esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Optimized Analytical-Numerical Procedure for Ultrasonic Sludge Treatment for Agricultural Use
## 2 Preliminary Laboratory Study: Sonication on a Sample  
To test whether the sonication produces sludge that can be used for agricultural purposes, in compliance with European standards EN 12766-1 and EN 12766-2 [54], at the Calabria Service Laboratory we reproduced an ultrasonic bath using the instrumentation shown in Figure 1 capable of applying US waves with a constant frequency of 20 kHz (employing a platinum probe with a tip diameter of 25 mm, favoring cavitation since higher frequencies might not induce the phenomenon mentioned above), for 60 min (with a sampling time of 5 s) on four wastewater sludge samples of 125 mL each, placed in a 1-L beaker. In addition, the percentage of electric current generating the US wave of 20, 40, and 60% with power [W] values of 0.3, 0.8, and 1.6, respectively, were amplified, obtaining a temperature in degrees centigrade of 20, 28, and 36, respectively.  
During the process, selected parameters allow the transducer to convert electrical energy into mechanical waves, amplified by the booster, which is transmitted to the sludge, generate compression and rarefaction cycles, with the ultimate goal of reducing the sludge volume by at least 15-20%, resulting in a reduction of the maturation time by about 20-30% (reduction from 20 to 14 days) [54; 55; 56]. The effectiveness of sludge decomposition and solubilization  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Technique** & **Main Characteristics** & **Advantages** & **Limitations** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Combined techniques**} & Integration of sonication with & & \\  & other treatments (e.g., & & \\  & microwaves, ozone, & & \\  & thermo-alkaline). & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: _Cont._  
Figure 1: Test apparatus for the sludge pretreatment process by sonication.  
was monitored by verifying the increase in chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the sludge substrate by titration using a burette, thermoreactor, and digestion vials [57].
## 5 Results
### Test-Case 2: Slider-Belt System
Despite lower gains, the proposed method reduces considerably the settling time and the transient oscillations of coordinate x\({}_{2}\), while those of x\({}_{1}\), y\({}_{1}\) and y\({}_{2}\) are, in practice, unchanged. The settling time of x\({}_{2}\), within a band of 0.02 mm, decreases from 8.25 s to 4.93 s.  
The benefits of gain reduction can be also appreciated through the theory of robust control. Indeed, although the proposed method is not explicitly addressed to robustness, the gain decreases due to the RPP in lieu of the exact pole placement can be very effective to robustness. The robustness of the two controllers is compared by means of the H-infinity norm of the transfer function \(\mathbf{H}_{\mathbf{ZW}}\) from the model uncertainty to the nominal state \(\left\{ \begin{array}{l}\dot{\mathbf{q}}(t)\\ \mathbf{q}(t)\end{array} \right\}\), i.e., through \(\|\mathbf{H}_{\mathbf{ZW}}\|_{\infty}\). By assuming, without loss of generality, the structure of a state-multiplicative perturbation, \(\mathbf{H}_{\mathbf{ZW}}\) is defined through the following state space realization [4]:  
\[\left[ \begin{array}{cc}\mathbf{A}-\mathbf{B}\mathbf{k}^{T}&-\mathbf{B}\mathbf{k}^{T }\\ \mathbf{I}&\mathbf{0}\end{array} \right]. \tag{31}\]  
In accordance with the Small Gain Theorem, smaller values of \(\|\mathbf{H}_{\mathbf{ZW}}\|_{\infty}\) denote higher robustness with respect to the uncertainty. The application of such a theory to the example under investigation shows that the proposed method leads to higher robustness compared to the benchmark since \(\|\mathbf{H}_{\mathbf{ZW}}(\mathbf{k})\|_{\infty}=20.5\) while \(\|\mathbf{H}_{\mathbf{ZW}}(\mathbf{k}_{B})\|_{\infty}=190.2\). Figure 8 corroborates the results, by showing the maximum singular value for both the controllers: \(\sigma(\mathbf{H}_{\mathbf{ZW}}(\mathbf{k}))\) is smaller than \(\sigma(\mathbf{H}_{\mathbf{ZW}}(\mathbf{k}_{B}))\) in the whole frequency range, leading to a system with increased robustness. Figure 7: Control energy for the controlled systems: traditional PPP and the proposed method (test-case 2). All these results are remarkable and proves the advantages and the novelty of the method proposed in this paper over traditional PPP. Indeed, relaxing the constraint on the less relevant poles allows optimizing a secondary task without worsening the system response, or even by improving it.
