esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Precise Identification of Coal Thickness by Channel Wave Based on a Hybrid Algorithm
## 2 Description of the Method
### Parametric Model  
First, the detection region is discretized into grids, and the channel wave's propagation path can be approximated by a straight line, considering the channel wave's high propagation velocity and the working face's relatively small size. In the process of tomography, the \(i\)th ray's travel time \(t_{i}\) can be expressed as:  
\[t_{i}=\sum_{j=1}^{N}a_{ij}s_{j} \tag{1}\]  
where \(a_{ij}\) is the intercept of the \(i\)th ray in the \(j\)th grid, and \(s_{j}\) is the slowness value of the \(j\)th grid. Assuming that the total number of rays is \(M\) and the total number of grids is \(N\), the travel time equation of all ray paths can be expressed as follows:  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{c}a_{11}s_{1}+a_{12}s_{2}+\ldots+a_{1N}s_{N}=t_{1}\\ a_{21}s_{1}+a_{22}s_{2}+\ldots+a_{2N}s_{N}=t_{2}\\ \ldots\\ a_{M1}s_{1}+a_{M2}s_{2}+\ldots+a_{MN}s_{N}=t_{M}\end{array}\right. \tag{2}\]  
It can also be expressed as:  
\[\text{T}=\text{A}\cdot\text{S} \tag{3}\]  
where T is the \(M\) dimensional time vector acquired from the seismic survey; A is the (\(M\)*\(N\)) matrix operator which is the intercept of each ray in all meshes; and S is the \(N\)-dimensional slowness vector, which is the goal of tomographic inversion.  
In this paper, we need to obtain the value of S when the objective function (\(f\)) reaches the global minimum, and \(f\) is defined as the root mean square error (\(RMSE\)) between the computed and the picked time:  
\[f=\sqrt{\frac{1}{M}{\sum_{i=1}^{M}{(t_{i}-\sum_{j=1}^{N}{a_{ij}s_{j}})^{2}}}} \tag{4}\]
# A Methodology to Evaluate Standards and Platforms within Cyber Threat Intelligence
## 6 Discussion  
To achieve great cyber threat detection and preventive capabilities, most organizations need to rely on available open source TI platforms. Similarly, these platforms need consolidated standards to provide an automated, shareable and reliable service. Thus, it is essential to analyze the features and operation modes of these two strands of the threat intelligence domain.  
By evaluating some common TI standards, it is notorious that STIX, combined with TAXII features, can be considered the most holistic and applicable one. In addition, statistics show that it also is the most used standard among organizations [45]. Therefore, an important step is a definitive consolidation of this standard, so the goal of establishing broad integration and interoperability between organizations can be accomplished. Besides, the definition of an accepted standard can provide the optimization of processing, analysis and sharing tasks performed by TI platforms because it focuses efforts on a predefined data model and one based on STIX would certainly be holistic and very applicable.  
Regarding the TI platform analysis, several interesting solutions were found. Some of them focus on providing speed and performance, others brought great efforts on the visualization of the information, while a few implement a little bit of each feature. As a matter of fact, diverse types of systems, with different goals, are defined as threat intelligence platforms. This probably derives from the fact that there is currently no standardized definition for the concept or process of cyber threat intelligence. As CTI is a very extensive domain, it would be relevant to establish scopes to better characterize the platforms available, making it easier to decide which platforms are best applied in each use case.  
Taking into consideration that TI platforms have different goals, it can be said that currently there is no fully complete platform, with the capacity to attend all the CTI processes adopted in this work. Thus, a possibility to expand and optimize the results obtained with the application of the CTI processes would be the integration between different TI platforms, with complementary objectives. Adopting this perspective, it is possible to reconcile different aspects such as performance and visual mechanism, achieving a fully developed CTI process, which provides everything from data collection to the transformation of data into actionable intelligence.  
For the reasons discussed it is still necessary to carry out research and work in order to characterize the concept of CTI in a more specific way. Not only a definition should be established, but also the processes that are involved in this domain. Thereby, the wide range of systems available, denominated as TI platforms, could be better used and applied, and new systems that will be developed could be better designed, being able to adopt specific and more optimized processes or a complete approach that fulfills all predefined requirements for creating threat intelligence.
