## 4 Conclusions  
The current investigation examined in detail the aqueous extraction of bioactive polyphenols from the medicinal plant _S. frutocosa_, aided by the use of three different cyclodext. Following process optimization, m-\(\beta\)-CD was proven as the most efficient extraction booster, providing extracts with significant polyphenol yield and improved antioxidant characteristics. Extraction kinetics showed that (i) extraction performance and antioxidant activity may be even more enhanced at 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C and (ii) extraction with m-\(\beta\)-CD was the least energy demanding. LC/MS/MS analyses revealed that luteolin 7-O-glucuron and rosmarinic acid were the predominant polyphenols in the extracts obtained with either CD, and that m-\(\beta\)-CD might exhibit higher affinity for luteolin 7-O-glucuron, and \(\beta\)-CD for rosmarinic acid. The conclusions drawn may be of value in developing green extraction processes for effective polyphenol recovery, not only for _S. frutocosa_, but also other botanical species possessing similar polyphenolic composition. Furthermore, the selectivity issue concerning various CDs should be more thoroughly tested on plant matrices with variable polyphenolic composition, in order to study the effect of structural features on polyphenol extractability.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Extract** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Yield (mg g\({}^{-1}\) dm)**} \\ \hline  & **Luteolin 7-O-glucuron** & **Rosmarinic Acid** \\ \hline \(\beta\)-CD & \(3.35\pm 0.02\) & \(7.12\pm 0.00\) \\ HP-\(\beta\)-CD & \(2.38\pm 0.02\) & \(6.17\pm 0.10\) \\ m-\(\beta\)-CD & \(3.63\pm 0.03\) & \(6.40\pm 0.20\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 10: Quantitative data on the recovery of major _S. frutocosa_ polyphenols with the CDs tested, under optimal conditions.  
Figure 8: HPLC trace recorded at 330 nm, of a _S. fruticosa_ extract, obtained with m-\(\beta\)-CD under optimized conditions, at 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C, after 180 min.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, S.G. and D.P.M.; formal analysis, S.G., A.B., and A.H.; investigation, S.G., A.H., and D.P.M.; writing--original draft preparation, S.G. and D.P.M.; writing--review and editing, S.G. and D.P.M.; supervision, D.P.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
**Nomenclature**  
\begin{tabular}{l l} A\({}_{\text{AR}}\) & antiradical activity (\(\mu\)mol DPPH g\({}^{-1}\)) \\ \(C_{\text{CD}}\) & cyclodextrin (\(\beta\)-CD, HP-\(\beta\)-CD, m-\(\beta\)-CD) concentration (\%, \(w/v\)) \\ dm & dry mass (g) \\ \(E_{\text{a}}\) & activation energy (kJ mol\({}^{-1}\)) \\ \(k_{0}\) & pre-exponential factor (g mg\({}^{-1}\) min\({}^{-1}\)) \\ k & second-order extraction rate constant (g mg\({}^{-1}\) min\({}^{-1}\)) \\ \(k_{\text{ref}}\) & second-order extraction rate constant at reference \(T\) (g mg\({}^{-1}\) min\({}^{-1}\)) \\ P\({}_{\text{R}}\) & reducing power (\(\mu\)mol AAE g\({}^{-1}\)) \\ R & universal gas constant (8.314 K\({}^{-1}\) mol\({}^{-1}\)) \\ R\({}_{\text{L/S}}\) & liquid-to-solid ratio (mL g\({}^{-1}\)) \\ t & time (min) \\ T & temperature (\({}^{\circ}\)C) \\ \(T_{\text{ref}}\) & reference \(T\) (\({}^{\circ}\)C) \\ Y\({}_{\text{TP}}\) & yield in total polyphenols (mg GAE g\({}^{-1}\)) \\ \end{tabular}