## 3 Results
### Multi-Parameter Ionospheric Anomalies
#### 3.1.3 Ne and Te Anomalies  
The plasma anomalies were obtained using the revisit trajectory comparison method, which involved processing three months of data from the Swarm A and C satellites. The orbital tracks were divided into two classes based on day and nighttime periods. Background values were removed from these data groups to establish the \(\Delta\)Ne and \(\Delta\)Te thresholds, which were defined by the 2\(\sigma\) limit. The earthquake occurred on 26 October 2015, and the \(\Delta\)Ne thresholds were 3.11 \(\times\) 10\({}^{11}\) m\({}^{-3}\) and 5.67 \(\times\) 10\({}^{10}\) m\({}^{-3}\) during day and night times, respectively, and the \(\Delta\)Te thresholds were 1256 K and 809 K. Figure 8 illustrates the results obtained from the Swarm A and C satellites. The disturbances as positive and negative anomalies were witnessed on 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 28, 29, and 30 September and 17, 18, and 19 of October. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Date**} & **GIM TEC** & **GPS TEC** & **SWARM** & **Fof2** & & **GIM TEC** & **GPS TEC** & **SWARM** & **Fof2** \\  & **Anomaly** & **Ne and Te** & **Anomaly** & **Date** & **Anomaly** & **Anomaly** & **Ne and Te** & **Anomaly** & **Ne and Te** \\  & **(@UTC)** & **(@UTC)** & **Anomaly** & **presence** & & **(@UTC)** & **(@UTC)** & **Anomaly** & **presence** \\ \hline
21-09-2023 & \begin{tabular}{c} 12 (S of \\ epicenter) \\ (+) \\ \end{tabular} & - & \begin{tabular}{c} (-) Te \\ Night \\ \end{tabular} & - & \begin{tabular}{c} 07-10-2023 \\ (DOE) \\ \end{tabular} & 3 (+) & \
\begin{tabular}{c} 4-6 (+), \\ 12-4 (+) \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} (-) Te \\ Night \\ \end{tabular} & ✓ \\ \hline
24-09-2023 & 6, 7 (+) & - & (+) Ne Day & - & 10-10-2023 & 3 (+) & 8-13 (+) & (–) Te Day & ✓ \\ \hline
29-09-2023 & 8-11 (+) & - & \begin{tabular}{c} (+) Ne \\ Night\({}^{\dagger}\)(–) \\ Day/(–) \\ Te Night \\ \end{tabular} & - & \begin{tabular}{c} 11-10-2023 \\ (DOE) \\ \end{tabular} & 10-11 (+) & \
\begin{tabular}{c} 11-13 (+), \\ 15 (+) \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} (+) Ne \\ Night\({}^{\dagger}\)(–) \\ Day/(–) \\ Te \end{tabular} & ✓ \\ \hline
30-09-2023 & 10-13 (+) & - & \
\begin{tabular}{c} (+) Ne \\ Night\({}^{\dagger}\)Day/(–) \\ Te Night \\ \end{tabular} & - & 13-10-2023 & 17-23 (+) &
\begin{tabular}{c} (+) Ne \\ 17-20 (+) \\ \end{tabular} & ✓ \\ \hline
01-10-2023 & 3 (+) & \
\begin{tabular}{c} (+) Ne \\ Day/(–) \\ Te \end{tabular} & - & 14-10-2023 & 1-2(+),21-23((–) & 12-14 &
\begin{tabular}{c} (–) Te \\ Day/Te \\ Night \\ \end{tabular} & ✓ \\ \hline
02-10-2023 & 10-13 (+) & 14-16 (+) & \
\begin{tabular}{c} (+) Ne \\ Night/(\(\pm\)) \\ Te Night/(\(\pm\)) \\ Day \\ \end{tabular} & - & 15-10-2023 & 7-9 (+), &
\begin{tabular}{c} (–) Ne \\ Day/(–) \\ Te Night \\ \end{tabular} & ✓ \\ \hline
06-10-2023 & 14 (+) & \
\begin{tabular}{c} 10-12 (+), \\ 14-15 (+) \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} (+) Ne \\ Day/(\(\pm\)) \\ Te Day \\ \end{tabular} & ✓ & - & - & - & - & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Common anomalies prior to the October 2023 earthquake; DOE is day of earthquake. The nighttime Ne anomalies started appearing on September 30(+) and 3 and 7(\(-\)) October; there are random positive and negative anomalies on 15,21 October (+). The daytime Ne anomalies can be seen, starting from 30 th September (\(-\)) and 13(\(-\)), 15(+), 17-18(+), 23(+), and on 26 of October (\(-\)), the day of the earthquake can be observed. For the nighttime temperature anomalies, negative anomalies started appearing on 30 September (\(-\)). Some short-term positive anomalies occurred from 13 October, while the occurrence of strong negative anomalies can be seen on 15, 17, 24, 25, and 26, these being present in the form of pre- and co-seismic anomalies.