## 2 Results
### Descriptive Statistics
#### 2.1.2 Study Variables Results  
Our scales about Participation and Privacy seem to be able to discern between the confidence and the concerns the participant has about these two dimensions (Table 4). In the Italian sample, we found general lower values compared to the Turkish sub-sample, for both Confidence and Concerns. Average scores suggest that Italian females are more confident (16.4) than males (15.4) and less concerned (female = 12.9; male = 12.1) about participation. On the contrary they are more concerned (14.9) than males (13.9) and less confident (female = 12.1; male = 13.3) about privacy. In the Turkish sample we see the same trend, but with higher values. Males and females have similar values about Participation Confidence (18.9 and 18.3), generally higher than the Concerns (female = 14.6; males = 15.1). Like in the Italian sample, Turkish participants have higher values in Privacy Concerns (18.1 for female and 16.9 for male) than in Privacy Confidence (13.6 and 15.7) and females show higher values than males on concerns for both measures. Italian females (55.17) show higher values on the sense of community scale than Italian males (51.38). The Turkish sub-sample has generally lower values than the Italians, with similar scores for females (50.23) and males (50.44). According to the Semantic differential, the most interesting results about Participation is the elevated contrast between Italians and Turkish People. As you can see in Figure 1 Italians assessed almost all the adjectives at one of the extremes of the continuum; both males and females, showed very high scores for \"Useless-Useful\", \"Bad-Good\", \"Dirty-Clean\" and \"Personal-Social\"; for almost all other differentials the scores are very low, except for \"Easy-Di cult\". Turkish samples present a totally different trend, where all values are low, only \"Personal-Social\", \"Easy-Di cult\" and \"Concrete-Abstract\" have slightly higher values. For both Italians and Turkish people, the differences between males and females are minimal. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline
**Subsample** & \(n\) & **Age** \\ \hline Italian & 83 & 24.68 (3.9) \\ Turkish & 97 & 22.40 (2.7) \\ \hline It Females & 54 & 24.92 (3.6) \\ It Males & 29 & 24.24 (4.5) \\ \hline Tk Females & 48 & 21.83 (2.6) \\ Tk Males & 49 & 22.96 (2.7) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Sizes and average of ages for the Italian and Turkish sub-samples are reported. The standard deviation of each variable (\(\sigma\)) is reported in brackets. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Variable**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Total**} & \multicolumn{2}{l}{**Italian Subsamples**} & \multicolumn{2}{l}{**Turkish Subsamples**} \\ \cline{3-6}  & & **Female** & **Male** & **Female** & **Male** \\ \hline
**Occupation** & 180 & & & & \\ Student & 152 & 43 & 20 & 44 & 45 \\ Employed & 20 & 4 & 8 & 4 & 4 \\ Unemployed & 8 & 7 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ \hline
**Civil status** & 180 & & & & \\ Single & 136 & 24 & 19 & 47 & 46 \\ Engaged & 38 & 29 & 6 & 1 & 2 \\ Married & 6 & 1 & 4 & 0 & 1 \\ \hline
**Education** & 180 & & & & \\ High Sc. & 24 & 12 & 11 & 0 & 1 \\ Bachelor & 128 & 27 & 11 & 44 & 46 \\ Mast Sc. & 28 & 15 & 7 & 4 & 2 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Summary of descriptive statistics about the discrete sociodemographic variables of the sample. In the Privacy Semantic Differential Figure 2 the Turkish sample shows a trend similar to the Participation one with mid-low values in almost all items, except for \"Personal-Social\", \"Easy-Difficult\" and \"Concrete-Abstract\". The Italian sample has some similarities, but we can see lower values for \"Important-Unimportant\", whereas we found mid values in the \"Easy-Difficult\", \"Concrete-Abstract\" and \"Warm-Cold\" items. Exactly like the Participation Semantic differential and even for privacy, the differences between males and females are very low in both samples.