## 1 Introduction  
Due to increasing life expectancy, the annual incidence of dementia, currently estimated at approximately 10 million cases worldwide, continues to rise [1, 2, 3]. The World Health Organization predicts that 152 million people will be affected by dementia by 2050 [4]. Dementia is a degenerative neurological disorder that leads to the impairment of nerve cells and neural networks. The consequence is a gradual decline in the ability to process thoughts and cognitive function, which is often accompanied or even preceded by significant behavioural, mood, and emotional disturbances. Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is pathologically defined by the presence of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), is the most common form of dementia, accounting for 60-70% of all cases [1,5]. Several risk factors contribute to the onset of AD, including female sex, advanced age (typically over 65 years), smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and pathological conditions such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes mellitus [5]. In addition, the presence of at least one mutation in the \(\epsilon\)4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE) is associated with a 3-4-fold increased risk of developing AD [6,7]. Despite substantial advances in understanding the physio-pathological mechanisms underlying this neurodegenerative disorder, the treatment and management of AD remain incomplete and highly challenging, with current pharmacological therapies only able to slow disease progression [8, 9, 10], rather than halt or reverse it. The therapeutic strategy currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of AD is limited to just five drugs, including cholinesterase inhibitors such as rivastigmine, galantamine, and donepezil; N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists such as mementine for severe AD and vascular dementia; medications for blood pressure and cholesterol control, which help to prevent further brain damage due to vascular cognitive impairment; and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), used to counteract the symptoms of major depressive syndrome [1,9]. Neuroinflammatory has been identified as another key factor contributing to the pathogenesis of AD. Amyloid plaques and NFTs are able to activate glial cells, which, in turn, induce an immune response in the brain. The uncontrolled activation of glial cells can lead to the loss of homeostatic functions and the triggering of a chronic inflammatory process. This inflammation is associated with the release of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, both of which contribute to the accumulation of oxidative stress and neuronal cell death [9]. In light of these factors, and with the aim of developing more effective treatments that can halt or modify AD progression, research is focusing on several AD- related factors, including the inflammatory response and free radical damage [9]. In this context, the use of an unconventional practice belonging to \"Complementary and Alternative Medicine\", such as supplementation with natural compounds, referred to as Natural Health Products (NHPs), has emerged as a potentially beneficial strategy that could complement the conventional therapeutic approach in all stages of AD management [11]. Several studies have investigated the neuroprotective effects of various antioxidant agents such as omega-3 (\(\omega\)-3) fatty acids (FAs) [12], vitamin (vit) E [13], and phytochemicals such as ginkgo biloba [14,15] and curcumin [16], focusing on their ability to modulate neurochemical pathways and inflammatory biomarkers responsible for the persistent neurological inflammation that characterizes AD patients. Additionally, research has explored the role of B vitamins, including vitamin B6, vitamin B9, folic acid [17,18], and dietary supplements, in mitigating the factors contributing to cognitive decline and AD progression. Given the multifactorial nature of AD, the simultaneous use of several NHPs acting on different molecular pathways could represent a novel therapeutic strategy [17].