esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Methods
\begin{array}{l}A(x)\sum\limits_{n=1}^{n=\infty}\left\{\rho\omega^{2}-E \Bigl{[}\frac{(2n-1)\pi}{2L}\Bigr{]}^{2}\right\}U_{n}\sin\Bigl{[}\frac{(2n-1) \pi x}{2L}\Bigr{]}\sin\Bigl{[}\frac{(2p-1)\pi x}{2L}\Bigr{]}+\\ E\frac{\mathrm{d}A(x)}{\mathrm{d}x}\sum\limits_{n=1}^{n=\infty}\left[\frac{(2n- 1)\pi}{2L}\right]U_{n}\cos\Bigl{[}\frac{(2n-1)\pi x}{2L}\Bigr{]}\sin\Bigl{[} \frac{(2p-1)\pi x}{2L}\Bigr{]}=F(x).\end{array}  \tag{8}\]  
Equation (8) is integrated on [0,\(L\)], and written multiple times using values of \(p\) from \(1\) to infinity, which produces the matrix equation  
\[[\mathbf{G}+\mathbf{H}]\mathbf{u}=\mathbf{f}, \tag{9}\]  
where  
\[G_{p,n}=\int\limits_{0}^{L}A(x)\left\{\rho\omega^{2}-E\biggl{[}\frac{(2n-1) \pi}{2L}\biggr{]}^{2}\right\}\sin\biggl{[}\frac{(2n-1)\pi x}{2L}\biggr{]}\sin \biggl{[}\frac{(2p-1)\pi x}{2L}\biggr{]}\mathrm{d}x, \tag{10}\]  
\[H_{p,n}=\int\limits_{0}^{L}E\frac{\mathrm{d}A(x)}{\mathrm{d}x}\biggl{[}\frac{( 2n-1)\pi}{2L}\biggr{]}\cos\biggl{[}\frac{(2n-1)\pi x}{2L}\biggr{]}\sin\biggl{[} \frac{(2p-1)\pi x}{2L}\biggr{]}\mathrm{d}x, \tag{11}\]  
\[u_{p,1}=U_{p}, \tag{12}\]  
and  
\[f_{p,1}=\int\limits_{0}^{L}F(x)\sin\biggl{[}\frac{(2p-1)\pi x}{2L}\biggr{]} \mathrm{d}x. \tag{13}\]  
Note that Equations (10) and (11) are inner products with a weight function of the area (Equation (10)) and the derivative of the area (Equation (11)), however, they are not (in general) orthogonal. Thus, for problems where the rod area is non-uniform, \(\mathbf{G}\) and \(\mathbf{H}\) will be full matrices. Physically, these equations establish that the modes are coupled to each other by the change of area of the rod. The matrix \(\mathbf{G}\) represents the restoring and inertial forces and the matrix \(\mathbf{H}\) represents the change of the amount of force as the area varies. For a finite number of terms in \(p\) and \(n\), the wave propagation coefficients can be solved with  
\[\mathbf{u}=[\mathbf{G}+\mathbf{H}]^{-1}\mathbf{f}. \tag{14}\]  
Once these are known, they can be inserted into Equation (6) to yield the displacements of the system.
## 3 Methodology  
### Assessment of the ISS Images  
We quantitatively examined the potential of ISS imagery in land surface mapping at the current stage, with a specific focus on low-light suburban areas, through an image classification process. What must be pointed out here is that we did land surface mapping using the ISS imagery as a practical way to quantitatively assess the potential of moonlight remote sensing, considering the limitations of currently available data. The whole image classification process mainly consisted of four steps (Figure 2), the geometric correction, the thresholding method to distinguish the low-light suburban areas and the bright urban areas, the multi-resolution segmentation, and the final classification step with an object-oriented method and Random Forests (RF) algorithm.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline
**ID** & **Date** & **LT** & **Lat\({}^{\circ}\), Lon\({}^{\circ}\)** & **Camera** & **Len** & **City** \\ \hline VIIRS/DNB & 4 May 2015 & 03:43:43 & 51.03, \(-\)114.03 & CCD & 500–900 nm & Calgary \\ ISS034-E-37257 & 29 January 2013 & 03:09:05 & 50.5, 137.5 & Nikon D3S & 180 mm & Komsomsolsk \\ ISS045-E-155029 & 28 November 2015 & 00:07:23 & 51.03, \(-\)114.03 & Nikon D4 & 400 mm & Calgary \\ UAV-Mosaic & 20 June 2021 & 22:24–22:34 & 22.48, 113.56 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Hasselblad \\ L1D-20c \\ \end{tabular} & 35 mm & Guangming \\ \hline \end{tabular} Note: LT: local time; Lat, Lon: latitude (S: \(-\)90–0, N: 0–90), longitude (W: \(-\)180–0, E0–180); Nikon: Nikon camera; Len: focal camera lengths.  
