esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Impact of Median Colloidal Particle Size (\(r_{c}\))  
Figures 2 and 3 illustrate the contaminant breakthrough curves and the retention profile of colloidal particles at \(r_{c}\) = 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 2 \(\upmu\)m. While Figure 2 shows the concentration of contaminant at the outlet of the sand medium during the injection, Figure 3 presents the amount of retained particles with depth after injecting 30 pore volumes of particle suspension. As seen in Figure 2, the transport of contaminant was retarded when \(r_{c}\) increased because of a more significant amount of retained colloidal particles at higher \(r_{c}\) as illustrated in Figure 3. The higher value of \(r_{c}\) led to greater \(k_{att}\) and \(k_{str}\) in Equation (1) as presented in Figure 4 (except \(r_{c}\) < 0.4 \(\upmu\)m because of large \(\eta_{0}\) value at relatively low \(r_{c}\), see details in [29]), which resulted in a larger amount of retained colloidal particles. It can be anticipated that increases in the number of retained colloidal particles would correspond to slower the contaminant transport at the given adsorption rate. The results presented in Figure 2 imply that the size of the colloidal particles should be taken into account as one of the critical parameters in contaminant transport through porous media. That is, a slight increase in \(r_{c}\) can retard the contaminant transport significantly. The retardation of transport would be more substantial if \(\omega_{2}\) and \(k_{c}\) were larger than the values considered in this paper.  
Figure 3: Simulated retention profiles of colloidal particles at in inlet colloidal particle sizes ranging from 0.1 to 2 \(\upmu\)m.  
Figure 2: Simulated breakthrough curves of the contaminant at inlet colloidal particle sizes ranging from 0.1 to 2 \(\upmu\)m.
# A Lightweight File System Design for Unikernel
## 3 Design Issues of Unikernel File Systems
### Hypervisor vs. Non-Hypervisor  
In traditional Unikernel environments, isolation between tenants is achieved by running a hypervisor on the host and placing virtual machines for each application on top of it. However, even if a Unikernel application is executed as a process on the host without a hypervisor, it can provide security similar to a virtual machine. In this non-hypervisor environment, process isolation without a virtual machine is used, so guests can access the host's resources using system calls without hypercalls.  
Meanwhile, the number of system calls is much greater than that of hypercalls, providing unnecessarily many functions to guests. This results in widening the attack surface in terms of security. We can resolve this issue by limiting the range of system calls and system arguments allowed to the guest, thereby activating only essential functions for Unikernel guests [15]. To do so, ULFS restricts the execution of system calls to only pwrite64 and pread64 through the Linux seccomp (secure computing) facility [15]. Moreover, although these system calls are invoked, ULFS does not permit execution if the file descriptor of the backend storage does not correspond to a block device. Since system calls that modify memory segments (such as mprotect) are not allowed, malicious guest code is confined to reading from the code segment or writing to the data segment, effectively safeguarding the host from potential harm. As pwrite and pread maintain the same interface even when executed as hypercalls, the attack surface is identical to that in virtualized environments. While there is potential for security vulnerabilities in the implementation of system calls, non-hypervisors are not likely to increase the potential security risks associated with implementing system calls compared to hypervisor environments, especially when considering the stability of the host operating system.  
In hypervisor-based system architectures, file system operations impose a significant performance burden. This is because performing file system operations through the hyper  
Figure 1: Architectural classification of Unikernel file systems.  
visor involves hypercalls, which result in a context switch to the host kernel and a large performance overhead. Also, as host and guest have independent memory address spaces in hypervisor-based systems, file system I/O accompanies an explicit copy procedure.  
In contrast, when hypervisor is not used, file I/O operations can be performed by mapping process address space directly to the host memory through mmap[16], which potentially leads to performance improvement. There is no additional cost for copying because file I/O is performed directly to the memory space mapped to the process that runs the Unikernel.