# Investigating Master-Slave Architecture for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network
## 4 System Model
### Holding Time and Activation Time Calculation
#### 4.11.2 Holding Time (HT) Calculation  
Holding time is the time slot for which a node possesses a data packet and the time in which it broadcasts the control packet in the range of 2000 m. It is known that all nodes have the data packet, but they are bounded to hear for control packet call from their priority master node. This call is only in the case when the former node is ready to send the packet forward. If any of these masters do not receive the control packet from their ex-master, it means the master that is next in the priority list is now eligible for forwarding the packet. This transfer of control on the master's level only happens whenever a node encounters an energy hole or void hole on its way. Equations (14)-(16) are the holding time equations for \(M1\), \(M2\), and \(M3\), respectively.  
\[HT_{M1} =AT_{M1}+PDC_{2000} \tag{12}\] \[HT_{M2} =AT_{M2}+PDC_{2000}\] (13) \[HT_{M3} =AT_{M3}+PDC_{2000} \tag{14}\]
## 2 Related Work
### Source Location Privacy Protection in WSNs  
In the early 2000s, a series of seminal works contributed to advancing the concept of source location privacy in wireless sensor networks. In 2004, [PERSON] et al. proposed the concept of source location privacy for the first time [16], mainly discussing the problem of protecting the source sensor location privacy in energy-constrained sensor networks, and proposed a flexible routing strategy named \"phantom routing\". Building on this foundation, [PERSON] et al. discussed the problem of optimal privacy protection probability routing in wireless networks. They proposed a novel privacy protection routing algorithm (OPERA) [17], aiming to optimize routing protocol privacy while considering utility constraints. Subsequently, they discussed the privacy utility trade-off issue and proposed a statistical decision-making framework to solve this problem. However, this method requires a lot of prior knowledge of location privacy routing, which is not easy to apply.  
Continuing the exploration of privacy-preserving routing strategies, [PERSON] et al. proposed a protection scheme based on Sector Phantom Routing (PSSPR) [18]. By utilizing the coordinates of the central node V to divide the sector area, phantom nodes execute the specific routing strategy to ensure that they can choose a variety of locations. Directed random routing ensures that data packets avoid visible areas when they move to the receiving node one by one and protects the source location privacy. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. proposed a multi-path source location privacy protection scheme based on proxy nodes [19]. The sensor network is divided into four quadrants, and the source node initiates constrained flooding and directed routing algorithms to keep data packets away from the source location. By employing greedy quantitative routing, h-hop directional routing, and multi-path irregular spiral routing, the scheme makes it more difficult for attackers to backtrack paths, achieving a high level of privacy protection for the source location.  
In a related development, [PERSON] et al. proposed a game theory-based mobile location privacy protection [20], showing the necessity of game theory in solving the problem of mobile location privacy, proposed the classification of location privacy games among adversaries, data owners and collectors, and investigated and summarized the game models and equilibrium analysis in mobile location privacy. However, the authors treat service providers in mobile networks as untrustworthy, and each data owner needs to consider its own location privacy, which may lead to insufficient attention to the trust problem of service providers, and most of the privacy games are non-cooperative. Although significant progress has been made in wireless sensor networks, these source location privacy protection methods are not directly applicable to underwater network environments.
## 2 Related Work
### Methods of RBAC Authorizations  
In order to obtain permissions while satisfying a collection of constraints for a given authorization request, it is necessary to determine whether a set of roles can be activated in a particular system. [PERSON] et al. presented the user authorization query (UAQ) problem that adopts a greedy algorithm and a mutually-exclusive-role constraint to search for the objects. The UAQ is to discover a set of roles to be activated in a single session for the particular set of permissions requested by the user [27]. This set of roles must satisfy constraints and follow the least-privileges principle. However, it stops searching once the set of roles does not satisfy the requests. [PERSON] et al. [37] introduced the lower and upper bounds for the requested permissions, respectively, converting the UAQ into the MAX-SAT, finding truth assignments that satisfied as many clauses as possible, and demonstrating its effectiveness using SAT solvers. [PERSON] et al. [28] proposed a novel approach based on role-permission reassignments to support the UAQ, which assists administrators to modify system configurations in an automatic manner. [PERSON] et al. [38] presented partial MAX-SAT solver QMaxSAT, which encodes soft clauses with the blocking variables and has been proven to be highly effective. Partial MAX-SAT is an extension of MAX-SAT. It sits between the classical SAT problem and the MAX-SAT problem. While the classical SAT problem requires all clauses to be satisfied, MAX-SAT seeks the maximum number of clauses that can be satisfied, and partial MAX-SAT relaxes this requirement by having certain clauses marked as relaxable and others as nonrelaxable [29].  