\end{table}
Table 1: Acquisition parameters of the moonlight imagery used in this study.  
Figure 2: Scheme of the land surface classification with the ISS multi-spectral moonlight images.
## 3 Experimental Results
### Experiment 2 (Adhesive Contact with Non-Complete Initial Contact)  
This experiment is similar to the one described above, with one significant difference. After the maximum indentation depth \(d\) = 0.4 mm was reached, the indenter was stopped for one minute. During this pause, the edges of the plate were lifted with a screwdriver at both ends. Due to this, the adhesive contact was destroyed at the edges of the metal plate. After that, the indenter was moved upwards to the level \(d\) = 0.0 mm. The experimental dependence of force-indentation depth is shown in Figure 7. Here, the red curve corresponding to indentation repeats the case shown in Figure 6.  
Figure 7: Experimental dependence of the force \(F\) on the indentation depth \(d\). Loading—red curve; unloading—blue curve. The letters A–H correspond to the indentation stages shown in Figure 8. Green dots show the force values measured when the indenter was stopped during the manipulations described in the text of the article. Supplementary Video S2, which shows the whole experiment in detail, is available.  
Force values measured while the indenter was at rest are shown with green symbols. Here, the normal force varied over a wide range as an external force was applied to the plate to destroy the adhesive contact at its edges. Since the adhesive contact at the edges of the plate was forcibly destroyed, the rigidity of the contact decreased and its unloading occurred according to the DEFGH dependence, which was below the dependence corresponding to indentation. Figure 8D-F show that the edges of the plate were raised and not in contact with the elastomer.  
This led to a decrease in the contact area and a decrease in contact stiffness. In the case where the plate maintained full contact with the elastomer, as in the indentation phase, the contact rigidity was noticeably higher.  
Note that the contact rigidity of surfaces can be varied over a wide range by covering them with thin layers of materials with different mechanical properties, which is widely used in industry [27; 28].
## 4 The System Proposal: An Introduction
### ABCDE Method: On-Chain Subsystem
#### 4.3.3 Decentralized IDentities and Their Registry  
To design the system we refer to one of the most popular DID platforms, Veramo. It evolved from Uport in 2021. Contrary to uPort, Veramo is a more flexible and modular architecture, can run on web, mobile, and backend stack and can be easilier extended through add-on packages [42; 43; 44].  
_Veramo_ consists of identity and messaging protocols that together form a layer of interoperable identity for the decentralized web to return ownership of the identity to the individual (see web site [[https://veramo.io/docs/basics/introduction](https://veramo.io/docs/basics/introduction)]([https://veramo.io/docs/basics/introduction](https://veramo.io/docs/basics/introduction)) and [[https://developer.uport.me/#platform](https://developer.uport.me/#platform)]([https://developer.uport.me/#platform](https://developer.uport.me/#platform)) (accessed on 8 April 2022) and [31; 33; 43]). It is a DID platform designed to be compatible with any distributed ledger or network, as specified in [43] in which the authors wrote  
_Decentralized Identifiers are designed to be compatible with any distributed ledger or network. In the Ethereum community, a pattern known as ERC1056 utilizes a smart contract for a lightweight identifier management system intended explicitly for off-chain usage. The described DID method allows any Ethereum smart contract or key pair account, or any secp256k1 public key to become a valid identifier. Such an identifier needs no registration. In case that key management or additional attributes such as \"service endpoints\" are required, they are resolved using ERC1056 smart contracts deployed on the networks listed in the registry repository....ERC1056 proposes a way of a smart contract or regular key pair delegating signing for various purposes to externally managed key pairs. Any Ethereum account regardless of whether it's a key pair or smart contract based is considered to be an account identifier. An identity needs no registration. Each identity has a single address which maintains ultimate control over it. By default, each identity is controlled by itself. As ongoing technological and security improvements occur, an owner can replace themselves with any other Ethereum address, such as an advanced multi-signature contract. There is only ever a single identity owner. More advanced ownership models are managed through a multi-signature contract....Delegates are addresses that are delegated for a specific time to perform a function on behalf of an identity....The type of function is simply a string that is determined by a protocol or application higher up._  
The ERC1056 is an Ethereum standard proposed for creating and updating identities. It allows identities to have an unlimited number of delegates and attributes associated with it. This standard is fully DID compliant hence it follows the W3C proposed recommendations.
