# Internet of Things Applications as Energy Internet in Smart Grids and Smart Environments
## 3 IoT Applications in Smart Cities  
Recently, the smart city concept has been enabled in several application areas in which this concept aims to improve life quality by decreasing costs [21; 35]. Generally, the urban IoT expression is employed to define the smart city concept for some situations. The application areas of the IoT, urban IoT, and EI are mainly focused on public services, such as intelligent monitoring and management of transportation systems, EMSs, healthcare services, and structural health monitoring (SHM) systems, etc. [21; 25; 35; 36; 37]. On one hand, the requirements for predicting, monitoring, and management systems have intensely increased in recent years due to environmental concerns. On the other hand, urban IoT systems have provided some developments to cope with these requirements, covering geographical information systems (GISs), management information systems (MISs), environmental information systems (EISs), and global positioning systems (GPSs). The EIS is analyzed and an integrated information system (IIS) is recommended for observing environmental conditions in [38]. [PERSON] et al. have suggested a monitoring system for home appliances in [39], where they have utilized ZigBee communication systems for creating WSN infrastructure. A systematical approach for IoT applications of smart cities has been proposed in [21; 35; 36; 37; 25], where authors classified smart city application areas into five categories: Governments, buildings, mobility, energy, and water. These studies related to IoT applications are realized by adapting the system configuration structure similar to the depicted in Figure 2. SHM is a novel application type developing currently, and this application combines available systems for estimating risk levels. This categorization process is carried out by five important steps called detection, localization, classification, assessment, and prediction, respectively [21; 36]. The urban \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Technology** & **LTE-M** & **NB-IoT** & **LoRa** & **Sigfox UNB** \\ \hline Standard & LTE (R12) & LTE (R13) & LoRaWAN & N/A \\ Modulation & BPSK, QPSK, & \(\pi\)/2 BPSK & \(\pi\)/4 & GFSK, SS Chirp & D-BPSK \\ method & OFDMA & QPSK & & \\ Data rate & 0.2–1 Mbps & Up to 100 kbps & 0.3–38.4 kbps & 100 bps \\ Frequency band & Licensed & Licensed Cellular & & Sub-GHz & Sub-GHz (868 \\ Minimum & & & & MHz, 902 MHz) \\ transmission & 180 kHz & 3.75 kHz & 125 kHz & 100 Hz, 600 Hz \\ bandwidth & & 35 km-GSM & 2.5–15 km urban, up to 50 km rural & 2.5–15 km urban, up to 50 km rural & 3–10 km urban, 30–50 km rural \\ Range & 200 km-UMTS, LTE & & & up to 50 km rural & 30–50 km rural \\ Bidirectional & Yes & Yes & Yes & No \\ Interference & Medium & Low & Very high & Low \\ immunity & 32-bit & N/A & 32-bit & 16-bit \\ Security & 155 dB & 160 dB & 157 dB & 162 dB \\ Receiver sensitivity & \(-\)132 dBm & \(-\)137 dBm & \(-\)137 dBm & \(-\)147 dBm \\ Power efficiency & Medium & Very high & Very high & Very high \\ Transmitter power & 23 dBm & 23 dBm & 20 dBm & 15 dBm \\ Battery lifetime & 7–8 years & 1–2 years & 8–10 years & 7–8 years \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Summary of leading LPWAN technologies. Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing access (OFDMA); differential BPSK (D-BPSK). IoT applications are generally focused on monitoring and controlling industrial plants, houses, and so on. Figure 2: Interaction of Internet of Things (IoT) applications with the Energy Internet (EI) concept. A patented web-based automation system operating for urban IoT applications is Building Automation and Control Networks (BACnet), which is presented as an alternative technique to ZigBee or WSN-based applications. It is pointed out in [35] that BACnet can present some additional IP technology options, according to ZigBee systems. For instance, BACnet exploits virtual link layers (VLLs) to integrate network and transport protocols. The smart city concept needs to cope with various important challenges as mentioned before.