esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Analysis of Volatile Compounds in St. John's Wort  
The HS-SPME (headspace-solid phase microextraction) GC/MS (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry) technique was used to analyze _Hypericum perforatum_. Flowers, leaves and stems were analyzed separately. Samples of 200 mg of fresh plant were used, which corresponded to 55 mg of flowers, 58 mg of leaves or 87 mg of stems after drying. These samples were then placed in screw-cap glass vials with a capacity of 20 mL each. Those were conditioned in 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 10 min, which allowed for the volatile ingredients to move towards the gas phase. Then, the PDMS/DVB (polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene) 65 \(\upmu\)m fiber (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA) was inserted into each vial kept at 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and left in contact with the headspace for the next 30 min. Subsequently, it was introduced into the split-splitless injector (a split ratio: 1:5) of the 7890A gas chromatograph (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA), where the desorption of extracted compounds was carried out for 1 min in 270 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The GC separations were performed on a HP-5 MS (5% diphenyl, 95% dimethyl polysiloxane, 60 m 0.32 mm id, 0.25 \(\upmu\)m film thickness) fused-silica capillary column (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA). Helium was used as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 2.5 mL/min. The GC oven temperature was programmed from 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C (isothermal for 1 min) to 240 \({}^{\circ}\)C at a rate of 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min. The final temperature was held for 10 min. The GC column outlet was connected directly to the ion source of the 7000 GC/MS Triple Quad mass spectrometer (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA). The GC/MS interface, the ion source and the quadrupoles were kept at 270, 230 and 150 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively. The ionization energy was 70 eV. The mass spectrometer was operated in a full scan mode (\(m\)/z 29-450). The software used for data collection and mass spectra processing was MassHunter GC/MS Acquisition B.07.05 and MassHunter Workstation B.07.00 (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA). Analyzed compounds were identified by comparison of their mass spectra with the library standards (the NIST/EPA/NIH Mass Spectral Library 2014 and the Wiley Registry of Mass Spectral Data 10 th Edition) and by comparison of the Kovats retention indices (RI) calculated on HP-5 MS column with the tabulated values (NIST).
## 2 Preliminaries  
### Notation  
In this paper, we employ standard cryptographic notations. Vectors are denoted in bold, like \(\mathbf{a}\), and matrices are written in upper-case bold, like \(\mathbf{A}\). For a positive integer \(k\), let \(\Phi_{k}(X)\) be the \(k\)-th cyclotomic polynomial, whose degree is \(N=\varphi(k)\), where \(\varphi(\cdot)\) is the Euler's totient function. We work over the polynomial ring \(R=\mathbb{Z}[X]/(\Phi_{k}(X))\) and the corresponding residue ring \(R_{Q}=R/(Q\cdot R)\) for some integer modulus \(Q\). In \(R_{Q}\), each polynomial has coefficients in the interval \((-Q/2,Q/2]\). We use the security parameter \(\lambda\), and denote a negligible function with respect to \(\lambda\) as \(\text{neg}(\lambda)\). For a distribution \(D,\ x\gets D\) indicates that \(x\) is sampled according to \(D\). When referring to the uniform distribution over a finite set \(S\), we use \(U(S)\). For a polynomial \(a\) in \(R\), we define \(\|a\|_{\infty}\) as the standard \(l_{\infty}\)-norm of its coefficient vector. All logarithms in this paper are taken to base 2 unless otherwise specified.
## 4 Conclusions  
A promising approach to producing a silver-based antenna on a ceramic substrate was presented in this work. As a versatile tool, the laser technique was utilized to produce the micro-cavity in zirconia substrate (as a subtractive process) and also to sinter the silver antenna into this cavity (as an additive process). A micro-cavity with the desired antenna design was created by laser on the zirconia surface, and then the silver powder was successfully sintered into this cavity, forming a conductor path. In addition to being a fast and inexpensive manufacturing technique, this approach can also be applied to other and more complex designs. According to the results, the fabricated antenna can receive \(-45\) dB at 2.4 GHz from a horn antenna placed 25 cm away from it while safeguarding the safety of the patient. The antenna fabricated through the proposed method can be used safely in an implant to bidirectionally communicate data with the outside world without the need to have the exterior antenna attached to the skin, thus allowing for truly tether-less applications.  
