## 4 Results
### Analysis of the Spread of IoT Tools and Solutions
The main limitation of our estimations is that these empirical findings were only able to demonstrate one empirical aspect of IoT devices. Meanwhile, other determinants which may affect the utility of IoT tools and solutions have not been included due to restricted access to data, so the validity of our conclusions is limited by the bias caused by the exclusion of these variables and method. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Type** & **CPS** & **Big Data** & **CPPS** & **Cloud** & **Sensors** & **Robots** & **RFID** & **Smart Tools** & **Smart Products** \\ \hline
**Levene’s F** & & 26.144 & 2.243 & 12.095 & 0.017 & 0.003 & 0.172 & 0.084 & 0.047 & 0.249 \\
**t** & & 2.361 * & 2.071 ** & 2.171 ** & 0.162 & 0.422 & \(-\)0.431 & 0.552 & \(-\)0.221 & 0.359 \\
**Mean Diff. ** & & 1.423 & 0.807 & 0.786 & 0.061 & 0.158 & \(-\)0.173 & 0.229 & \(-\)0.136 & 0.195 \\
**S.E.D. ** & & 0.379 & 0.389 & 0.362 & 0.371 & 0.373 & 0.401 & 0.415 & 0.617 & 0.543 \\ \hline
**Levene’s F** & & 5.741 & 0.089 & 2.284 & 0.088 & 2.103 & 1.039 & 0.672 & 0.993 & 0.879 \\
**t** & & 2.674 ** & 1.867 * & 2.809 *** & 0.136 & 1.077 & 0.857 & 0.645 & \(-\)0.184 & 1.266 \\
**Mean Diff. ** & & 1.415 & 0.773 & 0.977 & 0.051 & 0.401 & 0.343 & 0.269 & \(-\)0.114 & 0.673 \\
**S.E.D. ** & & 0.379 & 0.414 & 0.348 & 0.374 & 0.371 & 0.401 & 0.417 & 0.618 & 0.531 \\ \hline
**Levene’s F** & & 1.041 & 0.006 & 0.004 & 1.198 & 0.057 & 1.512 & 0.442 & 0.152 & 0.962 \\
**t** & & 2.362 ** & 1.452 & 2.427 ** & \(-\)0.241 & 0.778 & 0.302 & 1.015 & 0.152 & 0.941 \\
**Mean Diff. ** & & 1.003 & 0.618 & 0.898 & \(-\)0.091 & 0.295 & 0.123 & 0.421 & 0.094 & 0.507 \\
**S.E.D. ** & & 0.534 & 0.471 & 0.371 & 0.379 & 0.379 & 0.408 & 0.415 & 0.621 & 0.539 \\ \hline
**Levene’s F** & & 5.046 & 6.699 & 0.274 & 0.921 & 2.009 & 0.462 & 0.185 & 2.517 & 0.099 \\
**t** & & 2.712 ** & 1.911 * & 1.676 & \(-\)0.038 & \(-\)0.541 & 0.288 & \(-\)0.687 & \(-\)0.696 & \(-\)0.444 \\
**Mean Diff. ** & & 0.918 & 0.567 & 0.631 & \(-\)0.014 & \(-\)0.204 & 0.116 & \(-\)0.286 & \(-\)0.427 & \(-\)0.242 \\
**S.E.D. ** & & 0.338 & 0.297 & 0.375 & 0.374 & 0.355 & 0.404 & 0.416 & 0.614 & 0.544 \\ \hline
**Levene’s F** & & 2.173 & 0.296 & 2.409 & 0.281 & 0.001 & 5.929 & 2.919 & 4.856 & 1.847 \\
**t** & **QS** & 2.902 *** & 0.041 & 2.464 ** & 1.511 & 0.143 & 0.893 & \(-\)0.558 & \(-\)0.529 & \(-\)0.103 \\
**Mean Diff. ** & & 1.182 & 0.018 & 0.881 & 0.544 & 0.054 & 0.357 & \(-\)0.233 & \(-\)0.326 & \(-\)0.056 \\
**S.E.D. ** & & 0.407 & 0.439 & 0.357 & 0.361 & 0.383 & 0.399 & 0.417 & 0.616 & 0.546 \\ \hline
**Levene’s F** & & 0.315 & 0.009 & 5.661 & 2.321 & 0.196 & 1.912 & 0.084 & 0.682 & 0.637 \\
**t** & **QS** & 2.467 ** & 1.462 & 0.675 & 0.151 & \(-\)1.417 & 0.992 & \(-\)0.168 & \(-\)0.752 & \(-\)0.441 \\
**Mean Diff. ** & & 1.038 & 0.619 & 0.311 & 0.056 & \(-\)0.519 & 0.395 & \(-\)0.071 & \(-\)0.461 & \(-\)0.239 \\
**S.E.D. ** & & 0.421 & 0. In order to demonstrate the validity and reliability of our results, an additional chi-square test for independence, also called the Pearson's chi-square test or the chi-square test of association, was used with SPSS to discover if there is a relationship between two examined categorical variables. From this perspective, there was a statistically significant association between, for example, CPS, CPSS and the efficiency of the business performances of IT companies. Disincentives for development were also surveyed in the questionnaire. Respondents were asked to indicate what factors hold them back from using IoT solutions. The main inhibitory factor (21 responses) is, of course, the unknown level of costs. Companies feel that the new technology has uncertain costs, which do not, at present, have guaranteed returns, not to mention the lack of standards and the risk of rapid obsolescence. A quarter of respondents identified data security as a risk factor, especially when it comes to external data or data sources. Equally, a labor force with inadequate qualifications was considered a barrier.