esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Mechanical Properties of Geopolymer Concrete
### Efficiency of Alkaline Solution and Ambient Condition on GPC
The results showed that alkaline solution activator along with binder content had major effects on the enhancement of concrete strength at the early ages, such as three days and seven days, and this trend was marginally decreased after seven days. In another experimental program, [PERSON] et al. [47] carried out a laboratory program about the effectiveness of water addition and other chemical descolations incorporated in the concrete content, for instance plasticizer and alkaline solution, on the performance of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. In this research, concrete properties investigated in terms of fly ash-based GPC were workability, compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, water absorption and porosity. The obtained results from this investigation generally demonstrated that the enhancement of the water amount resulted in the increment of workability, however other GPC properties, especially compressive strength, were slightly reduced by this experimental methodology. These observations proved that the increase of plasticizer up to a certain amount had a significant role in concrete properties due to the improvement of workability in this concrete type. It is necessary to point out that alkaline solution to fly ash ratio and the optimum molarity of sodium hydroxide significantly influenced the concrete properties. In the case of using other alkaline solution ratios and concrete composite mixes, [PERSON] et al. [48] carried out a microstructural investigation to analyze the effect of Sodium Carbonate-Na\({}_{2}\)CO\({}_{3}\) (SC) to Sodium silicate-Na\({}_{2}\)SiO\({}_{3}\) (SS) ratio using XRF, XRD and FT-IR techniques. The composite pastes involving FA and slag GPP were considered in this study. The results obtained from this rheological study showed that composite pastes were very stiff, but by adding slag in its yield, stress was approximately twice as high as the concrete mix with only FA. As for GPC composed of metakaolin (MK) as an aluminosilicate source along with recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) as a partial alternative of natural aggregate, [PERSON] et al. [49] conducted a microstructural analysis to determine the effects of SS/SH ratio and RCA in diverse dosages on mechanical properties and GPC durability via scanning electron microscopic (SEM). Test results indicated that GPC compressive strength developed with an enhanced SS/SH ratio (Figure 6). Further details of all the abovementioned investigations are presented in Table 4.
## 3 The \(\alpha\)-\(\beta\)-\(\eta\)-\(\theta\) Filter
### Optimal Filter for a Random-Acceleration Model and Its Problems  
The optimal \(\alpha\)-\(\beta\)-\(\eta\)-\(\theta\) filter has been derived as the steady state Kalman filter under a general random-acceleration (RA) model [31]. In this model, it is assumed that the process noise consists of random accelerations with \(\mathbf{Q}\) expressed as in [10]:\[\mathbf{Q}_{\rm ra}=\begin{pmatrix}T^{4}/4&T^{3}/2\\ T^{3}/2&T^{2}\end{pmatrix}q, \tag{16}\]  
where \(q\) is the variance of the process noise. By calculating the limit of the \(\mathbf{K}_{k}\) using Equation (16), we have the optimal gains of the \(\alpha\)-\(\beta\)-\(\eta\)-\(\theta\) filter presented in [31]. For example, the relationship between the optimal \(\beta\) and \(\eta\) is:  
\[\eta=R_{\rm xv}\beta, \tag{17}\]  
where:  
\[R_{\rm xv}\equiv B_{\rm x}/T^{2}B_{\rm v}, \tag{18}\]  
corresponds to the ratio of the measurement accuracies in position and velocity. The other gains are expressed using tracking indices (see Equations (24)-(27) of [31]).  
However, this filter is not optimal for other models, such as the frequently-used random-velocity model [9] and the diagonal \(\mathbf{Q}\), which does not include correlations in process noise [1; 2]. Other process noise can be incorporated using arbitrary process noise; see [4]. The performance of this \(\alpha\)-\(\beta\)-\(\eta\)-\(\theta\) filter was evaluated in [31] only in terms of several simple numerical calculations, and strategies for designing tracking indices were not discussed. These problems must be solved to establish a design strategy and to properly evaluate the filter's performance.
