# Pumpkin Pomace Powder as a Bioactive Powder Ingredient for Whey Cheese Production
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Phytochemical Characterisation of PPP  
The phytochemical analysis of pumpkin pomace extracts was conducted using spectrophotometric methods, and the results are presented in Table 1. The extracts exhibited a total carotenoid content of 33.02 \(\pm\) 0.15 mg/100 g dw, a \(\beta\)-carotene content of 29.71 \(\pm\) 0.09 mg/100 g dw, a total flavonoid content of 134.12 \(\pm\) 0.14 mg CE/100 g dw, and a total polyphenic content of 269.15 \(\pm\) 0.16 mg GAE/100 g dw. The extracts also showed an antioxidant activity of 1365.36 \(\pm\) 10.12 umol TE/g dw and an inhibition of 83.31 \(\pm\) 0.59%. The plant's anti-radical capability was related to its high concentration of phenolic chemicals, particularly flavonoids, which are the main secondary metabolites. The acquired results are consistent with the data provided in other investigations. [PERSON] et al. (2017) reported a total carotenoid content of 35.2 \(\pm\) 0.49 mg/100 g powder and \(\beta\)-carotene of 6.18 \(\pm\) 0.04 mg/100 g powder for pumpkin pulp powder. Also, pumpkin pulp was reported to have total polyphenols of 134.59 \(\pm\) 1.24 mg GAE/100 g powder and total flavonoids of 77.11 \(\pm\) 0.63 mg CE/100 g powder. The total carotenoid values of extracts obtained from two different kinds of _C. maxima_ varied between 16.21 \(\upmu\)g/g oil extracts obtained using a conventional extraction method and 34.94 \(\upmu\)g/g of oil extract obtained through microwave-assisted extraction. Additionally, the total carotenoid values increased to 38.03 \(\upmu\)g/g of oil extract obtained through ultrasound-assisted extraction utilizing corn oil ([PERSON] et al., 2017). In contrast, [PERSON] et al. (2017) reported caroten concentrations of \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Parameter** & **PPP** \\ \hline Total Carotenoids, mg/100 g dw & 33.02 \(\pm\) 0.15 \\ \(\beta\)-carotene (mg/100 g dw) & 29.71 \(\pm\) 0.09 \\ Total Flavonoids, mg CE/100 g dw & 134.12 \(\pm\) 0.14 \\ Total Polyphenols, mg GAE/100 g dw & 269.15 \(\pm\) 0.16 \\ Antioxidant Activity, umol TE/g dw & 1365.36 \(\pm\) 10.12 \\ Inhibition, \% & 83.31 \(\pm\) 0.59 \\ L* & 76.20 \(\pm\) 0.13 \\ a* & 8.63 \(\pm\) 0.09 \\ b* & 42.29 \(\pm\) 0.05 \\ Moisture (\%) & 8.85 \(\pm\) 0.01 \\ Ash (\%) & 6.68 \(\pm\) 0.01 \\ Protein (\%) & 11.12 \(\pm\) 0.04 \\ Carbohydrates (\%) & 72.74 \(\pm\) 0.04 \\ Fat (\%) & 0.61 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\ Total Dietary Fiber (\%) & 43.50 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\ Calcium (Ca, mg/100 g) & 23.95 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\ Phosphorus (P, mg/100 g) & 23.09 \(\pm\) 0.03 \\ Potassium (K, mg/100 g) & 53.02 \(\pm\) 0.07 \\ Magnesium (Mg, mg/100 g) & 94.37 \(\pm\) 0.03 \\ Zinc (Zn, mg/100 g) & 3.74 \(\pm\) 0.11 \\ Iron (Fe, mg/100 g) & 11.25 \(\pm\) 0.04 \\ Sodium (Na, mg/100 g) & 48.99 \(\pm\) 0.01 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Global phytochemical characterization of PPP. 11.48 mg/100 g extract (specifically, pumpkin peel extract) obtained using supercritical fluid extraction and 15.22 mg/100 g extract, respectively. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2018) established DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) % inhibition values ranging from 55.95% to 93.53% for two pumpkin varieties of the _C. maxima_ species using an ultrasound assisted-extraction method. The _Cucurbita_ spp. peel extracts exhibited ABTS values ranging from 2.470 to 4.524 \(\upmu\)g TE/g dw and DPPH values ranging from 0.947 to 3.333 \(\upmu\)g TE/g dw ([PERSON] and [PERSON] (2018). The PPP exhibited color attributes of 76.20 for the L* value, 8.63 for the a* value, and 42.29 for the b* value. According to the color indices, the powder was found to be located in the first quadrant (+a*, +b*). Other authors have noted a significant range of variation in the colorimetric results. In their study, [PERSON] et al. [PERSON] et al. (2018) examined the characterization of different species of pumpkin waste, specifically the peel and pulp. They reported the following results for the pulp of the Mantovana pumpkin (_C.