## 4 Different Manners of Production of Green Hydrogen and Derivatives
### Process of Production of Green E-Fuels  
The Magallanes region, thanks to its exceptional wind resources and commitment to decarbonization, has become a pioneering center for the production of green synthetic fuels, also known as e-fuels. These fuels, made from green hydrogen and captured CO\({}_{2}\), allow emissions reductions in sectors that are difficult to electrify, such as aviation and maritime transport. The following stages are considered in the production process [42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47] (Figure 8):  
Figure 7: Schematic process of green ammonia production considered for the Magallanes region.  
* Renewable wind energy generation: The Magallanes region has intense, constant winds, ideal for large-scale wind farms. Projects like Haru Oni (HIF Global) use this clean energy to power the entire process without CO2 emissions.
* Green hydrogen (H2) production: Using wind-powered electrolyzers, desalinated seawater (H2O) is broken down into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2). This green hydrogen is the basis for synthetic fuels.
* CO2 capture: The necessary carbon dioxide can be obtained in two ways: (i) directly from the atmosphere using direct air capture (DAC) technologies, and (ii) from industrial sources (such as biogas plants or nearby industrial processes).
* Fuel synthesis (power-to-liquid process): Green hydrogen and CO2 are combined in a synthesis reactor through two key processes: (i) Fischer-Tropsch process: Converts H2 and CO2 into liquid hydrocarbons (such as e-kerosene or e-diesel), and (ii) synthetic methanol; alternatively, e-methanol, a clean fuel for ships and aircraft, can be produced.
* Refining and distribution: Synthetic fuels are purified and adapted to international standards before being (i) transported by ship to global markets (Europe, Asia, USA) and (ii) used locally in heavy transport, mining or aviation.  
Synthetic fuels (e-fuels) can be produced using various methods, including the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process and methanol synthesis. Each method offers specific technical characteristics and advantages, particularly relevant in applications such as sustainable aviation fuels and integration with renewable energy sources.  
Figure 8: Schematic process of green e-fuels production considered for the Magallanes region.  
The Fischer-Tropsch process converts syngas (a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, CO + H\({}_{2}\)) into liquid hydrocarbons such as diesel, kerosene, and gasoline. Its main advantages include high carbon conversion efficiency into liquid products, the ability to generate fuels with fossil-like properties, good regulatory and social acceptance, and compatibility with existing refinery infrastructure [48]. These characteristics make the FT method an attractive option for gradually replacing fossil fuels in sectors that are difficult to decarbonize.  
On the other hand, methanol synthesis also starts with syngas but produces methanol as its main product. This can be used directly as fuel or as an input for the subsequent production of gasoline, aviation fuels, or high-value chemicals. This route is characterized by greater energy efficiency, greater flexibility for smaller-scale plant applications, and a better combined performance in terms of carbon efficiency and adaptation to existing infrastructure [49]. Its modularity makes it a viable solution for regions with distributed renewable resources and lower installed capacity.  
While both routes present considerably higher production costs compared to conventional fossil fuels, their adoption represents substantial potential for reducing CO\({}_{2}\) emissions, especially if integrated with carbon capture systems and renewable energy sources. The choice between one process or the other will depend on factors such as the scale of the project, the type of end application, available resources, and energy market conditions.