# A New SDN-Based Routing Protocol for Improving Delay in Smart City Environments
## 1 Introduction
The main contribution of this paper is as follows:  
* Develop a framework that uses the Naive Bayes algorithm. This supervised ML algorithm expects a dataset as input and delivers an output result, which is useful information in routing path construction. * Create a large dataset based on the Montreal city open data website and using the Simulation of Urban MObility (SUMO) simulator and the calibrator framework. Then, process the transformation and label of the different features used in the Naive Bayes framework to predict nodes' information. * Design and develop a routing protocol as an application in the SDN controller 'RYU' with integrating ML framework. * Implement and evaluate the performance of our solution, then compare it to the literature routing solutions, Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OSLR), SDN multipath routing and SDN Q-learning routing. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces the background knowledge of SDN and an overview of the related work. Section 3 gives a brief explanation of ML techniques and describes the generation and processing of the created dataset. Sections 4 and 5 present our network model and operation of our Naive Bayes based routing protocol. Performance evaluation is carried out in Section 6. The last section concludes.
## 3 Results
Regarding reliability data between days and in the absence of fatigue, a moderate ICC was observed for resaturation (r = 0.63), hyperemia (r = 0.57), and MRT (r = 0.50). The CV was lower for desaturation (%CV = 5.97) and MRT (%CV = 9.50). The TE for desaturation and resaturation ranged from 5% to 11% SmO\({}_{2}\), with an MDC greater than 7% SmO\({}_{2}\). The TE for hyperemia ranged from 2% to 6% SmO\({}_{2}\), with an MDC of 4.3% SmO\({}_{2}\). For Tau and MRT, TE and MDC values are approximately 8.2 s and 13.7 s, respectively. For HRV measures, excellent ICC values were found for the R-R interval (r = 0.94), PNS index (r = 0.98), SNS index (r = 0.97), RSMMD (r = 0.98), and Mean HR (r = 0.91). However, the SDNN showed lower reliability with an ICC of 0.43. The CV was lower for the R-R interval (%CV = 2.95), RSMMD (%CV = 1.76), and SDNN (%CV = 1.78). When comparing conditions without fatigue vs. with fatigue, moderate ICC values were found for the SNS index (r = 0.61) and Mean HR (r = 0.59). The variables with the least variability were desaturation (%CV = 2.0), resaturation (%CV = 2.6), and MRT (%CV = 2.8). For HRV, all variables showed the following CV: R-R interval (%CV = 1.0), PNS index (%CV = 9.3), SNS index (%CV = 9.6), RSMMD (%CV = 2.0), SDNN (%CV = 2.3), and Mean HR (%CV = 3.8). Overall, fatigue influenced desaturation and resaturation TE values, which were less than 10% SmO\({}_{2}\), with an MDC considered to be above 11% SmO\({}_{2}\). For hyperemia, TE was less than 5% SmO\({}_{2}\) with an MDC greater than 4% SmO\({}_{2}\), and the results were not significant. TE for MRT and Tau was around 12 s under fatigue conditions, with an MDC considered to be above 14.5 s. However, it is important to consider the confidence intervals, as data may fall within these ranges and should be consistent across measurements. Figure 4: Correlation between perceived muscle pain and resting muscle oxygen consumption measured with VOT-NIRS. **Note. ** The correlation analysis is shown in the graphs: (**a**) desaturation, (**b**) resaturation, (**c**) hyperemia, and (**d**) MRT.
# Spatiotemporal Variation in Absorption Aerosol Optical Depth over China
## 2 Data and Methodology  
### OMI Data and Methodology  
The OMI is a nadir-viewing near-ultraviolet/visible CCD spectrometer on NASA's EOS Aura satellite [28]. Two particle algorithms including OMAERUV (OMI Aura near UV) and OMAERO (OMI multi-wavelength) were applied in OMI observation [29]. Sub-pixel cloud pollution is the main factor affecting the quality of aerosol products. Nevertheless, AAOD is less affected by cloud pollution, as the cloud impact on the combined albedo of AOD and SSA inversion is partially offset [23]. Because the OMI is highly sensitive to aerosol absorption in near-ultraviolet observations, AAOD is the surest quantitative OMAERUV aerosol parameter, particularly over land [30]. The root-mean-square error estimate is about 0.01 [31], and the data are utilized due to their high reliability [21]. More details concerning the OMI's data products, quality, accuracy, systematic bias, and drift have been introduced by scientific researchers, such as [PERSON] et al. [32], [PERSON] et al. [33], [PERSON] et al. [21], and [PERSON] et al. [34]. The aerosol data product contains the quality assurance labels, and applies the surest retrievals with the least impact from sub-pixel cloud contamination [30]. In this study, the Level 3 daily global gridded product OMAERUV produced by the OMI research team, including daily AAOD at 388 nm and 500 nm during 2005-2018, is used with a spatial resolution of \(1^{\circ}\times 1^{\circ}\)[35].  
