## 1 Introduction  
During harvest and post-harvest processing, mechanical damage to potato tubers occurs due to impacts on machine elements when they change direction or fall from conveyors onto various surfaces [1, 2]. One way to minimize damage in these operations is to identify and improve the elements causing damage using knowledge of the threshold values of bruise-inducing forces. Many researchers have used electronic impact recorders to monitor and assess areas during potato harvesting, transport, and processing where there is a risk of damage due to impacts with complex objects [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. The location of the risk zone can be determined precisely by interpreting the recorded data. As a result, the intervention reduces the risk of damage to the tubers. One of the significant changes introduced during harvest and processing that influence the development of bruising is the height of the tuber drop and its corresponding initial impact velocity. This has been well documented in research articles [9; 10; 11; 12]. According to [PERSON] [13], low initial impact velocities cause blackspot damage, while high initial impact velocities cause more bruising due to shattering. In practice, the immediate assessment of damage to potato tubers following impact is not possible, especially when tissues under the skin are damaged. Damaged tuber tissues begin to produce pigment that causes discoloration of the flesh within 0.5 h. These changes may not be noticeable until 3-6 h after impact; the discoloration may not fully develop into blackspot until 6 to 48 h [14]. This creates a long delay between taking samples for damage assessment and adjusting machine settings based on the damage results. The answer to this problem may be to use an electronic device to assess the location in which the damage occurs, simulating the potential of the destructive impact force for a single tuber as it moves through sets of harvesting machines and processing devices. This would require the prior calibration of readings concerning the damage index determined due to impacts with contact surfaces. Most electronic recorders can measure peak acceleration, velocity change, and impact times [15], although not all versions include changes in velocity [16]. Currently available electronic devices can record high accelerations (up to 500 \(g\)) at high sampling rates (up to 10 kHz). The relationship between the impact parameters recorded by electronic recorders and the degree of damage is insufficiently understood. Scientists have so far used different recording devices, leading to results that are difficult to compare. Many studies in the literature describe the use of impact recorders to locate the risk of damage in the potato processing process. The recorders that allow for measuring pressure during impact [17] and those that measure changes in acceleration [18] have been extensively described. Newer versions of these recorders are devices equipped with three-axis accelerometers, such as PTR 200, IRD 400, Smart Spud and Tuber Log, have been described by many authors [6; 19; 20]. The latest version of wireless impact recorders includes a measurement system that allows for the assessment of acceleration during impacts in real time. One device, with acceleration sensors and a built-in radio transmitter, was developed and tested by [PERSON] et al. [21] at critical points in a citrus fruit packaging line. Data loggers have been used for many years to collect information on impact energy; attempts have been made to predict damage from these loggers. It is possible to predict potato tuber damage based on measurements of both forces from the PMS 60 data logger and accelerations from the IS 100 by establishing a relationship between readings from the measuring instruments and damage [22]. [PERSON] et al. [2] observed apparent differences between the motion of the actual tubers and the recorder. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [3] found that the number of impacts during harvest significantly exceeded the number of potato tuber impacts occurring in practice.