# Proposing a SX Model with Cultural Factors
## 4 Analysis of Cultural Aspects in the SX Dimensions
### Individualism/Collectivism (IDV) and Student eXperience  
The dimension of individualism vs. collectivism (IDV) is defined based on the two central concepts: Individualism and Collectivism, which are opposites. [PERSON] details that \"Individualism pertains to societies in which the ties between individuals are loose: everyone is expected to look after him- or herself and his or her immediate family. Collectivism as its opposite pertains to societies in which people from birth onward are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups, which throughout people's lifetime continue to protect them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty.\" In this way, it is evident that this dimension is present in instances in which the student is part of or is affected by group processes. This occurs in the classroom, when working on group projects; in relation to processes that require reaching consensus between students and teachers or students and educational authorities; and in processes of the student's personal life, contained in the personal dimension of the SX. As result of the individual subjects' data collected in the [PERSON] study, he identified some work goals. These are: (1) personal time, which refers to having a job that leaves sufficient time for family life and leisure; (2) freedom, which refers to having enough freedom to adopt a personal job approach; and (3) challenge, which refers to having challenging work and tasks to do in which a sense of personal accomplishment could be achieved. Regarding collectivist individuals, elements related to the following work goals were detected: (4) training, which refers to having work training opportunities (to improve skills or learn new skills); (5) physical conditions, which refers to good physical working conditions (good ventilation and lighting, adequate workspace, etc. ); and (6) use of skills, which refers to fully using skills and abilities on the workplace. Although these data were originally collected from the opinions of IBM employees by [PERSON], later works in the field of culture defined dimensions such as those detected by [PERSON] and with a high degree of correlation in their results [29]. As with the cultural dimension related to power distance, because of studies that replicated [PERSON]'s work with test subjects related to the academic world, phenomena that are directly related to SX dimensions were detected. Students with a high index of individualism found the following values particularly important: (1) \"tolerance of others,\" (2) \"harmony with others,\" (3) \"noncompetitiveness,\" (4) \"a close, intimate friend,\" (5) \"trustworthiness,\" (6) \"contentedness with one's position in life,\" (7) \"solidarity with others,\" (8) and \"being conservative.\" Regarding students with a rather collectivist background, they found the following important values: (9) \"fiali pety (obedience to parents, respect for parents, honoring of ancestors, financial support of parents),\" (10) \"chastity in women,\" and (11) \"Patriotiism\" [30]. Regardless of the pole to which these values belong (Individualism or Collectivism), they can be related to aspects of the SX dimensions. All of them are manifested directly or indirectly in situations of collective action. For this reason, the cultural dimension related to collectivism vs. individualism is observed in the Community Relationship aspect of the SX social dimension, in the Resources/Learning Environment and Educational/Support Services aspects of the SX Educational dimension, and in the Student Feelings and Emotions and Student Thoughts, Identity, and Background aspects of the SX personal dimension. It is important to mention works that have analyzed the relationship of IDV and PD cultural dimensions in learning-specific contexts [42; 43]. In this way, we can exemplify the impact of this cultural dimension in the SX Learning Environment dimension; HEIs should consider culturally foreign students who, based on their cultural background, prefer to study individually.