# Applications of Nanomaterial Coatings in Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME)
## 9 Conclusions and Future Perspectives in SPME
Water, food, and environmental samples are just a few of the matrices to which these fibers can adapt effectively. They also function well in a variety of settings, including high ionic strengths, high temperatures, and when subjected to sonication. Furthermore, their selectivity for analytes--whether controlled by hydrophobicity, size exclusion, or host-guest interactions--highlights their adaptability and customized functionality for particular uses. For the development of SPME devices, nanomaterials--particularly those produced via the bottom-up approach--offer significant cost advantages. For effective analyte extraction, this technique reduces material waste and permits the accurate fabrication of high-performance nanostructures. Its scalability facilitates mass production, which lowers manufacturing costs while improving the functionality of the gadget. The bottom-up method increases extraction efficiency and lowers material consumption by producing nanomaterials with high surface areas and regulated porosity, increasing the accessibility of SPME devices. In order to promote greener and more sustainable analytical techniques, these cost savings are essential for growing SPME applications in domains like environmental monitoring and medical diagnostics. In the future, analytical science could undergo yet another revolution as nanomaterials and SPME are combined. Improved functionalization techniques and a wider variety of nanomaterials may result in fibers with higher resilience and specificity. Furthermore, the accuracy and sensitivity of analytical procedures will be further improved by developments in connecting these materials with cutting-edge detection systems like gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or microelectron capture detection (\(\mu\)ECD). A bright future for this area of study lies ahead of us as nanomaterial-based SPME fibers stand to be crucial in tackling new issues in food safety, pharmaceutical analysis, environmental monitoring, and other areas. In conclusion, SPME research and development should focus more on promoting its use in a traditional laboratory and increasing its contribution to routine sample analysis or daily detection, even though the development of novel fiber coatings--particularly those with broad-spectrum applicability, high sensitivity, or exceptional selectivity for certain compounds--remains a key area of focus. This calls for the technology to be incorporated into higher education's teaching and practice system as a standard analysis method, becoming as well known as liquid-phase extraction and SPE. It also calls for ongoing product innovation and cost reductions based on the assurance of superior performance for the technology to become a standard piece of laboratory equipment and instrument. Nanomaterial coatings produced by robust processes involving fewer steps will prove appealing from a cost perspective. Furthermore, a key factor in encouraging the use of SPME technology is its application in the establishment of relevant national and industrial standard procedures [45]. Conceptualization, K.J.S., N.H. and T.M.A. ; writing--original draft preparation, N.H. and T.M.A. ; writing--review and editing, K.J.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research received no external funding. No new data were created or analyzed in this study. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.