esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Discussions of the Results
### Applications and Implementation  
Extending the context window of large language models offers multiple benefits for document summarization or long-document question-answering tasks. These benefits primarily stem from the ability to process longer texts, thereby enhancing the model's understanding and generation quality. Here are some specific benefits:  
* Improved Document Understanding: By expanding the context window, models can process and understand longer texts at once. This means that when summarizing documents or answering questions related to long documents, the model can capture the content and structure of the document more comprehensively, thus improving the accuracy of understanding.
* Reduced Information Loss: With long documents, smaller context windows may lead to the loss of important information since the model cannot view the entire document at once. Expanding the context window can reduce this information loss, allowing the model to consider more relevant information when generating summaries or answering questions.
* Enhanced Accuracy and Relevance of Answers: For long-document question-answering tasks, being able to consider more information within the document can help the model generate more accurate and relevant answers. This is because the model has a greater chance of finding the exact answer to a question within the entire document, rather than relying on partial information for inference.
* Improved Handling of Long-Distance Dependencies: In long documents, there may be long-distance dependencies between certain points of information. Expanding the context window allows the model to better capture these dependencies, thus providing more coherent and accurate information when generating summaries or answering questions.
* Enhanced Comprehensive Understanding: In complex document summarization tasks, the model needs to understand not just individual sentences or paragraphs but the main theme and structure of the entire document. A larger context window enables the model to perform this comprehensive understanding over a broader range, thereby generating higher quality summaries.
* Optimized Information Integration for Long Documents: In long-document question-answering or summarization, it is necessary to effectively integrate information scattered across different parts. A larger context window allows the model to identify and integrate this information over a wider range, making the final output more accurate and comprehensive.  
Furthermore, adding the SBA-RoPE method to existing models based on rotational position embedding, such as Llama, Llama-2, and GPT-NeoX, is very easy, requiring only a few lines of code. This ease of modification is because the SBA-RoPE method does not require changes to the calculation of attention scores but only modifications to the model's embedding-related code. We will release the source code after the paper is accepted.
# Effect of _Allium sensecens_ Extract on Sorafenib Resistance in Hepatocarcinoma Cells
###### Abstract  
Although _Allium_ species are involved in bioactivity, to the best of our knowledge, there is no research on the effects of _Allium sensecens_ on drug resistance in hepatocarcinoma. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the concentration of several bioactive compounds in _A. sensecens_ extract; flow cytometry, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and siRNA-mediated knockdown to estimate the levels of different markers in HepG2 cells. The quantity of _p_-coumaric acid in the extract was 4.7291 \(\pm\) 0.06 \(\mu\)g/mL, and the protein of relevant evolutionary and lymphoid interest (PRELI) in the resistant cells decreased 2.1 times in the presence of _p_-coumaric acid. The resistant cells strongly downregulated the efflux transporters (ABCB1, ABCC2, and ABCG2) when exposed to the extract or _p_-coumaric acid and when _PRELI_ was knocked down, in contrast to the influx proteins (OCT-1). Additionally, the extract induced mitochondrial apoptosis and suppressed autophagy. Consequently, the extract and _p_-coumaric acid attenuated drug resistance of HepG2 cells through the downregulation of PRELI, a key protein associated with the modulation of drug transporter expression, the activation of autophagy, and mitochondrial apoptosis. Our results indicate that _A. sensecens_ extract is beneficial in protecting cancer cells against drug resistance and sustaining the efficacy of sorafenib against liver cancer.  
Allium sensecens; drug resistance; hepatocarcinoma; sorafenib; _p_-coumaric acid 2021
# Cardiac Arrhythmia Classification Based on One-Dimensional Morphological Features
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Wavelet Features  
To verify the validity of the morphological features proposed in this study, comparisons were made using statistical features obtained from wavelet coefficients, which are often used to classify cardiac arrhythmias [8]. Wavelets are a popular tool for computational harmonic analysis, providing localization in both the temporal (or spatial) domain and the frequency domain [26]. The wavelet features were extracted for each lead using a multi-level (five-level) 1-D discrete wavelet transform (Daubechies db6) for each lead independently [26]. From the resulting coefficients, we obtained various statistical features, including the 5 th, 25 th, 75 th, and 95 th percentiles, median, mean, standard deviation, variance, root of squared means, and number of zero and mean crossings, as suggested in [26; 27].
## 5 Results
### Performance Evaluation of DVB-T2 Using BER
#### 5.1.3 Native DVB-T2 with LDPC Coder  
Previously, the CFO performance in DVB-T2 was evaluated when the coding channel was not applied. Here, LDPC coding was applied in the systems and the CFO performance was evaluated.  
