# Proposal for the Evaluation of Eco-Efficient Concrete
## 3 Proposed Assessment Method for the Eco-Efficiency of Concrete
### Eco-Efficiency Assessment Method of Concrete
#### 3.4.2 Cost Performance (CP)  
Economic performance assessment is performed on raw material production, transportation, and concrete manufacturing stages. The manufacturing cost per 1 m\({}^{3}\) of concrete was calculated using the unit price (Korean price information DB), based on the amount of materials and energy sources used in each step (Equation (12)). As shown in Table 6, the standard price information DB of Korea was investigated and applied to calculate the manufacturing costs for the raw materials and energy sources used in the production of concrete. Manufacturing cost (MC) was calculated by multiplying the unit price (KRW/kg) of raw materials, such as normal cement, slag cement, aggregate, admixtures (GGBS and fly ash), and chemical admixtures used to manufacture 1 m\({}^{3}\) of concrete, with the unit price (KRW/unit) of energy sources such as diesel, kerosene, electricity, and LNG used in the production of concrete by transport equipment and manufacturing facilities.  
\[COST_{pf}=\sum_{i}(Input_{i,j}\times UC_{i}) \tag{12}\]  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**GWP** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Human Health** \\ **(DALY/kg)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Social Assets** \\ **(KRW/kg)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Biodiversity** \\ **(EINES/kg)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Primary Production** \\ **(kg/kg)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline Ordinary Portland Cement & \(1.17\times 10^{-7}\) & \(2.58\) & \(0\) & \(0\) \\ Coarse aggregate & \(5.45\times 10^{-9}\) & \(1.20\times 10^{-1}\) & \(0\) & \(0\) \\ Blast furnace slag & \(3.81\times 10^{-9}\) & \(8.43\times 10^{-2}\) & \(0\) & \(0\) \\ Electric & \(7.91\times 10^{-9}\) & \(1.75\times 10^{-1}\) & \(0\) & \(0\) \\ Diesel & \(4.71\times 10^{-5}\) & \(1.04\times 10^{3}\) & \(0\) & \(0\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Example of global warming potential (GWP).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**ADP** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Human Health** \\ **(DALY/kg)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Social Assets** \\ **(KRW/kg)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Biodiversity** \\ **(EINES/kg)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Primary Production** \\ **(kg/kg)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Ordinary Portland Cement & \(0\) & \(2.72\times 10^{-2}\) & \(1.71\times 10^{-16}\) & \(2.93\times 10^{-4}\) \\ Coarse aggregate & \(0\) & \(2.58\times 10^{-1}\) & \(1.62\times 10^{-15}\) & \(2.78\times 10^{-3}\) \\ Blast furnace slag & \(0\) & \(3.17\times 10^{-3}\) & \(1.98\times 10^{-17}\) & \(3.41\times 10^{-5}\) \\ Electric & \(0\) & \(6.26\times 10^{-3}\) & \(3.92\times 10^{-17}\) & \(6.75\times 10^{-5}\) \\ Diesel & \(0\) & \(3.30\times 10^{2}\) & \(2.07\times 10^{-12}\) & \(3.55\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Example of abiotic depletion potential (ADP).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Safeguard** & **Unit** & **Economic Value (KRW/unit)** \\ \hline Human health & DALY & \(2.82\times 10^{7}\) \\ Social assets & One thousand KRW & \(1.00\times 10^{3}\) \\ Biodiversity & Species & \(5.69\times 10^{5}\) \\ Primary production & Ton & \(4.93\times 10^{4}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Economic value of safeguard [34].  
Here, \(Input_{i,j}\) is (_i_) step (_j_) material and energy and \(UC_{j}\) is (_j_) unit price of material production (KRW). (_i_) Step: Raw material, Transportation, Manufacture. (_j_) Material: Cement; aggregate, admixture, etc.; electricity; and oil (diesel and kerosene) used by trains, trucks and batch plants.