# BIM and GIS Applications in Bridge Projects: A Critical Review
## 3 Analysis
### Planning and Design  
Because GIS technology has the function of a macro layout, it is often used in the regional level and above scenes, as Table 3 shows that the application of GIS technology in bridge engineering at the planning stage mainly involved making need-based decisions for planning new bridges [6; 66; 67] to improve transportation infrastructure [6; 66], traffic jam and pedestrian travel time [67]. Additionally, GIS technology combined with different multi-criteria decision-making methods were used in selecting the best geographic locations for new bridges [5] to minimize cost and also add value to the city image [4] and other benefits (e.g., tourism). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Journals** & **Sum** & **2011** & **2012** & **2013** & **2014** & **2015** & **2016** & **2017** & **2018** & **2019** & **2020** \\ \hline
**JESD** & 1 & & & & & & & & 1 & & & \\
**Sum** & 90 & 3 & 5 & 2 & 10 & 6 & 7 & 10 & 15 & 13 & 19 \\
**BIM and GIS** & 2 & & & & & & & & & 2 & \\
**BIM** & 58 & 2 & 3 & 2 & 5 & 2 & 6 & 6 & 11 & 5 & 16 \\
**GIS** & 30 & 1 & 2 & & 5 & 4 & 1 & 4 & 4 & 6 & 3 \\
**Sum** & 90 & 3 & 5 & 2 & 10 & 6 & 7 & 10 & 15 & 13 & 19 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._ \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Technology** & **Planning and Design** & **Construction** & **Operation and Maintenance** & **Information Exchange** \\ \hline
**BIM** & [1; 2; 3; 4; 8; 11; 23; 27] & [1; 28; 3; 3; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 21; 29; 12; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35] & [12; 16; 17; 34; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 46; 53; 54; 55; 56; 57; 58; 59; 60; 61; 62; 63; 64; 65; 66; 67; 68] & [13; 14; 70; 71; 80; 81; 82; 83; 84; 85; 86] & [18; 87; 88; 89] \\
**BIM and GIS** & & & & [15; 90] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Literature distribution of BIM/GIS applications at different stages of bridge engineering. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Examples** & **Application Type** & **Key Outcome** & **Limitations** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{8}{*}{[1]} & & \(\bullet\) & 3D parameterized modelling of the bridge & \multirow{8}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{8}{*}{The bridge project participants’ lack of BIM knowledge might diminish the benefits of BIM implementation.} \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[2]} & & \multirow{4}{*}{Parametric modeling} & \(\bullet\) & Each bridge component (e.g., beam, pier, and \multirow{4}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{4}{*}{Parametric modeling is mainly used in regular components, but it lacks the application in special-shaped components.} \\  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: BIM/GIS uses in planning and design. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Examples** & **Application Type** & & **Key Outcome** & **Limitations** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{[3,8]} & \multirow{8}{*}{Parametric modeling, simulation, visualization} & \(\bullet\) & Three-dimensional bridge models that considered WBS and PBS-enabled digital mock-ups, design enhancement and shortened learning time of construction engineers. Virtual assembling of the bridge resulted in identifying several errors in two-dimensional drawings. & \(\bullet\) & The effective application of three-dimensional information modeling and DMU technology in segment manufacturing and bridge transmission is still limited by many factors, such as unskilled operators. \\  & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  &  
Table 3 also shows that use of BIM technology at the design stage of bridge engineering has focused mainly on developing and using 3D bridge models to inform design decisions. The authors of Refs. [11; 23] used a 3D information model to analyze the assembling process of a bridge and suggested modifications. The authors of Refs.