# Molecular Genetic Research and Genetic Engineering of _Taraxaxacum kok-saghyz_ [PERSON]
## 4 Genes for Inulin Biosynthesis and Other Genes
Exon-intron structures of these genes were compiled, which allowed them to be divided into three main groups. Moreover, transcriptome analysis showed that all these genes responded differently to abiotic stress factors. For example, the _TKWRKY18_, _TKWRKY23_, and _TKWRKY38_ genes were significantly upregulated during cold stress, while the _TKWRKY21_ gene was upregulated under heat stress [65]. TKS is naturally well-suited for growing in the temperate climates of Central Asia, China, and southern Russia. However, when moving this plant to the north, problems arise associated with insufficient cold tolerance. For example, even in the agriculturally developed Volga-Ural region of Russia, an increase in the cold tolerance of TKS is required, since frosts are quite possible here in late May and late August. According to our observations, the planted TKS in the conditions of the Republic of Bashkortostan never survives in winter, which indicates a rather low winter hardness of this plant compared with other dandelion species. Cold acclimatization can speed up the germination period of TKS in spring and delay the wilting period in autumn, which will increase rubber production by extending the growing season. Transcription factors CBF, which are encoded by a whole family of highly conserved genes, play a key role in plant adaptation to cold stress. Using bioinformatic approaches, 10 _CBF_ genes (_TKCBF1-TKCBF10_) were found in the TKS genome, their phylogenetic relationships and protein conservative motifs were determined, and the physicochemical properties of proteins, the structure of genes, and the composition of promoter _cis_-regulatory elements were predicted [66]. These authors also determined the expression profile of the _TKCBF1-TKCBF10_ genes after cold treatment. An increase in the expression level was found for different times of cold treatment in the _TKCBF2_, _TKCBF5_, _TKCBF7_, _TKCBF8_, and _TKCBF10_ genes. The obtained results can be used in planning works on obtaining transgenic and CRISPR-edited TKS plants with increased cold tolerance. Protein encoding by histone-modifying genes (_HMGs_) catalyze a number of post-translational modifications that affect chromatin organization and conformation, which in turn regulate many downstream processes, including gene expression. [PERSON] et al. [1] identified 154 putative homologues of _HMGs_ genes in TKS: 60 histone methyltransferases (_HMT_), 34 histone demethylases (_HDM_), 42 histone acetyltransferases (_HAT_), and 18 histone deacetylases (_HDAC_), with TKS surpassing other plants in the number of _HAT_ and _HMT_ genes (for example, _Medicago truncatula_ and _Arabidopsis thaliana_). Additionally, expression patterns in various tissues were determined for a number of _HMGs_ genes. For example, in latex, an increased level of expression of the _TKSSDG28_ gene encoding one of the TKS _HMTs_ was found and the _TKsHAG10_ gene was abundantly expressed in TKS roots. This study describes for the first time the genomic organization of the _HMGs_ genes and the data obtained can become a prerequisite for the functional characterization of epigenetic modifications of genes involved in rubber biosynthesis. Based on the fact that rubber biosynthesis is positively regulated by MeJA, an analysis of DEGs (differentially expressed genes) in TKS roots under the action of this phytohormone was carried out. A total of 7452 DEGs compared with the control were identified, with seven transcription factor genes associated with natural rubber biosynthesis in latex tissue identified [67]. Of these, the _TkDREB2_ gene was also activated by drought and could stimulate rubber biosynthesis through its effect on _TkHMGR_. In an earlier study, the jasmonate-inducible _TkDREB2_ gene was cloned and used to create transgenic tobacco plants that showed high drought tolerance and antioxidant system activity [68]. In TKS laticifers, in addition to rubber, various terpen are also accumulated and, in order to improve the production of rubber, it is of interest to reduce the amount of these terpen.