esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Simulation of Wind-Battery Microgrid Based on Short-Term Wind Power Forecasting
## 2 Modeling of System Components
### Modeling of Storage Battery Operation  
As already pointed out, the use of energy storage not only provides a means of counterbalancing the potential problems in reliability and quality of power supply from the fluctuating energy flow of the wind generators in the microgrid, but also enables more cost-effective energy management decisions. The state of the battery (in terms of energy stored) at any time, \(t\), depends on the previous state of charge (SoC) and the energy production/consumption in between. During the charging process, i.e., when the total energy generated by the wind generators is greater than the energy needed by the load, the remaining capacity of the battery \(E_{b}(t)\) at time \(t\) is described by the following dynamic equation [23]:  
\[E_{b}(t)=(1-\tau)E_{b}(t-1)+(E_{w}(t)-E_{L}(t)/\eta_{D})\cdot\eta_{C}, \tag{4}\]  
where \(\tau\) is the hourly self-discharge rate, \(E_{w}(t)\) is the total energy generated by the wind generators, \(E_{L}(t)\) is the energy consumption of the load, while \(\eta_{C}\) and \(\eta_{D}\) are the charge and discharge efficiencies of the battery, respectively. During the discharging process, i.e., when the total energy generated by the wind generators is less than the energy needed by the load, the battery capacity is calculated as follows:  
\[E_{b}(t)=(1-\tau)E_{b}(t-1)+E_{L}(t)/\eta_{D}-E_{w}(t). \tag{5}\]  
At any given time \(t\), the remaining capacity of the battery bank is subject to the constraint \(E_{b}^{min}\leq E_{b}(t)\leq E_{b}^{max}\), where \(E_{b}^{max}\) is the maximum capacity of the battery that corresponds to its nominal capacity \(C_{batt}\), and \(E_{b}^{min}\) is the minimum capacity of the battery that is determined by the maximum depth of discharge (DoD) provided by the manufacturer as \(E_{b}^{\min}=(1-DoD)\cdot C_{batt}\).  
The net load _NL(t)_ characterizes the total hourly energy balance:  
\[NL(t)=P_{L}(t)/\eta_{D}-P_{w}(t), \tag{6}\]  
where \(P_{L}(t)\) is the power consumption of the load and \(P_{w}(t)\) is the total power production by the wind turbines [48].  
The computation of the net load leads to the following scenarios:  
1. If \(NL(t)<0\), there is an excess of production over the demand. In this case, the energy
# A V2V Identity Authentication and Key Agreement Scheme Based on Identity-Based Cryptograph
## 5 Lightweight V2V Identity Authentication and Key Agreement Scheme  
Small- and medium-size C-V2X systems need a flat and efficient identity authentication and key agreement scheme to reduce the cost of construction and decrease the communication delay. Identity-based cryptograph does not require a CA system and does not need a certificate management and certificate verification process, greatly simplifying the complexity of the C-V2X system. This paper proposes a V2V identity authentication and key agreement scheme based on identity-based cryptography which can achieve vehicle identity authentication, and the working key agreement only needs simple communication and few computing resources.
## 3 Experiments and Simulations
### Simulation Details for the Material Test
precisely, they were \"mixed formulation\" elements, using a mixture of displacement and stress variables with an augmented variational principle to approximate the equilibrium equations and compatibility conditions [25]. The hybrid elements also remedied the problem of volume strain \"locking,\" which can occur at much lower values of Poisson's ratio. Volume strain locking occurs if the finite element mesh cannot properly represent incompressible deformations. Volume strain locking can be avoided in regular displacement elements by fully- or selectively reduced integration [25]. For this reason, in most hyperelastic analyses for incompressible material using ABAQUS, such as rubber, polymer, and soft tissue, the C3D8 RH element is adopted. Hence, the C3D8 RH element was adopted during simulation in this study. The mesh sensitivity check was also carried out prior to simulation as shown in Figure 5. As shown in this figure, the Cauchy stress was stabilized when the total number of elements was more than approximately 3000. Accordingly, the optimal number of elements in the specimen was determined to be 4048.
