# Evaluating the Efficacy of Common Treatments Used for _Vairimorpha_ (_Nosema_) spp. [PERSON]
## 3 Results
### Experiment 2: Field Experiment--HiveAlive(r) and Fumagilin-B  
Overall, there was strong evidence that the number of _V. destructor_ per 100 bees across all treatments decreased over the course of the experiment (\(\chi^{2}\),439 = 42.19, \(p\) < 0.001), and there was an effect of treatment (\(\chi^{2}\),439 = 7.87, \(p\) = 0.02), but there was no evidence of an interaction between treatment and time (\(\chi^{2}\),849 = 5.49, \(p\) = 0.705) (Figure 2). Multiple comparisons showed that HiveAlive had a lower prevalence of _V. destructor_ than controls, and Fumagilin-B was not different from either one. Figure 1: Proportion of honey bees that survived _Vairimorpha ceranae_ infection and subsequent treatment in Experiment 1. Treatments are negative control (light blue), Fumagilin (dark blue), Honey-B-Healthy (yellow), and Nozevit Plus (red). Figure 2: _Vairimorpha_ spp. spores per bee (\(\times\)50,000) in Experiment 2. Shapes and error bars represent mean and standard error. Treatments are: control (blue circles), Fumagilin-B® (green triangles), and Hive Alive (black squares). Generally, _Vairimorpha_ spp. intensity in bees increased over the course of the experiment, regardless of treatment, then decreased in the final month of the experiment. There was strong evidence of an interaction between treatment and time on _Vairimorpha_ spp. intensity (F\({}_{8,438}\) = 2.88, \(p\) = 0.004). In the multiple comparison breakdown, there was strong evidence of an increase in _Vairimorpha_ spp. intensity in April for the bees fed the Fumagilin-B treatment (z = 2.72, \(p\) = 0.006) and the Hive Alive(r) treatment (z = 3.27, \(p\) = 0.001). In contrast, there was no evidence of a corresponding increase in intensity in bees in the negative control group (Figure 2). Experiment 3: Winter Field Treatment using Fumagilin-B and Nosevit at Fall and Spring Recommended Treatments  
At the end of the experiment, there was no evidence that colonies from the treatment groups differed in the observed number of bees (F\({}_{4,39}\) = 0.32, \(p\) = 0.866) or brood (F\({}_{4,39}\) = 0.73, \(p\) = 0.58) compared to those of the negative control. At the end of the experiment, there was an average _Vairimorpha_ spp. spore load of 516,666.67 spores per bee, with a prevalence of 0.84 across all treatments. There was no evidence that _Vairimorpha_ spp. intensity was affected by treatment (F\({}_{4,45}\) = 0.69, \(p\) = 0.604), but there was very strong evidence that _Vairimorpha_ spp. intensity was affected by time (F\({}_{3,131}\) = 24.39, \(p\) < 0.001). There was no evidence of an interaction between treatment and time on _Vairimorpha_ spp. intensity (F\({}_{12,127}\) = 1.22, \(p\) = 0.279). Similarly, there was very strong evidence that _Vairimorpha_ spp. prevalence was only affected by the time variable (\(\chi^{2}\) = 24.27, \(p\) < 0.001), with no differences between treatments (\(\chi^{2}\) = 4.17, \(p\) = 0.384); Figure S1. Reducing treatments to just the ingredient (negative control, Fumagilin-B, and Nosevit), regardless of solution preparation, showed weak evidence of an interaction between the treatment and time (F\({}_{6,136}\) = 2.07, \(p\) = 0.056) on _Vairimorpha_ spp. intensity. Again, there was strong evidence of an effect of time, where _Vairimorpha_ spp. intensity dropped after the first week in all treatments (F\({}_{3,136}\) = 10.79, \(p\) < 0.001). There was no effect of treatment (F\({}_{2,46}\) = 1.39, \(p\) = 0.259). Experiment 4: Repeat of Winter Field Treatment using Fumagilin-B and Nosevit at Fall and Spring Recommended Treatments  
Overall, the number of observed bees and brood increased over time (bees: F\({}_{1,93}\) = 125.05, \(p\) < 0.001; brood: F\({}_{1,93}\) = 181.67, \(p\) < 0.001), but there was no evidence of an effect from treatments on these variables (bees: \(p\) = 0.279; brood: \(p\) = 0.564). For both bees and brood, there was no evidence of an interaction between treatment and time (bees: \(p\) = 0.257; brood: \(p\) = 0.584). Across all treatments and observations, there was an average _Vairimorpha_ spp.