esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Material and Methods
### Preparation of Gangue Powder
#### 2.3.3 Micro-Morphologies of Gangue  
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) (SHIMADZU, Kyoto, Japan) was used to observe and analyze the grain sizes, morphologies, and dispersed states of the cement and the ball-milled gangue powder. The sample preparation procedure was conducted as follows: A conductive carbon tape was employed as the substrate to minimize charge accumulation. The tape surface was initially cleaned with absolute ethanol, followed by the deposition of a small amount of cement powder or gangue ball-milled powders with varying milling durations. Loose particles were subsequently removed using a rubber bulb blower. Finally, a 5-10 nm carbon layer was uniformly deposited on the sample surface via sputter coating to enhance its conductivity and imaging quality. The test results are shown in Figure 6.  
Figure 5: Comparison of XRD spectra of cement and gangue powder. (**a**) Mineral compositions of cement. (**b**) Mineral compositions of gangue after different ball-milling durations.  
According to the analysis of Figure 6, cement particles show clearer edges and irregular polygons compared to the ball-milled gangue powder. Additionally, cement particles exhibit a large difference in the particle size and slight inter-adsorption of particles. With the extension of the ball-milling duration, the gangue powder is rapidly refined. The observation of the overall distribution and morphology of gangue particles under the friction, collision, and extrusion of the grinding medium shows the following changes: the particle size distribution becomes more uniform. Edges and corners are gradually worn off; edges blur, and the grains become finer. As the ball-milling duration prolongs, the aggregation of gangue particles becomes more significant. This phenomenon occurs because a high surface energy is accumulated on the particle surface in the ball-milling process, which facilitates the inter-adsorption of particles. As the ball-milling duration is extended, the adsorption becomes increasingly prominent, particularly on the surface of large particles, on which many fine particles are adsorbed.
# Hysteresis-Based Current Control Approach by Means of the Theory of Switched Systems
## 2 Theoretical Background and Proposed Control Law
### General System Description of Switched Systems
The state trajectory \(\underline{x}(t)\) of the switched system in (2) converges to a unique stable equilibrium \(\underline{x}_{\text{eq},s}\) for each \(s\in\mathcal{S}=\{0,1,2\ldots\}\) if subsystem \(s\) is active and \(\underline{u}(t)=0\). 2. The input \(\underline{u}(t)\) is continuous and given in advance;
3. The shifted reference trajectory \(\underline{\underline{x}}_{\text{ref}}(t)\in\mathcal{R}^{n}_{\text{ref}} \subset\mathbb{R}^{n}\), where \(\mathcal{R}^{n}_{\text{ref}}\) is specified by the vector space, spanned by the subsystem equilibria \(\underline{\underline{x}}_{\text{eq},s}\) for all \(s\in\mathcal{S}\);
4. The slowest mode of the system trajectory \(\underline{x}(t)\) is faster than the fastest mode of the reference trajectory \(\underline{x}_{\text{ref}}(t)\). To illustrate condition three, Figure 3 shows the equilibria of an exemplary switched system in \(\mathbb{R}^{2}\) with three subsystems, \(\mathcal{S}=\{0,1,2\}\), a shifted reference trajectory \(\underline{\underline{x}}_{\text{ref}}(t)\), and the corresponding sets \(\mathcal{R}^{2}_{\delta}\), \(\mathcal{R}^{2}_{\text{ref}}\), \(\mathbb{R}^{2}\) for some \(t_{0}>0\). Figure 2: Switching between unstable subsystems. In [19], a switching sequence \(s(t)\) is proposed, which guarantees the convergence of \(\underline{x}(t)\) to a time invariant reference point, in case of time invariant solutions \(\underline{x}_{\text{eq,s}}\). This approach is extended in the following section to define a switching sequence, which guarantees the convergence of \(\underline{x}(t)\) to a subspace \(\mathcal{R}^{n}_{\delta}\) around a time-varying reference trajectory \(\underline{x}_{\text{ref}}(t)\). The following definitions are utilized in this paper for simplification:  
\[\underline{\xi}_{\text{eq,s}}(t) =\underline{\xi}(t)-\underline{x}_{\text{eq,s}} \tag{6}\] Figure 1.0
## 4 Performance Evaluation
### Reliability
#### 4.2.1 Reliability Block Diagram  
We consider time division multiplexing passive optical network (TDM-PON) architecture defined by international telecommunication union-telecommunication sector (ITU-T), with basic architecture and protection schemes [23]. The reliability block diagram for basic PON without protection is shown in Figure 9, where each block in the diagram represents either a component or a fiber link. For each block, a characteristic parameter of unavailability is given in Table 4.  
