## 5 Inclusion Complex Formation  
A wide range of different approaches and procedures has been explored for their potential to solve the soil pollution problem in the environment. The conformational arrangement of cyclodext (CDs) comprises primary hydroxyl monomers that exhibit rotational motion, resulting in a reduction in the cyclodextrin diameter. In contrast, the secondary hydroxyl groups establish robust hydrogen bonds that confer structural rigidity to cyclodextrin. This structural configuration facilitates the guest elements encapsulation through CDs, culminating in the formation of inclusion complexes (Figure 5). Interactions between cyclodext (hosts) and passenger monomers (guests) can result in a robust complex that has a high optimum coefficient. For instance, \(\beta\)-cyclodextrintrin creates very strong inclusion complexes with adamantane derivatives, exhibiting a binding factor in the direction of \(\sim\)10\({}^{4}\)-10\({}^{5}\) M\({}^{-1}\)[12, 25, 34]. Heavy metals, organic pollutants, and other contaminants are efficiently encapsulated by cyclodext, which facilitate their removal from soil and water. This procedure minimizes the impact on the environment by reducing the distribution and absorption of hazardous compounds. Because of their adaptability and biodegradability, cyclodext are useful for environmentally friendly technologies and sustainable pollution management, supporting cleaner environments and green chemistry initiatives [11]. Figure 5: The mechanism action of cyclodext in the formation of guest inclusion complex and encapsulation [26]. The complex inclusion process encompasses several stages, which may vary depending on the methodology employed, including co-precipitation, kneading, grinding, and supercritical anti-solvent precipitation [12; 25; 34]. The experimental design of co-precipitation represents a method particularly suited for non-water-soluble substances, wherein both the cyclodextrin and the guest molecule are solubilized in a common solvent. This process initiates with the dissolution of a guest molecule in organic solvents (such as ethanol, chloroform, benzene, and diethyl ether), followed by the introduction of a requisite quantity of CD dissolved in water, accompanied by agitation [25; 28; 35]. The resulting solution is subsequently cooled, leading to the formation of complex crystals. This is followed by the addition of an anti-solvent or a non-solvent to the filtrate, facilitating the removal of unbound guest entities from the CD's surface. The filtrate is dried, prompting crystallization and precipitation. The rapid precipitation of the complex is attributed to the diminished solubility in the anti-solvent. Co-precipitation is recognized as a straightforward and economically viable technique [25; 28; 35]. Meanwhile, the kneading technique, commonly referred to as the paste method, represents a moderately straightforward approach that is particularly advantageous for guests exhibiting poor water solubility. This technique involves the amalgamation of CD and the guest molecule with a minimal quantity of solvent, specifically purified water, within a mortar, followed by kneading to achieve a viscous mass. Subsequently, the solvent is subjected to evaporation, culminating in the formation of a solid complex [25]. Ultimately, the resultant mixture undergoes a washing process [35] to eliminate any free particles adhering to the CD surface [28], after which it is sifted, dried, crushed, and filtered. The choice of substance and the duration of the kneading process are contingent upon the characteristics of the guest [35]. Another approach is the grinding method, which entails the co-grinding of solid CD and the guest molecule using a mortar and pestle. The mechanical energy imparted during the grinding process facilitates molecular intermingling and the formation of inclusion complexes. This grinding procedure leads to the fracturing of crystals, causing a reduction in particle magnitude and an augmentation of the surface area for interlinkage among the guest and CD.