esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Secure Image Signal Transmission Scheme Using Poly-Polarization Filtering and Orthogonal Matrix
###### Abstract
Thus, the larger the signal vector length \(K\) was, the larger the amount of computation became. However, in the PPF-OM scheme, a similar security performance could be achieved with less computation, which is described detailed in following sections. Notations: superscript H and T denote the conjugate transposition and transposition operations, respectively; \(\Xi(\bullet)\) is the phase acquisition operation; dis (*,*) denotes the spherical distance calculation operation; **A**(\(i\),\(j\)) and **A**(\(i\),\(:\)) denote the \(i\)-th row and \(i\)-th column of the matrix **A**; \(\|\bullet\|_{2}\) denotes a 2-norm operation; DFT() denotes the discrete Fourier transform; and \(\arctan()\) denotes the arctan function.
###### Abstract  
The conditioning of moisture content is an effective way to improve walnut-crushing performance. In this study, firstly, walnuts with different moisture contents were used to conduct the crushing experiments. The distributions of fragment sizes of shells and kernels with different moisture contents were analyzed by an image processing and sieving method, respectively. The results show that moisture content significantly affects the fragmentation degree of the shell and kernel, as shown by the differences in the fractal dimensions of shell fragments and the average fragment size of kernel fragments. The critical moisture contents of the shells and kernels, corresponding to the specific states of broken shells and whole kernels, were determined. Then, taking the critical moisture content as the target moisture content, the combination of hot air and microwave vacuum drying applied to dry walnuts was presented and the process parameters were optimized. Optimized process parameters include a hot air temperature of 63.23 \({}^{\circ}\)C, a moisture content of the transition point of 24.88%, microwave power of 588.24 W and a microwave vacuum thermostatic temperature of 49.01 \({}^{\circ}\)C. At this point, the unit time drying rate, unit mass drying energy consumption, mean square error of moisture content and kernel color parameters were 0.215%/min, 3.03 \(kW\):h/kg, 2.93% and 6.42, respectively. It was confirmed that drying the walnuts to a critical moisture content using an optimized process could both maximally improve the crushing performance and significantly reduce the drying time. The findings provide important information for conditioning the crushing state of walnuts and improving crushing performance and have practical value for the improvement of drying systems.  
walnut; crushing; moisture; drying; optimization Article
## 1 Introduction
### Existing Economic Assessment Methods
#### 1.1.2 Direct Measurement Methods  
These methods often rely on sensors to collect the human body's bioelectrical signals or posture data and analyze changes in bodily data. In ergonomic studies focused on WMSD risk, there are various applications of human bioelectrical signals, with the most common being electroencephalography (EEG) for measuring brain electrical activity [17] and electromyography (EMG) for measuring muscle electrical activity [18]. Additionally, for a more comprehensive ergonomic assessment, [PERSON] et al. utilized quantitative data collected from EMG and an inertial measurement unit (IMU) to achieve user-centered aircraft handle design [19]. Therefore, we believe that direct measurements using different sensors in WMSD research can provide the high-precision human motion data required for the study, while also serving as a standard for validating the accuracy of other assessment systems, but often incurring high research costs [20].
# BIM Policy Trends in Europe: Insights from a Multi-Stage Analysis
## 3 Results
### BIM Policy in Europe
#### 3.2.28. European BIM Policy  
Based on information provided, Figure 7 illustrates the BIM mandates across European countries.  
The map serves as a visual representation of the progress in implementing Building Information Modelling (BIM) mandates across various countries. Figure 8 shows that 65% of these nations have not yet introduced BIM requirements in public investments. Introducing such requirements necessitates careful preparation by the countries to ensure competitive opportunities for bidders who meet the stipulated BIM standards. Therefore, it is essential not only for public investors but also for other stakeholders such as designers and general contractors' teams to be knowledgeable about BIM. Additionally, adequate funding is crucial for purchasing necessary software and electronic equipment and potentially for commissioning the services of BIM specialists. The presence of state-published standards and document templates can significantly facilitate this process.  
