esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Evaluation of Spaceborne GNSS-R Retrieved Ocean Surface Wind Speed with Multiple Datasets
## 4 Discussion  
Comparing the GMF model of DDMA and LES in Section 3, it can be seen that the sensibility of both observables to the variety of wind speed decreases with the increase of wind speed, and the LES completely loses its response to wind speed changes when the real ocean surface wind speed is close to 25 m/s. On one hand, it is due to the influence of the characteristics of the two wind speed indicators [34], which also means that the accurate calibration of the DDM is very important in improving the inversion accuracy of the retrieval model under high wind speed. On the other hand, because the spaceborne GNSS-R bistatic radar wind speed retrieval algorithm strongly relies on the size of the training dataset and its reliability. Figure 13 shows the probability density distribution of wind speed in the training samples establishing GMF with CCMP wind products as the sea surface truth wind speed. The wind speed in the training dataset is mainly concentrated below 10 m/s, which can also be confirmed in Figure 3 with the NWP reference wind. The most probable wind speed in the dataset is 7 m/s, and the statistics show that wind speeds greater than 10 m/s only accounted for 11.71% in the training samples, and a wind speed greater than 15 m/s only accounted for 0.52%. Therefore, to further improve the inversion accuracy in the medium-strong wind speed range, it is necessary to expand the training data volume in this wind speed range. It should be noted that when CCMP was used as the surface truth wind to model GMF, the retrieved results are better than the NWP. However, when the wind speed was larger than 15 m/s, the bias of the CCMP-based retrieved wind speed was larger than the NWP-based retrievals.  
Furthermore, the accuracy of the inversed wind for different GNSS types and PRN satellites is performed. Figure 14 depicts the histogram of the bias, RMS, and the testing dataset size of the inferred wind speed corresponding to different GPS PRN satellites with NWP-derived and CCMP-derived surface truth winds. Currently, the latest published V2.1 version of the CYGNSS data has removed the newly launched GPS block II-F satellite data because their transmit power monitoring is still inaccurate, so only GPS block II-R and GPS block IIR-M related DDMs are available. It can be seen that the accuracy of the inversed wind speed with different PRN satellites is approximately similar to the two different surface reference wind speed sources and there are also no significant differences between the different types of satellites.  
Figure 12: Retrieved wind speed from NWP-based (**a**) and CCMP-based surface truth wind (**b**) versus buoy wind speed. The gray histogram indicates the distribution of wind speed in testing samples, and statistics only compute samples less than four times of the standard deviation within the blue patch.
## 2 Types of Flexible Wearable Antennas  
Flexible antennas are commonly used for ISM-band applications. Various designs including textile antennas, polymer-based antennas, and microwave imaging antennas are developed. These diverse types of wearable antennas are widely employed in body-centric communication systems, particularly in the healthcare industry, where they serve as wearable tools for detecting vital health issues in patients. They are used in recovery rooms, clinics, operation theaters, homes, and even during patient mobility [10,11]. Antenna designers for wearable devices face two critical challenges: assessing antenna performance under bending conditions and evaluating the absorption of radiation by the human body. Most of the wearable antennas reported in the literature are monopoly or patch designs [12]. Adaptability is achieved by mounting the antenna on flexible materials, which allows it to conform to the user's body shape and posture. Key designs of flexible wearable antennas are discussed below.
