esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Loss with an Increasing Number of Satellites
* Figure 18 shows the relationship between the number of satellites \(N_{S}\) and the corresponding loss with respect to an ideal 2-PAM system at certain values of \(P_{b}(e)^{*}\)  
Figure 16: Overall loss (dB) due to interference and saturated HPA versus \(M\) at \(P_{b}(e)^{*}=10^{-5}\) of the system with saturated HPA with respect to ideal 2-PAM for \(N_{S}=1,\ldots,8\). Having set, for example, \(P_{b}(e)^{*}=0.01\), the maximum number of satellites is 12 for the system with saturated HPA (for \(N_{I}=12\), the error floor for \(E_{b}/N_{0}\to\infty\) is higher than \(P_{b}(e)^{*}=0.01\)), whereas the linear system allows for 18 satellites. The relationship between \(N_{S}\) and the loss for the case of saturated HPA is not as smooth as that for the case of a linear system due to the fact that two different loss equations exist for even or odd values of \(N_{S}\). Figure 17: Extra loss (dB) versus \(M\) at \(P_{b}(e)^{*}=10^{-5}\) exclusively due to the saturated HPA for \(N_{S}=1,\ldots,8\). Figure 18: Overall loss (dB) versus \(N_{S}\) at certain values of \(P_{b}(e)^{*}\) with respect to ideal 2-PAM for \(M=100\): solid lines refer to the system with saturated HPA, dashed lines refer to the ideal linear system. * Figure 19 shows the maximum number of satellites that the system can support at the desired value of \(P_{b}(e)^{*}\) at the satellite with the smallest signal-to-noise ratio. When the channel is nonlinear, the maximum number of satellites is understandably smaller than when the channel is linear, but the difference amounts to 2-3 satellites only.
## 5 Extracellular Components of the CRC Microenvironment
### Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) [218], which mediate the processes of migration, invasion, proliferation, and angiogenesis. Increased expression of uPA has been observed in in vitro CRC models, and the use of uPA inhibitors (including ATN-658) resulted in reduced migratory capabilities of model cells and inhibited tumor growth in the liver, the most common site of metastasis, in a mouse model [241]. CAFs within the tumor are responsible for remodeling the ECM through the production of MMPs and TGF-\(\beta\). Their role includes maintaining hypoxia in the TME and cross-linking collagen fibers, causing ECM stiffness and, consequently, its degradation. The consequence is the proliferation of cancer cells, their release from the niche, and migration [242; 243]. The ECM reorganization induced by reduced elasticity of fibers is mainly a consequence of reprogrammed niche cells depositing larger amounts of collagen, primarily type I as well as II, III, IV, and IX. Additionally, lysyl oxidase (LOX), an enzyme involved in ECM remodeling in physiological conditions, cross-links collagen fibers in the TME, leading to the formation of thick collagen bundles that serve as pathways for cancer cell transport [244]. In studies conducted on tissues from CRC patients, increased expression of one of the LOX family oxidases (specifically LOX2) was shown to correlate with the likelihood of distant metastases. This effect was also verified using LOX2-positive and LOX2-knockdown cell lines, revealing that the presence of LOX2 promoted the migratory potential by initiating the EMT process [245]. In another study, an elevated level of collagen and its crosslinking were observed in the invasive phenotype of CRC, and the stiffness of the ECM was 9.4 times higher than in the case of ECM derived from normal colorectal cells. In the same study, it was noted that this effect additionally correlated with increased vascularization, indicating the regulation of angiogenesis by the remodeled ECM [246]. The composition of the ECM in CRC differs from that in normal colorectal cells and correlates with increased cell proliferation. The quantity of extracellular matrix components and factors involved in its remodeling change depending on the stage of CRC advancement. The content of collagen I and MMP-2 in later stages is higher than in the initial ones. Conversely, for collagen IV and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3), a decreasing trend was observed with the progression of CRC [247].
# A Joint Detection and Decoding Scheme for PC-SCMA System Based on Pruning Iteration
## 6 Discussion and Conclusions  
In this paper, we proposed a joint detection and decoding algorithm PI-JDD for PC-SCMA system based on pruning iteration. Compared with the traditional S-JIDD scheme, the PI-JDD can effectively reduce the computational complexity by dynamically shrinking the factor graph involved in message updating while the error performance remains approximate. Furthermore, the proposed C-JIDD scheme locks the correct codes in time by adding an early termination mechanism during the iteration, which can use three iterations to reach the same error performance of traditional algorithm in five iterations. Finally, we combined the two proposed optimization algorithms, which reduces the multiplication operation by 25\(\sim\)45% under different code lengths, and at the same time reduces about an order of magnitude BER compared with the traditional algorithm. The proposed joint receiver can achieve a good trade-off between the computational complexity and BER performance.  
