esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Feature-Oriented Reconstruction Method for Surface-Defect Detection on Aluminum Profiles
## 3 Proposed Methods
### Aluminum Profile Image Preprocessing
#### 3.1.2 Data Normalization  
The data normalization process mainly involves adaptive rotation of the input image without background color and the mask at the same angle, then finding the maximum internal rectangle on the rotated mask image, which is later cropped with the rotated background-removed image. The relevant algorithm is shown in Figure 5.  
The algorithm is specifically described below:  
1. Adaptive Rotation.  
Using the different slopes of the upper- and lower-boundary lines of the main part of the aluminum profile fitted in the mask, the main part of the aluminum profile is rotated adaptively, and the angle of placement of the main part of the aluminum profile is adjusted so that it can be placed parallel to the upper and lower boundaries of the image and become more normalized.  
\[\tan\alpha=\frac{\Delta y}{\Delta x} \tag{2}\]
2. Finding the maximum internally connected rectangle.  
The mask image after adaptive rotation is utilized to explore its inner rectangular boundaries.  
1. Cropping and scaling processing.  
The rotated background-removed image is cropped for background and redundant information using (b) to normalize the dataset.  
Figure 5: Data normalization algorithm. (**a**) Flowchart of the data normalization algorithm; (**b**) schematic of the data normalization algorithm.
## 1 Introduction
In the two-phase model, the base-fluid phase has its own fluid-dynamical governing equations, and a concentration equation is required to account for the effects of the suspended nanoparticles, see for example [34]. Empirical investigations for the two-phase models have demonstrated that for nanofluids with low nanoparticle volume fractions, the Lagrangian-Eulerian formulation is preferred, see for example [35], in which this approach was employed in analysing the HTR effects of \(Cu\) and \(Al_{2}O_{3}\) nanoparticles under turbulent flow conditions. For the reverse scenario of nanofluids with high nanoparticle volume fractions, the more suitable approach would be the Eulerian-Eulerian formulation, see for example [36], who conducted numerical simulations for laminar forced convection heat-transfer of \(Cu\)-water nanofluids in isothermally heated microchannels. In addition to the above motivations and literature on HTE, with regards to industrial heating and cooling applications, the present study is additionally spurred on by the investigations in [32, 33]. The investigations in [32, 33] specifically explored the non-isothermal effects of various viscoelastic-fluid-based nanofluids. Additional motivation arises from the works in [37, 38], which investigated the heat exchanger dynamics using particle-free viscoelastic and Newtonian fluids. The present investigation is aimed at the need to add to the literature on the development, design, and performance of industrial heat exchangers with a focus on the use and effects of nanofluids. The current work may also be extended to heat-exchange problems involving phase change and boiling, in which case the important surface-tension effects would need to be accounted for, including the effects to the energy conservation, see [39]. The present work employs finite volume computational methodologies implemented on the open-source OpenFOAM software platform [38; 40; 41; 42]. The OpenFOAM software platform offers the flexibility and convenience to incorporate new computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models via modifications of already-existing solvers, see for example [43; 44; 45; 46; 47]. The additional purpose of this work is therefore the development of a solver, under the OpenFOAM framework, for heat exchange investigations involving viscoelastic fluids and Newtonian-Fluid-Based Nanofluids (NFBN). The paper is structured as follows. In Section 2, the mathematical model formulation is presented. The development of numerical algorithms is given in Section 3. In Section 4, graphical computational results and discussion of results are presented. Finally, the concluding remarks are given in Section 5.
## 3 Results
### Short-Time Degradation Viewed by In Situ Analysis on Model Samples  
In the in situ thermo-aging experiments, we focused on the initial stages of fibroin degradation. We recorded FTIR spectra in the spot where degradation was occurring, induced by high temperature, under dry airflow conditions (isO\({}_{2}\)) (refer to Figure 3B). The E\({}_{\text{Amidel/II}}\), E\({}_{\text{COOH}}\), and E\({}_{\text{C}}\) estimators, previously established during long-term ex situ FTIR experiments, proved effective in assessing the state of fibroin (thermal) degradation. This allowed us to observe and describe the short-term in situ degradation process. However, the data obtained during the first hour of the in situ experiments are irrelevant, likely due to the sample reaching thermal equilibrium.  
