## 3 Results and Discussion
### Heavy Metals Content in Raspberry Fruit
[35] in the fruits of the genus _Polana_, which is closest to the examined raspberries, was 5.1 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) DW. Raspberry fruits cultivated in 2021 had a considerably higher Co content, which were 1.95-2.08 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) and 0.02-0.06 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) in 2020 and 2021, respectively. In 2020, similar contents of this element were noted in the raspberries from conventional and organic farming, while in wild-growing ones, the values were lower and statistically significant compared to the fruits conventionally grown. The Co content in Raspberry cv. _Willamette_averaged 0.61 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) for fruit from conventional cultivation and 0.94 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) for fruit grown organically [8]. As for cadmium, its amount in organic raspberries increased by 380% compared to the previous harvest year. In the wild-growing raspberry, this value decreased from 1.00 mg to 0.60 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) DW. In addition, these results were statistically significant with each other, as well as compared with the other results (two years of conventional and organic raspberry cultivation in 2020). According to [PERSON] et al. [23], the Cd and Pb contents in raspberries (_Rubus idaeus_ L.) were 0.116 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) and 0.111 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) DW. In the presented study, these fruits were purchased in a store, which may indicate that they were grown conventionally. When compared with our findings, the Cd and Pb content was lower (Cd contents were 0.05 and 0.04 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) and Pb contents 0.04 and 0.09 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) in the harvest years 2020 and 2021). In turn, [PERSON] et al. [33] found that the Pb content in the examined raspberries was significantly higher and amounted to 13.16 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) DW; however, they grew on contaminated soils. Higher Cd and Pb levels were also reported by other authors [31]. [PERSON] et al. [38] investigated the level of cadmium and lead in raspberry fruit from the city centre and the outskirts. Lead content measured by the authors on the outskirts corresponded to our results, whereas cadmium content was lower. The thallium content in the samples examined in 2020 was not determined for the raspberries from conventional and organic farming. Organic raspberries from the 2021 harvest had the lowest thallium content, while in wild-growing ones, its amount was the highest in both examined years; however, statistical significance was not found between the samples examined. According to [PERSON] [39], the thallium content in berries, which included raspberries, averaged 0.006 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) wet weight. This means that the fruits examined in this study had a lower amount of this heavy metal, since in wild-growing raspberry collected in 2021, containing the most thallium, its content was 0.0015 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) wet weight. In the available literature, there are no data on the contents of aluminium, molybdenum, vanadium, boron, strontium, antimony and titanium in raspberry fruit. The highest Al content, however, statistically insignificant compared to other results, was found in wild-growing raspberry in 2021. As for Mo content, raspberry fruits harvested in 2020 contained more molybdenum than those collected in 2021. Wild-growing raspberry is a fruit that is hardly available to consumers. Its selective occurrence and availability, which depends on weather conditions, contribute to this. Another obstacle is difficult harvest, as the fruits are smaller and the shrub is smaller than in organic or conventional cultivation. However, more and more shops offer organic and conventional raspberries. This study showed that organic raspberries contained significantly more Cd and Zn (harvest 2021) and vanadium (harvest 2020) compared to conventionally grown raspberries. The latter ones, cultivated in 2021, had higher statistically significant content of Mo, Cu and Sr. Of the aforementioned elements, cadmium poses a risk to human health, so with regard to the products containing its higher amounts caution is recommended.