## 2 Materials and Methods  
The research methodology followed in this work is described as \"experience-driven\" coupled with a literature review and represents a hybrid approach that marries practical, hands-on experience with a thorough exploration of existing academic knowledge. In this approach, our research draws extensively from the wealth of insights acquired through real-world experiences in the field of industrial system engineering. This practical knowledge is then complemented and contextualized by a comprehensive review of relevant academic literature. The \"experience-driven\" aspect of our research methodology suggests a focus on learning from actual situations, problem-solving in real-world industrial contexts, and understanding the intricacies of industrial system engineering through direct involvement and observation. This experiential knowledge serves as the foundation upon which our research is built, providing valuable insights that are often difficult to glean from purely theoretical perspectives. Simultaneously, our research incorporates a literature review component, indicating a meticulous examination of scholarly articles, research papers, and theoretical frameworks related to industrial system engineering. This literature review serves to situate our practical experiences within the broader theoretical landscape. This allows us to critically assess existing theories, identify gaps in the literature, and draw connections between academic concepts and real-world applications. By blending these 2 methodologies, our research is uniquely positioned to offer a holistic understanding of industrial system engineering. The synergy between hands-on experience and theoretical knowledge enhances the depth and richness of our research findings, allowing for a nuanced exploration of the subject matter. This hybrid approach not only strengthens the credibility of our research but also ensures its practical relevance, making it a valuable contribution to both academic scholarship and industrial practice. Experience-driven methodology is not solely reliant on the collective experiences of the authors but is substantiated by their significant and varied professional backgrounds. These experiences encompass working in different geographies and cultural settings, thereby providing a rich diversity of practical insights. This diverse experiential knowledge base was integral to the identification of key elements in AI-based digital transformation, offering a multifaceted perspective that enriches our research. The authors' experiences were systematically reflected upon and recorded using a structured qualitative method, ensuring that subjective insights were critically evaluated. Complementing the experience-driven approach, the literature review was conducted with methodological rigor. This review followed an explicit protocol designed to ensure the comprehensive coverage and systematic analysis of the literature. We employed databases such as IEEE Xplore, Scopus, and the Web of Science to collect relevant publications. Specific inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, guided by the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses, to ensure the relevance and quality of the literature included. Keywords and search strings were carefully chosen to encompass a broad range of topics within industrial system engineering and AI technologies, and searches were confined to peer-reviewed articles published within the last 3 years to ensure contemporary relevance. The selected references were chosen based on their citation index, relevance to the research questions, and the diversity of perspectives they offered. A thematic analysis was then conducted on the collated literature to identify, analyze, and report patterns (themes) within the data. This was essential to cross-reference the literature with the patterns observed in our practical experiences, thus ensuring a robust comparative analysis that bridges theory with practice.