# Bricks Using Clay Mixed with Powder and Ashes from Lignocellulosic Biomass: A Review
## 1 Introduction
Despite the difference in the percentages of waste used, as well as the firing temperature in the different studies carried out, Ref. [5] found an increase in absorption, thermal resistance, and a decrease in compressive strength by increasing the percentage of waste used in the manufacture of fired bricks. The effect of flux oxides from wastes on shaping technique (extusion, pressing, and molding) and brick production (molding pressure, soaking time, and firing temperature) as well as on fired clay brick physical and mechanical properties were studied by [6]. As a result of the heat treatment, the heavy metals contained in these wastes stabilize in the clay silicate structures, thus reducing their leaching potential. However, much of the research attention has been concentrated on unfired clay bricks [7; 8; 9; 10; 11]. This is mainly because of the environmentally friendly manufacturing process and secondly because of the relatively low energy consumption. [PERSON]. [8] studied the stabilization effect of waste, mainly ash, industrial waste, and mineral waste by cement binders (lime/cement) or chemical binders in the manufacture of fired bricks. They stated that strategy, time, speed, and material by mixing, method of compaction, method of curing, and type and quantity of binder are key parameters for obtaining good physical and mechanical quality of the final product elaborated. It is important to note that recent developments in the unfired brick industry are oriented toward geopolymer bricks. Against this background, [PERSON]. [7] presented an examination of the development of geopolymer bricks by alkaline activation of industrial waste. Compared to conventional bricks, alkali-activated geopolymer bricks have been found to be stronger, more durable, and more environmentally friendly, especially since they are produced with a high waste content without the addition of a cementitious binder. In addition, Refs. [9; 10] were interested in fired and unfired bricks reinforced by different wastes and materials and they particularly focused on their physical, thermal, and mechanical properties. However, the primary goal of the current review paper is the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass ash when used as a substitute material for the production of fired and unfired bricks. A significant amount of this waste is produced annually by the burning of various types and forms of solid biofuels that are fed into boilers, stoves, and furnaces [11,12]. Incorporating ash into ceramic production would be a promising way to lessen the dangers associated with this kind of waste's impact on the environment, ease the strain on clay resources, and cut down on energy use and carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, one tries to give a thorough overview of the various raw materials used, the various processes of making fired and unfired bricks, and the various physical, thermal, and mechanical properties. All this was carried out without neglecting the environmental positive impact when investigating using the ash during the production of new bricks to facilitate their integration into the building material markets.