# Durability Issues and Corrosion of Structural Materials and Systems in Farm Environment
## 2 Agricultural Concrete and Metallic Structures
### Impact of Poultry, Cattle Manure, and Swine Manure on Corrosion of Concrete and Metals  
Poultry and swine manure have different corrosive effects on farm structures. The observation is based on [PERSON] and [PERSON] research, which explored the impact of manure over a period of 49 months [3]. The research purposed to determine whether the risk of corrosion was ubiquitous following exposure to cattle, swine, and poultry manure. The experiments were conducted using different metal specimens namely drawing quality galvanized steel (DQ), stainless steel (SS), Galfan 90 (GF-90), Galfan 60 (GF-60), batch galvanized (BG), cold-rolled steel covered with epoxy paint (ECS), and unpainted cold-rolled steel (BS), which were exposed to different forms of manure in the anaerobic lagoon (submerged and suspended), animal housing, and manure collection pit. The data depicted in Tables 2-4 show that cold-rolled steel was most susceptible to corrosion in the housing section. Similarly, cold-rolled still was susceptible to corrosion in the lagoon section. In contrast, drawing quality steel had the highest rate of corrosion in the manure collection point, followed by stainless steel and Galfan 90 [3]. The inconsistencies in the rate of corrosion among different metals exposed to different environments could be attributed to the variations in the corrosive species such as chloride ions, chemical oxygen demand, total dissolved solids, chloride ions, and potassium, sodium, magnesium, and calcium ions. The observations made by [PERSON] and [PERSON] concerning the variable chemical composition of different types of manure are in line with findings made by [PERSON] and co-researchers using the Kjeldahl method [4]. Another notable observation was that there was a considerable variation in the composition of poultry, swine, and cattle/dairy manure between 1985 and 1990. The changes could be linked to the composition of the animal feeds, water, or environmental factors. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Metal Type**} & **Original Weight** & **The Average Rate of Metal** & **\% of Metal** & **Duration of Tests** \\  & **in g/cm\({}^{2}\)** & **Loss (g/cm\({}^{2}\)/month)** & **Remaining (mass)** & **(months)** \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{l}{Manure collection pit} \\ \hline BS & 1.0408 & 0.0474 & 0 & 22 \\ \hline ECS & 1.0462 & 0.0299 & 0 & 35 \\ \hline BG & 0.63 & 0 & 100 & 49 \\ \hline GF-600-3283 & & 0.0094 & 0 & 35 \\ \hline GF-90 & 0.3271 & 0.009 & 0 & 35 \\ \hline SS & 0.6251 & 0 & 100 & 49 \\ \hline DQ & 0.4272 & 0.0292 & 0 & 29 \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{l}{Housing area} \\ \hline BS & 1.0408 & 0.0033 & 84.6 & 49 \\ \hline ECS & 1.0462 & 0 & 100 & 49 \\ \hline BG & 2.4963 & 0 & 100 & 49 \\ \hline GF-60 & 0.3283 & 0 & 100 & 49 \\ \hline GF-90 & 0.3271 & 0 & 100 & 49 \\ \hline SS & 0.6251 & 0 & 100 & 49 \\ \hline DQ & 0.4272 & 0 & 100 & 49 \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{l}{Lagoon surface} \\ \hline BS & 1.0408 & 0.0356 & 0 & 29 \\ \hline ECS & 1.0462 & 0.0072 & 65.9 & 49 \\ \hline BG & 2.4963 & 0 & 100 & 49 \\ \hline GF-60 & 0.3283 & 0 & 100 & 49 \\ \hline GF-90 & 0.3271 & 0 & 100 & 49 \\ \hline SS & 0.6251 & 0 & 100 & 49 \\ \hline DQ & 0-4272 & 0 & 100 & 49 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Metal losses due to corrosion in poultry manure environments [3]. “Reproduced with permission from Safley, L.M. ; Westerman, P.W., Bioresour. Technol. published by Elsevier, 1992”.