esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Estimation of SMPS' Conducted Emission According to CISPR Standards
## 1 Introduction  
Currently, as electronic products have to be more and more efficient, EMC performance is one of the key factors in the design of electronic devices. The possibility of reducing big-sized components such as chokes, capacitors, and filters are the current design goals. This gives the designers a chance to reduce the price of the device and the weight, which can be crucial when the device has to meet transportation cost requirements where the mass of the device plays a significant role, for example, environments at extremely high altitude, space, or deep underground.  
Estimating the switched mode power supplies' conducting emissions is crucial for overall product performance [1]. Normally, in order to estimate the performance of a solution, the prototype has to be produced and measured; this means that in order to choose the best solution from a few of them, each has to be produced [2]. However, nowadays, there are approaches to estimate conducted emissions using 3D modelling methods. This topic is widely described within the literature [3; 4; 5] with different approaches. Because of this reason, authors of recent publications incorporated 3D simulation tools in order to include layout in the conducted emission prediction. Furthermore, this method has been proven to work for layout improvement during the early stage of the design [6].  
Unlike the industries in environment and consumer electronics, where obtaining the required qualification certificate based on testing of the final product is the standard, most tests are performed at the component level in the automotive industry. This approach ensures that the highest quality requirements are met at the component level. Only then, having information about every component, are final product-level tests performed. In the case of component-level testing, the proposed approach can be utilized to replace real testsand, in effect, a reduction in time to market can be achieved in addition to money saved on testing.  
In this work, the authors verified the proposed workflow using two solvers. The motivation of this work was due to the fact that implementation of these kinds of solvers (full wave or quasi-static) in software requires a lot of effort; hence, the results of this paper can provide a guide for solver selection. If one decides to use commercially available software, the results of this work can guide which solver should be implemented.
# Transmission Performance Analysis of RV Reducers Influenced by Profile Modification and Load
## 2 Analytical Model of RV Reducer with Tooth Profile Modifications
### Contact Force Calculation
#### 2.1.2 Contact Force Model Verification Using the Finite Element Method  
The dynamics simulation model of an RV reducer is established according to the parameters listed in Table 1. This dynamics analysis employs SolidWorks 2017 COSMOS (Dassault Systemes, Paris, France) for modeling and solving. The stress variation of an RV reducer during movement can be calculated using the finite element method (FEM). Figure 5a shows the FE model of an RV reducer, and Figure 5b shows the mesh division model of a cycloid gear and pin wheel. To simplify the simulation model, the pins are fixed on the wheel. In addition, the non-pin wheel can reduce vibrations and stress fluctuations [26]. For consistency with the theoretical model, the influence of the first stage is not considered. The rotation motion is applied to the three cranks individually, and the load torque is applied to the center of the planet carrier. The influence of the bearing is simulated by setting the contact stiffness and damping coefficient at the bearing bore. The impact function is used to calculate the contact force iteratively. According to the lubrication condition of the RV reducer prototype, the static friction coefficient between the relative moving surfaces is set as 0.08, and the dynamic friction coefficient is set as 0.05.  
In this study, the total simulation time is 20 s, and the data are obtained from a period of 0.0375-18.075 s. The results indicate that the crank rotates one round, the data are solved at every angle, the interval angle is 1/10\({}^{\circ}\), and the interval time is 0.00625 s. The contact stress on the cycloid tooth surface as the crank rotates 170\({}^{\circ}\), is shown in Figure 6.  
Figure 4: Simulation flow chart.  
To verify the validity of the analytical model for a profile-shifted gear with TPM, \(\Delta r_{pp}=0\) to 0.08 mm is adopted to calculate the contact force and friction which, as obtained through analytical and FE methods, are displayed in Figure 7. The contact force and friction at a rotation angle of 135\({}^{\circ}\) are compared, demonstrating the largest differences. The percentage of differences between the analytical method and the FE method are presented in Table 2. The results from the analytical and FE methods are in good agreement.  
