# From Biodeterioration to Creativity: Bioreceptivity of Spruce Pine 87 Glass Batch by Fungi
## 3 Results
### Chemical Alteration: SEM-EDS and \(\mu\)-Raman  
SEM-EDS microanalyses also allowed the evaluation of chemical alterations caused by _Penicillium_ and _Aspergillus_ on the glass surfaces. This information was complemented by the identification of crystalline products on glass by \(\mu\)-Raman. The results from the elemental alterations is shown in the EDS quantification results in Table 2.  
Additionally, Figure 4a,b present the SEM-EDS results, and Figure 5a (plus Appendix A, Figure A4a) present the \(\mu\)-Raman results of the samples inoculated with PS1 in PDA and as spores in Tween solution. Figure 4c,d present the SEM-EDS results, and Figure 5 (plus Appendix A, Figure A4b) present the \(\mu\)-Raman results of the samples inoculated with AS1 (with PDA or Tween). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline  & \multirow{2}{*}{**Glass**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{_Penicillium chrysogenum_} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{_Aspergillus niger_} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Reference**} \\ \cline{3-14}  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**PDA**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Spores in Tween**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**PDA**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Spores in Tween**} & _Pen._ & _Asp_ \\ \cline{3-14}  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Sp1**} & Sp2 & Sp3 & Sp1 & Sp2 & Sp3 & Sp1 & Sp2 & Sp1 & Sp2 & Sp3 & Sp2 & Sp3 \\ \hline
**at\%** & \(\bar{x}\pm\sigma\) & **t4** & **t4** & **t6** & **t4** & **t4** & **t6** & **t4** & **t6** & **t4** & **t4** & **t4** & **t6** & **t6** \\ \hline C & – & 26.0 & 25.3 & 22.3 & 19.9 & – & – & BQL & 20.3 & 19.0 & 74.2 & 16.2 & 27.3 & 60.2 \\ O & \(55.9\pm 0.9\) & 30.7 & 53.1 & 58.5 & 58.9 & 59.6 & 66.9 & 62.6 & 57.5 & 48.2 & 20.0 & 58.8 & 49.5 & 25.2 \\ Na & \(9.0\pm 0.5\) & 15.2 & 0.6 & – & 0.4 & 1.7 & 3.7 & 1.7 & – & 2.5 & 1.0 & 2.1 & 1.8 & 6.3 \\ Mg & – & 1.8 & 1.2 & – & 1.7 & 1.8 & 1.7 & – & 0.2 & – & – & 0.6 & 0.2 & 0.3 \\ Al & \(1.0\pm 0.1\) & – & – & – & – & 0.4 & 0.5 & 19.1 & – & 13.9 & 0.2 & 0.3 & 0.3 & 0.5 \\ Si & \(30.3\pm 1.0\) & 9.5 & 8.8 & 0.3 & 0.8 & 15.7 & 11.3 & 15.6 & 0.6 & 15.6 & 3.6 & 5.9 & 9.2 & 2.6 \\ Cl & – & 15.3 & – & 0.4 & – & – & – & – & 0.2 & 0.2 & 0.5 & – & 0.9 \\ K & \(0.3\pm 0.0\) & 0.4 & – & – & – & 0.2 & 0.4 & – & 0.5 & 0.2 & 0.3 & – & 0.2 \\ Ca & \(3.3\pm 0.1\) & 1.1 & 11.1 & 18.6 & 18.7 & 21.4 & 15.6 & 0.5 & 21.4 & 0.1 & 0.6 & 15.2 & 11.6 & 0.8 \\ Zn & \(0.3\pm 0.1\) & – & – & – & – & – & – & – & – & – & 0.1 & – & – & – \\ Mn & – & – & – & 0.2 & – & – & – & – & – & – & – & – & – \\ Ti & – & – & – & – & – & – & 0.2 & – & – & – & 0.1 & – & – \\ S & – & – & – & – & – & – & – & – & – & – & – & – & 1.2 \\ Fe & – & – & – & – & – & – & – & – & – & – & – & – & 1.5 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Elemental composition (atomic %, at%) on the glass surface after 4 and 6 months inoculation with _Penicillium chrysogenum_ and _Aspergillus niger_–spectra presented in Figure 4. Mean values correspond to the average of 3 samples analysed prior to inoculation. Legend: Sp = spot or area of SEM analysis where the EDS results were retrieved (see Figure 4); BQL = below quantification limit; _’-’_= not present. Figure 4: SEM-EDS spectra of crystals and surface alterations of the SPB-87 glass samples (analysis spots marked in the SEM images presented), inoculated with **(a)**_Penicillin chrysogenum_ (PS1) in PDA or **(b)** PS1 spores in Tween; **(c)**_Aspergillus niger_ (AS1) in PDA or **(d)** spores in Tween; **(e)** reference samples in the PS1 and **(f)** AS1 environments at t\({}_{4}\) and t\({}_{4}\). As can be observed from the results in Table 2, elements deposition or enrichment over the glass surfaces were also noticed after the inoculation. In the inoculation of SPB-87 with PS1 in PDA, fungal fingerprints together with the probable formation of NaCl are observed in the first EDS spectrum (Sp1) in Figure 4a. Those elements appear in a 1:1 proportion, as can be seen in Table 2. Enrichment in Ca, C, and O can be observed for the same genus in Sp2, likely related to fungal excretions and possibly leached elements.