The series configuration, from a reliability point of view, means that a system fails if one or more of its components fail [24; 25]. Using the failure rate of a communication network component (OLT, POS, Fiber, and ONU), unavailability of a component (U\({}_{x}\)) is derived from its failure rate in FIT  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Components** & **Failure Rate (FIT) * & **MTTR (h)** & **Unavailability** \\ \hline OLT & 256 & 4 & \(1.024\times 10^{-6}\) \\ \hline ONU & 256 & 24 & \(6.144\times 10^{-6}\) \\ \hline Switch & 1250 & 24 & \(3.00\times 10^{-5}\) \\ \hline
1:2 Splitter & 50 & 24 & \(1.20\times 10^{-6}\) \\ \hline
1:N (2:N) & 120 & 24 & \(2.88\times 10^{-6}\) \\ Splitter & 6 & \(7.20\times 10^{-7}\) \\ \hline Fiber (per km) & \(570/\mathrm{km}\) & 24 & \(1.368\times 10^{-5}\) \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{MTTR: mean time to repair; * 1 FIT = \(1\) failure/\(10^{9}\) h.} \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Reliability data [22].  
Figure 9: Reliability block diagram for unprotected EPON architecture.  
(1 FIT = 1 failure/10\({}^{9}\) h), and the mean repair time (MTTR) in hours, as shown in Equation (3). Equation (4) shows the mean down time (MDT) in (min/year) for component \(x\) (MDT\({}_{x}\)):  
\[\mathrm{U}_{X}=\left(\mathrm{Failure\ rate}\ \times\ \mathrm{MTTR}_{x}\right)/10^{9} \tag{3}\]  
\[\mathrm{MDT}_{X}=\left(\mathrm{U}_{X}\times 365\times 24\times 60\right) \tag{4}\]  
The expression for the connection unavailability (U\({}_{EPON}\)) for EPON-based architecture without protection is given in Equation (5), where, U\({}_{OLT}\), U\({}_{FF}\), U\({}_{POS}\), U\({}_{DF}\), and U\({}_{ONU}\) are the unavailability of OLT, FF, POS, DF, and ONU, respectively.  
\[\mathrm{U}_{EPON}=\mathrm{U}_{OLT}+\mathrm{U}_{FF}+\mathrm{U}_{POS}+\mathrm{ U}_{DF}+\mathrm{U}_{ONU} \tag{5}\]  
For example, architecture (A) has a minimum number of fiber deployments, by using cascaded splitters with FF = 5 km and DF = 11 km. The expected downtime for architecture (A) is 163 min/year.
## 4 Applications in Clock Recovery and Fiber Optic Supported Radio Frequency Communications
### Fiber Optic Supported Radio Frequency Communications
The PSK modulation formats provide EVM results no better than 14%, while FSK based formats achieve 0.55% and GMSK attains 1% in the best case, which is again one order of magnitude better. It can be observed that the downlink performance is generally affected by the limitations associated to the optical injection process itself, since the coupling method is still very incipient, it could be optimized in a future prototype, for example by including facets with anti-reflection coatings, or tapering the ridge end region. The poor efficiency of the optical coupling leads us to the necessity of amplifying the optical signal, which introduced noise and consequently degraded the EVM results. Furthermore, there is observable performance degradation for electrical modulated powers above 10 dBm, which results from the nonlinearity in the Mach-Zehnder modulator. Figure 10: Description of the downlink experimental setup. As a summary, we have determined the error vector magnitude performance of different phase and frequency modulation using RTD-PD based oscillator circuits. We conclude that frequency modulated formats achieve better performance, although the Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying format also appears to be a practical alternative. Furthermore, future activities may address the performance of the device under realistic simultaneous downlink traffic, as well as the optimization of the optical injection efficiency.
