esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# UAV Detection with Transfer Learning from Simulated Data of Laser Active Imaging
## 4 Methodology
### Network Structure  
In YOLOv5, the author adopts a variety of tricks to improve network performance. The network structure of YOLOv5s used in this paper is shown in Figure 4. Compared with the previous version, there are mainly two modules adopted. One is the BottleneckCSP module, which draws lessons from the cross stage partial network (CSPNet) [29]; the other one is the path augmentation structure, which is inspired by the path aggregation network (PANet) [30]. CSP module divides the shallow feature map into two parts, then merges them after going through different paths. The network can extract abundant features while reducing the amount of computation necessary by utilizing this strategy. In order to better integrate high-level and low-level features, the path aggregation structure is used to add a bottom-up path on the basis of FPN. Although FPN can mix the high-level features and low-level features, the shallow features have to pass through dozens or even hundreds of convolution layers in the bottom-up process of the original path, which will cause serious loss of shallow information. By adding the path of fewer than ten layers, the shallow features can be better preserved to integrate with deep features for improving detection ability. The specific structure of YOLOv5s is listed in Table 1. It is composed of two parts, a backbone which is used to extract features and a head which is designed to detect targets. The backbone part consists of one Focus unit, four convolutional layers, four BottleneckCSP units, and one SPP layer. The Focus unit slices the 640 \(\times\) 640 \(\times\) 3 inputs into 320 \(\times\) 320 \(\times\) 12, and then turns it into 320 \(\times\) 320 \(\times\) 32 feature maps via 32 separate 3 \(\times\) 3 filters. The function of the Focus unit is to realize down-sampling and feature extraction without losing information. Each convolution layer is followed by a pooling layer and each BottleneckCSP unit contains two convolutional layers of 1 \(\times\) 1 and 3 \(\times\) 3 filters. The purpose of incorporating the SPP layer is to increase the robustness of the model against object deformations. The head part consists of four convolutional layers, two Upsample units, four Concatenation units, and one Detection unit. The role of Upsample and Concatenation is to fuse features from different levels. The Detection unit is carried out on three different scales: 20 \(\times\) 20, 40 \(\times\) 40, and 80 \(\times\) 80 outputs (i.e., P5, P4, and P3 in Figure 4). YOLOv5 has released four models of different sizes ranging from YOLOv5s to YOLOv5x, and there is good integration between them. In model depth, the number of BottleneckCSP modules in YOLOv5m/l/x is 2/3/4 times that of YOLOv5s; in model width, the number of layer filters in YOLOv5m/l/x is 1.5/2/2.5 times that of YOLOv5s, respectively.  
Figure 4: Illustrations of the YOLOv5s model [22]. There is a path augmentation structure in the red dotted box and a structural schematic diagram of the CSP module in the green dotted box.
# Research Progress in Fluid Energy Collection Based on Friction Nanogenerators
## 3 Optimization of Fluid Energy Harvesting Devices
### Development of High-Power TENG  
At present, a large number of studies have focused on the output electrical performance of TENG, extending the service life, and reducing the threshold of external excitation energy, and the results of their research are impressive. However, as mentioned above, due to some current limitations, the electrical output of TENG is still some way from practical use. Therefore, combining existing advanced technologies, such as semiconductor technology, into TENG will greatly increase the output power of TENG, broaden the research prospects of TENG, attract more researchers to join TENG research, and create a virtuous circle in the field of TENG and its interdisciplinary fields such as triboelectronics [95].  
Combined with transistor technology, [PERSON] et al. innovatively proposed a high-performance and high-power OCT-TENG. As shown in Figure 14, the core of OCT-TENG is the use of reverse charge enhancement and transistor-like designs to increase the charge output and reduce the output impedance. The OCT-TENG consists of a stator substrate and a slider. The stator contains a coplanar friction surface with opposite charge polarization (fluorinated ethylene propylene, abbreviated as FEP, and polycarbonate, abbreviated as PC, both 100 \(\upmu\)m thick) and four electrodes (E1, E2, EL, and ER). EL and ER are two floating electrodes placed on the left and right sides of the stator substrate. E1 and E2 are two sheet electrodes (Cu) placed below the FEP and PC membranes. The slide contains the sheet electrode E3 below the FEP film (10 \(\upmu\)m). The entire device resembles a pair of complementary transistors and consists of two transistor-like components with the same structure and opposite friction surfaces. E1 and E2 can be thought of as the \"source\" (S) of each \"transistor\", and E3 can be thought of as a dynamic \"drain\" (D). EL and ER are the \"gates\" (G). When E3 comes into contact with EL or ER, the transistor's \"gate\" is switched to \"on\", so that charge can flow between the \"source\" and \"drain\" [96].  
