esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Conclusions  
The first approach of an engineered lipase from Basidiomycota to modulate the chain length specificity was demonstrated. Through a small but smart library, the effort of expression, purification, and characterization was reduced by 77% (35 of 152 all possible mutants), while 18 mutants (roughly 50% based on the predicted) displayed a change in the hydrolysis profile, and 12 of these mutants (34%) had the desired effect of reduced activity against long-chain substrates. Three mutants that showed a drastic decrease in the activity towards long-chain substrates were subjected to cheese production and further analyzed. In initial application tests, the L305A mutant showed promising results to produce vFFA in brine cheese, based on the GC-MS measurements, similar to an animal PGE alternative. The cheese produced with L305A mutants was ranked the most appealing cheese in the sensory evaluation. Summarizing the results of this study, promising mutants of the PCI_Lip could be created. Especially the L305A mutant has a great potential to enable the production of cheeses, which have traditionally been produced with the aid of animal-derived lipases, under vegetarian, halal, or Rosher conditions and, at the same time, to maintain their characteristic profile. Upcoming industrial pilot scale tests will have to validate the industrial usability of the novel enzyme.  
The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/foods11172608/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/foods11172608/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/foods11172608/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/foods11172608/s1)) and consists of 21 Supplementary Figures and 52 Supplementary Tables.  
Conceptualization, M.G.; methodology, N.B., M.A.S., J.M., A.S. and E.W.; writing--original draft preparation, N.B. and M.G.; writing--review and editing, M.G. and M.A.S.; visualization, B.L.; supervision, M.G.; project administration, B.L. and M.G.; funding acquisition, B.L., M.G. and H.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
M.G. received funding from the Justus Liebig University Giessen from the program \"Research grants to young scientists\", grant BasEnginLip. M.A.S., A.S. and J.M., were partially supported by the ZIM program of BMWK (Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Change) with the granting number 16 KN068829. B.L. was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China for Young Scholars with the granting number 22108227.  
Figure 2: Feta-type brine cheese produced without addition of lipase, the reference PGE optimzym z10 uc, PCI_Lip WT (1 U), F91L (1 U), L302G (0.7 U), and L305A (1 U) after 30 d of ripening at 13 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Shown are peak areas of selected vFFA from the cheese samples after SPME-GC-MS analysis. The measurements were performed in duplicates and the error bar corresponds to the mean deviation. C2:0 = acetic acid, C4:0 = butyric acid, C6:0 = hexanoic acid, C8:0 = octanoic acid, and C10:0 = decanoic acid.
# Dosimetric Optimization of a Laser-Driven Irradiation Facility Using the G4-ELIMED Application
## 2 Materials and Methods
### In-Air Configuration of the Beamline  
The detectors used for the online beam diagnostic and dosimetry were included in the simulations to consider the effect that they may introduce into the beam transport section. A brass scattering foil with a radius of 3 cm and a tantalum in-air collimator with 1.75 and 25 cm of inner and outer radius respectively were added to improve the characteristics of the final proton beam. To produce a proper SOBP, the thickness of the scattering foil (used to improve the lateral profiles) was varied between 200 and 320 \(\upmu\)m. Furthermore, the in-air section length was decreased from 200 to 33 cm to reduce the scattering with the air and the loss of protons, which were important because of the low proton kinetic energies. A schematic layout of the in-air part configuration is presented in Figure 3.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Energy (MeV)** & **D1 (mm)** & **D2 (mm)** & **D3 (mm)** & **D4 (mm)** \\ \hline
18 & 56.8 & 218.4 & 772.0 & 901.1 \\
20 & 60.2 & 228.3 & 798.2 & 924.0 \\
22 & 59.4 & 253.1 & 836.2 & 956.2 \\
25 & 61.5 & 281.7 & 885.5 & 1005.5 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Initial positions of the four PMQs for the configurations used to focus different energy beams. The distances are calculated with respect to the position of the source.  
Figure 2: Layout of the collection and focusing section configuration. Values of the initial relative positions of the quadrupoles (D1, D2, D3, and D4) per each energy configuration are given in Table 2.
# An All-Mach Number HLLC-Based Scheme for Multi-Phase Flow with Surface Tension
## 3 Numerical Methodology
### HLLC Solver  
In this work, the HLLC solver [30] is employed to obtain the inviscid edge flux. This solver is preferred here for two reasons. First, it ensures positivity of variables and secondly, a volumetric computed flux based on characteristic wave-speeds is readily available.  
