esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Parameter Identification of Structures with Different Connections Using Static Responses
## 4 Parameter Identification for a Rigid Frame
### Parameter Identification for a Rigid Frame Sample  
The one-story steel frame example is shown in Figure 4. This frame structure is used to demonstrate the parameter-identification method for the rigid frame using static displacements. The modulus of elasticity is 206 GPa. In \"as-built\" condition, the frame has cross-sectional area \(A=2.25\times 10^{-2}\) m\({}^{2}\) and moment of inertia \(I=4.21875\times 10^{-5}\) m\({}^{4}\). Let us assume that damages exist in members 1-3. The \"as-is\" cross-sectional areas and moment of inertia of members 1-3 are unknown and need to be determined. Forces of 100 and \(-100\) kN were applied along degrees of freedom 4 and 5 to excite the structure, and the displacements D\({}_{m}\) were measured along degrees of freedom 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, and 8 (Figure 4). The \"as-is\" cross-sectional areas and moment of inertia are presented in Figure 5.  
Figure 4: Three-member rigid frame.  
The member stiffness matrix \(\mathbf{k}^{\prime}\) of the frame member is obtained from Equation (7), and Equation (4) is the objective function to identify the damage. In this analysis, the starting points of cross-sectional area variable \(A\) and moment of inertia variable \(I\) are \(1.1\,\times\,10^{-2}\) and \(2.1\,\times\,10^{-5}\), respectively. The constraints on \(A\) are set between 0 and \(2.25\,\times\,10^{-2}\) and those on \(I\) are set between 0 and \(4.21875\,\times\,10^{-5}\), according to the \"as-built\" condition. Figure 5 displays the changes in \(A_{1}\), \(A_{2}\), \(A_{3}\), \(I_{1}\), \(I_{2}\), and \(I_{3}\) during the optimization process based on the interior-point method, and Figure 6 shows the variation of the objective function with the number of iterations. After 256 iterations, the final optimal values of \(A\) and \(I\) were identified, and the results were consistent with those in \"as-is\" condition.
## 3 Model Test Results  
### Acceleration and Spectral Responses  
The junction of the hanging wall and fault usually has a great acceleration response [23]. Therefore, the acceleration response-time histories and corresponding Fourier amplitude spectra of the crown of the tunnel lining at the fault creep-slip cross-section (monitoring section 2-2) under El-Centro and Kobe excitation are shown in Figures 8 and 9, respectively. It can be observed that the z-direction recorded the maximum value both in El-Centro and Kobe excitation compared with the y-direction and x-direction. This reveals that z-direction motion causes a more intense dynamic response in the tunnel structure. Similar responses were also pointed out by the literature [22].  
Figure 8: Acceleration and Fourier spectrum of the crown at the cross-section under El-Centro excitation: (**a**) x-direction excitation, (**b**) y-direction excitation, (**c**) z-direction excitation.  
The model with an isolation layer has a lower level of peak acceleration response compared to the model without an isolation layer, although the two models have similar acceleration-time histories. The peak accelerations of the tunnel without an isolation layer for tests #1-1 to #1-6 are 0.64 g, 0.75 g, 0.88 g, 0.69 g, 0.81 g, and 0.95 g, respectively. The peak accelerations of the tunnel with an isolation layer for tests #2-1 to #2-6 are 0.6 g, 0.69 g, 0.80 g, 0.64 g, 0.74 g, and 0.87 g, respectively. This means that the isolation layer can reduce the peak acceleration of the tunnel crown in the fault by 5-10% for same-direction excitation. The isolation layer did not change the acceleration response characteristics of the tunnel. Meanwhile, from the energy point of view, harmonic energy (\(E\)) is positively related to the square of amplitude (\(A\)), frequency (\(f\)) of acceleration, and volume of medium (\(W\)),  
Figure 9: Acceleration and Fourier spectrum of the crown at cross-section 2-2 under Kobe excitation: (**a**) x-direction excitation, (**b**) y-direction excitation, (**c**) z-direction excitation.  
expressed as \(E\propto\rho A^{2}f^{2}W\). The indicator \(\xi=\sum Af\) was suggested by the literature [23]. Indicator \(\xi\) of this experiment was calculated and tabulated in Table 5. Table 5 shows that the tunnel with an isolation layer has smaller value of \(\xi\) than the tunnel without an isolation layer. This demonstrates that the energy of seismic waves is effectively absorbed by the rubber-sand isolation layer.