# Smart Grid Protection, Automation and Control: Challenges and Opportunities
## 9 Conclusions
Modern distribution substations are changing, with the increasing penetration of distributed energy resources, electric vehicle charging, and virtual power plants. These innovative technologies bring about enormous opportunities for the optimization of production and consumption, but at the same time, they raise challenges with grid stability due to the variability in the energy sources. Most of these measures have proven ineffective time and again; hence the drive toward Autonomous Network Management with AI and ML techniques. This approach further enhances grid operations through smart metering, substation virtualization, and higher data analytics, thereby allowing for predictive fault detection and real-time management of the grid. One perfect example is ABB's beta version, known as the ADAM AI/ML fault prediction module with a cloud-based solution enabling proactive maintenance. While these are being investigated, including the collaboration projects on the Hardware-in-the-Loop simulation platform, the industry is moving from pure infrastructure management toward the adoption of state-of-the-art technologies that improve resilience and efficiency. However, critical challenges will be raised with respect to interoperability, cybersecurity, and large datasets by transitioning into VPAC systems. Overcoming such challenges will demand a structured approach, with advanced techniques for redundancy, cybersecurity measures, and strategies for integration of physical and digital systems. Ensuring that IEDs in the physical grid are well integrated with digital systems is highly crucial for grid stability and reliability. This allows the system to operate seamlessly by embedding robust backups, thereby enhancing fault detection and response with minimal disruption. Besides this, the system optimizes maintenance through the potential for predictive intervention, and adapts to evolving technologies without overhauling existing infrastructure. This will be especially important in resilience against cyber threats. They can do this by collaborating physical with digital components to avoid a possible cyberattack and ensure that the physical IEDs continue independently as a backup in case of any failure within the digital systems. This is going to be vital in terms of safety and security in protection and control systems. Considering all these complexities, Table 27 shows a full SWOT analysis that has been conducted on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats that VPAC systems offer.
# Free Space Detection Algorithm Using Object Tracking for Autonomous Vehicles
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Time to Collision and Collision Risk  
To confirm that the proposed method (free space detection using speed information) is an improvement of the previous method (free space detection without speed information), the CR (collision risk) was calculated using TTC (time to collision) [34; 35]. Two methods were used to create a path in the detected free space and calculate the CR when the path is driven. After taking the reciprocal of TTC, the reciprocal of TTC with all obstacles was added to the ego vehicle position and speed. Then, this value was added at all points in the generated path. The result of this calculation is the CR value.  
In Equation (5), \(d_{rel}\) is the distance between the position of the vehicle and the obstacle, and \(v_{rel}\) is the relative speed of the vehicle and the obstacle [34]. In Equation (6), \(o_{1}\)... \(o_{n}\) represent an obstacle, \(n\) is the number of obstacles, and the reciprocal of TTC corresponding to all obstacles is added. \(pt\) represents each point of the path, and it is the sum of all corresponding values from the starting point \(pt_{0}\) of the path to the last point \(pt_{m}\) of the path.  
\[TTC=\frac{\left|d_{rel}^{\rightarrow}\right|}{\left|\frac{ \gamma_{rel}^{\rightarrow}}{\left|\frac{\gamma_{rel}^{\rightarrow}}{\left|cos \theta\right.}\right.}\right.} \tag{5}\] \[\left.CR=\frac{pt_{m}^{\rightarrow}}{\rho_{0}}(\sum_{o_{1}}^{o_{ n}}\frac{1}{TTC})\right. \tag{6}\]  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Possibility of Driving** & **u** \\
**in a Demarcated Area** & **u** \\ \hline CA & 1 \\ A & 2 \\ UA & 3 \\ CUA & 4 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Weight according to free space classification.  
Figure 6: Selection of the cell with the higher weight among neighboring cells.
# Identification of Coal Geographical Origin Using Near Infrared Sensor Based on Broad Learning
## 2 Experimental Preparations  
### Experimental Data  
We collected 243 coal samples from five countries, including 47 samples from Australia, 36 samples from Russia, 36 samples from Canada, 83 samples from Indonesia and 41 samples from China. Before spectra recording, all samples were prepared according to the \"Method for Preparation of Coal Sample\" (GB474-2008) [29] by using a KERP hammer crusher, an SF-05 automatic sample splitter, and a 0.2 mm-standard sieve in the National Laboratory of the Import and Export Quarantine Inspection Bureau. Prior to the measurement of each sample's spectrum, we measured the background spectrum, the response of the spectrometer when there was no sample in place. Then, we utilized the background spectrum to eliminate signals due to the spectrometer and its environment. Therefore, the final spectrum was due solely to the sample. Then, the prepared coal samples were scanned by an Antaris II FT-NIR Spectrometer (Thermo Electron Co., Waltham, MA, USA) in the range of 10,001.00-3999.64 cm\({}^{-1}\), and in total, we obtained 1557 wavelength points. Each sample spectrum was scanned 64 times, and the spectrum of each sample was the average of 64 scans performed at a resolution of 4 cm\({}^{-1}\). The near-infrared spectrum of the coal samples is shown in Figure 1. As can be seen from Figure 1, the NIR spectra consists of broad, weak and extensively-overlapping bands, which may impede further analysis. In order to identify coal geographical origins, it is of great necessity to employ powerful machine learning algorithms that are robust to noise.
