esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Automatic Detection of Multilevel Communities: Scalable, Selective and Resolution-Limit-Free +
## 2 Method
### Tests on Extremely Large Networks with Ground Truth Communities
The best NMI of \(Q_{\gamma}\) is achieved at \(\gamma\) = 0.35, and the corresponding NMI = 0.46; see Figure 9c. However, on the DBLP network, at very high resolutions, \(Q_{\gamma}\) outperforms our method in fitting in the ground truth. As shown in Figure 10c, when \(\gamma\) > 30,000, NMIs achieved by \(Q_{\gamma}\) are above ours. When \(\gamma\) varies between 0 and 200,000, the best NMI achieved by \(Q_{\gamma}\) is 0.70, which is a little bit higher than the best NMI achieved by our method (\(\alpha\) = 1.06, NMI = 0.69). This may, on the other hand, reveal one shortcoming of \(Q_{\gamma}\), which is also true for other equivalent methods such as the multiresolution Potts models [32; 33; 34; 35; 36]. That is, there does not exist a finite varying range for the resolution parameter \(\gamma\). For instance, the Amazon and DBLP networks have similar sizes and similar numbers of edges, but the optimized values of \(\gamma\) that best recover their ground truth communities differ enormously: for Amazon \(\gamma\) = 0.35 and for DBLP \(\gamma\) > 200,000--over six orders of magnitude. Without knowing the sizes of \"expected\" communities, it would be really challenging to locate such optimized values of \(\gamma\) that may well recover the metadata, especially for large real-world networks. However, the above problem does not apply to our approach. The tunable parameter \(\alpha\) enables our method to fit in different metadata (i.e., ground truths) within different resolution scales. Especially, the explicit varying range of \(\alpha\) within (0, 2\(\beta\) - 1) substantially facilitates our searching on any expected community structures. Even if in some special cases we need to expand the varying range of \(\alpha\) (as we did in Figures 9b and 10b), the expanded range is still finite. In summary, on extremely large networks with ground truth communities, our method remains performing effectively and efficiently, at least to the same level as the widely accepted state-of-the-art algorithms such as \(Q\), \(Q_{\gamma}\) and Infomap.
# Pro-Health Potential of Selected Uncommon Oilseed Plants
## 3 Pro-Health Potential of Selected Uncommon Oilseed Plants
### Camelina sativa L
#### 3.2.1 Antioxidant Activity  
Many studies have confirmed the antioxidant potential of _Camelina sativa_ L. Both camelina oil and its seeds are being evaluated. In addition, reports suggest the great antioxidant potential of amelina as a plant to be consumed after germination [58,59,60,61]. [PERSON] et al. [62] conducted a study to evaluate the antioxidant potential of amelina oil. Researchers used H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) (hydrogen peroxide), DPPH, and ABTS tests to measure the oil's ability to neutralize free radicals. The results confirmed that _Camelina sativa_ L. seed oil has a high antioxidant potential. Additionally, researchers assessed the \(\alpha\)-tocopherol content using the HPTLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) method, finding that the oil contained 59.34 mg/100 g oftocopherol. The researchers emphasized that this high content contributes to the oxidative stability of the oil, making it a promising raw material for the biodiesel, cosmetic, and food industries [62]. Camelina seeds are characterized by high content of phenolic compounds and glucosinolates, as well as their strong antioxidant activity. Research by [PERSON] et al. [63] has shown that germination significantly increases antioxidant activity and the levels of bioactive compounds, and enhances the nutritional value of camelina. Comprehensive studies on the properties of camelina after germination were also conducted by [PERSON] et al. [59]. The researchers took into account the plant in the microgreens stage. The studies were conducted with the use of plants after two different collection times. The first harvest was 11 days after sowing when the plant had a cotyled and a true leaf. The second was 18 days after sowing, i.e., when the plant had 1-2 true leaves. The content of various substances with antioxidant effects, such as vitamin C, carotenoids, and polyphenols, as well as antioxidant activity, increased with the maturity of camelina microgreens. This indicates the possibility of using camelina at this stage of development as a valuable addition to the human diet [59].
## 4 Results
### Experimental Design Results  
Following Step 1, Step 2 carried out core surveys of the CUQ, UES-SF, efficiency, and effectiveness. Each session took more than one hour; therefore, we allowed the students to perform the experiments at their convenience. All questionnaire responses were integrated into one central datasheet, and the data were anonymized during transcription and data preparation. SPSS version 25 was used for statistical analyses, carrying out descriptive analyses, and following the statistical analysis guidelines. A repeated-measures ANOVA was used to assess the effects of the nine experimental conditions, which combined three interaction modes (text-based, menu-based, and hybrid) with three levels of question complexity (simple, intermediate, and complex), on the dependent variables (usability, engagement, efficiency, and effectiveness) [74].  
