esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
Moreover, safety is ensured because the flying launchpad can safely launch satellites from anywhere. Finally, the percentage of success increases with the flying launchpad because it is near the low Earth orbit. 2. Adding an iron yoke significantly increases the number of magnetic flux lines by reducing the magnetic reluctance of the launcher coil which was achieved by adding a laminated iron yoke around the launcher coil instead of increasing the input voltage of the single stage as in [7; 12; 16; 17; 26]. 3. Magnetic flux lines are strengthened, resulting in an increased number of aligned magnetic dipole moments. The increasing number of aligned magnetic dipole moments results in a higher attractive force. 4. The operating voltage required to achieve a pre-defined velocity is reduced. In other words, the voltage an ordinary launcher uses for the same speed is higher than the voltage a modified launcher needs. This may lead to a reduction of the required rated voltage of launching devices and lower the cost. 5. Adding an iron yoke makes the magnetic path defined. The magnetic path length directly affects the coil inductance. Consequently, the deduction of a mathematical model for the system becomes smoother than before. There are some limitations that could potentially limit the use of an iron yoke:  
1. Increase in the launcher weight. 2. A velocity limitation due to low saturation flux density in the case of poor-permeability ferromagnetic materials. 3. Energy loss due to eddy currents produced in the case of high-conductivity ferromagnetic materials. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 shows the application of the developed launcher. Section 3 describes a detailed explanation of the design of the launcher system modules. Section 4 gives the modified system equations. Section 5 describes the operation algorithm of the launcher. Then, the experimental work is carried out and a discussion of the results is presented by comparing the modified launcher with the system used in the literature [7; 16] in Section 6. Future work suggestions are presented in Section 8. Finally, Section 9 concludes this paper.
## 4 Conclusions  
A measurement system for real-time monitoring of the rectangular surface defects of ferromagnetic pipes is reported. This system detects the variations of the tangential and normal MMM signals around the defects, which could be used to determine their location and size. The proposed system uses a low-cost magnetoresistive sensor, an Arduino nano and a virtual instrumentation. This system could allow the inspection of rectangular defects and it does not need expensive equipment and operators with extensive experience. The size (depth and width) of the defects is related to the amplitude and shape of these magnetic signals. The measured MMM signals have non-uniform distributions, which registered differences with respect those calculated through a 2D magnetic dipole model. These differences were caused by small inclinations along the edges of the three rectangular defects. In addition, the analytical model considered a constant magnetic permeability of the ferromagnetic pipe.  
Future studies will include the analysis of MMM signals around small defects with different shapes (e.g., triangular, cylindrical and spherical shape) on the surface of ferromagnetic pipes. In addition, we will study the relations between size and shape of the defects with respect to the shifts in their measured MMM signals.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] developed the measurement system; [PERSON] measured the MMM signals; [PERSON] and [PERSON] designed the data processing system; [PERSON] and [PERSON] contributed to the writing, review and editing of the paper.  
This research was funded by project PRODEP \"Estudio de Dispositivos Electronicos y Electromecanos con Potencial Aplicacion en Fisiologia y Optoelectronica\" and PFCE 2018 \"DES Tecnica Veracruz 30 MSU0940B-21\".  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Aminated Covalent Organic Polymers for Anionic Dye Adsorption in Aqueous Systems
###### Abstract  
Aminated covalent organic polymer (ACOP) was synthesized through a catalyst-free Schiff base reaction involving terephthalalaldehyde and melamine, and the prepared ACOP was used for the adsorption of anionic dyes. The prepared ACOP possessed a high specific surface area (582.07 m\({}^{2}\)/g) with an average pore size of 88.71 A. Its point of zero charge was determined as pH 8.26. Anionic dye molecules, methyl orange (MO) and orange G (OG), were used to evaluate the dye adsorption efficiency of the prepared ACOP, and it was found that they were adsorbed rapidly on ACOP within 1 min. The maximum adsorption capacities (\(q_{\text{m}}\)) of the prepared ACOP for MO and OG were 351.9 and 227.9 mg/g, respectively. Furthermore, the results of dye adsorption as a function of the initial pH and presence/absence of cationic dye (methylene blue; MB) revealed that dye adsorption on ACOP proceeded through charge-charge and \(\pi\)-\(\pi\) interactions. The presence of MB along with MO and OG enhanced the dye adsorption capacity because of the synergistic effect of the positively charged quaternized nitrogen atoms in the prepared ACOP. The dye adsorption mechanism was further investigated using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS). The ACOP adsorbent prepared herein using a facile catalyst-free reaction offers rapid adsorption with a high adsorption efficiency over a wide pH range and in the presence of cationic dye. For these reasons, it can be used for environmental remediation, especially in aqueous systems.  
