## 2 Materials and Methods
### Key Phytoconstituents Transfer into Solid Residue from Seeds
When comparing the transferred TQ level from seeds to their respective oils and solid residues, the transferred values in the solid residues were significantly lower, as the transferred TQ values in the oils from their seeds were reported to be 32.8-48.5% in our previous study [19]. Additionally, a similar trend of TQ transfer from seeds to their respective solid residues was noted, regardless of varying transfer rates (15.9% to 19.3%) across the genotypes while comparing the TQ levels of seeds observed in our earlier study [18] and the TQ levels of solid residues found in this study (Table 1). The seeds of genotypes with higher TQ levels resulted in solid residues with correspondingly higher TQ levels, and the seeds with lower TQ levels resulted in lower TQ levels in their respective solid residues. This pattern of TQ transfer was also observed when comparing the TQ level of seeds and their corresponding oils in our previous study [19]. Furthermore, the transfer of fatty acids (SFAs, MUFAs, and PUFAs) into the solid residues obtained from the seeds of different genotypes was also found to be significantly low (Figures 5-7). Our earlier report showed that the SFA values of these seeds ranged between 17.6 and 21.6 mg/g of seed [18]. While examining the respective solid residues in this study, the SFA values ranged between 1.4 and 1.7 mg/g of seed, amounting to 7.5-8.9% of the overall SFAs present in their seeds (Figure 5 and Table 3). When comparing the transfer of SFAs from seeds to their corresponding oils and solid residues, significant differences were observed; the SFAs transfer values in the oils from corresponding seeds were in a range between 60.8 and 84.2% in our previous study [19]. Similarly, the MUFA values of _Nigella_ seeds were reported to be between 12.4 and 16.6 mg/g of seed [18]. However, the current study found the MUFA level in the solid residue from the corresponding seed samples to be 1.5-2.8 mg/g of seed, representing 12.0-18.3% of the overall MUFAs present in their seeds (Figure 6 and Table 3). This value is considerably lower compared to the MUFA values obtained for the oil from the same seed sources in our previous study, where the MUFA transfer values in the oils were reported to be between 45.6% and 74.4% [19]. Additionally, the PUFA values of _Nigella_ seeds were previously reported to range between 82.8 and 135.0 mg/g of seed [18]. While investigating the respective solid residues in this study, the values of PUFAs were found to be in a range between 6.0 and 9.4 mg/g of seed, which corresponds to 6.5-7.5% of the overall PUFAs present in the seeds (Figure 7 and Table 3). In comparing the transfer of PUFAs from seeds to their respective oils and solid residues, the transfer values in the solid residue were also significantly lower. In our previous study, the PUFA transfer values in the oils from the seeds were recorded to range from 43.1% to 69.4% [19]. Furthermore, this study also noticed a similar pattern of SFA, MUFA, and PUFA transfer from seeds to their respective solid residues, although their transfer rates varied between 7.5-8.9%, 12.0-18.3%, and 6.5-7.5%, respectively, across the genotypes when comparing their values for seeds reported in our earlier study [18] and for solid residues observed in the present study (Table 2). For example, genotypes AVTKS#7 and AVTKS#12 displayed the highest and lowest PUFA levels in seeds, as reported earlier [18], a pattern mirrored in their respective solid residues. Additionally, it is evident from Table 3 and Figures 1-7 that the transfer range of each studied phytoconstituent from _Nigella_ seeds into solid residue varied. For example, the transfer of TPC, FRAP, and CUPRAC into solid residue was considerably higher than that of TQ and fatty acids. This variation may be attributed to several factors, including the properties of the compounds, their interactions with the seed matrix, and the extraction method used [37; 38; 39; 40].