## 1 Introduction  
Droplet impact is widespread in nature and in industrial applications, involving complex heat, mass, and energy-transfer problems. The significance and complexity of droplet impact have stimulated extensive research over the past few decades, which is reviewed in references [1; 2; 3]. When the impacted plate is heated, an impacting droplet undergoes four stages with increasing surface temperature: film evaporation, nucleate boiling, transition boiling, and film boiling [4; 5]. The difference between the surface temperature (\(T_{\text{s}}\)) and the liquid saturation temperature (\(T_{\text{b}}\)) is defined as the degree of superheat (\(\Delta T\) = \(T_{\text{s}}\) - \(T_{\text{b}}\)). When \(\Delta T\) is low, the droplets are attached to the wall after impact and evaporate slowly, i.e., in the film evaporation state. When \(\Delta T\) increases and bubble nucleation is initiated, nucleate boiling takes place. In the first two stages, the evaporation time decreases with the increase in \(\Delta T\) until reaching the critical heat flux (CHF) point, which is also the onset of transition boiling. In this stage, as \(\Delta T\) rises, the number of bubbles multiplies and even starts to obstruct the heat transfer between solid and liquid, leading to a lower evaporation rate. The droplet initially undergoes nucleate boiling and emits numerous secondary droplets. Finally, the droplet may even detach from the wall and rebound. When \(T_{\rm s}\) increases to the Leidenfrost point (LFP) temperature, the point of maximum evaporation time, film boiling occurs, which is also called the Leidenfrost phenomenon. In this stage, a stable vapor film forms at the bottom of the droplet and separates the direct contact between the solid and liquid. Consequently, the droplet evaporation rate is significantly reduced due to the larger thermal resistance of the vapor, posing potential safety concerns in specific heat-dissipation applications. Aside from surface temperature, several factors can influence impact behavior [5], including the liquid properties [6; 7; 8; 9] (such as surface tension, viscosity, and boiling point), droplet impact parameters [10; 11; 12] (such as droplet diameter and velocity), substrate attributes [13; 14; 15; 16] (such as wetting properties, roughness, chemistry, and thermophysical properties), and environmental conditions [17; 18; 19] (such as ambient pressure and temperature). Until now, numerous studies have explored the behaviors of pure droplets impact on different hot surfaces with various impact parameters [5]. However, in practical industrial applications, droplets are typically complicated mixtures rather than pure liquids. In spray combustion applications, for example, the fuel droplets are typically a mixture of multiple organic liquids. Besides, water-emulsified fuels have been used to improve the atomization effect and control flame characteristics and pollution emissions [20; 21; 22]. Moreover, in spray cooling applications, previous studies have shown that alcohol additives can alter droplet evaporation and atomization characteristics as well as the dynamic LFP temperature [23; 24; 25]. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to conduct research into the impact dynamics of multi-component droplets on heated surfaces. Previous studies on the impact dynamics of multi-component droplets on heated walls have focused on two main types: emulsion droplets and water/alcohol droplets. [PERSON] et al. [26] and [PERSON] et al. [27] carried out experimental studies on the impact of water-in-oil emulsion droplets on the heated quartz surfaces. They found that emulsion droplets can generate the non-contact splashing phenomenon and induce the secondary atomization process at a wall temperature much lower than that of pure dodecane droplets. [PERSON] et al.