# Microencapsulation of Polyphenols and Their Application in Food Technology
## 6 Benefits and Challenges of Polyphenols Microencapsulation  
### Benefits  
The application of microencapsulation technology offers numerous advantages, with one of its primary benefits being the effective protection of polyphenols against degradation. Plant extracts rich in polyphenols are highly susceptible to oxidation and degradation when exposed to environmental factors such as light, elevated temperatures, and oxygen. Microencapsulation creates a protective barrier that preserves the biological activity of polyphenols for a longer period of time. As a result, food products enriched with microencapsulated polyphenols can exhibit better antioxidant properties, which contributes to their longer shelf life and stability [149; 258; 259; 260].  
Further, microencapsulation allows for the controlled release of polyphenols, meaning that the substances can be released under appropriate conditions, such as during digestion. This strategy can increase the bioavailability of polyphenols in the body, which translates into their beneficial effects on health. In the case of foods such as bread or yogurt, microencapsulation can ensure that polyphenols are gradually released, improving their bioavailability [261; 262].  
Microencapsulated polyphenols can significantly enrich the nutritional value of food products. Because polyphenols have health improving properties, their addition to foods can help promote healthy lifestyles [263; 264]. For example, bakery products enriched with microencapsulated polyphenols can support cardiovascular health, lower blood pressure, and have a beneficial effect on lipid profile [265].  
Microencapsulation can also improve the sensory properties of food products. Polyphenols can impart specific flavours and aromas to foods. Microencapsulation can control the intensity of these flavours, making it possible to create more appealing products for consumers. In addition, by stabilizing flavours, unwanted changes in taste during storage can be avoided [266; 267].  
Thanks to the antioxidant effect of microencapsulated polyphenols, the shelf life of food products can be extended. Protecting against fat oxidation in dairy, meat and bakery products is crucial to maintaining their quality and freshness [268]. Microencapsulation makes it possible to increase the resistance of products to microbial spoilage, which is important for a longer shelf life [269; 270].
# Nature-Inspired Optimization Algorithms for Text Document Clustering--A Comprehensive Analysis
## 1 Introduction
Moreover, many classification algorithms have been used also in text clustering applications including k-Nearest Neighbors [45], a set theory [46], similarity measures [47], Support Vector Machine [48], a fuzzy self-constructing [49], and ensemble scheme [50]. Nature-inspired optimization algorithms, are the optimization algorithms inspired by whence nature changes to challenging situations, have been successfully utilized to address various optimization problems, including text document clustering problems. In this paper, a comprehensive survey is given to show the most related nature-inspired algorithms that have been used to solve the text clustering problem. Moreover, comprehensive experiments are conducted and analyzed to show the performance of the common well-know nature-inspired optimization algorithms in solving the text document clustering problems, including Harmony Search (HS) Algorithm, Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Algorithm, Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Krill Herd Algorithm (KHA), Cuckoo Search (CS) Algorithm, Gray Wolf Optimizer (GWO), and Bat-inspired Algorithm (BA). Several evaluation measures evaluate the tested algorithms in solving the text clustering problems, including Precision, Recall, F-measure, Entropy, Purity, and Accuracy. Seven text benchmark datasets are used to validate the performance of the tested algorithms. The results showed that the performance of the well-known nurture-inspired optimization algorithms almost the same with slight differences. For improvement purposes, new modified versions of the tested algorithms can be proposed and tested to tackle the text clustering problems. This paper can be a useful reference for future research. It can help the researcher find the published clustering methods using versions of nature-inspired optimization methods. The main sections of this paper are prepared as follows--Section 2 gives the most related nature-inspired algorithms that have been used in solving clustering problems. In Section 3, the main ideas of the text clustering problem are shown. Evaluation criteria employed in text clustering applications are presented in Section 4. Experimental results and discussion are given in Section 5. Finally, the conclusion and possibilities for further research are given in Section 6.
