esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract  
Open-field strawberry propagation is faced with several challenges such as lack of daughter plants, low quality, and disease transmission. Propagating strawberry plants in a completely enclosed controlled environment using a precision indoor propagation (PIP) system could overcome some of the challenges seen in open-field strawberry propagation. Optimizing the light intensity in a PIP system improves plant growth and reduce propagation cost. In the present study, \"Albion\" strawberry plants were grown as stock plants in a PIP system to examine plant propagation efficacy under three light intensities, PPF-250 (241 \(\pm\) 13), PPF-350 (337 \(\pm\) 13), or PPF-450 (443 \(\pm\) 17) photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD, \(\upmu\)mol m\({}^{-2}\) s\({}^{-1}\)) at 12 h photoperiod. They were grown under 25.7 \(\pm\) 0.05 \({}^{\circ}\)C temperature, 0.95 \(\pm\) 0.04 kPa vapor pressure deficit, and 73% \(\pm\) 5.2% relative humidity. The number of daughter plants, morphology, and growth were recorded weekly (non-destructive measurements) for two intervals (01 to 12 weeks and 12 to 21 weeks). The number, total dry mass, and total fresh mass of daughter plants per stock plant increased with the increase in light intensity. The propagation efficacy to light ranged between 0.3 and 1.9 daughter plants per mole of light, depending on light intensity and harvest time. The number of daughter plants per week was estimated to be 36.2 plants wk\({}^{-1}\) m\({}^{-2}\). Daughter plants were classified by size and size was not influenced by the light treatment. Stock plant crown diameter, leaf area, fresh mass, dry mass, and leaf count all increased with an increase in PPFD. The shoot dry mass percent distribution to the daughter plant was 45% to 46% and was not affected by light intensity treatment. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using PIP systems for the production of strawberry daughter plants.  
day-neutral strawberry; light intensity; daily light integral; precision indoor propagation; daughter plant production +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 3 Analysis of Numerical Simulation Result
### Analysis of Ground Model  
#### 3.1.1 Pressure Acting on Plates of the Ground Model  
Figure 7 shows the results for the lateral pressure, depending on the simulation time and depth. Pressure was estimated from the frictionless plate type geometry with size 17 m (length) \(\times\) 1 m (height) composing the ground, located in front of the cutterhead face. The vertical pressure, defined as the overburden load, was maintained almost continuously at 265 kPa during the simulation. The estimation of lateral pressure appeared to vary with the plate's depth. Unlike the overburden load, lateral pressure was not continuously controlled during the simulation. Rather, the lateral pressure caused by gravity and the overburden load was measured in the virtual plate geometry as a reaction force, with the measured lateral pressure fluctuating more than the overburden load.  
Figure 6: Mass-flow sensor setting for estimation of muck discharge rate.  
Figure 7: Lateral pressure on the plates of the ground model plotted with respect to simulation time.  
Figure 8 plots the average lateral pressure acting on the plate with respect to the depth. The average pressure tends to increase as the depth increases, although that acting on plate No. 7 was estimated to be lower than that on plate No. 8. The pressure acting on the lowest plate (No. 8) was 1.5 times that on the uppermost plate (No. 1). Until the depth of 6.0 m, the pressure acting on each plate increased 1.1 times for every 1 m increase in the depth of the plate from the top of the TBM cutterhead. Based on the earth pressure theory, depth and lateral pressure are directly related, but as lateral pressure was not controlled by the servo system, in this study they were not related. However, it is quite clear that they exhibit an almost linear proportional relationship.
# Enhancing Data Integrity in Blockchain Oracles Through Multi-Label Analysis
## 2 Key Concepts
### Current Knowledge Status
Tellor utilizes a mining system where miners compete to provide data, and integrity is validated through incentivizing accuracy, as miners who submit incorrect data risk losing their rewards [28]. Nest Protocol implements an incentive mechanism that rewards validators for providing accurate real-time asset prices, and its integrity is validated through the consensus of multiple validators [29]. Finally, ChainX offers Oracle capabilities that ensure data integrity by cross-validating information across different blockchains and applying consensus methods to ensure the transferred information is accurate and reliable [30]. Each of these oracles employs various techniques and approaches to ensure that the data used in smart contracts are of high quality and trustworthiness. After analyzing the related works, a notable diversity was observed in the approaches employed by decentralized oracles to validate data integrity. Each oracle uses unique methods that address the integrity challenge in different ways, highlighting the need for further research to integrate best practices and improve the reliability of data validation for smart contracts.
