# Multilayered Network Model for Mobile Network Infrastructure Disruption
## 3 Proposal of Multilayered Network Model for Mobile Network Infrastructure Disruption
### WSN Layer  
The WSN layer in the MNM plays a role of the IoT network. It is composed of multiple low-energy wireless sensors that can be deployed in different environments. The biggest advantages of WSN networks are their localized and self-configuring capabilities, which can enable easier large-scale deployments even in inaccessible terrain. Market research suggests that WSN networks will be soon adopted by urban areas, mainly for public safety, localization, and environmental monitoring [4]. Sensors of WSN layer can communicate through different types of communication standards focused on low energy consumption and compatibility with a wireless interface of mobile devices. The most suitable standards for WSN layer are Bluetooth Low Energy (Bluetooth LE), Developers Alliance for Standards Harmonization of ISO 18000-7 (DASH7) and ZigBee IEEE 802.15.4 [12; 13]. Figure 1: Structure of MNM. From the networking-layer point of view, the Bluetooth LE is designed for short ranges and higher data ranges. The main problem is energy consumption in the continuous data stream, where the energy consumption is almost similar with standard Bluetooth. Another problem is the supported star topology. Bluetooth LE operates primarily using ad hoc piconets, where the master device controls up to seven slaves per piconet. Slaves communicate only with the master and do not communicate with each other. However, a slave device may participate in one or more piconets [12]. This topology makes Bluetooth LE unsuitable for most of the WSN monitoring scenarios. DASH7 is an open-source Wireless Sensor and Actuator Network protocol that provides multi-year battery life, long coverage range up to 2 km, and relatively low data rate down to 9.6 Kbps. The advantages are simple design and cheap chipset. However, its architecture is upload-centric, which means that it does not support mesh routing [13]. ZigBee [14] is one of the most suitable technologies for NMN. It able to communicate over distances from 10 to 50 m and with maximum transfer data rates of 250 Kbps. Newest embedded devices are able to communicate with lower transfer rates of 20 and 40 Kbit/s [15]. It is well analyzed and it is possible to adapt it to different deployment environments. With the combination with 6 LoWPAN protocol [16], it provides powerful usability for WSN-Internet deployment. In the mesh network topology, 6 LoWPAN protocol can enable connection of WSN sensors with the Internet by the edge router and it seamlessly combines IPv6 with standard IEEE 802.15.4 by performing header compression, fragmentation and reassembly. In addition, it supports the transition between IPv6 and IPv4. Another powerful specification for ZigBee is IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-power and loss networks (RPL) [17]. RPL is basically an IPv6 multi-hop routing protocol that is suitable as a routing-layer protocol for ZigBee and is also enabled to connect WSN sensor nodes to the Internet. It adopts several techniques to tune routing for data collection optimization but requires a full-fledged IPv6 stack. LoRa is a proprietary wireless data communication technology which specifies only a PHY layer. A popular MAC for use with LoRa is the open LoRaWAN specification. LoRa enables secure bi-directional, low cost and mobile communication for IoT, smart city, machine to machine (M2M) and industrial applications [18]. LoRa is a preferred technology for IoT embedded systems because of its long-range, high capacity of nodes in network, long battery life, bi-directional, secured and efficient network, interference immunity [18; 19]. WSN makes use of Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWANs), a wireless technology to transmit data over long distances with minimal power consumption. LoRaWAN is one of the most successful LPWAN technologies despite its low data rate and because of its low deployment and management costs. An experimental study on the range of LoRaWAN showed that it can achieve ranges up to 7.5 km using SF10 and packets with 10 bytes of payload [18].