## 8 Simulation Results and Analysis
Figure 7: Average throughput vs. packet sending rate (regular traffic). * **PDF and TDP Measurements:*
* In Figures 9 and 10, PDF and TDP metrics are examined, and the main simulation findings are as follows:
* DSDV performed the worst protocol in terms of PDF and TDP. As packet rates and node speeds increased, DSDV struggled with stale routes and broken links. * DSR protocol showed superior performance with stable PDF and low TDP, benefiting from fast route discovery and multiple cached routes. **Scenario I discussion and analysis:**  
**Energy Consumption:** DSDV is suitable for low-traffic scenarios, due to its low energy consumption. AODV and DSR are more energy-efficient in cases of high traffic. **Throughput:** DSR is optimal in cases requiring high throughput, such as real-time video streaming or large data transfer during disaster recovery. **NRL:** DSR has the higher routing overhead at low packet rates; however, it has a stable performance at higher packet rates, making it adequate for dynamic environments. **Efficiency and Reliability:** DSR's fast route recovery and multiple cached routes make it highly efficient and reliable in dynamic environments. 2. Simulation Scenario II  
**Simulation Setup:**  
* **Simulation Tool:** NS3 network simulator
* **Area:** 1000 m \(\times\) 1000 m
* **Nodes:** 10, 16, 20, 30, 50 and 60 nodes
* **Source-Destination Pairs:** Half the number of active nodes
* **Traffic Patterns:** Regular and irregular traffic patterns
* **Metrics:** average energy consumption, throughput, NRL, PDF and TDP  
**Use Case:** MANETs are deployed in search and rescue operations to establish communication networks among responders. This simulation scenario mainly inspects how the DSDV, DSR and AODV routing protocols can perform under varying numbers of nodes while different traffic loads are considered. Also, the simulation outcomes can contribute to investigating how the network can adapt to varying traffic patterns and at same time provide reliable data transfer especially in dynamic environments. **Scenario Goals:**  
1. Study the relationship between energy consumption and number of nodes
2. Evaluate the capability of each protocol to deliver data reliably under different node quantities
3. Understand the routing overhead induced by each protocol
4. Evaluate reliability and efficiency of data delivery  
**Results and Findings:**  
1. **Energy Consumption:**  
* **Regular Traffic:** Figure 11 shows that DSDV had the best performance with lower quantities of nodes and DSR showed superior performance at higher quantities of nodes due to route caching. **Irregular Traffic:** Figure 12 showed decreased energy consumption compared to regular traffic with all protocols. DSDV performance decay at higher quantities of nodes, while DSR and AODV showed stable energy consumption  
Figure 11: Energy consumption vs. number of nodes (regular traffic). 2. **Throughput Evaluation:** * **Regular Traffic:** Figure 13 shows that DSR had the highest throughput, benefiting from lower routing overhead, while DSDV had the lowest throughput. * **Irregular Traffic:** in Figure 14, it is clear that DSR was superior in terms of throughput profiting from lower routing overhead, with higher throughput compared to regular traffic. 3. **NRL Analysis:** * **Regular Traffic:** AODV had the highest NRL in Figure 15 at higher node quantities, while DSDV and DSR performed comparably. Figure 14: Throughput vs. number of nodes (irregular traffic). Figure 12: Energy consumption vs. number of nodes (irregular traffic). Figure 13: Throughput vs. number of nodes (regular traffic). * **Irregular Traffic:** DSDV had a higher NRL, as shown in Figure 16, with fewer nodes, as it uses constant routing table updates even during the \"OFF\" period. DSR demonstrated efficient NRL values with higher quantities of nodes, due reliable route caching. * **PDF and TDP Measurements:*
* **Regular Traffic:*
* Figures 17 and 18 indicate that DSDV provide inferior performance, while DSR and AODV is showing superior performance in terms of PDF and TDP.