## 2 System Model
### Performance Evaluation Criteria  
The extensive simulation aims to assess and validate the effectiveness of the proposed EMBLR routing approach and critically analyzed with the subsequent QoS performance metrics:  
1. _Throughput:_ It is referred to as the total number of bytes that are successfully delivered to the destination device in the definite time duration [41] and can be computed as follows (in Kbps): \[\textit{Throughput}=\frac{\textit{Total number of bytes successfully delivered}\times 8}{\textit{Simulation Time}}\] (11)
2. _End-to-End Delay (EED):_ This metric indicates the total average time taken by the data packets transmission throughout the simulation time, which includes the propagation, queuing, buffering, and retransmission delays [34]. The EED can be computed as follows: \[EED=\frac{1}{N_{r}}\sum_{c\in D}Delay(c)\] (12) where \(N_{r}\) is the total number of data packets successfully delivered at the destination device. \(Delay(c)\) includes all the delay when the data packets transmitted between the source and destination devices.
3. _Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR):_ This metric refers to the ratio between the total number of data packets successfully delivered at the destination device and the total number of data packets sent from the source device [41]. The PDR value can describe the reliability of the routing scheme. It can be calculated as follows: \[PDR=\frac{N_{r}}{N_{s}}\times 100\] (13) where \(N_{s}\) and \(N_{r}\) are the total number of data packets sent from the source device and successfully delivered at the destination device, respectively.
4. _Packet Drop._ This metric is the total number of packets dropped throughout the data transmission in the network [34] and can be calculated as follows: \[\textit{Packets Drop}=N_{s}-N_{r}\] (14)  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Simulation Parameters** & **Value** \\ \hline Routing protocols & EMBLR, MEQSA-OLSRv2, and MP-OLSRv2 \\ Number of devices & 49 \\ Traffic type & CBR (20 Packets/s) \\ Battery capacity & 3600 mAh \\ Generic energy model & \(P_{Transmission}\) = 1300 mW and \(P_{Review}\) = 900 mW \\ Battery model & Linear battery model \\ Transmission range & 270 m \\ Mobility model & RWP model with Min 10 m/s, Max 60 m/s \\ Simulation area & 500 m x 500 m \\ Application packet size & 512 bytes \\ Transport protocol & Universal datagram protocol \\ Wireless channel frequency & 2.4 GHz \\ Pathloss model & Two ray ground \\ Power amplification factors & \(\epsilon_{i_{s}}\) = 10 pJ/bit/m\({}^{2}\), and \(\epsilon_{\text{amp}}\) = 0.0013 pJ/bit/m\({}^{2}\) \\ Channel capacity & 11 Mbps \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Simulation parameters value.  
* _Energy Consumption:_ This is the average energy consumption of all network devices throughout the network simulation time [33]. It depends upon the state of the device, such as transmitting, receiving, and an ideal state. Energy consumption of the devices can be calculated as follows: \[\textit{Energy Consumption}=\frac{1}{D}\sum_{c\in D}E_{Total}(c)\] (15) where \(E_{Total}(c)\) is the total energy consumed by all network devices and \(D\) is the total number of network devices.
* _Energy Cost:_ The ratio of the total energy consumed by all network devices over the total number of the data packets received at the destination device [41]. Energy cost can be calculated as follows: \[\textit{Energy Cost}=\frac{\textit{Total energy consumed by all devices}}{\textit{Total number of Packet Received}}\] (16)
* _Convergence Time:_ Convergence occurs in the network due to frequent network topology changes; meanwhile, the intermediate devices independently run routing algorithms and recalculate parameter values. The intermediate devices update the routing information and build a new routing table based on the parameter's information. It is calculated based on the time required before all of the intermediate devices can reach a consensus regarding the updated network topology.