# Fire Behavior of Wood-Glass and Jute-Glass Hybrid Laminates Manufactured by Vacuum Infusion
## 4 Conclusions  
This comprehensive study provided insights into the fire behavior of various hybrid laminates, emphasizing the roles of materials like wood, jute, and glass in influencing combustion characteristics. Laminates containing lignocellulosic materials, particularly WGWGW and J5, exhibited good flammability, attributed to components like cellulose and hemicellulose. In contrast, those with glass showed enhanced fire resistance, with longer burn times, thanks to their inorganic nature and thermal stability. The heat release rate (HRR) was highest for polyester resin, likely due to its volatile esters and styrene content. However, the WGWGW laminate, enriched with glass, displayed improved fire resistance and delayed carbonization, highlighting the pivotal role of glass in influencing combustion kinetics. Moreover, laminates with wood and jute released a great quantity of smoke due to their organic composition, but in any case, it was less than the neat resin. In contrast, the incorporation of glass in hybrid laminates significantly reduced smoke production, suggesting its potential to mitigate environmental hazards during fires. In terms of harmful gas emissions, hybrid laminates generally exhibited reduced CO/CO\({}_{2}\) emissions compared to pure polyester and J5 laminates. This reduction can be attributed to glass fibers acting as barriers, limiting heat conduction and reducing oxygen exposure during combustion. All laminates met the UL 94 HB test criteria, confirming their suitability for fire-sensitive environmental applications. These findings hold significant implications for the field of composite materials and fire safety. Glass incorporation can markedly enhance laminate fire resistance, making them adaptable for fire-sensitive applications in construction and industries prioritizing fire safety. By understanding laminate combustion characteristics, industries can adopt measures to mitigate environmental hazards linked with fires. Laminates with reduced smoke and harmful gas emissions, especially those containing glass, can foster safer and more sustainable environments. Figure 8: Appearance of the samples during the horizontal firing test in accordance with UL 94. Looking ahead, optimizing laminate configurations for superior fire resistance without compromising mechanical and functional properties is a promising avenue for future research. Exploring interactions between wood, jute, and glass can further refine our understanding and contribute to the evolution of innovative, fire-resistant composite materials. Evaluating the burning characteristics of the material under fire conditions stands out as a crucial area for future study. In conclusion, while glass fiber laminates generally exhibited superior fire performance, wood-glass and jute-glass hybrid laminates, with their distinct advantages and positive influence on combustion performance, offer viable alternatives. Thus, selecting the most suitable material hinges on specific application requirements. Future studies with expanded sample sizes, different burning conditions, and rigorous statistical analyses are warranted to corroborate these findings and offer definitive material selection guidelines for specific applications. L.Z.P. : Conceptualization, Original Writing, Validation, Editing, and Software. O.L.S. : Drafting--Revision, Validation, Software, and Editing. A.K. and J.S.-J. : Writing, Supervision, Editing, Methodology, Finance, and Resources. S.M. : Supervision, Editing, Methodology, Finance, and Resources. D.B. : Data Curation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Editing and Formal Analysis, and Writing--Review and Editing. A.F. : Methodology, Validation, Editing, and Drafting. R.d.A.D. : Methodology, Validation, Writing--Review and Editing, Drafting. P.H.G.d.C. : Validation, Supervision, and Writing. A.P.A. : Methodology, Validation, Writing--Review and Editing, and Supervision. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.