## 3 Results and Discussion
### Carcass and Meat Quality Characteristics  
Our formulated feed shows significant positive impacts on body weight and feed intakes. Then we analyzed the effects of formulated feed supplementation on carcass yield and quality characteristics of Hanwoo steers during early and late fattening periods. Results are shown in Table 4. Carcass weight (control 401.8 kg vs. treatment 444 kg) and ribeye area (control 87.6 cm\({}^{2}\) vs. treatment 91 cm\({}^{2}\)) of formulated fed Hanwoo steers were substantially increased compared to those of control feed fed Hanwoo steers (both \(p<0.05\)). However, backfat thickness (control 10 mm vs. treatment 13.20 mm), dressing percent, and quantity characteristics, such as marbling score, meat color, fat color, texture, and quality grade, were similar between treatment and control group of Hanwoo steers throughout the experimental period. The findings of the present study were consistent with those of [PERSON] et al. (2028). They reported that carcass weight and ribeye area of Hanwoo steers were enhanced by feeding IRG silage. [PERSON] et al. (2021) also reported similar results, showing that the carcass weight of steers was significantly decreased when concentrate supplementation was provided, consistent with our data. Table 5 summarizes chemical compositions (percentage of moisture, crude fat, crude protein, and ash) and meat quality (such as cooking loss, shear force, water holding capacity, surface color, and sensory evaluation) of treatment/control group animals Hanwoo steers. A slight increase in moisture percentage was noted in animals fed with formulated feed compared to animals fed with concentrate. Crude fat and protein level remained unchanged between control and treatment group animals. For the meat qualities study, less cooking loss was noted for animals treated with formulated feed than the control animals (\(p<0.05\)). Shear force, water holding capacity, and pH were not changed significantly between control and treated group animals. In addition, surface color and sensory evaluation were similar in control and treatment group animals. Overall acceptability is slightly higher for animals treated with formulated feed than control animals fed with concentrate and rice straw. [PERSON] et al. (2016) also reported that intramuscular fat content and palatability can be improved by moving from a forage feed to a high concentrated feed at 40 days prior to slaughter. [PERSON] et al. (2017) indicated that cattle finished on forage have subcutaneous fat that is more yellow in color compared to grain-finished cattle, which might be a drawback for the customer to consider forage-finished beef. [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2018) suggested that postmortem glycogen is converted to lactate and H\({}^{+}\), resulting in a decrease in the pH of meat and that the amount of glycogen at slaughter is inversely linked to the ultimate pH. [PERSON] et al. (2019) proposed that a high energy feed could increase postmortem glycolysis ability, leading to an extended pH decline and a lower final pH. Overall data confirmed that the low-cost silage and fermented feed could improve the animal performance and meat quality by either increasing/similar to high-cost concentrate fed animals.