## 4 Discussion
These results also underscore the importance of carefully selecting the extraction method based on the study's objectives and the requirements for detection and quantification. Ultimately, the choice of an appropriate extraction method can have significant implications for the accuracy and reliability of results in large-scale environmental pesticide residue monitoring studies [12; 13]. The assessment of multiple extraction and analysis methods, as conducted in this study, contributes to the advancement of scientific knowledge and the enhancement of techniques employed in determining pesticide presence and concentration in the environment. This, in turn, aims to develop more efficient and sustainable measures for insect pest control in agricultural production [6]. Due to the toxicity of chlorpyrifos to humans, its detection is carried out in vegetables or samples of water and soil [46]. Among methods, the most widely used is the QuEChERS method; however, like any method, it has advantages and disadvantages. This method requires larger quantities of substrate for pesticide detection within the method's detection limits. A way of testing the toxicity of pesticides to insects is to quantify the pesticide before exposure without verifying the actual dose the insect received or absorbed [41], and another alternative is to measure LD50 [47]; however, this requires an isolated population of insects which does not represent a real environment of insect communities. Detecting pesticides within insects themselves serves multiple purposes, including verifying a pesticide's effectiveness against both target and non-target insects, acting as a bioindicator to ascertain the actual amount of pesticide reaching insects, and shedding light on how different insect groups respond to pesticide applications in crops. While these assessments are more commonly conducted on foods intended for human consumption due to methodological considerations, it is noteworthy to emphasize that there exists a specific number of studies directly measuring the detection of pesticide levels in insects [48]. Therefore, this approach presents several challenges, including determining the detectable concentration of pesticides within an insect's body and establishing the required sample size for effective detection. The results obtained through the SMPE extraction method provide a significant contribution to compliance with global regulations regarding pesticide prohibition and restriction, especially in middle- and low-income countries [3]. The accurate detection and quantification of pesticide residues, such as chlorpyrifos, is essential to ensuring food safety, protecting human health, and preserving the environment. It is recognized as a relevant proposition to reduce the health risk index due to direct and/or indirect exposure to pesticides [2]. In particular, the capability of the SMPE method to detect and quantify pesticide residues, as demonstrated in previous studies [32], could support the efforts of the Chilean Agricultural and Livestock Service (SAG) in monitoring and regulating the presence of chlorpyrifos and other banned pesticides in agricultural products and the environment [30; 31]. Moreover, the potential to employ more efficient and sensitive extraction methods, like SMPE, could streamline the processes of detection and analysis, allowing for a timelier and more precise response to non-compliance situations [13]. On the other hand, these results have significant implications for both agricultural practices and environmental health. The detection of multiple pesticide residues indicates a potential challenge in the management of pest control strategies [26] while simultaneously minimizing the exposure of non-target species [2,30]. The prevalence of chlorpyrifos residues in insects raises concerns about the possible transfer of these chemicals through the food chain, which could impact both human and ecological health [20,22,23,27].