# Space Efficiency of Tall Buildings in Singapore
## 1 Introduction  
The skyline of Singapore, adorned with a stunning array of tall buildings, reflects the city-state's remarkable evolution from a modest colonial outpost to a thriving global metropolis [1]. Over the past few decades, Singapore has emerged as a leader in urban planning and development, with its high-rise buildings symbolizing the city's dynamic growth, innovative spirit, and commitment to sustainability [2; 3; 4]. The development of tall buildings in Singapore is led by a unique set of geographical, financial, and environmental considerations, which together create a compelling case for vertical urban expansion [5; 6; 7]. The history of tall buildings in Singapore began in earnest in the 1970s, paralleling the nation's rapid economic growth and urbanization [8]. Early skyscrapers were primarily functional, focusing on maximizing the limited land available for commercial and residential use. Buildings such as the OCBC Centre [9] and the United Overseas Bank Plaza [10] became icons of Singapore's emerging skyline. These initial structures marked a shift towards vertical development as a pragmatic solution to the challenges posed by Singapore's limited landmass. As the city developed, the architectural and engineering aspirations of Singapore evolved. By the 1990s and 2000s, Singapore saw a new wave of tall buildings that were not only taller but also more sophisticated in design and technology. The Republic Plaza [11] and the Marina Bay Sands [12] exemplify this transition, showcasing advancements in materials, construction techniques, and design aesthetics that have allowed for greater height, resilience, and aesthetic appeal. Architectural innovation has been a cornerstone in the evolution of Singapore's tall buildings. Singaporean architects have consistently pushed the boundaries of design to create structures that are not only functional but also visually striking and culturally significant. The integration of local culture and climate-responsive design elements hasbecome a hallmark of Singaporean architecture, with buildings designed to harness natural light, optimize ventilation, and incorporate green spaces [13; 14]. One notable example is the Oasia Hotel Downtown, which integrates a green facade that promotes biodiversity and provides a cooler microclimate within the urban environment [15]. Similarly, the Marina One complex features a \"green heart\"--a lush central garden that serves as an urban oasis amidst the high-rise buildings [16]. These designs reflect a deep understanding of Singapore's tropical climate and a commitment to enhancing the livability of urban spaces through thoughtful architectural interventions. Engineering advancements have played a fundamental role in enabling construction of taller and more resilient buildings in Singapore. Innovations in materials science, structural engineering, and construction technology have allowed architects and engineers to overcome the challenges posed by the city's dense urban fabric and unique geographical conditions [17; 18]. Singapore's position on the seismic edge of the Eurasian Plate necessitates buildings that can withstand potential earthquakes and high wind loads [19; 20; 21; 22]. As a result, many of Singapore's tall buildings are constructed with advanced composite materials and employ structural systems such as reinforced concrete cores, steel bracing, and tuned mass dampers to enhance stability and reduce sway. The Tanjong Pagar Centre, for instance, utilizes high-strength steel and concrete to achieve both height and stability, making it one of the tallest and most resilient buildings in the region [23]. Additionally, the utilization of prefabrication and modular construction methods has significantly improved the efficiency and safety of building tall structures in Singapore [24; 25; 26]. The Pinnacle@Duxton, a 50-storey public housing development, is a notable example of the successful application of these methods, reducing construction time and minimizing disruption to the surrounding urban environment [27].