## 1 Introduction  
With the rapid development of society and the continuous advancement of technology, human quality of life has been greatly improved, and public health awareness has reached unprecedented heights. As the future pillars and hopes of the nation, the physical health of university students not only affects personal well-being and the full potential of individuals but also serves as an important indicator of the quality of national talent reserves and the competitiveness of the nation. Therefore, conducting systematic testing and in-depth research on the physical health of university students is of profound and significant importance [1]. This process is not only a comprehensive review and scientific assessment of the current physical condition of university students but also provides a solid data foundation and theoretical basis for the future formulation of physical health standards in higher education admission systems and the optimization of physical education curricula. Through precise measurement and in-depth analysis, weak areas in students' physical health can be effectively identified, providing guidance for personalized health interventions and educational direction, thus promoting the comprehensive development and improvement of students' physical and mental health. In response to the demands of the era, the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China comprehensively revised and officially implemented the \"National Student Physical Health Standards\" in July 2014. This revision aims to construct a more scientific, comprehensive, and systematic student physical health monitoring and evaluation system, encouraging students to actively participate in physical exercise, guiding schools to deepen reforms in physical education and teaching, and promoting the vigorous development of school sports nationwide [2;3]. The new standards are specifically designed for university students and include a series of test items such as Body Mass Index (BMI), 50 m sprint, sit-and-reach test, vital capacity, standing long jump, pull-ups (for males)/1 min sit-ups (for females), 1000 m run (for males)/800 m run (for females), with detailed scoring criteria and evaluation methods to ensure the objectivity and validity of the test results. An overview of the test items and their corresponding weights is presented in Table 1.  
A similar emphasis on youth physical fitness can be observed globally. In the United States, the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS), administered by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), regularly monitors physical activity levels, body weight status, and related health behaviors among high school and college-aged populations [4]. Studies have reported a steady decline in aerobic capacity and muscular endurance among American college students over the past decade, largely attributed to sedentary lifestyles and changes in physical education engagement [5]. In Europe, initiatives such as the European Union Physical Activity Guidelines and the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study have highlighted rising concerns about declining physical fitness among youth and called for a stronger integration of health promotion programs within educational institutions [6;7]. While approaches and measurements vary, common trends--including insufficient physical activity, increasing BMI levels, and reduced lung capacity--have been identified across multiple regions. In Japan, national surveillance data encompassing over 16 million children and adolescents between 2013 and 2021 revealed a gradual but significant decline in physical fitness, with an accelerated deterioration observed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Notably, measures of aerobic capacity and muscular endurance declined markedly, indicating widespread reductions in daily physical activity and structured exercise opportunities [8].