###### Abstract  
Rainfall infiltration and groundwater fluctuations induced by cyclonic rainfall are the main causes of slope failure. Slope stability monitoring is key to preventing and controlling rock slope failure. Aiming at the monitoring theory and technical problems of dam slope failure under a cyclonic rainfall environment, this study carried out a physical model test and numerical simulation on the stability monitoring of the weathering transition zone in rock slopes. The results show that: (1) Under cyclonic rainfall, the increased permeability, the expansion of the rock fracture network, and the decrease of effective stress are the main causes of increased lateral deformation of the slope. (2) Physical model test results showed that rain sputter erosion and runoff erosion could lead to rapid loss of anchor bolt preload. In the hydraulic fluctuation stage, the anchor bolt axial force decreased first, then increased, and finally tended to be stable. The unloading response of the Intelligent Terminal Structure was significant during rock block sliding. In the numerical simulation, the anchor bolt axial force increased continuously with the increase of lateral displacement of slope. (3) By analyzing the evolution of anchor bolt axial force and pore water pressure in the weathering transition zone, a monitoring criterion for the stability of the weathering transition zone of rock slopes based on the Logistic function was proposed. cyclonic rainfall; weathering transition zone; fractured rock slopes; slope monitoring 2025  
16 April 202516  
carried out a model test on the stability of the seabed data center infrastructure and proposed a stability evaluation method based on the loss of anchor bolt prestress. [PERSON] et al. [10] optimized the design method of the maximum safe foot of fractured rock slopes by using the stereographic projection method of key block theory. [PERSON] et al. [11] studied the distribution of the safety factor along the perimeter of the Kacharsky open pit with a numerical simulation method and revealed the influence of ore excavation completeness on the stripping ratio. The physical model test is a crucial method for studying slope failure mechanisms and monitoring theories. Research progress in this area includes: (1) Systematic results have been achieved regarding the disaster mechanisms of external factors such as hydrology and climate. Some studies show that different rainfall patterns significantly affect slope failure modes [12,13]. Infiltration boundary conditions also play an important role in slope failure [14]. Slope instability is common in typhoon environments, where wind-induced disturbances in the vegetation root zone accelerate rainwater infiltration, triggering typhoon-related landslides [15,16]. (2) Slopes with special structural planes and natural joints are susceptible to hydrodynamic disasters [17, 18, 19]. Under rainfall conditions, vertical joint surfaces within slopes can experience progressive damage due to seepage [20]. The permeability difference at geological interfaces and seepage crack propagation are the main causes of slope failure under rainfall [21,22]. (3) Many scholars have conducted physical model tests on anchoring support mechanisms, verifying the effectiveness of support structures such as pier-anchor active nets, ductile anchor bolts, and anchor piles [23]. While progress has been made in understanding the seepage disaster mechanisms and monitoring theories of soil and rock block jointed slopes, stability monitoring in the weathering transition zone of dam slopes under cyclonic rainfall remains a fundamental technical problem. Cyclonic rainfall is characterized by high intensity, long duration, and strong wind [24,25]. Rapid saturation of rock and soil by rainwater infiltration and excess pore water pressure from unstable seepage are key factors in inducing slope failure. Therefore, developing monitoring technologies for slope seepage disasters under cyclonic rainfall conditions is essential.