esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Engineering of a FGM Interlayer to Reduce the Thermal Stresses Inside the PFCs
###### Abstract  
A substantial contribution of the stresses that arise inside the Plasma-Facing Components (PFCs) when a heat load is applied is caused by the mismatch of the Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) between the armor, usually made of tungsten (W), and the heat sink. A potential way to reduce such contribution to the secondary stresses is the use of an interlayer made with a Functionally Graded Material (FGM), to be interposed between the two sub-components. By tailoring the W concentration in the volume of the FGM, one can engineer the CTE in such a way that the thermal stresses are reduced inside the PFC. To minimize and, theoretically, reduce to zero the stresses due to the CTE mismatch, the FGM should ensure kinematic continuity between the armor and the heat sink, in a configuration where they deform into exactly the shape they would assume if they were detached from each other. We will show how this condition occurs when the mean thermal strain of each sub-component is the same. This work provides a methodology to determine the thickness and the spatial concentration function of the FGM able to ensure the necessary kinematic continuity between the two sub-components subjected to a generic temperature field monotonously varying in the thickness, while remaining stress-free itself. A method for the stratification of such ideal FGM is also presented. Additionally, it will be shown that the bending of the PFC, if allowed by the kinematic boundary conditions, does not permit, at least generally, the coupling of the expansion of the armor and of the heat sink. As an example of our methodology, a study case of the thermomechanical design of a steel-based PFC with an engineered W/steel FGM interlayer is presented. In such an exercise, we show that our procedure of engineering a FGM interlayer is able to reduce the linearized secondary stress of more than 24% in the most critical section of the heat sink, satisfying all the design criteria.  
Plasma-Facing Components; functionally graded material; thermomechanical design +
Footnote †: journal: _Sciences_  
_Applied_  
_sciences_
### Boundary Protection Background  
In conventional protection systems, an area on either side of a busbar exists where the time difference between the initial fault and its reflection is too small for the system to detect and interpret correctly [7]. This may result in incorrect fault operations or failure to operate completely. In Figure 1, the relay is set to protect lines 2-3. When a fault occurs on the line, the transient voltage and current signals travel in both directions on the line. During the transient period, the signals encounter points of discontinuity where reflections and refractions of the signal occur that travel back to the relay. Taking into account that each busbar serves as a node for the connection of various power system components. It acts as a filter that removes high-frequency signals during fault conditions and conducts them to earth [11]. This characteristic of a busbar is known as bus capacitance. The transmission lines used in this project are balanced \(\pi\)-sections with lumped parameters [18]. As shown in Figure 1, a fault occurring at F1 or F4 will have the high-frequency component of the transient current signal shunted to earth through the capacitance. This results in the relay receiving a current fault signal with the high-frequency component removed and a full spectrum voltage signal [11]. However, if the fault occurs at F2 or F3, the signal does not pass through a bus before it reaches the relay and does not lose any of its frequency components for both the transient voltage and current signals [11]. Since the voltage is obtained at bus 2, using only the voltage signals, it is only possible to differentiate between fault F3 and F4, but not between fault F1 and F2. However, by combing the voltage and current signals, it becomes possible to protect the entire line [7].
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Characterisation  
The resultant PVA and PLLA layers were initially analysed through optical microscopy. Sample sets were prepared in batches of 4 repeats of printing conditions. For single PVA layers, thickness values are reported as an average across 3 printing batches of 4 samples for each printing condition (12 in total). Single-printed PLLA and PLLA layers prepared with a sacrificial PVA layer are reported as an average of a single printing batch of 4 samples. Each sample was sectioned using wire clippers and mounted to a support card to keep upright during imaging. The cross sections were imaged at 10\(\times\) magnification to measure mean layer thickness. Standard deviations are reported across each dataset in the figures presented. For detailed 3D scanning, selected samples were studied further using a SkyScan 1172 Micro-CT system (Bruker MicroCT, Kontich, Belgium). 2 cm PLLA segments were scanned with a pixel size of 1.96 \(\upmu\)m, an operating voltage of 25 kV, 0.2\({}^{\circ}\) step size with a frame averaging of 2 and 180\({}^{\circ}\) rotation. Projections were reconstructed using NRecon software (Bruker MicroCT, Kontich, Belgium), and areas of interest were viewed in DataViewer (Bruker MicroCT, Kontich, Belgium) to measure thicknesses and also capture cross-sectional images.
