## 4 Discussion  
A detailed spatial analysis of the potential for biogas and compost production was conducted, indicating the suitable areas for developing manure management facilities. This study illustrates the spatial distribution of biogas and compost production potential across Bangladesh through regional pattern maps. The regional pattern maps created by this study provide clear information regarding which districts or upazilas display the maximum capacity to produce bioenergy or compost from natural sources for sustainable agriculture. Moreover, the hot spot analysis identifies the districts ideal for establishing biogas and compost facilities across Bangladesh based on specific types of livestock manure. This spatial analysis will aid in making informed decisions about where to establish biogas and compost facilities for improved manure management, offering significant opportunities to advance livestock production toward sustainable agricultural development in Bangladesh. However, the government of Bangladesh has developed a livestock extension policy that sets forth many recommended actions for sustainable agricultural production and improved livestock manure management. However, specific strategies and schemes of manure management that will be suitable for feasible livestock farming have not yet been analyzed. This spatial and hot spot detection will assist in the choice of effective planning for manure management facility installation to produce clean energy and organic fertilizer by reducing environmental pollution. From the creation of regional pattern maps, it was determined that the variation in biogas/compost potentiality in different divisions, districts, and sub-districts is mainly due to the variation in the number and types of livestock populations in each area. For example, the total livestock population in the Chattopram division is higher than that of Rangpur; nevertheless, the total biogas/compost production is lower due to the smaller number of large animals in the Chattopram division, as large animal manure produces more biogas/compost than does poultry manure. The district and sub-districts in the western-northern part of the country displayed the greatest potential for both biogas and compost production  
The detailed theoretical manure potential of six animals is presented in Table 7. The total manure generation was 216.98 million tons, whereas the available manure was estimated as 107.57 million tons in Bangladesh in 2024. The annual biogas amount of 15,035.59 million m\({}^{3}\) can be converted into about 27 million MWh of electricity, whereas the maximum amount of electricity comes from cattle manure, measuring 23.12 million MWh/year. As Bangladesh mainly depends on natural gas for power generation, the biogas yield can reduce the dependency on fossil fuels. In 2024, the total need for electricity was about 88,450 million kWh/year in Bangladesh [89]. This study estimated that 27.06 million MWh/year of electricity could be generated from manure biogas in 2024, which could fulfill 30.59% of the total electricity demand. Moreover, in rural areas, biogas can replace other fuels like diesel, coal, etc. One study found that total biogas potential from animal manure could replace 12.13 million tons of coal and 1.65 megaliters of diesel in 2016 [13]. Livestock manure can even produce energy and contribute to the national energy grid. By 2030, the government of Bangladesh plans to produce 12% of its total electricity from renewable sources [89]. Thus, the renewable energy demand can be mitigated by producing biogas from livestock manure in Bangladesh. In the case of compost production, about 67,454.84 kilotons of compost can be produced from total livestock manure, which could supply 2202.13 kilotons of synthetic fertilizer in Bangladesh in 2024. Compost production potential from livestock manure will be a reasonable alternative to avoid the use of synthetic fertilizer, and the estimated total compost can replace synthetic fertilizer use for crop cultivation.