## 6 Using MEC as Enabler for Vehicular Applications
### Platooning
The SMP model provides insights into how these elements are interconnected within the context of the platooning system. To meet the needs of various vehicle-platooning structures, this paper specifically considers the attributes of vehicle platooning, consisting of whether a PM can be a leader in order to have a stable platoon as the main aspect, the variable number of cars, and the variations in resource availability of every car. The MEC host monitors how the containers behave inside each car. Study [158] introduces a context-aware Q-learning-based relocation technique that figures out the best ways to move a platooning control algorithm from one MEC server to other servers in the edge layer. By describing the design of a MEC host for managing platoons, installed at eNB stations [1], authors demonstrate the feasibility of MEC-enabled platooning [159]. The service merges a longitudinal controller from the research [160] with a grouping mechanism to detect platoons and manage platoon stability. They establish the accuracy of the clustering approach and fine-tune the longitudinal controller's variables. UEs are connected to the network by a number of eNBs, which also connect them to the MEC framework and to other UEs. Both UEs and ME hosts operate the platooning application, but they have distinct responsibilities. While the former frequently report their location and speed, the latter gather data from all UEs, establish platoons, and organize the vehicle's motion within a platoon. Every vehicle will always obtain platooning operations from one ME host, although over time, the service provider host may change due to a variety of circumstances, such as proximity between the UE and the ME host and network communication bandwidth [159]. In ref. [161], researchers introduced a comprehensive Platooning-as-a-Service (PlaaS) framework, which outlines roles and interactions. This framework is intended for use within a multioperator mobile network equipped with ETSI MEC capabilities. In a scenario where vehicles can form groups (platoons) on a highway, multiple mobile network operators provide MEC services along the road. Each vehicle is subscribed to one operator's network and can only communicate with that operator's BSs and has its own MEC framework, adapted with ETSI MEC standards, and these systems collaborate to form a federation. The aim is to create an ETSI MEC-assisted PlaaS framework that allows vehicles to discover and join nearby platoons and to regulate cruising speed. This framework must work across different MEC systems and is realized through software applications on vehicles and MEC systems, ensuring standard APIs for portability and interoperability. They have extensively examined the practicality of implementing platoon control using MEC within a federated setup. Their research shows that neither computational overhead nor communication delays on a 5G network are significant concerns. Instead, the potential issues stem from inaccuracies in reporting vehicle positions caused by variations in system delays. They quantified the scope of these challenges and put forth a simple solution to address them. Also, their investigation underscores that MEC-based platooning is a viable option within a multioperator environment, where control information is transmitted over a 5G network [161]. Study [162] introduces task offloading for vehicular platooning with the assistance of a MEC server. They propose an efficient task-offloading mechanism to meet task deadlines while minimizing overall energy consumption. The approach employs a greedy algorithm to address the simplified problem, achieved through the Lyapunov optimization technique. When compared to the shortest waiting time algorithm and the full transfer to a MEC technique, the proposed algorithm significantly reduces the power usage of PMs.