# Optimized Dissolved Oxygen Fuzzy Control for Recombinant _Escherichia coli_ Cultivations
## 3 Material and Methods  
### Escherichia Coli Cultivation Data for Simulations  
_E. coli_ cultivation data for fuzzy controller development was kindly donated by professor [PERSON] [21]. Fed batch cultivations of _E. coli_ BL21(DE3) harboring the plasmid pET37b(+) (expressing a fragment of pneumococcal surface protein A) were performed in a 5L bioreactor (Laboratory for Development and Automation of Bioprocesses-UFSCar-Sao Carlos, Brazil), supervised by SUPERSYS_HCDC software [21; 22; 47; 52]. Culture pH was kept at 6.7 during batch phase and 6.9 during fed-batch phase. Temperature was kept at 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Dissolved oxygen concentration was maintained at 30% of saturation by a hybrid system (PID and a decision tree algorithm). Conductivity and permittivity were monitored by a biomass sensor. For further details, please refer to References [23; 52]. In total, 16 cultivations of _E. coli_ were conducted (labeled A1 up to A16). However, due to the partially available data in some of them, just a few were eligible to be used for the fuzzy controller training. Among them, the two with highest attained maximum cell concentration were selected. A16 dataset (155 \(\text{g}_{\text{dry weight}}/\text{L}\)) was used to fuzzify the decision tree, whereas A12 dataset (123 \(\text{g}_{\text{dry weight}}/\text{L}\)) [23; 52] was employed for robustness test.
###### Abstract  
This study applies a methodology to evaluate the ecotoxicological potential of raw materials and cement-based construction materials. In this study, natural aggregates and Portland cement were replaced with non-conventional recycled concrete aggregates (RA) and fly ash (FA), respectively, in the production of two concrete products alternative to conventional concrete (used as reference). The experimental program involved assessing both the chemical properties (non-metallic and metallic parameters) and ecotoxicity data (battery of tests with the luminescent bacterium _Vibrio fischeri_, the freshwater crustacean _Daphnia magna_, and the yeast _Saccharomyces cerevisiae_) of eluates obtained from leaching tests of RA, FA, and the three concrete mixes. Even though the results indicated that RA and FA have the ability to release some chemicals into the water and induce its alkalinisation, the respective eluate samples presented no or low levels of potential ecotoxicity. However, eluates from concrete mixes produced with a replacement ratio of Portland cement with 60% of FA and 100% of natural aggregates and produced with 60% of FA and 100% of RA were classified as clearly ecotoxic mainly towards _Daphnia magna_ mobility. Therefore, raw materials with weak evidences of ecotoxicity could lead to the production of concrete products with high ecotoxicological potential. Overall, the results obtained highlight the importance of integrating data from the chemical and ecotoxicological characterization of materials' eluate samples aiming to assess the possible environmental risk of the construction materials, namely of incorporating non-conventional raw materials in concrete, and contributing to achieve construction sustainability.  
chemical characterization; concrete; construction material; ecotoxicology; fly ash; leachate; raw material; recycled aggregates; sustainability +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Extending the Performance of Hybrid NoCs beyond the Limitations of Network Heterogeneity
## 3 On the Performance Improvement of Hybrid NoCs
### Intra-Dimension Bypassing
#### 3.1.1 Bypass Datapath  
DSR [11] elegantly combines the routing algorithm with router micro-architecture optimization. We add a set of bypass paths on top of a VC router to achieve single-cycle intra-dimension traversal like that of DSR [11]. Figure 4 shows the overview of this adaptive router. During SA, if an output port receives no requests (indicating that the output port will be idle in next cycle), the output port is connected directly to the input channel of the opposite side in a router. For example, east output is connected to west input if it receives no requests from the buffered packets. In this case, an incoming packet of west input can go directly to the east output without waiting for switch allocation. We assume a 128-bit 1.5 mm-long bypass datapath (including crossbar and link). DSENT [48] reports that the bypass datapath can satisfy a delay constraint of 0.2 ns with proper repeater insertion. Traversing through a bypass path skips the buffering procedure, as well as multi-stage allocation procedures and incurs a single-cycle delay.  