## 6 Experimental Results
### OTV Algorithm: Outcome with Color and Monochrome Images  
We test OTV accuracy in case of both monochrome and color images. Indeed, feeding OTV with monochrome images in place of color ones, as proposed initially in [1,3], proved to reduce processing time and power consumption. Figure 6 reports the outcome of OTV (_Min velocity_, _Max velocity_, _Mean velocity_, and its standard deviation) at Full (F), Half (H), and Quarter (Q) resolution. It can be noticed that, at the F and H resolutions, the outcome of OTV with monochrome images is always on par with the one obtained using color images. On the other hand, there is a significant gap at Q resolution regarding the Max velocity  
Figure 5: Overview of the measurement setup. The Bluetooth digital multimeter allows three measurements per second.  
metric. A deeper investigation revealed that this problem might occur even with color images shrinking images excessively. In particular, tiny images fed to the pyramidal Lucas-Kanade algorithm may become so small that they lose the most meaningful information content to perform optical-flow estimation reliably. On the one hand, in general, the deeper the pyramid, the faster the execution time. On the other hand, too many pyramid levels may shrink images excessively at the deepest one. Therefore, a strategy to deal with this problem might consist of reducing the pyramid depth. For instance, setting a pyramidal level of 2 in the Tevere sequence fixes the problem highlighted. Nevertheless, at the Q resolution, this strategy might fail with other sequences such as that concerning the Secchia river. On the other hand, although a pyramidal level of 3 might be a good choice overall, tuning the pyramid depth at H resolution to be on par with results at F resolution might be helpful in some circumstances. According to this preliminary analysis, images are processed only at the F and H resolutions, setting a pyramidal level 3 in the Lucas-Kanade algorithm as proposed in [1; 3] to evaluate energy requirements in the reminder.
## 3 Methodology
### Activity 3: Defining the Objectives, Definition, and Relevance
#### 3.4.1 Architectural Flexibility vs. Complexity  
The aforementioned layered structure of FVKG (see Figure 2) allows for greater flexibility, modularity, and extensibility (e.g., easy integration of new data sources or changes in domain ontology). However, it may require careful coordination across layers (e.g., ontology design, data source integration, and mapping configuration), which can increase the initial setup effort. In this research, we developed different data-driven pipelines to construct a robust framework that deals with various data with its structure to outline flexibility and follow a modular approach to extensibility (see Section 4.2).
# Parallel Makespan Calculation for Flow Shop Scheduling Problem with Minimal and Maximal Idle Time
## 6 Parallel Makespan Calculation
After obtaining the job shift scan (using arrays \(y\) and \(z\)), the correction is applied, remembering to reverse the direction back and change the scan from exclusive to inclusive:  
\[C_{i}^{a}\gets C_{i}^{a}+r_{a}(i-1)+\rho_{i}^{a}. \tag{43}\]0 \[C_{i}^{a}\gets C_{i}^{a}+r_{a}(i-1)+\rho_{i}^{a}. \tag{43}\]1  
where \(y_{L}\) is obtained as before. This correction is done in time \(O(1)\). After this, all completion times in sequence \(C^{a}\) are correct and phase \(a\) ends. All operations in phase \(a\) had a running time of either \(O(1)\) or \(O(\log n)\) thus the entire phase can be completed in time \(O(\log n)\) using \(n\) processors. After phase \(m\) was completed, the value of the makespan is equal to \(C_{n}^{m}\). Since any phase (including phase 1) can be done in time \(O(\log n)\) and there are \(m\) phases, in conclusion, the algorithm runs in time \(O(m\log n)\) on PRAM with \(n\) processors. It should be noted that, while the results of Theorem 1 were employed to calculate the goal function for FSSP-MMI, the job shift scan has wider applications. It could be used for a multitude of scheduling problems with precedence constraints (need for pushing or pulling jobs according to some rules with propagation in place). Similar results could be obtained for scheduling problems with limited wait constraints or setup times, for example. In particular, this result can be employed for classic and widely-used FSSPs with any method that requires recalculating the makespan from scratch. Such a situation arises, for example, with genetic operators in many Genetic Algorithm-based approaches to scheduling.