The E\({}_{\text{COOH}}\) estimator, representing hydrolysis, exhibited observable changes indicating the ongoing hydrolysis process within silk's fibroin. These changes were identified by developing vibration bands related to dicarboxylic amino acids. Specifically, the band centered at 1318 cm\({}^{-1}\) corresponds to -C-H symmetric bending found in free dicarboxylic amino acids (COOH-NH--COOH) [10; 12]. In ex situ artificial aging under open dry conditions (isO\({}_{2}\)), this hydrolysis process was minimal (with a max value around 0.05), with a relatively sizeable statistical error. However, for the short-term in situ aging, the change in the estimator was approximately one order of magnitude smaller (depicted by the purple line in Figure 3B, based on an average of 3 measurements). The hydrolysis process was not triggered in the short-term in situ aging conditions, possibly due to a lack of water access in the pressed region of the ATR-FTIR module where the silk model sample was aged.  
The E\({}_{\text{Amidel/II}}\) estimator (depicted by the pink line in Figure 3B) exhibited a steady increase over time, observed in both ex situ and in situ aging. Like the E\({}_{\text{COOH}}\) estimator for in situ aging, the changes during short-term artificial aging were relatively small. However, this growth was attributed to the overall increase in C=O groups resulting from temperature-induced oxidation. These groups could manifest as ketones, aldehydes, or carboxylic groups in \(\alpha\)-keto acids and dicarboxylic groups, as described in previous studies [1].  
estimator (compared to ex situ changes in Figure 2A) within the first hour of aging may be attributed to accumulated heat energy on the artificially aged spot, potentially causing short-term structural relocations within the semi-crystalline structure of silk. However, this should be considered insignificant. The changes in the E\({}_{\mathrm{C}}\) estimator resulting from short-term in situ aging were an order of magnitude smaller than those observed in ex situ aging conditions. Consequently, FTIR analysis detected no significant changes in the degree of crystallinity during this short-term aging simulation.
## 2 Push-Pull Converter: Operating Principle and Non-Ideal Electrical Model
### Push-Pull Converter Operating Principle  
The operation of the push-pull converter is determined by the controlled flow of current in the primary transformer circuit and by magnetic induction in the secondary circuit. This control is accomplished by controlled operation of the power switching devices and energy storage in the inductor and capacitor of the output low-pass filter (\(L_{F}\)-\(C_{F}\)). The electrical schematic of the ideal circuit is shown in Figure 1. In [17] a half-bridge rectifier topology was chosen for the converter output stage (which will be logically maintained in this study), as it reduces the number of semiconductors and their associated losses (which can be considerable especially in high-power buck topologies operating at high output currents) while simplifying circuit analysis and design.  
From the ideal circuit diagram (Figure 1), the operation of the push-pull converter is determined by three modes of operation, depending on the state of the power switching devices (Mode 1: \(Q_{1}\) ON and \(Q_{2}\) OFF, Mode 2: \(Q_{1}\) OFF and \(Q_{2}\) ON and Mode 3: \(Q_{1}\) and \(Q_{2}\) OFF).  
In modes 1 and 2, the conduction of the power switching device allows current to flow through the corresponding primary winding of the transformer (see Figure 1), magnetising its core. This induces a voltage in the secondary circuit of polarity defined by the point criterion (see Figure 1), which will allow current to flow through one of the branches (through diodes \(D_{1}\) or \(D_{2}\)) to the output low-pass filter and the load \(R\).  
Finally, during mode 3 operation, the deactivation of both power switching devices prevents current flow through the primary windings, and hence no voltage will be induced in the transformer secondary circuit (see Figure 1). In this case, it is the output low-pass filter (\(L_{F}\) and \(C_{F}\)) which maintains the output voltage by supplying current to the load. Assuming a continuous conduction mode (CCM) in the output low-pass filter inductor current, it follows that \(D_{1}\) and \(D_{2}\) conduct at the same time and there is current sharing between the two branches.
