# Mathematical Models for Named Data Networking Producer Mobility Techniques: A Review
## 2 NDN Architecture and Mobility Component
Some methods, like the locator-free technique in NDN, employ DNS as a mechanism but implement it distinctly [67]. The level of complexity in NDN mobility is like that of IP mobility. Flood-based strategies entail the distribution of material by transmitting it to every node inside the network. Although this strategy is uncomplicated and distributed, it has the potential to result in excessive repetition and congestion. When developing mathematical models for flood-based mobility, optimizing the dissemination process to minimize unnecessary costs and enhance the network's overall efficiency is essential. Hence, the evaluation criteria should encompass scalability, latency, and bandwidth utilization [68]. Multicast-based methodologies strive to reach particular consumer groups selectively, optimizing the distribution of material to individuals who share an interest in the same information [69]. Meanwhile, mobile-centric strategies prioritize adjusting to the ever-changing motion of producers within the network [70]. Designing efficient congestion management systems is crucial to mitigating network congestion, packet loss, and overall performance deterioration due to the increasing data traffic. Congestion control optimizes resource allocation, boosts network stability, and optimizes the quality of service for customers. Here, the Interest Rate Estimation (IRE) is suggested as an adequate congestion control strategy in NDN. Considering the current network conditions, the IRE algorithm automatically adapts the rate at which interests are transmitted to avoid congestion. It uses feedback from routers to determine the network's capacity and adapt the rate of interest expression accordingly [71]. Other than that, it also seeks to prevent congestion by adjusting the interest expression rate before network conditions change. Integrating IRE into the NDN architecture can improve congestion control capabilities. The adaptability of IRE is in line with the content-centric nature of NDN, where interestsare expressed based on content names rather than IP addresses. The dynamic adjustment of interest rates in support of NDN's focus on efficient content retrieval is a key feature. IRE's proactive rate adjustment helps alleviate congestion by aligning interest expression rates with network capacity, thereby reducing packet drops and the need for retransmissions. Consequently, congestion control strategies like IRE contribute to improved Quality of Service (QoS) for NDN users. Future research endeavors involve comparing IRE's performance with conventional congestion control strategies in IP-based networks, evaluating its effectiveness in various network settings, considering factors like producer mobility and content popularity, and addressing potential implementation challenges, such as scalability issues and conflicts with other NDN functionalities. These efforts aim to refine and optimize IRE as a congestion management technique within the evolving landscape of NDN. In contrast, NDN obtains data instead of routing packets to a mobile node. It is necessary to support producer mobility to accommodate the data generated by a mobile producer. The mobility technique employed by rendezvous, often referred to as mobile producer chasing, is utilized to ascertain the location of a mobile producer. Note that a mobile producer's primary function is to extract data from a mobile network. An additional option is to utilize the rendezvous technique to enhance the identification of mobile data. This recently developed technique can use NDN data-centric nature in two distinct manners. Each data packet in NDN possesses distinct identification and is secure, enabling its extraction from the initial mobile producer to transmit data to a reliable and conveniently reachable location. Data rendezvous can be decoupled from the mobile producer for applications that generate data in a particular location. These strategies vary in their approach to managing the locator and optimizing the operation of mobile host handover.