# Wind Microgeneration Strategy for Meeting California's Carbon Neutral Grid Goal
## 2 Literature Review  
A number of published works have focused on the required infrastructure upgrade in California State, as the number of wind and solar energy projects, EVs, and hydrogen storage applications are increasing. Based on a technical report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), US Department of Energy, released in July 2009, attention is particularly given to the use of wide-scale disbursement of wind energy production across large balancing areas. Because of wind energy's production variability, the integration of wind energy into larger balancing areas would mean that the variation in production could be minimized more easily when coupled with more sources of generation [15]. This reasoning for regional-scale control, however, did not take into account the use of battery storage to meet demand response. Nevertheless, it does make the case for a large distributed network of production for wind, so that when wind production decreases due to unfavorable weather conditions or maintenance, the remaining balance can be met by the other production means within the region. If battery storage is incorporated to capture excess production and then be remotely regulated for demand response, then the issue of wide disbursement due to production variability becomes less necessary and the  
Figure 1: The current transmission network in California [14]. area of disbursement can be proportionally decreased to the quantity of available battery capacity [16]. The known report from the state of California's Department of Housing and Community Development discusses some of the housing issues facing the state. The recommendation made in the report was the construction of 180,000 homes annually through to 2025. At the time the report was written, the state was constructing less than 80,000 new homes, with the decreasing supply and increasing sprawl are two of the root causes of increasing land values. However, this further emphasizes the need to use current infrastructure as the cost of dedicated land will progressively increase when assuming a continued sprawl and short housing supply in populated regions (where most of the demand will be located). The report also notes a single-family housing stock of approximately 9 million statewide. This leads to the assumption that there are homes in the state that could be retrofitted to produce wind energy at the small or micro-scale and that production would not necessarily be restricted to new construction [17]. Research on microgeneration has started occupying more and more space in mature urban solutions over the last decade [18; 19]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [20] discussed the simulated use of energy management and balancing systems in individual homes alongside a small-scale wind generation unit. In their study, the researchers placed constraints on the system that required a stable power supply to the simulated homes, a sustained level of comfort in the form of a sustained power supply sufficient to maintain a set of predetermined modern household appliances. During the simulation, the wind energy source was able to produce a sufficient amount of power to provide a net negative use for the simulated homes. This excess power would be sent to the grid to provide additional power where it may be needed. Further restrictions were placed on the simulated homes in the form of rationed energy use during low-priced times. This effectively kept the demand load from spiking during times of excess supply, making look-ahead forecasting more predictable [21]. Drawing a parallel to microgeneration, the importance of off-grid wind energy systems, as well the parameter of the grid structure uniformity, are discussed in [PERSON] et al. [22]. This article discusses the practicality of how to effectively analyze the efficiency of an off-grid wind system and the importance of examining the individual components of the whole system for analysis.