## 1 Introduction  
Cardiovascular biomarkers have become proven tools used to predict developments of cardiovascular complications such as heart failure, myocardial infarction, or stroke. In particular, troponin in acute myocardial infarction and NT-proBNP in patients with acute or chronic heart failure are biomarkers that have already found their place in clinical routine [1; 2; 3]. In addition to these underlying cardiac diseases, several studies have already investigated the relationship between severe primary degenerative aortic valve stenosis (AS) and biomarkers [4; 5].  
Primary degenerative AS is the second most common valvular heart disease in the Western world after mitral valve regurgitation and is associated with a high 1-year mortality in symptomatic patients [6]. In patients <75 years of age and with few comorbidities, surgical valve replacement is still favored, whereas patients of advanced age and with a high frailty score are referred to the interventional technique by means of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) ([7]; 2021 ESC/EACTS Guidelines Valvular Heart Disease).  
The typical symptom triad consisting of chest pain, syncope, and dyspnea occurs simultaneously only very rarely. The leading symptom in most cases is dyspnea, which is mainly due to elevated pressures in the left ventricle and left atrium and pulmonary circulation. Consecutive remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature results in concomitant left ventricular postcapillary pulmonary hypertension (PH), which occurs in 11 to 75% of patients, depending on the literature.  
PH is often a life-limiting factor in patients with severe AS despite successful TAVR replacement and is associated with worse clinical outcome. In the past, right heart catheterization was routinely practiced as the gold standard to detect postcapillary PH before TAVR. Currently, this is only performed in larger cardiological centers for special indications. Instead, the detection of PH is assessed non-invasively by echocardiography and the determination of systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP) [8; 9; 10].  
Although numerous studies have been published on cardiovascular biomarkers and primary degenerative AS, little has been reported on the association between PH in patients with severe AS and biomarker expression.  
The aim of this study was to identify novel cardiovascular biomarkers, such as soluble suppression of tumorigenicity-2 (sST2), growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), heart-type fatty acid binding protein 2 (IGF-BP2), and soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR), in patients with severe AS before TAVR and over time after TAVR (24 h, 96 h, 3 months, and 12 months) to gain information on biomarker dynamics after successful intervention. The study population was retrospectively divided into two groups based on echocardiography determined sPAP, with the presence of PH defined as an sPAP \(\geq\) 40 mmHg. The two study groups (sPAP \(<\) 40 mmHg; sPAP \(\geq\) 40 mmHg) were subsequently compared with respect to plasma concentrations of the aforementioned biomarkers.
# Dynamic Carrier-Sense Threshold Selection for Improving Spatial Reuse in Dense Wireless LANs
## 4 Performance Evaluation
### Simulation Setup
To obtain each point in the result graph, we ran 100 simulations with different topology and different seed for the random number generator, and averaged the results. Figure 4: An example simulation environment. The APs are placed in a grid topology and the mobile nodes are randomly deployed in the area.
###### Abstract  
When employing the wire-line core drilling technology in loose strata, the core recovery rate is often low due to fragmented rock masses and the erosive effect of flushing fluids, severely affecting core quality and drilling efficiency. To address this, the paper designs a hydraulic closed-core cutting mechanism and water-sealed protective core bit compatible with traditional S75 wire-line core drilling tools. Comprehensive analysis and optimization of the design mechanism's force, flow field patterns, and operational mechanisms have been conducted through numerical simulations, laboratory tests, and field applications. Studies indicate (1) the hydraulic cutting mechanism can smoothly close under flushing fluid action, with stress and strain within safe limits and the sealing area of the core barrel exceeding 75%; (2) post-optimization, the vortex flow within the flushing fluid flow control valve is significantly reduced, with the flow rate at the core after passing through the water-sealed protective core bit being less than 0.6 m/s, effectively protecting the core from being eroded by flushing fluids; (3) the hydraulic cutting mechanism has proven feasible through laboratory testing, with a recommended standard core claw with a 95% protective rate. In actual loose strata, the average core recovery rate reached 97.83%, an 88.13% increase compared to traditional drilling tools, demonstrating high engineering promotion value.  
wire-line core drilling; hydraulic cutting; collapsible core claw; finite element analysis; simulation; core recovery rate +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences  
0
Footnote 0: Copyright** © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)]([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))).