###### Abstract  
Clustering, as an essential part in an hierarchy protocol that can prolong the network lifetime, is influenced by the cluster head selection and clustering scheme. A new clustering algorithm called clustering by fast search and finding of density peaks (CFSFDP) based on local density and distance is implementable and efficient. In this paper, we combine this clustering algorithm with a hierarchy protocol in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). However, energy consumption in each round is unbalanced only considering these two variables during the clustering phase, which leads to the early death of the first node. In order to solve this problem, we take residual energy into consideration in our improved CFSFDP-E (energy) algorithm so as to ultimately balance the energy consumption of the network. We analyze different forms of energy and choose a dynamic threshold for each round in the CFSFDP-E algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach can not only postpone the death of the first node by almost 50% compared to LEACH, but that it also outperforms several related protocols with respect to energy efficiency.  
wireless sensor networks (WSNs); clustering; CFSFDP; energy-balanced protocol +
Footnote †: journal: Sensors
# Comparing the Performance of Vivotless Tracking and Fixed-Type Floating Solar Power Systems
## 4 Conclusions  
In this study, we installed a pivotless tracking-type floating solar power system and compared it to a conventional fixed-type floating system. The pivotless tracking-type system rotates the floating body through the day so it can produce more energy than fixed-type. With the increased amount of exposed daily insolation, the suggested pivotless tracking-type system generated approximately 14% more energy production during the monitored 16 months. The performance of the tracking-type system was maximized in May, which showed 25.63% more energy output than the fixed-type solar system, and the performance was minimized during the winter with only 3% more energy output. Because of its pivotless structure, this system can be applied to large-scale floating solar power systems with reduced construction costs, simpler maintenance to prevent collisions between the pylon and structure, and safer operation in strong winds. These advantages are essential for large-scale power generation facilities, and this pivotless tracking-type  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Type** & **Fixed (kWh)** & **Tracking (kWh)** & **Increased Rate (\%)** \\ \hline Total energy output & 2313.30 & 2684.69 & 13.83 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Comparison of the fixed and tracking-type system for total energy output and increased rate from May 2019 to June 2020.  
Figure 11: Comparison of monthly energy output of fixed tracking-type solar power system with the amount of solar radiation.  
solar power system can be used in the solar industry. For further work, it is necessary collecting more long-term period and versatile data to analyze in more detail.  
Conceptualization, H.J. and M.K.; methodology, H.J. and Y.N.; formal analysis, H.J. and Y.N.; investigation, M.K.; data curation, H.J. and Y.N.; writing--original draft preparation, H.J.; writing--review and editing, J.L.; visualization, Y.N.; supervision, J.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by a Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) grant funded by the Korea government (MOTIE) (No. 20213030010430, Development of core technologies to strengthen competitiveness of both-sided modules).  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Sensory Tests
#### 3.4.2 Consumer Acceptance and Purchase Intention Test Scores  
The mean acceptance scores for all infusions ranged from 5.3 (nor liked neither dissolved) to 6.1 (liked slightly) (Figure 3A). No significant difference was observed between the genders' scores. The mean Acceptability Index (AI) ranged from 67.8% to 59.4%. Figure 3: Mean acceptance (**A**) and purchase intention (**B**) scores given for coffee cascara infusions by Brazilian consumers living in Rio de Janeiro. Different letters over the bars indicate statistical differences among samples by ANOVA (\(p\leq 0.05\)) (\(n=100\) assessors). Samples: 1—Brazil (F); 2—Bolivia (F); 3—El Salvador (F); 4—Nicaragua (F); 5—Brazil (UF); 6—Nicaragua (UF). F—fermented; UF—Unfermetred. According to [PERSON] et al. (2017), for a sample to be considered \"well-accepted\", it must obtain 70% AI or higher. Therefore, considering the mean scores from all assessors, the tested infusions failed to reach 70%, although Sample 6 (unfermented infusion) (68%) was close to reaching it. As usual, the purchase intention results (Figure 3B) were associated with those from the acceptance test. Sample 2 (fermented) received a lower score, probably because of the high degree of fermentation. As individual