# The Shared Bicycle and Its Network--Internet of Shared Bicycle (IoSB): A Review and Survey
## 1 Introduction
### Motivations  
In the concept of smart city, almost every smart device with good ability of perception is able to interconnect surroundings with the web of internet. As another example of ITS, Internet of Vehicles (IoV), also called Vehicle Ad-hoc Network (VANET) provides a lot of inspirations to IoSB in this paper.  
The communication architecture of IoV includes vehicles, Road Side Units (RSU), and other communication device, as shown in Figure 2. Consequently, the heterogeneous network architecture of IoV has been classified into different modes of vehicular communications, which involve Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle to Pedestrian (V2P), Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I), Vehicle to Sensor (V2S), and Vehicle to Roadside (V2R) [7; 8]. The architecture of IoV is commonly defined as five layers, which are data acquisition layer, communication layer, data processing layer, application and security layer [7; 8; 9]. As a result of integration of IoT technologies (e.g., NFC, LWPAN, ZigBee, WIFI, Bluetooth), IoV is evolving into a heterogeneous network framework which is playing a more and more significant role in ITS [5]. In future, it will be able to provide a reliable communication platform for various mobile Internet and a pledge on safe driving [10].  
However, the increasing number of cars has brought great pressure to city transportation and eventually resulted in traffic jams. It seems that the shared bicycle is a better solution because of its good flexibility. The trip lengths and costs among different transport methods in urban area are compared in Figure 3. Those public and private transportation systems based on vehicles (e.g., bus, metro, private car, and taxi) are more suitable for mid-distance and long-distance travel. On the other hand, walking and bicycling are more popular in short-distance travel. Compared with walking, it is  
Figure 2: Diagram of IoV.  
obvious that bicycling could save more time and physical strength. As a result, when it comes to trip length, cost and trip speed, the shared bicycle performs best in short-distance travel.  
Compared with other transport methods except walking, bicycling is more environmentally friendly and low-carbon. The bicycling and walking emit the least amount of carbon under the same parameters, as shown in Table 1. To promote using bicycling and other clean transport methods, the European Commission Decision C 6776 founded the European Transport Specific Programme [12; 13].  
Last but not least, as a new type of sharing economy like Uber, the shared bicycle allows people to rent a bicycle at a low price for a short period instead of purchasing them. More importantly, the shared bicycle is also a sustainable transport to increase the utilization efficiency of public traffic resources, which is one of the goals in ITS [6]. Whether it is for consumers, operators, governments, and the environment, the implementation of shared bicycle would result in a win-win situation through reusing and recycling of resources [16].  
In summary, those three advantages of shared bicycle mentioned above are in compliance with requirements of ITS perfectly [6]. Furthermore, a large scale heterogeneous network can be established with the help of IoT technology to conducted traffic monitoring, air monitoring and other applications in smart city [4].