The AAE is described in Formula (1) [36].  
\[\text{AAE}=-\frac{\ln\bigl{(}\text{AAOD}_{\lambda_{1}}/\text{AAOD}_{\lambda_{ 2}}\bigr{)}}{\ln(\lambda_{1}/\lambda_{2})} \tag{1}\]  
where \(\lambda_{1}\) and \(\lambda_{2}\) denote two different wavelengths. In this study, the terms 'AAOD\({}_{388}\)' and 'AAOD\({}_{500}\)' will represent the values of AAOD at the wavelengths of 388 nm and 500 nm, respectively, while the term 'AAE\({}_{388-500}\)' will be used to refer to the AAE for wavelengths 388 to 500 nm.
## 2 Data
### VIIRS True-Color Imagery  
The VIIRS true-color imagery is composited from the corrected reflectance of bands II (red), M4 (green), and M3 (blue), which is freely available on the NASA Worldview website ([[https://worldview.earthdata.nasa.gov/](https://worldview.earthdata.nasa.gov/)]([https://worldview.earthdata.nasa.gov/](https://worldview.earthdata.nasa.gov/))). Since the Rayleigh scattering effects have been removed for corrected reflectance at these bands, smoke plume aerosols are more clearly visible in the composited imagery from corrected reflectance than TOA reflectance due to the more prominent Mie scattering contrast of smoke and non-smoke areas. It is worth mentioning that the true-color imagery is developed specifically to address the needs of the fire monitoring community to visualize smoke [39].  
To visually identify smoke samples for the development of SSDA algorithm, we downloaded the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (S-NPP) VIIRS 375 m true-color imagery from NASA Worldview. Specifically, to select training samples of different cover types, we downloaded true-color images containing large smoke extents from different fire-prone regions and years (Table 2). Validation samples were selected from another 109 true-color image subsets that we downloaded across the fire-prone regions (Figure 1) during August 2018 (see detail in Section 2.6.3). Corresponding VIIRS SDR data were also downloaded for the same locations and times as the true-color imagery.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Slump Flow Test, V-Funnel Test, and L-Box Test  
According to EFNARC [30], a concrete mix qualifies as SCC if it meets criteria for filling ability, passing ability, and segregation resistance, assessed through tests such as slump flow, V-funnel, and L-box. Acceptance criteria set by EFNARC are as follows: slump flow diameter between 650 and 800 mm, V-funnel results between 6 and 12 s, and L-Box results with h\({}_{2}\)/h\({}_{1}\) between 0.8 and 1.0. Summarized results for all mixtures are presented in Table 7 (CS-containing) and Table 8 (AVM-containing).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt}} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Mix Type**} & **\% CS** & **Slump Flow (mm)** & **V-Funnel (s)** & **L-Box (h\({}_{2}\)/h\({}_{1}\))** & **Observations** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{OPC-CS} & 0 & 452.5 & No flow & 0 & No flow \\  & 0.5 & 572.5 & High viscosity & 0 & No flow \\  & 1 & 639.5 & 11 & 0.46 & Flowing but viscous \\  & 1.5 & 668.5 & 9 & 0.88 & Flowing, no bleeding \\  & 2 & 681.5 & 8 & 0.94 & Flowing \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{LC\({}^{3}\)-50-CS} & 0 & 404.5 & No flow & 0 & No flow \\  & 0.5 & 472.0 & High viscosity & 0 & No flow \\ \cline{1-1}  & 1 & 583.0 & 13 & 0.43 & Flowing but viscous \\ \cline{1-1}  & 1.5 & 647.5 & 10 & 0.60 & Flowing \\ \cline{1-1}  & 2 & 666.0 & 9 & 0.88 & Flowing \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: Impact of CS on slump flow, V-funnel, and L-box test results.  
For OPC-CS (Table 6), slump flow ranged from 452.5 mm to 681.5 mm with increasing CS content, and optimal performance was achieved at 1.5 and 2 wt.% of CS. Even 1 wt.% of CS met the V-funnel passing ability at 11 s, within the acceptable range. L-Box results, like slump flow, indicated that mixtures with 1.5 and 2 wt.% of CS fulfilled EFNARC SCC criteria.  
In the case of AVM in OPC (Table 7), none met SCC requirements, but promising results, meeting two of three parameters, were seen with 7.5 and 10 wt.% AVM. Results suggest that keeping AVM dosage between 7.5 and 10 wt.% could meet all three desired values.  
