## 4 Conclusions  
The methodology developed in this study evaluates accessibility to urban mobility services. It allows us to know, with high resolution, the areas with better and worse access to the following transport services: bike renting (Valenbisi), urban bus (EMT), intercity bus, metro, taxi, tram and train, as well as the percentage of population with access within 5 min to a stop or station of these services. In this research, the methodology is applied to the city of Valencia and its peri-urban area. The results show an overall accessibility of 99.98% in the case of the city of Valencia, with bike renting (Valenbisi) and urban bus (EMT) being the most accessible mobility services due to their numerous stops well distributed in the study area, and the train being the mobility service with the least accessibility. On the other hand, the overall accessibility in the case of the peri-urban area is 46.33%, much lower compared to the city, with the  
Figure 17: Global access. intercity bus being the transport service with the best accessibility and the urban bus with the worst accessibility. The main conclusion obtained in this analysis is that the city has better access to public or shared transport, which makes it easier for citizens to use these mobility services and thus avoid private transport, reducing its adverse effects on the environment and people. This does not occur in the case of the peri-urban area, as less than half of the inhabitants have access to the mobility services studied, which can lead to an increase in the use of private transport both to travel within the city of Valencia and between municipalities. Valencia city is among the cities with the best accessibility to public transport. In Spain, the average accessibility to a public transport stop within 5 min is 70% [25], followed by France with 60% [25]. In contrast, in cities such as Warsaw, only 44% of the population [25] has access to a public transport stop within a 5-min walk. Based on the results obtained for Valencia, it is evident that there is a pressing need to enhance the supply of public transport in the peri-urban areas. To address this issue, it is recommended to improve the bus network by introducing new lines. Furthermore, implementing an on-demand bus service in areas with low population density and limited accessibility could provide significant benefits. This service would feature fixed stops, with schedules and routes generated based on user requests, allowing for more efficient and customized travel. Passengers would need to specify their desired travel time, boarding and alighting stops, and the number of travellers, ensuring that the route is as direct as possible to meet their needs. Additionally, increasing the number of taxi stands in the southern part of the city would enhance overall accessibility and convenience, further improving the transportation landscape for residents and visitors alike. The creation of multimodal nodes combining different mobility services could increase the coverage of public transport and improve its accessibility. The developed methodology is designed to be applicable to other urban areas. It can be helpful for urban planners and policymakers in making decisions and improving transport infrastructure. It also serves as a tool to develop improvement plans on issues related to the environment, pollution or citizens' welfare, reducing the use of private transport and the adverse effects it causes, and offering the same possibilities of travel throughout the urban area. As future steps, periodic accessibility calculations would also be carried out to assess changes. Conceptualization, M.J.P.d.I.H. ; Methodology, C.B.-C. and E.C.-A. ; Software, C.B.-C. and E.C.-A. ; Validation, E.L.-S., M.J.P.d.I.H. and E.C.-A. ; Investigation, E.L.-S.; Data curation, C.B.-C.; Writing--original draft, C.B.-C.; Writing--review & editing, E.L.-S., M.J.P.d.I.H. and V.L.-A. ; Visualization, V.L.-A. ; Supervision, V.L.-A. and E.C.-A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.