# Process Mining IPTV Customer Eye Gaze Movement Using Discrete-Time Markov Chains +
## 2 Related Work
### Human-Computer Interaction
#### 2.2.4 HCI Evaluation Techniques  
There already exist multiple methods to evaluate HCI systems, which differ across computer and television platforms. However, IPTV may require a combination of these techniques as it involves interactive television screens in different environments to traditional computer use [38]. Methods such as Cognitive Walkthrough, which involves an expert evaluating the HCI design to identify any potential problems [39], or Think Aloud/Cooperative Evaluation, where the user is observed performing a task and is asked to comment or collaborate on the evaluation, have been used to evaluate and improve HCI designs [40]. These traditional methods have previously been useful for evaluating existing screens; however, with the emergence of IPTV services, a new approach could be taken to evaluate the interactive element of these designs. In the field of e-commerce, which was also introduced in the literature review in the previous part, research on human-computer interaction is also very popular. Many of them study the behaviour of users during the shopping process on the website, analysing how they browse products and finally add them to the shopping cart. This type of researchcan help websites better understand user preferences and the impact of website design on user transactions. In one of the studies [41], the authors developed a tool to analyse users' shopping behaviour on e-commerce websites from the perspective of human-computer interaction. This tool can combine a series of user-triggered front-end DOM (document object model) events, as well as mouse and keyboard input, and conduct experiments on product recommendation systems with three different page structures, comparing the impact of web page structure on user browsing and impact on product purchases. They concluded that vertically structured product areas are more attractive to users than horizontally structured product areas. Their future research plan is to introduce eye-tracking technology to add the user's eye movement trajectory and combine the current DOM information to generate a more accurate user interaction behaviour model. There are other types of human-computer interaction, generally depending on which device a person uses to operate and control a computer system. Among the game consoles we are familiar with, the Xbox 360 has launched a Kinect camera to capture the user's body movements to interact with the game. The Wii game console provides a somatosensory handle to capture the waving movements of the user's hands and arms and then operate the game character. In another study [42], the authors used an IoT device (a Leap Motion controller), which can capture the movement of the user's palm and fingers, allowing the user to use the hand instead of the traditional mouse to remotely operate the computer. The study invited 32 volunteers to participate in the experiment. The content of the experiment was to use the Leap Motion controller to complete an IT task on the computer. At the same time, they also asked the volunteers to use a traditional mouse for the experiment as a control. The researchers analysed the movement of the cursor on the screen of the traditional mouse and the Leap Motion controller and carried out qualitative and quantitative analyses and comparisons. Similar to the previous research methods using eye-tracking technology, they also use indicators such as \"fixation number\" and \"fixation period.\" Additionally, the field of human-computer interaction also includes research on the interaction between the human brain and machines because, fundamentally speaking, human interaction behaviours are actions taken after receiving brain signals. For example, in an analysis based on Electroencephalograph(EEG) and user behaviour [43], the author used a brain wave acquisition device (the MindFlex EGG headset) to collect brain activity information from volunteers and developed a system to process and quantify brain waves, including graphical visualisation of brain signals over time.