esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Photocatalytic Cementitious Material for Eco-Efficient Construction--A Systematic Literature Review
## 4 Discussion
### Influence of Using Cementitious Materials as Catalyst Supporting Media on Photocatalytic Activity
#### 4.1.2 Pore Structure  
The researchers have shown that there is a direct relationship between photocatalytic performance and microstructures of cementitious materials [50; 79]. Microstructure in this context is defined in terms of pore structure (i.e., pore volume, pore size distribution, interconnectivity). The pore structure of cementitious material is one of the important factors to determine the surface area accessible for the photocatalytic process. Generally, increasing total porosity could enhance the photocatalytic performance due to the increase in accessible active surface area. Additionally, high porosity is advantageous to the TiO\({}_{2}\) particle retention after the weathering process [49].  
The structure of porosity also determines the rates of intrusion and the rate of the pollutant accessing the mass of concrete. Insufficient porosity for adsorption of the contaminant may lead to a negligible effect of photocatalytic activity [6]. Hence, high porosity is favorable for pollutant accessing the internal structure of concrete [48]. [PERSON], [PERSON] [10] studied the effect of different lightweight materials on photocatalytic activity. Lightweight ECC using glass bubbles shows the highest photocatalytic activity on decomposition of bacteria. The light-colored glass bubbles are preferable to maintain photocatalytic activity due to the better light transmittance property. At the same time, uniform size of glass bubbles has created better pore structure compared to the use of other lightweight materials, such as air-entraining agent (AEA) or fly ash nanospheres (FAC). However, in some studies, high porosity caused the decrease in photoactivity because the rate of contamination is higher than the rate of decontamination [73, 80].  
In the long term, the microstructure of cementitious materials changes with age due to surface carbonation. Carbonation of cementitious materials is the irreversible chemical reaction that transforms the hydration product, Ca(OH)\({}_{2}\), to calcium carbonate (CaCO\({}_{3}\)) by the presence of carbon dioxide (CO\({}_{2}\)) in the pore water. Since CaCO\({}_{3}\) has a different crystal structure and a higher molar volume, carbonation increases the solid volume of cement paste [81]. Thus, it decreases the total porosity and shifts the pore size distribution toward smaller diameters. It was found that carbonation also causes little reduction in the specific surface area [82]. The decrease in porosity and specific surface area could result in the reduction in accessible active surface area. Furthermore, [PERSON] [83] investigated that carbonation alters the sorptivity of concrete to a lower degree, weakening the adsorption of contaminant. Hence, the change in microstructure by surface carbonation may lead to the reduction in photocatalytic performance [14, 78, 84].
# A QoS Optimization Approach in Cognitive Body Area Networks for Healthcare Applications
## 2 Related Works
The described algorithm is a hybrid heuristic approach based on ant colony optimization. The authors compared the proposed algorithm with a commercial optimization problem solver and the experimental results show that their algorithm gave high quality solutions with low optimality gaps. The authors in [26] considered a general network although the impact of their hybrid optimization algorithm in WBAN design applications needs further research. The authors in [27] proposed a global routing protocol for WBANs which targets optimizing the energy consumption at the nodes and increasing the network lifetime. Experimental and simulation results show a significant increase in network lifetime by balancing the energy consumption across all the network. This is quite advantageous in the sense that all nodes can be replaced or recharged at the same time. However, the proposed protocol only takes into account the transmission power for energy optimization. The protocol needs further investigation to take into consideration more parameters in order to better conserve energy.
