## 3 Results and Discussion
### Corner joints Studies
#### 3.2.2 The Influence of Different Factors on Load-Bearing Capacity and Failure Points  
Specific to Panel Corner Joints  
Factors such as the type of joint reinforcement, such as wood biscuits, significantly impact the failure load and strength of the joints [14; 41]. The type of material used, whether particleboard or MDF, and the specific insert fittings utilized in the joints play a crucial role in determining the bending strength of the furniture corner joints [20]. The manner in which the joints are loaded, the gluing techniques employed, and the distribution of stresses within the joint also affect the failure points and load-bearing capacity of the corner joints [37]. Increasing the number of dowels enhances the bending moment resistance, indicating a direct correlation between dowel quantity and joint strength. Optimal dowel spacing is also critical, while increasing the spacing up to 160 mm improves the moment resistance, and further increasing it to 192 mm reduces it, suggesting a nonlinear relationship between dowel spacing and joint performance [48]. Moreover, the type of board material affects the load-bearing capacity, with melamine-coated fiberboards demonstrating superior bending moment resistance compared to melamine-coated particleboards, which is attributed to better adhesive interactions and material properties. The load-bearing capacity and failure points of particleboard corner joints are also influenced by the moisture content of the environment, the type of adhesive used, and the method of joint construction, according to [47]. Higher humidity environments (with 90% relative humidity compared to a dry environment with 45% relative humidity) during the gluing process significantly increased the load-carrying capacity and stiffness of the glued dowel joints on the particleboard. This was attributed to the more effective penetration of the polyurethane adhesive and swelling of the dowel and particleboard, which resulted in a stronger joint. The mechanical properties of these joints, including their failure points, are affected by the type of mechanical fasteners and the joining method, with demountable joints showing a higher loading capacity under varying humidity conditions. [PERSON] et al. [39] found that corner joints are significantly influenced by the number of screws, screw size (diameter and length), and loading type (compression or tension). Specifically, increasing the number of screws enhanced the moment resistance of the particleboard corner joints, with a notable improvement observed when four screws were used compared with two or three screws. Screw length had a more pronounced effect on bending moment resistance than screw diameter, indicating that longer screws contributed more effectively to joint strength. However, the observed joints exhibited a differential \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Corner Joint Type** & **Effect on Strength** & **Effect on Durability** & **Papers** \\ \hline Cam connectors and dowels & High strength; varies by dowel number & Less durable under long-term stress & [PERSON] [1], \\ Biscuits (wood vs. plastic) & Wood biscuits increase bending moment resistance & Wood biscuits last longer under cyclic loading & [PERSON] [1] \\ Confirmat screws & Superior strength in load-bearing applications & Aesthetic limitations unless concealed & [PERSON] et al. [39], \\ Lamello Clamex P and Invis & Lower strength; suitable for lighter applications & Limited by low load-bearing & [PERSON] et al. [39], \\ Mx & lighter applications & capacity & [PERSON] et al. [7] \\ Miter joints & 8\(\times\) higher strength than cam fittings with PVAC adhesive & Higher durability with & [PERSON] [1], \\ Edge banding thickness & Enhanced compression strength with 0.4 mm edge-banding & Unexpected particleboard & [PERSON] et al. [39] \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Strength and durability assessment of various corner joint types in panel furniture.