preferences may differ considerably concerning foods and are not reflected in the mean scores, cluster analysis was carried out to identify consumer segments with similar likings. This analysis is relevant for distinguishing different market niches. Three groups of consumers were identified. Cluster 1 (\(n=22\), mean score = 8--\"liked very much\", and AI \(\approx\) 87%) consistently attributed the highest scores, especially to the unfermented samples. Cluster 1 was primarily composed of females (73%) aged between 25 and 34 years old (64%), with postgraduate education (68%), family monthly income > 5 MW (59%). They habitually consumed caffeinated infusions such as toasted mate (55%) and black tea (32%), and herbal infusions such as lemon balm (64%) and chamomile (59%). They also reported consuming fruits teas, such as hibscus, lavernder, and roses (50%). Most assessors usually consumed imported teas and did not have the habit of sweetening teas. Cluster 2 (\(n=30\), mean score = 4--\"disliked slightly\") was composed mostly of female (66.7%), 18-24 years old (56.7%), with incomplete higher education (60%), and family monthly income of 2 to 3 MW (46.7%). They habitually consumed infusions such as toasted mate (53.3%) and herbal or fruit infusions (40.0%). Cluster 3 (\(n=48\), mean score = 6--\"liked\" or \"slightly liked\"), the largest cluster, was composed mostly of females (81.3%), 18-24 years old (54.2%), with incomplete higher education (47.9%), family monthly income between 2 and 3 MW (47.1%). They habitually consumed infusions of toasted mate (60.4%), chamomile (43.8%) and lemon balm (43.8%).
# An Enhanced Precoder for Multi User Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Downlink Systems
## 5 Simulation Results  
This section analyzes BER and throughput performances for proposed scheme. In the first subsection, the MGBD precoder is compared to the RBD and the GBD precoder. In second subsection, the throughput performances for the adaptive MGBD and GBD precoder are represented according to SNR. The simulation parameters are shown in Table 1. All simulations are performed by MATLAB, and the BER performances are measured by Monte Carlo method. Then, the simulation results are provided by averaging a large number of results for a given SNR to obtain reliable BER values. Additionally, this simulation considers a Rayleigh flat fading channel environment for which the channel components with zero mean unit variance are i.i.d. Also, it is assumed that the number of data streams for all UEs is the same and the CSI is estimated perfectly at BS and all UEs.
We used multi-collinearity statistical techniques in the modeling process, and checked model performance using statistical indexes including precision, recall, F-measure, Matthew correlation coefficient (MCC), receiver operatic characteristic curve (ROC), precision-recall graph (PRC), Kappa, root mean square error (RMSE), relative absolute error (PRSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and relative absolute error (RAE). Results show that rainfall, elevation, and river density are the most important factors for gully erosion susceptibility mapping in the study area. All three hybrid models that we tested significantly enhanced and improved the predictive power of REPTree (AUC=0.800), but the RS-REPTree (AUC= 0.860) ensemble model outperformed the Bag-REPTree (AUC= 0.841) and the AB-REPTree (AUC= 0.805) models. We suggest that decision makers, planners, and environmental engineers employ the RS-REPTree hybrid model to better manage gully erosion-prone areas in Iran. gully erosion; watershed management; machine learning; hybrid models; GIS; Iran
## 6 Discussion
### Discussion on the Results of the \(t\)-Tests Conducted  
Lastly, \(t\)-tests were conducted to determine the statistical significance of the differences in empirical values of the main traffic flow parameters determined in continuous and interrupted traffic flow conditions. The results of these tests are presented in Table 4. Based on the results derived from the \(t\)-test for the speed variable, it is clear that the differences in vehicle speeds determined under continuous and interrupted traffic stream conditions are statistically significant. A derived \(t\)-statistic of 34.69 far exceeds the critical \(t\)-value of 1.96, leading to rejection of the null hypothesis. The positive \(t\)-statistic indicates that the mean speed of the first statistical sample, associated with continuous traffic stream conditions, is greater than the mean speed of the second statistical sample, related to interrupted traffic stream conditions. The resulting 95% confidence interval, spanning the range [17.97, 20.12], implies that there is a 95% probability that the actual difference in population mean speeds determined under continuous and interrupted traffic flow conditions on the observed regional road will fall within this interval.  
