# Optimizing Foreign Language Learning in Virtual Reality:
## 2 Literature Review
### Foreign Language Learning Theories  
The endeavor to grasp a foreign language has always been an academic challenge and a personal goal [24]. Over time, multiple theories have been proposed to demystify the intricacies of language learning. These perspectives shed light on the intricacies of language acquisition and help educators tailor their teaching techniques more effectively [25].  
Behaviorist Theory: Inspired by [PERSON]'s research, it suggests that language learning is about forming habits [26]. It hinges on repetition and positive reinforcement, implying that correct language use becomes second nature with consistent affirmation. The age-old method of rote learning, with repetitive exercises in grammar and vocabulary, is a by-product of this school of thought.  
Innate theory, as [PERSON] advocates, posits that humans possess an inherent inclination to acquire languages from birth [27]. He introduced the concept of the 'Language Acquisition Device' (LAD), a prewired facility in our brains that simplifies the language learning process. It contradicts the behaviorist standpoint, focusing instead on the innate human knack to grasp intricate linguistic constructs.  
Cognitive Theory: From this vantage, language acquisition is a sophisticated cognitive task wherein learners actively piece together their linguistic understanding [28]. It suggests that learners tap into their preexisting knowledge base and cognitive tools to theorize about their target language, refining these theories as they delve deeper.  
Sociocultural Theory: Based on [PERSON]'s insights, this theory emphasizes that social engagements are integral to cognitive growth [29]. It posits that language learning is deeply intertwined with societal interactions, collective endeavors, and cultural nuances.  
Input Hypothesis: [PERSON]'s theory underscores the significance of understandable linguistic input [30]. [PERSON] suggests that language learners are most effective in absorbing a language when they can comprehend the linguistic information they encounter. The crux here is to expose students to content slightly beyond their current mastery level.  
Affective Filter Hypothesis: Another of [PERSON]'s contributions, this hypothesis accentuates the role of emotions like motivation, anxiety, and self-assurance in language learning. A favorable emotional environment can \"lower the affective filter,\" making it easier for learners to absorb and process language.  
Incorporating VR into this landscape offers a fresh dimension to these theories [24]. VR's enveloping environments can offer a plethora of contextual cues, aligning well with the input hypothesis. Its interactive scenarios can stimulate social engagements, echoing the tenets of sociocultural theory. Furthermore, VR's captivating nature can positively influence learners' emotions, potentially optimizing conditions for language assimilation.  
It is essential for educators and tech developers to grasp these theories, especially when sculpting VR-infused language learning modules. Grounding VR tools in solid educational theories can magnify their potential, paving the way for more impactful language education [25].