Figure 16 gives the results from the BER simulation vs. SNR. First, one can note that a BER of \(10^{-5}\) was obtained at the SNR value of 6.18 dB for a CFO value of 0.00. These  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{**AWGN Case (SNR = 20 dB)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**AWGN and TU6 Channel Case (SNR = 40 dB)**} \\ \hline
**CFO** & **OFDM BER** & **UFMC BER** & **CFO** & **OFDM BER** & **UFMC BER** \\ \hline
0.00 & \(5.4\times 10^{-6}\) & \(3.1\times 10^{-5}\) & 0.00 & \(1.5\times 10^{-4}\) & \(6.0\times 10^{-5}\) \\ \hline
0.01 & \(1.2\times 10^{-5}\) & \(5.6\times 10^{-5}\) &  
results allow us to conclude that the simulator behaves well as highlighted in the DVB-T2 implementation guidelines [45]. Moreover, the system performance diminished when CFO was considered, and this reduction was more prominent with the increase in CFO. At a BER value of \(10^{-5}\), the SNR values of 6.18 dB, 6.23 dB, 6.28 dB, 6.74 dB, and 7.14 dB were identified for CFO values 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.05, respectively. This result means that the losses induced by the different CFO values were 0.05 dB, 0.1 dB, 0.56 dB, and 0.96 dB for CFO values 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.05, respectively.  
Figure 17 highlights the BER evolution as a function of SNR when the TU6 channel and channel coding were applied in the native DVB-T2 system. A slow BER decrease was noticed in the SNR range 0-10 dB, a rapid BER improvement in the SNR range 10-16 dB, and a BER stability after 16 dB. This behavior of the BER can be justified by the presence of LDPC iterative decoding (whose BER performance presents three regions such as the no-convergence region, the waterfall region, and the error-floor region [46]). While the waterfall region was a region of quick decrease in the BER, the error-floor region appeared at a low BER and was characterized by a very slow decrease in the BER. Furthermore, it was noted a low BER performance decrease with the CFO augmentation. At a BER of \(10^{-2}\), the losses induced by the CFO insertion varied from 0.5 dB to 0.8 dB. At a BER of \(2\times 10^{-3}\), the losses induced by the CFO insertion varied from 0.1 dB to 0.6 dB. One can conclude that when coding channel is applied, the CFO impact is not highly noticeable in the presence of the TU6 channel in comparison with the AWGN-only channel.  
Figure 16: BER vs. SNR in the native DVB-T2 system with coding: CFO evaluation in the AWGN-only case.  
Figure 17: BER vs. SNR in the native DVB-T2 system with coding: CFO evaluation in the TU6 and AWGN case.
## 1 Introduction
In this work, we simulated a novel structure with partially etched piezoelectric thin film between adjacent top interdigitated electrodes in the interdigitated electrodes (IDTs)/ZnO/SiC multi-layer configuration in order to increase the \(K^{2}\) of the SAW devices. Dual modes of the etching structure were both investigated systematically. The displacements of the two modes along the \(y\) direction (\(u_{y}\)) were close to zero, while their longitudinal (\(u_{z}\)) and vertical shear components (\(u_{x}\)) were dominant. The displacement characteristics of the first mode and second mode are similar to those of the Rayleigh mode and Sezawa mode, respectively, checked and analyzed by the displacement field distribution [28; 29]. Thus, the two modes are called quasi-Rayleigh and quasi-Sezawa mode, respectively, due to their propagation features [10; 16], and both of them possess significantly enhanced \(K^{2}\) compared to the classical modes of the unetched structure. Our results propose a promising way to achieve the miniaturization of SAW devices in low frequency bands using the quasi-Rayleigh mode, and in high frequency and wideband SAW devices using quasi-Sezawa mode as well as high sensitivity sensors utilizing high \(K^{2}\).
## 2 Materials and Methods
### MICS Dataset  
The Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics and the Ministry of Planning, with assistance from UNICEF, conducted the MICS 2019 in Bangladesh. The survey comprises clusters covering health, education, nutrition, water and sanitation, child health, and socioeconomic factors. The research population estimated several indicators on the status of children and women nationwide, in both urban and rural areas, in eight divisions and sixty-four districts. Initially, the total number of household samples was 64,000. The report BBS and UNICEF Bangladesh 2019 provides a comprehensive explanation of the survey methodology, which includes details on the calculation of the sample size. The dataset used in this research is publicly available from the MICS 2019, with permission from the UNICEF MICS team, and adheres to ethical standards, ensuring participant anonymity through de-identification and aggregation. To obtain access to the dataset initially, we had to obtain permission from the UNICEF MICS team. Thus, we sent them an email explaining our study plans, and in response, they gave us a link to access the dataset. Furthermore we addressed potential model biases by selecting features based on statistical relevance and employing XAI techniques for transparency, fairness, and interpretability. This approach helps identify and mitigate biases, ensuring robustness in the findings.  