We use an example to demonstrate how these pre-setup datapaths can be utilized to transmit any packets. The thick arrows in Figure 5 represent the pre-setup bypass paths in a \(4\times 4\times\)zinhomogeneous 3D mesh network under zero-load conditions. Suppose a packet is injected to router SRCand targets destination (DST) on layer z. At SRC, the router selects an output direction for the packet according to congestion status. If it chooses east output, the packet will go to Router (1,0,0) in the next hop. Router (1,0,0) has a bypass path from west to east. Hence, on Router (1,0,0), this packet can go to Router (2,0,0) directly without arbitration. The same procedure of bypassing works on Router (2,0,0), which sends the packet to Router (3,0,0). On Router (3,0,0), the packet needs to make a turn, is buffered and then sent to north output through the crossbar (in DSR [11], it is through a shared intermediate buffer). The south to north bypass path on Router (3,1,0) sends the packet to 3D Router (3,2,0) for interlayer traversal to the destination in layer z. The red dashed line shows the complete path for this packet if it selects east output at SRC, which is actually an XYZ routing path. Similarly, if north output is selected on SRC, the path of this packet will be the purple dashed line, which is a YXZ routing path.  
The bypass datapath applies DoR on packets, so it utilizes the pre-setup intra-dimension crossbar connections. Utilizing these bypass paths skips the long adaptive routing pipeline and effectively reduces packet delay at low loads. Although the five-port 2D-mesh router is used in this paper, the idea of the pre-setup crossbar according to a certain routing algorithm can also be applied to other routers (e.g., homogeneous 3D-mesh routers).
# Semantics-Preserving RDB2 RDF Data Transformation Using Hierarchical Direct Mapping
###### Abstract  
Direct mapping is an automatic transformation method used to generate resource description framework (RDF) data from relational data. In the field of direct mapping, semantics preservation is critical to ensure that the mapping method outputs RDF data without information loss or incorrect semantic data generation. However, existing direct-mapping methods have problems that prevent semantics preservation in specific cases. For this reason, a mapping method is developed to perform a semantics-preserving transformation of relational databases (RDB) into RDF data without semantic information loss and to reduce the volume of incorrect RDF data. This research reviews cases that do not generate semantics-preserving results, and the corresponding problems into categories are arranged. This paper defines lemmas that represent the features of RDF data transformation to resolve those problems. Based on the lemmas, this work develops a hierarchical direct-mapping method to strictly abide by the definition of semantics preservation and to prevent semantic information loss, reducing the volume of incorrect RDF data generated. Experiments demonstrate the capability of the proposed method to perform semantics-preserving RDB2 RDF data transformation, generating semantically accurate results. This work impacts future studies, which should involve the development of synchronization methods to achieve RDF data consistency when original RDB data are modified.  
hierarchical direct mapping; relational database; semantic web; web ontological language +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
###### Abstract  
In the context of noise reduction schemes for box-girder bridges (BGBs) used in high-speed railway, the thickened top plate design can effectively reduce the structural noise of the BGB, which has been widely recognized. However, it is difficult to obtain the optimum thickness of the top plate of the BGB without mastering the key mechanism of the noise reduction scheme. Therefore, this study took a 32 m simple-supported concrete BGB in the context of a high-speed railway as the research object and analyzed and compared the sound vibration characteristics of the entire thickened top plate versus the locally thickened top plate on BGB tracks, and the optimal noise reduction mechanism of the thickened top plate design scheme was studied in detail. The key issues of the thickened top plate noise reduction scheme are discussed. The results show that thickening the top plate can obviously reduce the bridge's structural noise when subjected to severe vibration and high frequency bands because the vibration of the BGB is reduced. However, in the low frequency band, acoustic radiation can occur as a result of the small amplitude vibration, and this phenomenon is closely related to the vibrational distribution of the BGB. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on the vibrational distribution of the BGB as a priority when carrying out noise reduction using a thickened top plate. This paper points out the most significant factors affecting the acoustic radiation ability of the BGB in different frequency bands, especially the key problem of the strong acoustic radiation ability caused by small vibrations in low frequency band. The research results can provide an important theoretical basis for the optimal thickness design of the BGB.  
high-speed railway; box girder bridge; top plate thickening design; acoustic radiation mechanism; vibration distribution +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# A Location Routing Problem with Time Windows Consideration: A Metaheuristics Approach
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Proposed Method
#### 2.2.4 Neighborhood Structure  
The VNSPR algorithm features a five-neighborhoods structure in order to investigate various possibilities regarding the locations of depots and to enhance the way customers are assigned to each depot. In this particular algorithm, the details of the neighborhoods that are used are referred to as insertion, swap, 2-opt, cross-exchange, and Icross-exchange, respectively. The neighborhoods are chosen based on the previous study using VNSPR algorithm conducted by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [49].
