## 3 Results and Discussion  
The comprehensive scientific analysis presented in this study takes into consideration the index developed by the authors, based on a literature review and personal and professional knowledge. Figure 2 represents the sampling methods considered in this assessment as well as the respective biological specimens. For each type of sampling method, various factors were taken into consideration, such as the necessary materials and equipment for specimen collection, potential risks for health professionals, risks for patients, the invasive nature of the sampling protocol, economic costs, and the need for specialized health professionals, as explained in Table 1. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{227.6 pt}} \hline \hline
**Sampling Methods** & **Criteria Application** \\ \hline Urine & The urine specimen is vulnerable to tampering through dilution or adulteration. Urine samples pose a minimal risk of infection, although there is a possibility of sample spillage resulting in insufficient volume. It is advised to wear gloves during the handling of urine samples. They have the potential to be self-collected, which presents an advantage as it eliminates the need for a trained health professional to carry out the sampling. Low cost. Medium accessibility. \\ \hline Sputum & Clinical diagnostic sputum tests are designed to identify the underlying causes of lower respiratory tract infections and various other diseases. Moreover, these tests serve as an effective means of assessing the efficacy of clinical treatment. When a patient presents with pneumonia, performing a sputum culture is imperative. However, one major drawback of relying solely on sputum smears for diagnosis is that a significant number of pulmonary cases may go undetected. The effectiveness of sputum smears in detecting disease is more pronounced in cases of cavitary pulmonary disease among patients with a forceful cough. It is worth noting that the cough and spit method may lead to slight discomfort due to repeated coughing. Once more, sputum samples have the potential to be self-collected, which eliminates the need for a trained health professional for sampling. Low cost. \\ \hline Nasopharyngeal swab & The nasopharyngeal swab is commonly employed for the identification of several viruses and bacterial infections. It is generally regarded as a safe and well-tolerated technique, although a multitude of complications have been frequently documented, including but not limited to retained swabs, epistaxis, and cerebrospinal fluid leakage. These complications are often linked with high-risk factors such as severe septal deviations, pre-existing defects in the skull base, and previous sinus or transsphenoidal pituitary surgery. Professionals must possess adequate anatomical knowledge and employ appropriate techniques to carry out nasopharyngeal COVID-19 testing. Healthcare professionals must conduct these tests in a dedicated and sterilized room to prevent the transmission of the virus. Healthcare providers conducting the nasopharyngeal swab test must adhere to the prescribed personal protective measures, encompassing an N95 mask, disposable cap, goggles, gown, latex gloves, and shoe covers. Despite potential discomfort and extended result waiting periods, this method remains paramount for its heightened sensitivity and accuracy owing to the elevated virus concentration in the nasopharyngeal region. Medium cost. Medium accessibility. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Index of Scoring Criteria in detail. Figure 2: Biological specimen collection in suspected human cases of SARS-CoV-2.