## 5 Conclusions  
This study collected all tropical cyclones (TCs) that attacked Hainan Island from 1949 to 2021, combined with the historical distribution of mangrove forests, to complete the screening of the study area and the attacking TCs. Using Sentinel imagery and the MVP-LUE model, the gross primary production (GPP) loss and recovery of object mangrove ecosystems directly attacked by TCs were estimated, and the following main conclusions were obtained: The RS-based MVP-LUE process proposed in this study is an efficient and effective way to assess the GPP damage and post-disaster recovery at the regional or ecosystem scale. TCs affect the GPP of the mangrove ecosystem via both the reduction in photosynthesis rate and area, and the recovery of the photosynthesis rate per unit area was faster than that of the photosynthesis area. The farther the distance to the coastline and to the center of TCs, the lower the GPP loss, showing an almost linear weakening trend. The canopy height, the DBH, the standing aspect, and their integrative effects are closely related to the loss of GPP. In this case, this study focused on Danzhou Bay, attacked by SuperTY Sarika in 2016, and the GPP of the mangroves ecosystem can recover to the state pre-TC within two years. However, the process of the loss and recovery of GPP in mangrove ecosystems with different stand ages, community compositions, etc., under the effects of typhoons with different intensities and directions should not be the same and should be analyzed specifically for each case. **Supplementary Materials:** The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs15082094/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs15082094/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs15082094/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs15082094/s1)), Figure S1: The relationship between the optimal photosynthesis temperature and latitudes of mangrove ecosystem [81; 82; 83; 84; 85]; Table S1: valid satellite images in this study; Figure S2: The historical trajectories of each category of tropical cyclones hit Hainan Island from 1949 to 2021; Figure S3: Historical records of tropical cyclones that hit Hainan Island; Figure S4: Intra-annual distribution of various tropical cyclones; Figure S5: The annual GPP in Danzhou Bay from 2013 to 2020 (using the mulit-year average vegetation parameters to estimate GPP in 2013 and 2014); Figure S6: The yearly changes of canopy parameters of mangrove forest from 2015 to 2020; Figure S7: The historical spatial distribution of mangrove in Danzhou Bay; Figure S8: The differences of RS-based VIs between the three years pre-SuperTY Sarika and that in the three years post-SuperTY Sarika, in Area 1; Figure S9: The differences of RS-based VIs between the three years pre-SuperTY Sarika, in Area 2; Figure S10: The differences of RS-based VIs between the three years pre-SuperTY Sarika and that in the three years post-SuperTY Sarika, in Area 3; Figure S11: The spatial distribution of monthly GPP in the first year after SuperTY Sarika hit; Figure S12: The spatial distribution of monthly GPP in the second year after SuperTY Sarika hit; Figure S13: Interannual variations in mangrove fAPAR from 2015 to 2020; Figure S14: Cross-validation with MODIS products. **Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, Z.S. and Y.A. ; data curation, analysis and methodology, Z.S., E.G. and Q.X. ; visualization, X.S. and Y.A. ; writing--original draft preparation, L.W. and X.Z. ; project administration, L.W. ; funding acquisition, Z.S. and L.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. **Funding:** This research was supported by Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation, High-level talent project (322 RC580) and Hainan Province's key development plan project (ZDYF2022 SHFZ111). **Data Availability Statement:** The data from this study could be provided to readers interested in the relevant research period. Please contact the corresponding author [PERSON] with a reasonable request.