## 4 Characteristics of the Source Materials for Bioenergy Production
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Crop**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Carbohydrate (\% d.m.)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Fat (\% d.m.)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Protein (\% d.m.)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Ash (\% d.m.)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Dry Matter (t ha-1)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Moisture (\%)**} \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{**Oilseed crops**} \\ \hline
**Rapeseed** & 17.0 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 41–50 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 24.7 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 4.3 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 7.5 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 9–12 \({}^{\text{c}}\) \\ \hline
**Sunflower** & 15.9 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 48–55 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 25.2 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 4.2 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 4.0 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 9 \({}^{\text{c}}\) \\ \hline
**Soy** & 31.8 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 18–21 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 37.9 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 5.2 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 5.4 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & \\ \hline
**Abyssian** & \multirow{2}{*}{30–38 \({}^{\text{q}}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{30–39 \({}^{\text{b}}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{38.9 \({}^{\text{q}}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{5.2 \({}^{\text{q}}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{-} & \multirow{2}{*}{8.9} \\
**mustard** & & & & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{**Alcohol crops**} \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{_Sugary_} \\ \hline
**Sugar beet** & Roots 18 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & \multirow{2}{*}{Leaves 2.7 \({}^{\text{e}}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{Leaves 16 \({}^{\text{e}}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{Leaves 32 \({}^{\text{e}}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{30–40 \({}^{\text{d}}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{-} \\  & (sucrose, glucose, fructose) & Pulp 0.2 \({}^{\text{e}}\) & Pulp 1.00 \({}^{\text{e}}\) & Pulp 0.50 \({}^{\text{e}}\) & \\ \hline
**Sugar** & \multirow{2}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{8.6–9.4 \({}^{\text{f}}\)} & Panicle 7.85 \({}^{\text{g}}\) & Panicle 36.43 \({}^{\text{g}}\) \\  & (sucrose, glucose, fructose) & & Leaf 9.44 \({}^{\text{g}}\) & 25.29 \({}^{\text{g}}\) & Stalk 66.40 \({}^{\text{g}}\) \\  & & & Stalk 4.38 \({}^{\text{g}}\) & Bagasse & Bagasse \\  & & & Bagasse & 47–56.62 \({}^{\text{g}}\) \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{_Sterchy_} \\ \hline
**Triticale** & 13 (Starch) \({}^{\text{e}}\) & 3.23 \({}^{\text{e}}\) & 8.6 \({}^{\text{e}}\) & 6.01 \({}^{\text{e}}\) & 16.5 \({}^{\text{d}}\) & 50 \({}^{\text{c}}\) \\ \hline
**Forage** &
\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} & 11 \({}^{\text{b}}\) (cellulose) & \multirow{2}{*}{1.7–2.3 \({}^{\text{f}}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{8.2–9.9 \({}^{\text{f}}\)} & Panicle 4.19 \({}^{\text{g}}\) & Panicle 49.80 \({}^{\text{g}}\) \\
**Grains** & \
\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} & 1.7–2.3 \({}^{\text{f}}\) & 8.2–9.9 \({}^{\text{f}}\) & Leaf 9.22 \({}^{\text{g}}\) & 21.37 \({}^{\text{g}}\) &
\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} \\
**Maze** &
\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} & 1.9–2.6 \({}^{\text{f}}\) & 6.6–8.6 \({}^{\text{f}}\) & Bagasse 1.1 \({}^{\text{r}}\) & 21.5 \({}^{\text{d}}\) & 27.7–33.9 \({}^{\text{f}}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Chemical composition of energy crops. In fact, dedicated crops can be divided into three main categories: lignocellulosic biomass crops, oil crops, and alcohol crops [76]. Studies carried out to date have shown that the efficacy of the different processes of energetic transformation, such as direct combustion, conversion into bioethanol, and the gasification of lignocellulosic crops, depends not only on the physico-chemical properties of the different plant species but also on the different parts of the plant (stems, leaves) used. For example, for direct combustion the biomass at harvest must have low water and ash content and a high amount of raw lignin; whereas, in the production of ethanol or in gasification systems, the lignocellulosic components (such as cellulose and hemicellulose) are important [69]. In AD, if traditionally the materials used were mainly animal manure or slurry, today co-digestion processes are favored [56; 57; 58; 59].