# Advances in the Study of Bioactive Compounds and
## 2 Nutritional Composition of Goji Berry
[30] revealed significant changes in several key nutritional attributes, including the soluble solid content (SSC), titatable acidity (TA), vitamin C content, total polyphenol content, and antioxidant activity in goji berry stored at different temperatures. The SSC of goji berries showed a slight decrease during storage, with the most significant reduction observed at 7 \({}^{\circ}\)C, where it dropped to 22.3% after 12 days. In contrast, berries stored at 0 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C maintained closer values to the initial SSC, indicating better preservation of sugars at these lower temperatures. The TA also decreased over time, particularly at 0 \({}^{\circ}\)C, where it fell to about 0.56%, compared to 0.62% at 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 7 \({}^{\circ}\)C. This reduction at 0 \({}^{\circ}\)C could be attributed to the loss of organic acids due to chilling stress. Consequently, the SSC/TA ratio was highest for fruits stored at 0 \({}^{\circ}\)C (41.6) compared to those stored at 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C (38.2) and 7 \({}^{\circ}\)C (36.2). The vitamin C content was 0.408 g/kg fresh weight (f.w. ), which decreased significantly across all temperatures. After 12 days, the vitamin C content was lowest in fruits stored at 7 \({}^{\circ}\)C (0.142 g/kg f.w. ), followed by those stored at 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C (0.175 g/kg f.w.) and 0 \({}^{\circ}\)C (0.163 g/kg f.w.). The higher temperatures likely accelerated the oxidation of ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbic acid, as indicated by the increased levels of dehydroascorbic acid at 7 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The total polyphenol content also varied with storage temperature. After 12 days, berries stored at 0 \({}^{\circ}\)C had the highest total polyphenol content (2.55 g/kg) compared to those stored at 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C (2.25 g/kg) and 7 \({}^{\circ}\)C (2.13 g/kg). The lower polyphenol levels at higher temperatures might be due to increased oxidation rates. Antioxidant activity was highest in fruits stored at 7 \({}^{\circ}\)C (3.216 g Trolox/kg), followed by 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C (2.971 g Trolox/kg) and 0 \({}^{\circ}\)C (2.746 g Trolox/kg). This trend suggests that higher storage temperatures may help preserve certain antioxidant compounds like zeaxanthin and \(\beta\)-carotene, which contribute to the overall antioxidant capacity of goji berries. The variation in nutrient composition due to these factors underscores the importance of standardization in goji berry production and processing. It also highlights the need for careful sourcing and quality control in the production of goji berry-based products to ensure consistent nutritional value. **Comparison with other superfoods. ** To better understand the relative potency of goji berries' bioactive properties, it is valuable to compare the findings of goji berries with other well-documented superfoods [32]. The total phenolic content in goji berries (46-87% dry weight) shows comparable levels to established adaptogenic plants like _Uncaria rhythmella_ (327.78 mg GAE/g) and _Polygonum multiforum_ (314.60 mg GAE/g) [33]. The observed antioxidant activities for goji berries align with those reported for various adapogens, particularly in DPPH's radical scavenging capacity, where _Polygonum multiforum_ exhibits similar potency. Interestingly, while goji berries contain notable flavonoid levels (1.0-1.3 mg/g dry weight), these concentrations are lower than those found in some adapogenic plants such as _Uncaria rhythmophila_ (230.13 mg QE/g). This difference suggests distinct phytochemical profiles and potentially complementary health benefits. The metal ion chelating properties we observed in goji berries parallel those reported for adaptogenic plants like _Sutherlandia frutscens_, which demonstrates substantial chelating abilities. These comparisons highlight that goji berries, while possessing their unique bioactive profile, share important functional properties with other recognized superfoods, particularly in terms of antioxidant capacity and potential therapeutic applications.