Examining the BIM policy in Ireland provides a noteworthy example. Although Ireland initially planned a BIM mandate, the market was not sufficiently prepared, and to this day, no mandatory requirements have been enforced. Austria did not mandate it because the construction industry, mainly consisting of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), might find BIM implementation too costly. Several countries, including the Czech Republic and Germany, have postponed their planned BIM implementation dates. Some countries encourage BIM adoption while partially implementing it in certain public agencies, such as in Sweden and Switzerland. Others, like Croatia and France, encourage BIM adoption without making it mandatory. Currently, Poland is planning to introduce MacroBIM.  
Conversely, 35% of the countries either currently require BIM, have plans to do so, or have some agencies within them that require it. This is due to the benefits of BIM, such as lower life cycle costs, reduced design errors, shorter construction timelines, and diminished waste [112]. This appreciation for the advantages of BIM implementation is particularly evident when analyzing countries that have previously enforced BIM mandates [113; 114].
## 3 Theory
### Convolutional Neural Network  
Convolution neural networks (CNN) have been widely used as classifiers in recent years. [PERSON] et al. proposed a neural network architecture \"LeNet-5\" for pattern recognition, which is straightforward but performs favorably against the traditional machine learning algorithm. In our case, we conducted a similar architecture with the \"LeNet-5\" in our pipeline, which is illustrated in Figure 6.  
Our architecture consisted of seven layers. Two sets of convolutional and max pooling layers were stacked to extract the feature map, followed by a flattening convolutional layer for shrinking the feature dimension, then two fully-connected layers, and finally a softmax classifier. In detail, we adopted a ReLU activation function instead of Tanh in order to fasten the convergence. Feeding a 200 \(\times\) 200 \(\times\) 3 pixel size input image, a 5 \(\times\) 5 kernel size was selected for feature extraction and a 2 \(\times\) 2 kernel size for downsampling. A flattening convolutional layer with 50 \(\times\) 50 kernel size was then selected to adjust the feature dimension for classification. Finally, two fully-connected layers with a softmax classifier output the probability of prediction results for each class. When used for recognition, CNN can easily provide a lot of feature information without complex image preprocessing. Therefore, our schemes could handle more LED-OFC features by using CMOS sensors to modulate multiple parameters of RGB-LED. Moreover, the feature information was selected inherently, which removes the uncertainty caused by manual selection and improves the accuracy and robustness of the system.  
Figure 5: The effect of the distance between LED and CMOS camera.
## 1 Introduction
Due to conductive nature of the water, radio frequencies get severely attenuated [7]. However, unlike other UW communication systems, radio based UW-RCSs are less affected from ambient noise, water turbidity and temperature [11]. Table 1 and Figure 1 summarize the three types of underwater communication systems. These systems are differentiated on the basis of the carrier frequency, bandwidth, transmission distance and nature of communication in underwater. Keeping in view the existing technologiesand applications, a trade-off exists between the transmission distance, bandwidth and the nature of communication, and, accordingly, an optimal carrier may be chosen [2]. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 provides details of the underwater channel characteristics. Section 3 focuses on possible effects over propagation of high EM signals. Section 4 presents the experiments to calculate path loss in a terrestrial and underwater environment. Furthermore, the section presents a detailed analysis over the path loss profile in the two environments and highlights the key factors. Section 5 concludes the paper.
## 3 Finite Element Modeling
### Basic Assumptions  
In this study, ADINA finite element software was used to simulate the changes in the temperature field of the contact channel in the metro tunnel interval. To simplify the calculations, the following assumptions were made without affecting the results of the calculation and analysis.  
1. As the variation of temperature in the soil layer was small and negligible, it was assumed that the soil was homogeneous, continuous, and isotropic and that the soil layer was horizontally distributed from top to bottom. Additionally, it was assumed that the initial temperature of the soil was 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C, with a uniform initial temperature field.
