# Next-Generation Payment System for Device-to-Device Content and Processing Sharing
## 2 Background
From Table 1, it can be concluded that our work combines the five important features relevant to the use of blockchain in telecommunication networks. CC column identifies whether the related work includes a cryptocurrency creation. We have come across works that involve new cryptocurrency generation, although one work does not create a new cryptocurrency but utilizes an existing one. The IB column identifies whether the related work includes an incentive-based approach. This type of separation is needed because cryptocurrency generation does not always automatically include an incentive-based approach. The Telco column identifies the research that has applications in telecommunications. Except [33], all works are directly or indirectly related to telecommunications operating domain. By resource-sharing, we refer to the works involving a framework that rewards the end-user for sharing their resources. Finally, the last column labeled D2D points out whether the research includes device-to-device communication or not. The most relevant work to our setting seems to be [40], which includes incentive-based, accountable infrastructure sharing in 6G networks, but it does not propose any kind of cryptocurrency generation, rather moving forward with transparent accountable metering. Although the first study proposing D2D communication appeared in the literature in 2000 by [41], in order to enable multi-hop relays in cellular networks, the area gained interest after 2010. The main idea in D2D communication is to increase the efficiency of the limited resources in the cellular spectrum. Although there exist sparse use cases of D2D, the research in the area can be categorized into two main categories: (i) in-band and (ii) out-band communication [1]. In the former, both D2D and cellular communication takes place in the same channel. The D2D communication uses unlicensed spectrums and different communication architectures such as LTE-A, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth in the latter. While the researchers working on the former mostly study interference management and resource allocation, the researchers working on out-band communications concentrate on solving management problems of multiple channels and multiple radio interfaces. Successfully architectured D2D communication increases the performance of cellular networks in multiple ways. While the throughput of the system increases up to 300% in in-band communication [42], it increases up to 100 times in out-band communication [43]. Ref. [44] proposed a hierarchical routing algorithm to increase the lifetime of the sensors, alternatively reducing unit energy consumption. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Researchers** & **CC** & **IB** & **Telco** & **RS** & **D2D** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [33] & Yes & Yes & No & No & Yes \\ [PERSON] et al. [34] & No & Yes & Yes & No & Yes \\ [PERSON] [35] & No & No & Yes & No & No \\ [PERSON] et al. [36] & Yes (Existing) & Yes & Yes & Yes & No \\ [PERSON] et al. [37] & No & Yes & Yes & No & No \\ [PERSON] et al. [38] & No & Yes & Yes & No & No \\ [PERSON] et al. [39] & Yes & Yes & Yes & No & No \\ [PERSON] et al. [40] & No & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes \\ [PERSON] et al. [32] & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes & No \\ Our Work & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Contemporary studies involving cryptocurrency-based system studies. CC: Cryptocurrency; IB: Incentive-based; Telco:Telecommunications Area; RS: Resource-sharing; D2D: Device-to-Device Communication. Recently, massive data transfer and energy efficiency is gaining the attention of researchers. Ref. [45] proposed a content distribution architecture utilizing out-band channels in addition to a cellular network. The study shows that the proposed architecture reduces energy consumption by a factor of 8, while increasing the throughput 50-fold by utilizing a caching mechanism on the base station and sharing video content with nearby devices/peers. Similarly, ref.