## 2 Related Work
### Chinese NER Based on Chinese Character Glyph Enhancement
#### 2.2.2 Image Processing  
In the work based on image processing, the semantic information of Chinese character glyphs is learned by extracting the visual features of Chinese character images, which avoids the shortcomings of the decomposition of Chinese characters method. [PERSON] et al. [32] proposed Glyce, a representation vector of Chinese character glyphs. Glyce uses Chinese character images of different periods and writing styles to enrich the visual features of Chinese character glyphs; it also designs the Tianzige-CNN network to extract the semantic information contained in the glyph images, and updates the best records of multiple Chinese NER datasets. [PERSON] et al. [33] treat the problem of extracting semantic information from Chinese character glyph images as an image classification problem and propose the GlyNN network to encode Chinese character images. Then, the glyph feature obtained is used as an additional representation of the NER model. [PERSON] et al. [PERSON] et al. (2018) proposed Chinese-BERT, which integrates Chinese character images with different writing styles and Chinese character pinyin into the pre-training of the language model, effectively enhancing the semantic expression ability of the Chinese pre-training language model. However, these methods encode each Chinese character glyph independently, ignoring the potential word formation knowledge between adjacent glyphs. Moreover, the representation sequences of different modals have their unique contextual semantics and global dependency information, and the above methods do not explicitly extract this semantic information from the glyph representation sequences. In addition, the above methods simply concatenate the contextual representation and glyph representation from different modals, ignoring the interactive information between the two representations.  
In comparison, our approach fully excavates and makes use of the semantic knowledge contained in Chinese character glyphs. First, we propose CBHNN, which uses the characteristics of 3 DCNN, which simultaneously extracts spatial and temporal dimension information, to learn the semantic knowledge contained in Chinese character glyphs and the potential word formation knowledge between adjacent glyphs, and explicitly captures the contextual semantics and global dependence features of a glyph sequence through BiLSTM to generate the glyph representation. Second, an interactive fusion method with a crossmodal attention and gate mechanism is proposed to realize the feature complementarity among the contextual representation and glyph representation, reducing the information redundancy and improving the recognition performance of the model.
# Confirmation of Final Bolt Tightening via Deep Learning-Based Image Processing
## 3 Overview of Proposed Method
### Extracting Markers Module  
The marker detection module detects marking marks on a bolt in an image in which only one bolt is present, obtained using the bolt extraction module.  
In this module, the markers in the image are first extracted. This is because the information used to judge bolt tightening is the marking result, and the characteristics of the bolt are unnecessary; thus, these features are deleted to increase the classification accuracy. We use a semantic segmentation method based on deep learning as a marker identification method. We considered that this method would be able to respond more robustly to changes in the marker color due to the direction and strength of the light source in the actual shooting environment than pattern-matching methods that set thresholds for color information. The module uses DeepCrack [12]--a semantic segmentation method--to detect marker-colored locations. In this method, a classifier is trained using a binary image that is colored only in the area where the marker is colored as the label of the image. The classifier outputs a monochrome image of the input image, coloring only the areas of the marker coloring points (Figure 3). To train the model, 8995 bolt images and their label images extracted from images taken at bolt tightening sites were used.
