## 5 Coating Materials with Embedded Antibiotics and Other Antibofilm Agents
### Antibiotic Based Antib Biofilm Coatings
The initial burst release was followed by slow release up to seven days [36]. In vitro antibacterial efficacy, assays showed that PLGA-gentamicin-HAP coatings killed even gentamicin-resistant _S. epidermidis_ 7388 and _S. epidermidis_ 7391 strains [36]. Moreover, in a rabbit model of antibiotic prophylaxis for bacterial infection prevention, HAP- and PLGA-gentamicin-HAP-coated pins, respectively, were inserted in bacterially contaminated medullary canals of the animals. The number of staphylococci recovered from femora and the pin itself deriving from the animals that received a PLGA-gentamicin-HAP-coated pin was several orders of magnitude lower than the one corresponding to the animals that received a HAP-coated pin at day 2 and 7 after insertion [36]. Recently, our research group reported the successful matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) deposition of thin coatings consisting of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) loaded with the advanced generation cephalospororin antibiotic ceftroline fosamil or Zinforo (ZiN) on several types of substrates (double side polish silicon, glass, and commercial pure Ti grade 2 disks) [37]. Most important, the MAPLE-deposited ZiN-loaded mesoporous silica nanocoatings were able to release the antibiotic in bioactive form. The MSNs were prepared by the classical base-catalyzed sol-gel method in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a sacrificial template. The MSNs were loaded with the antibiotic by mixing in a grinding mortar with a chloroform dispersion of ZiN until complete evaporation of the solvent. The deposition process was conducted with various laser fluences (300, 400, and 500 mJ/cm\({}^{2}\)), the best compromise between the deposition rate and the stoichiometric transfer being obtained for a fluence of 500 mJ/cm\({}^{2}\). The biocompatibility of the fabricated nanocoatings was proved both in vitro on cultured human cells, and in vivo using a mouse model. The antibioticim activity was assessed by a viable cell count (VCC) assay. The bacterial inoculum was prepared by adding 20 \(\upmu\)L of an _E. coli_ ATCC 25922 bacterial suspension adjusted to 0.5 McFarland standard to 2 mL of nutritive broth. After inoculation, the tested substrates (glass substrates coated with MAPLE-deposited ZiN-loaded mesoporous silica nanofilm) and the control substrates (bare glass substrates) were incubated at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 24 h. Next, the substrates with attached bacteria were washed with PBS, transferred in a fresh well containing 2 mL sterile nutritive broth, and incubated for various periods of time (24, 48, and 72 h). At the end of the incubation periods, the biofilm developed was detached from the substrate by vigorous vortexing. After serial dilutions, the PBS suspensions of the detached bacteria cells were seeded on nutritive agar. The bacterial cell concentration in suspension (CFU/mL) was estimated from optical density measurements. The outcomes of the assays showed that the fabricated antibiotic containing coatings exhibited strong antibiofilm activity against _E. coli_ during the early stage of biofilm formation, i.e., at 24 h. The antibiofilm activity corroborated with the excellent biocompatibility and biodistribution of the prepared nanocoatings recommends them as efficient drug delivery systems with potential applications in bone implantology. [PERSON] et al. [38] reported surface functionalization of titanium substrates with the third-generation cephalospororin antibiotic cefotaxime (sodium salt; CS). They used PDA as an adhesive primer for anchoring the antibiotic to the surface of the metal substrate. The catechol/quinone groups in PDA were used as robust anchor points for further tethering of CS. Biofilm formation on CS-decorated Ti was estimated by a double staining assay using the fluorescent staining agents SYTO 9 and propidium iodide. Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) images taken after seven days of incubation with _E.