# A Survey of Ledger Technology-Based Databases
## 4 Permissioned Blockchain Based Databases
### Blockchain Relational Database
#### 4.1.1 Serializable Snapshot Isolation (SSI)  
Serializable Snapshot Isolation (SSI) achieves serializability using a modified Snapshot Isolation (SI) [34] technique. A Multi-Version Serialization [35] History Graph is used to detect SI anomalies. Every transaction is represented as a node in the graph. An edge signifies a transaction to another transaction, if the first one is preceded in the order of execution. Three types of dependencies can create these edges:  
* rw-dependency
* ww-dependency
* wr-dependency  
A cycle in the graph presents an anomaly; thus, the execution does not correspond to any serial order. Anomalies are automatically detected and resolved by tracking rw and wr dependencies, which abort during commit. These are helped by the maintenance of two lists per transaction.  
**SSI Based on Block Height**: In order to permit transaction execution to happen in parallel with ordering based on consensus, a new variant of SSI based on block height is devised. By default, SSI cannot guarantee the same committed state of executed transactions on all database nodes. It is used only to execute and order in parallel. To guarantee transaction execution of the same committed data on all database nodes, each row of a table contains a creator and deleter block number. These represent row creation and deletion by the appropriate block number. All submitted transactions include the block height and number on which it should be executed.  
As previously mentioned, it is used by only one of the approaches, but implementation of the order-then-execute approach incorporates this modification of SSI for provenance queries. To guarantee the appropriate serializability, analogous transactions that result in phantom reads and stale data reads will be aborted.  
**SSI variant--block-aware abort during commit**: To ensure consistency between nodes, we need to ensure that the same set of transactions are aborted on all nodes. This technique uses an abort rules table with flags from supposed SSI for which transaction must be aborted. A phantom read or stale read problem can occur as a result of concurrent transactions that commit during or after current-block. This devised SSI tracks these problematic transactions in the commit phase.
# Influence of Blade Wrap Angle on the Hydrodynamic Radial Force of Single Blade Centrifugal Pump
## 4 Conclusions  
The effect of blade wrap angle on the performance of a single blade centrifugal pump is investigated based on unsteady numerical simulation. The external characteristics and radial force of single blade centrifugal pumps with five different wrap angles are simulated and analyzed. The research results are as follows:  
1. Generally, the head and efficiency of the single-blade centrifugal pump are improved with the increase of blade wrap angle. With the increase of the blade wrap angle, the pump head tends to increase, and the \(H\)-\(Q\) curve becomes steeper, the pump efficiency increases gradually, but the high-efficiency area is narrowed. The \(P\)-\(Q\) curve becomes gentle with the increase of blade wrap angle.
2. The blade wrap angle has a significant impact on the radial force of the single blade centrifugal pump. When the blade wrap angle is less than \(360^{\circ}\), the x component of the radial force is negative and the value is reduced with the increase of the wrap angle of the blade. When the wrap angle is larger than \(360^{\circ}\), the x component of the radial force is positive and the value increases with the increase of the wrap angle. The y component of the impeller radial force has a maximum value when the wrap angle is \(360^{\circ}\) and \(390^{\circ}\), and has a minimum value when the wrap angle is \(300^{\circ}\).
3. Under part-loading conditions, the radial force of the single blade pump is significantly reduced with the increase of the blade wrap angle. When the wrap angle is smaller than \(360^{\circ}\), the radial force decreases with the flow rate increase. In the condition that the wrap angle is larger than \(360^{\circ}\), the radial force increases with the flow rate increase.
4. It suggested that the available blade wrap angle for single blade centrifugal pump should be between \(360^{\circ}\)and \(420^{\circ}\), to achieve a better hydraulic performance and stable flow field.  
Data curation, L.T. and C.C.; Funding acquisition, W.S.; Investigation, Z.X.; Methodology, W.S.; Project administration, L.T.; Writing--original draft, L.T. and Y.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Key Research and Development Project of China (no. 2019 YFB 2005300), National High-Tech Ship Scientific Research Project of China (no. MIIT [2019] 360), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51979138), General project of natural science research in Colleges and universities of Jiangsu Province (No. 19 KJB470029), and Jiangsu Water Conservancy Science and Technology Project (No. 2019038).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 19: Pressure distribution at the impeller outlet under designed flow rate condition.