# Tuning of Morphology and Surface Properties of Porous Silicones by Chemical Modification
###### Abstract  
The behavior of materials against water is a key element in many practical applications. Silicones are hydrophobic by nature and can be chemically modified to become hydrophilic or highly hydrophobic, while combining intrinsic surface properties with morphological details may lead to superhydrophobic materials. Chemically modified porous silicones and their surface properties have rarely been investigated. Our aim in this study was to tune the surface properties of porous silicone materials by a combination of chemical modification and emulsion templating The porous silicones were obtained by two cross-linking reactions in toluene-water emulsion, in mild conditions: dehydrocoupling of poly(methylhydrogen)siloxane (PMHS) and dimethyl-methylhydrogen isocyanate copolymers and UV-initiated thiol-ene addition on a poly(dimethyl)-methylvinylsiloxane, respectively. Apart from the pores generated by water droplets, in the first process, additional large pores appeared due to hydrogen evolution. Their size and number diminished along with the cross-linking degree; thus, the porosity was tuned by adjusting the composition of the reaction mixture. Chemical modifications were performed in situ to introduce more hydrophobic groups (hexane and trimethyl-silane) or hydrophilic groups (thioethanol), modifications that were followed by FT-IR spectroscopy. The inner morphology and powder wetting behavior of the crushed samples were investigated by SEM, tensiometry analyses, and contact angle measurements. The materials showed morphological particularities and surface properties that spanned from hydrophilic to superhydrophobic with lotus or petal effects.  
Keywords:polysiloxanes; emulsion template; dehydrocoupling; thiol-ene photoaddition; superhydrophobic +
Footnote †: journal: Applied
# A Blockchain-Based Privacy-Preserving and Fair Data Transaction Model in IoT
## 1 Introduction
In the context of ensuring fair payment, verifiable encrypted signatures are commonly used to guarantee transaction fairness online. The concept of verifiable encrypted signatures was first introduced by ASOKAN [11] and involves three parties: the signer, the verifier, and a trusted third party (i.e., an arbitrator). The fundamental principle behind verifiable encrypted signatures is that the signer encrypts a conventional digital signature using the arbitrator's public key, thereby confirming that the ciphertext genuinely contains a standard signature. Any verifier can use the arbitrator's public key to verify its validity. Nevertheless, without the help of the signer or the arbitrator, it is impossible to extract a valid signature. The ordinary signature can only be recovered by the adjudicator from this encrypted signature. However, in such a situation, the impartiality and security of a single arbitrator cannot always be guaranteed. Dishonest traders might collude with the arbitrator to the detriment of the other party. Furthermore, if the arbitration node experiences a single-point failure, the potential loss of the arbitration private key could render the arbitration process unfeasible. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a decentralized, privacy-preserving, and fair IoT data transaction model based on blockchain. We have developed an adaptive localized differential privacy algorithm, termed MDLDP (Multiple Disturbance of LocalDifferential Privacy), which perturbs data prior to its integration into the blockchain, ensuring the protection of local data privacy. We also leverage verifiable encrypted signatures to ensure fairness during transactions. This model replaces the traditional single arbitrator, commonly found in conventional verifiable encrypted signatures, with an arbitration committee. The arbitration committee employs threshold signature techniques to manage arbitration private keys. Only by collaborating among any arbitrary set of \(t\) members can the reconstruction of the complete arbitration private key be achieved. Assuming that any \(t\) members act securely and honestly, the impartiality and security of the arbitration committee can be guaranteed. This setup precludes both the loss of arbitration private keys and the potential collusion between dishonest traders and arbitrators. Theoretical analysis and experimental results indicate that our model offers heightened transaction security compared to existing approaches. Additionally, the MDLDP algorithm not only ensures data availability but also provides augmented privacy protection.
## 1 Introduction
### The Emergence of Write-Only ORAM Schemes and Their Efficiencies  
The traditional ORAM schemes protect the privacy of both the read access pattern and write access pattern. However, for some applications such as the encrypted hidden volume [19] and cloud storage synchronization [20], the server is able to see the entire history of write operations, but it cannot see which blocks are being read. In this case, only the write access pattern is required to be protected, which brings a weaker security notion of ORAM. If using the traditional ORAM schemes to these applications, a substantial amount of shuffling is required for a write operation, which incurs an expensive overhead. To address this problem, a new concept, the write-only ORAM is proposed [21], in which only the privacy of the write access pattern is protected.  