In the LC\({}^{3}\)-50 mixtures, similar to the results of OPC, the addition of 2 wt.% CS and 10 wt.% of AVM provided the most satisfying results in the design of SCC. The LC\({}^{3}\)-50-CS mixture containing 1.5 wt.% CS fulfilled only one criterion (V-funnel results of 10 s). Regarding the mixtures with the AVM superplasticizer, nearly all requirements (with the exception of V-funnel by one second) were met in the mix with 10 wt.% of AVM.  
Summarizing the fresh properties, optimal data were observed at 2 wt.% of CS and between 7.5 and 10 wt.% of AVM in both OPC-CS and LC\({}^{3}\)-50-CS systems. [PERSON] et al. [50] noted that the combination of phenol compounds in AVM creates steric hindrance, preventing crystallization and enhancing flow. Increased AVM reduces the ratio of cement to phenolic charges, leading to higher flow and improved workability. Excessive AVM may cause bleeding due to an excess -OH group. Additional details on 2-ethyl-1-hexanol as a fragrance material can be found in [PERSON] et al.'s comprehensive review [39].
## 5 Results and Discussion
### Engineering Application II: Shield Pitch Angle Prediction  
The second engineering application is the prediction of the pitch angle. Combined with the Jinan Metro Line R2, when the advance force applied by the four cylinder partitions is known, the attitude change of the shield can be predicted in advance. The soil mass \(W_{soil}\) with the same volume as the shield is about 600 t, which is larger than the self-weight of the shield machine. Therefore, under the premise of not applying any external force, there will be a phenomenon of \"upward floating\", that is, \(\mathbf{\Delta s_{v}}<0\). The first step is to calculate \(\mathbf{\Delta s_{v}}\) (\(\mathbf{\Delta s_{v}}=-13\) mm), according to the method in Figure 11.  
The \(M_{A}^{\beta}\) actively applied by the EPB can be calculated by the thrust difference between Group A and Group C of the advance system. The \(M_{G}\) is 2.5 MN-m, which can be calculated. The change curve of the \(M_{A}^{\beta}+M_{G}\) can be obtained during construction, as shown in Figure 19. When \(M_{A}^{\beta}+M_{G}\) and \(\mathbf{\Delta s_{v}}\) are known, the theoretical values of the shield pitch angle during the study period can be obtained. The theoretical values are calculated by the \(M_{A}^{\beta}+M_{G}\). Therefore, the trend of theoretical values should be similar to the trend of the \(M_{A}^{\beta}+M_{G}\). However, the measured values did not have this trend, indicating that the \(M_{A}^{\beta}+M_{G}\) did not fully act on shield attitude adjustment.  
Figure 20 is a comparative analysis of the measured and predicted values of the shield pitch angle during the study period. It can be seen in the figure that the theoretical value is generally larger than the measured value, indicating that the moment actively applied by the shield through the jack cylinder cannot fully act on the shield itself. When the advance cylinder acts on the shield, the friction at the joint and the characteristics of the shield itself may cause the deflection moment to decrease, resulting in a smaller pitch angle actually being formed.  
Figure 18: Shield stress nephogram at each moment: (**a**) 1 min; (**b**) 2 min; (**c**) 3 min; (**d**) 4 min; (**e**) 5 min; (**f**) 6 min; (**g**) 7 min; (**h**) 8 min; (**i**) 9 min; and (**j**) 10 min.
## 4 High-Speed On/Off Valve Orifice Erosion Influence Factors Analysis
### Effect of Filter Pore Size on Valve Port Erosion  
The curve of the maximum erosion rate with the filter pore size is shown in Figure 18. When the filter pore size changed from 15 \(\upmu\)m to 10 \(\upmu\)m and from 10 \(\upmu\)m to 5 \(\upmu\)m, the service life of the high-speed on/off valve both increased by 1.5 times. When the filter pore size changed from 25 \(\upmu\)m to 15 \(\upmu\)m, the service life of the high-speed on/off valve did not increase significantly. This is because, in a general hydraulic system, small particles account for a larger proportion of contaminants; particles with a particle size distribution below 15 \(\upmu\)m account for about 93.13% (taking pollution level 10 as an example), while particles with a particle size greater than 15 \(\upmu\)m account for only 6.87%. Therefore, the use of filters with a pore size of 15 \(\upmu\)m or less can effectively filter the contaminated particles in the oil.  
