## 2 Collection of Music Usage Information and Analysis of Structural Limitations
So, there are evitable errors between the music sales profits derived from a user ID and the royalties from the song(s). This asymmetry and discontinuity of information make transparent distribution and settlement difficult. To solve this issue, the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism, Korea Copyright Commission, and the Korea Music Content Association discussed guidelines for log collection, and in 2013, it was decided that each OSP must provide log information to the Korea Copyright Commission daily. However, the log collection system was based on an MOU (Memorandum of Understanding); there is no effective way to obtain log information or prohibit the suspension of transmission. It was agreed that the log collection system would provide information to the music ranking chart website for statistical use, and the settlement and distribution of music royalties would be performed using separate systems of associations. Table 1 is an example of a log item standard field. As shown in Table 1, there are five essential elements (UCI code, song ID (from OSP), service code (download/streaming), sell time, and ASP name) for the settlement and distribution of music royalties. According to the regulations on the collection of music royalties of the Korea Music Copyright Association, transmission royalties are defined as the higher output of the following usage formulas using the relevant information [5]:  
\[\text{Royalties}=(0.7\ \text{KRW}(\text{South Korean won})\ (\text{rate per song}))\ (\times\ (\text{number of uses})\ \times\ (\text{share or 700 KRW per month}\ (\text{rate per subscriber}))\ \times\ (\text{number of subscribers})\ \times\ (\text{management ratio})\ \text{or} \tag{1}\]  
\[\text{Royalties}=(\text{Sales})\ \times\ (10.5\%\ (\text{music royalty rate}))\ \times\ \text{management ratio}\] (For the Korea Music Copyright Association, the management ratio is 96%) \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Item** & **Example** & **Remarks** \\ \hline UCI code & uci:500-12345678-1234567890-1 & - \\ Granted code & S1234 & From UCI \\ Sales year/month/day/time & 20121001-13:05:30 & Sales YYMMDD-HH:MM:SS \\  & [[http://www.melon.com](http://www.melon.com)]([http://www.melon.com](http://www.melon.com)) & \\ Service site & (accessed on 31 July 2023) & - \\ Song ID & 0258576 & Self-categorization \\ Song & Back in time & Self-categorization \\ Album code & 2031 & - \\ Album name & The moon embracing the sun & - \\ Artist name & [PERSON] & - \\ Service code & D-50 & Standardization code from UCI \\ Distributor name & Recording Industry Association of Korea & - \\ Distributor song code & A101629692 & - \\ Release day & 20120215 & Release YYYMMDD \\ Producer name & Pan Entertainment & Agency or producer name \\ ICN code & ICN.201 = 1000077661-A101629692 & - \\ ISRC code & KR-A01-99-00137 & - \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: An example of a log item standard field. Considering this, it seems as if the system could be operating plausibly for settlement, since music usage log data are collected based on an MOU and transmission royalties are derived according to Formula (1). However, the above system for the accurate settlement and distribution of royalties has a few deficiencies. First of all, there is an inherent problem with the log collection system. The music usage log information, which is transmitted from major OSPs in Korea on a daily basis based on the MOU without institutional support by law, was originally obtained for statistical use. Therefore, regarding the issue of settlement, major OSPs deliver the transmission royalties to each association based on the above formula and announce sales data. Each association distributes the royalties based on the number of music rights holders. However, the transmitted music usage log data from OSPs are song-based sales data; the information collected from the log collection system shows how many times certain music is streamed or downloaded in a certain period, not indicating which music the users listened to or how many times they did.