Keywords:covalent organic polymer; aminated polymer; dye adsorption; selective adsorption +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# An Improved Anti-Interference Precoding of Large-Scale Fading System Based on Channel Inversion
###### Abstract  
Recently, a large-scale fading precoding (LSFP) for the wireless massive multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) systems has been proposed. In this precoding, the channel information of all the cells using re-use pilot sequences is processed jointly, and pilot contamination and interference due to a certain number of antennas are effectively eliminated. Additionally, recent studies have found that research in the asymptotic field can be applied to the wireless large-scale MIMO systems. In the LSFP, pilot contamination and signal interference will be completely eliminated when a number of antennas at a base station tend to be unlimited. In this research found that the LSFP method can eliminate most pilot contamination and interference in practical applications only when the number of antennas of the base station reaches hundreds of orders, which greatly increases the equipment construction cost. On the other hand, channel inversion denotes a multi-user channel modulation technology, where a vector signal generated between a user and a base station is used to form an inverse channel matrix so that the channels of each user are balanced during the transmission. In this paper, the channel inversion technology is used in the LSFP. The improved LSFP can effectively reduce the number of antennas required by the base station without affecting the performance of eliminating the pilot contamination and interference. It is shown that when the number of antennas of a base station tends to be unlimited, the improved LSFP can eliminate pilot contamination and signal interference. The simulation results show that in the same practical scenario, when the base station is equipped with the same number of antennas, the improved method can more effectively improve the anti-contamination and anti-interference performance over conventional LSFP.  
MIMO; precoding; contamination; interference +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters  
1
# Land-Cover Classification Using Deep Learning with High-Resolution Remote-Sensing Imagery
## 4 Ablation Study  
In a comparison of the AID (Aerial Image Dataset) and UC Merced datasets, UC Merced comes out on top for certain applications. UC Merced provides a good balance of manageable dataset size and high-resolution aerial images, making it suitable for tasks like land-use classification. The dataset's moderate scale allows for efficient model training and testing without compromising scene diversity. UC Merced provides a comprehensive representation for training robust models by covering a wide range of land-use categories. The higher resolution of the dataset aids in the detailed analysis of aerial imagery, which is useful for tasks requiring precision in land-area classification. While both the AID and UC Merced datasets are useful in the field of aerial image analysis, the UC Merced dataset's balance of dataset size, diversity, and resolution makes it a better choice for applications that require both efficiency and detailed scene understanding. Herein, additional experiments are performed with different models to fully assess their generalization abilities. The detailed result of each model is given in Table 5.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Test Models** & **Total No. of Classes** & **Model** _Accuracy \%_ & _Precision \%_ & _Recall \%_ & **F1-Score \%** \\ \hline EfficientNet [34] & - & 83 & 83 & 71 & 77 \\ \hline CNN [35] & 04 & 89 & 87 & 84 & 85 \\ \hline ResNet34 [36] & 10 & 70 & 70 & 70 & 71 \\ \hline Proposed Inception-V3 & 18 & 92 & 93 & 92 & 92 \\ \hline Proposed DenseNet121 & 18 & 91 & 91 & 90 & 89 \\ \hline Proposed ResNet-50 & 18 & 91 & 90 & 90 & 88 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Comparative analysis of the proposed system with SOTA methods.