Figure 13: (**a**) Solid–liquid-electromagnetic coupling TTENG and (**b**) working principle. (i–iv) From the initial tilt to the horizontal, the affinity of DI water for negative charges induces charge, and the addition of magnets can also enhance power generation efficiency; Similarly, the movement of a magnet undergoes Faraday electromagnetic induction wit h the surrounding coils. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [92]. Copyright, 2022 Elsevier Ltd. (**c**) Composite wave energy harvesting element (WEC) integrating mechanical transmission, float, TENG, and electromagnetic induction generator, and (**d**) tooth ratio velocity amplification mechanism. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [93]. Copyright, 2021 Elsevier Ltd.
## 3 The PFAC Measurements and the FRM Uncertainty Analysis
### Uncertainty Budget for Sea-Surface Calibration
#### 3.2.3 FRM Uncertainty Estimation for Sea-Surface Calibration  
For sea-surface calibration, the principal sources of uncertainty arise from (1) absolute coordinates of the Cal/Val site (Section 3.1), (2) the sea-surface heights (Section 3.2.1), and (3) the reference surfaces to transfer sea-surface heights to open sea (Section 3.2.2). A complete list and analysis of various constituents of uncertainty involved in sea-surface calibration may be found in [10]. The uncertainty for each constituent is classified into two categories: Type A and Type B. Their leading difference is that Type A uncertainties are evaluated by statistical analysis of observations, whereas Type B ones are estimated by scientific judgment based on manufacturer's specs, prior experience, handbooks, etc. [30].  
Table 4 quantifies the uncertainty for the sea-surface Cal/Val as implemented in the PFAC. It also updates the uncertainty budget analysis that has been previously presented in [14,24]. The FRM standardized uncertainty at a 68% confidence level for the sea-surface calibration is calculated to be \(\pm\)31.91 mm.  
Figure 9: Terrestrial gravity measurements carried out in 2018 at various locations around the PFAC Cal/Val sites in Crete (top-left) and Gavdos (top-right). Locations with known absolute gravity values are marked with a triangle. Gravity observations are shown at the PAL absolute gravity point in south Crete (bottom-left), the RDK1 (bottom-middle) and Karave/Gavdos (bottom-right) Cal/Val sites.
# Steric, Activation Method and Solvent Effects on the Structure of Paddlewheel Diruthenium Complexes
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Synthesis
The polymeric nature of complex **3** was confirmed by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [28]. The position of the methoxy group in the methoxybenzoate ligand also plays an important role in the substitution process. In all cases, the electronic effect can be neglectedbecause the differences must be minimal. However, the steric hindrance must be much more important. Thus, when the substituent is located in _metha_ or _para_ positions, there are no differences in the substitution process; only one compound is obtained. However, when the -OMe group is located in _ortho_, with a greater steric hindrance, three different arrangements of the diruthenium units have been observed depending on the reaction conditions.
## 4 Structural Control Mechanisms on Coal and Gas Occurrence in Mines
### Stepwise Structural Control of Gas Occurrence
#### 4.2.2 Kaiping Syncline's Control on Gas Occurrence in the Kailuan Mining Area  
The Kaiping syncline is a large, complex, asymmetric coal-bearing syncline with a near-NE axial orientation, a steep northwest limb, and a gentle southeast limb. According to the principles of geological structural zoning, it is classified as a fourth-order structural unit nested within the framework of the North China-Korea paraplatform. The main structure of the Kaiping syncline plays a dominant role in determining the gas distribution characteristics within the Kailuan mining area. In the northwest limb of the Kaiping syncline, the strata exhibit steep, even overturned dip angles, with numerous vertical compressional and transressional structures, creating a high-pressure environment favorable for gas accumulation, and resulting in generally high gas content. In contrast, the southeast limb has gentle dip angles, complicated by secondary folds and high-angle normal faults that cut across the strata. These extensional faults and their associated fracture networks have significantly damaged the roofs and floors of the coal seams, weakening sealing conditions and, consequently, affecting gas preservation.  
