# Human Factor Issues in Remote Ship Operations: Lesson Learned by Studying Different Domains
## 3 Materials and Methods  
For this study, the literature was investigated in order to classify the main human factor issues affecting operating ships in shore control centers. In the current research, various databases including ScienceDirect, IEEE Xplore, and Scopus were searched for related peer-reviewed studies using keyword including \"remote operations\", \"shore control center\", \"human factors\", \"autonomous vessels\", \"ship operations\" and \"unmanned ships\". In addition, no publication time limit was considered while retrieving articles from digital libraries. The search domain was limited to the literature related to remote operations, teleoperations, human factors, human factor challenges, and automated environments. Search results were gathered in a non-structured way among industries that presented progress in applying remote operations. At the first stage, more than 50 papers were investigated, while during the second stage, the abstracts of the papers were investigated to select the most relevant literature to the topic. Finally, 38 papers that addressed the human factor issues of remote operations were selected in different domains in order to sharpen the literature review. This review primarily focuses on the operation of shore control centers, and therefore, issues relevant to the operation of remote ships in shore control centers were selected from the literature. This review also considered related work in regard to the shipping industry, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), unmanned aircraft systems (UASs), remote operated cranes, self-driven trains, autonomous cars, and remote mining.  
Results were analyzed based on an inductive coding process. Codes are constructs that are generated by the authors, which appear progressively through the qualitative data collection method. Codes are short phrases or words that are symbolically assigned to a portion of data [21]. The coding process in the present paper was conducted in two phases, including first cycle and second cycle coding. During first cycle coding, the author went through all gathered papers and identified empirically grounded codes which were related to human factors and the operation of automated systems. The portions of the data which were related to the mentioned fields were coded from a single code to a phrase. For example, fatigue, cultural problems, and linguistic problems. In this respect, the author developed a table including related portions of data and assigned codes in order to clarify, revise and identify final codes. During the second cycle of the coding process, the author grouped the first cycle codes into smaller categories and revised the codes to avoid overlapping. Finally, the author identified 13 codes, which are presented in the next section, as the main human factor issues. Additionally, during the second cycle of coding, the author developed pattern codes or meta codes. This refers to classifying the identified codes into bigger groups. In this respect, all 13 codes were classified into two main groups including human-human and human-machine interactions. These two groups indicate which human factor issues (codes) are related to human-human and human-machine interactions. Figure 1 presents our literature review methodology starting with analysis of the literature and continuing with the inductive coding process in order to classify the human factors affecting each type of human interaction in shore control centers.