## 6 Integrated Geospatial and Building Information Modeling (_GeoBIM_)
An underground utility-management system based on integrated BIM-GIS was developed to facilitate stakeholders through the entire lifecycle of projects [36]. Both BIM and GIS models need to sync their semantics in terms of element classification and data administration to maximize compatibility across GIS and BIM data formats [51]. Studies have compared the difference in file formatting extensions of BIM and GIS models (RVT, IFC, SHP, GDB, KML) and identified \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Features** & **BIM System** & **GIS System** & **GeoBIM** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Model Type} & Object-oriented & Relational & Hybrid (Combination of \\  & parametric modeling & vector-based modeling & object-oriented \\  & & & and vector-based modeling) \\ \hline Data Format Support & IFC, RVT, DGN, CAD, SKP & SHP, GDB, KML, GML & IFC, CityGML, GML, GeoJSON \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Modeling Capabilities} & Clash Detection, Quantity & \multirow{2}{*}{Spatial Query, Geo-statistics, Network Analysis, Geocoding} & Integrated Geospatial Analysis \\  & Takeoff, Cost Estimation, & & with BIM Tools (Clash Detection, \\  & 4D Simulation & & Quantity Takeoff, Cost Estimation, \\  & & & 4D Simulation, Spatial Query, \\  & & & Geo-statistics, Network Analysis) \\ \hline Time Series Analysis & Limited (primarily & Time Series Analysis, Real-time \\  & 4D simulations) & Data Integration & Time Series Analysis, Real-time \\ \hline Visualization & 3D Models, Renderings & Maps, Charts, Graphs & 3D Models integrated with \\  & & & geospatial components (Maps, \\  & & & Charts, Graphs) \\ \hline Interoperability & Depending on the software, IFC offers broad compatibility & Generally high with standard & Can be challenging due to the \\  & & formats such as SHP, KML & integration of diverse data \\  & & formats such as CityGML \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Scalability} & Highly scalable but & Highly scalable, can handle & Depending on the model types \\  & can be resource-intensive & large datasets & and data formats being integrated, \\ \hline Software Vendor & Autodesk, Graphisoft, & \multirow{2}{*}{Esri, QGIS, Google} & ESRI, Autodesk, Bentley, Leica \\  & Bentley Systems & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: A comparative analysis of BIM, GIS, and GeoBIM systems across various feature parameters. the challenges of the integration process. Generally, the IFC format [230] was used to exchange data in between the two environments considering that the information stored in BIM models are more detailed and element-based, whereas GIS models are more focused on spatial relationships and geographic data [49; 231]. It was observed that interconnecting BIM and GIS models through the IFC standard after the construction stage would facilitate an appropriate information interchange between different entities in a project [45; 50]. A study suggested that IFC can be transformed into shapefile models with the cost of losing the geometry of some elements of the model [35]. Findings showed that interoperability issues that are common in integrated environments are increasing file sizes, inconsistent object types, geometric misrepresentation, loss of volumetric relations between objects, and physical properties, with the latter being the most problematic [232]. Table 6 compares the applications of BIM, GIS, and GeoBIM systems throughout a project's lifecycle, highlighting their implementation advantages and disadvantages. BIM excels in the design stage with detailed parametric 3D modeling and structural and energy analysis. In contrast, GIS is tailored for spatial and cartographic representation, excelling in spatial, network, and terrain analyses. BIM's coordination capabilities include clash detection and 4D scheduling, whereas GIS focuses on global spatial analysis through buffer and overlay techniques. In asset management, BIM is strong in 4D modeling and condition assessment, while GIS emphasizes site and spatial asset analysis.