## 5 Conclusions  
In this work, a brief analysis of the state of the art on the matter of \"3D printed antennas\" was carried out, highlighting how different AM technologies can be suitable for applications with different constraints. The problem of prototyping conductive parts emerged to be one of the most challenging aspects in developing a manufacturing process for fully 3D-printed antennas. In this scenario, DRAs, with their inherent dielectric nature and their great degree of freedom in choosing the antenna shape, seem to be the most promising type of antennas to overcome the problem, while taking advantage of the use of AM. In this regard, the various improvements that AM can lead to in the realization of new, unconventional, and cost-effective DRAs have been discussed and a practical application consisting of a wideband antenna operating between 2.4 GHz and 3.8 GHz has been described. Specifically, the designed and simulated antenna protype has been realized using the FFF technology empowered by a lab-made PLA/BaTiO\({}_{3}\) material to reach the project constraints. The performance of the developed device has been subsequently evaluated and the measurements emerged to be in good agreement with simulations, thus proving the potential of AM technologies in realizing DRAs.  
Conceptualization, F.P.C., R.C. and L.C.; methodology, L.C.; investigation, F.P.C.; writing--original draft preparation, F.P.C.; writing--review and editing, R.C. and L.C.; visualization, F.P.C.; supervision, L.C.; project administration, L.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Figure 7: 3D views of the antenna gain radiation patterns (**a**) for both 2.45 GHz and 3.6 GHz. Maximum gain (left), and efficiencies (right) plots (**b**) over frequency.
# Adaptive Equalization for Dispersion Mitigation in Multi-Channel Optical Communication Networks
## 4 Results and Discussion
Figure 10 shows that the OCN without equalization presents worse performance as compared to the OCN with equalization depicted in Figure 11. The size of eye opening in Figure 11 is larger than the one in Figure 10, which indicates that the error rate of the proposed model is lower than the system without FFE/DFE employment. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** \\ \hline Number of Channels & 16 \\ Reference wavelength & 1550 nm \\ Attenuation of the fiber & 0.2 dBkm\({}^{-1}\) \\ Dispersion & 17 ps/nm/km \\ Line width & 10 MHz \\ Dispersion slope & 0.072 ps/nm\({}^{2}\)/K \\ \(\beta_{3}\) & 0 ps\({}^{3}\)/km \\ Effective area & 80 \(\upmu\)m\({}^{2}\) \\ Bandwidth & 10 GHz \\ Launch power & \(-10\) to 10 dBm \\ Total length of optical fiber & 300 km \\ Channel spacing & 50 GHz \\ Photo detector responsivity & 1 Aw\({}^{-1}\) \\ Photo detector’ Dark current & 10 nA \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Simulation parameters and their values used for the proposed model. Figure 9: Q-factor results for the transmission fiber length up to 300 km, (**a**) at 10 Gbps; (**b**) at 40 Gbps data rate; and (**c**) at 100 Gbps data rate.
## 5 The contribution of lipid droplets to production of infectious HCV
### The link between assembly of HCV and VLDL  
There are clear connections between HCV and VLDL assembly since inhibitors of MTP and decreasing expression of apoB by siRNA- and shRNA-targeting lowers virion production [116, 117]. Lowering apoE expression also impairs release of infectious HCV [118, 119] although the authors of these studies found that reducing apoB did not affect virion production and high levels of MTP inhibitors were necessary to block release of virus progeny. Further evidence of a role for apoE in virus secretion, which involved interaction with NS5A, has been reported recently [120]. It has been proposed that a selection process during assembly may direct nascent virus particles for degradation should they not undergo complete maturation that could involve addition of lipids [116]. However, any further details as to the mechanisms that operate during virion assembly are not known. With regard to lipid droplets, there is conclusive evidence that disabling the ability of core to target lipid droplets leads to impairment of infectious virus production [97]. Since lipid droplets do play a key role in VLDL assembly, it is reasonable to speculate that they actively participate in the production of virions. Indeed, the targeting of core to lipid droplets could represent an entry site for the virus to gain access to the VLDL assembly pathway.
