# Power Quality Impact and Its Assessment: A Review and a Survey of Lithuanian Industrial Companies
## 2 Literature Review
### Social Impact
One of such offers is as follows: (1) the annual price of one such offer is EUR 18, deductible--EUR 50 per event, the maximum annual sum insured in case of damage to electric appliances--EUR 1000 (number of events is not limited), the maximum annual sum insured in case of damage to electrical installations--EUR 200 per event (up to 2 events per insurance year), and 10% annual depreciation is calculated for objects older than 5 years (but not more than 70%); (2) the list does not include damage to software and data loss, damage due to improper operation of grid protection and switching devices, defects due to aging, and many other cases. Each situation is reviewed and assessed by an expert, and in most cases, the decision will be based solely on his opinion, because PQ measurements will not be available due to either the absence of a PQ monitoring system or its inappropriate properties (such as sampling and frequency response). Not even mentioning the outright damage to the equipment, PQ phenomena can have variety of consequences by disturbing end-use equipment performance that in one way or another is important for human well-being, including the unavailability of services, impact on the environment, health and safety, and the resulting reputational and various non-pecuniary damages. For example, the survey presented in this paper revealed that PQ phenomena can distort railway signals or affect the operation of railroad switches, can be the reason for a sudden stoppage of container cranes and elevators, as well as the impact on lighting systems poses a risk to occupational safety and health. In data centers, as reported by [95], poor PQ can result in data loss or service interruption and consequently bring down the level of customer satisfaction. The authors of [96] mention that the poor PQ of electricity supplied to Polish mines (coal, salt, ores) not only results in financial losses, but also poses a risk to safety of working crews (e.g., by shutting down the ventilation or drainage system) as \"the environment of underground mines is special in terms of climatic and technical conditions and operational reliability\". Furthermore, PQ phenomena can modulate information-carrying signals, inject noise or otherwise distort them, which is important in many fields, such as telecommunications, measurement and process control [97; 98], but probably one of the most conspicuous examples of the social impact of PQ is the impact on medical equipment that can lead to diagnostic error or service unavailability [7; 99; 100; 101]. The available (reported) information is summarized in Table 4: in addition to the electrocardiogram machine malfunction (already mentioned in Section 1), there is some other information about computer tomography scanner, conventional radiography machine, infant incubator, infusion pump, magnetic resonance imaging machine, pulmonary ventilator, pulse oximeter, syringe pump, and ultrasonic imaging device. It is noteworthy that although the main focus of Table 4 is conducted phenomena, the interference may not necessarily be conducted, and the operation of devices can also be affected by electrostatic, magnetostatic, and radiated electromagnetic fields (e.g., see [107] that found ventilator and syringe pump malfunctions by irradiating 2.45 GHz and 5.2 GHz signals as used in wireless LAN (802.11), influence of a static magnetic field on medical devices with a cathode-ray tube display, etc., and [111] that studies the impact of 2G, 3G and 4G cellular phones); however, regardless of the nature of the disturbance, whether it be voltage fluctuations, harmonics or something else, the doctor or his hospital will always be responsible for all mistakes and inconveniences. \begin{table}
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