## 5 Case Study
### Jeju Island Power System
#### 5.1.2 Considerations of MIDC Communications Systems for Cybersecurity  
The MIDC system consists of several HVDC lines with different rectifier stations. According to operational characteristics, this circumstance requires three types of control including internal, external, and remote control [9]. In the case of the Jeju Island network system, there will be unique characteristics since the rectifier station has a different switching mechanism control. Moreover, the most vulnerable transient stability operation could be seen through a mechanism of firing pulses with a thyristor in the LCC line. Additionally, the operation between the AC current of the converter and the voltage system is always lagging. Reactive power from the AC system should be enforced to remunerate lagging operations that could be monitored through a certain voltage level at each converter bus operation. On the other hand, VSC has more flexibility since reactive power capability could be enhanced by itself and does not require a certain value for switching the mechanism  
Figure 13: Jeju Island power system with HVDC configuration.  
operation. As a result, internal control should be deployed to manage the basic switching mechanism for each HVDC type.  
In terms of external control communication, there will be several hierarchical controls to establish appropriate voltage and power flow in the HVDC system. There are three main parameters that will be applied to this control, e.g., current, voltage, and the closed loop of power converter stations, which are usually managed through SCADA systems. As mentioned earlier in the previous section, three types of HVDC systems are introduced and which have different voltage and power rating values. Therefore, external communication could be used to maintain steady-state operation through the setting the desired value.  
Practically, the MIDC system consists of several one- or two-way communication technologies to adjust the balancing arrangement operation. For instance, the set point value of each HVDC line is controlled through remote control centers, while the measurement of real-time value is adjusted through SCADA to the control center. In addition, in this study, we approached the DC current measurement sensor as a monitoring parameter value. As mentioned earlier, most methods of reserve operation control of the balancing arrangement depend on PMUs through WAMPAC platforms. Due to the consideration of the possibility of multiple attacks at vulnerable points, cybersecurity attack modeling and mitigation control should be conducted, which could increase security and efficient power system operation. Moreover, the susceptibility of the WAMPAC platform to DoS and FDI attacks is depicted by the fact that many of the network system data are unauthenticated due to a large number of cryptographic authentications on devices.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Maize and Soybean Yield  
It is examined whether the regional dependency in the relationship between GPP and meteorological conditions also appears with the maize and soybean yields. First, the relationship between the average July-August GPP and annual crop yield is identified in Figure 6. The majority of states exhibit high correlations between summer GPP and maize and soybean yields, except for some states such as AR, ND, and MN. Despite the high correlation between summer GPP and maize yield, soybean yield exhibits a relatively low correlation with summer GPP (Figure 6). GPP is the photosynthetic accumulation of carbon by plants from the atmosphere, and plants having high radiation use efficiency (RUE) are efficient at carbon uptake for a given condition [35; 36]. Maize and soybean have different photosynthesis pathways. Generally, the four-carbon compound (C4) plant (maize) has a much higher RUE value than the three-carbon compound (C3) plant (soybean), so it is considered that maize yield has a higher correlation with GPP than soybean yield [37].  
The correlations of state-level crop yields and the summer meteorological conditions are compared to investigate whether the regional sensitivity of the crop yield to TCI and PCI exists as it does in GPP (Figure 7). TCI has a higher relationship with crop yields than PCI, consistent with the results in GPP. As previously stated, it is considered that maize and soybean yields are more sensitive to variations in temperature than precipitation. As discussed by [PERSON] et al. [18], maize is resistant to a shortage of precipitation, and soybeans, which have an optimal daytime temperature of 29 \({}^{\circ}\)C, can suffer from pollen sterility and reduced seed sets during periods of heat stress [6; 17]. Crop yields in KS (maize and soybean) and NE (maize) had high associations with both TCI and PCI, which is consistent with the strong GPP-TCI and GPP-PCI link in the Great Plains (refer to Figure 2) where the background climate is warm and dry (refer to Figure 1). Although maize and soybean yields have larger correlations with TCI than PCI, the correlations with PCI tend to be larger in some states located at high latitudes, such as MN (soybean) and ND (maize and soybean). It is considered that heat stress within an extreme range is not critical in high-latitude regions [38]. Generally, maize yield shows high correlations with the meteorological conditions than soybean yield. The lower correlations of soybean yield are likely due to soybean aphids, which only influence soybean yield and have no effect the other plant species [39].  
