## 5 Discussion
However, the current research on situational awareness of remote tower controllers is still in the developmental stage, and there are differences between different studies in terms of indicator selection, research methodology, and research subjects, which makes it difficult to compare the results of the studies, and more standardized studies are needed in the future to enhance the comparability of the results. This study also has some limitations. In terms of sample selection, only 10 controllers from Jiande Tonghang Airport were selected as the sample in this study, which is a small sample size and relatively single source, and may not fully reflect the real situation of controllers in different regions and experience levels. In addition, the gender imbalance (eight men and two women) may have some impact on the results of the study, and although gender is included as a covariate in the model, it is still difficult to completely eliminate its potential impact. In terms of the experimental environment, although real traditional and remote tower environments were selected, the experimental process may be interfered by a variety of factors, such as the uncertainty of the flight volume of the navigable airports and the limitation of the experimental time, which may affect the accuracy and reliability of the data. Based on the above limitations, future research can be conducted in several directions. First, expand the sample size and increase the diversity of the sample to cover controllers from different regions, genders, and experience levels in order to improve the generalizability of the study results. Second, further optimize the experimental design to control more interfering factors, such as more strictly controlling the amount of flights and weather conditions during the experiment to ensure the accuracy of the experimental data. In terms of indicator selection, more indicators related to situational awareness can be explored, and emerging technologies, such as virtual reality and brain-computer interface, can be combined to obtain more comprehensive and accurate physiological and psychological data, so as to study the situational awareness of controllers in depth. In addition, longitudinal studies can be conducted to track the changes in situational awareness of controllers at different stages to provide more targeted recommendations for training and management. In summary, this study provides a valuable reference for assessing the situational awareness level of remote tower controllers, but it still needs to be improved and expanded in subsequent studies to better meet the actual needs of air traffic management. The present study had some limitations in terms of sample selection, with only 10 participants (8 males and 2 females) included. The main reason for the small sample size is that this study focuses on the specific occupational group of remote air traffic control tower controllers, which is relatively concentrated in distribution and has a special nature of work, which requires a high level of time and energy to participate in the experiment. When contacting relevant units and personnel to participate in the experiment, there are greater difficulties in coordinating the time and work schedule of all parties. Nonetheless, this study is still significant. The preliminary results of the experiment provide a key direction for subsequent research. By studying these 10 participants, we have successfully verified some of the research hypotheses and identified some key indicators related to situational awareness. In the follow-up, we plan to conduct further studies to increase the sample size in order to enhance the reliability and generalizability of the findings.