## 5 The Future of Geospatial Analysis and IoT
### Projections for the Future  
Based on the overall analysis performed, some IoT application domains seem to have largest opportunities for applying geospatial analysis, as well as larger potential impact than others. Geospatial mapping based on participatory sensing is becoming a popular approach to create maps of (mostly) urban surfaces, in relation to noise, pollution, areas of interests, etc. [22], but also in cases of disaster reporting, such as the case of the Haiti earthquake [61]. Urban emergency maps could be created based on crowdsensing from users' mobile phones, creating risk distribution maps that allow better assessment of dangers and allocation of available resources [23]. Urban sensing could be harnessed in the future also for personalized assistance while commuting [13]. Data mining and basic analytical operations are employed here.  
An important area of application would be to better understand and assess the impact of climate change [24] in different geospatial settings and areas around the world, taking lessons learned from one area and examining potential impacts on another. Environmental sustainability is a relevant issue, with early examples focusing on assessing and mitigating the environmental impact of livestock agriculture [50] and on understanding biodiversity and its risks in landscape changes [49]. Basic analytical methods, analysis of surfaces and geostatistics are mostly used for this type of analysis and research.  
Moreover, transportation in the forms of route planning [43; 52], traffic estimation [42], smarter and more optimized transportation systems [56], as well as driving safety [54] would be heavily affected by better IoT infrastructures and more efficient geospatial analysis. The demonstrations of CityPulse indicate the future shape of route planning, considering users' quality of experience and real-time urban, traffic and environmental conditions, as well as the preferences and habits of the users [12]. Network-based analytical methods are the ones used in this case.  
Finally, it is important to mention some recent European projects, funded by the European Commission (EC), which combine geospatial analysis and IoT principles to solve different real-world problems (besides the BALLADE and CityPulse EU projects introduced earlier in Section 3). The IoBee project ([[http://io-bee.eu](http://io-bee.eu)]([http://io-bee.eu](http://io-bee.eu))) aims to monitor bees, providing bee health/threat/mortality status information at regional and national scales, giving regional and national authorities a powerful tool to understand at a higher level the impacts and risks imposed by the presence of a disease or pest. By complying with OGC standards, the project encourages beekeepers,researchers and public authorities to be active participants in colony surveillance programmes. The Resolute project ([[http://www.resolute-eu.org/](http://www.resolute-eu.org/)]([http://www.resolute-eu.org/](http://www.resolute-eu.org/))) focuses on enhancing resilience in transport systems, defining a resilience model for the next-generation of collaborative emergency services and decision making processes.