# Using Long-Range Wireless Sensor Network to Track the Illegal Cutting Log
## 1 Introduction  
The large-scale forest degradation affects the forest ecosystem and human life. There are several causes of forest degradation in Southeast Asia; these are legal and illegal logging, smallholder forest encroachments, overgrazing, natural water regimes changes, fires, shifting cultivation, expansion of farming land, fuelwood collection, and wood extraction for charcoal production [1]. Effects of deforestation are global warming, disruption of the global water cycle, decreased biodiversity, habitat loss and conflict, economic losses, and social consequences [2]. Illegal logging has become the most reported cases of forest crime in Indonesia [3]. There are a lot of technologies that have been used to tackle illegal logging [4]. The most appropriate technology that is used to tackle illegal logging is the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) [5]. WSNs technology have been mainly used for identification, detection, monitoring and tracking [6]. WSNs are suitable for an outdoor area and can supervise a wide area of more than a thousand square meters. WSNs are one of the technologies that support a wireless-based data transmission system arranged hierarchically between sensor nodes [7]. The WSNs are also an ad-hoc network consisting of a sensor device, processing device, and radiofrequency device with limited energy capacity to sense the environment [8]. WSNs are widely known in a variety of applications in the real world, namely, military applications, environmental control, industrial management, health, and forest disaster management. Besides, WSNs can be used for infrastructure solutions for the Internet of Things (IoT) [9]. Because WSNs consist of sensor node networks, they require a wireless communication system that can send data in wide area coverage with low power consumption [10]. Over the years, WSNs have been predominantly used for wireless communication such as ZigBee, or Bluetooth, or wireless module NRF24L01, which have a configuration using mesh network topology to achieve low-power, short-range, and a multi-hop network [11; 12; 13]. However, with the development of technology, an alternative solution for wireless communication that has low-power, low-cost, and long-term functionality now exists and is known as the Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN). LoRa stands for Long Range and is a physical layer technology patented by Semtech [14]. The LoRa Alliance proposed an open protocol which provides the MAC layer for the network. The Long-Range WAN (LoRaWAN) open standards is a popular LPWAN protocol, be able to send small data sizes of between 10 and 20 bytes at speed rates of 0.3 to 5.5 Kbps with a wide area coverage and low battery consumption that suitable for long-range use [15]. LoRa operates in Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) radio bands at frequencies 433 MHz, 868 MHz, and 911 MHz. In Indonesia, LoRa is working at a frequency of 923-925 MHz [16]. Mostly, LoRa used STAR of STAR protocol topology architecture [17]. Besides, LoRA is very useful and provides GPS-free geolocation as well as a global system for mobile (GSM) and a global positioning system (GPS) with low power consumption [18]. The illustrations of the distribution of communication range, and data rate about the wireless communication protocols can be seen in Figure 1.  
Since 2015, LoRa has been widely used for WSN implementation applications. LoRa has been designed as irrigation supervision and controlling for drip irrigation systems [19]. An automatically controlled watering system (controlled from home by a farmer) in agriculture, was used to measure soil using a moisture sensor that monitors humidity levels and temperature sensors to monitor soil's temperature [20; 21]. Moreover, LoRa is also implemented in the Internet of Things (IoT) applications. One of them is an application-based smart parking system that provides information about empty parking slots to the drivers [22].