The outcomes of the \(t\)-test conducted for the vehicle flow variable also reveal a statistically significant distinction between hourly vehicle flow volumes determined in continuous and interrupted traffic stream conditions. The \(t\)-statistic in this case is 5.05, notably exceeding the critical \(t\)-value of 1.96 at the 5% significance level. The 95% confidence interval, ranging from 71.30 to 161.98 veh/h, implies that the actual difference in the means of traffic flow volumes determined under continuous and interrupted traffic stream conditions will lie between 71.3 and 161.98 veh/h in 95% of cases.  
The results of the \(t\)-test conducted for the traffic density variable also confirmed the presence of statistically significant differences in the means of traffic density determined in continuous and interrupted traffic stream conditions. The negative \(t\)-statistic indicates that the density values determined on the open road segment are notably lower compared to density values determined on the road segment with signalized intersection. The results obtained also indicate that there is 95% certainty that the actual difference in the means of traffic density determined under continuous and interrupted traffic stream conditions will fall within the range from \(-\)20.67 veh/km to \(-\)17.84 veh/km.
## 4 Discussion  
The proposed codes make an improvement regarding the current one in five points:  
1. The codes are simpler as the load factors are the same, \(\gamma_{\rm G}=\gamma_{\rm Q}=1.2\), and therefore there are less design errors.
2. The codes result in less calculation work, less design output, and less design checking as the load factors are the same, and therefore, one structural analysis often is sufficient instead of the current two analyses in the SLS and in the ULS.
3. The codes can be equally used in the partial factor design approach and in the design value approach, and the proposal enables the use of the simplest design codes, i.e., the allowable stress design method.
4. The proposed codes result in material saving due to better reliability accuracy and due to less excess safety and less material in the cases of variable loads with low variation.
5. The unsafe design cases are less, and therefore, failures are less.  
A comparison is made approximately based on the mean cases, i.e., the load proportion \(\alpha=0.5\) and the coefficient of variation of the variable load \(\rm V_{Q}=0.3\). The proposed load factors are \(\gamma_{\rm G}=\gamma_{\rm Q}=1.2\), and the material safety factors for steel, timber and concrete are \(\gamma_{\rm M}=1.18\), \(1.21\) and \(1.37\), respectively. The mean characteristic load, i.e., load \(\rm V_{Q}=0.3\) is \(23.5\%\), \((15\%+32\%)/2\) higher than the current \(50\)-year return load. Consequently, the safety factor for the variable load compared with the current one is \(\gamma_{\rm Q}=1.48\)\((1.2*1.235)\), and the mean load factor, i.e., the load factor for \(50\%\) load proportion, is \(1.34\)\((1.2+1.48)/2\). Thus, the total mean safety factors for the basic materials are \(1.58\), \(1.62\) and \(1.84\), respectively.  
The analogous mean load factor in the current Eurocodes, in the load combination (8.12), is \(1.43\)\((1.35+1.5)/2\) and the total mean total safety factors of the basic materials are \(1.43\), \(1.86\) and \(2.15\), respectively.  
The proposed total safety factor for steel is \(10\%\) higher than in the current Eurocodes, which suggests that the safety factor for steel \(\gamma_{\rm M}=1.0\) is not enough for \(\beta_{50}=3.2\) and should be increased by about \(20\%\) for this reliability. The questionable steel reliability was concluded by the author earlier [20]. In the calculation above, the uncertainty is omitted. If this factor is considered, the safety factor of steel should be increased even more.