As illustrated in Figure 2, HLLC assumes that the elementary wave configuration consists of three waves viz. left, right and intermediate (\(s_{L},s_{R}\) and \(s_{*}\)) separating four states. These are the left \(\mathbf{U}_{L}\), the left intermediate \(\mathbf{U}_{s_{L}}\), right intermediate \(\mathbf{U}_{s_{R}}\) and right state \(\mathbf{U}_{R}\), respectively. Intrinsically, each region is defined as per the characteristic wave-speeds where the inter-cell flux, \(\mathbf{F}_{f}\), is derived from the Rankine-Hugoniot jump conditions as  
\[\mathbf{F}_{f}=\begin{cases}\mathbf{F}_{L},&\text{if}\quad 0\leq s_{L},\\ \mathbf{F}_{L}+s_{L}(\mathbf{U}_{s,L}-\mathbf{U}_{L}),&\text{if}\quad s_{L}\leq 0\leq s_{*}, \\ \mathbf{F}_{R}+s_{R}(\mathbf{U}_{s,R}-\mathbf{U}_{R}),&\text{if}\quad s_{*}\leq 0\leq s_{R}, \\ \mathbf{F}_{R},&\text{if}\quad 0\geq s_{R}.\end{cases} \tag{22}\]  
Equation (22) gives the generic form for all existing HLLC solvers in the literature. This defines the starting point for the inclusion of CICSAM and surface tension effects in the solver. In particular, the improvements that will be proposed for the computation of the intermediate flux will draw from existing work on HLLC [1] and will be further expanded on in the next sections.  
Figure 2: Elementary wave configuration to the Riemann Problem.  
To obtain the intermediate star-state flux, consistency conditions on the velocity and pressure fields must first be set. For the face normal and tangential components of the velocity field at the contact discontinuity, the following must hold:  
\[\mathbf{u}_{*,L}\cdot\mathbf{n}=\mathbf{u}_{*,R}\cdot\mathbf{n}=s_{*}\quad\text{and}\quad\mathbf{u }_{*k}-(\mathbf{u}_{*k}\cdot\mathbf{n})\mathbf{n}=\mathbf{u}_{k}-(\mathbf{u}_{k}\cdot\mathbf{n})\mathbf{n}. \tag{23}\]  
Traditionally, in the absence of surface tension, the following pressure condition is enforced:  
\[p_{*,L}=p_{*,R}=p_{*}.\]  
However, to account for the pressure jump induced by surface tension, a new consistency condition is derived. Using the generalised Riemann invariants and eigenvector \(\mathbf{k}^{(4)}=\left[0,0,0,\sigma\kappa,1\right]^{T}\), the Young-Laplace pressure jump condition is obtained:  
\[\begin{split}\Delta p_{*}&=\sigma\kappa\Delta\alpha,\\ p_{*,R}-p_{*,L}&=\sigma\kappa(\alpha_{R}-\alpha_{L} ),\end{split} \tag{24}\]  
where this consistency pressure condition was first proposed in [1].
# A Research Study on Protocol Stack of Space-Based Optical Backbone Network
## 3 Design of the Protocol Stack
### Design of Transport Plane
#### 3.2.1 DCN Channel  
In order to realize the functions of control message transmission, we need to use DCN channels. We designed DCN channels by the ECC (embedded communication channel) method.  
As shown in Figure 7, we divided the control or management message (fixed length) into ten segments, and then plugged them into the DCN fields in ten continuous AOS frames. The node on the opposite end reads the information from DCN fields and reorganizes them. It can be seen that the DCN channels can provide a stable transmission rate and small delay jitter because of the use of fixed bytes (DCN field) in continuous AOS frames. In addition, DCN channels do not take up the data field, which means that they do not affect the transmission of service data.
