BF12 \(-\) 0.0681746540919311 \(\times\) BF13 + \\ \cline{1-1}  & 0.81939035778277 \(\times\) BF14 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Basis Functions for MARS.
###### Abstract  
With the improvements in sensor accuracy, the spectral features of high-resolution remote sensing images become more complex. As a result, the classification accuracy for land cover classification decreases. Remote sensing image enhancements can improve the visual effect and the intra-class consistency and enhance the characteristics of ground objects. These enhancements are important for both image interpretation and improving image segmentation accuracy. In this study, we propose a pseudo-tasseled cap transformation (pseudo-TCT) through an orthogonal linear transformation of Gaofen-2 (GF-2) images using the untransposed tasseled cap transformation (TCT) coefficients, and further, enhance the visual effect and the separability among ground objects by linear stretching and percentage truncation stretching. To examine the separability among ground objects in the pseudo-TCT image, we used K-Means clustering, ISODATA clustering and 3D visualization of the spectral features of typical ground objects. The results show that the separability of buildings and roads from background objects is better than in the original image and the TCT image, and typical ground objects are effectively distinguished. Additionally, we visualized intra-class consistency by calculating the mean Euclidean distance between the pixel values of each point and the pixel values of its eight neighboring points and calculated the standard deviation of the intra-class consistency images. The results indicate that the secondary textures of the objects were weakened, and edges were made clearer, enhancing intra-class consistency. The pseudo-TCT is effective, at least in our work, and could be a candidate for image enhancement under certain applications.  
image enhancement; pseudo-TCT; GF-2; K-Means; intra-class consistency; buildings and roads +
Footnote †: journal: Medical Image Analysis  
12 March 2023  
Revised: 22 May 2023  
Accepted: 24 May 2023  
Published: 29 May 2023
# Enhancing Energy Efficiency in IoT-NDN via Parameter Optimization
## 5 Implementation
### ndnSIM--An ns-3-Based Simulator  
_ndnSIM (Named Data Networking simulator)_ is an open-source network simulator designed for NDN-based simulations. It is based on ns-3 (Network Simulator 3), a network simulator for modeling discrete events for Internet systems. ndnSIM's first release was in June 2012 [34], and has been in development ever since, resulting in the current version ndnSIM 2.9. Like ns-3, ndnSIM takes an object-oriented approach to model networks. Both simulators are written almost exclusively in C++.  
Key ndnSIM components like the _ndnSIM core_ and the _NDN Forwarding Daemon (NFD)_ are detailed in [35] and are beyond the scope of this work. The main NDN data structures and algorithms, e.g., the Content Store, PIT, or caching strategies, are represented as class hierarchies.
# Future Industrial Applications: Exploring LPWAN-Driven IoT Protocols
## 4 Performance Comparison
### Security  
The inherent complexity of IoT architecture makes security and privacy issues extremely challenging. IoT systems' security requirements involve confidentiality, integrity, authentication, authorization, access control, and availability. The scalability of existing security systems for authenticating and controlling access to enormous IoT resources has prompted the industry and researchers to pursue a decentralized approach. Recently, more lightweight and highly efficient encryption techniques have been developed to safeguard the smallest IIoT, such as edge devices, sensor nodes, and WSNs [75]. All the IoT communication protocols utilize authentication and encryption procedures in terms of security. Whereas Sigfox employs low-level authentication and encryption, LoRa, Z-Wave, NB-IoT, and LTE-M use the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) [76] block cipher with counter mode. AES is safer than authentication and encryption. Compared to AES, authentication and encryption is extremely quick but exposed [73; 77].
# Enhancing Route Guidance with Integrated V2X Communication and Transportation Systems: A Review
## 3 Route Guidance Models
### Multi-Class Route Guidance
All previously mentioned studies have considered the optimization of route guidance systems assuming optimal data transmission links, reliable architecture and no data delivery challenges. The studies are articulated around best-case scenarios with no data latency; nevertheless, vehicular communication architecture is compromised and endangered by data loss and delays. Clearly, the literature review conducted in this study reveals a notable scarcity of research on the integration of route guidance systems with data communication networks. Therefore, the subsequent section examines different V2X communication technologies and assess their effectiveness in meeting the performance requirements of route guidance systems.
