# Password Managers--It's All about Trust and Transparency
## 4 Results
### Online Questionnaire Study
#### 4.3.1 Non-Users of Password Managers
Importantly, the last reasons chosen by non-user participants from the list are related to usability, as only 14.9% chose \"it is difficult to use a password manager\" while 17.9% selected \"it is difficult to recover the account if I forget the master password\". These results show that non-user participants did not mainly abstain from using a password manager because of usability issues but rather due to trust issues, followed by a lack of transparency and security concerns toward password managers. However, only four non-user participants (non-experts) stated that they do not know what a password manager is, while one participant said that they could not be bothered to put in the work to make it happen. Overall, the reasons most chosen by experts and non-experts are related to trust when compared to security and transparency, while reasons related to usability were chosen least by both groups. Thus, we identified the reasons for the low adoption rate of password managers in numbers and percentages (Table 20). To determine if having an education related to computer science or information security is an important factor in abstaining from using password managers for 66 expert non-users and 68 non-expert non-users (for choosing and not choosing 13 reasons), we performed an analysis using a Pearson Chi-Square test (Table 20). We found that there were no significant differences between expert non-users and non-expert non-users for 11 reasons as _p_-values were greater than 0.05. For example, \"I do not trust the browser extension to fill in my passwords\" was chosen by 30 experts \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Reasons** & **Experts** & **Non-Experts** & **Overall** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Chi** \\ **Value** \\ \end{tabular} & _p-Value 0.05_ \\ \hline It is difficult to use a password manager. & 6 & 14 & 20/14.9\% & 3.487 & Not Sig 0.062 \\ \hline It is hard to update passwords. & 1 & 6 & 7/5.2\% & 3.613 & Not Sig 0.057 \\ \hline It is difficult to recover my account if I forget my master password. & 12 & 12 & 24/17.9\% & 0.007 & Not Sig 0.936 \\ \hline I do not trust the browser extension of a password manager to fill in my passwords. & 30 & 26 & 56/41.8\% & 0.718 & Not Sig 0.397 \\ \hline I do not trust vendor of a password manager to store my passwords. & 38 & 18 & 56/41.8\% & 13.321 & Sig _p_\(<\) 0.001 \\ \hline A password manager will not delete my password permanently from its database after I delete it from my account/vault. & 18 & 14 & 32/23.9\% & 0.823 & Not Sig 0.364 \\ \hline My passwords will be synchronized to my other devices using the vendor’s services. & 14 & 13 & 27/20.1\% & 0.091 & Not Sig 0.763 \\ \hline I do not know where my passwords will be stored in a password manager. & 28 & 23 & 51/38.1\% & 1.051 & Not Sig 0.305 \\ \hline I do not know how my online passwords will be processed in a password manager. & 15 & 15 & 30/22.4\% & 0.009 & Not Sig 0.926 \\ \hline All my passwords will be leaked if the database of a password manager is hacked. & 30 & 18 & 48/35.8\% & 5.250 & Sig _p_\(<\) 0.022 \\ \hline If my master password is compromised/stolen, all my passwords will be exposed. & 19 & 16 & 35/26.1\% & 0.480 & Not Sig 0.488 \\ \hline People who use my computer will be able to login to my password manager. & 14 & 19 & 33/24.6\% & 0.817 & Not Sig 0.366 \\ \hline If a password manager fails to work, I will not be able to retrieve my online passwords. & 23 & 16 & 39/29.1\% & 2.080 & Not Sig 0.149 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 20: Number of times each reason was selected by 66 experts and 68 non-experts, which also means these reasons were not selected by the remaining experts and non-experts. The table shows the overall time and percentage of reasons selected by both groups. A Pearson Chi-Square test was used to check for a significant difference between 66 experts and 68 non-experts for not using a password manager, it shows a Pearson Chi-Square value and a _p_-value for each reason selected/not selected by both groups.