## 3 Kinematic Analysis
### Inverse Acceleration
#### 3.4.2 Angular Acceleration and Rate of Euler Angular  
The angular acceleration, \(\boldsymbol{\overset{\bullet}{\alpha}}\), is the first derivative of angular velocity, \(\boldsymbol{\overset{\bullet}{\omega}}\). Differentiate both sides of Equation (28) with respect to time, and the angular acceleration can be solved as:  
\[\left[\begin{array}{cc}\alpha_{x}&\alpha_{y}&\alpha_{z}\end{array}\right]^{ T}=\boldsymbol{\overset{\bullet}{T}}_{0}\Big{[}\begin{array}{cc}\bullet& \bullet&\bullet&\bullet\\ \
ot{\psi}&\theta&\phi\end{array}\Big{]}^{T}+\boldsymbol{T}_{0}\Big{[} \begin{array}{cc}\boldsymbol{\overset{\bullet\bullet}{\psi}}&\boldsymbol{ \overset{\bullet\bullet}{\theta}}&\boldsymbol{\overset{\bullet\bullet}{\phi}} \end{array}\Big{]}^{T} \tag{35}\]  
where  
\[\boldsymbol{\overset{\bullet}{T}}_{0}=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}-\phi\sin\phi \cos\theta-\theta\theta\cos\phi\sin\theta&-\phi\cos\phi&0\\ \phi\cos\phi\cos\theta-\theta\sin\phi\sin\theta&-\phi\sin\phi&0\\ -\theta\cos\theta&0&0\end{array}\right] \tag{36}\]Figure 3 shows the whole calculation process for the inverse kinematic solutions of the shield thrust mechanism. On this basis, the calculation program was compiled by MATLAB R2017b to solve the motion behaviors of the cylinders of the shield thrust mechanism when the shield machine was tracking a target trajectory.
# Compression-Assisted Adaptive ECC and RAID Scattering for NAND Flash Storage Devices
## 4 Evaluation
### Discussion about Compression Module  
The adaptive ECC and RAID scattering is applied based on lossless data compression, and thus the overhead of the data compression module is a performance-deteriorating factor for NAND flash memory devices. Although the software zlib module is used in our system for data compression, the compression module requires a lot of CPU computation, and hence it is not suitable for practical use in software implementations. However, recent compression hardware [37] or accelerator [38] further increases the practical possibilities of lossless data compression. In particular, [37] describes that it supports gzip/zlib/deflate data compression with approximately 100 Gbps bandwidth. If such a compression module is included in the NAND flash controller, it is expected to be able to perform data compression with little effect to the performance degradation of other modules, although it will increase the cost. In this paper, we could not analyze the performance degradation effect by the compression module, but in the future, there is a need to analyze the performance of the overall system including the hardware compression module. This is our further work.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Simulated Foot Traffic Experiments  
Simulated foot traffic (i.e., walking) experiments were performed wearing boots with both straight-line walking on contaminated paves and circuit walking on a path. Contaminated/stabilized paves were measured for Sr-85 activity before and after walking to determine the %R. The transfer surfaces were measured for the activity of Sr-85 to evaluate the %T, and the boots were measured to determine the %Res on the boots after the experiment. The average %R, %T, %Res, and corresponding SD for each stabilization technology and testing surface are provided in Table 7. Four (4) replicates were conducted per stabilization technology and testing surface.
###### Abstract  
Exergy analyses are essential tools for the performance evaluation of water desalination and other separation systems, including those featuring membrane distillation (MD). One of the challenges in the commercialization of MD technologies is its substantial heat demand, especially for large scale applications. Identifying such heat flows in the system plays a crucial role in pinpointing the heat loss and thermal integration potential by the help of exergy analysis. This study presents an exergetic evaluation of air-gap membrane distillation (AGMD) systems at a laboratory and pilot scale. A series of experiments were conducted to obtain thermodynamic data for the water streams included in the calculations. Exergy efficiency and destruction for two different types of flat-plate AGMD were analyzed for a range of feed and coolant temperatures. The bench scale AGMD system incorporating condensation plate with more favorable heat conductivity contributed to improved performance parameters including permeate flux, specific heat demand, and exergy efficiency. For both types of AGMD systems, the contributions of the major components involved in exergy destruction were identified. The result suggested that the MD modules caused the highest fraction of destructions followed by re-concentrating tanks.  
**Keywords:** exergy; energy; membrane distillation; specific heat; entropy; efficiency +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 3 Mathematical Modeling Formulation
### Modeling of Switching in Dynamic Reconfiguration  
Figure 6 illustrates the intricate interconnections between the components of a distribution network and microgrids via power distribution lines. The dynamic reconfiguration of this network and its linked microgrids is facilitated by the controlled operation of circuit breakers within the system. This enables the adjustment of power network configurations by manipulating the opening and closing of switches during network operations, facilitating energy exchange between different segments of the network. Consequently, the coupling switches in the network play a pivotal role in altering the power distribution pathways through their opening and closing actions. To represent the states of these switches within the network, a binary formulation is utilized, where a value of 0 signifies the open state and 1 indicates the closed state, as detailed in Equation (28).  
\[S_{i}=\begin{cases}1&\text{if Switch is closed}\\ 0&\text{if Switch is opened}\end{cases} \tag{28}\]  
Figure 6: Various forms of dynamic switching within the proposed framework.