Figure 1: Workflow diagram for analyzing parenting practices and sociodemographic factors on children’s learning abilities.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Interactions between MUAE Factors of Response Surface
The colors range from blue (lower values) to red (higher values), representing the variation in extraction yield. The response surfaces and contour plots for total flavonoid extraction show the interaction of extraction factors (Figure 3A-D). The response surface in Figure 3A indicates the interaction between the ultrasound temperature and the ultrasound time. The rate of flavonoid extraction decreased as the two factors increased simultaneously. In addition, it shows the maximum value of extraction yield for total flavonoids increased at low temperatures, but at temperatures above 70 \({}^{\circ}\)C the yield decreased. The explanation for this observation is that high extraction temperatures may degrade the structure of flavonoids during the experiment [38]. Figure 3: (**A–D**). Response surface and contour plots for the MUAE of total flavonoids from red onion skin waste with respect to ultrasound temperature and ultrasound time (**A**); microwave time and ultrasound time (**B**); microwave time and ultrasound temperature (**C**); and ethanol concentration and ultrasound temperature (**D**). The colors range from blue (lower values) to red (higher values), representing the variation in extraction yield. In the 3-D graph considering the microwave time (Figure 3B), it is observed that increasing the microwave time led to an enhancement in the extraction yield when the ultrasound time was at its maximum value of 45 min. However, in general, the maximum value of the total flavonoid extraction yield was reduced with an increase in microwave time. This is because of the long time exposure to microwave irradiation, and immediately after that, exposure to ultrasonic waves can destroy the sensitive compounds in the sample [39]. Also, reducing the extraction time to the optimum value and achieving a desirable fit between the two extraction times can increase the response surface of the total flavonoid extraction yield. The response surface, which exhibits the interaction between microwave time and ultrasound temperature on the yield of total flavonoid extraction, is depicted in Figure 3C. It indicates that the maximum yield occurs at high microwave time and low ultrasound temperature. However, by raising the temperature to 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the increase in the microwave time resulted in a decrease in the extraction yield. Even though increasing the temperature enhances the mass transfer and recovery yield, using high ultrasound temperature can cause a lower rate of cavitation bubbles and weak collapses due to the solvent vapors created in the blank environment [40]. The slope of the response surface in Figure 3D shows that the maximum total flavonoid yield coincides with an enhancement in the ethanol concentration and a decrease in the ultrasound temperature. It is also observed that at very high temperatures, as the ethanol concentration increases, the recovery yield also increases. Hence, it indicates a significant interaction of these two parameters on the response surface in total flavonoid extraction.
## 4 Summary and Conclusions  
Commercial smallsat providers such as Planet are innovating the remote sensing space, which for decades has been controlled by government agencies. The high spatial and temporal resolutions of imagery captured from smallsat constellations like PlanetScope has the potential to fill key remote sensing needs, but uptake of these datasets within the user community can be improved. The differences between PS data streams and traditional satellite images (e.g., Landsat, Sentinel) as well as confusion surrounding the different products and their spectral and spatial compatibility may be hindering use. There are also accessibility barriers when it comes to integrating Planet data into various tools familiar to researchers. This review summarized the three generations of PlanetScope sensors relevant to remote sensing researchers and reviewed the post-processing being completed by Planet and the user community to make these images suitable for analyses. Two key findings emerge:  
1. The geometric and radiometric quality of PS images does not match quality the remote sensing community has come to expect from 'analysis ready' datasets that can immediately be integrated into analytical processing pipelines. Knowing the geometric and radiometric quality of each image based on specific sensor and processing level is a first step to determine its fitness for application. Additional corrections are often needed beyond the baseline processing completed by Planet. While Planet offers services for additional processing and can generate products that may better meet user expectations, access to these services depends on the licensing agreement.
2. The user community has proven resourceful in repurposing existing geometric and radiometric correction techniques as well as developing innovative techniques specifically for PS products. As access to PS datasets increases and the user community grows, it is anticipated that the codes, algorithms, and other software resources needed to implement these techniques and adjustment the imagery will continue to improve and be made openly available.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived of the study, completed all reviews and analysis of the literature, developed the figures, and wrote and edited the paper. Both authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation, grant number 1934759 and the APC was funded by the same.  
Not applicable.  