###### Abstract  
The Stellarator is a magnetic configuration considered a realistic candidate for a future thermonuclear fusion commercial reactor. The most widely accepted scaling law of the energy confinement time for the Stellarator is the ISS04, which employs a renormalisation factor, \(f_{ren}\), specific to each device and each level of optimisation for individual machines. The \(f_{ren}\) coefficient is believed to account for higher order effects not ascribable to variations in the 0D quantities, the only ones included in the database used to derive ISS04, the International Stellarator Confinement database. This hypothesis is put to the test with symbolic regression, which allows relaxing the assumption that the scaling laws must be in power monomial form. Specific and more general scaling laws for the different magnetic configurations have been identified and perform better than ISS04, even without relying on any renormalisation factor. The proposed new scalings typically present a coefficient of determination R\({}^{2}\) around 0.9, which indicates that they basically exploit all the information included in the database. More importantly, the different optimisation levels are correctly reproduced and can be traced back to variations in the 0D quantities. These results indicate that \(f_{ren}\) is not indispensable to interpret the data because the different levels of optimisation leave clear signatures in the 0D quantities. Moreover, the main mechanism dominating transport, in reasonably optimised configurations, is expected to be turbulence, confirmed by a comparative analysis of the Tokamak in L mode, which shows very similar values of the energy confinement time. Not resorting to any renormalisation factor, the new scaling laws can also be extrapolated to the parameter regions of the most important reactor designs available.  
Keywords:multimachine databases; scaling laws; symbolic regression; genetic programming; energy confinement time; stellarator optimisation +
Footnote †: journal: Applied
# Circularly Polarized Broadband Printed Antenna for Wireless Applications
## 2 Antenna Design Structure
### Antenna Design Evolution Procedure  
To validate the development procedure, three layouts is depicted, as shown in Figure 2 where Ant1 has exhibited an LP in the two resonant modes and CP of one resonant mode with circular patch antenna that is fed by a tapered microstrip line. To improve the impedance bandwidth of Ant1, an \(R1\) circular slot is etched out (Ant2). According to the S\({}_{11}\) plot shown in Figure 3a, the etched out \(R1\) slot results in an improvement in the \(-10\) dB impedance bandwidth from 2.2 to 9.4 GHz, except for the middle frequency of 4-5 GHz. The Ant1 is designed at multiple resonating frequencies, which gives some small bandwidth in the specific point. To enhance the impedance bandwidth, a circular slot, \(R1\) in the ground plane has been added which overlaps the fundamental mode of the antenna and creates higher order mode. This higher order mode also helps to overlap the original bandwidth, and that is responsible for gradually increases the overall bandwidth of the antenna from 2.2 to 9.4 GHz. However, it can be seen that both Ant1 and Ant2 have an LP radiation wave (AR values greater than 9 dB) except at 6.2 GHz of Ant1. The additional step to stimulate the electrical field parts with identical amplitudes and phase variations of \(90^{\circ}\) to create the CP radiation. To achieve the CP features, a semicircular slot with a radius \(R3\) is etched out from the circular patch radiator, seen as Ant3 in Figure 2. It can be observed from Figures 2 and 3 that \(R3\) in the patch radiator plays an important role to create wide 3 dB AR bandwidth with improved impedance bandwidth. These advancements are because of the growth in the lengths of the current path. The AR is significantly diminished from 20 dB for Ant1 to underneath 3 dB for Ant3. From Figure 3, it could be noticed that without the \(R3\) slot, the antenna achieves a 125% (2.20-4.24 GHz, 5.32-10.2 GHz) impedance bandwidth (\(-10\) dB) and 0% dB AR bandwidth. On the other hand, with the R3 slot, the proposed designed attained a 122.80% (2.2-9.20 GHz) impedance (\(-10\) dB) and 69.71% (2.28-4.72 GHz) 3 dB AR bandwidth.