# Review of Recent Type-2 Fuzzy Controller Applications
## 3 Review of IT2 FLSs
### Industrial System Controllers
A comparative study was done based on the speed control of direct torque and flux control induction motor drives [69]. There were five different speed control techniques, such as PI controllers, sliding-mode speed controllers (SMSC), a T1 FLC, a T1 fuzzy SMSC and a T2 FLC. Each one was tested under parameter uncertainties and load disturbances. The simulations were conducted in MATLAB with a wide variety of different operating conditions. The T1 fuzzy SMSC was shown to have disturbance rejection; however, it was unable to purge the chatter phenomenon during steady state operations. The T2 FLC was the optimal in terms of disturbance rejection and parameter uncertainties. A permanent magnet DC (PMDC) motor was incorporated into an IT2 FLC [70]. In this study, the control system deals with sector dead-zones and external disturbances. The IT2 model approximates the motor dynamics using fuzzy inference and online update laws. This method improves upon the ordinary model, since this method estimates the non-linear system functions, since the system parameters are unknown. The IT2 configuration parameters can be attenuated to bring the system to an optimal tracking performance. It was found that the IT2 FLC performs better than the ordinary model in the presence of external disturbances and dead zone non-linearity. An IT2 FLC was designed for a DC motor, but in this case, the variable controlled was the velocity regulation [71]. The IT2 FLC was tested against a T1 FLC and a PID controller to regulate the velocity. Various uncertainties were introduced, and each controller was designed in MATLAB and uploaded into Very High Descriptive Language (VHDL) for an FPGA. It was found that after multiple trials, the IT2 FLC performed better from the results of a \(t\)-distribution statistical test. In a similar paper, the speed control of a DC motor was regulated using an average approximation IT2 FLC (AT2-FLC) [72]. It was used on an FPGA, which provides implementation in real time. It was found that the timing results using 20 bits on the FPGA decreased the error by 62% compared to using eight bits. Using an AT2-FLC decreased the error compared to PID tuning using Ziegler-Nichols tuning. These results show that more T2-MF and fuzzy rules can be utilized for better results with an increase in runtime. A parallel cable-driven lifting mechanism was also controlled using T2 FSs [73]. This problem was split into six subsystems, where each subsystem had an IT2 fuzzy nonlinear autoregressive exogenous (NARX) model. It controlled all of the actuator tension, while taking in the degrees of inclination as the input. It was found that this control method was able to balance the tensions of the four lifting cables while also keeping the top surface level.
## 6 Alternative Methods of Articular Cartilage Diagnosis
### Ultrasound Elastography  
Ultrasound elastography is an imaging technique that assesses tissue stiffness based on the speed of shear wave propagation in the tissue [345]. AC is characterised by complex biomechanical properties, showing changes in elasticity during its degeneration. The use of elastography allows information to be obtained about both the structure of the AC and its mechanical properties, which is difficult with traditional imaging techniques [345]. AC during the course of OA shows lower stiffness compared to healthy cartilage [345]. Elastography is extremely useful in the diagnostic process of early degenerative changes, when morphological changes are not yet apparent. The advantages of this method are its non-invasiveness and accessibility, making it an alternative to, for example, MRI in a clinical setting.
# Risk-Based Cybersecurity Compliance Assessment System (RC2 AS)
## 4 Risk-Based Cybersecurity Compliance Assessment System (RC2 AS)
### Proposed Risk-Based Cybersecurity Compliance Assessment System (RC2 AS)  
As mentioned earlier, compliance with ECC is mandatory for all national Saudi organizations (public and private) with IT systems. So, all entities should evaluate and measure their compliance by using the publishing tool (ECC-1:2018 Tool) [43].Many service provider companies help national entities to assess and measure their compliance level through dedicated services and tools. These tools help an entity to demonstrate its commitment to different standards or regulations and enable it to perform gap assessments of its weaknesses and strengths. This will result in enabling the entity to develop its road map based on its priorities.  
Therefore, this research takes the existing ECC cybersecurity compliance tool as a baseline to build a comprehensive and customized risk-based cybersecurity compliance assessment system (RC2 AS). RC2 AS is developed to be compatible with the current ECC tool. This system offers a self-assessment tool that helps the organization evaluate and check its compliance with ECC. Moreover, RC2 AS supports weakness identification and provides better planning accordingly to enhance its compliance level based on its priorities for future improvements. Lastly, RC2 AS proposes several calculation methods for the overall compliance score of ECC.  