###### Abstract  
Dynamic Bayesian networks (DBNs) represent complex time-dependent causal relationships through the use of conditional probabilities and directed acyclic graph models. DBNs enable the forward and backward inference of system states, diagnosing current system health, and forecasting future system prognosis within the same modeling framework. As a result, there has been growing interest in using DBNs for reliability engineering problems and applications in risk assessment. However, there are open questions about how they can be used to support diagnostics and prognostic health monitoring of a complex engineering system (CES), e.g., power plants, processing facilities and maritime vessels. These systems' tightly integrated human, hardware, and software components and dynamic operational environments have previously been difficult to model. As part of the growing literature advancing the understanding of how DBNs can be used to improve the risk assessments and health monitoring of CESs, this paper shows the prognostic and diagnostic inference capabilities that are possible to encapsulate within a single DBN model. Using simulated accident sequence data from a model sodium fast nuclear reactor as a case study, a DBN is designed, quantified, and verified based on evidence associated with a transient overpower. The results indicate that a joint prognostic and diagnostic model that is responsive to new system evidence can be generated from operating data to represent CES health. Such a model can therefore serve as another training tool for CES operators to better prepare for accident scenarios.  
dynamic Bayesian networks; prognostics and health management; complex engineering systems; causal modeling; risk assessment; safety monitoring Article  
A Dynamic Bayesian Network Structure for Joint Diagnostics and Prognostics of Complex Engineering Systems  
[PERSON] () and [PERSON] ()  
Systems Risk and Reliability Analysis Lab (SyRRA), Center for Risk and Reliability, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
1
## 3 Strain Gauge Location Optimization of an Aircraft Wing
### Strain Gauge Location Optimization Based on the Improved Correlation Measure  
According to the proposed method in Section 2.2, 1-13 monitoring points are taken as the first monitoring point in turn, and the other monitoring points are sorted successively. The strain monitoring point sequence results for different first monitoring points are tabulated in Table 2.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Ordinal Number** & **First Monitoring Point** & **Remaining Monitoring Points (In Sequence)** \\ \hline
1 & 1 & 10, 12, 6, 13, 2, 7, 3, 8, 5, 11, 4, 9 \\ \hline
2 & 2 & 7, 11, 4, 6, 12, 8, 5, 10, 1, 9, 3, 13 \\ \hline
3 & 3 & 10, 6, 12, 11, 4, 8, 5, 2, 9, 1, 13, 7 \\ \hline
4 & 4 & 8, 13, 2, 12, 6, 9, 1, 10, 3, 11, 5, 7 \\ \hline
5 & 5 & 8, 1, 10, 4, 11, 3, 9, 6, 12, 2, 13, 7 \\ \hline
6 & 6 & 12, 10, 3, 11, 4, 8, 5, 2, 9, 1, 13, 7 \\ \hline
7 & 7 & 2, 11, 4, 6, 12, 8, 5, 10, 1, 9, 3, 13 \\ \hline
8 & 8 & 4, 13, 2, 12, 6, 9, 1, 10, 3, 11, 5, 7 \\ \hline
9 & 9 & 1, 8, 4, 11, 3, 13, 2, 7, 6, 5, 10, 12 \\ \hline
10 & 10 & 3, 6, 12, 11, 4, 8, 5, 2, 9, 1, 13, 7 \\ \hline
11 & 11 & 4, 2, 7, 6, 12, 8, 5, 10, 1, 9, 3, 13 \\ \hline
12 & 12 & 6, 10, 3, 11, 4, 8, 5, 2, 9, 1, 13, 7 \\ \hline
13 & 13 & 2, 4, 8, 12, 6, 9, 1, 10, 3, 11, 5, 7 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Monitoring point sequence by proposed improved correlation method.  
Figure 6: Initially selected 13 strain monitoring points in first stage.  
When monitoring points 1 and 10 are adopted, the load prediction accuracy of the No. 1 loading actuator is less than 3% and the relative error is less than 4% for the No. 2 loading actuator. The error comparisons are shown in Figures 10 and 11 when point 1 is the first monitoring point and point 10 is the second monitoring point.  
From Figures 10 and 11, it manifests that the two selected monitoring points based on the proposed improved correlation method can simultaneously achieve very high monitoring accuracy for the two loading actuators. Moreover, the proposed strain gauge location optimization method does not require the data of operational loads, which determine the optimal monitoring points just based on the strain data. For practical application in engineering, when it is hard to determine the first strain monitoring point, a comparison study of the performance of different first two monitoring points can be used to select the best first two strain gauge locations.  
Figure 10: Expected and predicted value errors of No. 1 load actuator.  
Figure 9: Expected and predicted load errors of load actuator No. 2.