Future work on this research could be extended in several directions: the application of the method in channel conditions other than AWGN should be further discussed. Then, system performance under different SCMA overloads should be investigated to further improve system throughput. Finally, the proposed algorithm can be further studied and applied to other joint systems which combine SCMA technology with other channel coding schemes.  
Conceptualization, Y.Z. and W.G.; methodology, Y.Z., P.Z., W.G. and M.G.; software, Y.Z. and P.Z.; validation, Y.Z. and W.G.; formal analysis, Y.Z.; investigation, Y.Z., G.Z. and M.G.; resources, W.G.; data curation, Y.Z. and P.Z.; original draft preparation, Y.Z., G.Z. and W.G.; supervision, W.G.; project administration, W.G.; funding acquisition, W.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Key Program of Scientific Research Plan of Universities in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China, grant number XJEDU20201003.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 1 Introduction  
The prevalence of concurrent unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) with carotid artery stenosis is significant, and the incident rate of concomitant UIAs and internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis is approximately between 1% and 14.2% [1, 2]. Most of the cases were screened incidentally in the preoperative radiology evaluations [3]. However, the optimal treatment decision for these patients is still a therapeutic dilemma in front of endovascular and surgeon teams [4]. Treatment of UIAs first may lead to an intra-operative ischemic stroke due to the compromised cerebral blood flow (CBF) [3]. Revascularization of ICA stenosis first, contrariwise, not only elevates the cerebral perfusion but also requires post-operative anticoagulation, which could subsequently elevate the rupture risk of the UIA [5, 6].  
In current clinical practices, the rupture risk assessment of IAs is mainly base on aneurysm size [7]. However, although some clinical studies have suggested that carotid revascularization could be safely performed without treatment of small IAs [8; 9; 10], IA rupture cases during the perioperative period of revascularization procedures have been continuously reported in the literature [11; 12; 13; 1]. This phenomenon indicated that size alone might not be sufficient for reliable risk estimation of IAs rupture in the revascularization procedures.  
Hemodynamics characteristics have been suggested to play key roles in the initiation, development and rupture of IAs [14; 15; 16]. Various hemodynamic factors, including wall shear stress (WSS) and high oscillating shear index (OSI), are involved in IA development through regulating arterial wall remodeling [17; 18; 19]. Subsequently, rupture may occur when internal mechanical loadings outweigh the strength of dilated and deteriorated wall of UIAs [15]. Due to the complex local flow environment, the incidence of an anterior communicating artery aneurysm (ACoAA), as well as its rupture risk, are particularly high [20; 21; 22]. ACoAA accounts for nearly 25% of IAs [23]. Moreover, the unilateral ICA stenosis could drastically influence the local hemodynamics characteristics in the ACoAA [24; 25]. Thus, the understanding of hemodynamics consequences of ICA revascularization on ACoAA would benefit the management of patients concurrent ACoAA and unilateral stenosis. Since there are limited studies which focus on this situation, our study aimed to identify the change of hemodynamics characteristics in ACoAA caused by unilateral ICA revascularization procedures.
# Replication-Based Dynamic Energy-Aware Resource Provisioning for Scientific Workflows
## 4 Evaluation Methods
### Application Modelling  
The proposed strategy was simulated for real time SWs with three dataset sizes (i.e., small, medium and large) using two well-known SWs: Montage [39] and CyberShake [40]. The sizes of small, medium, and large workflows have been distinguished based on the number of jobs contained within them. Small workflows have 50 jobs, medium contain 100 jobs and large contain 1000 jobs. The results were compared with the state-of-the-art R-PCP strategy [35].
## 3 Hypothesis Developments  
### Customer Participation and Perceived Justice  
Emotional labor is often viewed as a resource loss, and it always makes employees feel pressure because they need to keep their emotional expression suitable through self-regulation [56]. In particular, when the employee's emotional labor is \"surface acting\" rather than \"deep acting\", the employee will feel more pressure [57]. Similarly, customers' emotional participation also brings pressure since emotional participation means that they are controlling anger and frustration in the face of failure and using politeness and a patient attitude to interact with service staff [40]. However, [PERSON] et al. [31] have concluded that customer participation cannot produce a positive effect when customers are under pressure. Therefore, we infer that emotional participation cannot facilitate promoting customers' perceived justice.  
Additionally, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [41] have found that when customers actively exchange operant resources such as knowledge, information and skills with the service provider, the customer will think that customer participation can create higher utilitarian value and hedonic value. In other words, when customers mobilize the necessary mental resources and reconfigure the procedure and content of the service recovery, this process will enhance their self-efficacy and self-evaluation, promoting customers' perceived justice [41]. Thus, we infer that mental participation has a positive effect on perceived justice.  