Obviously, from the above analyses, we can see that there are two limitations in the current research on role-mining optimization. One limitation is that none of them consider the separation-of-duty constraint. If a constructed RBAC system lacks several necessary constraints, then a series of security requirements of the organization are not realized. The second limitation is that they lack security detections for role authorization in the constructed RBAC system. Different results may violate the separation-of-duty constraint and/or the least-privileges principle.
###### Abstract  
This paper presents a nanosecond-fiber-laser-based method for manufacturing polycrystalline-diamond (PCD) tool blanks. The effects of variations in the process path and operating parameters on the cut-surface morphology and surface-quality of the processed PCD workpieces have been analyzed. The results obtained in this study reveal the reactive fusion cutting mechanism to yield a processing depth of 155.2 \(\upmu\)m at 30-W average laser power, 200-ns pulse width, and 30-kHz pulse frequency. The successful cutting of a 1.2-mm-thick PCD workpiece via implementation of the horizontal-shifting and vertical layer-by-layer processing methods is reported. Compared to the wire-electrical-discharge machining (WEDM), the proposed approach yields superior cut-surface roughness (Ra = 0.378 \(\upmu\)m). Moreover, the laser processing was performed on a single-axis curved stage, on which the workpiece placed at an inclination during laser cutting and finishing. Thus, a PCD insert with an orthogonally cut edge, flat and pit-free finishing surface, and excellent tool-surface roughness (Ra = 0.202 \(\upmu\)m) was obtained, thereby verifying the feasibility of the proposed approach. Furthermore, it is evident that the nanosecond-fiber laser can be used to not only cut and finish PCD inserts but also produce PCD workpieces oriented at different rake and clearance angles.  
polycrystalline diamond tool; PCD; nanosecond pulsed laser; fiber laser; laser cutting; laser finishing; PCD inserts Article
## 3 DI-distributed Localization (DIL) Algorithm
### Localization Error Determination
It is to be noted that a normal node also receives RSSI value from other beacon nodes \(B\) and \(C\). Taking \(S_{B}\) as the RSSI value of beacon node \(B\), the probability of wrong identification of a transmission arriving from beacon node \(B\) with respect to beacon nodes \(A\) and \(C\) can be expressed analytically as follows,  
\[P_{B\to A}=P(f_{B}(S_{B})<f_{A}(S_{B})) \tag{10}\]  
and  
\[P_{B\to C}=P(f_{B}(S_{B})<f_{C}(S_{B})) \tag{11}\]  
Similarly, the probability of wrong identification of a transmission arriving from beacon node \(C\) with respect to beacon nodes \(A\) and \(B\) can be expressed analytically as follows,  
\[P_{C\to A}=P(f_{C}(S_{C})<f_{A}(S_{C})) \tag{12}\]  
and  
\[P_{C\to B}=P(f_{C}(S_{C})<f_{B}(S_{C})) \tag{13}\]  
As given in Equations (8)-(13), probability of erroneous localization can be measured in a probabilistic location determination system, which can be used further to reduce the localization error as described in the following subsection.