C.M.: investigation and writing: H.D.: investigation and writing; O.C.: technical guidance; P.M.: investigation and reviewing; R.N.: investigation and reviewing; F.S.: investigation and reviewing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work has been supported by the FCT (Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia -Portugal) in the scope of the projects UID/EEA/04436/2019; Magsense_POCI-01-0247-FEDER-033783, Add_Additive_Manufacturing to Portuguese Industry_POCI-01-0247-FEDER-024533, grant SFRH/BD/116554/2016 and the CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico) for the grant 205791/2014-0.  
Not applicable.  
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.  
The authors declare no competing interests.
## 3 Results
### Antioxidant Activity  
The results of antioxidant activity of blackthorn berry powders obtained by DPPH test are presented in Figure 7. Each of the analyzed extracts had the ability to scavenge DPPH radicals. Between 0-0.125 mm and 0.315-0.450 mm were the granulometric classes with higher percentages of DPPH inhibition. Also, the particles with the largest dimensions, namely over 0.800 mm, showed the lowest antioxidant activity, which can be demonstrated by the fact that the physical structure of the fruit matrix was not destroyed so that the antioxidant compounds could be released in depth. After carrying out the regression analysis for the variation in DPPH concentration according to the total content of phenols, we obtained for the linear variation an R coefficient of 0.651; for the logarithmic variation, the correlation coefficient R obtained was 0.51, and the highest correlation coefficient R = 0.754 was obtained for the polynomial variation of the third order. At the same time, the DPPH scavenging activity was relatively higher for two of the sieved samples, which showed that the sieving process has an important role in decreasing the cohesion of the powder, facilitating the dispersion and release of the antioxidant compounds in ethanol. Even the mixing of the sample with the solvent was an important step leading to an improved antioxidant activity. Phenolic compounds were considered to contribute significantly to the antioxidant activity of the tested fruit powders, which was also observed by the authors of [26], in their work. This aspect is in line with the notion that plant products' antioxidant capacity is primarily ascribed to polyphenols' capacity to scavenge radicals. The high bioactive compound contents of blackthorn berry powders are probably responsible for their significant antioxidant activity [56].  
Figure 6: The total content of phenolic compounds presents in the un-sieved sample (C) and in the granulometric classes.  
Figure 7: Antioxidant activity of the granulometric fractions and un-sieved powders (C) of blackthorn berries.
# A Smart Sensing System of Water Quality and Intake Monitoring for Livestock and Wild Animals
## 4 Experiment Results
However, sometimes it is difficult to read due to light conditions, as shown in Figure 16b, or because it is blocked, as shown in Figure 16c. The motion camera may make mistakes triggering the camera when there are actually no drinking events. For example, animals walking close to the motion detector may trigger the camera Figure 16d. The camera also works in the evening. Animal IDs can be read from evening pictures Figure 16e, although sometimes it would be blocked as shown in Figure 16f. The size of each picture is small, which is between 12 and 28 kB, so that the SD card can store the raw images for more than two weeks. The watering behavior is analyzed by the visit duration per animal and the specific drinking time during the day. It is also related to the water quality such as temperature, pH value, turbidity, and mineral levels of water. The current system detects the drinking duration in the timing resolution of minutes, which could be improved in later systems to the timing resolution of seconds. Furthermore, the currently deployed system only measures the water temperature, which would be extended into pH value and other chemical components of water in future systems. Figure 17 shows how long each animal stayed at the water source. The time was broken into average minutes per day; however, some animals were noted to stand at the water source as long as 10 min without drinking. Water temperature could impact water consumption as well. Figure 18 shows the average water temperature collected by the system. Tracking daily water temperature will not only reflect air temperature changes but could also demonstrate optimum temperature for maximum water intake and watering behavior. Table 1 presents a few lines of raw data stored in the SD card between 8 am and 9 am on August 6 at Station 4 on the East side of the Tucumcari site. Figure 15: Daily average watering behavior of the drinking station in terms the number of visits and water intake (liters). Figure 16: Image taken by the cameras triggered by motion detector: (**a**) Animal ID readable. (**b**) Animal ID not unreadable due to light. (**c**) Animal ID blocked. (**d**) False trigger of the camera with no drinking event. (**e**) Evening drinking event with animal ID readable. (**f**) Evening event with animal ID unreadable. Figure 17: Recorded visit duration by individual animals.
