## 1 Introduction  
China has a vast territory with a variety of geographical environments and climatic conditions, making agriculture an important part of the national economy [1]. As one of the most populous countries in the world, China holds a pivotal position in global food production and consumption [2]. With the continuous advancement of agricultural science and technology, China's grain production has been steadily increasing in recent years [3]. Since 1999, China's annual grain production has been stable at over 500 billion kilograms [4]. According to the latest data released by the National Bureau of Statistics, China's total grain output reached 69 trillion, 541 billion kilograms in 2023 (Figure 1), an increase of 88 billion, 800 million kilograms from the previous year, growing by 1.3%, and has been stable above 650 billion kilograms for nine consecutive years, setting a new historical record [5]. These data not only reflect the enhancement of China's agricultural production capacity but also demonstrate the central role of food security in the country's development blueprint. However, grain usually contains a high moisture content after harvest, generally between 15% and 40%. If this high moisture content is not promptly treated, it may lead to problems such as germination and mold during the storage process [6], which can affect the quality and safety of the grain, and even endanger human health. At the same time, the loss of grain can also cause huge economic losses [7]. Therefore, it is essential to dry the grain quickly after harvest, controlling the moisture content between 13% and 15%, to ensure its safety during storage and transportation [8]. Grain drying not only plays a role in reducing losses in the circulation process [9], but also enhances the quality of processing, extends storage time, and reduces transportation costs [10; 11; 12]. Despite the obvious necessity of grain drying, traditional drying methods still face many challenges in practical operations. The traditional method of natural sun drying is subject to weather conditions, which not only results in low efficiency but also leads to uneven drying and contamination issues, making it difficult to meet the needs of large-scale production [13].With the gradual popularization of mechanized drying equipment, the efficiency and quality of grain drying have been significantly improved. Table 1 provides an overview of the top 10 brands of grain dryers in China for the year 2022, including their brand name, sales volume, and the percentage of market share. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Serial Number** & **Corporate Brand** & **Quantity (Units)** & **Proportion (\%)** \\ \hline
1 & Anhui Zhengyang & 901 & 9.1 \\  & Zoomlion & & \\
2 & Agricultural & 1461 & 8.47 \\  & Machinery & & \\
3 & Taizhou Yiming & 732 & 5.98 \\
4 & Jiangxi Da Long & 698 & 5.76 \\
5 & Anhui Jixxi & 656 & 4.73 \\
6 & Nongyou Shengtai & 653 & 4.52 \\
7 & Anhui Chenyu & 643 & 3.96 \\
8 & Hefei Sanwu & 474 & 2.83 \\
9 & Anhui Semino & 392 & 2.06 \\
10 & Jiangsu Sanxi & 390 & 2.06 \\ total & & 4893 & 49.43 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Top 10 brands of grain dryers’ sales volume in 2022 table. Figure 1: China’s grain production changes in the last decade chart. However, the existing mechanized equipment still has deficiencies in terms of automation level and control precision [14], leading to issues such as uneven drying, low control accuracy, and high energy consumption during the grain-drying process. These problems not only limit the improvement of drying efficiency but also affect the stability of grain quality. According to relevant research, the loss of grain due to untimely drying caused by climate and other factors each year accounts for about 5% of the total output [15], resulting in economic losses of CNY 18 to 24 billion [16].