# Performance-Determining Variables of a Simulated Skimo
## 4 Discussion
Specifically, \(\mathrm{VO_{2 max}}\) emerges as a key determinant, particularly notable given the extended uphill section duration exceeding 3 to 4 min in this study. This aligns with prior research indicating that the relative importance of aerobic versus anaerobic energy expenditure becomes more evident in exercises lasting 100 s or more [16; 56]. In this context, [PERSON] et al. [47] suggested that anaerobic capacity may be relatively more important during heats with tactical influence. However, in the current study, the group composition was heterogeneous and pacing patterns were more even, which may have reduced supra-maximal exercise intensities and consequently decreased anaerobic energy contributions. The increased correlation between \(\mathrm{VLA_{max}}\) and performance in the finals could be explained by this insight. Participants displayed a more uniform performance level. Both absolute and relative measures of 1 RM back squat and 1 RM bench press displayed moderate to large correlations with Skimo sprint performance, indicating an increase from the individual time trial to the semifinal. Conversely, 1 RM bench pull, squat jump, and countermovement jump did not exhibit significant correlations with performance. Research on cross-country skiing has produced mixed results. Some studies have found significant correlations between sprint performance indices and 1 RM measurements for both upper- and lower-body strength [21; 46; 57], while others have reported non-significant associations [21; 57]. The discrepancies among studies may be primarily attributed to differences in strength testing methods, protocols, and performance variables. This complicates the synthesis of a cohesive understanding of the role of dynamic strength in skimo and cross-country sprint skiing performance. [PERSON] et al. [14] stated that elite skiers may reach a maximum strength threshold, beyond which further improvements may not necessarily lead to better performance. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [17] found no significant differences in isometric lower-body strength and 1 RM upper-body strength between world-class and national-class sprint skiers. However, this study, conducted on a group of junior skimo athletes with a more heterogenous resistance training experience, supports the notion that elevating upper and lower body strength to an appropriate level is relevant to Skimo sprint performance. These findings contribute valuable insights into the relationship between strength capacities and Skimo sprint performance within the context of varying training backgrounds among athletes. Although most cycle characteristics showed strong correlations with sprint performance, it is worth noting that these correlations became trivial during the finals. The reason for this shift remains unclear, especially since other factors that supposedly influence cycle characteristics either maintained stable correlation coefficients or exhibited an increase in correlation strength, as was the case with 1 RMs and GE3. The study by [PERSON] et al. [6] reported correlations between performance in a simulated Skimo vertical race and both average and maximal step length, along with cadence. These findings are consistent with results observed in cross-country sprint skiing, where cycle length was significantly correlated with classic sprint performance indices such as peak velocity and overall sprint performance [45]. Uphill skiing speed can only be increased by lengthening steps and/or increasing cadence. The results suggest that faster athletes may achieve both higher cadence and longer cycles. However, there is a point where increasing cadence becomes inefficient due to increased oxygen cost [58]. Therefore, superior uphill sprint performance is likely due to the generation of higher ground reaction forces, which propel the athlete's center of mass and increase cycle length. These findings align with previous research in both cross-country skiing and track and field [58; 59].