Unlike the traditional ORAM schemes which perform well based on a binary tree [22; 23], when setting asides the privacy of the read access pattern, data structure in the write-only ORAM schemes can be simplified as a flat array, such as HiVE and DetWoORAM [19; 24]. HiVE is a write-only ORAMproposed by [PERSON] et al. to protect the privacy of Hidden Volume Encryption on a disk. In the write operation, a data block is written to the hidden volume uniformly at random. Clearly, the data block transmitted between the client and the server is \(O(1)\) in a write operation. However, HiVE stores the position map recursively on the disk. If setting the block size in these recursive levels to \(O(logN)\), the overhead of communication in a write operation is \(O(log^{3}N)\) or \(O(B)\), where \(N\) is the number of data blocks and \(B\) is the size of data block. DetWoORAM is a stateless write-only ORAM proposed by [PERSON] et al. In the write operation, the data block is sequentially appended into a holding area on the server. Then, a refreshment is executed to evict the data blocks in the holding area to the main area. In DetWoORAM, a pointer-based technique is used to store the position map and the overhead of communication in a write operation is \(O(BlogN)\).  
By setting the data block size \(B=\Omega(log^{2}N)\), both schemes have \(O(BlogN)\) communication complexity. Moreover, both schemes require \(O(logN)\) communication rounds to accomplish a write operation. However, if setting aside the position map, the overheads of communication in both schemes achieve \(O(B)\). Therefore, the cost of the position map dominates the efficiency. In our work, we aim to reduce the cost caused by the position map.
# Secure PD-NOMA with Multi-User Cooperation and User Clustering in Both Uplink and Downlink PD-NOMA
## 1 Introduction  
Fifth-generation (5G) applications such as the internet of things, vehicular communication, video conferencing, satellite communication, and wearable devices have come a long way. As a result, wireless communication has grown to include autonomous systems such as self-driving cars, smart homes, advanced cognitive systems, and many more. As a result of this, the number of clients inside the 5G cell has increased, and it has become an ultra-dense cell. In this way, the existing resources, such as orthogonal multiple access (OMA) approaches, which have limits on the number of users due to their orthogonalization, cannot meet the needs of today's wireless communication. To make sure that these needs are met, multiple access schemes were introduced in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], that let different users share the same resources and are capable of serving the congested systems. Among these, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), a promising 5G method [6], is proposed to remove orthogonality restrictions in the frequency and time domains for cells that are closer together.
## 3 Results
### Analysis of Fatigue Fracture of Different Cracks Based on Reliability  
Due to the effects of material properties, loading process, environmental factors, and crack propagation behaviors, the lives of the same specimens are uncertain. Take into account the effects and the dispersion of the fatigue crack propagation of different types of cracks; the \(p-\frac{\mathrm{d}a}{\mathrm{d}N}-\Delta K\) probability model to describe the fatigue crack propagation was established based on the original Paris formula [31; 32] in this paper. The probability model can quantitatively relate the fatigue crack propagation rate and the impact of the types of crack to \(\Delta K\), and the change rules of parameters \(C\) and \(n\).  
