## 2 Results and Discussion
### In Vivo Anti-Fatigue Effects of SBP-III-3
#### 2.4.2 Biologic Parameters Determination  
SBP-III-3 Decreased Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)  
Urea is formed in the liver as the end product of protein metabolism. During digestion, protein is broken down into small peptides and amino acids. The amino acid nitrogen is removed as NHt4, while the rest of the molecule is used to produce energy or other substances needed by the cell [30]. Thus, BUN is the metabolic outcome of amino acids and protein, and is one of the sensitive parameters related to fatigue. Therefore, it is usually applied to evaluate the tolerance capability when an animal suffers from a weight load. In other words, the less an animal is adapted to exercise, the more the BUN level increases [1]. As shown in Table 2, the BUN levels of the mice were significantly lower by 16.38%, 16.59%, and 22.06% in the SBP-III-3-LH, SBP-III-3-MG and SBP-III-3-HG compared to the NCG (\(p<0.05\) or \(p<0.01\)), respectively. It was clear that SBP-III-3 treatment weakened the increase in BUN levels induced by catabolism of amino acids and proteins, which indicated that SBP-III-3 could reduce decomposition of proteins for energy, enhance adaptive capacity to physical load, and eventually improve tolerance capacity. The reduced protein metabolism of SBP-III-3 treatment groups is indicative of enhanced endurance. (p<0.05\), \"\" \(p<0.01\) compared with the control; a \(p<0.05\), \"\" \(p<0.01\) compared with the low group. The response to exercise in mammals begins with an increase in aerobic muscular activity, which switches over to anaerobic metabolism if the exercise is intense, which leads to the accumulation of LA [31]. Thus, the accumulation of blood serum LA is an important cause of fatigue. The increased content of LA will lower the pH in muscle tissue and blood, and induce some side effects of various physiological and biochemical processes, which affect both the cardio-circulating system and the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **NCG** & **SBP-III-3-LG** & **SBP-III-3-MG** & **SBP-III-3-HG** \\ \hline BUN (mmol/L) & 9.34 \(\pm\) 0.39 & 7.81 \(\pm\) 0.61 ** & 7.79 \(\pm\) 0.47 ** & 7.28 \(\pm\) 0.43 ** \\ LA (mmol/L) & 3.08 \(\pm\) 0.21 & 2.65 \(\pm\) 0.47 ** & 2.56 \(\pm\) 0.35 ** & 2.46 \(\pm\) 0.34 * \\ LDH (U/gprot) & 2784.95 \(\pm\) 32.92 & 397.10 \(\pm\) 215.90 & 3605.87 \(\pm\) 35.21 ** & 3690.76 \(\pm\) 337.18 * \\ Liver glycogen (mg/g) & 8.32 \(\pm\) 0.47 & 11.29 \(\pm\) 2.31 * & 17.36 \(\pm\) 1.16 ** & 21.41 \(\pm\) 523 ** \\ Muscle glycogen (mg/g) & 2.23 \(\pm\) 0.56 & 2.44 \(\pm\) 0.36 & 3.39 \(\pm\) 0.35 * & 4.80 \(\pm\) 1.12 * \\ SOD (U/mg prot) & 68.82 \(\pm\) 6.17 & 71.74 \(\pm\) 2.52 & 79.63 \(\pm\) 7.40 * & 99.24 \(\pm\) 4.38 ** \\ GSH-rk (U) & 43.22 \(\pm\) 4.09 & 71.89 \(\pm\) 2.34 & 102.05 \(\pm\) 5.78 ** & 147.16 \(\pm\) 12.80 *b \\ CAT (U/g prot) & 186.14 \(\pm\) 2.26 & 325.27 \(\pm\) 1.52 * & 349.75 \(\pm\) 4.09 * & 483.00 \(\pm\) 5.87 ** \\ MDA in liver (mmol/L) & 2.39 \(\pm\) 0.55 & 1.72 \(\pm\) 0.25 ** & 1.23 \(\pm\) 0.31 ** & 1.11 \(\pm\) 0.23 ** \\ MDA in plasma (mmol/L) & 19.92 \(\pm\) 2.87 & 11.75 \(\pm\) 2.62 ** & 9.97 \(\pm\) 1.31 ** & 9.50 \(\pm\) 0.55 ** \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* \(p<0.05\), ** \(p<0.01\) compared with the control; a \(p<0.05\), b \(p<0.01\) compared with the low group.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Effects of SBP-III-3 on BUN, LA, LDH, liver glycogen, muscle glycogen, SOD, GSH-Px, CAT, and MDA in mice (\(n=3\)). Figure 4: Effects of SBP-III-3 on loaded swimming time of mice. All the values were mean \(\pm\) SD (\(n=12\)). * \(p<0.05\), ** \(p<0.01\) compared with NCG. skeletal muscle system function, and then do harm to the body performance [6]. The decrease in the contractive strength of the muscle eventually induces fatigue [32]. Therefore, LA was measured as another index to evaluate the level of fatigue. Table 2 showed the LA levels of the mice were significantly lower by 13.96%, 16.88%, and 20.13% in the SBP-III-3-LH, SBP-III-3-MG, and SBP-III-3-HG compared to the NCG (_p_ < 0.05), respectively.