## 4 Conclusions  
In this study, a waste-palm-oil-based reclaiming agent was developed, and its effects on reclaimed asphalt and mixtures were systematically investigated through experimental analyses. The key conclusions are summarized as follows:  
(1) As the content of the waste palm oil reclaiming agent increases, the rutting factor and creep stiffness modulus of asphalt decrease, while the creep rate increases. Considering the balance between the high- and low-temperature performance of the recycled asphalt, the optimal content of the waste palm oil reclaiming agent is recommended to be 12%.  
(2) The incorporation of the waste palm oil reclaiming agent alters the dynamic viscoelastic properties of the reclaimed asphalt mixtures, reducing the dynamic modulus of the RAP while increasing the phase angle. The relationship between the dynamic modulus and phase angle in the recycled asphalt mixtures is influenced by both the test temperature and loading frequency. The modified CAM model demonstrates excellent correlation with the frequency-dependent dynamic modulus and phase angle of the recycled asphalt mixtures. Specifically, at loading frequencies above 10 Hz, the palm oil recycled asphalt mixture exhibits a lower dynamic modulus and a higher phase angle. Conversely, at frequencies below 0.01 Hz, the waste palm oil reclaiming agent displays enhanced temperature sensitivity.  
(3) The addition of waste palm oil improves the static creep characteristics of asphalt mixtures. Compared with petroleum-based reclaiming agents, the waste palm oil agent produces higher steady-state creep rates and strain magnitudes, along with shorter stress relaxation times and higher dissipation energy ratios under low-temperature conditions. These properties indicate that asphalt mixtures containing waste palm oil are more prone to deformation and energy dissipation, thereby enhancing their low-temperature crack resistance.  
(4) Road performance tests confirmed that the asphalt mixtures containing the waste palm oil reclaiming agent exhibited superior high-temperature rutting resistance, low-temperature cracking resistance, and moisture damage resistance, validating the reliability of the analytical results. Furthermore, the waste palm oil reclaiming agent demonstrated significant practical potential due to its wide availability, cost effectiveness, and favorable performance characteristics.  
Conceptualization, X.G.; data curation, X.G.; formal analysis, F.K. and C.X.; investigation, Y.Z. and Z.C.; methodology, X.G.; project administration, X.G.; writing--original draft, X.G. and H.C.; writing--review and editing, X.G. and H.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (52008235); the Shanxi Basic Research Project of China (202203021212514); and the Shanxi Traffic Control Group Technology Project (23-JKKJ-14, 23-JKKJ-15).  
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.  
We would like to acknowledge the Shanxi Transportation Technology Research & Development Co., Ltd. for technical support in the testing procedure and data processing.  
Conflicts of Interest: Authors [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] were employed by the company Shanxi Transportation Technology Research & Development Co., Ltd. Author [PERSON] was employed by the company Shanxi Intelligent Transportation Laboratory Co., Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.