# Identification and Characterization of Fibronectin-Binding Peptides in Gelatin
## 3 Results and Discussion
### MALDI-TOF MS Analysis of the MW Range
In our research, \(m/z\) 1043.31 in Table 1 was doubly charged in the zoom scan, and the ion corresponded to the sequence, GAPGAP*AGAPGTP*GPQIGAGQR, in the region of \(\alpha\)1.757-780. The sequence belonged to \(\alpha\)1-CB7 and contained the cleavage site Q-G#I-A (# represents the bond cleaved) of MMP-1 [23]. This suggested that the fragment, which independently interacted with FN in the domain of \(\alpha\)1.757-791, could reduce to the sequence, GPQGIAGQR, in the region of \(\alpha\)1.772-780. In addition, the sequence, GP*AG, might be another binding site. The sequence GLP*GVAGSVGEP*LGIAGPPGAR in the region of \(\alpha\)2.760-783 corresponded to \(m/z\) 1058.07 (doubly charged) in Table 1, and it contained the cleavage site L-G#I-A. As a result, we inferred that in addition to the collagenase cleavage site, GPAG and GPPG were also binding sites of FN, but the excessive hydroxylation modification of the proline in the sequence GPPG weakened the adhesion to FN. Studies showed that both \(\alpha\)1.552-819 and 643-932 exhibit high FN-binding activity [13]. In Table 1, the peptides numbered 1-4 belonged to the region (Figure 6). The retention time of \(m/z\) 796.8, 1042.3, 908.9, and 780.9 with two charges was 29.46, 38.34, 30.25, and 30.18 min, respectively. In addition, \(m/z\) 793, a double charge, originated from the sequence GANGAP*GIAGAP*GFP*GAR in Figure 7. The result was consistent with that reported by [PERSON] et al., in which \(\alpha\)1-CB8 and \(\alpha\)1.124-402 could bind to FN [24]. The region of \(\alpha\)1.220-237 shortened the binding region of \(\alpha\)1-CB8 and made the binding site more obvious. Figure 6: Extracted ion chromatogram of the peptides, numbers 1–4, in Table 1. (**A**) \(m/z\) 796.8; (**B**) \(m/z\) 1042.3; (**C**) \(m/z\) 908.9; (**D**) \(m/z\) 780.9. Our research identified some binding peptides from the \(\alpha\)2 chain. [PERSON] digested collagen I and II using CNBr and found that both CB4 from \(\alpha\)2(I) homologous with CB10 from \(\alpha\)1(II) and CB5 from \(\alpha\)2(I) homologous with CB12 from \(\alpha\)1(II) exhibited FN-binding activity. CB4 and CB5 were located in the regions of \(\alpha\)2(I).0-300 and 693-1011, but the binding activity of CB4 was weaker than that of CB5 [15]. Table 1 showed that the peptides of regions \(\alpha\)2.102-111, \(\alpha\)2.708-723, \(\alpha\)2.856-873, and \(\alpha\)2.931-941 were included in the binding region. This further suggested that the bound region could cut down these sequences. They contained the same peptide sequences of GPAG and GPPG. Therefore, GPAG or GPPG was the binding site of FN. Moreover, this is the first report on these sequences in \(\alpha\)1.91-99, \(\alpha\)2.328-341, \(\alpha\)2.451-465, \(\alpha\)2.469-486, and \(\alpha\)2.672-692 (Table 1) and their binding with FN. For example, the sequence GFGSLDGAK corresponded to \(m/z\) 851.4, and the matched b and y ions were shown in Figure 8.
# Old Landslide Detection Using Optical Remote Sensing Images Based on Improved YOLOv8
###### Abstract  
The reactivation of old landslides can be triggered by heavy destructive earthquakes, heavy rainfall, and ongoing human activities, thereby resulting in the occurrence of secondary landslides. However, most existing models are designed for detecting nascent landslides and there are few algorithms for old landslide detection. In this paper, we introduce a novel landslide detection model known as YOLOv8-CW, built upon the YOLOv8 (You Only Look Once) architecture, to tackle the formidable challenge of identifying old landslides. We replace the Complete-IoU loss function in the original model with the Wise-IoU loss function to mitigate the impact of low-quality samples on model training and improve detection recall rate. We integrate a CBAM (Convolutional Block Attention Module) attention mechanism into our model to enhance detection accuracy. By focusing on the southwest river basin of the Sichuan-Tibet area, we collect 558 optical remote sensing images of old landslides in three channels from Google Earth and establish a dataset specifically for old landslide detection. Compared to the original model, our proposed YOLOv8-CW model achieves an increase in detection accuracy of 10.9%, recall rate of 6%, and F1 score from 0.66 to 0.74, respectively. These results demonstrate that our improved model exhibits excellent performance in detecting old landslides within the Sichuan-Tibet area.  
old landslide detection; optical remote sensing images; YOLOv8; Wise-IoU loss function; attention module; YOLOv8-CW +
Footnote †: journal: Medical Imaging