Figure 5: Finite element (FE) model of RV reducer: (**a**) exploded view and (**b**) mesh calculation.  
Figure 6: Contact stress on the cycloid tooth surface during meshing.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Materials  
We purchased ground clove buds (_S. aromaticum_ L. _Mytaceae_) for optimisation studies from the herbal store Aromatika Adam Iwaczuk (Hajnowka, Poland). The average granularity of the raw materials was less than 250 \(\upmu\)m. We obtained the beet molasses from \"Cukrownia Kluczewo\" (Stargard, Poland). The molasses contained 80% of the total amount of 6-carbon sugars (Brix). DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid, Tx) were acquired from Sigma Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich Merck Group, St. Louis, MO, USA). Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, iron II sulfate heptab hydrate, iron II sulfate VI, ferrozine, iron III chloride, gallic acid, the amino acid L-glutamine, FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum), penicillin, streptomycin, resazurin sodium salt (7-Hydroxy-3H-phenoxazin-3-one-10-oxide sodium salt), and Neutral Red dye were obtained from Merck, Darmstadt (Germany). We purchased a medium for lactic acid bacteria (CM0359) from OXOID (M.R.S. [PERSON], Rogosa, Sharpe). Probiotional (Novara, Italy) provided the strains of lactic acid bacteria: _Lactobacillus saltorius_ LY_0652; _Lactobacillus reuteri_ MI_0168; _Lactobacillus acidophilus_ MI-0078; _Lactobacillus brevis_ LY_1120; _Lactobacillus plantarum_ MI-0102; and _Lactobacillus rhamn_ MI-0272. Lipase AY30 was acquired from Thermo Scientific (Bialystok, Poland). Chempur (Piekary, Poland) delivered octane, methanol, ethanol (96%), methylene blue (C\({}_{16}\)H\({}_{18}\)ClN\({}_{3}\)S, MB), potassium hydroxide (KOH), sulfuric acid VI, and phosphate-buffered saline PBS (pH 7.40 \(\pm\) 0.05). We purchased human fibroblasts (HDF) and keratinocytes (HaCaT) from CLS Cell Lines Service (Eppelheim, Germany). We obtained DMEM medium from Dulbecco's Modified Essential Medium, Biological Industries, located in Kibbutz Beit-HaEmek, Israel. All reagents were of analytical grade.
## Materials and Methods  
### Membrane Characterizations  
Two UF membranes and one MF membrane were used in this study. Polyethersulfone (PES, YMUE503001) and polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) UF membranes were purchased from Trisep Co. and Philos Co., Ltd. and the nominal molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of the two UF membranes was 100 kDa. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) MF membrane, with a mean pore size of 0.3 \(\upmu\)m, was purchased from AMTS Co., Republic of Korea. The membranes were stored in deionized (DI) water for 24 h to remove the membrane conservation agents and then placed in flat sheet membrane modules. The three membranes have the same effective membrane area of 520 cm\({}^{2}\) (40 cm \(\times\) 13 cm).  
The micro-scale structure of the membrane, such as morphology and roughness was characterized by using atomic force microscopy (AFM, PISA XE-100, Suwon, Korea) in non-contact mode. The membrane area for the AFM measurement was 45 \(\times\) 45 \(\upmu\)m\({}^{2}\). Images were scanned at a rate of 1 Hz. A mean roughness of membrane surface (R\({}_{\text{a}}\)) was calculated as an average value of each scan line for the 10 \(\times\) 10 micron images. The contact angle of the membranes was measured with the captive bubble method using a goniometer and the contact angle calculation was performed using the instrument software (DSA 100, [PERSON], Hamburg, Germany) [19]. Before the contact angle measurement, the membranes were rinsed and dried in a closed desiccator for 24 h and stored in closed Petri dishes. Zeta potential of the clean membrane surface was measured using an electrophoretic light scattering spectrophotometer (ELS-8000, Ostuka Electronics, Osaka, Japan) [20; 21; 22]. Its value was determined from electrophoretic mobility measurements. Neutral polystyrene latex particles (diameter 520 nm, Otsuka Electronics, Osaka, Japan) were used for the measurement of mobility monitoring particles [23]. These were dispersed in a NaCl solution (1 mM) at pH 7.0 to prevent the interactions with, or adsorption on, the quartz cell surface. The water permeability of the clean membranes was evaluated using Amicon stirred cell (UFSC05001, Merck Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA) in dead-end mode with DI water at 1 bar.
