# Digital Histology by Phase Imaging Specific Biomarkers for Human Tumoral Tissues Discrimination
## 3 Results
### Statistical Analysis  
The previous results are statistically analyzed. First, a boxplot analysis is made for each parameter as a function of tissue type and magnification. Selected results are shown in Figures 4 and 5. These figures show the median (red line), the distance between the first Q1 and third Q3 quartiles (blue box), and the distance between the maximum and minimum (dotted line). Figure 4 shows results for fractal dimension of liver tissue at 40\(\times\), Figure 4a, and refractive index variance of kidney tissue at 20\(\times\), Figure 4b. In both cases, practically the entire range of variation of the healthy tissues is comprised in the variation range of the tumoral samples. As a consequence, measurements from both samples would be difficult to differentiate. Figure 5 represents the refractive index variance of colon tissue at 10\(\times\), Figure 5a, and scattering coefficient of liver tissue at 20\(\times\), Figure 5b. In the former, there could be still a margin to potentially differentiate between the tissues, although there is a significant overlap. This process would be much easier in the latter case, Figure 5b, where there is practically no overlapping between both sample types. Consequently, the differentiation procedure would be easier. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Sample**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**RIV 1**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**SC 2**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**AF 3**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**FD 4**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**OS 5** [\(\mu\)m]**} \\  & & [**rad2/mm**] & & & \\ \hline
10\(\times\) healthy & 0.0299 \(\pm\) 0.0053 & 22.55 \(\pm\) 9.67 & 0.98495 \(\pm\) 0.06128 & 2.358 \(\pm\) 0.242 & 87.41 \(\pm\) 15.99 \\
10\(\times\) tumor & 0.0247 \(\pm\) 0.0053 & 20.96 \(\pm\) 15.37 & 0.99612 \(\pm\) 0.00395 & 2.609 \(\pm\) 0.266 & 84.35 \(\pm\) 11.26 \\
20\(\times\) healthy & 0.0228 \(\pm\) 0.0078 & 56.21 \(\pm\) 30.09 & 0.99877 \(\pm\) 0.00207 & 2.476 \(\pm\) 0.324 & 45.98 \(\pm\) 8.89 \\
20\(\times\) tumor & 0.0234 \(\pm\) 0.0043 & 31.05 \(\pm\) 28.51 & 0.99503 \(\pm\) 0.00594 & 2.490 \(\pm\) 0.218 & 42.67 \(\pm\) 10.53 \\
40\(\times\) healthy & 0.0182 \(\pm\) 0.0051 & 47.01 \(\pm\) 25.30 & 0.99911 \(\pm\) 0.00068 & 2.998 \(\pm\) 0.162 & 29.55 \(\pm\) 5.82 \\
40\(\times\) tumor & 0.0195 \(\pm\) 0.0037 & 42.68 \(\pm\) 35.75 & 0.99853 \(\pm\) 0.00124 & 3.003 \(\pm\) 0.207 & 25.28 \(\pm\) 5.53 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* RIV = Refractive Index Variance. 2 SC = Scattering Coefficient. 3 AF = Anisotropy Factor. 4 FD = Fractal Dimension. 5 OS = Outer Scale.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Results of phase contrast parameters for colon samples, at different magnification, shown as mean \(\pm\) standard deviation. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Sample**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**RIV 1**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**SC 2**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**AF 3**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**FD 4**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**OS 5** [\(\mu\)m]**} \\  & & [**rad2/mm**] & & & \\ \hline
10\(\times\) healthy & 0.0244 \(\pm\) 0.0019 & 28.35 \(\pm\) 5.13 & 0.99821 \(\pm\) 0.00021 & 2.722 \(\pm\) 0.104 & 118.89 \(\pm\) \\
10\(\times\) tumor & 0.0246 \(\pm\) 0.0022 & 15.85 \(\pm\) 9.81 & 0.99602 \(\pm\) 0.00141 & 2.528 \(\pm\) 0.097 & 97.87 \(\pm\) 19.89 \\
20\(\times\) healthy & 0.0200 \(\pm\) 0.0015 & 51.38 \(\pm\) 25.40 & 0.99808 \(\pm\) 0.00340 & 2.764 \(\pm\) 0.079 & 51.46 \(\pm\) 9.13 \\
20\(\times\) tumor & 0.0202 \(\pm\) 0.0042 & 31.47 \(\pm\) 26.54 & 0.99808 \(\pm\) 0.00152 & 2.576 \(\pm\) 0.113 & 45.84 \(\pm\) 10.41 \\
40\(\times\) healthy & 0.0156 \(\pm\) 0.0008 & 30.65 \(\pm\) 31.55 & 0.99617 \(\pm\) 0.00572 & 3.256 \(\pm\) 0.089 & 34.25 \(\pm\) 5.05 \\
40\(\times\) tumor & 0.0174 \(\pm\) 0.0019 & 38.56 \(\pm\) 14.45 & 0.99927 \(\pm\) 0.00022 & 3.253 \(\pm\) 0.147 & 29.92 \(\pm\) 6.47 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* RIV = Refractive Index Variance. 2 SC = Scattering Coefficient. 3 AF = Anisotropy Factor. 4 FD = Fractal Dimension. 5 OS = Outer Scale.  
\end{table}