## 2 Theory  
### Place-Based Experience  
What is a place-based experience? Are users of locative journalism likely to re-discover a sense of place? What do users gain? What do they lose? These are all big questions, but they constitute the ideational premise in this article. We can recognize the content on the mobile smartphones from earlier media and technology such as television, film, radio, newspapers, _etc._ Despite similarities, there are also many differences. At present, differences occur mainly within the social practice of the medium and in our relationship with place and localness [13].  
_Genius loci_, the protective spirit of a place, is an ancient concept upon which philosophers have based their discussion about place and the meaning of place. In contemporary usage, the term still denotes the characteristics of a certain place, but without the guardian spirit. [PERSON] _et al._ challenge the understanding of this term insofar as it designates an inherent property of a distinct place to be perceived in an unmediated manner and therefore no specific surplus can be created or told as the place itself already tells all that could be told or enabled [17]. Further, [PERSON] _et al._ argues that if mediation through means of technology is unnecessary or even impossible, the combination of place and technology could potentially pave the way for the creation of the essential attention that is necessary for such experience. They give an example of how exhibits, for example at a museum, can utilize technology to help reawaken the visitors' awareness of the place itself as a medium.  
According to [PERSON], the localness of experience is constant and the significance of locality persists even in the face of massive social and technological changes [18]. He also acknowledges, however, that there is a shift in how we identify with such localness, referring to [PERSON], among other scholars, to argue that we see and understand ourselves through others. [PERSON] points to the fact that media have extended the boundaries of whom we understand to be our significant others, and that people and experiences from other localities provide us with external perspectives on our own perspectives to a greater extent than before. But this does not mean that the importance of physical locale is less important, even though [PERSON] argues that physical proximity has gradually become less influential with the increased use of mobile phones, e-mail and various other modes of transportation. More suitable, perhaps, is [PERSON]'s second argument about what he calls \"the generalized elsewhere\", a notion which suggests that we construct and develop our reflective self in a different way because of contemporary media and infrastructure. We are now more likely to see our physical locality as part of something bigger than we know of: it does not have to be our place of origin where we were born and raised, but rather the physical surroundings that surround us at any time.  
_All experience is local. Everything we see, hear, touch, smell, and taste is experienced through our bodies. And unless one believes in out-of-body experiences, one accepts that we and our body are permanently fused. We are always in place, and place is always with us_ (p. 21, [18]).  
Even though we are always in place and place is always with us, both place and our perception of it is in a state of constant change. Technology and increased mobility are some of the elements that constitute the always changing context, since they can provide perceptual gains and losses, and bring about different ways of relating and experiencing localness.