Therefore, using pairwise comparisons with post hoc Bonferroni correction, essential differences between the various task types and interaction modes were identified. A repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted with 30 participants across the conditions (F (1,29) = 2410.984, \(p\) < 0.001, partial \(\eta^{2}\) = 0.988). The primary and potential interaction effects of these factors were also investigated. According to the Bonferroni-corrected pairwise comparisons, the hybrid-based mode consistently outperformed the text- and menu-based modes, particularly in high-complexity tasks, by enhancing engagement, usability, and response time. Thus, the adaptability and efficacy of the hybrid-based model make it a convincing candidate for delivering sustainable, engaging, and efficient educational chatbot interactions in Arabic language settings.
# Hierarchical Resource Management for Mega-LEO Satellite Constellation
## 8 Conclusions and Future Works
### Potential Limitations and Challenges  
Although the hierarchical resource management architecture proposed in this paper is designed based on future actual systems, endowing the system with strong capabilities in  
Figure 13: System throughput (Gbps) vs. UTs in system with different spectrum scheduling schemes and MODCOD sets.  
global spectrum and service area planning, as well as satellite and user resource scheduling, there may be the following limitations and challenges to its practical application:  
* Collection of spectrum data. The collection of global spectrum data requires the deployment of spectrum detection and monitoring equipment worldwide. Deploying such systems on land is obviously costly and impractical. A feasible approach is to equip satellite systems with spectrum detection and monitoring payloads. However, the satellite platform itself has a limited size and weight, and adding payloads requires a more integrated design. At the same time, the collected spectrum data need to be processed and transmitted in real time to support global spectrum planning at the NCC, which places higher demands on the satellite's computing and processing capabilities, as well as the data transmission capacity of the entire network.
* Overhead of network status information. Service area planning is based on the distribution of users, services, and resources in various regions across the entire network. However, utilizing satellite-to-ground links inherently increases the consumption of satellite resources and payload burden. In cases where global station deployment is not feasible, this status information also needs to be transmitted to the NCC via inter-satellite links (ISLs), significantly increasing the processing load and overhead for satellites.
* Real-time resource scheduling. In the MLSCS, LEO satellites move rapidly, causing the users and areas they cover to change quickly and users to switch rapidly between different satellites and beams. Meanwhile, sudden interferences, changes in payload status, and variations in platform status can all cause abrupt changes in the network state. However, whether the update of status and the scheduling of resources can keep up with the changes in network status poses a significant challenge to the real-time design of the system's resource management architecture and mechanisms.
* The application of novel technologies. The application of novel technologies, such as beamforming, beam-hopping, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), and laser communication, has added new dimensions to resource scheduling in the MLSCS. The scheduling of multi-dimensional resources introduces additional constraints, placing higher demands on the effectiveness, reliability, and timeliness of resource scheduling algorithms.
# Synthetic Data and Computer-Vision-Based Automated Quality Inspection System for Reused Scaffolding
## 2 Research Background
### 3D Scanner-Based Defect Detection  
In 2014 in the 3D scanner field, [PERSON] [16] used a scanner for an automobile parts automated inspection system. The scanned point cloud was compared with the CAD model by a modified iterative closest point algorithm to calculate deviations. In a similar way, [PERSON] [14] proposed a 3D laser profiling system that integrated a laser scanner, an odometer, an inertial measurement unit, and a global position system to automatically detect defects on rail surfaces. The proposed system calculated the deviation between the measured rail surface and a standard rail profile. The adaptive iterative closest point algorithms marked points with large deviations as potential defect points. In 2018, [PERSON] [17] proposed an automatic defect detection method to detect cracks and deformation information simultaneously in asphalt pavement. This method relied on a sparse processing algorithm to extract crack candidate points and deformation support points, and then combined the extracted candidate points with an improved minimum-cost spanning tree algorithm to detect pavement cracks. Furthermore, [PERSON] [18] used a local 3D model Point Feature Histogram descriptor for defect detection based on the point cloud.  
Although each of these methods had certain advantages, such as high accuracy in detecting metal surface defects, they also had limitations in detecting rust, a capacity that is necessary for evaluating scaffolding quality.