nanoparticles (CuNP), titanium dioxide (TiO\({}_{2}\)), nanochitin, melanin nanoparticles (MNP), montmorillonite (MMT), graphene oxide, nanoclay, corn oil, and curcumin, have been used [28; 29; 30; 31]. Numerous studies have shown that the addition of nanofillers improved the physical (mechanical, thermal, and barrier) and functional properties of biopolymer films [32; 33; 34; 35; 36]. To this end, various metal or metal-oxide nanomaterials have been widely applied to provide additional functionality to the polymer film. However, few studies on the use of metal sulfide nanoparticles, such as copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuSNP), have been performed. CuSNPs are attracting substantial consideration today owing to their low toxicity, ability to absorb infrared radiation, and potential application in the biomedical field [33; 35; 36; 37; 38]. CuSNP was also recently used to make active packing films made of agar, carrageenanan, alginate, and pullulan [39; 40; 41; 38]. Their results showed that the incorporation of CuSNPs significantly increased the antibacterial, UV shielding, water vapor barrier, and tensile strength of these films.  
Moreover, CuSNP and polyurethane have recently been used to make a light-induced shape-memory polymer, which can be applied for medical device and packaging applications [42]. CuSNP has various functional properties that are less toxic than other metal nanoparticles, making it a promising candidate as a functional nanofiller to produce active food packaging films. Therefore, we studied the effect of CuSNP as a protein gelatin-based film. The combination of gelatin and CuSNP can make excellent functional films given the excellent film properties of gelatin and the excellent properties (physical and functional) of CuSNP. So far, there have been no studies on the preparation of gelatin-based functional nanocomposite films integrated with CuSNP.  
The main aim of the current work was to use gelatin as a polymer matrix and CuSNP as a reinforcing agent to create a multifunctional packaging film that controlled microbial protection and improved the physical properties of active packaging applications.
# RFID Technology as a Low-Cost and Passive Way to Digitize Industrial Analog Indicators
## 2 The State of the Art
### Embedded Passive RFID Tags  
Passive RFID tags are increasingly used to automate systems, identify products, trace assets, monitor, measure the process, and control their physical parameter [17]. But embedding passive RFID tags requires many considerations related to the RFID itself, the object or systems, and/or the space that contains the RFID [18]. In [19], the authors explained the importance of the RFID tag design parameters in terms of size, shape, configuration, the material of the antenna and chip, and the objects that RFID tags install on or are embedded. The RFID tag design parameters are essential, so embedding passive RFID tags in the analog indicators and manometers is a practical challenge and potential research area. Digital transmitters could replace these manometers, but safety standards emphasize the need to keep them as redundancies for analogical ones. These restrictions ensure that operators/supervisors can monitor critical parameters such as boiler temperature and pressure in both methods, on-site/physically and in an automation system/digitally [20]. In this regard, the purpose of our practical application is to digitize hotspots and trigger points in an analog manometer passively and wirelessly.  
Moreover, many industrial environments present \"ATmosphere EXplosive\" areas where digital devices have to follow particular restrictions and their ATEX certified versions have a higher cost than the standard ones.
## 4 Results and Discussion  
In this section, the numerical simulation results together with the experimental results are presented. First, the validity of steady numerical solvers was confirmed by comparing the mass flow rate obtained from the compressible RANS simulations of the axisymmetric critical nozzle with the measured ones. Then, the compressible steady-state RANS simulation was performed on the 3D critical nozzle, and the unsteady compressible LES was performed using the RANS results as an initial condition. The validity of the LES was confirmed by comparing the predicted surface pressure fluctuations with the measured ones. Finally, the wavenumber-frequency analysis was carried out and the acoustic power due to the critical nozzle flow was assessed.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Characterization of Camelina Cake and Diets
#### 3.1.3 Antintritional Compounds  
Glucosinolates and sinapine are the main anti-nutritive compounds in camelina [12; 37] and may have negative effects on palatability, feed consumption, growth, and egg production [19; 20; 45]. The cake of the camelina line used in this work resulted to contain 15.5 mmol/kg DW of total GSLs (Table 1) which is far below the mean camelina content (30 mmol/kg DW) reported by [PERSON] and [PERSON], (2017) [37]. In control feed (C), GSLs were absent while in camelina diets (CAM10 and CAM20) their content was 1.66 and 3.37 mmol/kg DW, respectively (Table 3), which is below the suggested limit reported for hens diet supplemented with rapeseed (4 mmol/kg [46]). The content of the other antinutritional metabolite sinapine was evaluated on cake and diets (Tables 1 and 3). In the camelina cake, it was 2.26 g/kg, which is quite low when compared with other _Brassicae_ plants, such as rapeseed, with a sinapine content of 7 g/kg [47]. Sinapine was negligible in the control feed (C) and its amount was very low in the CAM10 (0.12 g/kg) and CAM20 (0.46 g/kg) diets.