From a macro perspective, the gas distribution pattern of the Kaiping syncline exhibits a clear \"high in the west, low in the east\" characteristic. The closed Majia'ao and Zhao-gezhuang mines on the northwest limb are classified as coal and gas outburst mines, while the Tangshan mine is categorized as a high-gas mine (Figure 9). Together, these mines form a high-gas (or coal and gas outburst) zone on the northwest limb. On the southeast limb of the Kaiping syncline, the currently operating Linxi and Fangezhuang mines are classified as low-gas mines, creating a region with a relatively low gas content. The latest assessments indicate that gas content in the Lijiauto mine has risen to a high level, and the occurrence of gas dynamic phenomena in the \(-850\) main roadway area of the Qianjiaying mine has led to its classification as a coal and gas outburst mine, further complicating the gas geological characteristics of the Kaiping syncline.  
Figure 8: Geologic sketch of coal mine gas in coal—endowed areas of North China (according to [PERSON] et al., 2021, modification [31]).
# The Life-Cycle Environmental Impact of Recycling of Restaurant Food Waste in Lanzhou, China
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Sensitivity Analysis
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Category** & **Unit** & **CML2001** & **ReCiPe1.08** & **IMPACT 2002+** & **TRACI 2.1** \\ \hline Acidification potential & kg SO\({}_{2}\)-eq & 0.2 & - & 0.17 & 0.24 \\ Eutrophication potential & kg phosphate-eq & 0.11 & - & 0.01 PO\({}_{4}\)-eq & 0.19 N-eq \\ Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity & kg DCB-eq & 0.34 & 0.01 & - & - \\ potential & kg CO\({}_{2}\)-eq & 274.57 & 275.14 & 204.35 & 274.57 \\ Human toxicity potential & kg DCB-eq & 0.6 & 41.54 & - & - \\ Marine aquatic ecotoxicity & kg DCB-eq & 53.05 & 1.88 & - & - \\ Photochemical ozone creation & kg ethene-eq & 0.04 & 0.03 & 0.04 C\({}_{2}\)H\({}_{4}\)-eq & - \\ Terrestrial ecotoxicity & kg DCB-eq & 0.1 & 0.02 & - & - \\ potential & kg DCB-eq & 0.1 & 0.02 & - & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Sensitivity analysis of different assessment methods. As shown in Table 6, marine aquatic ecotoxicity, global warming, and human toxicity are very sensitive to electricity, followed by acidification, terrestrial ecotoxicity, freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity, eutrophication, and photochemical ozone creation. Water has an obvious effect on the marine aquatic ecotoxicity, global warming, and human toxicity. In particular, the marine aquatic ecotoxicity is mostly sensitive to water. The diesel has an obvious effect on the marine aquatic ecotoxicity, global warming, human toxicity, freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity, and terrestrial ecotoxicity. Marine aquatic ecotoxicity in particular is visibly more sensitive to diesel than other types of environmental impact. The remaining two key variables, aerobic composting additives and coagulant, showed less of an effect on various types of environmental impact, as well as low sensitivity. In summary, various types of environmental impact were here found to be sensitive to electricity, diesel, and water. Eutrophication and photochemical ozone creation showed little sensitivity to all key variables. Electricity showed the most pronounced effect on the environment in the treatment of restaurant food waste in Lanzhou, mainly because the electric power in the city comes primarily from coal. In terms of the pollution control of the anaerobic digestion-aerobic composting technique, the input of coal power should be controlled first, and then the consumption of diesel and water should be controlled. The treatment of these three wastes should be managed diligently throughout all phases of the process. The green production process should be promoted. These results indicate that the energy structure also has an important impact on the overall environment. The optimization of energy structure should also be managed carefully.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Planimetric Survey and 3D Model  
The graphic survey has made it possible to distinguish the elements incorporated in the background decoration, in spite of the overlapping latticework that draws rhombuses such as sebka and horseshoe arches, respecting the law of the bow and maintaining a similar thickness in the whole [76]. The complexity of the latticework, the low thickness of its partitions, and the depth of the same can be indicative of a plasterwork executed by carving [16] (Figure 10).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Sample** & **Strata** & **Elements** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{PD-I} & & Sp.1—Al, Si, S, Ca \\  & & Sp.2—Al, Ca \\  & Whitewash & Sp.2’—Al, Si, K, Ca \\  & & Sp.3—Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Ca \\  & & Sp.3’—Mg, Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Fe \\  & & Sp.4—Al, Si, S, Ca \\ \cline{2-3}  & & Sp.5—Mg, Al, Si, S, Pb, Ca, Cr \\  & Gold base. Chrome and lead yellow & Sp.6—Mg, Al, Si, S, Pb, Ca, Cr \\  & & Sp.7—Mg, Al, Si, S, Pb \\  & & Sp.10—Mg, Al, Si, P, Pb, K, Ca, Fe \\ \cline{2-3}  & Gold leaf & Sp.8—Au, Ag, Ca \\  & & Sp.9—Au, Ca \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{PD-II} & & Sp.1—Al, S, Ca \\  & Whitewash & Sp. 2—Mg, Al, S, Ca \\  & & Sp.3—Fe, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, K, Ca \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-3}  & & Sp.4—Ba, Fe, As, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ca, Cu \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-3}  & Emerald green & Sp.5—Cu, As, Cl, Ca \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Sp.6—Cu, As, Cl, Ca \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Chemical composition of PD-I and PD-II determined by SEM-EDX.  
