## 2 Mineral Acid Fractionation
### Conditions and Yields
#### 2.3.1 Low Concentrations of Acid and High Temperatures
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Biomass** & **Variable** & **Optimized Conditions** & **Monomer Yield** & **Reference** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Sugarcane bagasse} & 0.25-7\% H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\) (\(\psi\)/\(\psi\)) & 0.5\% H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\) (\(\psi\)/\(\psi\)) & \multirow{4}{*}{4\% glucose} \\  & No variation of SL ratio & SL ratio 1:15 (\(\mathrm{m}\)/\(\psi\)) & & \\  & No variation of temperature & 121 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolCels}\) & 74\% hemicelluloses & [49] \\  & Duration: 15-240 min & 60 min & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Sugarcane bagasse} & 0–3\% H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\) (\(\psi\)/\(\psi\)) & 1.5\% H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\) (\(\psi\)/\(\psi\)) & \multirow{4}{*}{62\% xylose} & \\  & No variation of SL ratio & SL ratio 1:67 (\(\mathrm{m}\)/\(\psi\)) & & \\  & 112-515\(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolCels}\) & 135 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolCels}\) & & \\  & 5–35 min & 20 min & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Sugarcane bagasse} & 0.25-8\% H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\) (\(\psi\)/\(\psi\)) & 4\% H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\) (\(\psi\)/\(\psi\)) & \multirow{4}{*}{80\% xylose} & \\  & SL ratio 1:5-120 (\(\mathrm{m}\)/\(\psi\)) DS & SL ratio 1:20 & & \\  & 80-200 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolCels}\) & 120 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolCels}\) & & \\  & 10–2000 min & 60 min & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Sugarcane bagasse} & 2-6\% H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\) (\(\psi\)/\(\psi\)) & 2\% H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\) (\(\psi\)/\(\psi\)) & \multirow{4}{*}{[32]} \\  & No variation of SL ratio & SL ratio 1:10 (\(\mathrm{m}\)/\(\psi\)) & 5\% glucose \\  & 100–128 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolCels}\) & 122 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolCels}\) & & \\  & 0–300 min & 24.1 min & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Sugarcane bagasse} & 2-6\% HCI (\(\mathrm{m}\)/\(\psi\)/\(\psi\)) & 2\% HCI (\(\mathrm{m}\)/\(\psi\)) & 8\% glucose \\  & No variation of SL ratio & SL ratio 1:10 (\(\mathrm{m}\)/\(\psi\)) & 100\% xylose \\  & 100–128 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolCels}\) & 128 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolCels}\) & 36\% arabinose & \\  & 0–300 min & 51.1 min & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Sugarcane bagasse} & 2-6\% HNO\({}_{3}\) (\(\psi\)/\(\psi\)) & 6\% HNO\({}_{3}\) (\(\psi\)/\(\psi\)) & \multirow{4}{*}{[34]} \\  & No variation of SL ratio & SL ratio 1:10 (\(\mathrm{m}\)/\(\psi\)) DS & \\  & 100–128 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolCels}\) & 122 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolCels}\) & & \\  & 0–300 min & 9.3 min & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Sugarcane bagasse} & 2-6\% H\({}_{2}\)PO\({}_{4}\) (\(\psi\)/\(\psi\)) & 4\% H\({}_{2}\)PO\({}_{4}\) (\(\psi\)/\(\psi\)) & \multirow{4}{*}{6\% glucose} \\  & No variation of SL ratio & SL ratio 1:8 (\(\mathrm{m}\)/\(\psi\)) DS & \\  & 100–128 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolCels}\) & 122 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolCels}\) & & \\  & 0–300 min & 300 min & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Rye straw} & 0.6-15\% H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\) (\(\psi\)/\(\psi\)) & 1.5\% H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\) (\(\psi\)/\(\psi\)) & \multirow{4}{*}{10\% glucose} \\  & No variation of SL ratio & SL ratio 1:10 (\(\mathrm{m}\)/\(\psi\)) DS & \\ \cline{1-1}  & No variation of temperature & 121 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolCels}\) & 67\% arabinose & \\ \cline{1-1}  & 30–90 min & 90 min & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Yields of sugar monomers produced after treatment on lignocellulosic biomass under optimized dilute acid conditions. SL, solid:liquid; DS, dry solid.