## 2 Lean and Green Overview
### Sustainability Challenges in the SSA Petroleum Industry and Practical Strategic Solutions  
Despite being pivotal to the region's economic growth, the petroleum industry still faces some challenges. International efforts to tackle these challenges and promote sustainability have become increasingly urgent in recent years. The 27 th COP27b conference, held under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, emphasized the  
Figure 1: Petroleum supply chain and suggested green initiatives. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c l c} \hline \hline
**Industry** & **Benefits** & **Reference/Country** \\ \hline Manufacturing SME & \begin{tabular}{c} Increase the overall operational efficiency by \\ decreasing the lead time by 63\%, and enhance the \\ environmental performance by decreasing the \\ average carbon footprint by 77\%. \\ \end{tabular} & [71]/UK \\ \hline Manufacturing Plant & \begin{tabular}{c} Improve operational performance through the \\ elimination of waste, thereby reducing costs and \\ enhancing sustainability. \\ \end{tabular} & [72]/USA \\ \hline Manufacturing SME & Enhanced supply chain sustainability. & [73]/UK \\ \hline Manufacturing & \begin{tabular}{c} The company has seen significant improvements in \\ operational metrics, including increased value-added \\ time, decreased quality defect rates, decreased \\ inventory, and increased availability. These \\ improvements have reduced water, energy, and raw \\ materials consumption, resulting in \\ greener performance. \\ \end{tabular} & [74]/Africa \\ \hline Manufacturing & \begin{tabular}{c} This study found that while lean production and \\ green practices significantly impact sustainability \\ performance, green product innovation only \\ significantly impacts financial performance. \\ \end{tabular} & [75]/Africa \\ \hline Agriculture & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Develop a model for the evaluation of the integration \\ of lean and green systems for sustainability in the \\ agriculture sector. \\ \end{tabular} & [38]/Columbia \\ \hline Aerospace &
\begin{tabular}{c} Help reduce the consumption of resources and \\ improve their environmental performance. \\ \end{tabular} & [76]/USA and Africa \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: The benefits of integrating lean and green. need for transformative actions to achieve Paris Agreement targets and the importance of green GDP as a key indicator of sustainable economic growth, as stated by the authors of [77]. It also underscores the need for low-carbon, resource-efficient economies [77]. While lean and green are beneficial in achieving sustainability, sustainability can be impacted by certain challenges. Some of these real-world challenges, particularly in the SSA petroleum industry, and practical strategies that can be used to address them include the following:  
1. Project delays in the SSA petroleum industry are often because of infrastructure and technological barriers, as the countries still depend on foreign technologies and expertise [78]. Addressing these issues includes the following: * Establishing Petroleum technology institutes for the development of Indigenous oil and gas innovations, like Saudi Arabia's King Abdullah Petroleum Studies & Research Center (KAPSARC) [79]. * The use of blockchain in tracking transaction oil transparency is used in the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) to reduce fraud [80]. * Adopting Al, digital twin technologies, like the British petroleum \"Field of the Future\" project that utilizes digital twin simulations for optimizing oilfields [81]. * Implementation of advanced technologies. Chevron implemented 3D seismic imaging technology, and ExxonMobil implemented data analytic technology, which has led to improved efficiency and significant cost savings [48]. 2. Political instability is characterized by corruption, militancy, inconsistency in policy, and civil unrest, which has affected the social and economic growth of the region [82]. Addressing these challenges includes the following: * Collaboration between countries.