No formal analyses were completed in the paper. Data used in the figures is available upon request.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Comparative Study Between Active AMD and ABS Devices by Using \(\mu\)-Synthesis Robust Control
## 5 Conclusions  
This research demonstrates that \(\mu\)-synthesis is effective for creating controllers for both AMD and ABSs. It markedly reduced the structural response while considering the parametric and dynamic uncertainties that influenced the structure-actuator system. As a result, we assumed 30% of the errors in the stiffness of each floor, modeling these uncertainties as additive errors. The results reported in this research allowed us to conclude the following conclusions:  
* The performance analyses conducted in this study, regarding the percentage of RMS and peak displacements and accelerations, averaged between 70% and 75%, with significantly improved attenuation observed with the AMD system;
* In the worst-case scenario, we sustained these percentages with an equivalent degree of attenuation, guaranteeing a uniform, marginal disparity between the two control systems;
* The control force results indicated that the AMD exhibited superior structural performance and consumed less energy than the ABS;
* The system that minimized the structure's reactivity to seismic loads while maintaining minimal control costs was unequivocally the optimal choice. From this perspective, the AMD system, requiring a control force of less than 1000 N, appeared to possess a superior advantage.  
Consequently, we must execute experimental testing in the future to corroborate the simulation results on a more precise structure, which will influence the performance of both devices. The ABS and AMD are significantly influenced by financial limitations, energy efficiency objectives, and, crucially, the ease of installation with minimized maintenance requirements. Furthermore, the \(\mu\)-synthesis control explicitly integrated weighting functions that closely to the intended performance and equilibrium, facilitating further improvement and refinement of the outcomes through more precise modification of the weighting functions.  
Figure 17: Third floor displacements comparison in nominal and worst case with ABS and AMD systems.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, B.S. and S.E.A.R.; methodology, K.C., B.S. and S.E.A.R.; software, K.C.; validation, B.S., S.E.A.R. and K.C.; investigation, K.C., B.S. and S.E.A.R.; resources, B.S.; data curation, B.S.; writing--original draft preparation, K.C., B.S. and S.E.A.R.; writing--review and editing, B.S. and S.E.A.R.; visualization, K.C., B.S. and S.E.A.R.; supervision, B.S. and S.E.A.R.; project administration, B.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The data are available under reasonable request to the corresponding authors. The data are not publicly available due to privacy.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 4 DC Fault Current Analysis of Hybrid MMC Considering FRT Control  
This section develops a quantitative analytical framework for hybrid MMC fault currents incorporating FRT control response. Through complex frequency domain methodologies, mathematical correlations between control parameters and fault current characteristics across diverse control modes are established.  
This study focuses exclusively on current-based and voltage-based operational strategies, as depicted in Figure 4. For current-controlled operation, FRT implementation entails immediate transition to closed-loop fault current regulation upon fault detection. During pre-fault conditions, outer-loop regulation encompasses DC voltage and power stabilization prior to FRT activation. In voltage-controlled mode, FRT execution modifies the DC voltage controller's reference setpoint. Finally, control saturation effects are characterized, with analytical outcomes demonstrating applicability across both control paradigms.
# Multi-Band Array Antenna Sharing a Common Aperture with Heterogeneous Array Elements
## 1 Introduction  
With recent developments in active electronically scanned array (AESA), interest and use of the multi-function radar (MFR) system has been progressively growing. In particular, MFRs that cover both the S-band and X-band are extensively applied in various applications such as surveillance, electronic warfare, missile guidance, and target-tracing [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6]. In general, the MFR installs separate antenna systems for each function in an enlarged antenna aperture, which significantly increases the radar cross section (RCS) [4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9]. To resolve these problems, the best solution may be to integrate the entire antenna systems into one shared-aperture space. However, the limited space of the shared aperture increases electromagnetic interference due to the decreased distance of the elements. To resolve this mutual coupling effect, various techniques, such as cavity structure [10], meta-surface [11], and electromagnetic band gap structures [12], have been reported. In addition, various attempts in relation to steerable arrays have been made in various fields, such as Ku-band CubeSat applications, 5G Millimeter-wave application, and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) applications [13; 14; 15]. However, it is difficult to apply in an expandable array radar system in which multiple bands of antennas share a compact aperture. Moreover, in shared-aperture radar antenna, reducing the structural influence of different band antennas is as important as reducing interference between same-band antennas. Although the shared-aperture array system requires more advanced approaches than the existing design method, studies on shared-aperture radar arrays have not yet been sufficiently conducted.  
In this paper, we propose a multi-band array antenna that shares a common aperture with heterogenous array elements. The proposed multi-band array comprises one printeddipole antenna for the S-band and nine E-shaped patch antennas for the X-band. The current directions between the S-band and X-band elements are perpendicular to each other, which diminishes the mutual coupling interference among the different band elements.  
To suppress the mutual coupling interference among the X-band components, we placed cavities using multiple via surrounding the X-band components. To check the effectiveness of the proposed design, the unit-cell was expanded to a 12 \(\times\) 12 X-band array configuration, and it was mounted on a ship mast. The active reflection co-efficients and beam steering properties were then examined in the X-band. The results verify that the proposed design is applicable for MFR applications even in a shared aperture.