# Blockchain Application in Internet of Vehicles: Challenges, Contributions and Current Limitations
## 4 Discussion
### Challenges of IoV-Assisted Smart Grid
The variety of IoV components may pose another obstacle to interoperability [51]. Interoperability describes the capacity of IoV components to interact in terms of information consumption and sharing throughout different sectors, systems, devices and applications, considering both software and hardware. As stated within the literature [52], it may be challenging to create an efficient and interoperable solution that meets all of the IoV restrictions and the criteria required for IoV deployment. **Challenge 5--Demand Response:** In recent years, demand response has played an active part in the energy ecosystem (e.g., providers offer time-of-use pricing to their cus  
Figure 10: Challenges of IoV-assisted smart grids. tomers). Traditionally, balancing electrical supply and demand was very straightforward, thanks to large and controlled power facilities on the one hand and reasonably predictable demand on the other [53; 54]. However, in recent years, smaller, more variable and less predictable renewable energy sources have emerged (i.e., the rise of the smart grid). Thus, as the traditional energy grid is switching towards the smart grid, it is becoming increasingly vital to address the demand response problem. Expanding demand for electricity in smart grids requires the adoption of effective Demand Response Management (DRM) [55]. Balancing supply and demand is becoming increasingly difficult as the energy grid needs greater flexibility. Smart meters, interconnected appliances and in-home monitors bring up new opportunities for demand-side innovation. For example, empowered customers may progressively engage by changing their consumption patterns [56]. **Challenge 6--Artificial Intelligence:** Intelligent transportation incorporates complicated applications that need intelligent decision-making. As a result, the progress of AI and ML found its way into IoV, resulting in the explosion of smart vehicles. This emergence led several businesses to invest in AI for IoV applications such as autonomous driving, real-time navigation, traffic monitoring and more [57]. Despite the advantages of AI for IoV, its application may be limited by a lack of computing resources and the processing of untrustworthy data. Because the IoV infrastructure is tightly connected with the Edge (i.e., Edge computing takes place near the source of the data rather than depending on the cloud at data centers to handle all of the work), the available resources are restricted, making AI task allocation a difficult process. As a result, another issue is managing the IoV network's resources and scheduling its traffic [58]. Moreover, since many AI algorithms rely heavily on vehicle data to train the corresponding models, the dynamic and diverse characteristics of the IoV environment complicate the implementation of such approaches [59]. **Challenge 7--Privacy and Security:** Although privacy and security are well-known considerations in the IoT space, they are relevant enough to be highlighted, since they are also among the most critical in the IoV ecosystem. The IoV needs strong security and privacy solutions to reduce misleading and malicious information exchanges between vehicles. Such occurrences can result in a variety of accidents that endanger drivers, passengers and pedestrians [60]. IoV security risks may be classified further into the physical, communication and application levels. At the physical level, the different IoV components (for example, EVs, RSUs and so on) are vulnerable to unauthorized access and illegal behavior, resulting in a threat of data security and reliability [39; 61]. Furthermore, malicious EVs may initiate Sybil attacks by posing as several non-exiting EVs. Malicious EVs might use a Denial of Service (DoS) attack (i.e., an attack meant to shut down a machine or network, making it inaccessible to its intended users) to submit repeated offers without committing to them, preventing other EVs from charging, and thus, making the IoV trading system unstable and unreliable [62; 63].