To avoid the regret and disappointment from having wasted their time, individuals always undervalue their time resources [43]. Thus, customers may not be sensitive to the time and energy that they have invested in service recovery. [PERSON] et al. [30], [PERSON] et al. [24] and [PERSON] et al. [34] have verified this point by manipulating customers' physical participation in experiments. They found that customers are willing to carry out actual behaviors to facilitate service recovery and that customers' physical participation can reduce the uncertainty of the recovery outcome [57] and provide an informed choice to the customer, which will help him/her believe that participation is a collaborative process and lead to a positive evaluation of the effort of the service provider [41]. Thus, we infer that physical participation has a positive effect on perceived justice. We propose the following hypotheses:  
**Hypotheses 1a.**: _Emotional participation does not have a positive effect on perceived justice._
**Hypotheses 1b.**: _Mental participation has a positive effect on perceived justice._
**Hypotheses 1c.**: _Physical participation has a positive effect on perceived justice._
## 2 Fracture Parameter Solution Method Based on the Postprocessing Routine of ABAQUS
### Selection of Integration Domain and Extraction of ABAQUS Result  
After completing finite element modeling, crack setup, and meshing in ABAQUS, the result files are obtained through numerical computation. To ensure the accuracy of the subsequent fracture mechanics parameter calculations, the selection of an appropriate integration region is crucial. In this study, we define integration regions using circular paths with varying radii centered at the crack tip. The integration domains are established by creating these paths and tallying the finite elements they encompass or intersect. Additionally, the stress and strain fields at Gaussian integration points and the nodal displacement fields from ABAQUS results are extracted for the interaction integral computation. For the Jacobian matrix computation in the later finite element analysis, the global coordinates of nodes within the integration region are selected. Figure 4 illustrates the nodal and integration point locations for a four-node isoparametric linear element in a two-dimensional plane problem.
# IDSMatch: A Novel Deployment Method for IDS Chains in SDNs +
## 5 Evaluation
### Unbalancing Factor  
In evaluating the assignment process of IDS chains within the SDN data plane, assessing the balancing factor becomes crucial after allocating the GroupFlow of the network. This factor serves as a metric to gauge the extent to which the data are balanced among the IDS chains, providing insights into the effectiveness of the assignment process. In this context, balance is achieved when there is an equitable distribution of traffic among the IDS chains, ensuring that each chain handles a comparable amount of data. Table 4 presents the balancing factor for three distinct methods: shortest path, balancing, and matching. The experiment is conducted on the topology depicted in Figure 5c, offering a practical scenario for assessing the balancing of IDS chains. A higher balancing factor indicates a more uneven distribution of traffic among the IDS chains.  
These unbalancing factors shed light on the effectiveness of different assignment methods in achieving a balanced distribution of traffic among IDS chains. Analyzing these factors provides valuable insights into the robustness and efficiency of the IDS chain assignment process, facilitating informed decisions for optimizing network performance and security.
Using remote monitoring keeps the burden on both provider and patient at a minimum and allows consistent follow up, while also providing information regarding the patient's speech, word choice, and facial expressions.  
In recent years, there has been an increase of successful research using new machine-learning methods, largely due to the advent of transformer-based architectures [9] and large self-supervised models [10]. These models are pre-trained using large quantities of unlabeled data to predict masked-out portions of the data and to learn generalizable information that can then be finely tuned for downstream tasks. These methods have been successfully applied in natural language processing [11], audio processing [12], and facial analysis [13], and provide a way of producing insights from video that previously did not exist.  
The main goal of this research is to introduce two new assessments, the PHQ-V and GAD-V, named for their use of open-ended video questions to predict PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores; and to show that these new assessments are a reasonable replacement for the traditional surveys in cases where asynchronous video is available and is more convenient. These assessments are built on transformer-based machine-learning methods that detect depression and anxiety from verbal and non-verbal features found in video responses, including language, audio, and facial markers. These new assessments showed high correlation with PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores, and analysis showed potential benefits of these new assessments for detecting signs of depression and anxiety in cases where the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 assessments were not able to do so. Overall, these assessments provide a new set of tools for detecting signs of mental illness by using asynchronous video in place of the multiple-choice PHQ-9 and GAD-7 surveys.
# The Impact of Gravity on Different Height Systems: A Case Study on Mt. Medvednica
## 3 Leveling Survey
### Geometrtic Leveling
#### 3.2.1 ISO Standard Test  
In this paper, leveling measurements were carried out using the precise leveling method with two leveling instruments--_Leica DNA03_. One of the level instruments is owned by the Chair of State Survey, while the other belongs to the Chair of Engineering Geodesy of the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Geodesy (will be referred to as SS and EG instrument throughout the article). Prior to the measurements, both the leveling instruments and leveling staffs were tested in accordance with the ISO standard HRN ISO 17123-2:2004 for testing geodetic instruments and measuring equipment [25]. The testing procedure was carried out by placing two leveling staff 60 m apart, with the leveling instrument positioned in the middle between them. Two sets of measurements were performed. The first set of measurements consisted of 20 pairs of readings, where each pair included two readings: a backsight reading on staff at point \(A\) and a foresight reading on staff at point \(B\). Between each pair of readings, the height and position of the level were slightly adjusted. After the first 10 pairs of readings, the order of backsight and foresight readings was reversed, and the remaining 10 pairs of readings were performed. For the second set of measurements, the staff at points \(A\) and \(B\) switched places. The entire measurement procedure was carried out in the same manner as in the first set [26].  