## 1 Introduction  
According to current research in Saudi Arabia, the software as a service (SaaS) market is projected to grow around 16.8% from 2018 to 2024. Following the vision 2030, the focus is upon the growth of the non-oil sector; one of these is the Information Technology (IT) industry. The commercial enterprises, and industrial and manufacturing end-users, currently own the largest revenue share in SaaS in Saudi Arabia [1]. According to the newest worldwide statistics, the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) market is projected during the forecast period 2020 to 2024 to grow at a CAGR (compound annual growth rate) of 9% with a revenue of USD 19.52 billion [2]. ERP is an efficient way of automating and integrating processes all over the organization [3]. An ERP system is provided by a cloud service provider in the SaaS model [4]. The ERP systems are extensively used to manage the operation and processing of manufacturers and can systematically connect different departments of an organization [5]. Therefore, ERP is a highly demanded IT solution in several sectors growing in any country, such as hospitality, healthcare, banking, and manufacturing. Furthermore, ERP systems are essential for the survival of highly competitive business environments to accelerate managerial decisions [6].
## 2 Methodology  
This research is underpinned by [PERSON] optimal estimation theory [PERSON] (1965). The **x** is used as the state vector consisting of \(n\) elements (such as the CO\({}_{2}\) profile) to be retrieved from an observation vector **y**, which contains \(m\) measurements (such as the hyperspectral of the CO\({}_{2}\) band); then, **y** and **x** can be related as follows:  
\[\textbf{y}=\textbf{F}(\textbf{x})+\boldsymbol{\varepsilon} \tag{1}\]  
where the forward model **F** describes the physical processes that link the measurements to the atmospheric components. \(\boldsymbol{\varepsilon}\) represents the errors from both the observation process and the forward model. The purpose of retrieval is to resolve the state vector **x** from the satellite measurement vector **y**. The retrieved state vector \(\hat{\textbf{x}}\) with the maximum the _a posteriori_ probability can be obtained by making the simulations (F(**x**)) closer and closer to the measurements (**y**) in iteration loops based on [PERSON] theorem. This full physical inversion algorithm has been applied to various greenhouse gas and aerosol retrievals, both from space and the ground [PERSON] (1965); [PERSON] (1965); [PERSON] (1965); [PERSON] (1965). In this study instead of conducting any real retrieval process, such as simulation retrieval, we simply apply information content and linear error analysis, which was introduced by [PERSON] (1965).
## 3 Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithms
### Evolutionary Process
#### 3.5.1 Selection and Crossover Operators  
The ordered crossover (\(OX\)) is applied. At each iteration, a new population is generated by the process that selects two parent solutions \(P_{1}\) and \(P_{2}\) and generates children by applying the crossover operator. The selection is done following the binary tournament. For that, two solutions chosen randomly are compared. Then, the solution with the smallest rank is kept as \(P_{1}\). The same process is repeated to select \(P_{2}\). If two solutions belong to the same front, the crowded comparison prefers the one with the highest crowding distance.  
Two child-solutions are then created by crossing the two selected parents using the ordered crossover (\(OX\)) applied on each route. This is done as follows: a randomized crossover point is selected for each tour, then the two solutions are combined tour by tour to obtain two children. Figure 3 illustrates an example of the crossover operator. Crossing parents tour by tour allows us to meet the constraint related to vehicle skills (i.e., a client is visited by a vehicle offering its requested service). Nevertheless, the resulting child may be unfeasible in terms of customers/depot time windows, synchronization constraints, etc. Therefore, a repair procedure is called, and it is performed in three steps:  
* Removing duplicates: If some customer appears in different routes, one of the different copies is randomly retained.