Figure 6: Correlations of state-level maize and soybean yields with GPP for the average of July–August (detrend).
# Mycoremediation as a Potentially Promising Technology: Current Status and Prospects--A Review
## 2 Classification of Fungi, Bacteria, and Microalgae Species and Their Remediation Performance
### Wood Rot Fungi
#### 2.1.2 White Rot Fungi  
A few species of white-rot fungi have the distinctive ability to break down lignin along with hemicellulose and cellulose, causing deterioration and bleaching of wood [48]. These fungi were first identified in the group while studying mycoremediation, and they generate enzymes like lacase., H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\)-generating enzymes, manganese peroxidase, and lignin peroxidase [59]. Extracellular oxidative ligninolytic enzymes from _Phanerohaete chrysosporium_ have been extensively researched for the biodegradation of complex substances. _P. chrysosporium_ breaks down insoluble or toxic chemicals into H\({}_{2}\)O and CO\({}_{2}\) more effectively than other fungi or microorganisms. Recalcitrant chemicals are degraded or biotransformed using various oxidative and reductive techniques to make their presence in the environment less toxic. The variety of aromatic complexes and xenobiotic chemicals in contaminated soil is easily eliminated owing to the properties of the non-specific and flexible ligninolytic enzymes [60]. Besides _P. chrysosporium_, other white-rot fungi known for degrading these substances include _Irpex lacaeus, Lentinula edodes, Bjerkandera adusta, Trametes versicolor_, and _Pleurotus osteratus -(P. osteratus)_. Several studies have shown that at least 30% of mycoremediation processes involve white rot fungi [61].
## 4 Evaluation of Model Developments
### Observational Data to Evaluate Model Developments
#### 4.2.7 ESM-SnowMIP  
Observations of snow depth, mass and density collected in the Earth System Modelling Snow Intercomparison Project (ESM-SnowMIP [86]) are important for the evaluation of performance of the new snow scheme at selected sites. ESM-SnowMIP consists of ten sites at which detailed snow-related observations are available for more than 7 years (some sites more than 15 years) continuously.
# Gaining Insights into Conceptual Models: A Graph-Theoretic Querying Approach
## 4 Mapping an OPM Model to a Graph
### Nested OPM Thing Flattening
#### 4.1.1 Stateful Object De-Stating  
A stateful object is an object with two or more states such that it may transition amongst them during its lifetime, and which thus describe its possible situations (or values if the object is an attribute). As part of the Flattening Algorithm, we perform a \"de-stating\" process based on Algorithm 1, in which an object with \(n\) states is converted into \(n\) stateless objects that specialize the original stateful object. A pseudo-code of this algorithm is as follows.  
```
1. For each object with n states, where n \(\geq\) 2  1.1. For each object state  1.1.1. Generate a new stateless object, where the name of each such object is a  concatenation of the state name followed by the name of the original stateful  object.  1.1.2. Migrate any state's connected link to the new generated object  1.1.3. Remove state from original object  1.2. For each of the n newly generated objects  1.2.1. Generate OPM Generalization-Specialization structural link connected to the original object end
```  
**Algorithm 1**Stateful Objects De-stating Algorithm  
Figure 3: A graph representation (right) of the OPM model (left), resulting from merging the models in Figures 1 and 2.  