## 2 Results and Discussion
### Characteristics of Synthesized REEIIPs and Hybrid Materials
Their coercivity was found to be distributed in various ways (Hc \(\sim\)300-850 Oe), thus indicating that the polymers were not magnetically soft materials. It was found that the introduction of REE ions changed the magnetic properties of the modified chitosan Schiff base, especially in the case of chitosan imprinted with Nd and Pr. Here, the saturation magnetization increased almost twice for Pr. At the same time, the changes in coercivity were found to be different,  
Figure 7: SEM images of REE sensitive adsorption membranes: (**a**) polymer membrane consisting of modified chitosan with 30 wt.% of PrIIPs, (**b**) hybrid membrane with the addition of 3 wt.% MWCNT-PrIIPs, (**c**) hybrid membrane with the addition of 4 wt.% MWCNT-PrIIPs, (**d**) polymer membrane consisting of modified chitosan with 30 wt.% of NdIIPs, (**e**) hybrid membrane with the addition of 2 wt.% MWCNT-NdIIPs, (**f**) hybrid membrane with the addition of 5 wt.% MWCNT-NdIIPs, (**g**) polymer membrane consisting of modified chitosan with 30 wt.% of GdIIPs, (**h**) hybrid membrane with the addition of 3 wt.% MWCNT-GdIIPs, and (**i**) hybrid membrane with the addition of 4 wt.% MWCNT-GdIIPs. i.e., for the Pr-imprinted chitosan a decrease in coercivity was noted, while for the Nd- and Gd-imprinted chitosan coercivity increased. The remanence values for all imprinted chitosan samples were quite low. Similar results were obtained by [PERSON]'s team, who studied the influence of metal doping on the magnetic properties of biphenyl networks. The introduction of metal ions induced various degrees of spin polarization, wherein, in the case of almost 100% polarization at the Fermi level, these materials may exhibit semi-metallic features, or in the case of incomplete spin polarization, exhibit antiferromagnetic properties [45]. In turn, in the works of [PERSON] and [PERSON]'s team, who studied the magnetic structures of Pr and Nd crystals, we can find mentions of the diverse influence of an external magnetic field depending on the direction of its interaction, where in some cases a significant increase in the values of induced magnetic moments or a decrease indicating high anisotropy of susceptibility was found [46]. The addition of modified MWCNTs significantly changed their magnetic properties. These membranes were produced from magnetic materials, both polymeric and MWCNTs, which interacted with each other in an external magnetic field. This had a significant influence on their magnetic, mechanical, and separation properties. It also had a direct impact on the dispersion of the inorganic additive and the properties of the newly developed membranes. It should be noted that for Gd-sensitive hybrid membranes a slight decrease in the value of magnetization saturation (Ms) was observed after the introduction of 0.5 wt.% MWCNT-GdIIPs (Figure 8e). For the remaining hybrid membranes, an increase
# Fatigue Behavior of Prestressed Concrete Beam for Straddle-Type Monorail Tracks
###### Abstract  
Monorail transportation systems are widely built in medium and small cities, as well as hilly cities, because of their excellent performance. A prestressed concrete track beam is a key load-carrying structural component and guideway subjected to repeated traffic load. The fatigue behavior of the prestressed concrete beam is critical for the safety of the transportation system. This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the fatigue behavior of a prestressed concrete beam in terms of stiffness degradation and strain change. The displacement and rotation of the beam of concrete and reinforcement were examined, respectively. A three-dimensional finite element model was established to help understand the development of the mechanical behavior. No crack was observed throughout the test. Both concrete and bars behaved in their linear-elastic stage throughout the test, and the bond between them performed well.  
**Keywords:** straddle-type monorail transportation; prestressed concrete beam; model test; fatigue; stiffness degradation +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# A Study on the Effect of Gear Hobbing Process Parameters on the Residual Stress of the Tooth Root
###### Abstract  
The root residual stress during gear machining has a significant impact on the bending fatigue performance of the gear. The process parameters of gear hobbing (hob speed, axial feed speed, and radial cutting depth) directly affect the residual stress of the tooth root. To investigate the relationship between the process parameters of hobbing and the residual stress of the tooth root respectively, an analysis of an orthogonal and single factor was conducted in the hobbing experiment, taking into account the interactions among factors, which revealed the influence rule and primary-secondary relationship of the process parameters on the residual stress of the tooth root. The importance coefficients of the process parameters on the residual stress of the tooth root were calculated using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) method. The results indicate that the residual tensile stress at the tooth root increases with an increase in the hob speed and axial feed speed within the selected range but decreases with an increase in the radial cutting depth. The influence of the process parameters on the residual stress of the tooth root can be ranked as follows: hob speed (importance coefficient 0.460), axial feed speed (importance coefficient 0.278), and radial cutting depth (importance coefficient 0.262). This research provides a basis for improving the residual stress of the tooth root and enhancing the anti-fatigue manufacturing of gears, thus holding significant research value.  
gear hobbing: process parameters; root of the tooth; residual stress +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences  
0
Footnote 0: _Appl. Sci._**2024**, 14, 597.