# Transmission Efficiency of Cycloid-Pinion System Considering the Assembly Dimensional Chain
## 5 Comparison of Transmission Efficiency of Different Structures
### Transmission Efficiency Comparison
At the same time, the power dissipation increased from 23.6 W to 119 W, while the corresponding drive efficiency remained relatively stable with a maximum decrease of 0.05% and a maximum power dissipation of 47.9 W by utilizing the pin tooth sleeve structure. A side-by-side comparison of the data in the same row of Table 4 shows that, for the same surface quality, the improvement of the structure can improve its transmission performance. However, comparing the results longitudinally, it can be seen that for the same structure, the surface quality has a negligible effect on its transmission performance. Figure 14: System power consumption within 1 s.  
Figure 15: Average efficiency vs. angular velocity (Ra = 0.3 \(\upmu\)m). (**a**) Without sleeve; (**b**) With sleeve.
# Digital 3D Hologram Generation Using Spatial and Elevation Information
### Hologram Maps  
Mapping is crucial for observing and understanding both natural and built environments, facilitating effective territorial monitoring and spatial analysis [25]. Inaccurate recognition of 3D information can lead to incorrect decisions, potentially resulting in project failures and errors [16]. Holography provides advanced 3D visualization that aligns with natural depth perception. Scientific advancements in this field include the development of Holographic Relief Maps [24], Geospatial Holograms for Emergency Response Activities [16], and Holographic Photomaps using satellite imagery [26]. Companies such as Zebra Imaging and Geola have contributed significantly to hologram mapping. However, research on hologram map production remains limited, indicating the need for further in-depth studies. Despite some existing limitations, researchers believe that hologram map production holds significant potential for future applications [9].  
In hologram maps, as with traditional maps, it is essential for users to accurately derive distance information. Previous scientific studies have not clarified the methodology for measuring distances between two points on a hologram map [16; 24]. When depicted in 3D via holography, is the process of measuring the distance between arbitrary points similar to that on conventional 2D maps? Scale and the ability to measure distances are crucial for extracting necessary information from maps [10]. This research addresses the gap identified in previous hologram maps, prompted by an unresolved question in prior studies. We propose a method that utilizes the ability to encode multiple layers of information within the hologram, depending on the viewing angle [16].  
We introduce a concept that combines 3D imagery with accurate geographical information, akin to traditional 2D maps, within a single medium. It serves both as a 3D terrain map and a traditional 2D map. When viewed from nearly perpendicular angles, the observer can access additional geographic information and perform distance measurements similar to those on a conventional 2D map. When the viewing angle deviates, the 3D features of the terrain become apparent.  
In earlier sections, we offered a brief overview of maps and the scientific discipline focused on their study, emphasizing the significance of maps in providing crucial geographical information about the Earth and its diverse areas. We explored holography and its role as a cutting-edge technology in advancing the field of mapping. We reviewed the research on developing hologram maps and identified limitations in their distance measurement accuracy. We suggest addressing this limitation by utilizing the capability of holographic technology to store multiple layers of information and incorporating contour lines into the hologram map. In the subsequent section, we will describe the stages involved in developing a hologram map and the results obtained from this experiment.