* Updating time visits: Time windows and synchronization constraint violation is prohibited. When a customer is not visited during his/her time window, he/she is removed from the solution. When a vehicle time window is violated, customers causing the violation are removed starting by the last customer of the corresponding route and coming up sequentially backward even for customers to be synchronized, provided that timing constraints are not respected or if the customers to be synchronized are inserted in contradictory positions (Figure 4 shows an example of a contradictory position of clients \(i\) and \(j\) to be eliminated). The corresponding customer is then deleted, and the vehicle arrival time to the final depot is updated.
* Insertion of unsatisfied customers: All non-visited customers are considered and inserted in the first feasible position (the repair procedure explained at the end of Section 3.4 is used here).  
Note that, in our previous paper [PERSON] et al. (2018), feasibility tests implemented in constant time were proposed to check the feasibility of any insertion before its execution. These tests were applied here. In addition to the repair procedure, they were also used in the construction heuristic and in the local search.  
Since the number of routes is related to the number of available vehicles (which is limited to \(|K|\)), the number of crossover points is equal to the number of used vehicles. In the case of an empty route (which means that the route is not opened for the corresponding vehicle), the child route will be a copy of the parent route.  
Figure 3: Ordered crossover operator.
# Investigation of Impulse Aging of Energy-Absorption Elements for Hybrid DC Circuit Breakers
However, the research on the aging characteristics of MOVs used in hybrid DCCBs under the specific impulse current wave generated during the short-circuit fault is missing in the current literature. Impulse aging is normally a gradual process, and thermal stress is the primary cause of deterioration of the MOV valve sheet under impulse current [18]. This paper investigates the aging characteristics of the MOV under short-circuit impulse current by conducting accelerated impulse aging tests on MOV valve sheets placed indoors. Firstly, the dynamic simulation system of a hybrid DCCB was built according to the principle of similarity and per-unit value equality to investigate the short-circuit breaking process of the hybrid DCCB. Secondly, the impulse current waveform for testing was determined based on simulation results. An impulse aging test platform was designed and constructed on the basis of the parameters of the impulse current waveform to carry out accelerated impulse aging tests. Finally, the aging characteristics of the MOV under short-circuit impulse current were analyzed based on the macroscopic parameters, and the impulse aging effects on the MOV are analyzed based on examining the microstructure using a microscope.
# Implementing and Testing a U-Space System: Lessons Learnt
###### Abstract  
Within the framework of the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, one of the main goals of the Labyrinth project was to develop and test the Conflict Management services of a U-space-based Unmanned Traffic Management (UTM) system. The U-space concept of operations (ConOps) provides a high-level description of the architecture, requirements and functionalities of these systems, but the implementer has a certain degree of freedom in aspects like the techniques used or some policies and procedures. The current document describes some of those implementation decisions. The prototype included part of the services defined by the ConOps, namely e-identification, Tracking, Geo-awareness, Drone Aeronautical Information Management, Geo-fence Provision, Operation Plan Preparation/Optimization, Operation Plan Processing, Strategic Conflict Resolution, Tactical Conflict Resolution, Emergency Management, Monitoring, Traffic Information and Legal Recording. Moreover, a Web app interface was developed for the operator/pilot. The system was tested in simulations and real visual line of sight (VLOS) and beyond VLOS (BVLOS) flights, with both vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) and fixed-wing platforms, while assisting final users interested in incorporating drones to support their tasks. The development and testing of the environment provided lessons at different levels: functionalities, compatibility, procedures, information, usability, ground control station (GCS) integration and interview roles.  
