## 3 Results
### Liver and Kidney Oxidative Stress  
The liver and kidney oxidative stress analysis (Table 4) showed significant differences in the antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT. The liver SOD activity increased in the EE48 group in comparison with the control and EE12 groups (\(p\) < 0.01). In the opposite direction, liver CAT activity decreased in the EE48 group in comparison with the control group (\(p\) < 0.01). Concerning kidney oxidative parameters, the only significant differences observed between groups were the increased activity of SOD in the EE48 group in comparison with the control (\(p\) < 0.01).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Biochemical Parameters** & **Control** & **EE12** & **EE24** & **EE48** \\ \hline Liver & & & & \\ ROS & 1212 (1115–1623) & 1649 (1330–1729) & 2051 (1678–3046) & 1896 (1408–2308) \\ SOD & 231 (169–271) \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 250 (239–255) \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 274 (233–322) \({}^{\mathrm{a}b}\) & 333 (290–382) \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) \\ CAT & 5956 (5047–6608) \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 4001 (3197–4482) \({}^{\mathrm{a}b}\) & 3906 (2960–5081) \({}^{\mathrm{a}b}\) & 2925 (2241–3612) \({}^{\mathrm{a}b}\) \\ GPx & 0.41 \(\pm\) 0.2 & 0.46 \(\pm\) 0.13 & 0.61 \(\pm\) 0.19 & 0.3 \(\pm\) 0.27 \\ GST & 0.17 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.18 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.2 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 0.19 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\ GSH & 14.58 \(\pm\) 3.4 & 14.71 \(\pm\) 1.86 & 13.33 \(\pm\) 5.55 & 12.95 \(\pm\) 2.68 \\ GSSG & 270 \(\pm\) 63.6 & 272.9 \(\pm\) 138.5 & 339.7 \(\pm\) 109 & 318.8 \(\pm\) 141.6 \\ OSI & 0.05 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.03 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.04 \(\pm\) 0.004 & 0.04 \(\pm\) 0.01 \\ MDA & 205.1 \(\pm\) 45.1 & 189.8 \(\pm\) 23.8 & 207.0 \(\pm\) 60.3 & 176.0 \(\pm\) 28.6 \\ \hline Kidney & & & & \\ ROS & 1460 \(\pm\) 323 & 1545 \(\pm\) 338 & 1429 \(\pm\) 443 & 1337 \(\pm\) 322 \\ SOD & 161 (139–188) \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 203 (178–271) \({}^{\mathrm{a}b}\) & 333 (267–432) \({}^{\mathrm{a}b}\) & 341 (305–374) \({}^{\mathrm{a}b}\) \\ CAT & 785.5 \(\pm\) 71.9 & 76.05 \(\pm\) 10.12 & 77.37 \(\pm\) 12.21 & 77.89 \(\pm\) 13.25 \\ GPx & 0.15 (0.13–0.22) & 0.08 (0.04–0.13) & 0.07 (0.05–0.1) & 0.08 (0.04–0.11) \\ GST & 0.058 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.045 \(\pm\) 0.002 & 0.058 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.045 \(\pm\) 0.002 \\ GSH & 148.1 \(\pm\) 31.60 & 131.4 \(\pm\) 16.69 & 146.2 \(\pm\) 35.49 & 132.8 \(\pm\) 21.63 \\ GSSG & 18.18 \(\pm\) 13.02 & 23.07 \(\pm\) 144.43 & 18.54 \(\pm\) 8.78 & 14.93 \(\pm\) 6.07 \\ OSI & 5.83 \(\pm\) 19.2 & 8.01 \(\pm\) 2.75 & 9.57 \(\pm\) 5.12 & 10.6 \(\pm\) 5.21 \\ MDA & 5600 \(\pm\) 1189 & 4960 \(\pm\) 728 & 5501 \(\pm\) 1378 & 5040 \(\pm\) 864 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Significant statistical differences between groups are indicated by different letters (\({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) and \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\)) (\(p\) < 0.05). ROS: reactive oxygen species; SOD: superoxide dismutase; CAT: catalase; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; GST: glutathione S-transferase; GSH: reducing glutathione; GSSG: oxidized glutathione (SSSG); OSI: oxidative stress index; MDA: malondialdehyde.  
\end{table}
Table 4: Values of liver and kidney oxidative parameters. Data are expressed as mean \(\pm\) standard deviation for parametric data distribution or median (25 th–75 th quartile) for non-parametric data.  
Figure 5: Genetic damage index values (mean \(\pm\) SE and expressed as arbitrary units) determined by the comet assay, corresponding to untreated slides (**a**) and slides treated (**b**) with Fpg and the resulting \(\mathrm{NSS_{Fpg}}\) (**c**). \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) Statistically significant differences (\(p\) < 0.05).