## 4 Experiments and Results
### Comparative Experiments with State-of-the-Art Methods
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Method**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Params (MB)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**FLOPs (GB)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Inference Time**} \\  & & & **(ms/per Image)** \\ \hline FCN-8s [5] & 18.6 & 25.5 & **10.6** \\ FCN-hrmetw18 [49] & 9.67 & 4.64 & 50.79 \\ Deeplabv3+ [11] & 26.79 & 28.55 & 18.03 \\ UNet [7] & 13.46 & 31.15 & 13.17 \\ UNet++ [48] & 8.37 & 30.06 & 16.46 \\ PSPNet [9] & 67.9 & 66.43 & 25.68 \\ EMANet [51] & 42.41 & 44.57 & 19.27 \\ FC-HardNet70 [50] & **4.12** & **4.41** & 19.7 \\ AFFNet (ours) & 11.42 & 25.16 & 20.89 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Comparison results in terms of the trainable parameters, FLOPs, and test time of different networks on the NEU-seg dataset. Figure 7: The visualized segmentation results of different networks on the test dataset. Red, green, and blue areas refer to inclusion, patches, and scratches defects, respectively. The yellow boxed areas indicate the consistency between our method’s segmentation results and the ground truth. (**a**) Original image, (**b**) ground truth, (**c**) UNet, (**d**) UNet++, (**e**) FCN-hrmetw18, (**f**) Deeplabv3+, (**g**) PSPNet, (**h**) EMANet, (**i**) FC-HardNet70, and (**j**) AFFNet (ours).
## 4 Lipsosomal Microencapsulation Using Conventional and Innovative Methods
### Conventional Methods
#### 4.1.4. Sonication  
The sonication method is commonly used to create SUVs [63]. This technique involves the sonication of MLVs produced through conventional methods (TFH, REV), utilising either a bath-type or probe-type sonicator under an inert atmosphere, such as nitrogen or argon (Figure 6a,b). The process of sonication employs the use of pulsed, high-frequency sound waves to disrupt the MLVs, resulting in the formation of small SUVs with diameters ranging from 15 to 50 nm. The objective of sonication is to achieve a uniform dispersion of SUVs, which can enhance tissue penetration. The key factors influencing the size distribution of the final emulsion product are the frequency, power input, and sonication time. While probe-type sonicators deliver high levels of sonic energy to lipid suspensions, they can cause overheating and degradation, and may also introduce titanium particles into the suspension, necessitating their removal by centrifugation. Consequently, bath sonication is the more commonly preferred method. In this approach, the suspension is placed in a test tube within the bath sonicator and sonicated for a period of 5-10 min above the lipid's T\({}_{\text{C}}\), which is the temperature at which the lipid melts [64].  
A comparative study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of encapsulating silymarin in liposomes and bilosomes, using the sonication method to optimize particle size and drug delivery properties [65]. Both formulations were initially prepared using the thin-film hydration method, followed by sonication at 200 W for 5 min. The sonicated liposomes achieved an average particle size of 142 nm with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.245 and an encapsulation efficiency of 85%. In contrast, bilosomes, which incorporated bile salts to enhance stability and absorption, had a slightly larger average size of 150 nm and a higher encapsulation efficiency of 90%. Both formulations exhibited similar in vitro release profiles, with an initial burst release of 40% of silymarin within the first 4 h, followed by sustained release over 24 h.  
In vivo studies using a rat model of paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity demonstrated that both silymarin-loaded liposomes and bilosomes effectively reduced liver enzyme levels, including alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), compared to free silymarin. However, bilosomes showed a more pronounced reduction in these enzyme levels, indicating superior hepatotoxicity effects.
# Development of Wearable Textile MIMO Antenna for Sub-6 GHz Band New Radio 5G Applications
## 4 Results
### Surface Current Distribution  
At an operating frequency of 4.6 GHz, an irregular octagon-shaped wearable MIMO antenna was subjected to testing of the current distortion. Figure 8 depicts the current distribution and illustrates the coupling effect of the current between the proposed antennas and the elements. When a slot is inserted in the ground, it alters the current distribution between the ground planes, and the maximum current density is concentrated at the slot to cancel the radiated and induced fields. The parasitic strip helps to achieve good impedance matching and isolation between antenna elements. The combination of a slot within the ground plane, as well as an extra strip of the parasitic element in between the radiating components, was essential in achieving isolation and impedance matching simultaneously. Hence, the isolation level is improved by \(-12\) dB.