Taking the logarithm on both sides of the Paris formula, we have  
\[\lg\biggl{(}\frac{\mathrm{d}a}{\mathrm{d}N}\biggr{)}=\lg C+n\lg(\Delta K) \tag{1}\]  
The relation based on reliability \(p\) can be expressed as  
\[\lg\biggl{(}\frac{\mathrm{d}a}{\mathrm{d}N}\biggr{)}=\lg C_{P}+n_{p}\lg( \Delta K) \tag{2}\]  
The distribution of fatigue crack propagation rate under the same stress intensity factor \(\Delta K\) is logarithmic normal; that is, \(\lg\Bigl{(}\frac{\mathrm{d}a}{\mathrm{d}N}\Bigr{)}\ \sim N\bigl{(}\mu,\sigma^{2} \bigr{)}\), and is defined as  
\[\lg\biggl{(}\frac{\mathrm{d}a}{\mathrm{d}N}\biggr{)}_{P}=\mu+\mu_{P}\sigma \tag{3}\]  
\[p=\Phi\bigl{(}\mu_{p}\bigr{)}=\int_{-\infty}^{\mu_{P}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}}e^
# Analysis of Channel Potential Recovery According to the Back Pattern in 3D NAND Flash Memory
## 1 Introduction  
Owing to the increasing demand for semiconductors in various markets, the technology and performance of NAND flash memory has evolved, resulting in improved speed, high density, and low power consumption [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7]. However, 2D NAND flash memory has certain limitations in terms of technicalities such as device scaling issues and lithography [8; 9; 10; 11; 7]. Eventually, 3D NAND flash memory replaced 2D NAND flash memory [11; 12; 13; 14]. Compared to 2D NAND flash memory, the capacity of 3D NAND flash memory can be increased by vertically stacking cells. As the cells are stacked vertically, the main cells of 3D NAND flash memory based on the ultra-thin body (UTB) structure are not directly connected to the body. Owing to the floating body effect in vertical string channels, new phenomena such as the down-coupling phenomenon (DCP) and natural local self-boosting (NLSB) have occurred [15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22].  
The DCP, which describes channel potential drop, was reported for the first time in 2016 [15]. The channel potential of the program inhibit string becomes negative during verify operation. At the end of the verify operation, the word line (WL) voltage decreases from the pass voltage, \(V_{\text{pass}}\), to zero. When the WL voltage reaches the threshold voltage of the programmed cells, the corresponding cells are turned off, and the channel changes to the floating state. The channel potential changes along with the WL voltage owing to the floating channel, which is not connected to the bit line (BL). When the WL voltage reaches 0 V, capacitive coupling occurs between the WLs and the channel, resulting in negative channel potential. The DCP causes poor boosting efficiency in the program inhibit string, which can increase the program disturbance during the program operation. Since the program disturbance affects the reliability of a device, it should be minimized. In a previous paper, research was conducted on phenomena that occur during the program operation, not immediately after the verify operation. However, the negative channel potential of the program inhibit string gradually recovers over time. Therefore, adjusting recovery time could increase boosting efficiency and reduce program disturbance duringthe program operation. In this study, we analyzed the transient channel potential recovery in the program inhibit string caused by the DCP using 3D technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulation (ATLAS SilvacoTM) [23].
# Imaging Characteristics of Disturbance Flow Field Surrounding a Hypersonic Target
## 2 Methods  
### Flow Density Calculation  
The disturbance flow field of a 2D conical target was simulated using the computational fluid dynamics software ANSYS Fluent [10]. The target's geometric model was generated in Auto CAD and then imported into ANSYS ICEM CFD for meshing. The majority of the grid quality values were found to be greater than 0.8, which meets the CFD calculation standard. Figure 1 displays the geometric model of the target used in the simulations. The CFD calculations of the disturbance flow field were performed under different flight conditions, as detailed in Table 1. The RANS solver was employed to calculate the mean density distribution \(\rho(x,y,z)\) of the disturbance flow field, as depicted in Figure 2a.
# Potential Role of Plant Extracts and Phytochemicals Against Foodborne Pathogens
## 4 Plant Extracts and Phytochemicals against Viruses Causing Foodborne Diseases
### Astrovirus  
Astroviruses are non-enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses causing GIT disorders particularly pediatric diarrhea. The astroovirus capsid acts as enterotoxin and thus disrupts gut epithelial barrier [191]; _Achytroline bogotensis_ (Kunth) DC. extracts were evaluated for their antirotavirus (RRV) and anti-astrovirus (Yuc8) activities. The nontoxic concentrations displayed considerable antiviral potentials against both viruses. The activity can be attributed to the presence of steroids, sterols, terpenes, phenols, flavonoids and sesquiterpene lactones [192]. _Spirulina platensis_ ethanolic extract was tested and revealed a considerable decline in vitro for infectious units of various types of viruses including adenovirus (type 7), astrovirus (type 1), Cossackeivirus B4, rotavirus (Wa strain) and adenovirus (type 40) [193]. Northern Nigerian plants have been investigated against poliovirus, astrovirus, herpes simplex viruses and parvovirus. The obtained results showed that the test samples showed considerable activity against viruses at 100-400 mg/100 mL dose [194].
