## 2 Multi-Parametric Monitoring of the Acute Test-Site  
To provide a dataset suitable to be analysed by the aforementioned approaches, a multi-parametric monitoring system was installed in an unstable quarry wall located close to the Acuto village in Central Italy, where densely jointed limestone is stressed under natural (temperature, rainfall and wind) and forced (induced vibrations) conditions. The quarry is located in the western sector of the Simbruini-Ernici Mts. ridge where Mesozoic limestone outcrops [65]. The unstable rock wall extends almost 500 m in length and up to 50 m in height: it is SE-exposed and corresponds to the NW abutment of the quarry area. Five main joint sets (S0 to S4) were recognized: S0 (93/4; dip direction/dip), S1 (131/82), S2 (91/64), S3 (4/80), S4 (198/86) that predispose the rock mass to failure with rock planar and wedge slide, rock fall and rock topple mechanisms with respect to the quarry wall attitude (100/88) [66; 67]. The joint roughness coefficient (JRC) and the joint compressive strength (JCS) of the main joint sets were also estimated using a standard Barton profilometer and a Schmidt sclerometer, respectively [68] and the values of the intact rock friction angle (\(\phi_{\text{b}}\)) were attributed based on the tilt test [69] (Table 1). The average uniaxial compression strength (UCS) of the rock was 130 MPa while the Young modulus of approximately \(6\times 10^{4}\) MPa, according to the Deere and Miller chart. The rock mass quality was established through RMRb classification, which assigned to the Mesozoic limestone a score of 68. A rock block of about 20 m\({}^{3}\) was selected as target of the multi-parametric monitoring system. The block is bounded by an open joint, which separates the backside from the rock mass behind, and hosts several fractures so providing a high number of discontinuities to be instrumented. Moreover, it protrudes with respect to the adjacent rock wall on the quarry square below. The installed multi-parametric monitoring system consists of (see Figure 1): (i) a weather station (equipped with an air thermometer, hygrometer, rain gauge and anemometer for wind speed and direction) installed at the top of the slope; (ii) a rock thermometer (type-k thermocouple) to measure the rock mass temperature, installed at the centre of the monitored rock block; (iii) six HBM strain gages and foue extensometers, installed on micro-fractures and open-joints both on the frontal face of the block and on the backside face; and (iv) an optical cam (artificial intelligence camera prototype-AiCP) connected to a customized artificial intelligence (AI) system [24]. The recorded data, which are acquired each minute, are stored in a local CR1000 data logger (Campbell Scientific, Logan, UT 84321-1784, USA) and are automatically sent every 4 h to a local server through a GPRS antenna. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline Set & **Dip**Dir**(\({}^{\circ}\)) & **Dip**(\({}^{\circ}\)) & **JCS(MPa)** & **JRC** & \(\Phi\)**(\({}^{\circ}\)) \\ \hline
0 & 93 & 4 & 180 & 3 & 53 \\
1 & 131 & 82 & 120 & 8 & 54 \\
2 & 91 & 64 & 130 & 3 & 49 \\
3 & 4 & 80 & 110 & 4 & 49 \\
4 & 198 & 86 & 140 & 5 & 50 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Main geomechanical features of the joint sets recognized through remote and direct surveys. Figure 1: Monitored rock block (**a**) with both faces highlighted in the dashed boxes. Sensors installed on the rock block: (**b**) strain-gage, (**c**) type-k thermocouple to measure the rock mass temperature, (**d**) extensimeter, (**e**) weather station with a Campbell Scientific CR1000 data logger. During specific experimental activities, the rock wall was stressed by dynamic actions to investigate its strain response.