# Evaluation Methodology for Circular and Resilient Information Systems
## 2 Background Literature  
Manufacturing businesses face several challenges, such as traceability across the value chain, the integration of sustainability into business objectives, the exploitation of critical enablers such as data and advanced technologies, and overcoming various disruptions [3; 5]. To this end, due to the growing demand for manufacturing systems that can simultaneously address the challenges of sustainability and operational resilience, the literature has proposed the development of a circular and resilient information system (CRIS) [1]. A CRIS integrates advanced digital technologies such as AI, Digital Twins, and optimisation into a unified framework that facilitates the management of all relevant circular and resilient processes at a value chain level. A CRIS targets a set of key circularity and resiliency performance indicators (KPIs) such as material reuse rates, waste reduction, the efficiency of recycling processes, and recovery time after disruptions. The detailed design, operational mechanisms, and overall need for such a system in advanced manufacturing are further discussed by [PERSON] et al. [1]. This study extends these results, presenting the methodology for the detailed evaluation of the CRIS system and highlighting the specific metrics for assessment. Briefly, circular information systems (CISs) are crucial in promoting sustainability. They improve resource efficiency by increasing and prolonging the utilisation of products, components, and waste materials, thereby creating circular material flows [2], enhancing the efficiency of processes, and advancing sustainability objectives and circular economy efforts [7]. Nevertheless, there are numerous challenges that must be overcome to implement such systems; also, it is observed that there is a notable absence of detailed design frameworks for them, underscoring the necessity for empirical development evidence and functionality evaluation [5]. Regarding resilient information systems (RISs) in manufacturing, [PERSON] et al. [3] define them as systems capable of enduring and recovering businesses from disruptions such as supply chain failures. Similarly to CISs, RISs can also present numerous challenges as well, as they must be capable of constantly adapting to changes, addressing socio-technical complexities, and identifying critical categories of potential changes [8]. Additionally, they require methodologies for the systematic design and validation (through evaluation methodologies) of their capability to enable resilience by utilising specific metrics for assessment [8]. The EU-funded project Plooto--Product Passport Through Twinning of Circular Value Chains (GA no: 101092008)--envisages the creation of a digital-based system that merges the benefits of CISs and RISs to provide their collective benefits to the manufacturing industry. In particular, it aims to design and develop a circular and resilient information system (CRIS) that offers benefits associated with both CISs (i.e., waste reduction, environmental benefits, economic cost reduction, data and insights, resource efficiency, innovation and competitive advantage, and information sharing opportunities), as presented by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [9], [PERSON] et al. [10], and [PERSON] et al. [11], as well as RISs (i.e., risk mitigation, reduced downtime, cybersecurity risk protection, production continuity, flexibility, information recovery and protection, and environmental protection), as presented by [PERSON] et al. [12], [PERSON] et al. [13], [PERSON] et al. [14], and [PERSON] and [PERSON] [15]. The CRS will utilise information from the different factories in a supply chain to enable them to collaboratively become circular in nature, thus utilising the Secondary Raw Material (SRM) across the (now) circular value chain.