esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Development of Task-Space Nonholonomic Motion Planning Algorithm Based on Lie-Algebraic Method
## 2 Model and Algorithm
**Algorithm 1** nonholonomic motion planning within a task-space  
Comments on Algorithm 1:  
* A nonholonomic motion planning in a configuration space is achieved by setting the identity output function (2). * A selected parameterization (7), Step 4, can vary from one iteration to another. Usually, one or at most a few parameterizations can be exploited, and vectors \(\alpha(\mathbf{u}(\mathbf{p}))\) from Equation (5) can be computed in an off-line mode. * In Step 7, a minimal requirement was formulated, i.e., a new end-point of trajectory in the task-space should be closer to the goal than it was in the previous iteration. More restrictive requirement assumes that it should also be close enough to the planned sub-goal \(\mathbf{x}_{c}+\Delta\mathbf{x}\). * Singularities in solving (11) result from a rank deficiency of the Jacobi matrix, derived from the right hand side of (11) \[\mathbf{\dot{J}}(\mathbf{p})=\frac{\partial(\mathbf{J}(\mathbf{q}_{c})\mathbf{F}(\mathbf{p}))}{ \partial\mathbf{p}}=\mathbf{J}(\mathbf{q}_{c})\frac{\partial\mathbf{F}(\mathbf{p})}{\partial\mathbf{p}}.\] (13)  
Thus, singularities may arise  
1. either due to a rank deficiency of \(\mathbf{J}(\mathbf{q}_{c})\) (they are avoidable by a small variation of controls which results in a small shift of \(\mathbf{q}_{c}\))2. or a rank deficiency of the Jacobi matrix \(\partial\mathbf{F}(\mathbf{p})/\partial\mathbf{p}\) at the current \(\mathbf{p}_{c}\). Equivalent to the matrix \(\partial\alpha(\mathbf{u}(\mathbf{p}))/\partial\mathbf{p}\), cf. Equations (5), (7), and (8) as the full rank matrix \(\mathbf{H}_{trunc}(\mathbf{q}_{c})\) cannot introduce singularities at all, cf. Equation (4). * In Step 5, the positive coefficient \(\xi\) should not be too large, as values of matrices \(\mathbf{J}(\mathbf{q}_{c})\), \(\mathbf{H}_{trunc}(\mathbf{q}_{c})^{T}\) are computed at the current configuration \(\mathbf{q}_{c}\) and neglecting some vector fields, while truncation \(\mathbf{H}\to\mathbf{H}_{trunc}\), is justified only locally. Its value cannot be too small either, as many iterations might be required to complete the algorithm. * In motion planning within a task-space with \(r<n\), it is impossible to avoid planning within a configuration space, as the mapping (2) is not unique in this case.
# Vibration Response Analysis of Overhead System Regarding Train-Track-Bridge Dynamic Interaction
## 3 Coupling Vibration Analysis of Train-Track-Overhead System
### Influence of Damping on the Dynamic Response of Train Track Bridge System
(**b**) Mid\(-\)span vertical acceleration (m/s\({}^{2}\)). (**c**) Mid\(-\)span transverse amplitude (mm). (**d**) Mid\(-\)span lateral acceleration (m/s\({}^{2}\)). Table 12 shows that the mid-span deflection, vertical acceleration, lateral amplitude, and transverse acceleration of the aerial body of horizontal and vertical beams gradually decrease with an increase in damping ratio. When there is no damping, the range of response indices is maximized, and the vibration response is most pronounced. The mid-span vertical acceleration and transverse acceleration are more sensitive to the change in damping ratio than the mid-span deflection and transverse amplitude. Figure 21 shows the variation in the impact coefficient of the structure with the change in train speed under different damping ratios. The damping effect is not obvious because of the low speed. Speeds from 100 km/h to 200 km/h are selected in this section. Multiple conditions can be found in the figure with the change in the damping ratio. The changing trend does not alter significantly, there are two peaks, and the respective peak times are close while the impact coefficient curve is developing.The first peak appears at 125 km/h and the second peak near 190 km/h. When the damping ratio is small, the curvature at the peak value is large, while the impact coefficient at the neighboring points is relatively small. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Damping Ratio**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Across the**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Lateral**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Vertical**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Lateral**} \\  & **Deflection (mm)** & **Displacement** & **Acceleration** & **Acceleration** \\  & & **(mm)** & **(m/s\({}^{2}\))** & **(m/s\({}^{2}\))** \\ \hline none & 6.682 & 0.735 & 3.138 & 0.586 \\
0.025 & 6.605 & 0.709 & 2.235 & 0.336 \\
0.050 & 6.620 & 0.690 & 1.862 & 0.278 \\
0.075 & 6.621 & 0.673 & 1.633 & 0.232 \\
0.100 & 6.618 & 0.658 & 1.484 & 0.200 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 12: Maximum response in lower span with a different damping ratio. Figure 20: Mid\(-\)span vibration response of structure with damping ratio of 0: (**a**) Mid\(-\)span deflection (mm). (**b**) Mid\(-\)span vertical acceleration (m/s\({}^{2}\)). (**c**) Mid\(-\)span transverse amplitude (mm). (**d**) Mid\(-\)span lateral acceleration (m/s\({}^{2}\)). With the increase in damping ratio, the peak value decreases. Increasing the damping ratio of the beam can reduce the impact coefficient and fulfill a good shock absorption role.