# The Role of Buoyancy Induced Instability in Transpirational Cooling Applications
## 3 Linear Stability Analysis  
The disturbance of Equation (4) is analyzed via linear stability analysis by redefining the velocity and temperature with a base state superimposed with a perturbation, namely:  
\[\begin{split}\mathbf{u}=&\mathbf{u}_{\mathbf{b}}+\mathbf{u}^{\prime} \mathbf{c}\\ T=& T_{b}+T^{\prime}\mathbf{c},\end{split} \tag{7}\]  
where \(\mathbf{c}\) is an arbitrary small parameter. Next, Equation (7) is substituted into Equation (4) and linearized. The system of equations is further simplified by utilizing the incompressible relation in conjunction with the vertical component of the double curl of the Darcy-Forchheimer equation. The following system reduces to Equation (8):  
\[\begin{cases}\
abla^{2}w^{\prime}-\lambda\xi(\
abla^{2}w^{\prime}+\
abla_{h} ^{2}w^{\prime})=\
abla_{h}^{2}T^{\prime}+\
abla_{h}^{2}(\text{g}(T_{b})T^{ \prime})\\ \frac{\partial T^{\prime}}{\partial t}+\frac{1}{\sigma}\big{(}w^{ \prime}\frac{dT_{b}}{dz}-\lambda\frac{\partial T^{\prime}}{\partial z}\big{)} =\gamma\
abla^{2}T^{\prime}\\ z=0:\quad w^{\prime}=0,\quad T^{\prime}=0\\ z=1:\quad w^{\prime}=0,\quad T^{\prime}=0.\end{cases} \tag{8}\]  
The product of the function \(g(T_{b})\) and \(T^{\prime}\) is a result of linearizing \(f\) where \(\text{g}(T_{b})=2c_{1}T_{b}+3c_{2}T_{b}^{2}\).  
Next, the method of normal modes is introduced where the disturbances take the form \(<w^{\prime},T^{\prime}>=<W(z),\Theta(z)>e^{i(\alpha_{x}x+\alpha_{y}y)+\Omega t}\). The system of equations is finally transformed into the following ODE:  
\[\begin{cases}[D^{2}-\alpha^{2}]W+\lambda\xi[D^{2}-2\alpha^{2}]W=-\alpha^{2} \big{(}1+g\big{)}\Theta\\ \Omega\Theta+\frac{1}{\sigma}\big{(}W\frac{dT_{b}}{dz}-\lambda D\Theta\big{)} =\gamma[D^{2}-\alpha^{2}]\Theta\\ z=0:\quad W=0,\quad\Theta=0\\ z=1:\quad W=0,\quad\Theta=0.\end{cases} \tag{9}\]  
The ODE can be further simplified if \(\lambda\xi\) is small. Considering the transpirational flow rates, permeability, and inlet conditions in Refs. [6; 25], \(\lambda\) is around 0.01-0.05. While typically \(\xi<<1\). The values for calculating \(\lambda\) and \(\xi\) are given in Table 1. Note that eliminating the terms associated with \(\lambda\xi\) resembles a typical Darcy law, albeit with a non-linear density. However, the non-dimensional scaling includes viscosity effects which give a Grashof-type number instead of a Rayleigh-type number. Further assuming the principle of exchange of stabilities is valid, the system reduces to Equation (10). For convenience, let \(\Gamma=(\sigma\gamma)^{-1}\):  
\[\begin{cases}[D^{2}-\alpha^{2}]W=-\alpha^{2}\big{(}1+g\big{)}\Theta\\ [D^{2}-\alpha^{2}]\Theta=\ \Gamma(W\frac{dT_{b}}{dz}-\lambda D\Theta).\end{cases} \tag{10}\]
# Ship Scheduling Algorithm Based on Markov-Modulated Fluid Priority Queues
## 2 Materials and Methods
For example, [PERSON] constructed an online heuristic algorithm and an adaptive scheme based on reinforcement learning through decoupling subproblems in the green LoRa network, which could not only realize the reasonable allocation of multi-priority ship resources but also effectively balance the system energy consumption [24]. The deep learning model developed by [PERSON] et al. can accurately predict ship arrivals and service times, providing intelligent support for real-time scheduling decisions [25]. [PERSON] et al. proposed a data-driven dynamic system modeling method to predict the evolution of the anchorage state by constructing a state space model, showing good prediction accuracy under conventional operation scenarios [26]. However, the existing intelligent methods still have the problem of insufficient adaptability when dealing with complex priority rules; moreover, there are limitations in data privacy protection, the generalization ability of the model is limited, the interpretability of the decision process is poor, it is difficult to respond to dynamic changes in priority in time, the assumption of system stationarity makes the prediction error larger in unexpected cases, and there is no effective priority guarantee mechanism. Table 1 shows the advantages and disadvantages of these methods for anchorage scheduling. Aiming at the problem of anchorage scheduling, the SSA-BMMFPQ model was further proposed on the basis of studying priority service multi-type fluid queues in the literature [27]. Through sensing the anchorage operation state, the ship input intensity is dynamically adjusted, and a priority adaptive service resource allocation mechanism is incorporated. While ensuring high-priority ship response efficiency, a fairness constraint is used to avoid low-priority queue jumping, so as to realize the collaborative optimization of the anchorage resource efficiency and service fairness.
