## 3 Key Contributions to Smart Grids
### Energy Management  
Due to the increase in electrical energy consumption and the changeability of electrical loads, supply/demand can pose difficulties for smart grid operators. High peak loads are likely to be formed over many periods and can pose a danger to operational functionalities. To overcome this problem, smart grid operators have two options. The first way is to enlarge the scale of the electricity network. This way is expensive and time consuming to apply. The second way is to reduce the possibility of a high peak demand with energy management during peak usage hours. In recent years, energy management for smart grids has gained a great deal of importance. As illustrated in Figure 3, the main contributions of energy management for smart grids are as follows: (i) load management, (ii) supporting renewable energy resources, (iii) improving the utilization efficiency of electrical energy generation, (iv) improving the system power factor, and (v) improving the energy saving. All of these points will be explored in more detail in the following. Load management: Smart grid-vehicle integration can supervise power loads by discharging energy storage units from EVs to supply the electrical grid during peak demand times and charging them from the grid during low demand. Load planning is used to handle peak loads and shift load curves [77]. The influences of an EV fleet on smart grids are smoothly mitigated through load shifting. This process can be accomplished through charge regulation. The main target of controlled EV chargers is to shift energy-consuming values and smooth peak loads. It is emphasized that peak power control is a significant cost-effective modality for load management [69]. Supporting renewable energy resources: In smart grids, EVs function as alternative energy sources such as wind and PVs in the network. According to the production amount of other clean energy sources, the value of the amount of energy obtained from EVs can be controlled in a V2G system. Explained more clearly, in cases where the power produced in renewable energy sources is very high, the central power plant needs to reduce its energy production [69]. The balancing of production/consumption values with EVs is provided by the charge/discharge events of the vehicles. EVs can store surplus energy through renewable energy sources to meet transport requirements or feed the network when the electrical energy consumption from power loads increases [78]. Improving the utilization efficiency of electrical energy generation: Optimized scheduling techniques are widely used in cleaner productions like those of EV, wind, solar, and PV systems connected to a smart grid. Optimization plans can improve the operational performance of energy production resource utilization, increase the connected clean energy capacity, and diminish conventional fuel consumption at the source [79]. Improving the system power factor: The extension of the lines and the increase in the voltage levels also mean an increase in the reactive power level. Reactive loads connected to the network also cause this amount to increase even more. The reactive power flow occurring in the network causes a voltage drop. When the existing systems are examined, it is seen that there are existing structures for the realization of reactive power compensation through EV-smart grid integration. The compensation of reactive power improves the system power factor and reduces network losses [80]. Improving the system power factor increases the system capacity and saves costs on new installations [81]. Improving energy saving: Smart grids integrated with EVs improve energy efficiency for electricity consumers. These structures provide a variety of parameters for electricity consumers, such as real-time and previous power consumption values, the carbon footprint from their power consumption, the instantaneous demand, the ambient weather situation, moisture, and light intensity [82].