# An Adaptive Active Learning Method for Multiclass Imbalanced Data Streams with Concept Drift
## 3 The Proposed AdaAL-MID Algorithm
### Time and Space Complexity  
This section analyzes the time and space complexity of the AdaAL-MID as follows:  
1. Time Complexity: Assume data stream \(S\) has \(n\) instances, the label budget is \(b\), the ensemble has \(k\) base classifiers, and the number of concept drifts is \(num\). The time required to decide whether to request the label for each instance using the hybrid label strategy is \(T_{r}\), the time required for each base classifier to learn each instance is \(T_{l}\), the time to create a base classifier is \(T_{c}\), and the size of the instance sliding window is _sizeW_. Therefore, the time complexity of the AdaAL-MID is \(O(n\times(T_{r}+b\times k\times T_{l})+k\times T_{c}+num\times(T_{c}+T_{l} \times sizeW))\).
2. Space Complexity: The AdaAL-MID algorithm utilizes an ensemble of classifiers with a fixed number of base classifiers. Let the space required to store a base classifier trained on \(L\) instances be denoted as \(O(S(L)\times k_{total})\). Meanwhile, the auxiliary structure used--a sliding window--has a fixed size, so the space consumed remains constant, resulting in a space complexity of \(O(1)\). Additionally, compared to the state-of-the-art active learning algorithm CALMID, which requires another auxiliary structure (a label sliding window with an array size of 500), AdaAL-MID only requires a one-dimensional array corresponding to the number of classes in the data stream to assess class imbalance. Therefore, the space required by AdaAL-MID is primarily influenced by the training process and the number of base classifiers.
###### Abstract  
In order to efficiently transmit spatial data with diversified service types, this paper proposes an Advanced Intelligent Framing Algorithm (AIFG) for Advanced Orbiting System (AOS), based on the virtual channel multiplexing AOS technology, aiming to meet differentiated quality of service (QoS) requirements. To enable the timely transmission of delay-sensitive services, the optimal time threshold for framing such services is modeled as a Markov decision process (MDP). The algorithm utilizes Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO), achieving an optimal solution based on performance metrics such as frame multiplexing efficiency, average framing time, and average packet delay. To improve the multiplexing efficiency of non-delay-sensitive services, this type of traffic is transmitted only after completely filling a frame. Simulation results show that, compared to traditional frame generation algorithms, the AIFG algorithm reduces the average queuing delay of services by an average of 32%. Moreover, the AIFG algorithm increases throughput by an average of 32%, and improves multiplexing efficiency by an average of 61%. Thus, the AIFG algorithm balances the transmission requirements of both real-time and non-real-time services, and enhances the QoS of the AOS.  
Keywords:frame generation algorithm; advanced orbiting systems; proximal policy optimization; quality of service +
Footnote †: journal: Electronics Letters
# Enhancing Precision in SQUID Sensors: Analyzing Washer Geometry Dependence at the Microscale
## 4 Results  
In this investigation, we utilized the SuperScreen 0.10.4 software software package to systematically explore the spatial distribution of magnetic fields and current densities within superconducting washer loops of various geometries, including square, circular, and octagonal shapes.  