## 2 Wastewater Treatment by Microalgae
### Industrial Wastewater
#### 2.3.3 Microalgae Treatment of Industrial Wastewater
They found that _Scenedesmus_ sp. HXY5 grew the fastest in potato wastewater, yielding the highest biomass of 2.64 g L\({}^{-1}\) and a total pigment yield of 18.45 mg L\({}^{-1}\), with a lutein yield of 11.46 mg L\({}^{-1}\). It displayed an outstanding wastewater purification capability, with removal efficiencies of 59% for the total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), 32% for the total dissolved phosphate (TDP), and 93% for the COD [126]. _Chlorella sorokiniana_ (IPRChs7104) was cultivated using wastewater from the instant coffee and cassava wastewater during 52 days of culture, under 28 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 130 umol m\({}^{-2}\) s\({}^{-1}\) and a 12:12 h photoperiod [125]. The results showed a significant decrease in the chemical oxygen demand from 7200 mg L\({}^{-1}\) to 435 mg L\({}^{-1}\), and 4940 mg L\({}^{-1}\) to 1240 mg L\({}^{-1}\) for cassava and instant coffee wastewater, respectively [125]. The bioremediation of textile effluents was also assessed [99; 100; 131]. _Chlorella vulgaris_ was cultivated in a raw and diluted (50%) textile wastewater and was compared to BG11 medium as the control during the 14 days of culture [131]. A maximum growth of 1.62 OD\({}_{680}\) with a higher COD removal of 99.7% was obtained in the 50% textile wastewater, followed by 1.56 OD\({}_{680}\) and 94.4% of the COD removal in the BG11 medium, and 0.89 OD\({}_{680}\) with 76.3% of the COD removal in the raw textile wastewater [131]. They also demonstrated that C. _vulgaris_ had the maximum of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs)yield in the BG11 medium, followed by a diluted (50%) and raw textile wastewater of 31.26 mg g\({}^{-1}\), 11.07 mg g\({}^{-1}\) and 9.12 mg g\({}^{-1}\), respectively [131]. In contrast, for _Chlorella vulgaris_ Wu-G22 immobilized with sodium alginate (3%) and cultivated for 10 days in textile wastewater, 75% of chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency and maximum FAMEs accumulation were achieved compared to diluted effluent [100]. After the cultivation of _Chlamydomonas_ sp. TRC-1 in textile wastewater for 7 days of culture, removal efficiencies of the COD, total nitrogen, nitrates and phosphates of 83.08%, 87.15%, 91.75% and 92.36%, respectively, were observed [99]. In addition, they demonstrated that the harvested biomass had a capacity for lipid accumulation (79.1%) and bioelectricity generation (current density of 3.6 A m\({}^{-2}\), power of 4.13 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) W and power density of 1.83 W m\({}^{-2}\)) [99]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**Algae Used** & **Wastewater Type** & **Conditions of Culture** & **Nutrient Concentration** & **Average Nutrient Removal Rate** & **References** \\ \hline  & Alcohol and anaerobically & 25\({}^{\circ}\)C; 127 \(\mu\)E m\({}^{-2}\) s\({}^{-1}\); & TN: 618.68–265.10 mg L\({}^{-1}\)/  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline