## 3 Results and Discussion
### Carbon Sinks in Bamboo Forest Ecosystems
#### 3.1.1 Bamboo as a Carbon Sink
The fallow forests dominated by bamboo species in Luang Prabang, Laos, can reach 11.54 to 25.86 tons of aboveground biomass per hectare [59]. Additionally, a natural bamboo forest (_Dendrocalamus giganteus_) in Terei, India, can accumulate 270.97 t/ha in an aboveground biomass [56], while in Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand, an aforested bamboo forest (_Thyrostachys siamensis_), naturally grown for more than ten years without human interventions, has about 34.80 t/ha in aboveground biomass [57]. Regarding carbon storage capacity, most global bamboo forests indicate great capacity. The riparian bamboo forest (_Dendrocalamus asper_) in Malang, Indonesia, demonstrates the most significant potential with 215.48 t/ha [60]. Comparative  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Source** & **Species** & **Region** & **Biomass (tha)** & **Note** \\ \hline ([PERSON] et al. [28]) & _Phylostachys pubescens_ & Jiangsu, China & 173.47 \(\pm\) 43.16 & AGB; Intensive management \\  & _Phylostachys pubescens_ & Jiangsu, China & 67.61 \(\pm\) 13.10 & AGB; Extensive management \\ ([PERSON] & _Mersatchys nesii_ & São Paulo, Brazil & 12.10 & AGB; Dominant species \\ ([PERSON] et al. [54]) & _Phylostachys pubescens_ & Kyoto, Japan & 182.80 & AGB \(\pm\) 0.8 GB \\ ([PERSON] et al. [56]) & _Dendrocalamus giganteus_ & Terei, India & 270.97 & AGB \(\pm\) 0.8 GB; Natural forest \\  & _Bambus matnas_ & Terei, India & 127.21 & AGB \(\pm\) 0.8 GB; Natural forest \\  & _Micoanna hccifera_ & Terei, India & 16.31 & AGB \(\pm\) 0.8 GB; Natural forest \\  & Nakhon Ratchasima, & Nakhon Ratchasima, & 34.80 & ABG; Natural more than 10 years (same below) \\ ([PERSON] [57]) & _Thyrostachys sianensis_ & Thailand & 34.80 & _Dendrocalamus muramatsuamatsu_ & _Thyrostachys sianensis_ \\  & _Mix_ & Nakhon Ratchasima, & 43.60 & _Dendrocalamus muramatsuamatsu_ & _Thyrostachys sianensis_ \\ ([PERSON] et al. [58]) & _Yushania alipina_ & West Amhara, Ethiopia & 108.07 \(\pm\) 1.80 & AGB \(\pm\) 0.8 GB; Five dominant niches \\ ([PERSON] et al. [42]) & _Dendrocalamus latiformis_ & China & 58.56 & AGB \(\pm\) 0.8 GB; National scale \\  & _Dendrocalamus_ & China & 49.91 & AGB \(\pm\) 0.8 GB; National scale \\  & _Bambus texttilis_ & China & 57.18 & AGB \(\pm\) 0.8 GB; National scale \\  & _Dendrocalamus_ & China & 82.67 & AGB \(\pm\) 0.8 GB; National scale \\  & _Bambus bavramica_ & China & 65.99 & AGB \(\pm\) 0.8 GB; National scale \\  & _Bambus chungii_ & China & 78.75 & AGB \(\pm\) 0.8 GB; National scale \\  & _N  
capacities were found in several sympodial bamboo species in China, including _Dendrocalamus giganteus_, _Neosinocalamus affinis_, and _Dendrocalamopsis oldhami_, which can store up to 47.82 tC/ha [42]. Some bamboo forests present a lower capacity for carbon storage. For instance, the bamboo forest plantations with _Merostachys neesii_ and _Dendrocalamus strictus_ in the Atlantic Forest Protected Area (Brazil) are able to store 5.20 tC/ha [54], and the home garden management of mixed bamboo species in Assam, India, can store only 9.00 tC/ha [30]. These cases focus solely on bamboo's aboveground portions, underscoring gaps in research. It is evident that various study designs, methodologies, site conditions, species mixes, and climatic factors can greatly influence the outcomes  
We found only 36 bamboo species that were researched for carbon sink function; six monopodial species were studied in 22 papers, while 46 articles analyzed 30 sympodial species (Figure 5). However, there are more than 1600 bamboo species in 121 genera globally [66], and there is a significant lack of research on the remaining species. Moso bamboo (_Phyllostachys publescens_) and Lei bamboo (_Phyllostachys violascens_) are the most studied monopodial species (green bars in Figure 5), and China, especially Zhejiang, is the region where the majority of research was conducted. However, the carbon sink capability of sympodial bamboo species in China remains an under-researched area.