To ensure a comprehensive evaluation of the impact of washer ring geometry on device performance, we controlled two design parameters of the washer model. In Section 2.2 of this study, we introduce the parameter \(\beta=\frac{2L_{c}}{\Phi_{0}}\), a formula that approximately determines the inductance of the device's loop, where \(L\) denotes the loop inductance and \(I_{c}\) the critical current. Drawing on previously reported data, with the critical current density set at 80 A/cm\({}^{2}\) and considering a square junction of 2 um in side length [36], allows for the calculation of the loop inductance to be approximately 322.97 pH. These considerations have guided the initial parameter settings for the SQUID washer design as follows: D = 200 \(\mu\)m, W = 75 \(\mu\)m. This configuration facilitated a comparison of all three washers under identical effective area parameters.  
Within our simulation framework, we replicated the influence of external magnetic fields by defining a circulating current passing through the central hole of the superconducting ring. Specifically, a circulating current of 1 mA was specified to mimic an external magnetic field. However, within the aperture, the boundary effect of the superconductor allowed the formation of a stable magnetic flux under the influence of an external magnetic field, thereby generating a circulating current.  
The Figure 6 illustrates a modeling comparison of three distinct washer geometries:
# Model-Based Slippage Estimation to Enhance Planetary Rover Localization with Wheel Odometry
## 3 Traversability Analyses  
Numerical simulations of different mission scenarios are presented in this section to show the effects of the soil properties on the traversability. The motion path is reported in a local reference frame (X,Y) centered at the rover's initial position. The X axis points eastwards, and the Y axis northwards. First, we compute the trajectory discrepancies that are retrieved by integrating the kinematic and dynamical equations. Mission scenarios are then simulated to better understand the impact of steep terrains on the rover's traversability.
## 2 Research Scope and Subject  
### Educational Facilities in South Korea  
This study examines elementary schools in South Korea to develop an eco-friendly architectural design for renewable energy production. Elementary schools were chosen as the research subject because there are many more elementary schools in South Korea than other educational facilities, and the number is increasing (Table 1). Among the educational facilities that have been in existence for over 41 years, elementary schools account for 15.2%, middle schools account for 13.7%, and high schools account for 14.2% (Figure 1).  
As elementary school buildings are the oldest, remodeling is urgently needed for safety and energy efficiency. Elementary schools can easily use developed architectural designs; large-scale renewable energy can be secured through eco-friendly designs applied to elementary school buildings. The architectural characteristics of elementary schools were also significant in selection for this study. Elementary schools in South Korea were standardized and designed according to the \"standard blueprint\" issued by the Ministry of Education in 1962. Although the standard blueprint system was abolished in 1997, basic designs including building and playground layouts are still based on standard blueprints [10]. Consequently, in terms of building size, the total floor area is determined according to the number of students based on the required building area per student with reference to the standard blueprints. As of 2022, the floor area per elementary school student in South Korea is 17.1 m\({}^{-2}\)[11].  
Regarding the layout and shape of the building, the main elementary school building generally faces south and has a large playground in front of the building (Figure 2 left). As there is no building in the front area; solar energy-based architectural designs with sufficient sunlight can be used in elementary school design. The classrooms in the building use modules with a uniform structure. Thus, the classroom width is projected on the outside of the building, which has a standardized appearance (Figure 2 right).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Category** & **2017** & **2018** & **2019** & **2020** & **2021** \\ \hline Elementary school & 6040 & 6064 & 6087 & 6120 & 6157 \\ Middle school & 3213 & 3214 & 3214 & 3223 & 3245 \\ High school & 2360 & 2358 & 2356 & 2367 & 2375 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Number of elementary, middle, and high schools in South Korea by year [8].  
Figure 1: Status percentage of age of educational facilities as of 2018 in South Korea [9].
## 7 Applications in SDN-based VANETs
### Intersection Collision Avoidance  
Intersection collision avoidance is utilized to support the driver or the vehicle for basic leadership, although crossing a convergence; this framework utilizes the correspondence medium of the V2I correspondence. RSUs accumulate information from the vehicles moving close to it and process that information. If there is any likelihood of caution or any sort of mishap, a notice information is forwarded to the vehicles that are close to the notice region so they can decide to stay away from it. It has various applications and programs in impact avoidance [11].
