# Dietary Factors Affecting Asthma Outcomes among Asthmatic Children in California
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Statistical Analysis  
Descriptive analysis were summarized in Table 1. This study compared the diet frequency of asthmatic children (ages 2-11) with asthma outcome by using chi-square analysis (as illustrated in Table 2). Significance was set to \(p\) < 0.05. Significant dietary factors were followed up with logistic regression that adjusted for covariates such as gender, age, race, parent's education, household income, and geographic location (as illustrated in Table 3). Odds ratios were computed with 95% confidence intervals. All analyses wereconducted using STATA 14.2 (Stata Corp., College Station, TX, USA), and were survey-weighted using CHIS raking variables to adjust for survey sampling, non-response, and to reflect California Department of Finance Population demographic estimates for each survey period. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c} \hline \hline  & **Any Asthma** \\ \hline  & (\(n\) = 7687) \\ \hline Weighted \(n\) & 710,534 \\ Gender & \\ Female & 39.3 \\ Male & 60.7 \\ Age group & 2 to 4 years of age \\  
\hline \hline \end{tabular} Abbreviations: FPL–Federal Poverty Level.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Sociodemographic distribution as % of children ages 2–11 with asthma (CHIS 2001–2015). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Food/** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Had Asthma Attack**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Currently Taking Prescription**} \\
**Food Item** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**in 12 Months (\%)**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Symptom Frequency (\%)**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Meds to Control Asthma (\%)**} \\ \hline  & **Yes** & **No** & \(p\)**-Value** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Less than** \\ **Monthly** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Monthly** \\ **or More** \\ \end{tabular} & \(p\)**-Value** & **Yes** & **No** & \(p\)**-Value** \\ \hline Fruits, svg/d & \(n=5315\) & 0.481 & \(n=4946\) & 0.778 & \(n=6385\) & 0.602 \\  
r more & 41.9 & 58.1 & 61.7 & 38.3 & 37.1 & 62.9 & \\ \hline French fries, svg/d & \(n=5315\) & 0.658 & \(n=4949\) & 0.204 & \(n=6388\) & 0.066 \\
0 & 44.6 & 55.4 & 70.7 & 29.3 & 33.1 & 66.9 & \\
1 or more & 45.9 & 54.1 & 67.0 & 33.0 & 33.8 & 62.2 & \\ \hline Fast food, svg/w & \(n=3035\) & 0.605 & \(n=2003\) & 0.149 & \(n=3035\) & 0.448 \\
0 & 42.4 & 57.6 & 66.2 & 33.8 & 31.2 & 68.8 & \\
1 & 42.3 & 57.7 & 74.3 & 25.7 & 27.3 & 72.7 & \\
2 or more & 45.5 & 54.5 & 66.9 & 33.1 & 31.4 & 68.6 & \\ \hline Fruits, svg/d & \(n=6385\) & **0.021** & \(n=5174\) & 0.295 & \(n=2839\) & 0.664 \\
0 & 74.3 & 25.7 & 22.6 & 77.4 & 57.7 & 42.4 & \\
1 & 62.4 & 37.6 & 28.9 & 71.1 & 61.9 & 38.2 & \\
2 & 75.2 & 24.8 & 30.4 & 69.6 & 61.4 & 38.6 & \\
3 or more & 77.6 & 22.4 & 33.2 & 66.8 & 56.1 & 43.9 & \\ \hline Vegetables, svg/d & \(n=2776\) & 0.282 & \(n=5174\) & 0.990 & \(n=2839\) & **0.047** \\
0 & 67.2 & 32.8 & 29.7 & 70.3 & 59.8 & 40.2 & \\
1 & 74.0 & 26.1 & 30.3 & 69.7 & 66.8 & 33.2 & \\
2 or more & 74.7 & 25.3 & 30.1 & 69.9 & 53.8 & 46.2 & \\ \hline Fruit juice, svg/d & \(n=2776\) & 0.551 & \(n=5174\) & **0.039** & \(n=2839\) & 0.401 \\
0 & 74.3 & 25.7 & 25.7 & 74.3 & 62.1 & 37.9 & \\
1 & 69.0 & 31.0 & 30.1 & 69.9 & 60.8 & 32.0 & \\
2 or more & 74.2 & 25.8 & 35.5 & 64.5 & 54.4 & 45.6 & \\ \hline Milk, svg/d & & & \(n=2398\) & **0.033** & \(n=1929\) & 0.265 \\
0 & ND & ND & ND & 30.5 & 69.5 & 62.3 & 37.7 & \\
1 & ND & ND & 27.9 & 72.1 & 59.2 & 40.8 & \\
2 or more & ND & ND & 35.7 & 64.3 & 55.5 & 44.5 & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Comparison (%) of dietary practices by asthma status of children ages 2–11 a.