# Progress in Improving Photovoltaics Longevity
## 4 Results
### PV Longevity Improvement
#### 4.4.2 Mitigation Strategies
In contrast to passive cooling, active cooling systems require an electrical power supply or external energy consumption. These approaches need a coolant element to operate, which includes a pump or a fan, and are efficient, especially in the desert and arid regions or in areas with hot climate conditions. [PERSON] et al. studied the various water-based cooling techniques to mitigate the elevated internal temperature of the PV module and noted the merits and demerits of each one in terms of temperature reduction [185]. Nowadays, as the need for enhanced cooling systems continues to grow, promising hybrid methods combining passive and active cooling have come to the forefront. [PERSON] et al. conducted a comprehensive analysis of different cooling system categories, presenting their key traits and functionalities [186]. Their conclusions highlighted the hybrid cooling strategy as the optimum solution in terms of proper management of thermal energy, as well as both sustainable performance and long-term viability of PV technology. Although a wide range of cooling methods are commercially available, the viability and performance effectiveness of each one need to be further examined. All methods require rigorous tests and advancements in order to fulfill their purpose and be implemented in large-scale solar systems. The optimum choice among all the proposed cooling methods is yet to be identified due to the lack of experimental and economic investment data. The vision of effective heat dissipation directs future research toward deeper insight into the hybrid cooling approaches, which have enhanced the potential of maintaining the internal temperature of the modules at the desirable levels. This intervention for the correct temperature regulation, as well as its contribution to the longevity of the PV modules, requires a more thorough investigation. * **Aggregated approach to PV module viability**. Performance, cost, and reliability are the triptychs for ensuring PV module sustainability. A holistic strategy is based on the balanced impact of these three parameters, and its overarching purpose can be synopsized to enhance the operational lifetime of solar energy systems. The concept behind this endeavor lies in minimizing material costs and, simultaneously, guaranteeing a high level of performance and long-term reliability by optimizing the module design practices and manufacturing protocols. Efficiency and performance improvements need to be prioritized. The focus ought to be placed on maximizing the energy conversion inside the module. This requires the utilization of highly efficient solar cells, the attempt to adjust new material technology, such as perovskites, and the expectation of optimum resistance to environmental stress factors and degradation mechanisms. Another key factor is the automation of manufacturing and processing techniques to limit waste in raw materials and energy. The fulfillment of high-reliability requirements is based on establishing high-quality tests, both in the field and in laboratory conditions. Besides these, the longevity and durability of PV systems can be benefited by studying the sustainability of the modules in a more theoretical frame with the development of advanced predictive models and algorithms, which will be able to calculate the lifetime and the rate of degradation. In general, an aggregated approach to PV sustainability is the key to the emergence of solar energy as a profitable solution in terms of economic viability and environmental impact [187]. Strategies employed to enhance the longevity and stability of PV modules are summarized in Table 10.