# Blind Recognition of Frame Synchronization Based on Deep Learning
## 2 Algorithm Description  
The deep-learning-based blind frame synchronization recognition algorithm's workflow is illustrated in Figure 1, which includes binary data preprocessing, image sample construction, frame synchronization recognition network training, network testing, and frame synchronization recognition. Firstly, in the preprocessing stage of binary data, we do a flat-top interpolation on the data and construct a series of matrixs with columns near the interpolated frame's length and transform them into grayscale images. As the synchronization codes in different rows are only staggered by a small distance, the grayscale image shows obvious stripes. Then for each grayscale image, combine it with the scaling factor based on the size of the matrix to construct an RGB image, which is one of the samples in the data set. In the training stage, we label RGB images by their frame lengths, frame synchronization code types or both of them and train recognition networks for different labels. When a binary data sequence of unknown parameters is received, we use it to construct multiple RGB images of different sizes, and then send them to the trained network model for classification recognition, and obtain the classification results for the frame parameters of each image. Finally, we take the categories, quantities, and recognition probabilities into consideration to make a final recognition decision.
## 2 Preliminary Review  
### Review of the Building Design Processes  
As shown in Figure 2, the existing architectural design process consists of Pre-Design, Schematic Design, Detailed Design, Construction Document, Construction Stage, and Post Occupancy (Maintenance) processes. In the general architectural design process, the design focuses on the form and function of the building in the basic design stage, and then the structural design for the stability of the building is performed in the detailed design stage. In this process, consideration of high-efficiency facilities and eco-friendly elements which is necessary to enhance the possibilities of achieving a zero energy building are of low importance [1].  
Currently, a new methodology is being used to design green buildings. The American Institute of Architects has also continued its efforts to develop new design methodologies and design standards for sustainable architecture [1]. The International Energy Agency (IEA) shows the commonly used integrated design process (Figure 3). This is a design process in which experts in the energy field cooperate from the initial design stage to develop alternatives, compare them with the set goals, and develop them again [2,3]. Only after this stage did the possibility of implementing a zero-energy building begin to gradually increase [4]. Previous research has been conducted to refine the integrated building design process. Each step in the building planning process in the University of British Columbia's Green Building Design Program can be associated with each step of the architectural design process shown in Figure 3. This process consists of seven steps, from the first step of the program planning and site selection to the seventh step of creating specifications and construction drawings [5].  
Figure 1: Research process.  
Figure 2: Conventional building design process.  
In Korea, the ecological architectural design process considers an integrated building design process [6]. The content of this process focuses on the design stage that has a great influence on the environmental and energy performance of a building, and deals with design, initial work, conceptual design, basic design, and integrated design [7].  
In this study, in order to derive the necessary process of zero-energy building planning, the related items were extracted by separating the contents related to the energy production and consumption of the building from the previously considered building design process (Table 1).  
From the comparison of common elements of the design processes, the process of implementing a zero-energy building should first optimize the application of passive methods to minimize the use of cooling and heating energy. Next, the energy used by the building should be minimized by supplying the energy required for the functioning of the building through the production of renewable energy.
# Energy Performance of LR-FHSS: Analysis and Evaluation
## 4 Current Consumption Model of an LR-FHSS ED  
In this section, we present analytical models for crucial energy performance parameters of an LR-FHSS ED, such as average current consumption, battery lifetime, and energy cost of data transmission. We assume that the ED transmits application data periodically, which emulates the behavior of many sensors. We also assume Class A LoRaWAN operation, considering that its support is mandatory for LoRaWAN equipment and it is also the most popular in LoRaWAN due to its energy efficiency compared to the other classes [4]. This section is organized into three subsections. The first one describes the experimental scenario that we have used in order to perform the current consumption measurements our model is based on. The other two subsections provide the LR-FHSS ED current consumption model along with the battery lifetime and energy cost of data transmission for confirmed and unconfirmed transmission, respectively.  
Figure 4: LR-FHSS PHY frame structure.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline DR index & 8 & 9 & 10 & 11 \\ \hline Operating channel width (OCW) [kHz] & 137 & & 336 \\ \hline Occupied bandwidth (OBW) [Hz] & & & 488 & \\ \hline Minimum separation between hopping channels (grid) [kHz] & & & 3.9 & \\ \hline Number of usable physical channels per LR-FHSS transmission & 35 & & 86 \\ \hline Available physical channels for frequency hopping & 280 (8 \(\times\) 35) & 688 (8 \(\times\) 86) \\ \hline Coding rate (CR) & 1/3 & 2/3 & 1/3 & 2/3 \\ \hline Physical bit rate [bps] & 162 & 325 & 162 & 325 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: LR-FHSS PHY parameters for region EU863-870.