## 3 Control Strategy during Engine Start-Up Process
\begin{array}{ll}T_{\text{{MG1}}}=&\frac{(i_{2}-1)(T_{\text{{WH\_Lim }}}/i_{0})+i_{2}T_{\text{{B1}}}}{i_{1}-i_{2}}\\ &+(I_{\text{{S1}}}+I_{\text{{MG1}}})i_{0}i_{1}\ddot{\theta}_{\text{{WH}}}\\ T_{\text{{MG2}}}=&\frac{(i_{1}-1)(T_{\text{{WH\_Lim}}}/i_{0})+i_{1}T_{\text{ {B1}}}}{i_{2}-i_{1}}\\ &+(I_{\text{{S2}}}+I_{\text{{MG2}}})i_{0}i_{2}\ddot{\theta}_{\text{{WH}}}\\ \end{array} \right. \tag{2}\]  
Figure 2: Lever chart during start-up process. (3) Electric engine starting phase before ignition and ECVT phase after ignition  
In the third stage, B1 has been completely separated. The MG1 compensates for \(T^{\prime}_{MG1}\) to pull the engine's speed to its target ignition speed. The MG2 provides \(T^{\prime}_{MG2}\) to ensure that the car runs in response to the driver's actions. In the fourth stage, the engine starts the fuel injection and the engine and motors work together to drive the car. Since the brakes are completely separated in the third and fourth stages, their dynamics formulas are the same:  
\[\left\{ \begin{array}{ll}T_{MG1}=&\dfrac{(i_{2}-1)(T_{WH\_Lim}/i_{0})+i_{2} \Big{(}T_{Eng\_des}-\big{(}I_{Eng}+I_{C}\big{)}\ddot{\theta}_{Eng\_des}\Big{)}} {i_{1}-i_{2}}\\ &+(I_{s_{1}}+I_{MG1})\Big{(}i_{0}i_{1}\ddot{\theta}_{WH}+(1-i_{1})\ddot{\theta} _{Eng\_des}\Big{)}\\ T_{MG2}=&\dfrac{(i_{1}-1)(T_{WH\_Lim}/i_{0})+i_{1}\Big{(}T_{Eng\_des}-\big{(}I _{Eng}+I_{C}\big{)}\ddot{\theta}_{Eng\_des}\Big{)}}{i_{2}-i_{1}}\\ &+(I_{s_{2}}+I_{MG2})\Big{(}i_{0}i_{2}\ddot{\theta}_{WH}+(1-i_{2})\ddot{\theta }_{Eng\_des}\Big{)}\end{array} \right. \tag{3}\]  
where \(T_{Eng\_des}\) or \(T_{Eng}\) is the engine demand torque, \(I_{Eng}\) is the rotational inertia of the engine, and \(\ddot{\theta}_{Eng\_des}\) is the demand angular acceleration during the engine start-up. Firstly, the control strategy of the engine start-up, Formulas (1)-(3), was modeled using the Matlab/Simulink software and was integrated into the control software in the model's existing hybrid control unit (HCU) bench test system. Thereafter, model-in-the-loop (MIL) and SIL software-in-the-loop (SIL) tests by Dspace/TargetLink software were performed, and C language code of the application layer and A2L file were generated. By combining and compiling the application layer codes and bottom layer codes, program files in HEX and A2L formats were generated. The upper computer utilized an Inca ES581 module and the controller area network (CAN) network to communicate and wrote the HEX file into the powertrain controller HCU.
# BiPAD: Binomial Point Process Based Energy-Aware Data Dissemination in Opportunistic D2D Networks
## 4 Conclusions  
We have demonstrated an efficient D2D data dissemination method for reducing excessive overlap between transmission coverage while maximizing the message delivery ratio. The proposed BiPAD algorithm causes devices to forward received messages in consideration of the \(k\)-th furthest distance from the source device based on BPP, thereby resolving problems caused by coverage overlap and unnecessary energy consumption. We used simulations to demonstrate that the proposed BiPAD algorithm can reduce the number of received messages while ensuring the required message delivery ratio by adaptively setting the parameter \(k\). Using the proposed BiPAD algorithm, the source device can adjust the number of forwarding devices by adaptively adjusting \(r_{k}\) based on BPP regardless of the exact number of users within its transmission coverage. For further work, the influence spreading in social networks and the energy-aware data dissemination in the opportunistic D2D networks could be jointly considered as one of the major challenges for social-based behavior.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, H.L. Investigation, S.H. Methodology, K.L. and H.-H.C. Supervision, H.L. Writing original draft, S.H. Writing review and editing, K.L., H.-H.C. and H.L.  
**Funding:** This research was supported in part by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2016R1D1A1B03935902) and in part by 'The Cross-Ministry Giga KOREA Project' grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (No. GK18S0400, Research and Development of Open 5G Reference Model.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.