## 1 Introduction  
The demand for natural resources is growing all the time worldwide, while the unexpected failure of strata and surrounding rocks has caused a great loss of lives and properties due to the misunderstanding of the underground structure safety, the complexity of geological structures, and their mechanical properties [1, 2, 3]. The large-scale collapse of hard roofs during coal seam mining poses enormous risks to human safety and equipment [4, 5, 6]. In this process, the induced-seismicity can additionally enhance the damage of the mining failure by dynamic disturbance effects of surrounding rocks, reactivating the neighboring critical geological bodies, and cyclic loading effects, which is like a chain reaction and has been extensively reported in the last decade, gaining awareness from the public and scientific community [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. The data from WOS shows a notable rise in both publication numbers and citation frequencies from 2013 to 2022, with publications increasing from around 600 to over 1300 and citations growing from approximately 1000 to nearly 30,000. Here, the mining-induced seismicity is defined as the response of the rock mass to the deformation and failure of underground structures that include itself [7]. The present study focuses more on the mining-induced seismicity. Though geological survey, supporting system, and excavation techniques have developed a lot in the past several decades, fatal and destructive accidents in mining still frequently happen and even increase due to the enormous demands for natural energy resources [13; 14; 15]. Tremors and induced earthquakes are two main disasters triggered by human activities, which are related but distinct phenomena that involve the shaking of the ground due to various causes. A tremor is a continuous or intermittent weak shaking of the ground, usually lasting from seconds to minutes. Tremors are typically not felt by humans unless they are very strong or close to the surface. Induced earthquakes can be caused by various activities, such as fluid injection or extraction, mining, reservoir impoundment, geothermal exploitation, or nuclear testing. Induced earthquakes can range from micro seismic events that are only detected by sensitive instruments to large and damaging events. According to the Human-Induced Earthquake Database, the factors inducing the seismicity are listed in Figure 1. As of 27 March 2023, 1294 projects have been proposed to have induced earthquakes. Earthquakes caused by mining account for no less than 24% of these projects. The earthquake at the South Stanford coalmine in 1738 was the first recorded mining-induced seismic activity [16]. Most of these mining-induced earthquakes have a magnitude below 3, and only 7.3% of them can range from 5 to 6. However, the high frequency of occurrence can still be a threat to workers. Mining-induced seismicity is a complex phenomenon that can be influenced by a variety of factors, including both artificial factors (depth of mine, production rate, mining geometry, and excavation method) and natural factors (discontinuities, tectonic stress field, and geological structures). It is important to note that these factors can interact in complex ways, and the specific combination of factors can vary from one mining operation to another. Therefore, predicting and managing mining-induced seismicity requires a detailed understanding of both the mining operations and the geological context in which they are taking place. To simplify the analysis, this paper concentrates on the strata condition and the factors in mining techniques. Overburden movement caused by the mining process brings about many changes in stress conditions and the internal structure of overlying strata [17].