# Numerical Study on the Bending Performance of Steel-Ribbed Composite Slabs for Substations
## 5 Bidirectional Bending Performance of Composite Slabs
### Discussion of Results
Figure 22 illustrates three possible failure modes for dense splicing slabs, as shown in the following: (1) yielding of the longitudinal prestressing steel; (2) concrete crushing; (3) joint failure, i.e., yielding of the transverse joint-connecting steel. In view of the similarity of the bidirectional behavior of the double-spliced and triple-spliced composite slabs, only the analysis results of the triple-spliced composite slab are presented here, as illustrated in Figure 23. Failure labels P, C, and J, marked at the end of each curve, represent the above failure modes 1-3, respectively. As can be seen from Figure 23, the ratio of the longitudinal prestressing steel has the most significant effect on the behavior of the slab, followed by the concrete strength. The influence of the strength and diameter of the joint-connecting rebar are very limited and even can be negligible. In the range of the prestressing steel ratio from 0.072% to 0.394%, the failure modes are all controlled by the yielding of the prestressing steel, with the ultimate bearing capacity basically proportional to the increase in the prestressing steel ratio. Regarding the concrete strength, its effect on the improvement in the bearing capacity gradually decreases with the increase in concrete grade, especially after C40. For the bidirectional slab made of C20  
Figure 21: Load–deflection curves for bidirectional slabs. Figure 22: Failure modes of dense splicing slabs: (**a**) Yielding of the longitudinal prestressing steel; (**b**) Concrete crushing; (**c**) Yielding of the transverse joint-connecting steel. concrete, the concrete is close to collapse when the prestressed tendons yield, while the failure criteria for C30, C40, and C50 are only the yielding of the longitudinal prestressing steel. For the strength of the joint-connecting rebars lower than 235 MPa, or the diameter smaller than 4 mm, the joint failure will occur under bidirectional loading, decreasing the ultimate bearing capacity and ductility of the slabs. However, for other conditions of joint-connecting rebars, their performances are basically identical.
## 6 Conclusions  
EO services regarding land cover mapping are crucial to monitor and assess land cover changes and propose useful sustainable management and planning policies. Free Copernicus data, offered by S1 and S2 missions as well as PlanetScope may play a great role in land cover mapping. Nevertheless, the exploitation of these kinds of EO data is well known in literature. However, there is still a lack in the development of robust services to map mountainous areas (such as the Alps) with a high level of accuracy according to the newest EAGLE guidelines. In this regard, this work has successfully explored a possible scalable and repeatable service for mountainous areas that predominantly uses optical data, but also use radar data for some components, aiming to compensate native SAR acquisition mode distortions by adopting a mixed hierarchical approach to map land cover. This geospatial service based on EO data may help with the implementation of European, global and local policies concerning land cover mapping both at high spatial and temporal resolutions to assess land cover changes due to anthropic pressure and climate change and pursue a sustainable development perspective, empowering the technological transfer in mountainous realities with a higher degree of detail beyond the GEE-based Dynamic World.  
Conceptualization, T.O.; methodology, T.O.; software: T.O. and D.C.; validation, T.O. and D.C.; formal analysis, T.O.; investigation, T.O.; resources, T.O.; data curation, T.O.; writing--original draft preparation, T.O.; writing--review and editing, T.O. and E.B.M.; visualization, T.O. and D.C.; supervision, E.B.M.; project administration, T.O.; funding acquisition, T.O. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The findings may be reachable at [[https://geoportale.regione.vda.it/download/carta-coperture-suolo/](https://geoportale.regione.vda.it/download/carta-coperture-suolo/)]([https://geoportale.regione.vda.it/download/carta-coperture-suolo/](https://geoportale.regione.vda.it/download/carta-coperture-suolo/)) (last accessed 27 December 2022).  
Thanks to our colleagues at INVA spa and GEO4 Agri DISAFA Laboratory and [PERSON], as well as [PERSON] for the support in performing the following work. A remarkable thanks to [PERSON] for the great feedback regarding this product and [PERSON], both of the Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley, and [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] of the ISPRA Land Unit. A huge thanks to the Regione Autonoma Valle d'Aosta, the head of the INVA spa GIS area [PERSON] and the head of the Regional Cartographic  
Figure 6: Aosta valley land cover 2020 confusion matrix.  
