# Effects of the October 2024 Storm over the Global Ionosphere
## 6 Conclusions  
The present study analyzed the global ionospheric response of the geomagnetic storm recorded on 10-11 October, with a minimum SYM-H index of \(-\)346 nT. Observations revealed a substantial dayside uplift of the ionospheric F-region, evident in increased hmF2 across both Hemispheres, while foF2 remained relatively stable except for localized enhancements during the storm's early phase. On the nightside, particularly in the Southern Hemisphere, a significant reduction in foF2 was accompanied by persistent uplift, indicating intensified recombination due to thermospheric composition changes. These responses were modulated by strong equatorward neutral winds and enhanced PPEFs driven by sustained southward IMF-Bz, which induced a large dawn-to-dusk electric field. These fields generated intensified E\(\times\)B drifts exceeding 100 m/s in some regions, lifting F-region plasma to higher altitudes and latitudes, thereby enhancing plasma redistribution and contributing to the equatorial super-fountain effect. In situ measurements from Swarm and vertical drift data from Digisondes confirmed these dynamics and revealed a poleward expansion of the EIA with pronounced Hemispheric asymmetries, linked to differential particle precipitation, Joule heating, and variations in Hall conductivity. Additionally, LSTID activity was detected during all phases of the storm, propagating equatorward under the combined influence of storm-time electric fields (PPEFs and DDEFs), enhanced westward winds, and ion-neutral coupling. These drivers, intensified by high-latitude Joule heating and particle precipitation, altered thermospheric circulation and composition, creating favourable conditions for the generation, amplification, and equatorward extension of LSTIDs. The study also identified storm-induced EPBs over Southeast Asia during the main phase, likely triggered by enhanced PPEFs and PRE, followed by suppression during the recovery phase--consistent with super EPB dynamics observed in previous geomagnetic storms. Conceptualization, H.H. and K.S.P. ; methodology, H.H. ; software, M.M. ; validation, K.S.P., H.H. and M.M. ; formal analysis, K.S.P. and M.M. ; investigation, H.H., K.S.P. and M.M. ; resources, H.H. ; data curation, M.M., K.S.P. and S.C.T. ; writing--original draft preparation, K.S.P. and H.H. ; writing--review and editing, H.H. and K.S.P. ; visualization, K.S.P. ; supervision, H.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research received no external funding. The original data presented in the study are openly available in the COSMIC RO data and are provided by the COSMIC Data Analysis and Archive Center [[https://data.cosmic.ucar.edu/gnss-ro/cosmic2/provisional/spaceWeather/](https://data.cosmic.ucar.edu/gnss-ro/cosmic2/provisional/spaceWeather/)]([https://data.cosmic.ucar.edu/gnss-ro/cosmic2/provisional/spaceWeather/](https://data.cosmic.ucar.edu/gnss-ro/cosmic2/provisional/spaceWeather/)) (DOI: 10.5065/353-c093) accessed on 24 April 2025. The data for the madrigal global TEC maps are openly available at [[http://cedar.openmadrigal.org](http://cedar.openmadrigal.org)]([http://cedar.openmadrigal.org](http://cedar.openmadrigal.org)) accessed on 24 April 2025. Openly available Swarm Data was accessed from [[https://vires.services/](https://vires.services/)]([https://vires.services/](https://vires.services/)) on 9-11 October 2024 (accessed on 24 April 2024). Openly available Digital Plasma Drift data (DRIFTBase) of the Global Ionospheric Radio Observatory (GIRO) portal ([[https://lgdc.uml.edu/common/DFDFDFastStationList](https://lgdc.uml.edu/common/DFDFDFastStationList)]([https://lgdc.uml.edu/common/DFDFDFastStationList](https://lgdc.uml.edu/common/DFDFDFastStationList)) accessed on 23 April 2025). The openly available geomagnetic indices data are accessible at [[https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/](https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/)]([https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/](https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/)) (accessed on 23 April 2025).