# Recent Advancement in Assessment and Control of Structures under Multi-Hazard
## 4 Multi-Hazard Assessment and Control of Bridges
### Multi-Hazard Assessment of Bridges
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Type of** & **Reference** & **Type of Bridge** & **Aims** & **Main Contribution/Conclusion** \\
**Hazards** & **Reference** & **Structure** & **Aims** & **Time-dependent fragility models of selected bridge classes, and an algorithm for reliability assessment, case studies highlight the need for accounting network-level importance in retrofit programs \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [88]} & \multirow{4}{*}{RC bridges} & \multirow{4}{*}{Reliability assessment} & Time-dependent fragility models of selected bridge classes, and an algorithm for reliability assessment, case studies highlight the need for accounting network-level importance in retrofit programs \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] and [PERSON] [99]} & \multirow{4}{*}{RC bridges} & \multirow{4}{*}{Life cycle reliability assessment} & Modelling spatial variability of rebar corrosion using X-ray, and a computational framework to incorporate corrosion hazard in seismic reliability \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [89]} & \multirow{4}{*}{RC bridges} & \multirow{4}{*}{Life cycle performance assessment} & Probabilistic modelling of capacities of corroding critical sections, case study highlighting undesirable effect of corrosion in seismic performance \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [100]} & \multirow{4}{*}{RC bridges} & \multirow{4}{*}{Modelling impact of corrosion on seismic performance} & A new constitutive model for corroded reinforcing steel, and fragility curves at various time intervals \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [101]} & \multirow{4}{*}{Highway bridges} & Study of realistic corrosion models and their impacts on life-cycle cost. & Framework for seismic life cycle costs from generic corrosion measures, case study demonstrating relevance of pitting versus uniform corrosion model \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] and [PERSON] [102]} & \multirow{4}{*}{Highway bridges} & Assessment of time-dependent capacities and more realistic degradation models in seismic fragility & A methodology for seismic fragility assessment incorporating pitting versus uniform corrosion model \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [103]} & \multirow{4}{*}{RC bridges} & \multirow{4}{*}{Information of spatial distribution of corrosion in seismic reliability assessment} & Models to estimate steel weight loss at critical sections using spatially variable corrosion images using X-ray technology, followed by an illustrative case study \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [104]} & \multirow{4}{*}{RC bridges} & \multirow{4}{*}{Fragility assessment} & Framework for seismic vulnerability assessment of deteriorating RC columns \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] and [PERSON] [105]} & \multirow{4}{*}{Highway bridges} & \multirow{4}{*}{Network resilience assessment} & Computational framework for risk assessment which emphasis on effect of ageing in seismic resilience \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [106], [PERSON] et al. [107], [PERSON] et al. [107], Earthquake and Floods} & \multirow{4}{*}{Highway bridges} & \multirow{4}{*}{Network reliability analysis} & Methodology to estimate bridge fragilities using deterioration parameters from instrumented bridges in the network, and an example application \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{Earthquake and Floods} \\ \hline Dong and \multirow{4}{*}{Frangopol [78]} & \multirow{4}{*}{Highway bridges} & \multirow{4}{*}{Life-cycle performance assessment} & A framework for time-variant loss and resilience assessment, and effect of climate change \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Cont.