###### Abstract  
The main method of transportation of waterside villages has changed from water to land transportation because of water conservation policies, dried-up rivers, or other reasons around the Baiyangadian Lake area. To guide waterside villages around Baiyangadian Lake to adapt to modern transport systems and deal with the urbanization waves in China, this study first measured temporal accessibility and potential change under land transportation by spatial centrality indices at three different points in time (1964, 1996, and 2008) from the historical road system we reconstructed. Then, based on these indices, we proposed a village structure for decision-making support. The results show that (1) the connectivity between the road network and water in Anxin County was weakened from 1964-2008. (2) Villages with high accessibility have changed from relying on water to clustering, homogeneity, and following main highways. (3) Villages with high potential have changed from meeting the previous conditions of being close to water or main highways to having both main roads and a cluster of other villages in the vicinity. (4) Anxin County's waterside villages can be divided into core villages, sub-core villages, connectivity villages, and sub-villages. The spatial structure formed by these four types is not only adapted to the modern transport system but also can serve the purpose of land consolidation or residential mobility focused by local government. waterside villages; transport infrastructure; rural development; remote sensing; network analysis; sustainable development +
Footnote †: journal: Applied  
10 June 2022  
**The Transformation and Development Strategy of Waterside Villages through Transport System Reconstruction: A Case Study of Anxin County, Hebei Province, China. **  
**The Transformation and Development Strategy of Waterside Villages through Transport System Reconstruction: A Case Study of Anxin County, Hebei Province, China. them in the last century. For example, the waterborne-transportation-dominated structures and corresponding spatial layouts of the villages in the Lixia River region of northern Jiangsu Province (in east China) have been rapidly reconfigured by the strong intervention of the land transport system since the end of 19 century. Settlement patterns in this region shifted the original agglomeration in the south, with a dense water network, to the north, with a dense transportation network. Administrative villages and commercial land use also began to be distributed along main roads and were no longer gathered near the waterways or dwarves [7]. In addition, there are also examples of the polarizing development results of the water and land transportation. Some villages in the upper reaches of the Erhai Basin in Yunnan Province (a border province in southeast China), which are generally limited by high ecological sensibilities of water body, developed slowly; however, other villages in this area developed rapidly thanks to improved road networks and other resources [3]. The number and area of waterside villages in the plains region, such as the Jianghan (whose name literally means \"Hanjiang River and Yangtze River\") Plain region and Gong'an County of Hubei Province (in central China), show a dual orientation toward roads and water transportation, although they are more significantly correlated with roads [1,4]. Roads have stimulated villages along the route to progress rapidly by accelerating the flow of commodities, people, capital, and technology [10,18]. In contrast, water-based transportation no longer has much impact because of conservation policies, dried-up rivers, or other reasons. In summary, the above studies further illustrate that for waterside villages with fading water transportation, developing land transportation seems a cost-effective way for promoting urbanization and stimulating rural revitalization.