# Laser Welding on Cerclage Wire Joining in Femur Surgery
## 6 Conclusions  
This research examines the feasibility of laser welding and the effect of using laser weld on stainless steel wire 316L in a flare weld condition. It could be concluded that the stainless wire joints with fiber-laser weld are a promising alternative to traditional cerclage joint devices for modern femur surgery. However, one should be aware of safety procedures during the welding process to prevent any injuries to the patients in actual treatment. Several conclusions can be drawn as in the following:  
* The area of the adequate laser parameters is the charge voltage range of 80-110 V and the pulse frequency of 6-9 Hz with the pulse width kept at 3 ms. Experiments using the adequate laser parameters will result in a good weld appearance, low heat input, free oxidation, and ultimate load at failure in all of the weld lengths.  
Figure 17: Adequate laser parameters.  
* The increments of charge voltage and pulse frequency lead to an increase in the bead width, the area of fusion, and the throat size. The experimental results also show that the charge voltage has the main impact on the weld size and the weld shape.
* The increments of laser charge voltage and the increment of welding length will increase the ultimate load at failure. It was also reported that the increment of welding length has a greater influence on the ultimate load at failure than adjusting the laser parameters.
* The charge voltage is the significant parameter on the ultimate load at failure. The experimental result shows that the charge voltage of 110 V resulted in the highest ultimate load at failure.
* The experimental result shows that length of welding 5 and 10 mm failed at weld beads, but 15 mm failed at base metal because the weld bead is stronger than base metal. Moreover, it shows that the length of welding affects ultimate load at failure more than the adjustment of laser parameters.  
In future works, the adequate laser parameters obtained from this study can be used to apply with laser welding to cerclage wire of an artificial bone. In addition, the heating simulation and actual system testing can be explored to investigate the thermal behavior of laser welding on cerclage wire in the conditions of temperature being within the acceptable range.  
Conceptualization, E.W. and Y.-T.W.; methodology, E.W.; software, N.T.; validation, N.T. and E.W.; formal analysis, N.T.; investigation, Y.-T.W.; resources, E.W.; data curation, N.T.; writing--original draft preparation, N.T.; writing--review and editing, Y.-T.W.; visualization, N.T. and Y.-T.W.; supervision, E.W.; project administration, E.W.; funding acquisition, Y.-T.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was partially funded by The Government Budget Grant of Thailand, grant number 9367 of Fiscal Year 2019 under E.W. The APC was funded by Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, grant number MOST107-2221-E-032-044-MY2 under Y.-T.W.  
The authors would like to thank the reviewers' efforts in reading the manuscript. [PERSON]-T.W. would like to take this opportunity to thank Shieh Yih Machinery Industry Co., Ltd. for its continued support.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.