## 3 Materials and Methods
### Permanent Actions (Dead Loads)  
Dead loads include structural self-weight and superimposed loads. The structural self-weight can be calculated automatically in Strand7. The superimposed loads consist of the weight of the formwork systems, hydraulic and electrical systems, material storages, and all other necessary service facilities and materials. [PERSON] [34] declared that it is generally unnecessary to distinguish between self-weight and superimposed loads, as most loads are permanently applied and essential for operation. Those non-structural loads and any other additional load that may contribute to the permanent action can be converted to an increase of 30-40% in the structural self-weight. However, the weight of the formwork system on the platform component is a critical parameter that needs to be considered and applied in addition to the surcharge on the structural self-weight. The resulting load can be estimated based on the typical weights used in bridge construction and general engineering judgement. As the superimposed dead loads act on both sides of the platform inner edges, the loads can be calculated in half, as shown in Table 4. The capability of the system is for heavy duty. The formwork panel material is timber, and the scaffolding material is steel. The value of the loads applied is 4.486 kN/m/side. The positions for applying the loads of the formwork system self-weight are the inner edges of the platform component. Typically, it is important to integrate actual mechanical components into the structural design and a more detailed analysis should be conducted, but this is not in the scope of this project [32]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** & **Unit** \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Timber Formwork Panel**} \\ \hline \(L_{span}\) & 110 & m \\ \(L_{softfit}\) & 11.976 & m/side \\ \(A_{softfit}\) & 1317.44 & m\({}^{2}\)/side \\ \(L_{internal}\) & 9.334 & m/side \\ \(A_{internal}\) & 1026.707 & m\({}^{2}\)/side \\ \(\rho_{panel}\) & 12.3  & kg/m\({}^{2}\) \\ \(W_{panel}\) & 0.121 & kN/m\({}^{2}\) \\ \(W_{softfit}\) & 158.963 & kN/side \\ \(W_{internal}\) & 123.886 & kN/side \\ \(W_{panel\ total}\) & 282.848 & kN/side \\ \(UDL_{panel}\) & 1.286 & kN/m/side \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Steel Scaffolding**} \\ \hline \(UDL_{scaffold}\) & 2  & kN/m/side \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Workers and Equipment**} \\ \hline \(W_{wake}\) & 6.6  & kN/bay/side \\ \(L_{buy}\) & 5.5 & m \\ \(UDL_{wake}\) & 1.2 & kN/m/side \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{**UDL on One Side of Platform Beam Edge**} \\ \hline \(UDL_{total}\) & 4.486 & kN/m/side \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Notes: \({}^{1}\) The value is taken based on available products in industry and engineering judgements. \({}^{2}\) The usage of scaffoldings is for special heavy duty, referring to AS/NZS 1576.1:2019, Clause 2.5.3.1.[ENDFOOTNOTE]  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Calculation of superimposed dead loads. Imposed Actions (Live Loads)  
The concrete casting phase is analysed in this project. Thus, the weights of raw concrete and reinforcement materials contribute significantly to the live loads. To avoid overstressing the OMSS, it is important to pour the concrete starting at the cantilever tip (the far end of the equipment) and work backward toward the already cast span [32]. In this situation, the structural system is subjected to gradual loading, allowing the system to absorb bending and shear deflections properly as the concrete hardens. In addition, box girders are often cast in two phases: first the trough, followed by the deck slab, with the trough bearing some of the deck slab's fresh concrete load [33]. The live loads on the MSS would reduce during the hardening process of the concrete and the post-tensioning. This project only considers the worse scenario, where the weights associated with the bridge deck trough (U-section) component act on the OMSS's platform inner edges directly, which is the same case as applying the formwork system self-weight. The value of the applied loads is 152.668 kN/m.