## 2 Construction of Customer Requirement-Product Function Matching Mechanism  
### Analysis of Customer Functional Requirements and Delimiting of Extension Sets  
Customer functional requirements (_FRs_) were used as the driving factors for product modification, so in this paper, analysis of FRs was focused on in the customer requirements (_CRs_) analysis stage, with non-functional requirements (_NFRs_) not taken into account temporarily. Figure 1 shows the hierarchical analysis of requirements, and the specific flow chart is shown in Figure 2.  
Figure 1: Hierarchical analysis of requirements.  
In Figure 1, \(CR_{i}\) was defined as the \(FR\) or \(NFR\), this research work focused on the hierarchal analysis for the \(FRs\); and each \(FR_{i}\) could be described with the form \(Ft_{j}\), that is verb + noun; and \(Ft_{j}\) contained one or more function parameters \(FPs\). The analysis flowchart in Figure 2, \(CRs\) were firstly collected and then classified into the \(FRs\) or \(NFRs\); \(FRs\) were taken as the driving factors for structure modification; the form of \(Ft\) was adopted to represent each \(FR\), and \(FP\) was used to quantitatively evaluate \(Ft\) and \(FR\).  
For a specific product, the specific use function may have some deviation from the original customer requirement. Consequently, in order to quantify the matching degree between actual function and customer requirement, a customer requirement-product function matching mechanism was constructed by the extension dependent function to express product function domain via extension set.  
**Definition 1.** Assuming that \(U\) is the universe of discourse of functions of a product case, and \(u\) is any element of \(U\), then  
\[E=\{(u,y)|u\in U,y=k(u)\in R\} \tag{1}\]  
is an extension set of function domain in \(U\), where \(y=k(u)\) is a dependent function of \(E\), and its specific construction method is shown in Reference [27].  
The universe of discourse of functions \(U\) in definition 1 were divided into three parts by the value of dependent function, namely, function satisfaction domain (a function domain with actual function satisfying customer requirement \(V_{++}\)), function deviation domain (a function domain with actual function deviating from customer requirement \(V_{+}\)), and function loss domain (a function domain with actual function lost \(V_{-}\)), and the specific expression is as follows:  
\[U =\{V_{++},V_{+},V_{-}\}_{Case\_Funt}\] \[=\left\{\begin{array}{l}V_{++}(Case\_Funt)=\{(u,y)|u\in U,y=k(u )\in[1,+\infty)\}\\ V_{+}(Case\_Funt)=\{(u,y)|u\in U,y=k(u)\in[0,1)\}\\ V_{-}(Case\_Funt)=\{(u,y)|u\in U,y=k(u)\in(-\infty,0)\}\end{array}\right.\]
# A Real-Time Water Level and Discharge Monitoring Station: A Case Study of the Sakarya River
## 2 Materials and Methods
### River Monitoring Station Laboratory and Field Calibration
After installation, sensor data were validated by comparing laser meter measurements with the values displayed on the web interface. Figure 10: Real-Time Flow Monitoring Station Cabin Installation. Figure 9: Field Calibration.
## 2 Methods  
Figure 1 illustrates the GNSS/odometer integration scheme with weighted least squares (WLS)-based robust regression, which includes the measurements implemented in this paper. In the proposed design, GNSS acts as a major sensor, comprising pseudorange, pseudorange rate, and TDCP measurements, for providing absolute positioning state (position and velocity). Whereas, the odometer with the forward speed acts as the constraint in the position and velocity domain. Those measurements will be processed by the WLS-based robust regression to reweight the scale indicators adaptively, and the state-augmented EKF integrates all of the inputs for the state estimation. In the following, the design of state-augmented EKF corresponding to delta measurement (TDCP) for estimating the position change is introduced in Section 2.1. Section 2.2 describes the measurement model, including conventional measurements and TDCP. Section 2.3 introduces the measurement model for the odometer, and the corresponding designs of vehicular-motion constraint and FDE mechanism in this study are also included. The robust regression based on the odometer aiding method proposed in this study is in Section 2.4. The process flow comprised of all of the proposed methods will be illustrated afterward.
