# Enhancing Real-Time Video Streaming Quality via MPT-GRE Multipath Network
## 1 Introduction  
The need for high-quality video streaming, particularly real-time 4K video, has increased with the growth of digital platforms, remote communication, and entertainment services, which deliver high-resolution video in real-time. However, meeting these demands presents challenges due to substantial bandwidth requirements, latency sensitivity, and jitter over traditional single-path networks. In response, multipath communication protocols have emerged as a promising solution to enhance the reliability, throughput, and efficiency of data transmission in such environments. Video streaming has become one of the primary uses of communication networks. It is estimated that 65.93% of Internet traffic is attributed to video streaming [1, 2, 3]. Video streaming has become globally popular for applications ranging from entertainment to online education and work, though consistently providing high-quality streaming services remains challenging for smart devices due totheir limited computational capacity, energy supply, and the highly dynamic nature of wireless channels [3; 4]. Multipath networking, where data are distributed across multiple network paths simultaneously, offers several advantages over traditional single-path systems. By aggregating bandwidth from various paths and utilizing path variety, multipath protocols can reduce congestion, lower latency, and enhance resilience against packet loss or network failures. The ability to enhance overall throughput and maintain stable network performance is especially valuable for real-time applications like 4K video streaming, which require high data rates and low-latency communication to maintain video quality [5; 6; 7; 8]. Despite their promising benefits, multipath networks also face various challenges. These include managing packet scheduling, ensuring fair resource allocation across paths, especially in complex network environments, and efficiently selecting optimal paths. While multipath routing improves performance through better reliability and higher throughput, it still encounters challenges with packet scheduling and path selection in complex environments [9]. Advancements in network optimization, congestion control, and technology development are crucial to fully realizing the potential of multipath networks. These solutions are vital to the flexibility and efficiency of multipath networks for high-performance applications such as high-quality video streaming, underscoring the need for further research and development in this area. One promising solution to these challenges is the MPT-GRE library, which encapsulates data packets across several network paths. This library also enables efficient packet reordering mechanisms, allowing for robust and seamless transmission even in network variability [10]. The positive impact of multipath networks on real-time 4K video streaming remains a critical area of research to develop protocols or techniques that handle all network conditions, especially concerning evaluating video quality metrics such as throughput, jitter, and delay under the massive growth of dynamic network usage [11]. Many multipath solutions face challenges due to path heterogeneity, where variations in latency, jitter, and packet loss across different paths result in out-of-order packet delivery. This situation requires complicated reordering mechanisms, which can add extra processing overhead and delay. Some multipath approaches do not achieve optimal throughput aggregation, even using multiple paths, because of ineffective congestion control strategies, asymmetrical paths, and poor packet scheduling [9; 12]. In contrast, MPT-GRE addresses this limitation. MPT-GRE includes an optimized packet reordering mechanism that reduces the effects of path heterogeneity. By adjusting reorder window parameters based on current network conditions, MPT-GRE minimizes latency and jitter. Furthermore, MPT-GRE effectively distributes traffic across multiple paths, enhancing congestion control and load-balancing strategies to maximize overall throughput.