## 5 Conclusions and Prospects  
Floral scent is a crucial factor in encouraging consumers to purchase lilies. Therefore, breeders are dedicated to developing new lily varieties with more intense and long-lasting fragrances through genetic improvement and breeding techniques. For instance, crossing scentless Asiatic hybrid lilies with _L. longiform_ has successfully produced varieties with pleasant aromas [3]. However, controlling the fragrance traits of offspring precisely during hybrid breeding is challenging, due to the complex synthesis pathways and regulatory mechanisms of floral scent components. Current research mainly focuses on the terpenoid synthesis pathway, with a limited understanding of the gene functions and molecular regulatory mechanisms of other floral scent components' metabolic pathways [13; 70]. In recent years, significant progress has been made in studying the release and synthesis regulation of important compounds in lily fragrance. Lily fragrance comprises many volatile compounds, with 1,8-cineole, linalool, (_E_)-\(\beta\)-ocimene, and methyl benzoate being the primary compounds in most lily varieties [10]. Fatty acid derivatives like geranyl acetate and amino acid derivatives have also been identified [7]. Functional gene studies have elucidated several key genes and transcription factors involved in volatile synthesis pathways [11; 16; 53; 54]. A schematic diagram illustrating the biosynthesis of lily fragrance components and their regulation by transcription factors is shown in Figure 1. However, these studies primarily focus on a limited number of varieties ('Siberia' and 'Sorbonne'), and the prolonged absence of reference genome sequences has hindered progress in deciphering the gene regulatory network of lily fragrance and in the genetic engineering of breeding. The recent publication of the large lily genome sequence [71] marks a milestone that will significantly accelerate lily fragrance research, providing an opportunity to identify the key genes involved in the formation of different lily fragrances. Moreover, the lack of efficient and stable genetic transformation systems applicable to various lily varieties is another major limitation in the discovery and application of lily fragrance genes. Some successful cases have been reported, such as a novel _Agrobacterium transformation_ method, based on injection in the meristems, using _L. regale_[72], the optimized genetic transformation systems for _Lilium_ 'Siberia' and _Lilium_ 'Sorbonne' [73], and the genetic transformation system for _L. pumulum_ constructed by [PERSON] et al., which preliminarily verified the function of LpNAC6 in abiotic stress [74]. The successful construction of the CRISPR/Cas9 system for liliies [75] also provides potential tools for functional gene discovery and new germplasm creation. However, the effectiveness of these tools and systems varies significantly among the different genotypes [76], and obtaining positive gene-edited seedlings through CRISPR/Cas9 remains rare, making the construction and optimization of genetic transformation and gene-editing systems for different lily varieties still challenging. In the field of floral scent detection, several highly efficient techniques, such as gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) [77], comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC \(\times\) GC-TOF-MS) [78], fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) [79], proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS) [80], and the GC-PTR-TOF-MS method [81], can be further developed and applied to the detection of lily fragrance. These techniques allow for the comprehensive identification of the various VOCs of lily fragrance. Moreover, special instruments like the Mach-Zehnder interferometer can detect spectral changes and could be optimized in the future to develop methods for visualizing fragrance detection [25].