###### Abstract  
Delay-tolerant networking (DTN) enables communication in disruptive scenarios where issues such as sparse and intermittent connectivity, long and variable delays, high latency, high error rates, or no end-to-end connectivity exist. Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is a network of the future in which integration between devices, vehicles, and users will be unlimited and universal, overcoming the heterogeneity of systems, services, applications, and devices. Delay-tolerant internet of vehicles (DT-IoV) is emerging and becoming a popular research topic due to the critical applications that can be realized, such as software or map update dissemination. For an IoV to work efficiently, a degree of cooperation between nodes is necessary to deliver messages to their destinations. However, nodes might misbehave and silently drop messages, also known as a black-hole attack, degrading network performance. Various solutions have been proposed to deal with black-hole nodes, but most are centralized or require each node to meet every other node. This paper proposes a decentralized reputation scheme called BiRep that identifies and punishes black-hole nodes in DT-IoV. BiRep is tested on the Prophet routing protocol. Simulation results show excellent performance in all scenarios, comparable or better to other reputation schemes, significantly increasing the delivery ratio of messages. Keywords: reputation; black-hole attack; delay-tolerant internet of vehicles +
Footnote †: journal:  
0000-0000-0000-0000-0000-0000-00000-0000-00000-0000-00000-0000-0  
implications it might have on our lives. The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) [2] is a network of the future in which integration between devices, vehicles, and users will be unlimited and universal, overcoming the heterogeneity of systems, services, applications, and devices. Delay-Tolerant Internet of Vehicles (DT-IoV) is emerging and becoming a popular research topic due to the critical applications that can be realized, such as optimizing traffic flow and road capacity, software, and map update dissemination. Moreover, there are also commercial applications such as tourist and leisure information, parking space availability, but most importantly, assisting in communication between emergency services in areas lacking conventional communication means [3]. In a DT-IoV network, there is no permanent connectivity with any centralized structure. Nodes can move and communicate by exchanging messages through opportunistic wireless ad hoc connections with other nodes. For a DT-IoV to work and be efficient, cooperation between network nodes is necessary, but it cannot be expected, as nodes might not transmit the messages they receive [4], either because a malicious user controls them, they lack resources, or even because they are selfish and do not want to send messages from other network nodes, only wanting to receive messages for themselves. This latter case is called a black-hole attack. Expressly, the node refuses to transmit any message in which it is not the source and deletes any messages it receives where it is not the destination. Black-hole attacks are one of the most studied attacks in vehicular networks, and although there are already some proposed solutions, none of them are fail-proof or tested for a vast number of scenarios. Throughout the paper, the terms black-hole, malicious, or bad node are used interchangeably to mean simply a black-hole node. In this article, the following contributions are presented:  
* BiRep is proposed as a new and completely distributed reputation scheme designed to provide an effective and robust identification and punishment of black-hole nodes in a DT-IoV network to diminish their impact on network performance. BiRep can work with any underlying routing protocol.