## 4 Challenges and Considerations
### Repairs and Maintenance  
Metal AM provides a great opportunity to consolidate components to minimise waste and weight. However, as-printed assemblies create a challenge for routine maintenance or repair as disassembling components becomes impossible [156]. In case of failures, the whole part must be replaced as the disassembling and reassembling of the consolidated part is impossible. In addition, it is difficult to disassemble and/or recycle embedded parts and multi-material assemblies [115]. Clearly, it increases waste and costs throughout the product lifecycle. [PERSON] et al. [157] analysed the total costs of consolidation with AM techniques, and concluded that consolidated and complex components lead to the rise on  
Figure 13: Post processing approaches: (**a**) Laser Polishing mechanism [155] and (**b**) Common cold rolling processes [154].  
total costs than with conventional manufacturing design. To overcome these limitations, it is necessary to develop design strategies, optimisation techniques, and maintenance methodologies. It can be found that designers must have a picture of repair, maintenance, and disposal costs when evaluating the effects of design changes with AM.
# Multi-Span Tension Control for Printing Systems in Gravure Printed Electronic Equipment
###### Abstract  
The tension system is one of the most critical systems in gravure printed electronic equipment. It possesses a complex structure that spans the entire feeding process, from unwinding through printing to rewinding. This article focuses on the research of multi-span tension control for printing systems. Firstly, the characteristics and requirements of the tension-control system in the printing section were analyzed, and a multi-span tension-control structure was devised. Then, based on the coupled mathematical model of the multi-span tension system, a static decoupling model was formulated, and a first-order active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) controller was designed utilizing active disturbance rejection control technology. Finally, to verify the control performance of the ADRC decoupling controller for the printing tension system, simulation and experimental studies were conducted using MATLAB/Simulink R2018a and a dedicated experimental platform, and the results were then compared with those obtained from a traditional PID controller. The research findings indicate that the designed multi-span tension-control system demonstrates outstanding decoupling performance and anti-interference capabilities, effectively enhancing the tension-control accuracy of gravure printed electronic equipment.  
gravure printed electronics; multi-span tension system; first-order ADRC; decoupling control Article
## 3 Dataset Generation
### Metasploit
As a concrete example, we have manually curated question-and-answer pairs that encapsulate the usage methodologies and operational commands of Nmap, serving as a guiding framework for instructing large language models (LLMs). Furthermore, the question-and-answer pairs that are generated and validated in subsequent stages can also be utilized as exemplars. These exemplars serve to reduce the complexity of generation, provided that they align with the subject matter and contextual background (see Tables 1 and 2). The quantitative relationships within the overall dataset can be found in the Appendix A. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l} \hline \hline
**Conceptual Q\&A Examples** \\ \hline ID: 129, \\ Category: “Reconnaissance”, \\ Input: “Describe how to use NMAP for scanning an entire network segment”. \\ Output: “To use NMAP for scanning an entire network segment, specify the target network segment in CIDR notation (e.g., 192.168.1.0/24) or a range of IP addresses (e.g., 192.168.1.1-254)”. \\ \hline ID: 32123, \\ Category: “Metasploit”, \\ Input: “What does the FOLDER option in the module auxiliary/gather/exchange_proxygon_collector define?” \\ Output: “The FOLDER option defines the email folder that should be targeted for dumping emails in the module auxiliary/gather/exchange_proxygon_collector”. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Examples of conceptual Q\&A in the PenQA. The primary focus is on designing conceptual knowledge and definitional knowledge. For instance, this includes explanations of Metasploit module options as presented in tables, as well as the methods and techniques employed in specific phases of penetration testing. Figure 4: Basic template for generating penetration testing Q\&A prompts. By utilizing Roles, Skills, and Restrictions, we assist large language models in comprehending the requirements of a task and the boundaries of their capabilities within that task. This approach ensures the generation of data that are uniformly formatted and aligned with the domain-specific criteria. We have presented several examples of the dataset in Tables 1 and 2. These include both conceptual and practical knowledge question-and-answer pairs. Each entry in our dataset comprises four attributes: an ID, which serves as a serial number for easy identification and counting; a category, representing the type of data; and an Input and Output, which denote the question and answer content of the Q&A dataset, respectively.