Figure 6: SEM images of PD-II taken in backscattered electron mode (BSE) (left) and emerald green, polychromy identified by the characteristic spherulitic forms. Numbers 1 to 6 correspond to points analysis whose results are in Table 2.  
Figure 8: PD-III diffractogram showing gypsum (GYP), hemihydrate, dolomite (DOL), weddellite (WED), and cinnabar (CB) minerals.  
Figure 7: PD-V diffractogram showing azurite (AZU), gypsum (GYP), and quartz (QTZ) minerals.  
Figure 10: Data processing in Metashape software (**A**); results after the process of 3D modeling of the spandrel (**B**). Hypothesis of the hidden layout made by the authors based on the previous photogrammetric survey (**C**). Planimetric survey of the spandrel: photograph (**D**) and planimetric map drawn by the authors (**E**) (authors’ own images).  
Figure 9: Hypothesis of the evolution of color with veracity scale 9 according to [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2017) [75]: **(A**) mid-14 th century; (**B**) early 19 th century; (**C**) mid-19 th century; (**D**) late 19 th century.  
The 3D modeling carried out (Figure 11) has allowed corroborating that the geometries in drawn in the latticework present similar proportions and dimensions, but they are not exactly the same, reinforcing the hypothesis of carving as the execution technique used. Furthermore, at some points, traces made with the knife during the carving process were identified.
# Adaptive Impedance-Based Fault Location Algorithm for Active Distribution Networks
## 7 Conclusions  
This work presented an adaptive impedance-based fault location algorithm for active distribution systems. This method showed to be robust and adaptive, obtaining estimation errors lower than 1.1% with or without available information provided by IEDs.  
The proposed method showed a satisfactory performance under the effect of different features and fault situations. In the case of the fault resistance effect, the method presented a small increase in the estimation error, which could be increased by the faulted phases' loading and the fault incidence angle. However, this increase is acceptable. The load variation effect shows that when load decreases relative to its nominal value, the proposed method tends to overestimate the fault distance. On the other hand, when the load increases relative to its nominal value, the method tends to underestimate the fault distance. This is justified because as the load increases, the method sees a lower impedance from the substation to the fault point and therefore, estimates a lower fault distance and vice versa.  
The effect of the DER penetration level was very small when the IEDs information was used. However, when this information was not available, an increase in the estimated error of the fault distance was observed and showed to be directly proportional to the DER penetration level. This error is caused by the model used for the DER, since it corresponds to an approximate model; the impedance-based fault location methods are very sensitive to the correct estimation of the fault current. However, this increase was not significant, presenting errors lower than 1.1% on the estimation of the fault distance.  
Finally, the proposed method performance was compared with two state-of-the-art methods, showing outstanding performance.  
Conceptualization, C.O.-H., A.S.B., and J.M.-Q.; Methodology, C.O.-H., J.D.P.-R., J.C.V., A.H.-O. and A.S.B.; Software, J.D.P.-R., J.M.-Q. and C.O.-H.; Validation, C.O.-H., J.C.V., J.M.-Q. and A.H.-O.; Formal Analysis, C.O.-H., A.S.B., A.H.-O. and J.M.-Q.; Investigation, C.O.-H., J.C.V., J.M.-Q. and A.H.-O.; Resources, C.O.-H. and A.S.B.; Writing-Original Draft Preparation, A.H.-O., C.O.-H. and A.S.B.; Writing-Review & Editing, C.O.-H., J.C.V., J.D.P.-R., J.M.-Q. and A.S.B.; Visualization, J.C.V., J.D.P.-R., J.M.-Q. and A.S.B.; Supervision, A.S.B. and C.O.-H., Project Administration, A.S.B. and C.O.-H.; Funding Acquisition, A.S.B., C.O.-H. and J.M.-Q.  