As shown in Figure 19, when the filter pore size was 5 \(\upmu\)m, there were only particles less than 5 \(\upmu\)m in the oil, the particles had good flowability, and the main impact site was located in the area near the spool cone seal line. However, as the filter pore size increased, the proportion of large particle contaminants in the oil increased, increasing the number of particles impacting the end of the cone and the inner wall of the valve body, which aggravated the erosion on the end of the spool cone and the inner wall surface of the valve body.  
Figure 17: Distribution of erosion rate for different particle sizes (unit: kg\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\cdot\)s\({}^{-1}\)).
# Nonlinear Suppression of a Dual-Tube Coriolis Mass Flowmeter Based on Synchronization Effect
###### Abstract  
Nonlinear interference components exist in the output signals of dual-tube Coriolis mass flowmeters (CMFs) which affect the sensitivity and accuracy of the devices. This nonlinearity still appears under zero flow, which is manifested when the output signal contains a frequency doubling signal. This study (1) investigated an additional-mass method to suppress the nonlinear frequency doubling phenomenon, (2) established a coupling system vibration model with additional mass, built a dynamic differential equation for the vibration of the double-beam coupling system from the Lagrange equation, (3) obtained amplitude frequency information using a fourth-order Runge-Kutta method, (4) determined the suppression effect of the additional mass on the nonlinear frequency doubling phenomenon, and (5) experimentally verified the CME. The results showed that the base coupled the vibrations of two beams, and the symmetric additional mass suppressed the nonlinear frequency doubling phenomenon, thus suppressing low or high frequencies. Also, the effect of pipeline defects simulated under asymmetric additional mass was obtained through numerical analysis and experimental data. Flowmeters with a required measuring frequency range had the optimal suppression effect on nonlinear frequency doubling and provided theoretical guidance for the nondestructive testing of measuring tubes.  
Keywords:additional mass; Coriolis mass flowmeter; coupled vibration; frequency doubling signal; nonlinear suppression +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 5 Proposed Solutions and Policy Recommendations
### Recommendations on Space Traffic Management  
#### 5.2.1 Establishing an Independent International Monitoring System  
At present, there is no impartial worldwide monitoring mechanism in place, which would be necessary to address interference as a whole. The only national monitoring stations that are part of the current international monitoring system are those that have been nominated by administrations in correspondence with the ITU Secretary General. Furthermore, these stations are monitored by an administration or by authorization granted by the appropriate administration, a public or private enterprise, a common monitoring service established by two or more countries, or an international organization, even though Article 16 of the ITU Radio Regulations encourages administrations to continue develop ing their monitoring facilities. This demonstrates a lack of autonomy, and independence prevents the availability of unbiased information that is necessary for the impartial resolution of conflicts involving any detrimental intervention. There should be a mechanism of independent international monitoring developed.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Rheological Property Analysis
#### 3.2.1 Rheology Model Fitting and Initial Rheological Parameters
The initial rheological parameter yield stress of DSPB was less than 1 Pa under the condition of HCDA doping of higher than 80%, the highest value was only 0.875 Pa, and the highest value of plastic viscosity calculated by the consistency index was only 1.36 Pa\(\cdot\)s. Especially in the sample of the Control group, the high additive amount of HCDA was kept at 90% level, and the doping amount of PCE and SS was only at the middle level, but its rheological properties in the groups had excellent performance, which reduces the cost of additives and, at the same time, can eliminate a large amount of solid-waste HCDA, and all the performance meets the requirements of mine backfill pipeline pumping and construction work performance. Cemented paste backfill (CPB) was compared with the conventional mine filling binder OPC and prepared by replacing part of the OPC with solid wastes such as slag or fly ash (FA). The yield stress of DSPB was significantly lower than that of the general CPB samples, and most of the plastic viscosity values were the same as that of CPB, which was slightly higher than that of high HCDA or SS dosage, but all of them showed good rheological properties. The significant advantage of DSPB is that it can be used in conjunction with GBFS to completely replace OPC in the preparation of PB, which significantly reduces the cost of backfill materials in mines while maintaining performance, and reduces energy consumption and carbon emissions in the OPC production process [70]. Compared with other alternative binder slag or FA, HCDA is less expensive and more hazardous to the environment and needs to be disposed of urgently. Reasonable disposal of a certain scale can be rewarded by the government, which is conducive to reducing the cost for enterprises [71].