# Prediction of Diabetic Nephropathy from the Relationship between Fatigue, Sleep and Quality of Life
## 4 Experiment Results
### Results of Statistical Analysis
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Total**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Nephropathy**} \\ \cline{2-5}
**Variables** & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Yes**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**No**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **(_n_ = 307)** & **(_n_ = 89_)** & **(_n_ = 218_)** & **_p-Value_** \\ \cline{2-5}  & **Mean \(\pm\) SD** & **Mean \(\pm\) SD** & **Mean \(\pm\) SD** & \\ \hline Age (y) & \(63.49\pm 10.42\) & \(64.63\pm 11.19\) & \(63.02\pm 10.07\) & 0.219 \\ Physical status & & & & \\ Waist circumference & \(89.10\pm 11.12\) & \(94.58\pm 11.49\) & \(86.87\pm 10.18\) & 0.000 *** \\ Hip circumference & \(97.63\pm 8.56\) & \(100.68\pm 8.88\) & \(96.41\pm 8.13\) & 0.000 *** \\ Waist/hip ratio & \(91.16\pm 0.07\) & \(0.94\pm 0.76\) & \(0.90\pm 0.61\) & 0.000 *** \\ BMI & \(25.15\pm 4.20\) & \(26.44\pm 4.68\) & \(24.62\pm 3.88\) & 0.001 ** \\ Systolic blood pressure & \(128.49\pm 13.43\) & \(131.69\pm 13.49\) & \(127.04\pm 13.17\) & 0.004 ** \\ Diastolic blood pressure & \(75.53\pm 9.33\) & \(77.97\pm 9.03\) & \(74.51\pm 9.29\) & 0.003 * \\ Metabolic control index & & & & \\ AC sugar (preramidal sugar) & \(135.13\pm 37.16\) & \(137.08\pm 46.20\) & \(134.33\pm 32.83\) & 0.611 \\ PC sugar (postramidal sugar) & \(195.02\pm 67.64\) & \(202.48\pm 61.05\) & \(191.98\pm 70.10\) & 0.296 \\ Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) & \(7.60\pm 3.86\) & \(8.30\pm 7.01\) & \(7.32\pm 0.97\) & 0.197 \\ Complications & & & & \\ Age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity & \(4.54\pm 1.87\) & \(6.75\pm 1.26\) & \(3.63\pm 1.21\) & 0.000 *** \\ index (CCI) & & & & \\ Lifestyle & & & & \\ Weekday sleep hours & \(7.41\pm 2.29\) & \(2.13\pm 0.14\) & \(2.63\pm 0.28\) & 0.113 \\ Weekly mean exercise count & \(3.68\pm 2.67\) & \(2.55\pm 0.17\) & \(2.90\pm 0.31\) & 0.047 * \\ Exercise duration (minutes) & \(45.91\pm 40.26\) & \(39.41\pm 2.67\) & \(40.98\pm 4.34\) & 0.008 * \\ Total exercise minutes/week & \(207.25\pm 128.79\) & \(215.91\pm 14.62\) & \(223.74\pm 23.72\) & 0.104 \\ Fatigue sum & \(52.36\pm 9.00\) & \(54.2\pm 10.04\) & \(51.6\pm 8.45\) & 0.021 * \\ Sleepiness (ESS) score & \(8.77\pm 4.92\) & \(8.84\pm 5.53\) & \(8.74\pm 4.66\) & 0.876 \\ sleep status (PSQI) score & \(7.41\pm 3.91\) & \(7.48\pm 3.68\) & \(7.39\pm 4.00\) & 0.837 \\ Quality of Life (SF-12) score & \(70.56\pm 13.92\) & \(68.17\pm 16.82\) & \(71.54\pm 12.46\) & 0.090 \\ PCS score & \(65.56\pm 18.53\) & \(65.10\pm 21.77\) & \(69.97\pm 16.83\) & 0.062 \\ General health (GH) & \(35.34\pm 21.12\) & \(35.67\pm 23.50\) & \(35.21\pm 20.13\) & 0.896 \\ Role physical health (RP) & \(80.46\pm 27.87\) & \(74.72\pm 31.49\) & \(82.80\pm 26.01\) & 0.034 * \\ Physical functioning (RF) & \(73.98\pm 25.40\) & \(31.42\pm 30.80\) & \(77.01\pm 22.37\) & 0.004 * \\ Body pain (BP) & \(84.45\pm 21.49\) & \(83.43\pm 22.60\) & \(84.86\pm 21.07\) & 0.596 \\ MCS score & \(72.57\pm 12.95\) & \(71.54\pm 14.89\) & \(73.11\pm 12.09\) & 0.253 \\ Mental health (MH) & \(77.48\pm 22.88\) & \(74.30\pm 26.81\) & \(78.78\pm 20.99\) & 0.160 \\ Vitality (VT) & \(77.20\pm 18.67\) & \(75.56\pm 18.84\) & \(77.87\pm 12.60\) & 0.327 \\ Role emotional (RE) & \(55.46\pm 12.41\) & \(57.58\pm 12.67\) & \(54.59\pm 11.78\) & 0.055 \\ Social functioning (SF) & \(80.13\pm 23.49\) & \(77.53\pm 26.66\) & \(81.19\pm 22.04\) & 0.254 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Characteristics of the study patients with and without nephropathy (_n_ = 307). negatively correlated with patients' self-awareness of their quality of life, indicating that a higher fatigue score corresponds to a lower quality of life for patients with diabetes. Moreover, the fatigue score was highly correlated with the severity of the comorbidities with statistical significance. However, we did not find a correlation between glucose control (HbA1c) and fatigue, sleepiness, and sleep quality and comorbidities.