# Chemical Migration from Wine Contact Materials
###### Abstract  
Wine quality and safety is affected by the food contact materials (FCMs) used. These materials are expected to protect the beverage from any chemical, physical, or biological hazard and preserve its composition stable throughout its shelf-life. However, the migration of chemical substances from FCMs is a known phenomenon and requires monitoring. This review distinguishes the migrating chemical substances to those of (i) industrial origin with potential safety effects and those of (ii) natural occurrence, principally in cork (ex. tannins) with organoleptic quality effects. The review focuses on the migration of industrial chemical contaminants. Migration testing has been applied only for cork stoppers and tops, while other materials like polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles with aluminum cups, paperboard cartons, stainless steel vats, and oak casks have been examined for the presence of chemical migrating substances only by wine analysis without migration testing. The dominant analytical techniques applied are gas and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) for the determination of organic compounds and Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and ICP-MS for elemental analysis. Targeted approaches are mostly applied, while limited non-target methodologies are reported. The identified migrating substances include authorized substances like phthalate plasticizers, monomers (bisphenol A), antioxidants (Irganox 1010), known but non-authorized substances (butylparaben), break-down products, oxidation products (nonylphenol), polyurethane adhesive by-products, oligomers, ink photoinitiators, and inorganic elements. A preliminary investigation of microplastics' migration has also been reported. It is proposed that further research on the development of comprehensive workflows of target, suspect, and non-target analysis is required to shed more light on the chemical world of migration for the implementation of an efficient risk assessment and management of wine contact materials.  
microagglomerated cork stoppers; packaging; natural cork; target analysis; suspect analysis; non-target analysis; intentionally added substances (IAS); non-intentionally added substances (NIAS); contaminants  
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pipes, packaging, and serving glassware. During the contact of wine with all these materials, substances present in or on the material may be transferred to wine [4]. To start with, the occurrence of these substances that have migrated into wine may endanger its safety if they concern substances at concentrations with adverse effects on human health after dietary exposure [5]. Secondly, their occurrence may downgrade wine quality in terms of organoleptic characteristics and provoke a change in wine composition [6; 7]. Therefore, analytical methods are required for quality and safety control of wine products in terms of wine contact materials.  
This review studies published research on the migration of chemical substances from wine contact materials to wine. It is shown that these substances can be divided into two groups based on their origin (industrial use or natural occurrence) and their relation to the safety and organoleptic quality of wine. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a review deals with the chemical migration to wine in a holistic way, including all kinds of chemical substances. Subsequently, the review focuses especially on the migration of chemical contaminants used in the manufacture of food contact materials (FCMs), and the analytical methodologies applied for their determination are presented. Finally, existing gaps in the scientific field of chemical migration from food contact materials to wine are highlighted, and new perspectives are presented.