## 4 Discussion
It is mentionable that nanoscale structures are known for their capacity to provide a larger surface area for protein absorption [61]. Moreover, endogenous multifunctional FGF-2, which has been demonstrated to enhance human MSC proliferation and mediate the interaction of MSCs with the ECM matrices, sustains high expression in hG-MSCs on GPP [62]. It was only after 14 days that VSCM showed differences compared to the control. It could be observed that both GPP and VSCM shared comparable positive regulatory functions in angiogenesis and ECM remodeling, with a slightly superior effect of GPP. The utilization of grafts and substitute materials has been restricted because of the foreign body reaction, which constitutes an initial acute sterile inflammatory response [63]. Consequently, the extended overexpression of pro-inflammatory factors, such as IL-8, IL-6, and others, can result in an excessive inflammatory response, ultimately compromising the integrity of the surrounding tissue [32]. According to the current findings, it seemed that both GPP and VSCM consistently upregulated the gene expression of IL8 throughout the entire duration. At the protein production level, qualitatively similar data were obtained. [PERSON] et al. obtained correlated results where the PCL/GE nanofiber induced the expression of pro-inflammatory factors IL6 and IL1b after 48 and 72 h. However, histological examination results revealed that there was no noticeable inflammation after two weeks [45]. It appears that both GPP and VSCM, through the prolonged overexpression of IL8, may potentially lead to a slightly higher inflammatory response. Nonetheless, further comprehensive and in-depth explorations in this field are required for a thorough understanding. Biomaterials primarily consisting of collagen or GE often bring out similar outcomes due to the close similarity in their biochemical properties [64; 26]. However, in this experiment, GPP and VSCM had slightly different effects on the specific behavior of hG-MSCs. Apart from the intrinsic biochemical cues within the structure, surface topology features also have a significant impact on cellular behavior [65]. The orientation of scaffold fibers can impact not only the morphology and arrangement of cells, but also potentially induce alterations in gene expression [66]. These topographical cues could potentially influence the reorganization of the cell nucleus, leading to alterations in gene expression [67]. The unique surface topography resulting from the diameter and arrangement of fibers in GPP and VSCM leads to cell morphology and distribution variations, eventually resulting in potential variations in cellular functional behaviors, including gene expression [68; 35]. The mechanical properties of the fiber structure itself are often a key determinant in influencing cellular morphology and arrangement. Previous research has indicated that increasing GE content does not necessarily lead to the improved proliferation and adhesion of MSCs. Instead, the most favorable cellular responses were obtained when the ratio of PCL to GE was 2:1 [69]. In addition to enhancing material mechanical strength and stability through cross-linking, like VSCM, the PCL layer in GPP further reinforces its stiffness. This not only enables the versatile application of GPP in vivo, but also holds significant potential for modifying the behavior of the cells settled on it. The main limitation of this experiment lies in its inability to mimic the real 3D in vivo environment accurately. The absence of biochemical signaling networks and physical conditions like fluid dynamics may render the final results relatively biased. Furthermore, the lack of more comprehensive and in-depth research on the interplay between physicochemical properties and cellular behavior hinders materials from accurately simulating the ECM environment.