## 5 The Conceptual Model for IoT Adoption in the MS
### Perceived Challenges
#### 5.2.2 Organizational Challenges  
Resistance from Employees  
Employees' resistance can be defined as employees' behavior that tends to resist or disrupt organizational changes [108]. A significant reason for technology adoption failure in the MS is the attitude of the employees, who were inclined to refuse the technology as they feared job loss [31; 38]. The IoT is expected to change the content of many jobs, where some traditional jobs will become obsolete while other jobs will require a new generation of digitally literate employees [3; 4; 17]. The employees commonly tend to possess low technical abilities and IT knowledge, which leads to challenges in using the IoT and its subsequent rejection [8; 12; 18; 107]. Simultaneously, employees feel comfortable and familiar with existing technologies [105]. The employees' resistance construct has been used as a crucial factor underlying the failure of organizational IT adoption [108; 109]. Thus, employees' resistance negatively affects technology efficiency [109] and its perceived value; therefore, the following hypothesis is proposed:  
**Hypothesis 7 (H7). **_Employees' resistance can have a negative impact on the IoT's perceived value._  
Organizational readiness indicates abundant organizational resources needed to ensure technology adoption success [16; 26; 27]. Resources represent the raw materials an organization can use to achieve its goals, including capabilities and tangible and intangible assets. The adoption of new technology in organizations is impacted by financial, human, and technical resources availability [92], such as necessary infrastructure availability, expertise, developing new business models [29; 54; 59; 104], internal organizational improvement, enabling suppliers, and engaging customers [17; 31]. Regardless, many organizations are unprepared for such radical changes and the expenses needed to update the resources [11; 18; 43; 56; 57]. The organizational readiness construct has been widely examined in technology and information systems studies and has strong empirical support as a significant predictor of technology adoption [110]. Thus, organizational readiness prepares a necessary condition for the successful adoption of the IoT and obtaining high value from the IoT. In contrast, the less the organization's readiness to adopt the IoT, the lower its perceived value; therefore, the eighth hypothesis predicts:  
**Hypothesis 8 (H8). **_Lack of organizational readiness can have a negative impact on the IoT's perceived value._  
Top management should support the development of plans and a clear vision about the importance of innovation and potential change [21]. The manner in which top management responds to new technology adoption and attitudes toward change is critical [12; 16; 107]. Top management support was identified as a significant factor in IoT adoption [7; 25; 26; 27; 31; 34; 103]. One challenge against IoT adoption is decision-makers' lack of technology awareness [18; 106]. Most of the organizational decision-makers stick to their standard routines and procedures, and they face difficulties in developing new strategies and plans to adapt to modern technology [53; 92]. [PERSON] et al. [42] reported that decision-makers lacked strategic plans to adopt IoT technology. The lack of top management support would render it challenging for organizations to overcome IoT adoption issues, which would negatively affect the perceived value [17; 28; 106]. It has been found that top management support directly impacts perceived value in organizational IT adoption [21]; therefore, the ninth hypothesis is:  
**Hypothesis 9 (H9). **_Lack of top management support can have a negative impact on the IoT's perceived value._  
Environmental Challenges  
Technology vendor support is critical in \(\Pi\) adoption [27; 31]. Organizations are still hesitant to adopt the new technology due to the prevalent vendor lock-in issues and associated challenges [111].