## 2 Materials and Methods  
Depending on the causes of occurrence, five groups of floods are distinguished, each of which is associated with certain natural or man-made factors. Table 1 shows the classification of floods. Over the past 30 years, the East Kazakhstan region has seen a predominance of floods of groups 1 and 2. This conclusion was derived during an analysis of historical flood data for the East Kazakhstan region, based on official records and data provided by the Republican State Enterprise \"Kazhydrotnet\" [20] and the Department for Emergency Situations of the East Kazakhstan region [21]. To forecast and monitor the flood situation, the emergency monitoring system was used, which is a comprehensive tool that includes many modules for processing, modeling, and visualizing data (Figure 1). These modules work closely together to effectively analyze and respond to potential threats [22]. The system includes a graphical database that is filled by receiving information \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Group** & **Description of the Group** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{1 st group} & This group includes floods associated mainly with the \\  & maximum runoff from spring snowmelt. Such floods are \\  & characterized by a significant, fairly long-term rise in the water \\  & level in the river and are usually called high-water floods. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{2 nd group} & This group includes floods formed by intense rains, sometimes \\  & by melting snow during winter thaws. They are characterized \\  & by intense, relatively short-term rises in the water level and are \\  & called freshests. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{3 rd group} & This group includes floods caused mainly by the high resistance \\  & that the water flow encounters in the river. This usually occurs \\  & at the beginning and end of winter during ice jams. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{4 th group} & This group includes floods created by wind surges of water on \\  & large lakes and reservoirs, as well as in sea estuaries. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{5 th group} & This group includes floods due to dam breaks. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Flood classification. Figure 1: Scheme of emergency monitoring system. on the current state of flood zones and the dynamics of their development using space monitoring systems. This monitoring technology is based on an analysis of EOS-AM TERRA MODIS daytime images and Sentinel-2 [23] space images and allows for tracking the dynamics of flood zones during floods and inundations. At the second level, medium-resolution data, such as Landsat, as well as radar data are used as they are received. At the third level, when it is necessary to analyze the situation in particularly critical cases, high- and ultra-high-resolution optical and radar remote sensing data (RSD) are used [24]. By superimposing flood zones on these layers, the system can quickly identify objects under threat. Among the key elements of the system, it is worth highlighting the data analysis module. This component is especially designed for modeling river flows and contains a number of modules, each of which performs its own function of modeling and forecasting floods. Currently, there are many software solutions for modeling hydrodynamic processes on the market. However, when it comes to forecasting and preventing natural disasters, special attention is paid to software packages such as HEC-RAS and MIKE [25]. To create a simulation model of a river (canal) system, it is necessary to know hydraulics, numerical methods used in computational hydraulics, differential and integral calculus, programming, and data processing principles. In this study, a numerical modeling method based on the description of motion by the Saint-Venant equations was chosen [26]. When solving problems using the Saint-Venant equations, problems arise with the insufficiency and low accuracy of the initial information, primarily hydraulic resistance.