# Evaluating 60 GHz FWA Deployments for Urban and Rural Environments in Belgium
## 3 Evaluation Framework  
The following section defines the network architecture and scenarios considered for our simulation analysis. We aim to evaluate the impact of the node locations and the environmental factors on the network performance.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Bioactive Properties  
#### 3.4.1 Tannin Content  
The results of the tannin content determination are shown in Figure 3. The study shows fresh quince had the highest tannin content (3.31 \(\pm\) 0.83 g/100 g DM). In the case of convectively dried and freeze-dried fruit, the content of tannins was significantly lower. No statistically significant differences were detected between freeze-dried (1.17 \(\pm\) 0.28 g/100 g DM) and convection-dried samples at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C (0.84 \(\pm\) 0.21 g/100 g DM) and 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C (1.1 \(\pm\) 0.47 g/100 g DM).  
Tannins are bitter-tasting compounds that impart a brown colour to products, making them undesirable organoleptic properties. Nevertheless, they are valuable compounds that exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiviral activity. Tannins protect against various biotic and abiotic stressors [33; 34]. Due to the bitterness and astringent taste imparted by, among other things, tannins, quintec fruits are rarely eaten fresh [35; 36]. In the literature, various data on the tannin content of fresh quince fruit can be found. For example, in a study by [PERSON] et al. [30], tannin was only 0.8%, while in the work of [PERSON] et al. [36], the content of these compounds was high, amounting to 9.66% and 7.33%, depending on the extraction method. These differences may be due to different extraction methods and the solvents used [36], but may also depend on the variety, the part of the fruit (skin, pulp), or the degree of ripeness of the fruit [1].
## 1 Introduction
X-shaped metal dampers were used in combination with the stiffening ribs to restrict the out-of-plane deformation of steel plates, such as the channel-like section steel in precast steel-concrete frame structures [27; 28], shape-optimized composite metallic yielding dampers in frame-bracing structures [29], steel panel dampers in precast rocking wall structures [30], etc. For the tension-yield-type metal damper, round steel has been successfully used in the wall toe of the unbonded post-tensioned precast concrete walls [30; 32]. Similarly, round steel was also used in combination with a circular steel tube to restrict the buckling deformation of the round steel. In addition, the angle steel machined by the shape memory alloy material has been proven to be an effective damper used in the wall toes of shear walls [33]. As expected, the material properties of steel can be fully utilized when the metal dampers are in tension. Based on the above analysis, the metal dampers were often used by weakening the steel section, such as the X-shaped metal damper (XMD), which was mainly used in the energy-dissipating devices in the beam-column joints and additional dampers of frame structures, vertical seams of precast shear wall structures, and self-centering wall structures by utilizing the flexural and shear properties of steel. However, there are few studies on the application of tension-yield-type XMDs in the vertical seams of precast shear walls. When lateral loads were applied on the above shear walls, relative displacement between wall panels could be found in the vertical seams of shear walls, as shown in Figure 1. It can be seen from Figure 1 that the failure mode of a precast shear wall with vertical seams can be changed from a shear failure to flexural-shear or flexural failure mode, resulting in significant improvement of the plastic deformation capacity of the shear wall. If the XMD is designed with an oblique angle, the metal damper will be in tension and shear, and the material properties of steel can be put to full use to better make up for the loss of strength and energy dissipation of a precast shear wall due to the installation of vertical seams. Except for the application of the XMD with an oblique angle on the precast monolithic shear wall [34], the above metal dampers were successfully used on the unbonded post-tensioned concrete wall [35]. In this study, cyclic loading tests were conducted on six specimens to study the effect of the oblique angle on the hysteretic performance of XMDs, and three specimens with cover plates served as the references for assessing the influence of stiffening ribs on the hysteretic performance of XMD. Additionally, an elastic stiffness calculation method for an XMD with an oblique angle was proposed. Finally, finite element analysis models were also proposed for simulating the hysteretic behavior of an XMD.
# Low Temperature Plasma Strategies for
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Xylella fastidiosa Growth Conditions and Plasma Treatments
#### 2.4.1 Treatment of Agar Surface-Grown Bacteria  
XfDD was currently grown on BCYE agar plates at 28 \({}^{\circ}\)C and the inoculum was regularly renewed every 7 days on new plates. Cells were collected from the agar surface with a sterile loop, resuspended in 1\(\times\) PBS buffer and adjusted, before plating, to a final concentration of 4 \(\times\) 10\({}^{8}\) CFU mL\({}^{-1}\) (OD600 0.5).  