# A Method of Ultrasonic Finger Gesture Recognition Based on the Micro-Doppler Effect
## 1 Introduction
For example, with the speaker already embedded in the laptop, SoundWave [10] generates an inaudible tone and measures the frequency shift of echo reflected from the moving hand. Dolphin [28], leveraging the loudspeaker and microphone in smartphones, extracts features from the Doppler shift and recognizes a rich set of predefined hand gestures by combining manual recognition and machine learning methods. The obvious problem with these proposed methods is that they can only recognize hand gestures of big movements, and are limited to simple gestures or combinations of these simple gestures, such as: push, pull, slide left or right. Second, many methods use ultrasonic sensor array to estimate direction of arrival (DOA) or range [33; 34; 35], requiring a complex hardware setup and multiple (at least 3) sensors to form a specific geometry, such as: a triangle, a cross and a line. Third, though many works based on ultrasound tracking has been proposed [36; 37; 38; 39]. These methods can tracks a hand or finger at a high accuracy, but these methods can not work well when it comes to multi-targets at the same time, especially targets moving in different directions. Hence, methods proposed by these works are inadequate for recognizing complex gestures. In this paper, a method using only two ultrasonic sensors for recognizing finger gestures is proposed. One sensor is used to emit a single tone of 300 kHz, the other is used to receive echo reflected by moving fingers. Then, the micro-Doppler information from echos is processed into feature maps. According to the feature maps, a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) is built for finger gesture recognition and a competitive accuracy of recognition of five finger gestures is achieved.
## 1 Introduction
Therefore, analysis on the targeted joint alone is not sufficient to verify an assistive system's feasibility. In our previous study, the potential to use a delayed-timing activation of dorsiflexion assistance to improve a user's voluntary effort was investigated and found feasible [25]. We have developed a high-dorsiflexion assistance system that assists swing-phase dorsiflexion upon toe-off with a pneumatic artificial muscle, and a pilot study has shown its intervention effects to improve ankle dorsiflexion angle [26]. However, voluntary dorsiflexion could be hindered with the instant activation of dorsiflexion assistance at toe-off [27]. Seeking to improve voluntary efforts while ensuring optimal gait without compensatory movements, we conducted a trial on healthy participants with dorsiflexion-restricted gaits to investigate different delay times after toe-off [25]. The results show that longer assistance delay times had moderate to strong positive correlations with surface electromyography (sEMG) of the tibialis anterior, indicating that delayed assistance could increase the extent of voluntary dorsiflexion movement. On the other hand, positive correlation was also found between assistance delay times and extent of compensatory movements, which indicates that later assistance could also deteriorate gait pattern. Thus, modulating assistance timing can serve as a method to adjust assistance level, but a trade-off between the extent of voluntary effort and extent of compensatory movement is present. Our findings indicate that there is a unique assistance delay time for an individual that maximizes voluntary efforts while suppressing compensatory movements. In this present research, we propose a method to identify an optimal delay time to activate dorsiflexion assistance from our high-dorsiflexion assistive system. Linear multiple regression was used to derive an identification equation by analyzing ankle angle data from stroke survivors. A test was conducted on six healthy participants with restricted swing-phase dorsiflexion to verify the effects of the derived equation. In addition to dorsiflexion angle, effects on the sEMG of the tibialis anterior and the extent of compensatory movements were also analyzed to verify feasibility of the identified timing. It is expected that the identified assistance timing would enhance the participants' voluntary efforts compared to assistance without delay while also preventing compensatory movements such as circumduction and hip hiking.