This research was partially funded by PEC-PG (Programa Estudantes-Convenio de Pos-Graduacao), CAPES/CNPq--Brazil, Energy Strategic Area Project of the Universidad del Norte--Colombia and XV convocatoria interna de investigacion: Modalidad Agendas de I + D + I.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 3 Research Methodology
### Long- and Short-Run Effects Analysis
(2018). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Variable** & **Long-Run Effects** \\ \hline re & \(-\)0.258 *** \\  & (\(-\)5.474) \\  & \(-\)0.175 *** \\   en & (\(-\)4.369) \\  & \(-\)0.126 ** \\   gr & (\(-\)2.129) \\   in & 0.418 *** \\  & (\(\)7.296) \\   fdi & \(-\)0.101 * \\   ur & (\(-\)1.857) \\   ur & 0.506 *** \\   ee & (\(\)2.897) \\   ee & 0.671 *** \\   Cross-sectional dependency statistics & (\(\)3.855) \\   Cross-sectional dependency statistics & 0.069 \\  & (\(\)0.788) \\ \hline
**Variable** & **Short-Run Effects** \\ \hline re & \(-\)0.292 *** \\   re & \((-\)5.611) \\   en & \(-\)0.169 *** \\   en & (\(-\)4.263) \\   gr & \(-\)0.141 ** \\  & (\(-\)2.051) \\   in & 0.453 *** \\  & (\(\)6.947) \\   fdi & \(-\)0.065 * \\   ur & (\(-\)1.785) \\   ur & 0.528 *** \\  & (\(\)3.168) \\   ee & 0.806 *** \\   ee & (\(\)3.629) \\   ee\({}_{-1}\) & \(-\)0.032 *** \\  & (\(-\)3.092) \\ \hline \end{tabular} Note: * 10% significance level; ** 5% significance level; ** 1% significance level; t-values in the parentheses.  
\end{table} 
Table 6: Results of long- and short-run effects analyses. In contrast, foreign direct investment demonstrates a negative impact on emissions, supporting the hypothesis that foreign direct investment facilitates the transfer of green technologies, as noted by [PERSON] et al. [82], [PERSON] et al. [83], and [PERSON] and [PERSON] [84]. Economic growth shows a positive correlation with CO2 emissions, particularly in the short run, which aligns with the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis, suggesting that emissions initially rise with economic growth before eventually declining. A comparison with existing literature highlights both consistencies and deviations in findings. While the negative impacts of renewable energy and environmental taxes are well-documented, this study offers a nuanced understanding by distinguishing between short- and long-term effects. The positive impact of industrialization and urbanization on emissions aligns with existing literature, whereas the negative impact of foreign direct investment underscores the potential for green technology transfers, an aspect sometimes overlooked in other studies. In conclusion, the results presented in Table 6 emphasize the crucial role of renewable energy and environmental taxes in reducing CO2 emissions over both short and long-term horizons. The robust methodology and congruence with environmental economic theories and empirical findings validate these results. Additionally, the impacts of the control variables provide a comprehensive understanding of the various factors influencing emissions, thereby reinforcing the complexity of achieving environmental sustainability in OECD countries. At the same time, the four hypotheses put forward in this paper have also been firmly supported and proved.
# Background and Recent Advances in the Locata Terrestrial Positioning and Timing Technology
## 5 Challenging Issues for Locata
### Locata's Challenging Issues  
The implementation of Locata technology faces the following challenges, as can be concluded from the above discussion:  
1. Signal characteristics uncertainty. A precise mathematical model (including both functional and stochastic model) for Locata measurements is crucial in precise positioning. However, most existing studies focus on refining the functional model. Due to the spatiotemporal complexity of, and limited knowledge regarding, the signal characteristics, the current stochastic model is less well known.
2. Installation complexity. To configure a LocataNet with spatial diversity, multiple antennas need to be mounted (Figure 2) on a concrete base, and the coordinates of the antennas have to be precisely surveyed [40]. There may be challenges regarding optimal configuration as well as power issues that are associated with a LocataNet installation.
3. Environmental restrictions. The geometry of the LocataNet is restricted by the application environment. Furthermore, the VDOP is worse than the HDOP, and therefore constraining techniques are required to address the problem of vertical divergence of the positioning solutions.
4. Extra hardware burden for the users. There is, as of yet, no ASIC design for the Locata Rover electronics, and hence the cost, bulk, and power demands are high.