# Noise Source Diagnosis Method Based on Transfer Path Analysis and Neural Network
## 5 Conclusions  
According to the structure of the converter, the characteristics of the sound source and noise transmission path of the converter are analyzed, and the traditional TPA test scheme is designed. The data of four working conditions are tested, and the transfer function matrix of each path point's contribution to the target point is obtained. The actual contribution of each path to the target point is calculated. In order to solve the inverse ill-posed problem when the target points are smaller than the path points, the inverse reconstruction method of TPA-NN, which combines the traditional TPA test scheme and neural network, is proposed. In order to verify the accuracy of the proposed method, the path point contribution at some frequencies is reconstructed. The results show that when the path point number of the converter is 13 and the target point number is 6, the root-mean-square error between the reconstructed contribution and the actual contribution is less than 0.02, and the results of the proposed method are more accurate.  
In future work, we will continue to promote the versatility and accuracy of TPA-NN methods, including the combination of other types of TPA methods with neural networks and the improvement of neural network structures, such as the introduction of one-dimensional convolutional networks, to improve the accuracy of this method.  
Conceptualization, Y.H. and J.W.; methodology, B.H. and Q.H.; software, Y.C.; validation, X.Z., Q.H. and Y.C.; formal analysis, Y.H.; investigation, B.H.; resources, J.W.; data curation, Y.C.; writing--original draft preparation, B.H.; writing--review and editing, Y.H.; visualization, X.Z.; supervision, Q.H.; project administration, Y.H.; funding acquisition, J.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by Guangxi Science and Technology Major Special Project, grant number 2023 AA11008, and Guangxi Innovation Driven Development Special Fund Project, grant number AA22068060-6.  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to funding projects have confidentiality requirements for technology.  
Authors [PERSON] and [PERSON] were employed by the company Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor Co., Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the  
Figure 11: RMSE between actual contribution and reconstructed contribution.  
absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
## 4 Discussion
### Modelling  
In order to evaluate the modeling results of individual components (\(\rm{R_{eco}}\) and GEE) and the total carbon dioxide balance (NEE), we summed the \(\rm{R_{eco}}\) and GEE obtained from all the models used in a pairwise fashion and compared the obtained results with the measured NEE (Table 3). In addition to the results obtained based on individual models, the median fluxes of \(\rm{R_{eco}}\) and GEE were calculated (column and row \"med\", Table 3).  
The best fit (R = 0.7, \(p\) < 0.05) between the modeled and measured NEEs was achieved using pairs of models 5-6, 5-10, med-6 (median based on GEE models 1-5). Thus, the best result in NEE modeling was achieved using with model pair with model 5: it is noteworthy that this is the only one of the GEE models, that includes dependency from WTL. It also considers the value of phytomass not as a simple proportional term and the response of plants to PAR growth in the form with saturation. A similar relationship was used in model 4, which gave an even better result when modeling GEE only (however, this did not improve the predictive power for NEE). In addition, as noted above, considering that WTL improve the predictive power for GEE modelling, it was, however, important in the calculation of R\({}_{\rm eco}\): the sum of GEE with R\({}_{\rm eco}\) models 6 and 10 yielded the best NEE simulation result. The most complex R\({}_{\rm eco}\) model that consider the largest number of various parameters in a non-linear way (models 11) as well as simplest one (model 9) show similar and successful results: it is possible that on the one hand, complication of models does not always lead to better results, but on the other hand, additional information on the receipt of new fluxes and associated environmental drivers will allow to be better parameterized complex model in the future. It is noteworthy that an equally good result was obtained when summing model 5 with models 6 and 10, although the last one does not consider aboveground phytomass of vascular plants (Ph\({}_{\rm V}\)). It is very likely that the aboveground phytomass of vascular plants is a good indicator of long-term moisture conditions, and these values are correlated with WTL. Therefore, when modeling carbon dioxide fluxes within individual ecosystems, it is necessary to consider ecosystem drivers more accurately, which will vary within a smaller range [47]. This will require more long-term and extensive fieldwork.
## 5 Results
### Energy Consumption in the Sensor Movement  
Now we analyze the energy consumed by the electronically controlled engine to move the sensors affected by the shadow zone to the optimal position. Figure 15 shows the energy consumption in the sensor movement. We observe that the energy consumed is increased with the movement power and the covered distance to reach the optimal location. Since the sensor relocation can be costly in terms of energy consumption, it is limited by the threshold \(E_{Th}\); this parameter is estimated analyzing the battery capacity, the required average displacement as well as \(P_{Bw}\).