## 6 Conclusions and Future Work  
In this paper, we introduced an optimized benchmarking framework designed for ARM processors to assess the efficiency, efficacy, and suitability of selected LWSCs for resource-intensive IoT applications. Sosemanuk, followed by Salsa, demonstrated the lowest CpB, highest throughput, and lowest energy consumption, indicating the best performance efficiency among the selected LWSCs. In addition, Sosemanuk and Grain-v1 have the smallest memory footprint, while Grain-v1 and Salsa exhibit the smallest code size. This indicates that these ciphers are efficient in terms of resource consumption. These results emphasize the trade-offs involved between efficiency in performance and resource consumption that are inherent in lightweight cryptographic solutions designed for resource-constrained environments. The E-Rank metric offered valuable insights by effectively  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Ciphers**} & **Key** & **Frames** & **Code** & **Memory** & **Processor** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Throughput**} & **Energy** & **Energy** & \multirow{2}{*}{**E-Rank**} \\  & **Size** & **Enc per Sec** & **Size** & **Footprint** & **(Bytes)** & **Cycles** & **(CpB)** & **(Kbps)** & **(mJ/Frame)** & **(μJ/B)** \\ \hline Grain-v1 & 80 & 0.76 & 3828 & 1604.73 & 6021.1 & 251.9 & 11,083.55 & 354.98 & 0.01 \\ \hline Grain-128a & 128 & 2.64 & 10,742 & 1655.64 & 1730.5 & 4888.42 & 3000.25 & 96.09 & 0.45 \\ \hline Mickey-v1 & 80 & 1.5 & 8088 & 1620.82 & 2424.11 & 707.57 & 5657.13 & 181.18 & 0.04 \\ \hline Trivium & 80 & 1.79 & 6122 & 1625.95 & 2600.07 & 1008.69 & 4688.18 & 150.15 & 0.09 \\ \hline Salsa & 128 & 3.19 & 4025 & 1704.79 & 1487.55 & 56,360.34 & 2840.72 & 90.98 & 10.42 \\ \hline Sosemanuk & 128 & 3.18 & 35,870 & 1576.25 & 1461.38 & 91,609.07 & 2696.52 & 86.36 & 3.4 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Software implementation results of Lightweight Stream Ciphers (LWSCs) performed on ARM processor along with E-RANK.  
balancing performance measurement with resource utilization, demonstrating Salsa and Sosemanuk's superior overall software performance due to its optimal and efficient balance between performance and resource consumption. The analysis conducted through the FPS\({}_{\text{enc}}\) metric revealed that Salsa, Sosemanuk, and the speed-optimized version of Grain-128a exhibit better suitability and efficacy for the real-time encryption of continuous stream of live video feed on resource-constrained IoT devices.  
The experimental setup used in this study was customized for specific hardware and software environments to allow for the precise measurement and analysis of LWSCs for resource-intensive applications in resource-constrained IoT environments. While it may not fully capture the complexities and diverse conditions in real-world IoT deployments, we recognize the importance of considering challenges such as network variability, environmental factors, and diverse hardware configurations of IoT devices. In future work, we aim to address these limitations by validating our findings in more realistic settings, including field deployment in actual IoT networks, simulating environmental conditions, and conducting long-term continuous evaluations.  
Conceptualization, M.K., H.D. and D.J.; methodology, M.K., H.D. and D.J.; software, M.K.; validation, M.K.; formal analysis, M.K.; investigation, M.K.; resources, H.D. and D.J.; data curation, M.K.; writing--original draft preparation, M.K.; writing--review and editing, H.D. and D.J.; visualization, M.K.; supervision, H.D. and D.J.; project administration, H.D.; funding acquisition, H.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
The data are contained within the article.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.