2. According to the survey report and the construction log of the project, when the freezing construction started on 18 May 2015, all the measured temperatures at different depths of C1-C8 temperature measurement holes were around 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C, with a maximum difference of 1.4 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Under the premise of ensuring the feasibility of the numerical simulation calculation of the contact channel for basic assumptions, the ground cooling process was simplified to a uniform initial temperature field. The original ground temperature of the soil was set to 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and it was set as the initial temperature during the freezing period.
3. Temperature-dependent loads were applied to the freeze hole to simulate the temperature of the outer surface of the freeze tube during freezing, thereby ignoring the complex heat exchange process inside and outside the freeze tube during refrigerant circulation [6].
4. The effects of freeze hole deflection and the mechanical properties of the material of the frozen tube were ignored.
5. The heat exchange in the frozen curtain was more complex due to the presence of groundwater, which also shares part of the cooling capacity, thus causing errors in the numerical calculations. Therefore, the calculation was performed only for the simulation of the freezing process under simulated hydrostatic conditions, without considering the influence of groundwater seepage and the migration of water molecules.
6. From the actual measurement report, it was found that freezing started when the soil temperature dropped to \(-1\)\({}^{\circ}\)C, and the frozen soil curtain formed stably when it dropped to \(-10\)\({}^{\circ}\)C. The development of the permafrost curtain was observed more easily through the \(-1\) and \(-10\)\({}^{\circ}\)C isotherms, wherein the envelope area of the \(-10\)\({}^{\circ}\)C isotherm was the minimum freezing area and the envelope area of the \(-1\)\({}^{\circ}\)C isotherm was the maximum freezing area.
## 5 Conclusions and Future Works
### Future Work  
In the future, we will provide a detailed numerical and simulation-based analysis of the non-contention based protocols proposed in the IEEE 802.15.6 standard. Other research works in this direction are  
* Research work on the development of energy efficient routing protocols over the IEEE 802.15.6 standard is required to enable communication between multiple WBANs.
* Further research at MAC layer is required to study exposed node problems when multiple WBANs coexist.
* Performance evaluation of scheduled-based mechanisms used in the IEEE 802.15.6 standard may be studied for different medical applications.
* The effects of adjusting transmission power levels of nodes in the RTS/CTS based IEEE 802.15.6 networks may be extensively studied in the future.  
Figure 9: Energy consumption of the RTS/CTS scheme and IEEE 802.15.6 CSMA/CA.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, S.U.; M.M.H.; M.S.H. and A.A.; methodology, S.U.; M.M.H.; related work, S.U.; M.M.H.; M.S.H. and A.A.; performance evaluation, S.U.; M.M.H. and M.S.H.; writing--review and editing, S.U.; M.M.H.; M.S.H. and A.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This work was funded by the National Plan for Science, Technology, and Innovation (MAARIFAH), King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Award Number (12-INF2885-02)  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Effect of Three Chlorhexidine-Based Mouthwashes on Human Gingival Fibroblastsets: An In Vitro Study