After completing the measurements according to the specified procedure, statistical tests were conducted to confirm the following hypothesis [26]:  
1. The calculated empirical standard deviation per km double run (s\({}_{i}\)) is smaller than the corresponding value \(\sigma\) declared by the instrument manufacturer;
2. Two empirical standard deviations per km double run (s\({}_{i}\) and \(\widetilde{\mathrm{s}}_{i}\) determined from two different measurement series belong to the same pattern;
3. The difference (\(\delta\)) of the staff zero errors for a pair of leveling staffs is smaller than 0.64 s, where s is the empirical standard deviation.  
The results of the test conducted are presented in Table 2, where the maximum allowable error for each hypothesis is given, along with the values obtained using the leveling instruments. The results of the testing show that both instruments are accurate and meet the required precision for measurements in precise leveling, and it is possible to begin fieldwork.
# Software Defined Wireless Mesh Network Flat Distribution Control Plane
## 4 Topology Discovery
### Aggregated Topology Discovery Mechanism
#### 4.1.1 A Local Domain Topology Discovery  
Each controller starts topology discovery service using its Link discovery module to discover local domains' nodes. Precisely, in this process, the local controller is concerned with link discovery, and it does not need to rediscover the domain nodes (switches) since they already have initiated a connection to the controller. A controller sends an individual Packet-Out, each of which contains an LLDP packet, with a rule to send the specific packet out on the corresponding interface. Then via the Packet-In message, the LLDP packets send to the controller obeying to the pre-installed rule that says, \"Forward any received LLDP packet from any interface except CONTROLLER interface to the controller\". The process is repeated for every router in the domain, to discover active links between them. The entire domain topology discovery process is periodically performed every 5 s, the default interval size of the NOX controller. Ultimately, each controller maintains up-to-date local domain topology information in its aggregated-DB, and the connectivity agents exchange other domains' topology information. To this end, this work proposes an initial appropriate SDN based architecture, additional issues will be addressed such as channel sharing and propagation modes later.
# Photocatalytic Activity of TiNbC-Modified TiO2 during Hydrogen Evolution and CO2 Reduction
Sun radiation spans from X-rays to radio waves, with the most intense solar radiation occurring in the visible light range, such that 43% of the solar energy reaching the Earth's surface is at the wavelengths from 400 to 700 nm. For example, if only UV radiation would be utilized by the photocatalyst-in-water-splitting reaction, solar to hydrogen conversion efficiency would be only 2%, even if a quantum efficiency of 100% would be assumed, and entropic losses would be neglected. It is generally recognized that two common bottlenecks often exist in applications of semiconducting materials in solar utilization schemes--limited light absorption and rapid charge recombination. Although many different strategies have been used (such as defect engineering or doping) in order to increase the efficiencies of semiconductors for solar energy harvesting, the efficiency-to-cost ratio has yet to meet the values needed to match traditional fossil fuel sources and achieve widespread commercial acceptance. In order to overcome this limitation, we will utilize double-transition metal MXene (D-MXenes). MXenes are a class of plasmonic 2D materials that hold a great promise for the conversion of sun energy, owing to diverse elemental compositions, unique 2D structures, large surface areas, abundant surface terminations, and excellent photoelectronic properties. The recent introduction of double-transition metal MXene (D-MXenes) further increases the number of possible MXene structures and possibilities of tuning their properties to suit the specific application. Depending on the chemical composition and fabrication method, these materials exhibit large absorptions over a broad bandwidth (\(\sim\)1.55 um), covering a significant visible-to-near-IR spectral window, tunable plasmon resonances, and adjustable work functions in a large range from below 2.14 eV (the lowest work function in all metals, of cesium) to over 5.65 eV (the highest work function in all metals, of platinum). All works on photocatalytic and electrocatalytic H\({}_{2}\) productions were performed with or based on MXenes derived from three-component MAX-phases. Recently, scientists have paid attention to MAX-phases synthesized from four-component compositions [31; 32; 33; 34], which also exhibit various bright properties due to the combination of different metals and the features of embedding in the crystal lattices. The aim of this work is to study the parameters of photocatalytic reactions of hydrogen evolution as well as CO\({}_{2}\) reduction using the TiNbC/TiO\({}_{2}\) compound as a photocatalyst.