## 3 Results  
### Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Vegetation Greenness and Productivity Across Global Drylands  
#### 3.1.1 Temporal Trend in Multisource Satellite-Observed LAI, GPP, and SIF  
Temporally, the study detected the interannual trends in the annually averaged LAI, GPP, and SIF across global drylands during the past four decades of 1982-2018, as shown in Figure 1. Results exhibited that there was a significant upward trend in LAI, GPP, and SIF across global drylands from 1982 to 2018 (\(p<0.05\)). Specifically, remote-sensed averaged LAI showed a significant increasing trend in global drylands with an average growth rate of \(1.70\times 10^{-3}\) m\({}^{2}\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\). Among them, GLASS LAI showed the highest greening rate of \(1.90\times 10^{-3}\) m\({}^{2}\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\) during the past 37 years compared to the other three LAI datasets (Figure 1a). Additionally, multisource averaged GPP and SIF also exhibited an obvious increasing trend,with average growth rates of 4.10 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) gC\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\)\(\cdot\)d\({}^{-1}\) and 0.20 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) W\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\)\(\cdot\)um\({}^{-1}\)\(\cdot\)sr\({}^{-1}\), respectively (Figure 1b,c). Importantly, over 50% of the flux sites showed an increase in GPP (21 sites, 6 of which were statistically significant, \(p\) < 0.05), while only 4 sites had a significant decrease in GPP (16 sites, 4 of which were statistically significant, \(p\) < 0.05). This indicates that the flux-based FLUENT GPP, which is based on 37 flux stations and is recognized as the real primary productivity, has rapidly increased in global drylands during the available data period of 2003-2014 (Figure 1d). Not surprisingly, 11 cutting-edge ecosystem models from the TRENDY project also captured the significantly increasing trend of LAI and GPP across global drylands from 1982 to 2018 under the scenarios of S1 (varying CO\({}_{2}\) concentration), S2 (varying CO\({}_{2}\) concentration and climate), and S3 (varying CO\({}_{2}\) concentration, climate, and LCC) (Figure S2 in Supplementary Section S2). Furthermore, 22 ESMs from the CMIP6 project consistently projected a continuously significant increase in LAI and GPP at the different SSP scenarios over global drylands during the future period of 2019-2100 (_p_ < 0.05) (Figure 2), in which the growth rate of LAI and GPP was the highest in the SSP5-8.5 scenarios than that of the other three SSPs (LAI: 3.20 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) m\({}^{2}\)\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\); GPP: 7.60 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) gC\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\)\(\cdot\)d\({}^{-1}\)). These findings revealed that vegetation has been experiencing a greening process in global drylands since the early 1980s and throughout the 21 st century.  
Figure 1: Temporal dynamics of different satellite-observed vegetation indexes from different datasets in global drylands from 1982 to 2018. (**a**) LAI, (**b**) GPP, (**c**) SIF, and (**d**) FLUXNET GPP.
# Deep-Learning Based Algorithm for Detecting Targets in Infrared Images
## 5 Experiment and Analysis of Experimental Results
### Description of Evaluation  
In this paper, the target detection performance of the method on the FLIR infrared driving image dataset is evaluated from mAP (mean average precision), which is widely used as a standard measure in previous target detection research. The calculation formula is as follows:  
\[Precision=\frac{TP}{TP+FP} \tag{9}\]  
\[MAP(Q)=\frac{1}{|Q|}\sum_{j=1}^{|Q|}\frac{1}{m_{j}}\sum_{k=1}^{m_{j}}Precision \left(R_{jk}\right) \tag{10}\]  
where TP indicates that the prediction is true and the label is true, FP indicates that the prediction is true and the label is false. Q is the set of target categories to be detected, \(m_{j}\) is the number of pictures of all categories corresponding to \(Q_{j}\), \(R_{jk}\) is the set of all pictures in the returned result until picture k is found. That is to say, the corresponding precision is calculated in this set.
