## 2 Existing Studies in BASNs
The cluster leader is mainly a powerful node compared to elementary sensors that are in charge of performing data aggregation and communication to the terminal base station. Inspired by the above-mentioned ideas, the work in [23] discusses a cluster-based routing protocol for BASNs. In the proposed protocol, the biosensors are partitioned into groups called clusters. Each cluster has several member nodes, and the main coordinator (referred to as a cluster head) is responsible for collecting periodic or streamed data about the phenomenon of interest from the member nodes. The cluster heads aggregate the collected data and send it directly to the terminal base station or they use multihop communications. Similarly, the study in [24] proposes a dual sink clustering routing protocol for reliable packet transmission in BASNs. However, the use of a dual sink increases the overall network deployment cost and network complexity. Also, the ratio of the number of incorrectly conveyed data packets increases, and the total number of invalid transmitted packets increases. Therefore, this coexistence problem increases the retransmissions and latency of packets. Hence, it is essential to implement predictive mechanisms that allow avoiding and minimizing the impact of a channel coexistence problem for reliable packet delivery in BASNs. Nevertheless, to the best of our knowledge, few bio-inspired research efforts have been exploited to improve routing performances using distributed communication methods. For example, the research in [25] proposes a bio-inspired, multi-objective routing protocol to optimize the routing performance in BASNs. The proposed scheme achieves packet transmissions with no excessive collision, which successfully ensures both low energy consumption and high data transmission rates in the network. However, the memory required of the proposed scheme to store node topology information and to schedule neighbor information is large. Similarly, the work in study [26] also presented a bio-inspired routing protocol to find the optimal routing path for reliable data delivery to the sink. However, the proposed protocol does not consider a complete collision avoidance mechanism in BASNs. Table 1 shows the comparison of different routing schemes developed for BASNs. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sc. No.** & **Routing Protocols** & **Static- Channel** & **Architecture** & **Packet Delivery Ratio** & **Delay** & **Energy Consumption** & **Packet Error Rate** & **Throughput** & **Reliability** & **Robustness** & **Cowvergence** \\ \hline
1 & C-ALERA [14] & p & Flat & p & p & p & & p & & \\
2 & QPKD [7] & p & Flat & p & p & p & p & & & \\
3 & M-ATTEMF[7] & p & Flat & p & p & p & p & & & \\
4 & C-JCCA [25] & p & Flat & p & p & & & & & \\
5 & OMCAS-Net [19] & p & Flat & p & p & p & & & \\
6 & TTRP [70] & p & Flat & p & p & p & & & \\
7 & CJCCA [25] & p & Flat & p & p & & & & \\
8 & CRIPA [23] & p & Clustering & & p & & & & \\
9 & KER [12] & p & Flat & p & p & & & & \\
10 & KER-W [21] & p & Flat & p & p & & & & \\
11 & DSCB [24] & p & Clustering & p & p & p & & & \\
12 & Tripe-EC [21] & p & Flat & p & p & p & & & \\
13 & ATR [22] & p & Flat & p & p & p & & & \\
14 & SARP (Proposed) & p & Clustering & p & p & p & p & p & p & p \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Comparison of schemes in BASNs.