# Research on Double-Arc Cutting Tool Design and Cutting Performance
## 2 Design of DACT
### Cutting Geometry Model of DACT
#### 2.2.1 Comparison of Effective Cutting Speed between DACT and BEM  
As shown in Figure 2, the radius of both the DACT and BEM is \(2r\), the tilt angle of the inclined plane is \(\alpha(\alpha\in[0,\pi/2])\), and the rotational speed of the cutting tools is \(n\). Thus, the effective cutting speed \(V_{B}\) of the BEM can be expressed as follows, according to the geometric relationship shown in Figure 2:  
\[V_{B}=4\pi\pi n\sin{\alpha} \tag{5}\]  
When the cutting contact point is located on the bottom arc \(L_{e}\) of the DACT, the effective cutting speed \(V_{e}\) of the DACT can be defined as follows:  
\[V_{e}=6\pi\pi n\sin{\alpha} \tag{6}\]  
When the cutting contact point is located on the ring arc \(L_{r}\) of the DACT, the effective cutting speed \(V_{r}\) of the DACT can be defined as follows:  
\[V_{r}=2\pi rn(1+\sin{\alpha}) \tag{7}\]  
According to the above cutting speed formulas, the cutting speed comparison between the BEM and DACT is shown in Figure 3. The radius of the BEM and DACT is 5 mm, parameter r is 2.5 mm, and the rotational speed of the cutting tool \(n\) is 2500 r/min.  
Figure 3 shows that the effective cutting speed will increase with the tilt angle \(\alpha\), and the effective cutting speed of the DACT is always larger than that of the BEM. When the cutting contact point is located on the tangent point of the double arcs (\(L_{e}\) and \(L_{r}\)) and the tilt angle \(\alpha\) is \(\pi/6\), the difference in the effective cutting speeds between the DACT and BEM is the largest.  
Figure 2: Schematic diagram of cutting process: (**a**) cutting contact point located on the bottom arc \(L_{e}\) of DACT; (**b**) cutting contact point located on the ring arc \(L_{r}\) of DACT; (**c**) cutting contact point located on circular arc of BEM.
## 3 State Estimation and Prediction
### Kalman Filtering
This converted measurement approach yields nearly optimal estimates and provides higher estimation accuracy than the EKF [57]. The operation of the unbiased converted measurement Kalman filter is described in Figure 3. The filtering process includes additional steps to compute the covariance of the unbiased conversion compared with the linear Kalman filtering described above. The range measurement \(r_{m}\) and the azimuth measurement \(\theta_{m}\) are defined as  
\[r_{m}=r+v_{r} \tag{2}\]  
\[\theta_{m}=\theta+v_{\theta} \tag{3}\]  
where \(r\) and \(\theta\) are the true range and azimuth of the remote target, respectively, and \(v_{r}\) and \(v_{\theta}\) are the associated measurement noise with an error standard deviation of \(\sigma_{r}\) and \(\sigma_{\theta}\)  
Figure 2: Operation of the Kalman filter algorithm. respectively. The unbiased converted measurements \(x_{m}\) and \(y_{m}\) are computed by taking into account the bias compensation factor such that  
\[x_{m}=\lambda_{\theta}^{-1}r_{m}\cos\theta_{m} \tag{4}\]  
\[y_{m}=\lambda_{\theta}^{-1}r_{m}\sin\theta_{m}. \tag{5}\]  
The computation of the unbiased converted measurements as well as the associated covariance requires the compensation factors \(\lambda_{\theta}\) and \(\lambda_{\theta}^{\prime}\), which are determined from  
\[\lambda_{\theta}=E[\cos\upsilon_{\theta}]=e^{-\sigma_{\theta}^{2}/2} \tag{6}\]  
\[\lambda_{\theta}^{\prime}=E[\cos 2\upsilon_{\theta}]=e^{-2\sigma_{\theta}^{2}}. \tag{7}\]  
The rest of the steps for obtaining the covariance of the unbiased conversion are as shown in Figure 3, and the state \(\hat{x}_{k|k}\) and the error covariance \(\hat{P}_{k|k}\) are updated according to the Kalman gain \(K_{k}\) and the measurement \(z_{k}\).
