# Monitoring and Data Analysis in Small-Scale Landslide Physical Model
###### Abstract  
Physical modeling of landslides using scaled landslide models began in the 1970s in Japan at scaled natural slope physical models. Laboratory experiments of landslide behavior in scaled physical models (also known as flume or flume test) started in the 1980s and 1990s in Canada, Japan, and Australia under 1 g conditions. The main purpose of the landslide physical modeling in the last 25 years was research of initiation, motion, and accumulation of fast flow-like landslides caused by infiltration of water in a slope. In October 2018, at the Faculty of Civil Engineering University of Rijeka, started a four-year research project \"Physical modeling of landslide remediation constructions' behavior under static and seismic actions\" funded by the Croatian Science Foundation. This paper presents an overview of the methods and monitoring equipment used in the physical models of a sandy slope exposed to artificial rainfall. Landslide development was monitored by observation of volumetric water content and acceleration as well as by observations of surface displacement by means of high-speed stereo cameras, terrestrial laser scanning, and structure-from-motion photogrammetry. Some of the preliminary results of the initial series of experiments are presented, and advantages and disadvantages of the used equipment are discussed. landslides; physical modeling; artificial rainfall; monitoring; observations; equipment; sandy slope; data analysis +
Footnote †: journal: Medical  
fluidization [10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16]. Research of physical models can be divided in two main groups in relation to main landslide triggering factors: rainfall and earthquakes. Physical models used for simulation of landslide initiation and motion triggered by rainfall infiltration were utilized for identification of rainfall threshold for landslide initiation [17; 18; 19]; infiltration and seepage-induced landslides [20; 21; 22; 23]; and deformation and failure characteristics of soil in a slope [24; 25; 26]. The physical models are also very useful for modeling unsaturated soil behavior in slopes where landslides occur in partially saturated to saturated conditions. The main aim of those models was rainfall infiltration in unsaturated soil in a slope and landslide initiation [27; 28; 29; 30]. Landslide modeling on a small scale has found a wide application in analyzing different types of landslides (e.g., flows, slides, falls, and topples) in different materials (sandy, silty, and clayey material) and with different boundary conditions and abilitoes to analyze whole spectrum of mechanisms and processes. In October 2018, the Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Rijeka, Croatia, started a research project \"Physical modeling of landslide remediation constructions' behavior under static and seismic actions\", funded by the Croatian Science Foundation. The purpose of this paper is focused on only static conditions in landslide triggering, i.e., rainfall-triggered landslides. The slope model was built of sandy material built-in under different inclinations, and a failure was triggered by an artificial rainfall. The main focus of this research was to present abilities of monitoring landslide development by combining geotechnical monitoring equipment with noncontact optical measurements. The results of the small-scale landslide development were observed by monitoring the surface changes with high-speed cameras, terrestrial laser scanner, and structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry method as well as by monitoring of pore water pressure and displacements inside the sliding mass. Beside the methods and types of the monitoring equipment acquired and used in these experiments, physical properties of the soil material in the slope, the methods of constructing the small-scale flume and some of the results obtained from the tests are also presented in this manuscript.