## 5 Results and Discussion
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Alg.**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Pop. (Vars)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**CPU**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Tesla T4**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**RTX 3090**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Tesla V100S**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**A100**} \\  & & **Time** & **Time** (Gain)** & **Time** (Gain) & **Time** (Gain) & **Time** (Gain) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Jaya} & 5000 (500) & 47.25 & 0.82 (**57.6**) & 0.62 (**75.9**) & 0.36 (**132.2**) & 0.31 (**153.6**) \\  & 10,000 (1000) & 159.50 & 2.72 (**58.7**) & 1.33 (**120.1**) & 0.80 (**199.0**) & 0.74 (**216.9**) \\  & 15,000 (1500) & 355.90 & 5.84 (**61.0**) & 2.44 (**145.9**) & 1.44 (**247.7**) & 1.24 (**286.1**) \\  & 20,000 (2000) & 772.46 & 10.16 (**76.0**) & 3.84 (**201.1**) & 2.28 (**338.3**) & 1.86 (**415.5**) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{EJAYA} & 5000 (500) & 58.04 & 2.27 (**25.5**) & 1.63 (**35.6**) & 1.40 (**41.6**) & 1.53 (**38.0**) \\  & 10,000 (1000) & 214.73 & 8.45 (25.4) & 3.60 (**59.6**) & 3.28 (**65.4**) & 3.36 (**64.0**) \\  & 15,000 (1500) & 506.94 & 23.61 (**21.5**) & 6.29 (**80.5**) & 5.76 (**88.1**) & 5.35 (**94.8**) \\  & 20,000 (2000) & 1006.64 & 40.25 (**25.0**) & 9.85 (**102.2**) & 8.85 (**113.8**) & 7.54 (**133.5**) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Rao-1} & 5000 (500) & 29.40 & 0.82 (**35.8**) & 0.62 (**47.4**) & 0.36 (**82.3**) & 0.31 (**95.6**) \\  & 10,000 (1000) & 99.91 & 2.71 (**36.8**) & 1.32 (75.4) & 0.80 (**124.6**) & 0.74 (**135.9**) \\  & 15,000 (1500) & 220.81 & 5.84 (**37.8**) & 2.43 (**90.8**) & 1.44 (**153.7**) & 1.24 (**177.4**) \\  & 20,000 (2000) & 426.80 & 10.16 (**42.0**) & 3.84 (**111.0**) & 2.28 (**187.0**) & 1.86 (**229.6**) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Rao-2} & 5000 (500) & 59.99 & 1.22 (**49.2**) & 0.73 (**82.2**) & 0.49 (**123.3**) & 0.41 (**145.7**) \\  & 10,000 (1000) & 232.62 & 4.46 (**52.1**) & 1.65 (**141.4**) & 1.25 (**185.6**) & 1.06 (**219.6**) \\  & 15,000 (1500) & 536.04 & 10.00 (53.6) & 3.06 (**175.2**) & 2.42 (**221.7**) & 1.80 (**298.1**) \\  & 20,000 (2000) & 1011.66 & 17.54 (**57.7**) & 4.97 (**203.6**) & 3.87 (**261.2**) & 2.75 (**367.3**) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Rao-3} & 5000 (500) & 68.96 & 1.22 (**56.6**) & 0.73 (**94.6**) & 0.49 (**141.7**) & 0.41 (**169.2**) \\  & 10,000 (1000) & 261.90 & 4.46 (**58.7**) & 1.65 (**158.9**) & 1.25 (**209.5**) & 1.06 (**247.7**) \\  & 15,000 (1500) & 597.58 & 10.00 (**59.8**) & 3.08 (**194.3**) & 2.42 (**247.3**) & 1.80 (**332.7**) \\  & 20,000 (2000) & 1083.42 & 17.52 (**61.8**) & 4.98 (**217.8**) & 3.87 (**280.0**) & 2.75 (**393.7**) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{BWP} & 5000 (500) & 83.07 & 1.59 (**52.3**) & 1.17 (**71.3**) & 0.62 (**133.3**) & 0.54 (**154.2**) \\  & 10,000 (1000) & 280.36 & 5.48 (**51.2**) & 2.51 (**111.6**) & 1.42 (**197.1**) & 1.23 (**227.1**) \\ \cline{1-1}  & 15,000 (1500) & 603.98 & 11.95 (**50.5**) & 4.68 (**128.9**) & 2.63 (**229.4**) & 2.11 (**286.1**) \\ \cline{1-1}  & 20,000 (2000) & 1277.06 & 20.95 (**61.0**) & 7.57 (**168.8**) & 4.31 (**296.2**) & 3.29 (**388.6**) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{MaGI} & 5000 (500) & 108.37 & 1.96 (**55.2**) & 1.29 (**84.0**) & 0.75 (**144.2**) & 0.64 (**168.1**) \\ \cline{1-1}  & 10,000 (1000) & 380.19 & 7.00 (**54.3**) & 2.88 (**131.8**) & 1.81 (**209.8**) & 1.56 (**244.3**) \\ \cline{1-1}  & 15,000 (1500) & 844.44 & 15.42 (**54.7**) & 5.39 (**156.7**) & 3.43 (**246.1**) & 2.72 (**310.8**) \\ \cline{1-1}  & 20,000 (2000) & 1677.47 & 27.02 (**62.1**) & 8.70 (**192.7**) & 5.66 (**296.5**) & 4.15 (**403.8**) \\ \hline \end{tabular} Note: Bold numbers in parentheses represent the speedup gain for each GPU.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Mean computational results per algorithm and dimension. The time is in seconds, and the speedup gain for each GPU is shown in parentheses. The performance hierarchy among the tested GPUs indicates that the Tesla T4 exhibits the lowest overall performance, followed by the RTX 3090, Tesla V100S, and, finally, the A100, thereby showcasing the highest performance.