## 3 Results
### Apoptosis  
Overall, the highest values were registered in the control group (NaCl) at all time points (Figure 4). In the control group, significant differences were detected between 120 s and the other application times in all cases but one (60 s vs. 120 s, day 3). Whereas, within each test group, the exposure time to the mouthwashes had no significant effect on HGF apoptosis at all time points (Table 3). As above, contrary to our expectations and not in line with the graphical illustration (boxplot, Figure 4), no significant difference was detected between NaCl and CHX 0.1 groups at day 6 (30 s and 60 s), as well as between the NaCl and CHX 0.2 groups at day 0 (120 s). The significance level reported in Table 3 is after Bonferroni correction. The uncorrected \(p\)-values in all these cases were \(<\)0.05. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Grouping** & **Comparator** & **Comparator** & **\(p\)-Value** & **\(p\)-Value** & **\(p\)-Value** \\
**Variable** & **1** & **2** & **(day 0)** & **(day 3)** & **(day 6)** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{CHX 0.1} & 30 s & 60 s & - & 0.014 s & 0.030 s \\  & 30 s & 120 s & - & 0.121 & 0.049 s \\  & 60 s & 120 s & - & 1.000 & 1.000 \\ \multirow{4}{*}{CHX 0.2} & 30 s & 60 s & 1.000 & 0.609 & 0.040 s \\  & 30 s & 120 s & 0.024 s & 0.006 s & 0.231 \\  & 60 s & 120 s & 0.269 & 0.214 & 1.000 \\ \multirow{4}{*}{CHX + CPC} & 30 s & 60 s & - & - & - \\  & 30 s & 120 s & - & - & - \\  & 60 s & 120 s & - & - & - \\ \multirow{4}{*}{NaCl} & 30 s & 60 s & - & 1.000 & 1.000 \\  & 30 s & 120 s & - & 0.024 s & 0.027 s \\  & 60 s & 120 s & - & 0.024 s & 0.016 s \\ \multirow{4}{*}{30 s} & CHX 0.1 & CHX 0.2 & 1.000 & 1.000 & 1.000 \\  & CHX 0.1 & CHX + CPC & 0.292 & 0.099 & 1.000 \\  & CHX 0.1 & NaCl & 0.000 *** & 0.000 *** & 0.001 s \\  & CHX 0.2 & CHX + CPC & 0.373 & 0.185 & 1.000 \\  & CHX 0.2 & NaCl & 0.001 ** & 0.000 *** & 0.033 s \\  & CHX + CPC & NaCl & 0.257 & 0.351 & 0.002 ** \\ \multirow{4}{*}{60 s} & CHX 0.1 & CHX 0.2 & 1.000 & 0.420 & 1.000 \\  & CHX 0.1 & CHX + CPC & 0.420 & 0.017 s & 0.073 \\ \multirow{4}{*}{60 s} & CHX 0.1 & NaCl & 0.001 ** & 0.000 *** & 0.000 *** \\  & CHX 0.2 & CHX + CPC & 0.173 & 1.000 & 0.814 \\  & CHX 0.2 & NaCl & 0.000 *** & 0.008 ** & 0.002 ** \\  & CHX + CPC & NaCl & 0.226 & 0.257 & 0.226 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{120 s} & CHX 0.1 & CHX 0.2 & 0.591 & 0.185 & 1.000 \\  & CHX 0.1 & CHX + CPC & 0.472 & 0.019 s & 0.226 \\ \multirow{4}{*}{120 s} & CHX 0.1 & NaCl & 0.004 ** & 0.000 *** & 0.000 *** \\  & CHX 0.2 & CHX + CPC & 0.004 ** & 1.000 & 1.000 \\ \multirow{4}{*}{120 s} & CHX 0.2 & NaCl & 0.000 *** & 0.019 s & 0.002 ** \\  & CHX + CPC & NaCl & 0.591 & 0.185 & 0.141 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* \(p<0.05\), ** \(p<0.01\), *** \(p<0.001\).  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Cytotoxicity. A multiple Kruskal–Wallis test was performed to compare the groups at 0, 3 and 6 days. In case of significance, a post hoc test was performed, and the adjusted \(p\)-values from the post hoc test are reported here.
# A Novel Methodology for Planning Urban Road Safety Interventions
## 4 Validation of the Proposed Methodology via Case Study Application
### Proactive Analysis of Black Spots and Intervention Proposals  
The proactive approach to road safety assesses and mitigates risks before accidents occur, focusing on the intrinsic safety of road infrastructure. By analyzing physical and geometric characteristics, traffic flows, and operational speeds, it identifies latent risk factors and quantifies potential improvements through corrective measures. This complements reactive methods, which rely on historical accident data.  
High-risk sites identified through reactive analysis underwent a proactive evaluation using the iRAP star rating methodology and the ViDA software (2024 version). The process involved a detailed \"coding\" of the road characteristics based on satellite imagery, traffic data, and field measurements. This yielded star ratings and star rating scores, quantifying  
Figure 5: Concentration map for accidents outputted by GIS: (**a**) with at least one pedestrian involved—in blue; (**b**) with at least one bicycle involved—in green; (**c**) with at least one motorcycle involved—in orange; and (**d**) involving only motor vehicles—in red.  
risks at each site. Proposed interventions were then evaluated proactively, simulating their impact on safety metrics to estimate reductions in fatalities and serious injuries.  
