## 3 Botany  
Based on the search results from the Chinese herbal medicine series of the Chinese herbal medicine resource dictionary [18], Flora of China ([[https://www.plantplus.cn/foc](https://www.plantplus.cn/foc)]([https://www.plantplus.cn/foc](https://www.plantplus.cn/foc)), accessed on 10 April 2023), Scientific Database of China Plant Species (DCP) ([[http://db.kib.ac.cn](http://db.kib.ac.cn)]([http://db.kib.ac.cn](http://db.kib.ac.cn)), accessed on 10 April 2023), and other websites, and complemented by an extensive array of references, the genus _Trollius_ comprises 26 species, as detailed in Table 1. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Num** & **Latin Name** & **Distribution Area** & **Altitude** \\ \hline
1 & _T. chinensis_ Bunge & Shanxi, N. Henan, Hebei, E. Inner Mongolia, W. Liaoning and & 1000–2200 m \\  & & Jilin provinces of China & \\ \hline
2 & _Trollius altaticus_ [PERSON]. [PERSON]. & N. Xinjiang (Tacheng, Altai, etc.), China; W. Inner Mongolia, & 1200–2650 m \\  & & China; Siberia, Russia; People’s Republic of Mongolia & \\ \hline
3 & _Trollius asiaticus_ L. & Heilongjiang, China (Shanghai); Xinjiang, China (Hami); & Not applicable \\  & & Siberia, Russia; Mongolia & \\ \hline
4 & _Trollius buddae_ Schipcz. & N. Sichuan, China; S. Gansu, China; S. Shaanxi, China & 1780–2400 m \\ \hline
5 & _Trollius buddae_ f. _dolicbotelus_ & Not applicable & Not applicable \\  & & [PERSON] and [PERSON] & \\ \hline
6 & _Trollius dschungaricus_ [PERSON] & Tianshan and Zhaosu, Xinjiang, China; Central Asia, Russia & 1800–3100 m \\ \hline
7 & _Trollius farreri_ Stapf & Qinghai, China & 2000–4700 m \\ \hline
8 & _Trollius farreri_ [PERSON] var/. & NW Yunnan, China (Deqin); SE Tibet, China (Tsatsumi) & 3500–4200 m \\  & & major [PERSON] & \\ \hline
9 & _Trollius japonicus_ Miq. & Changbai Mountain, Jilin, China; Sakhalin Island (Kuril Islands); Japan & 1200–2300 m \\ \hline
10 & _Trollius ledebouri_ Rchb. & Heilongjiang, China; NE Inner Mongolia, China; E. Siberia, & 110–900 m \\  & & Russia; Far East & 450–600 m; \\ \hline
11 & _Trollius macropelulus_ Fr. & Liaoning, China; Jilin, China; Heilongjiang, China, etc.; & 450–600 m; \\  & & Russian Far East N Korea; & 450–600 m; \\ \hline
12 & _Trollius micranthus_ & NW Yunnan (Deqin); E. Tibet (Motuo) & 3900–4200 m \\  & & Hand.-Mazz. & \\ \hline
13 & _Trollius pumilus_ D. Don & Southern Tibet, China; Nepal; Sikkim & 4100–4800 m \\ \hline
14 & _Trollius pumilus_ D. Don var. & \\  & foliosus ([PERSON]) & Min County, S. Gansu, China & 3000–3400 m \\  & & [PERSON]. [PERSON] & \\ \hline
15 & _Trollius pumilus_ D. Don var. & NE Tibet, China; NW Sichuan, China; S. and E. Qinghai, & 2300–3700 m \\  & & tangitucus Brühl & China; SW Gansu, China. & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: A total of 26 species of _Trollius_ genus. _T. chinensis_, a perennial herb of medicinal significance, features dried flowers as its medicinal components [3,19]. The geographical distribution of _T. chinensis_ mainly spans Asia, Europe, the temperate zones of North America, and the Arctic region. In China, it is located in Tibet, Yunnan, Sichuan, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Hebei, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, and Taiwan [4]. Additionally, it is prevalent in Russia (Far East, Siberia, and Central Asia), North Korea, Inner Mongolia, Sakhalin Island (Sakhalin Island), Nepal, and Northern Europe [20]. Thriving in light and moist conditions, _T. chinensis_ flourishes best in deep, preferably heavy, and consistently moist soil, exhibiting resilience in full sun or partial shade. Typically growing at elevations between 1000 and 2000 m, it is frequently observed at approximately 1400 m in habitats with ample water and optimal light conditions, such as peatlands, marshes, wet meadows, reservoir banks, mountainous areas, and alpine areas (Figure 1) [21]. _T. chinensis_ plants are glabrous, boasting columns reaching up to 70 cm in height (Figure 2).