U-space; UAV; UAS; RPAS; drone; BVLOS; UTM +
Footnote †: journal: Aerospace
# Phase Separation Study on the Storage of Technically Specification Natural Rubber Modified Bitumen
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Methods
#### 2.2.4 Storage Stability Simulation of TSNR-Modified Asphalt  
COMSOL Multiphysics version 5.5.0 was used to implement the storage stability of bitumen modified with TSNR. The simulation begins by drawing the geometry of the phase separation tube in two dimensions. The domain is described with a 90 mm \(\times\) 180 mm size using a triangular element meshing model. The domain is divided into three parts, namely, top, middle, and bottom. The boundary condition for this simulation is that the velocity (\(\mu\) and \(v\)) is made to be zero on all four sides, while the pressure is made to be zero on the top side. The initial value \(\phi\) is generated by a random function with a normal distribution with a mean value of 0.08 and a standard deviation of 0.005. This means that the natural rubber content in the simulated modified asphalt is 8% \(\pm\) 0.05% by volume. The mean value in the random function can be adjusted to the rubber content variable. To simulate flow driven by gravity in natural-rubber-modified asphalt at a temperature of 160 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the parameters required include mobility tuning parameters/mobility parameters between components contained in the modified asphalt. After the geometry has been designed, next in COMSOL, the materials that will be used in the simulation are selected. The materials used in the simulation are asphalt and natural rubber (poly-isoprene) to define TSNR materials. Next, the data required for asphalt and natural rubber materials (\(\rho\) and \(\rho\)P) and the dynamic viscosity of asphalt and natural rubber components (\(\mu\) and \(\mu\)P) are inputted. The values of \(\rho\), \(\rho\)P, \(\mu\), and \(\mu\)P can be obtained by experimental measurements or using references from publications.  
Furthermore, phase separation of TSNR-modified asphalt driven by gravity can be simulated by connecting it to the fluid flow model with the Incompressible Navier-Stokes equations combined with the phase field model. The Navier-Stokes equation for laminar flow uses a fluid flow model with the two-phase flow (laminar flow) type combined with the phase field model provided in COMSOL Multiphysics version 5.5.0. In simulating the phase separation of modified asphalt, which is influenced by gravity, it is necessary to ensure that the operating conditions are at a temperature of 160 \({}^{\circ}\)C and activate the gravity option in the laminar flow setting. In the phase field settings, to determine the parameters controlling interface thickness, the assumption is used that the value is half of the maximum mesh size (\(\mathrm{hmax}/2\)). If this value is too small, it can cause numerical instability, and if it is too large, the interface motion is not captured properly.
# A High-Efficiency Method of Mobile Positioning Based on Commercial Vehicle Operation Data
## 3 High-Efficiency Mobile Positioning Method
### Runtime Stage  
In this stage, the ID of the connected cell and RSSI of the OBU can be retrieved by the CVO server when GPS is unavailable. The cell-RSSI pair obtained with the cell ID and RSSI is then used to query the pre-deployment cloud database for real-time location determination.
# Sustainable Risk Identification Using Formal Ontologies +
## 3 Results
### Situation  
The case study situation details a risk assessment scenario which considers a newly disclosed vulnerability. It is based on real-life situations--specifically, the discovery and public disclosure of the vulnerability known as \"Log4 shell\" [33; 34]. The case study is designed as an alternative, what-if scenario of detecting risks associated with the vulnerability using OnToRisk.  
According to OnToRisk activity #3, the situation is captured as a collection of instantiations of the ontological concepts and relations (derived in activity #1 and reported in Section 3.1).  
The baseline situation captures the organisational situation with respect to its operational applications and their business context. Four applications exist:  
1. App1, which does not include Log4j as one of its software components;
2. App2, which includes Log4j as one of its software components;
3. App3, which includes Log4j as one of its software components and has access to the sensitive information item named ClientIDsList;
4. App4, which includes Log4j as one of its software components and supports the business function named OpenAccount.  
Now, consider the publication of a new Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) record, related to the Log4j component. This results in a new situation, captured in formal ontology form by adding the newly disclosed vulnerability into our ontology, as an instantiation of the \"Vulnerability\" concept. We name this entity \"Log4 shell.\" Additionally, the vulnerability is associated with the affected software component--Log4j--by adding a \"foundIn\" object property from the Log4 shell individual to the Log4j individual.