# A Physical-Layer Watermarking Scheme Based on 5G NR
## 2 Watermark System Model on 5G NR
### Improved Watermarking Scheme
#### 2.2.3 Improved Watermark Embedding Scheme  
The watermark authentication schemes corresponding to three different watermark generation schemes are shown in Figure 8. In Figure 8, Scheme I is the existing watermark authentication scheme, in which the demodulated user bits \(\hat{b}\) and the key are hashed together to regenerate the watermark \(\hat{w}^{\prime}\), and then the generated watermark \(\hat{w}^{\prime}\) is compared with the directly extracted watermark \(\hat{w}\) to complete the authentication process. Scheme II is an improved version of Scheme I. The extracted watermark \(\hat{w}\) is decoded to obtain watermark source bits \(\hat{h}_{s}\) and then compared with the regenerated watermark source bits \(\hat{h}^{\prime}_{s}\) to complete authentication, which can reduce authentication errors caused by transmission errors of the watermark. Scheme III is further improved by using pseudo-user-bits  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Information Code** & **Channel Code** & **Information Code** & **Channel Code** \\ \hline
0000 & 00010111 & 1000 & 10001011 \\ \hline
0001 & 00010111 & 1001 & 10011100 \\ \hline
0010 & 00101101 & 1010 & 10100110 \\ \hline
0011 & 00111010 & 1011 & 10110001 \\ \hline
0100 & 01001110 & 1100 & 11000101 \\ \hline
0101 & 01011001 & 1101 & 11010010 \\ \hline
0110 & 01100011 & 1110 & 11101000 \\ \hline
0111 & 01110100 & 11111 & 11101000 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Improved (7, 4) cyclic codes.  
instead of user bits \(\hat{b}\) to generate watermarks, thereby reducing authentication errors caused by demodulation errors of user's signals.  
It should be noted that when channel coding is carried out, every 4-bit watermark source is coded into a 7-bit channel code, and then the 8 th bit is supplemented according to the number of bit 1 in the 7-bit code to realize the symmetry of the watermark. Meanwhile, all 0 s and all 1 s are regarded as 0001 and 1110 before coding. Therefore, correspondingly, at the receiving end, 8 bits are taken as a group, and the first 7 bits are decoded to extract the watermark source bits. At the same time, among the watermark source bits regenerated by the receiver, all 0 s and all 1 s should be regarded as 0001 and 1110, and then compared with the extracted watermark source bits to complete the authentication process.
## 2 Results and Discussion
### Technological Context  
In the technological context, videoconferencing acts not only as a technology per se but also as a tool for interaction that offers collaboration. The introduction of videoconferencing between levels of care provides access to information and knowledge so that referrals can be avoided and the problem can be solved locally. GPA explains how this technology is a tool that makes discussion and local treatment possible:  
GPA: \"We have some elderly people who we thought should not be transferred to the hospital. Maybe they need it for the sake of their illness, but they are so old that we try to spare them the burden of being sent. Then, we may do things that are a bit outside of our area of expertise.\"  
GPA explains under what circumstances the technology is used as a tool for giving patients the best treatment while considering their total health. Videoconferencing makes more problem solving possible (_i.e._, the GPs are able to solve problems even outside of their areas of expertise). Both GPA and GPB explain how elderly people suffer if they are transported and the fact that they are considered to be the group for whom videoconferencing provides the best value for local treatment. In addition, their relatives do not have the burden of travelling with the patient to the hospital.  
GPB: \"It has to do with age. If it is a young person who is seriously ill, then we send him. But an older person, we would like to save them the strain of being sent to the hospital and, yes, it is about providing the best possible care locally. Relatives feel safe. The majority of patients think it is brilliant; not very many look forward to hospitalization.\"  
GPB and SB refer to videoconferencing as supplementing traditional distance communication methods (_i.e._, telephone consultations) via its visual possibilities. Videoconferencing provides access to visual and non-linguistic interaction and offers opportunities to share representations such as EKGs and images, which go beyond the capabilities of the telephone.  
GPB: \"The advantage is that I can see them [specialists], and they give me answers then and there. I think that you get a different relationship with one another. It is something else to see one another and have the opportunity to exchange EKGs or whatever else it may be.\"  
SB: \"We have access to x-rays and everything. We may look at common EKGs. Patients may participate too.\"  
Both GPA and GPB point to videoconferencing as a tool offering health professionals visual communication and immediate access to knowledge so that elderly patients and their relatives receive better kinds of treatment (_i.e._, being spared the burden of being sent to another hospital farther away and being treated in their own well-known surroundings near their relatives).