[PERSON] of the Aosta Valley autonomous region for permitting the realization of this work. A final thanks to all INVA spa GIS colleagues and to [PERSON]. Last but not least, thanks to everyone in the Aosta Valley who expressed positive or negative feedbacks about the present work that has pushed us to do better day after day and never give up.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 1 Introduction
In the end, the original application related to LEO signals of opportunity was also addressed and discussed by providing the readers with several ways to improve the existing methods and solve new problems in theory and practice. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 exhibits the geolocation and target tracking system. Various conventional geolocation techniques have been exhibited in Section 3. In Sections 4 and 5, respectively, past and current approaches of optimizing geolocation measurements and methods of optimal state estimation utilizing filtering have been reviewed. Finally, the conclusions and future works are addressed in Sections 6 and 7.
## 1 Introduction
Thus, combining self-reported measures in addition to utilizing implicit methods to evaluate voice user interface interactions is rare and constitutes an important gap in the literature. Addressing this gap could potentially improve the insight UX professionals can obtain when studying voice interfaces within a business context. Indeed, obstacle-prone or provocative questioning from voice user interface systems can cause undesirable, intense emotional responses from users, which can derail an optimal experience. Consequently, companies seeking to avoid such responses must first be able to capture them effectively. Limited resources can potentially prevent companies from doing so, as certain measurement methods may fail to fully reveal the underlying emotions experienced by users. Comparing and contrasting the strength or effectiveness of speech and physiological measures through their respective features when observing emotional dimensions could help prioritize resources and, consequently, efficiently evaluate voice user interfaces. To our knowledge, no other study has sought to compare the effectiveness of speech against physiological features in explaining emotional events provoked by voice user interface interactions. With this said, the central research question of this study is the following:  
RQ1: Between speech and physiological features, which are more informative in assessing intense emotional responses during vocal interactions with a voice user interface? A secondary research question has been posed, as the context of this study is unique. Although speech and physiological measures have been widely used in human-computer interaction (HCI) literature, few studies have sought to simultaneously capture speech and physiological data within a voice user interface context. This leads us to our secondary research question:  
RQ2: Can we unobtrusively identify an intense emotional response during voice user interface interactions? To address these gaps, using a within-subject experimental design, our research observed speech, alongside physiological measures of EDA and automatically analyzed facial micro expression (AFE), during emotionally charged voice user interface interactions. The effectiveness of eight extracted speech and three extracted physiological features in explaining these emotional events was compared. By assessing the effectiveness of each feature, actionable insights regarding voice user interface evaluation methods were reported. Our results provide support for the inclusion of physiological measurements in UX evaluations of voice interfaces. The article is structured as follows. A literature review regarding the study of emotion in UX, as well as the leading speech features and physiological measures used to observe user emotions, will be presented. Following this, the proposed approach and hypotheses of the study will be explained. Next, the research methodology will be addressed, followed by the results of the study. The paper will end with the interpretations of these results within the discussion section followed by a brief conclusion.
# Survey on Routing Protocols for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks Based on Multimetrics
## 4 Routing-Protocol Proposals Based on Metrics
### Multimetric-Routing Proposals
#### 4.2.3 GeoNetworking Protocol  
The GeoNetworking (GN) protocol [29] is the routing-protocol standard from the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI); therefore, it is an important geographic-routing standard. GN is a network-layer protocol that provides packet routing in ad hoc networks. It is a VANET geographic-routing protocol where packets are routed by the VANET based on the geographical position of the nodes and the position of the packet destination, assuming the use of GPS to know their location. Packets are forwarded by different intermediate nodes from origin to destination, establishing multihop communication. In the GN protocol, there are two types of main packet delivery: geo-unicast and geobroadcast. The nodes use a location table (LT) that maintains the position of its neighbors and is used to make forwarding decisions; it also has packet buffers for location-service, store-carry-and-forward, and forwarding algorithms [32]. Several evaluations have been presented in [32], where the authors evaluated the performance of six variants of GeoBroadcast forwarding algorithms in ETSI GeoNetworking; in [33], the authors analyzed the performance of the GN protocol by simulation when provided Internet access from VANETs; in [34], the authors compared the behavior of ITS-G5/802.11p-based protocols for ad hoc networks and the available cellular infrastructure, called Cellular-based Vehicular Communication Systems (Cellular-VCS).  
Now, we present the routing protocols designed for VANETs that use more than one routing metric.