Trials were carried out using different bacteria concentrations, from 10\({}^{7}\) to 10\({}^{3}\) CFU mL\({}^{-1}\) after resuspending cells scraped from an agar plate in PBS. Forty microliters of bacteria were plated by spreading on the agar surface using a sterile loop. Preliminary tests were carried out to find the best conditions of treatments, particularly referring to the initial bacteria concentration, the pre-culture of the bacteria before plasma exposure and the duration of the exposure. To this aim, bacteria were pre-cultured for 1 and 5 days before being exposed to LTP which was discharged for 10, 100 and 200 s. LTP untreated cells grown in the same conditions were used as control. The plates were incubated at 28 \({}^{\circ}\)C for up to 30 days, and the antibacterial activity was assessed using the viable plate count method [78]. The number of CFU mL\({}^{-1}\) in the control plate was determined by multiplying the number of colonies on a dilution plate by the corresponding dilution factor. Only plates (or replicate plates from the same dilution) with 30-300 colonies were counted [79].  
In addition, the cumulative effect of the LTP was evaluated by applying the SDBD plasma (a) one time a day for 1 week, and (b) one time a week for 3 weeks at the maximum exposure time of 200 s. In these trials, XfDD was pre-cultured for 1 and 7 days in (a) and (b) respectively, before being exposed to LTP treatment.  
Plates were preliminarily treated with LTP for an exposure time of 200 s and successively inoculated with XfDD to evaluate if the plasma treatment could alter the chemical/physical properties of the BCYE agar substrate and therefore inhibit the growth of the bacterium. Each assay was performed in triplicate, and each experiment was repeated at least twice.
## 4 Simulation and Experimental Validation
The load voltage waveform and THD values after system stabilization are shown in Figure 18, and the voltage unbalance is shown in Figure 19.  
Case 3: The three-phase load was adjusted to \(R_{\text{a}}\) = 30 \(\Omega\), \(R_{\text{b}}\) = 20 \(\Omega\), \(R_{\text{c}}\) = 10 \(\Omega\); at this time, the load power was 1324 W, the unbalanced current was calculated to be \(I_{\text{o}}\) = 5.1 A, the DC-side capacitance was \(C\) = 1912.5 uF, and the nominal value was taken as 2200 uF capacitance. The load voltage waveform and THD values after system stabilization are shown in Figure 20, and the voltage unbalance is shown in Figure 21.  
Figure 14: Voltage waveform and THD value when the load is balanced. Figure 15: Voltage unbalance when the load is balanced. Figure 13.0 Case 1: load voltage waveform and THD value. Figure 13.1 Case 1: voltage unbalanced. Figure 13.2 Case 2: load voltage waveform and THD value. Through the above four sets of experiments, it can be seen that the three closed-loop control strategy can ensure that the amplitude of the three-phase load voltage is equal; at the same time, according to the Chinese national standard for the second harmonic content of the requirements of the DC-side of the splitting capacitance, it can effectively inhibit the phase imbalance, and ultimately guarantee to ensure that the output of the three-phase load voltage imbalance degree is less than 2%. Literature [19] suggests that as the current periodically charges and discharges the split capacitor on the DC-side, causing the split capacitor to be unbalanced, this, in turn,  
Figure 13.3 Case 2: voltage unbalanced. Figure 13.4 Case 3: load voltage waveform and THD value. Figure 13.5 Case 3: voltage unbalanced. affects the output voltage waveform. From the analysis it was obtained that the amount of voltage deviation after stabilization of the system is as follows:  
Figure 13.6  
In Equation (19), \(\Delta U\) is the amount of split capacitor voltage deviation and \(I\cos\theta\) is the magnitude of the charge/discharge current. Since a reasonable range of voltage fluctuations for the DC-side splitting capacitor is not given, the selected capacitor may not satisfy the system's need for phase rejection. The simulation and experimental results show that, according to the method proposed in this paper, the voltage unbalance meets the requirements of the national standard GB/T 15543-2008 when the load is unbalanced, and in practical applications, the capacitor selection leaves a certain margin. The above experiments were all conducted on the experimental prototype shown in Figure 22, which included a DC power supply, a three-phase bridge, an LC filter circuit, a voltage-current Hall, a digital signal processor TMS320F28335, a TPS2014B oscilloscope to observe the load voltage waveform, and a UT285A three-phase power quality analyzer to observe the voltage unbalance.