This section presents the proposed system that provides various services by highlighting: (a) the RC2 AS overall workflow, and (b) the RC2 AS supporting tool that provides a well-structured and comprehensive questionnaire derived from ECC controls. Such a tool will provide a practical way to encourage entities to complete the questionnaire and obtain their compliance level, (c) the proposed calculation methods of the overall cybersecurity compliance of ECC, (d) the RC2 AS compliance status color-coding scheme, and (e) the rich dashboards RC2 AS offer to reflect the current status of compliance with ECC, accurately. Moreover, setting a clear improvement and action plan will allow them to reach their ECC target compliance level.  
Additional details of the RC2 AS and the services it offers are described in the following:
# Research on Identification Technology of Field Pests with Protective Color Characteristics
## 3 Results and Discussions  
### Comparison and Analysis of Spectral Characteristics  
The comparison curve of spectral characteristics between cabbage and _Pieris rapae_ is presented in Figure 7.  
As observed from the figure, the spectral reflectance of cabbage was generally higher than that of _Pieris rapae_. In the visible band range of 375-690 nm, there was little difference in the spectral reflectance between cabbage and _Pieris rapae_. The spectral reflectance of cabbage was significantly different from that of _Pieris rapae_ when the wavelength was greater than 690 nm. In the range of 780-1000 nm in the near-infrared band, there is a large difference in the spectral reflectance between cabbage and _Pieris rapae_. As shown in Figure 8, the spectral reflectance difference between cabbage and _Pieris rapae_ is the largest at 823 nm wavelength. Based on the products of many filter production companies on the market, the optional filters in the near-infrared band range (780-1000 nm) are divided into 850 nm and 950 nm. Therefore, 850 nm infrared filter and 850 nm ring light source were selected to acquire pest images.  
Figure 8: Curve of spectral reflectance difference between cabbage and _Pieris rapae_.  
Figure 7: Comparison curve of average spectral characteristics between cabbage and _Pieris rapae_.  
Cabbage is sensitive at 850 nm. Figures 4 and 5 presents the pest image collected with an 850 nm infrared filter and 850 nm ring light source. It can be seen from the figures that the cabbage area is brighter in the pest image while the pest area is darker. Therefore, the application of an 850 nm infrared filter and 850 nm ring light source can clearly distinguish _Pieris rapae_ from cabbage.
## 3 Results  
### Effect of Two-Stage Backwash on MBR Permeability  
The variation in TMP during the MBR operation was evaluated as shown in Figure 1. After the TMP reached 80 kPa, backwashing was performed. CDA 300 nM was applied for all conditions, and the graph titles indicate the concentration of NaOCl applied. Four backwashes during the operation extended the operating time by 234, 387, 162, 350, 341, and 369 h at NaOCl concentrations of 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg/L, respectively. It is remarkable that for 200 mg/L, the operating time was shorter than for 0 mg/L. This indicates that the residual biofilm regenerated rapidly due to chlorine oxidizing stress after backwashing.  
It is generally accepted that sublethal concentrations of NaOCl stimulate microorganisms to increase the production of EPS and chlorine resistance, which has a negative impact on membrane fouling control [42]. [PERSON] et al. (2022) reported that _Ideonella_ and _Pseudomonas_, which were isolated from the fouled MBR membrane, produced excessive EPS when exposed to NaOCl (300 mg/L effective chlorine, 30 min), resulting in an approximately 50% increase in TOC content [36]. [PERSON] et al. (2017) suggested that a sublethal dosage of NaOCl causes the biofilm to divide into smaller clusters, leading to higher cultivability [43]. [PERSON] et al. (2017) found that a sublethal concentration of HOCl induces biofilm formation in _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ by increasing the levels of bis-(3\({}^{\prime}\)\(-\)5\({}^{\prime}\))-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP), which is an intracellular signaling molecule involved in biofilm formation [44,45]. This reaction can conflict with the CDA mechanism, which is related to the reduced intracellular level of c-di-GMP [31].  
