## 5 Results and Discussion
### Scenario 1: PV-WT-Battery Hybrid System (\(S=[s_{1}\;\;s_{2}\;\;s_{3}]\))  
Here, energy generated from PVs, WTs, and battery units was used to fulfill the user's load using four different \(LPS^{max}\) values. The TLBO, EDE, SSA, and EESA results are summarized in Table 2. As both algorithms (TLBO + EDE and TLBO + SSA) used in EESAs achieved the same optimal results, therefore their results are solely discussed. The average values of TAC at four \(LPS^{max}\) values were calculated, and the final ranking of algorithms was given accordingly. EESA achieved the optimal results as compared to the TLBO, EDE, and SSA algorithms because of their high exploration and exploitation abilities in more promising areas of the solution space. The system's configurations achieved by EESA at four different \(LPS^{max}\) values are given as:  
\(S=[111\;\;17\;\;1753]\) at \(LPS^{max}=0\%\),  
\(S=[117\;\;15\;\;1685]\) at \(LPS^{max}=0.5\%\),  
\(S=[127\;\;12\;\;1612]\) at \(LPS^{max}=1\%\), and  
\(S=[126\;\;11\;\;1458]\) at \(LPS^{max}=3\%\).  
For \(LPS^{max}\) values of 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 3%, EESA achieved TACs of $64,430, $61,970, $59,200, and $54,171, respectively. It is noted from Table 2 that the TAC values decreased as \(LPS^{max}\) values  
Figure 4: Hourly solar insolation and ambient temperature data profile during a year.  
Figure 5: Wind speed and consumer load data profile during a year.  
were increased. This phenomenon was due to the trade-off between TAC and LPSP. The system was very reliable and would always satisfy the user's load demand at \(LPSP^{max}=0\%\). As the \(LPSP^{max}\) values were increased, the system became less reliable with reduced TAC values.  
Table 2's results reveal that the EESA, TLBO, EDE, and SSA algorithms were ranked as first, second, third, and fourth, respectively based on their final ranking obtained from the average of all TACs at four \(LPSP^{max}\) values. The average TAC values for the EESA, TLBO, EDE, and SSA algorithms were $59,943, $60,515, $61,549, and $61,750, respectively. The performance of EESA was found to be better due to the hybridization of the algorithms, which resulted in better exploitation of the search space to obtain the optimal results.  
The hourly PVs' power produced, WTs' power produced, and energy storage level of the PV-WT-battery system obtained by EESA during a year at various \(LPSP^{max}\) values are depicted in Figure 6. In Figure 5(a), the highest PVs' power is generated by \(s_{1}=127\) and \(s_{1}=126\) PVs; at \(LPSP^{max}\) values of 1% and 3%, respectively. Figure 5(b) shows the WTs' power of the PV-WT-battery system produced. The highest WTs' power was produced when \(s_{2}=17\) at \(LPSP^{max}=0\%\), as compared to other \(LPSP^{max}\) values. The hourly expected batteries' energy storage level of the PV-WT-battery system is depicted in Figure 5(c). As the system was very reliable at \(LPSP^{max}=0\%\), therefore it contained the highest number of batteries, i.e., \(s_{3}=1753\). With an increase in the \(LPSP^{max}\) value, the required number of battery units also decreased, resulting in lower TACs. Besides, loss of load (LOL) was caused at the time slots when the amount of stored energy in battery units reached the minimum allowable limit.  
The breakdown of the TAC values of PV-WT-battery system at various \(LPSP^{max}\) values is presented in Table 3 and also illustrated in Figure 7. The costs contributed by PVs, WTs, and the number of battery units (\(N^{b}\)) for PV-WT-battery system are given in Table 3. Figure 6(c),d shows similar pie charts because the average values are rounded to their nearest integers. The major portion of the total cost was spent on \(N^{b}\). The maintenance cost was only caused by WTs. The PVs' maintenance cost is not considered in this work. In the next section, the PV-battery scenario is discussed at various \(LPSP^{max}\) values.  
Figure 6: Hourly PVs power produced, WTs power produced, and energy storage level of the PV-WT-battery system by EESA during a year at various \(LPSP^{max}\) values.