# Integration of Building Services in Modular Construction: A PRISMA Approach
## 4 Discussion  
### Advancements and Integration of Technology in Modular Construction  
Since the Industrial Revolution, mass production has dramatically benefited the construction industry [45]. Standardizing components like bricks, beams, and windows enabled the mass production of building materials, significantly reducing prices and expediting the construction process. Modular construction uses fully fitted, room-sized volumetric components placed on-site, and the primary benefits include improved quality and precision, quick on-site installation, and cost-effective production of many units [59]. Modular construction includes prefabrication, mechanization, automation, robotics, and reproduction [60]. As construction elements progress from materials to components, then to modules and complete units, prefabrication complexity and component integration increase while on-site work declines [60; 61]. This study has extensively reviewed research on building service integration in modular construction. The temporal publication trend demonstrates a rising corpus of research in this area, highlighting the growing recognition of modular construction's ability to improve building industry efficiency. The study suggests a shift toward building techniques that are more technologically advanced and sustainable. Emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) can significantly enhance construction processes and contribute to the development of sustainable communities [46]. The integration of developing  
Figure 9: Overview of current and future directions of research theme.  
technology into different aspects of building design, construction, and operation has been the subject of several studies.  
Recent studies have specifically examined the application of emerging technologies in modular construction. [PERSON] et al. [62] identified three primary challenges: inefficient data capture methods, ineffective progress supervision, and lack of automatic decision support in integrating BIM and related techniques in MIC on-site assembly services. The study presented an Internet of Things-enabled intelligent BIM platform (SBIMP), which integrates the Internet of Things (IoT), BIM technologies, and computing techniques to facilitate real-time information capture, processing, display, and sharing among various stakeholders to support their decision-making process during the on-site assembly process. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [63] present an IoT-enabled BIM platform (IBIMP) that facilitates the delivery of modular integrated construction (MiC) projects by enabling real-time information collection, autonomous decision support, and emergence alarm. The study presented service tools such as traceability and visibility tools, dynamic decision optimization tools, and automatic order dispatching tools to support stakeholders and managers in supervising and controlling the entire construction process and facilitating coordination among independent parties. Meanwhile, [PERSON] et al.'s [64] study focused on the reuse and waste reduction of modular components by collecting and storing components' life cycle information. The study showed that radio frequency identification (RFID)-BIM employment can enhance interoperability between stakeholders in the construction value chain while improving project lifecycle management monitoring. RFID-BIM can be particularly attractive in promoting innovation and unlocking multi-dimensional value. Incorporating cutting-edge technologies such as AI, ML, IoT, and BIM in modular construction can expedite the exchange of information in real-time, enhance decision-making, and foster collaboration among stakeholders. This integration is vital for improving the integration of building services in modular construction.