However, the less negative effects at 100 mg/L compared to 200 mg/L are suspected to be the result of the appropriate application of NaOCl to the dispersed biofilm. It is suspected that moderate concentrations of NaOCl weaken the binding force of the dispersed biofilm matrix, making it easier to remove by backwashing before microbes can acutely respond [46]. Therefore, the 100 mg/L case demonstrated a synergistic effect of CDA and NaOCl. On the other hand, the shorter operating time at 200 mg/L compared to 0 mg/L indicates that the effect of NaOCl on biofilm was dominant during two-stage backwashing at a higher NaOCl concentration. Higher concentrations of NaOCl increase stress reactions or cell lysis, leading to the generation of additional foulants [47]. Nevertheless, experimentsconducted at NaOCl concentrations of 300, 400, and 500 mg/L similarly extended operating times when compared to the concentration of 100 mg/L NaOCl. This suggests that the increase in foulant due to stress reaction and cell lysis is balanced by the foulant removal capacity of NaOCl.
# Application and Evaluation of the Gaofen-3 Satellite on a Terrain Survey with InSAR Technology
###### Abstract  
The Gaofen-3 satellite is the first SAR satellite independently developed in China that achieves interferometric imaging and measurement, which improves upon Chinese civil SAR satellite data. To verify the ability of the Gaofen-3 satellite's InSAR technology, we acquired data from Dengfeng, China, to evaluate the application and accuracy of an InSAR terrain survey. To reduce the effects introduced by data processing of Gaofen-3 data, high-accuracy InSAR image pair co-registration and phase filtering methods were adopted. Six GCPs data and 1:2000-scale DEM data were used to evaluate the elevation accuracy. In addition, for comparison with other satellites, we processed the dataset of the same area acquired by the non-civilian Yaogan-29 satellite with the same methods and evaluated the results. The experimental results indicated that the interferometric data of the Gaofen-3 satellite can achieve an accuracy of higher than 4 m of interferometric height measurement. Therefore, it will have broad prospects in the domestic InSAR application. Our research provides a certain value for the reference of the development of InSAR sensors in China.  
Gaofen-3 satellite; InSAR; height measurement; accuracy evaluation +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters  
1
## 3 Results and Discussion  
Figure 5 shows the simulated and measured reflection coefficients (S\({}_{11}\)) of the proposed antenna. It can be seen that the measured S\({}_{11}\) are in good agreement with simulation. From the measurement results, we can see that the bandwidth of \(-\)10 dB reflection coefficient is 180 MHz (2.33-2.51 GHz) at the lower frequency band and 830 MHz (5.09-5.92 GHz) at the higher frequency band. Therefore, the two operating frequency bands can cover IEEE 802.11 a/b/g (WLAN, 2.4-2.4835 GHz, 5.15-5.35 GHz, 5.725-5.85 GHz) frequency bands.  
Figure 6 shows the normalized measured radiation patterns of the proposed antenna at 2.4 GHz and 5.5 GHz. The solid and dash lines represent co-polarization and cross-polarization, respectively. The proposed antenna exhibits unidirectional radiation performance, and no obvious sidelobe and split the beam in the main radiation direction at the desired two frequencies. The cross-polarization for both the E-plane (xoz plane) and the H-plane (yoz plane) are less than \(-\)20 dB. The antenna exhibits lower cross-polarization levels at the lower and the higher frequency bands. It can be seen from Figure 6 that the beamwidth of the E-plane is narrower than that of H-plane. The beamwidth of the E-plane is about 60\({}^{\circ}\), while the beamwidth of the H-plane is about 120\({}^{\circ}\). The narrower beamwidth in the E-plane can facilitate the separation of desired signals from interference. The results in Figure 6 indicate that the radiation patterns demonstrate the desired directional performance at 2.4 GHz and 5.5 GHz.  
The measured gain and total efficiency are shown in Figure 7. The measured gain is 6.55 dBi at 2.4 GHz and 8.1 dBi at 5.5 GHz. The measured antenna efficiency is 70% and 84.5% at the lower and the higher frequency band, respectively. The measured gain and efficiency of the proposed directional antenna demonstrate an upward trend, with larger values at the higher frequency bands.  
Figure 5: Simulated and measured S\({}_{11}\) of the proposed antenna.  
Figure 6: Radiation patterns of the proposed antenna: (**a**) 2.4 GHz E-plane, (**b**) 2.4 GHz H-plane, (**c**) 5.5 GHz E-plane, and (**d**) 5.5 GHz H-plane.  
Figure 7: Measured gain and efficiency.