# Method to Measure Light Spot Position in Beacon-Less Inter-Satellite Communication System
## 3 Method of Separating the Two Light Signals  
The proposed method composes of two steps: first, transmitted and received lights are modulated by two cosine signals with different frequencies; second, the CCR process is used to extract the amplitude of the weak photocurrent signal.
# Experimental Tests and Aeroacoustic Simulations of the Control of Cavity Tone by Plasma Actuators
## 2 Methodologies
### Plasma Actuator Control  
#### 2.3.1 Control by Streamwise Plasma Actuators  
As shown in Figure 5, the plasma actuators consist of lower and upper copper electrodes 18 \(\upmu\)m thick, with a dielectric layer of polyimide 200 \(\upmu\)m thick sandwiched between them. The lower electrodes were placed in the spanwise direction between the upper electrodes. The actuators were designed and built by the authors. As discussed in Section 3.1, these actuators induce pairs of streamwise vortices with spanwise widths equal to those of the lower electrodes. The electrodes were arranged symmetrically in the spanwise direction with respect to the mid-span (\(z=0\)).  
An AC voltage at the frequency \(f_{\text{pa}}=4.2\) kHz was applied to the electrodes. To clarify the effects of the applied voltage on the control, it was changed in the range from \(E_{\text{pa}}=4\) kV\({}_{\text{P-p}}\) to 5.5 kV\({}_{\text{P-p}}\) in the experiments. Addtionally, the effects of the pitch of the actuators, \(s=4\), 10 mm, and the spanwise width of the lower electrode, \(d_{\text{l}}=1\), 3, 5, 7 mm, on the control were investigated. Moreover, to clarify  
Figure 4: Measured sound-pressure spectra without control at \(U_{0}=15\), 25, 30, 35, 45 m/s. SPL is the sound-pressure level in decibels  
Figure 5: Configuration of the streamwise plasma actuators: (**a**) top view; and (**b**) view in a cross-section perpendicular to the streamwise direction.  
the nature of the control on the cavity flow and tone, aeroacoustic simulations were performed, as well as flow measurements, both with and without control. An actuator with \(E_{\text{pa}}=5\) kV\({}_{\text{P-p}}\), \(s=10\) mm (\(s/L=0.5\), \(s/\theta=71\)), and \(d_{\text{l}}=3\) mm was utilized at \(U_{0}=30\) m/s, where substantial reduction of the intense sound was achieved.