From a model complexity perspective, the number of model elements remains the same, as the object and its \(n\) states simply become \(n+1\) stateless objects. The number of logical links does not change, but the number of procedural links increases by \(n\). To demonstrate this algorithm, the OPM model example on the left-hand side of Figure 4 contains one stateful object, **Passenger** (Names in bold letters are OPM things in the models in the figures), with two states: **unsecure** and **secure**, connected to the **Passenger Securing** process with an input-output link pair. Algorithm 1 generates two new stateless objects: **Unsecured Passenger** and **Secured Passenger**, where the input-output link is split into a consumption link from the newly created object **Unsecured Passenger** to the process **Passenger Securing** and a result link from **Passenger Securing** to the newly created object **Secured Passenger**. The original object **Passenger** has become stateless, and it is now linked with an OPM generalization-specialization link (the blank triangle) to each of the two new objects.
# Improved Analytic Expansions in Hybrid A-Star Path Planning for Non-Holonomic Robots
## 2 Statement of the Problem
### Our Path Planning Problem  
By implementing the bare-bone algorithm on simulations, we have run into a problem that we should deal with as below.  
Figure 2 illustrates two simulations of the hybrid A-star in self-created indoor environments of size \(50\times 30\) m, and a resolution of 1 m. The non-holonomic robot is annotated as a red rectangle. The robot's state is captured along the resultant path, where the blue line represents the results of the forward search, and the green line represents the results of the RS path.  
The blue lines lie in the middle of the corridor. However, these blue lines contain non-smooth segments, such as segments indicated by black ellipses. Most importantly, the green lines are often close to walls, especially at corners indicated by black circles. The robot may collide with obstacles through the process of movement at these corners because of the measurement errors or errors of motor controllers. To overcome this problem, in the next section, we will improve the analytic expansions of the algorithm by using an interesting property of RS curves.
## 6 Conclusions  
In conclusion, we carried out research on privacy preservation based on real spatio-temporal data, through which we demonstrated the impact of parameters \(k\) and \(K\) in terms of the vulnerability of the proposed methods. We observed that the increase of \(k\) benefits both methods, verifying that the security of a mobile user is more robust when the latter is protected by a high number of nearest neighbors. This paper proposes the application of \(k\)-NN queries based on dual points of Hough-X projection with the aim of reinforcing anonymity of \(k\)-NN queries and decreasing storage requirements. More specifically, we investigated the problem from the perspective of dual point attributes. The experimental results indicate that although the outcomes of the Hough-X based vulnerability are not optimal in comparison with spatial coordinates space, the difference between them is less than 5%, which still makes Hough-X an appropriate choice for storage-efficient privacy preservation.  
Figure 8: Trajectory partition, grouping, and representatives.  
The SMaRT framework approximates users' non-linear trajectories with linear ones from time-stamp to time-stamp, and the current results a concerned with the low data-sampling rate. A challenging and open issue is experimentation on the impact of the data sampling rate (low and high) in the described procedures and transformations. Also, we plan to extend and/or enhance proposed methods to be applicable to 3D \((x,y,z)\) trajectories to represent the real situation of, for example, tracing the GPS trajectories of observed birds with devices or drones. In such a case, the dual methods can be applied in \(z\) projection in the same way as \(x,y\) ones. Additionally, we intend to evaluate the efficiency and scalability of the suggested approaches on big spatio-temporal databases in a distributed environment, that is, in the cloud, and compare its performance with appropriate indexing methods. Our aim is to make SMaRT suitable for supporting \(k\)-NN queries based on the proposed methods.  
Ultimately, it will be useful to evaluate the time of some transactions (e.g., roll-back where the end user lost himself and decides to come back the same way to a certain point or look for another way), that is, how long the end-user will take to receive the answer from the Database Management System (DBMS) with the aforementioned implemented procedures compared to those used nowadays.  
Methodology, E.D., A.K., M.T., S.S. and A.T.; Software, E.D., A.K., M.T., S.S. and A.T.; Writing-original draft, E.D., A.K., M.T., S.S. and A.T.; Writing-review and editing, E.D., A.K., M.T., S.S. and A.T.  
This research work is funded by General Secretariat for Research and Technology (GSRT), Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (HFRI), and supported by University of Patras.  
The authors gratefully acknowledge the helpful comments and suggestions of the reviewers, which have improved both content and presentation.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.