# Removal of Cochineal Dye Color through Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Discharge Jet
## 4 Conclusions  
The results of this research demonstrated that the use of an atmospheric-pressure plasma jet (APPJ) on cochineal dye is effective in removing its color. The research revealed that the decoloring process occurs within the initial ten minutes of treatment and comprises two distinguishable stages characterized by first-order kinetics. Throughout the entire ten-minute treatment, almost 90% of the dye color was eliminated due to the reaction between the reactive species (O\({}_{3}\), H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\), NO\({}_{2}\)\({}^{-}\), and NO\({}_{3}\)\({}^{-}\)) and the dye molecules. This reaction results in the formation of a highly acidic liquid solution, which can be attributed to the oxidative degradation of the dye. These findings are significant because they demonstrate that APPJ plasma has potential for color removal in various industrial applications, particularly in the textile and paint industries. However, further research is required to investigate the effects of plasma parameters on the degradation of different types of dyes and the environmental impact of the plasma-treated dye samples.  
Conceptualization: A.Q.-Q. and J.Q.-M.; methodology: J.Q.-M., C.V.L. and V.A.P.R.; software: A.Q.-Q. and L.F.P.-F.; validation: J.Q.-M. and A.Q.-Q.; formal analysis: C.V.L. and A.Q.-Q.; investigation: C.V.L., A.Q.-Q., J.Q.-M. and V.A.P.R; data curation: A.Q.-Q. and J.Q.-M.; writing--original draft preparation: A.Q.-Q. and L.F.P.-F.; writing--review and editing: J.Q.-M., C.V.L., A.Q.-Q. and V.A.P.R.; supervision: A.Q.-Q.; project administration: A.Q.-Q. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was partially funded by VRIN-UNAMBA (2021) under project N\({}^{\circ}\). 2305002 and VRIP-UNMSM-PNESTP-MINEDU (2021) under project N\({}^{\circ}\). B21130991 me.  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available in article.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest that could inappropriately influence their work. They have no financial or personal relationships with other individuals or organizations that may present conflicts of interest. There are no forms of employment, consultancies, cases of stock ownership, honoraria, paid expert testimones, patent applications/registrations, funds, or grants related to this work.
###### Abstract  
At present, the incorporation of microalgae into bread and related cereal products has attracted attention due to their potential for enhancing nutritional profiles and their impact on health. In this study, 4% of _Chlorella vulgaris_, _Phaeodactylum tricornutum_, and _Tetraselmis chuii_ were added into wheat flour to produce bread and assesses their impact on the dough rheology behaviour, quality performance, nutritive value, and bioactive profile of bread. The results showed that _T. chuii_ strengthened the dough network, whereas _P. tricornutum_ exerted minimal influence. Notably, the incorporation of _C. vulgaris_ induced a pronounced weakening of the protein network within the dough matrix, leading to disruptions in dough structure and subsequent alterations in starch gelatinisation and retrogradation. These changes lead to a reduction in the bread volume (22.7%) and a corresponding increase in its firmness when _C. vulgaris_ was added. In contrast, _T. chuii_ and _P. tricornutum_ had no significant effect on bread volume. All microalgae species caused the dark green colour of the bread and enhanced the bread nutritional composition, namely in terms of protein content (14.7% increase in _C. vulgaris_ bread) and mineral profile. The breads containing _T. chuii_ exhibited a noticeable increase in both total phenolic content (from 7.22 in the control to 38.52 (ug GAE/g)) and antioxidant capacity (from 117.29 to 591.96 (ug TEAC/g) measured by FRAP).  
microalgae; wheat bread; Mixolab; rheology; texture; bioactivity; volatile organic compounds +
Footnote †: journal: Applied  
Article  
Enhancing the Protein, Mineral Content, and Bioactivity of Wheat Bread through the Utilisation of Microalgal Biomass: A Comparative Study of _Chlorella vulgaris_, _Phaeodactylum tricornutum_, and _Tetraselmis chuii_