Below is the application of the described procedure to some of the black spots in the selected road network, highlighting both the adaptability and the limitations of the proactive method in road safety evaluations.
## 4 Discussion
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Pearson Correlation** & **Pelvic Drop (\({}^{\circ}\))** & **Femoral Adduction (\({}^{\circ}\))** & **Knee Valgus (\({}^{\circ}\))** \\ \hline Hip abductor strength & & & \\ (NW) & R = \(-\)0.873 & r = 0.767 & r = 0.855 \\ \hline Significance & \textless{}0.001 & \textless{}0.001 & \textless{}0.001 \\ \hline R = Pearson correlation test. Abbreviations: NW: newtons; \({}^{\circ}\): degrees. & & \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Correlation analysis. stand the relationship between biomechanical risk factors to develop injury prevention or rehabilitation strategies. The results of the present study suggested a very strong relationship between the hip abductor muscles strength and the dynamic balance of the lower limb. Therefore, as a preventive measure, it should be considered to assess and improve the strength of the hip or knee muscles of HB athletes. Using 2D software Kinovea could facilitate the control of hip and knee kinematics in the clinical practice and sports environment. This study presents some limitations. First, the study design is correlational, and the relationships observed do not imply causality. Second, the reliability measures described in this study may not be a valid determinant because they were calculated on the same day. Third, it used 2D motion capture systems, while 3D systems have been considered the gold standard. Fourth, kinematic analysis performed in a controlled environment may not accurately reproduce the athletic environment. Fifth, it was suggested that ipsilateral trunk tilt could act as a compensatory mechanism preventing the pelvic drop, but trunk kinematics were not assessed. Sixth, the test-retest reliability was measured on the same day, which could have favored the high ICC values. Finally, the sample was made up exclusively of men, so these results cannot be extrapolated to HB female athletes. Future research should contrast our findings in HB athletes. Studies should include the frontal plane's kinematic analysis of trunk tilt and its relationship to pelvic drop. Furthermore, future research should involve a prospective analysis, evaluating the effects on the number of injuries, strength, and function in HB athletes with different musculoskeletal conditions and kinematics of lower limbs. In addition, clinical trials should be carried out in order to analyze the effects of prevention programs and rehabilitation in HB athletes with lower limb dysfunctions on muscle strength and lower limb kinematics.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Optimizing the Growth and Enzymatic Activity of the Isolated Sporosarcina sp. Strain
#### 3.2.2 Effect of pH  
pH has a significant influence on urease activity and, hence, the success of MICP. Under highly acidic or alkaline conditions, the urease enzyme is generally irreversibly denatured [49,51]. Figure 6 depicts the degree of change in urease activity at different pH levels. It is evident from the results that, urease activity increases rapidly from pH 6.0 to 9.0 and the enzyme is comparatively more active in the pH range 7.5-9.0. [PERSON] et al. [51] reported that majority of the microbial ureases, except for a few acid ureases, are optimum under neutral pH conditions. However, the findings of [PERSON] et al. [13] are on the same trend as this study: They reported that urease activity of _Sporosarcina pasteurii_, drastically increased from pH 6.0 to 8.0 and gradually reduced thereafter. Nevertheless, the activity at pH 9.0 for that specific strain was still satisfactory for MICP applications. [PERSON] et al. [52] are other researchers who have shown that optimum pH for urease activity of _S. pasteurii_ is 8.0. Moreover, few other microbial strains have showed their optimum performance at pH 8.0, as reported in literature [49,53]. From the aforementioned results, it is clear that the isolate used in this study is moderately alkalo-tolerant and can be successfully employed for the target application in a coastal environment.  
Figure 5: Variation of urease activity of _Sporosarcina_ sp. at different temperatures.  
Figure 6: Variation of urease activity of _Sporosarcina_ sp. at different pH conditions.