## 3 Fecal VOC in Gastrointestinal DISEASES
### Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Irritable Bowel Syndrome
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Diseane 1** & **Ref.** & **Study No.** & **Analytical** & **VOC Biomarker *** & **Sensitivity** & **Specificity** & **AUC (095\% CD)** \\ \hline CRC & [PERSON] et al. & 40 CRC & & & CRC vs. HC: 85\% & CRC vs. HC: 87\% & CRC vs. HC: 092 (i.03) \\  & (2014) & 60 AA & eNose & VOC profiles & AA vs. HC: 85\% & AA vs. HC: 80\% & AA vs. HC: 079 (i.04) \\  & (2014) & 57 HC & & AA vs. CC: 75\% & AA vs. CC: 72\% & AA vs. CC: 082 (i.04) \\ \hline  & [PERSON] et al. & 31 High risk (AA + CRC) & SIFT-MS & \(\dagger\) hydrogen sulfide; \(\dagger\) dimethyl & High vs. low risk & High vs. low risk & - \\  & (2015) & 31 Low risk (HC) & SIFT-MS & \(\dagger\) dimethyl disulfide & 72\% & 78\% & - \\ \hline  & & & \(\dagger\) 2-ethyl molecular effect; & & & & \\  & & & & \(\dagger\) 4-carbonic acid ethyl ester; & & & & \\  & (2009) & 7 HC & GC-MS & \(\dagger\) dodecanic acid ethyl ester & & & & \\  & & & & \(\dagger\) 4-hexadecomic acid ethyl ester & & & & \\ \hline  & [PERSON] et al. & 13 Nice & & & NC vs. HC: 88.9\% & Nice vs. HC: 88.9\% & Nice vs. HC: 89.9\% & Nice vs. HC: 0.99 (i.00.04) \\  & (2015) & 31 levels & eNose & VOC profiles & NEC vs. spaels \(\dagger\); & NEC vs. spaels \(\dagger\); & NEC vs. spaels \(\dagger\); \(\dagger\) 0.64 (i.18) \\  & & 14 HC & & & & 88.9\% & 56.5\% & \\ \hline  & & & & & & & \\ \hline  & [PERSON] et al. & 7+CD & & \(\bullet\)CDM \(\dagger\) alcohols; \(\dagger\) aldehydes; & & & \\  & (2009) & 7+CD & GC-MS & \(\dagger\) sulfur compounds; & & & & \\  & (2009) & 7 HC & & \(\dagger\) hydrocarbons & & & \\  & & & & \(\dagger\) 4-C01 & SCFA & & & \\ \hline  & & & & \(\dagger\) 4-Kochols; \(\dagger\) Esters; \(\dagger\) Sulfur & & & & \\  & [PERSON] et al. & 19+CD & GC-MS & \(\dagger\) compounds; \(\dagger\) ketones & & & \\  & (2011) & 15 HC & & \(\dagger\) hydrocarbons \(\dagger\) aldehydes; & & & \\  & & & & \(\dagger\) aromatic organic compounds; & & & \\  & & & & \(\dagger\) heptane; \(\dagger\) SCFA & & & \\ \hline Adult NARLD & [PERSON] et al. & 7 suspected NARLD & GC-MS & VOC profile & - & - & - \\  & (2009) & 9 HC & & & & & \\  & [PERSON] et al. & 30 NARLD & GC-MS & \(\dagger\) Short chain aliphatic & & & \\  & (2013) & 30 HC & & & alcohols; \(\dagger\) carboxylic acids & & \\ \hline  & & & 27 NARLD & & \(\bullet\)**NARLDNARDB** & & & \\ Pediatric & [PERSON] et al. & 26 NARLD & & \(\dagger\) 4-clobas \(\dagger\) acids; & & & \\ NAFLD & (2017) & 88 dense no-estation & GC-MS & \(\dagger\) aldehydes; \(\dagger\) ketones; & & & \\  & & 54 HC & & & & & \\  & & & & & hydrocarbons; \(\dagger\) hydraziness & & \\ \hline Symbol meanings: \(\dagger\) biomarkers are noted for study cases, i.e., increased VOCs, i.e., decreased VOCs, \(\dagger\) absent VOCs, \(\dagger\) non mentioned in the original study. \(\dagger\) Disease abbreviations: IDD, Inflammatory Bowel Disease; IRS, irritable Bowel Disease; CRC, colorectal carcinoma; NEC, Necting Enricomedius; NAFLD, ND, Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; NASH, Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Other abbreviations: CC-MOS, gas chromatography single metal oxide sensor; CC-MS, gas chromatography mass spectrometry; FAMS, field asymmetric in mobility spectrometry; SNose, electronic noise; AUC, area under the curve; CI, Confidence interval; VOC, volatile organic compounds; CD, Crohn’s Disease; UC, ulcerative colitis; HC, healthy controls t-CD, treated online disease; \(\bullet\) CD, untreated colnic disease; \(\bullet\) CD, active Crohn’s disease; \(\bullet\) CD, active ulcerative colitis; \(\bullet\) IDD, active IDD; \(\bullet\) ICD, inactive IDD; \(\bullet\) ICD, remission Crohn’s disease; t-UC, remission ulcerative colitis; AA, advanced adenoma; No., number; SCFA, short chain fatty acids. & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: _Cont._Others compared fecal VOC composition of 42 adult IBD patients, with 26 adult IBS patients and 19 HC, by means of GC-MS, and found a significant increase in the abundance of three types of VOCs in CD patients (Table 3) [34].