## 1 Introduction
Secondly, the transformed image often has a more robust representation of the image content, which makes it more resilient to attacks based on image manipulation. Examples include discrete cosine transform (DCT) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT). This method has the drawback of being vulnerable to chosen-text attacks, in which the attacker examines the coefficients of the plaintext and encrypted image in order to recover the secret keys. Another weakness is the susceptibility to brute-force attacks, which take place when the key is too small. Although we did not incorporate any transform domain encryption techniques into our proposed study, we did integrate multiple techniques with long and complex secret keys. Cryptographic Hash Functions play an important role in the field of image encryption by providing a secure method of verifying the authenticity and integrity of an encrypted image. A cryptographic hash function is a mathematical algorithm that takes an input, such as an image, and produces a fixed-length output, called a hash, that is unique to that input. When an image is encrypted, the hash of the original image can be computed and stored alongside the encrypted image. When the encrypted image is decrypted and the original image is retrieved, a new hash of the recovered image can be computed and compared to the stored hash. If the two hashes match, it is evidence that the encrypted image has not been tampered with and is a secure representation of the original image. The use of cryptographic hash functions in image encryption provides several advantages. Firstly, it allows for the verification of the authenticity and integrity of the encrypted image without the need to compare the entire image to the original. Secondly, it provides a way to detect any changes made to the encrypted image, even if the changes are small and go unnoticed by the human eye. Collision attacks, pre-image attacks, salt attacks, and rainbow table attacks are some of the drawbacks of hash functions in image encryption. Although we have not used a hash function, our proposed technique ensures that it is not possible to use a fake image to obtain the secret key or tamper with the final product by comparing its hash value with the encrypted image. Visual Cryptography [6] is a method of encrypting images using techniques that are based on visual perception, rather than purely mathematical algorithms. The goal of visual image cryptography is to make the encrypted image appear as a random, meaningless pattern to an unauthorized observer, while still preserving the original information when decrypted by the intended recipient. Visual image cryptography can be more secure and robust against attacks, as it takes advantage of the human visual system and its limitations. Another approach used in image encryption is the use of steganography techniques. Steganography is the practice of hiding secret information [7] within an image in a way that is not noticeable to the human eye. The goal of image steganography is to provide a covert communication channel that can be used to transmit sensitive information without being detected by unauthorized parties. The secret information can be in the form of text, images, or other digital data, and it is embedded into the host image in such a way that it does not alter the visual appearance of the image. The ability to hide sensitive data within digital media files that are resistant to file compression, cropping, and scaling is one of the advantages of using steganography. However, its weaknesses include easy detection of the original information when skilled attackers use specialized tools to detect the presence of hidden data and extract information, and the technique also has a limited amount of data that can be hidden within other digital files. Despite these weaknesses, steganography remains an effective way to hide sensitive data, as it allows users to embed private information within a digital file in an inconspicuous way.