## 6 Numerical Results
### Performance of Full-Size Sandwich Element  
Analyses were performed on full sandwich elements having three different spacings between the connectors. The outer connector lines were placed 100 mm from the vertical edges and one connector line was placed at the position of each anchor line in all cases. Otherwise, the connector spacing for the three spacing options was set to 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 m. All options were analyzed for the three load cases previously defined in Table 3.  
The FEA results are summarized for the three different connector spacing options in Table 5. At the SLS, the maximum displacement, \(u_{\text{max}}\), of the inner facing and the indication of cracking in the facings at \(W_{\text{SLS}}\) are given. At the ULS, the maximum horizontal reaction force at the upper anchors, \(H_{\text{EL},d}\), and lower anchors, \(H_{\text{Eu},d}\), together with the maximum pull-out force, \(F_{\text{Ep},d}\), in the connectors are given at the design wind load \(W_{\text{ULS}}\). Furthermore, the maximum wind load, \(W_{\text{max}}\), is given, defined as the wind load when the first limiting design criteria was reached. The ratio \(W_{\text{max}}/W_{\text{ULS}}\) indicates how much wind load above ULS that the sandwich element can withstand before reaching failure, i.e.,  
Figure 14: Contour plot of the out-of-plane displacement at a wind pressure of 2.0 kPa for element with single (S) connectors (**a**) and element with double (D) connectors (**b**). Figure 15: Contour plot of cracked regions, represented as maximum principle plastic strain, of the facing at a wind pressure of 2.0 kPa for element with single (S) connectors (**a**) and element with double (D) connectors (**b**). design criteria. The capacity of the anchors was the limiting factor in all cases, except in _LC2_ and _LC3_ for the configuration with the largest connector spacing (2.0 m), wherein the pull-out capacity of the connector was limiting. _LC2_ was found to be the worst load case for all three spacing options at the SLS with respect to maximum displacement, and at the ULS with respect to maximum possible design wind load. Put simply, the maximum wind load resistance implies that the concept building may also be situated in terrain category III or have a total height of approximately 30 m in terrain category IV. As can be noted, the deformations are rather small at the SLS, but the sandwich elements behave slightly different depending on the connector spacing. In the element with the smallest connector spacing (0.5 m), both facings work together and have nearly the same deformed shape; see Figure 16a,b. However, in the element with the largest spacing (2.0 m) between the connectors, the facings work more independently, thereby making the deformations more related to local bending of the individual facings; see Figure 16c,d. Consequently, the behavior of the element with 1.0 m connector spacing is somewhere in between these two options. The outer facing separates from the FC at some positions because of wind suction. This effect is greatest for the facing with the largest connector spacing. However, from the analyses it can be concluded that the maximum separation between the outer facing and the FC is less than 0.6 mm at the SLS. At the SLS, only smaller cracked regions appear around the connector attachments at the locations of anchors similar to that observed in the analyses of the wind load tests. Accordingly, these regions increase in size at the ULS. For the element with a connector spacing of 2.0 m, vertical cracks in the two outer spans appear above the ULS load in the outer facing due to local bending.