## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Genotype on the Anti-Inflammatory and Antimelanogenic Activities  
The skin is the primary line of defense, and, thus, it is constantly exposed to diverse external factors that can set off a chain of inflammatory responses [30], driven by the excessive production of NO caused by the activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase [31]. Therefore, inhibiting NO production in the presence of inflammatory triggers is a significant goal while searching for potential anti-inflammatory agents. Previous studies have highlighted the anti-inflammatory activities of the ethyl acetate fraction of _A. triphylla_ root extract on macrophage cells [32]. Nonetheless, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have investigated the influence of genetic variation on the anti-inflammatory activities of _A. triphylla_. The effect of genotype on NO production was determined in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. As shown in Figure 4a, the cells treated with LPS alone exhibited a marked increase in NO production (10.65 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro m}\) nitrite), whereas all tested leaf extracts (150 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/mL) exhibited an inhibitory effect on LPS-induced NO production without cytotoxic activity (Figure 4b). NO production was strongly inhibited by the leaf extracts of BG (124.52 \(\pm\) 12.97 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/mL), NT (133.97 \(\pm\) 0.56 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/mL), and NG (115.61 \(\pm\) 1.31 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/mL), with comparable IC\({}_{50}\) values of LPS-induced NO production (Figure 4c). On the other hand, the root extracts of the five genotypes exhibited no inhibitory effect on LPS-induced NO production (Figure 4a), although the ethyl acetate fraction of _A. triphylla_ root extract has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory properties [32]. This variation is likely a result of concentrating the target components through solvent fractionation of the crude extract. Similar to DPPH-radical scavenging activity, the most significant negative correlation was identified between TFC and anti-inflammatory activity (R\({}^{2}\) = \(-\)0.805 **; ** \(p\) < 0.01), followed by the correlations between TPC and anti-inflammatory activity (R\({}^{2}\) = \(-\)0.774 **; ** \(p\) < 0.01), and TSC and anti-inflammatory activity (R\({}^{2}\) = \(-\)0.478 **; ** \(p\) < 0.01). Taken together, these findings suggest that the leaf extract of _A. triphylla_ exhibits anti-inflammatory activity that is both promising and demonstrates genotype-specific variability. Melanin production is a crucial physiological process that protects the skin against ultraviolet light damage. However, excessive melanin accumulation can result in hyperpigmentation-related conditions, including melanocytic nevus, seborrheic keratosis, solar lentitigo, and melanoma [6]. [PERSON] et al. [33], showed that _A. triphylla_ sprout extract had an inhibitory effect on the production of melanin in B16F10 melanoma cells, suggesting the potential of _A. triphylla_ as a skin whitening agent; however, the variability in the antimelanogenic properties among different genotypes remains unknown. To explore the antimelanogenic potential of the _A. triphylla_ genotypes, we examined the suppressive impact of each extract on IBMX-induced melanin accumulation in B16F10 cells. Similar to the results of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory assays, treatment with the root extracts (200 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/mL) did not display any inhibitory influence on IBMX-induced B16F10 cells (Figure 4d). However, the leaf extracts (200 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/mL) of BT, NT, and NG contained significant antimelanogenic properties without inducing cytotoxicity in B16F10 melanoma cells (Figure 4d,e).