## 1 Introduction
### Paper Contributions  
Despite significant advancements in HEMS and the integration of RESs, there remain several critical gaps in the literature regarding the use of backup systems, V2H technology, and DR strategies. Specifically, the comprehensive integration and optimization of these elements within a unified HEMS framework for residential applications are not fully addressed. A comparative review of recent HEMSs, evaluating their objectives and contributions is presented in Table 1. While batteries have been extensively studied as a backup source to manage the intermittency of RESs, there is a limited understanding of the integrated use of multiple backup systems within a single HEMS. This includes the combined utilization of batteries, FCs, and EVs in a cohesive system that ensures continuous energy supply and enhances overall system reliability. The potential of EVs to serve as mobile energy storage units and their role in providing backup power through V2H technology is underexplored. While most studies concentrate on V2G capabilities, the specific advantages and challenges of V2H, where EVs provide power directly to homes during outages or peak demand periods, warrant further exploration. Understanding the integration of V2H with other backup systems and renewable sources can significantly improve energy resilience and flexibility in residential settings. Although Time-of-Use (TOU) pricing and other DR strategies have been widely studied for their effectiveness in shifting energy consumption to off-peak periods, their interaction with backup systems and V2H technology in a unified HEMS framework remains largely unexplored. Integrating DR programs with backup systems and V2H can optimize energy usage, reduce costs, and enhance grid stability, but practical implementation and optimization methods need more comprehensive research. Advanced optimization algorithms have shown promise in managing specific aspects of HEMS. However, the combined application of these algorithms to simultaneously manage RESs, backup systems, V2H technology, and DR programs in real-time is not well documented. Developing robust control strategies that can dynamically adjust to varying energy demands and supply conditions is crucial to enhance the efficiency and reliability of HEMS. There is a lack of comprehensive case studies that demonstrate the practical benefits and challenges of integrating backup systems, V2H technology, and DR programs in diverse real-world scenarios. Detailed case studies, particularly in different geographical and climatic conditions, are necessary to validate theoretical models and simulations, providing practical insights into the feasibility and effectiveness of these integrated systems. This paper addresses several critical gaps in the field of residential energy management and renewable energy integration, specifically focusing on the integration of backup systems, V2H technology, and DR strategies. The contributions are outlined as follows:  
1. A novel hybrid energy system is presented, combining PV and wind as primary sources with FCs, batteries, and EVs as backup sources. This system is designed to optimize energy reliability, flexibility, and resilience, ensuring a continuous energy supply even under variable conditions. 2. A fast and computationally efficient optimization model is developed for HEMS applications, facilitating swift decision-making processes and enhancing overall system performance. The application of the RSA optimizer for multi-objective optimization is thoroughly examined, effectively balancing multiple objectives such as cost minimization, energy efficiency, and emissions reduction. By leveraging the RSA optimizer, the energy management system operates at optimal performance levels across various scenarios, providing a holistic and efficient solution to energy management challenges.