## 1 Introduction  
Open-pit mining is one of the surface mining methods usually employed to extract near-surface deposits of ores, nonmetallic minerals, or fossil fuels from the earth's surface. It often results in a high productivity and requires large capital investments, low operating costs, and good safety conditions [1; 2; 3]. Due to growing open-pit mining activities, their effect on the environment has also increased [4; 5; 6]. The impacts of open-pit mining and mineral processing plants on the environment are diverse, as presented by [PERSON] et al. [7] and [PERSON] et al. [8] in their reviews, and include land degradation, a studied by [PERSON] et al. [9; 10] in their works; noise, dust, and poisonous gasses released during mining and processing, as evaluated by [PERSON] et al. [11] in India and [PERSON] et al. [12] in Serbia and Romania, who concluded that the most severe impact in these countries is caused by dust and greenhouse gasses above safety limits; and the pollution of water which was thoroughly analyzed for the mining industry in China by [PERSON] et al. [13]. As a direct result of the processes that occur during open pit mining, significant amounts of waste material are generated, which are transported to and accumulated in deposits referred to as overburden or waste dumps, which are usually constructed near the mining site [14; 15]. These waste dumps pose a multitude of challenges, including the degradation of soil fertility, the loss of biodiversity, and the potential pollution of the surrounding environment through the leaching or escape of sulfide and other toxic substances. The sheer scale and volume of these waste dumps have increased in recent years, leading to the construction of ever-higher dump structures to minimize the ground cover area. This increase in height has heightened the risk of slope failures, which can have catastrophic consequences [16; 17; 18] potentially leading to the collapse of the dump structures, triggering landslides or debris flows that could jeopardize the personal and property safety of mining personnel and nearby residents. The inherent instability of mine waste dumps, due to their loose structure and high water content, has prompted scholars in open-pit mining to recognize the importance of analyzing waste dump stability. The term used to describe the safety margin of slopes in waste dumps and other geotechnical structures is the \"Factor of Safety\", abbreviated as FoS. In general engineering, the FoS represents the margin by which a system exceeds the strength required to support its intended load. In particular, in geotechnical engineering, the FoS is a ratio which compares the shear strength (forces resisting movement) of a slope against the shear stress (forces driving the slope towards failure). An FoS greater than 1 indicates stability of the slope as the resisting forces exceed the driving forces, while an FoS less than 1 indicates instability of the slope and its failure. More recent research indicated that the safe value of the FoS should be above the 1.45-1.50 limit. In practical terms, the FoS provides an indication of how near a slope is to failure, acting as a crucial benchmark in evaluating slope stability. Consequently, evaluating the stability of waste dumps has become a critical component of mine operations [19; 20; 21; 22]. [PERSON] et al. [23] and [PERSON] et al. [24] summarize several ways that can be used to assess the stability of these geo-structures. According to [PERSON] et al. [25] and [PERSON] et al. [26], the assessment techniques either use the classic theories in limit equilibrium analyses (LEAs) [27; 28; 29; 30; 31] and variations of these [32; 33; 34], or probabilistic analyses (PA) [35; 36; 37; 38; 39] or numerical modeling analyses (NMA) [40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46]. According to [PERSON] et al. [47], in recent years, the development of machine learning (ML) has allowed for it to be extensively used in stochastic slope stability analysis, particularly to improve computational efficiency.