# A Review on Upper Limb Rehabilitation Robots
## 4 Examples of Rehabilitation Robots
### Exoskeleton Biomimetic Orthosis for Neurorehabilitation (BONES)  
The Biomimetic Orthosis for Neurorehabilitation (BONES) is an active rehabilitation robot with four degrees of freedom [50]. The BONES is characterized by its ability to provide arm internal/external rotations without the need to bring or use any bearing element. The unique design was inspired by human biomechanics. In addition, the BONES occupies five actuators to provide a wide range of motion for the upper limb and further measurements for safety issues [53].
## 3 Proposed Method
### Real-Time Processing  
This block is responsible for analyzing the network traces in real-time using machine learning algorithms and XAI techniques. It processes the data received from the data transmission component, classifies it as normal traffic or anomalies, and identifies the type of anomaly based on the attacks studied in the UNSW-NB15 dataset. The real-time processing component ensures that the system can accurately and quickly detect intrusions and anomalies in the network traffic.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Engine Performance Parameters
The difference between the IMEP at each load was observed to be higher, while it was smaller at each load in FMEP, which is indicative of the friction being dependent more on the engine speed rather  
Figure 8: Friction mean effective pressure (FMEP) at each load in each segment at (**a**) 1500 and (**b**) 2000 rpm. The blue circle represents 100% load, the red diamond 50% load, the green pentagon 75% load and the pink hexagon 25% load. than the load. Moreover, the FMEP at 2000 rpm has been observed to be significantly higher than at 1500 rpm in all segments. It was observed in Stages 2, 3, and 4 (Segment 3 and onwards) that the FMEP values were higher at lower loads (50% and 25% load), as friction power (FP) is a significantly large part of the indicated power (IP), which increases with a decrease in load, varying between 10% to 100% between 100% load and idle [6]. It has also been observed that the higher the load, the smaller the normalised FMEP (by IMEP), as shown in Figure (a)a,b, which is indicative of the mechanical efficiency being higher at higher loads and it increased as the engine warmed up at all loads. This is also indicative of higher energy losses taking place at lower loads, however, the FMEP in Figure (a)a,b show that the energy losses did not completely contribute to overcoming friction, as the difference in FMEP between each load was small. The higher energy losses at lower loads most likely contributed to the heating of the lubricating oil during Stages 2 and 3, while in Stage 4, when both the coolant and oil temperatures were greater than 90 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the energy loss could have been exhausted as heat through the coolant. Moreover, the improvements in the range of approximately 4% to 8% in the IMEP and BMEP observed in Stage 3, compared to 2% to 3% in Stage 2, also indicate that the oil temperature reaching greater than 90 \({}^{\circ}\)C had a greater influence on the performance improvement. Therefore, a faster warm up of the lubricating oil would play an important role in improving the BMEP, consequently improving the mechanical efficiency of the engine, and thus making the warm up time of the lubricating oil to be more critical than coolant in defining engine warm up. It is reported by [17; 39] that the lubricating oil takes approximately 15 min to reach 90 \({}^{\circ}\)C, leading to higher friction losses, increased fuel consumption and inefficient performance during the sub-optimal temperature period.
# The Use of Autogenous Teeth for Alveolar Ridge Preservation: A Literature Review
## 4 Demineralized Dentin Matrix (DDM)
### Clinical Studies
#### 4.2.1 Clinical Outcomes  
Overall, grafted sites healed without any clinical manifestation of infection, wound dehiscence, or implant failure, in the cases where dental implants were placed [17; 44; 50]. In these studies, the primary stabilization ranged from 71.8 to 74 implant stability quotient (ISQ) [37; 39; 49].  
Several intervention studies performed an interesting evaluation comparing the clinical, radiologic and histologic efficacy between DDM and a standard xenograft (Bio-Oss (Geistlich Pharma AG, Wolhusen, Switzerland) with excellent and proven efficacy [17; 39; 40]. Both groups, showed comparable healing process, implant stability and bone formation, proving that this biomaterial can be a viable alternative to the xenograft, with the advantage of being autogenous [17; 39; 40]. Furthermore, from the patient's perspective, autogenous teeth were associated with low levels of pain and swelling [17].