## 2 Results and Discussion
### NMR Spectroscopy  
In order to acquire additional information about the Fenton AOR process on the flax fiber surface, \({}^{13}\)C NMR spectroscopy in the solid state was employed (Figure 7). The signals at 62.5 and 62.9 ppm are associated with C6 of cellulose. There were peaks at 71.6 associated with C5, and the shifting around 74.0 ppm related to C3 and C2. The peaks at 83.0 and 84.0 ppm are the \({}^{13}\)C signatures for C4 ([PERSON], 2018). In the structure of the FFs, there was a sharp line at 104.5 ppm, attributed to C1. Overall, the NMR spectra suggest that all three samples contained both crystalline and non-crystalline cellulose. The variation in peak intensities among the samples may be attributed to relative variations in the nature of the supramolecular fibril structures. The presence of carboxyl group signatures near 171 ppm in the raw sample suggests that the hemicellulose in flax fibers may have been partially degraded or oxidized by the Fenton and alkali-Fenton treatments ([PERSON], 2018; [PERSON], 2018), according to the reduced intensity of the \({}^{13}\)C signature for -COOH in FT-15 and FT-15-Alk, as shown in Figure 7. The weak spectral intensity in the upfield (10-40 ppm) and downfield (120-160 ppm) region for the treated composites supports a negligible non-cellulosic content (e.g., lignins, pectins) in the modified fiber materials, in agreement with the IR results (cf. Figure 5).  
Figure 6: TGA and DTG (see inset) profiles for the thermal degradation of raw and treated fibers. The reader is referred to Table 2 for a description of the sample ID codes used in this figure.
###### Abstract
Nevertheless, these studies have yet to fully harness the potential of the latest next-generation wireless communication technologies, explore the possibilities of in-vehicle communication for video transmission, or prioritize real-time applications. As the number of streaming media users continues to grow rapidly, we may encounter bandwidth shortages during peak traffic periods. To address this, we require bandwidth allocation strategies specifically tailored to the unique characteristics of multimedia applications, ensuring that real-time streaming users receive the prioritized bandwidth they require. Acknowledging the vulnerability of conventional centralized control systems to generate computational and transmission bottlenecks, this study introduces a decentralized computational framework aimed at allocating bandwidth in alignment with user demands. The primary contributions and novel aspects of this research can be summarized as follows. * This paper utilizes cutting-edge next-generation wireless technologies, including terahertz micro base stations, NLOS-FSOC small base stations with diffuse reflectors, and existing sub-6 GHz macro base stations. Collectively, these technologies address passenger bandwidth requirements, establishing a network characterized by low latency, extensive coverage, high-speed connectivity, and exceptional reliability. * In our research, we have considered the distinct characteristics of various applications. Specifically, when passengers use real-time applications in situations with limited bandwidth, our algorithm prioritizes allocating the originally designated bandwidth for non-real-time applications to passengers engaged in activities like videotelephony and live streaming. Additionally, we have implemented V2V communication through VLC to enable bandwidth sharing among vehicles within the fleet, allowing for the relay of bandwidth from base stations in other segments. In cases where the required bandwidth remains insufficient, we employ dynamic streaming resolution adjustments, enabling playback with lower bandwidth requirements. * In scenarios where there is insufficient bandwidth for non-real-time streaming, this research leverages less congested base stations and autonomous vehicles to assist with the preloading of video segments. When autonomous vehicles converge on the same road segment, VLC is employed for V2V communication to transmit preloaded streaming segments. To determine the arrival times of autonomous vehicles on each road segment, the study utilizes bidirectional long short-term memory (BILSTM) [27] to estimate average vehicle speeds. Consequently, this proposed approach maximizes the benefits of V2V communication by efficiently utilizing less congested base station bandwidth and reducing the strain on congested segment base stations. It is worth noting that the loading of the backbone network is not significantly affected because the emerging solution for ultra-gigabit optical access backbone [28] offers considerably higher bandwidth capacity compared to the current backbone infrastructure.