## 6 Discussion  
The quality and accuracy of information are essential in any construction project, and low-quality BIM can adversely impact crucial tasks such as QTO, coordination, handover, codification, testing, and commissioning. On the other hand, verifying the quality and accuracy of all of the information and parameters included in BIM models is challenging and time-consuming. Therefore, developing an automated QC system for BIM models is critical in any construction project with specified objectives. This paper introduced an innovative, automated BIM-based QC system, specifically for structural, architectural, and MEP disciplines, to ensure the integrity of BIM models concerning QTO, design coordination, and handover processes in accordance with the project's QC checklists. A significant contribution of this study was developing an integrated system designed to automate and enhance the quality and consistency checks of BIM models across all engineering disciplines. Utilizing a proposed QC checklist, the system addressed the need for a multi-purpose tool that, while initially project-specific, can be adapted for more generic applications with minor modifications, thereby impacting key project outcomes such as QTO, coordination, naming convention, and BIM model accuracy. At the same time, these are the main limitations found in the previous works. The developed system was also applied to the original BIM models, while most previous research used the IFC format to carry out the QC, which causes some issues such as a loss of information, attributes, and properties [38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43]. While various BIM tools exist, including Autodesk Revit, Tekla Structures, AcriCAD, etc., Autodesk Revit was chosen for the developed system because it deals with all engineering branches such as MEP, structure, and architecture. In contrast, other tools, such as Tekla and AcriCAD, offer BIM for structural and architectural engineering. Conversely, Autodesk Revit offers Dynamo integration, which proves immensely beneficial in automating and expediting information production and management. Additionally, it provides various licensing options. In text-based programming languages, a programmer is required to write lines of code to develop a program. In contrast, visual-based programming languages enable the programmer to manipulate visual elements to construct a program. Visual coding offers several advantages over text-based coding, including enhanced readability, user-friendly features, and so on. Since the ultimate users of the QC automation code may not be coding experts, a visual programming code like Dynamo is far more user-friendly and comprehensible for them compared to a text-based programming code. Even an engineer with basic programming knowledge can execute or adjust the developed QC automationDynamo_ script to suit various project needs. The parameters and scenarios incorporated into the developed BIM QC system were chosen in accordance with the project's QC checklist and their influence on the accuracy of design coordination and QTO outputs. The list of failing BIM elements' names and IDs was intended to assist engineers in identifying and correcting issues within BIM models. The present study explored two methodologies for publishing QC results on the cloud. The selected approach involved utilizing a local data storage tool, such as Microsoft Excel, in conjunction with a cloud-based platform like ProjectWise. This approach was selected for its accessibility and familiarity to those involved in the case study project, ensuring ease of integration and use. In contrast, although technically viable, the alternative method of directly transferring QC results to a cloud-based database like MySQL was not pursued due to constraints related to existing infrastructure and resource availability. The Power BI platform was chosen for the Data Visualization Module due to its widespread usage and popularity within the AEC industry.