# Recent Developments and Emerging Trends in Paint Industry Wastewater Treatment Methods
## 3 Paint Industry Wastewater Treatment Methods
### Electrochemical Treatment
#### 3.3.2 Electrochemical Oxidation  
The paint industrial wastewater is mostly treated by indirect electrochemical oxidation. During this process, a strong oxidizing agent, mostly chlorine, which is produced by the oxidation of chlorides, is electro-generated at an anode surface. After that, it is applied to destroy pollutants in the bulk solution [66; 67]. The main advantage of indirect electrolysis is the prevention of electrode fouling, avoiding direct electron transfer between organics and the anode surface. It was reported by a batch study of electrochemical oxidation of synthetic water-based paint effluents that the technique could be used as an alternative to traditional physicochemical processes in treating water-based paint wastewater by using NaCl electrolytes with carbon electrodes. The COD removal of almost 66% and significant removal in color and turbidity (over 96%) were obtained. On the other hand, the process is less economic and requires supervision [62]. Similar results were obtained by a tubular reactor batch-wise study, using NaCl as an electrolyte [18]. Results showed a COD removal of 44.3%, color removal of 86.2%, and turbidity removal of 87.1% [18]. The addition of external chloride into the system improved the removal efficiency by up to 55% for COD and almost completely removed color within 1 hr. The addition of sodium chloride significantly increased the efficiency of both COD and paint particle elimination [63]. It has been shown that pH is also important during electrochemical oxidation. The COD and color removal of 80.95% and 79.12%, respectively, were obtained at pH 4 with NaCl as an electrolyte [64].  
Peroxymonosulfate and transition metals have been tested for the electrochemical oxidation process of paint manufacturing industry wastewater [68]. The best results were reported to using Fe\({}^{2+}\) as a catalyst. In validation studies this catalyst provided higher removal efficiency and lower costs. COD and true color removal efficiencies of 74.28% and 99.03%, respectively, were experimentally obtained [68].  
It can be concluded that the addition of external chloride into the system can improve the efficiency of the electrochemical oxidation treatment process. The method is also a pH dependent process; in comparison with the above-mentioned techniques the acid pH adjustment is preferred.
# Intelligibility and Listening Effort of Spanish Oesophageal Speech +
## 3 Experiment 1: Preliminary Word Error Rate and Listening Effort Measurements
### Analysis and Results
#### 3.2.3 Correlation of Intelligibility and Listening Effort  
Correlation between intelligibility (WER) and LE ratings was 0.479 ([PERSON]'s rho = 0.475, \(p<0.001\)). This is a significant correlation, indicating that sentences with more transcription errors are perceived as more effortful. [PERSON]'s rho correlation was used as LE rating is an ordinal variable.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline  & & **OS** & **HS** \\ \hline WER (in \%) & Familiar & 17.39 & 7.42 \\  & Not familiar & 18.35 & 4.85 \\  & Total mean WER & 17.87 & 6.16 \\ \hline LE & Familiar & 2.61 & 1.25 \\  & Not familiar & 3.54 & 1.26 \\  & Total mean LE & 3.07 & 1.255 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Mean Word Error Rate (WER) and Listening Effort (LE) of Oesophageal Speech (OS) and Healthy Speech (HS) for familiar and not familiar listeners.  
Figure 2: Mean speakerwise Listening Effort for oesophageal (OM1, OM2, OM3, OF1) and healthy (HM1, HF1) speakers. On the y-axis, 1 corresponds to least effortful and 5 to most effortful. Error bars show 95% confidence intervals.
###### Abstract  
Landslides and ground subsidence pose significant threats to the successful construction and operation of transmission line projects in the Loess Plateau region. This study aims to explore an accurate early identification method for geological hazards, providing support for the construction and smooth operation of the transmission project along the route from Baishui County, Weinan City, Shaanxi Province to Lantian County, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province. Small baseline subset interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SBAS-InSAR) technology was used to acquire the surface deformation data of the study area from 4 February 2018 to 21 May 2023. The deformation data were spatially analyzed through kernel density analysis, which quickly and intuitively identified 52 potential geological hazard points in the region, including eight landslides and 44 ground subsidence. Detailed field investigations of the hazards confirmed the accuracy of the identification results. A thorough analysis of typical hazards, such as landslide No. 9 and ground subsidence No. 29, revealed severe deformation, posing a threat to the proposed transmission project. This study indicates that combining InSAR, kernel density analysis, and field investigations can accurately and quickly identify geological hazards around transmission lines, providing support for the site selection and implementation of transmission projects.  
power transmission engineering; SBAS-InSAR; early identification of geological hazards; kernel density analysis; field investigation 2025