## 2 Literature Review

Table 1: A bibliometric search result of common result phrases and the associated number of documents retrieved. Time limit was not used in the search criteria. farms contribute significant proportions to providing a sustainable staple food source for developing countries [3; 5]. Earth Observation systems have matured enough to provide accurate information to smallholder farmers to enhance their food production under erratic climate variability and climate change, hence contributing towards SDG number 2. Other research studies have used Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data to map maize fields. For example, [PERSON] et al. [34] used multi-temporal Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 to map smallholder farms in Nigeria using a stacking approach of different Sentinel data combinations. The authors applied SVM and Random Forest (RF) algorithms and achieved an overall accuracy of more than 90% for both algorithms. However, the authors did not provide the estimated production area for maize, which is the most important parameter for SDG reporting and food security monitoring. [PERSON] et al. [35] used multi-temporal Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 to also map maize production areas and estimate yield using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform in Tanzania and Kenya. Seasonal median composites, radar backscatter and optical surface reflectance were used to build an RF classifier and they obtained accuracies of more than 70%. [PERSON] et al. [36] used both Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 to map maize in Rwanda and noted that Sentinel-1 had a poor performance, which resulted in overestimating the maize production area compared to the Sentinel-2 data. All authors acknowledge that smallholder farms are difficult to map due to their small size and heterogenous characteristics that can affect the spectral/backscatter signal. They also encourage the use of Sentinel-1 multi-temporal data since this platform can be used in all weather conditions and the resolution of 10 m is sufficient to contribute towards SDGs with relatively high accuracy. Generally, local governments still lack spatial agricultural information on smallholder farms. It has not yet been fully established whether the use of the PCA technique on Sentinel-1 to enhance the detection of smallholder maize farms can be effective. The PCA is a simple but powerful multivariate technique that transforms inter-correlated variables into a set of new linearly orthogonal (non-correlated) variables called principal components, and these components have maximum variance [37]. The condition of maximum variance is an added advantage to the classification algorithms as this can allow determination of decision boundaries with ease, therefore enhancing the detection of different classes. Meanwhile, a stacking approach such as the one used by [PERSON] et al. [34], [PERSON] et al. [35], and [PERSON] and [PERSON] [20] may result in class overlap due to inter-correlated bands that may exist within the stacked datasets. This can lead to potential misclassification of different classes. Readers should consult [PERSON] [38] for more details on PCA formulation.
## 1 Introduction
Alternative ideas are based on an isothermal CAES configuration to eliminate the need for fuel and high-temperature thermal energy storages [28]. Additional improvements to such a concept have been investigated through the integration of PCM in order to control the isothermal operation during compression and expansion [29]. In spite of the achievements reached for various A-CAES design configurations [30; 31; 32; 33] accompanied by significant cost reductions [34], further improvements in flexibility and economic efficiency are needed. For this purpose, the integration of P2H elements operating during charging periods inside the power plant configuration is investigated, allowing increased operating times as well as participation in the secondary control market and thus improved competitiveness. This modification allows increased power plant flexibility and further cost reductions due to increasing thermal storage densities but is simultaneously associated with concept-dependent decreasing total round trip efficiencies. The first results of such a modified A-CAES configuration were published in reference [35]. Here, for a constant set of boundary conditions and an exemplary integration location inside an A-CAES configuration, the potentials for increased storage densities associated with decreasing component sizes are outlined. For holistic considerations of such concepts, an overall system analysis is needed to identify operational conditions, P2H locations, and system configurations offering high efficiencies and cost reductions potentials. For that purpose, investigations for different P2H integration locationsaccompanied by adaptations in pressure ratios and component efficiencies are conducted. Additionally, an alternative based on fundamental results regarding operational concepts and P2H locations configuration is presented, which offers high energetic utilization and additional cost reduction potentials and can be treated as a base for upgrading the existing CAES power plants.