## 2 System Modeling  
NB-IoT has been designed specifically for IoT applications by 3 GPP by modifying the basic functionalities of LTE. However, NB-IoT requires 20 dB more maximum coupling loss (MCL) for serving end node devices. Several LTE protocols have been modified to achieve this gain, such as new signaling and control channels for NB-IoT. Furthermore, LTE uses Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) supporting full-duplex mode while NB-IoT uses the same techniques in half-duplex type-B. This reduces the complexity of the MTC device, but it means that it cannot transmit (uplink) and receive (downlink) data simultaneously [5].  
Two important critical factors that need to be considered in designing wireless communication systems are achievable data rate and signal coverage. By defining key parameters, we can characterize the wireless communication channel. As a result, we can calculate the received signal quality using a propagation model for a given distance from the transmitter. The 3 GPP standard path-loss model [10] has been used in this paper to model cellular IoT devices. Maximum Coupling Loss (MCL) or the communication link budget is used for simulation of downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) to identify the coverage issues. Different parameters such as receiver sensitivity, shadowing, path loss, etc. affect the attenuation between the eNodeB antenna ports and the MTC device, dictating a limiting value for the MCL. The required MCL value is 164 dB [5] for MTC devices in NB-IoT cellular networks and can be defined as:  
\[MCL(dB)=EIRP-L_{\text{Total}}+G_{\text{RX}} \tag{1}\]  
where \(G_{\text{RX}}\) is the receiver antenna gain to fulfil the target signal threshold, _EIRP_ is the effective isotropic radiated power which comprises the transmitter antenna gain plus transmitter power. Finally, \(L_{\text{Total}}\) includes effective noise power and all losses, including path loss.  
Our communications scenario is as can be seen in Figure 1. In this scenario we deployed small cells such as femto and pico-cells in the area covered by main macro-cell base station to improve the coverage for cellular IoT end-users in outage. We define a user in an outage when the user cannot communicate data, and the MCL calculated using Equation (1) is higher than that required for NB-IoT: therefore, a user in outage has an MCL \(>\) 164 dB. Then we can calculate the received signal power to the UE device from the BS using path-loss models presented in Equations (2)-(4). The study of cellular communications systems requires us to consider the main parameters such as multi-path fading, path loss and shadow fading, which can attenuate the wireless signal between the base station and end-user devices.
## 5 Conclusions  
Four different methods of automatic VBQ determination using a trained neural network model for semantic segmentation were created and tested on a dataset of 83 MRI studies of the lumbar spine. A one-way ANOVA statistic with a post hoc Tukey's HSD test showed that there is a significant statistical difference between the results of the different VBQ determination methods. The main limitation of this study is the lack of BMD data for the 83 patients whose lumbar spine MRI data were used to test and compare the different methods. BMD data would allow a direct comparison of the VBQ score with the gold standard used in clinical settings. Nevertheless, this work is novel in its way of automating VBQ score determination, which could prove useful for further testing and validation of the VBQ score as a diagnostic tool for osteoporosis. For future work, the proposed automated VBQ determination methods could be used with MRI data from patients for whom BMD values are also available to evaluate the correlation coefficient and determine the best of the four methods. While the original hand-drawn VBQ score determination method was designed to be simple and easy to use, automating the segmentation process opens up new possibilities for assessing bone quality. For example, hyperintense signal intensity regions of vertebrae in T1-weighted images, often referred to as \"bone islands\", can be isolated from the final VBQ determination, potentially improving the consistency of the results. One could also use other methods to determine the properties of vertebral bone tissue, such as the heterogeneity equation in combination with proton density, perhaps creating a new radiomic parameter.  
Conceptualization, S.J. and K.S.; methodology, S.J., K.S. and D.M.R.; software, K.S.; validation, S.J. and D.M.R.; formal analysis, S.J.; investigation, K.S. and D.M.R.; resources, S.J.; data curation, K.S.; writing--original draft preparation, K.S.; writing--review and editing, S.J., K.S. and D.M.R.; visualization, K.S.; supervision, S.J.; project administration, S.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The publicly available sagittal spinal MRI dataset with ground truth segmentation masks can be downloaded at: [[https://zenodo.org/records/10159290](https://zenodo.org/records/10159290)]([https://zenodo.org/records/10159290](https://zenodo.org/records/10159290)) (accessed on 5 November 2024). The MRI dataset consisting of the 166 series of images from 83 anonymized studies which were randomly chosen from the resident hospital database is available upon request from the main author. All Python preprocessing, post-processing, and VBQ determination codes are available upon request from the main author.  
This project would not have been possible without technical equipment in the form of the powerful workstation and the MRI dataset provided by the University Hospital Rijeka and Medical Physics and Radiation Protection Department.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.