# Enhancing Space Management through Digital Twin: A Case Study of the Lazio Region Headquarters
## 1 Introduction
### Space Management in Smart Working Adoption  
The fundamental tenet of the organizational model centered on smart working (SW) is that employees are capable of independently determining the manner, location, and temporal parameters of their work. Conversely, the company must identify processes within its organizational structure that align delegation, control, and evaluation with traditional managerial models. The global pandemic compiled Italy and numerous other nations to implement mandatory SW. At that time, 94% of public administration employees became smart workers. Of these, almost all had never previously experienced this type of work [39]. The sudden imposition of this type of work, as evidenced in countries such as Italy, has highlighted a number of challenges, including a lack of technological resilience and the need to invest in both hardware and software infrastructures, as well as in the global training of employees in each productive sector. The swift implementation of this mode of work has exacerbated the issue of cybersecurity and the lack of prevention of cyber attacks. A study conducted by the International Data Corporation revealed that 31% of the companies surveyed had experienced cyber security incidents caused by the new way of working and that 52% of the same companies lacked a formal policy regulating the use of SW [40]. One of the main benefits for businesses is the possibility of reducing certain costs, such as cleaning services, lighting, and heating. The most important figure is the increase in productivity, understood as the professional efficiency of employees, by around 20% [41]. This increase is attributed to the increased incentive for employees to reduce their time and money spent, which improves work-life balance [42]. In the aftermath of the pandemic, some companies returned to traditional ways of working, while others continued to use smart working, trying to achieve a favorable balance for employees as well. In the case of the Lazio Region, the employees who have their workplace in the building under study  
Figure 3: Exploring the DT concept in AI-driven simulation and problem solving. were given a 50% SW level, with the possibility to choose when to practice it through a shared cloud platform for business planning, which will be discussed in the next section. This adaptation led to several considerations on the part of the company, especially in terms of Facility Management (FM) [6; 43], resulting in the analysis of the work environment to verify the suitability of sharing space among employees. The evolution of work environments from the traditional tailor-made office approach to the innovative smart workplace concept represents a change in the context of office space organization. The tailor-made office concept has historically been characterized by a static division of space, reflecting organizational hierarchies and specific roles within the company [44]. This model was based on the permanent allocation of space according to hierarchical positions and work requirements. The emergence of digital technologies and changes in working patterns have revolutionized this approach, leading to the spread of the intelligent workplace [45]. The latter implies a dynamic and flexible organization in which workspaces are adapted to be multifunctional and accessible according to the contingent needs of users. This model favors flexibility and the optimization of resources, allowing a more efficient distribution of workspaces [46]. The adoption of SW implies the decentralization of work activities, allowing employees to work remotely, reducing the need for daily travel and the intensive use of energy resources in physical workspaces. Office buildings may become smaller as a higher percentage of employees are able to work remotely. Office space will need to be redesigned to meet the new needs of a hybrid workforce. As employees do more individual work at home, traditional offices will need to provide workspaces for meetings and collaboration.