## 4 Discussion
### Recommendations to Mitigate Influential Factors
The data can be used to create maps and reports and perform analysis to assess threats effectively and plan for optimal monitoring within specific target areas to prioritise funding and staffing resources. With such implementations, CT sites could be situated at typical hotspots as mentioned above, with a grouping of CTs in each location (depending on the desired area covered) with 15-30 m spacing between them. For ML applications, we do not go into extensive detail on ML performances and comparisons but instead focus on the most prevalent architectures for target detection and classification as recommended by [57]. [PERSON] [57] compares the Faster R-CNN ResNet101 and Inception ResNet Version 2 (V2), the Region-Based Fully Convolutional Network (R-FCN) ResNet 101, and Single Shot Detector (SSD) with both MobileNet and Inception V2. The R-FCN and SSD architectures are faster overall, with the SSD on MobileNet presenting the highest mAP (19.3) for real-time processing. However, the Faster R-CNN using the Inception ResNet provides the highest accuracy at one FPS for all tested classes. The R-FCN architecture using the Residual Network presents a better balance between speed and accuracy. However, the Faster R-CNN with ResNet 101 can achieve a similar overall performance. Given the overall balance of speed and accuracy, we recommend the Faster R-CNN with ResNet 101 architecture based on performance testing [57] and its tested application within our study. The primary recommendation for increasing analyst performance is to apply on-demand resources commonly defined as \"just-in-time\" training. For example, [PERSON] et al. [45], who utilised such methods by training 94 citizen scientists (analysts) on wildlife species with CT images, found increased detection rates from 51.8-81.9%. Moreover, after training, analysts reported better confidence in species classifications. Applying a random subspace method (RSM)--a strategic learning method where the features of a target image are randomly sampled for ML training, has proven successful in managing partial human occlusions. Several studies have successfully detected humans within partially occluded still images, resulting in true-positive detection accuracies of 75.6% [44; 58]. Such an application improves target detection performance within partially occluded images without compromising detection accuracy for non-occluded images [44]. This method not only accounts for increased robustness to occlusion but, in turn, potentially reduces the influence of occluded species-specific characteristics on wildlife CC.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Significance of Colloidal Metal Fraction in the Dissolved Phase-Comparison with Other Coastal Areas  
#### 3.4.1 Metals with High Particulate Reactivity (Pb, Mn, Fe, Al)  
For metals that were present primarily in the particulate fraction, a high percentage of colloids was found in the dissolved fraction as well (37%, 37% and 31% for Pb, Fe and Al, respectively) (Table 1). Similarly to Pb in the Krka River estuary, on average, 30% of dissolved Pb was present in the colloidal fraction in the Guandang River estuary [24] and the coast of the North Yellow Sea [22], in contrast to the Xin'an River estuary, with <14% of colloidal Pb in the dissolved pool [24] (Table S1). In other studies, the colloidal fraction dominated Pb concentration in the dissolved pool, with much higher percentages than in the Krka River estuary, such as in the Penze estuary [6] or Galveston Bay [49], where colloidal (5 kDa-0.2 um and 10 kDa-0.4 um, respectively) Pb accounted for most of the dissolved metal (>94%). In other coastal areas, much higher or much lower colloidal Fe and Al were found compared to our study (Table S1). For example, in Venice Lagoon, colloidal Fe (100 kDa-0.4 um) accounted for 87% of the dissolved fraction [50], whereas in the Gulf of Trieste, colloidal Fe and Al (5 kDa-0.2 um) averaged only 7.6% and 1.5%, respectively [37]. In San Francisco Bay, >84% of dissolved Fe and Al was associated with colloidal material (10 kDa-0.2 um) in the low salinity region, while at high salinities, colloidal Fe was still high (40%), but very little colloidal Al was detected [5]. In contrast to Pb, Fe and Al, Mn showed the lowest colloidal reactivity among all the studied metals, with only 4% of colloidal Mn present in the dissolved phase. Similarly, <20%, i.e., <10% in the high-salinity region, of colloidal Mn was found in San Francisco Bay [5] and the Gulf of Trieste [37] (Table S1).