## 1 Introduction  
Nowadays, layered materials, due to their unique nanostructure and specific low-dimensional qualities, have been widely used for designing, constructing and investigating novel ordered layer-structure functional materials [1; 2; 3; 4]. [PERSON] et al. successfully fabricated stiff and ultrastrong nanocomposites by assembling alternately with montmorillonite (MMT) nanosheets and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) aqueous solution, which upsurges a target for preparation nanocomposite materials via layer-by-layer self-assembly method (LBL method) [5; 6; 7]. As successful exfoliation of layered double hydroxides (LDHs), positively-charged LDHs nanosheets have been widely used as building blocks [8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15].  
Recently, our group has successfully verified that an electronic microenvironment (EME) can enhance the multilayer films' lifetimes containing cationic chromophores about 40-fold as long as those of the original powders [16]. Exfoliated LDHs and MMT nanosheets constructed a nano-system via LBL method, and then EME can be formed by the oppositely-charged rigid inorganic nanosheets between the interlayers, as shown in Figure 1. The nano-system structure is like a traditional capacitor's structure, in which the positive LDHs nanosheets are used as positive plates of capacitors and negative MMT nanosheets are as negative plates of capacitors. Between the interlayers, the EME can be provided. At the same time, we also confirm that the ferromagnetic effect, which is formed by transition metal-bearing LDHs nanosheets, is fairly conducive to enhancing the lifetimes of multilayer films, and better photoemission behavior is obtained thanked to the double coupling effects of EMEand magnetic field [17; 18]. However, the novel concept has only been clarified in several nano-systems, but the questions of whether EME's effect is endowed with universality for all chromophores, and whether it can also be solely beneficial to the lifetimes of multilayer films containing the anionic luminescent polymer except nanosheets' ferromagnetic effect, need to be clearly explored imminently.  
In this work, anionic luminescent \(\pi\)-conjugated polymer was intercalated into the different inorganic nanosheets for fabricating multilayer films, in which optically-inert PVA was used as bonder. A preconceived nano-scaled architecture assembled by oppositely-charged nanosheets can form EME between the interlayer, and then the multilayer films exhibit remarkable luminescent properties with ultralong lifespans. This work provides fascinating possibilities for the development of the next generation of optoelectrical, optomagnetic devices based on the inorganic oppositely-charged nanosheets.
# Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Based on Convolutional Neural Networks
## 4 Main Contribution  
In this section, the main contribution of this paper is discussed, including the dataset construction, the CNN module considered in this paper and the training of the CNNs.
###### Abstract  
In the context of strengthening the construction of ecological civilization and accelerating the \"carbon peak\" in China, the regional ecological pattern and its connection with carbon sink capacity have become an urgent topic. Given that Inner Mongolia is a large carbon emission province and the conflict between economic development and ecological protection is particularly prominent, we took Inner Mongolia as an example to extract its ecospatial network, then calculated the integrity index, topological indices, and recovery robustness of the network and evaluated integrity and other properties of the ecospatial network structure by combining them with the ecological background. In addition, we analyzed the relationship between the topological indices and net primary productivity (NPP). The results showed that the network was scale-free and heterogeneous, with low integrity, connectivity and stability, which were the focus of future optimization. The nodes with important functions were mainly distributed in the farm-forest ecotone, grasslands, and the agro-pastonal ecotone; under the simulation attack, the node recovery robustness was stronger than the corridor recovery robustness, and NPP was negatively and significantly correlated with the woodland nodes and grassland nodes. In terms of ecological restoration, the unused land in the west is a key area, and it is necessary to add new ecological nodes and corridors. In terms of enhancing carbon sequestration capacity, under the premise of ensuring network connectivity, the appropriate and rational merging of ecological nodes and corridors within woodlands and grasslands is a particularly effective means. This study provides a reference for evaluating and optimizing the ecological pattern of areas with prominent ecological problems and improving the carbon sink of ecosystems in terms of their ecospatial network structure.  
ecological network; complex network; Inner Mongolia; topological indices; ecological structure; NPP +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 4 Monitoring Results and Analysis
### Analysis of Deformation Observation Results in the Filling Stage of the Transition Section  
Figure 13 shows the relation curve of the level gauge settlement-filling time for Sites 1 and 2, illustrating that the level gauge settlement at each site has a nonlinear increasing phenomenon with increasing filling height. The settlement variation at each filling stage in the transition section is higher than that at the upper side of the culvert, and the settlement difference between the upper side of the culvert and the transition section decreases first and then increases gradually. The maximum settlement differences of Sites 1 and 2 are 6.436 and 6.954 mm, respectively. Since the center position of the uplink and downlink lines is about 2.7 m from the foot of the ballast slope, the actual longitudinal level values of the uplink and downlink railways of Sites 1 and 2 are 0.8 mm/(10 m), 1.1 mm/(10 m), 1.1 mm/(10 m), and 1.2 mm/(10 m) respectively, which are lower than the control value (3 mm/(10 m)). For Site 1, the settlement values from W-1 to W-4 are 7.584, 6.349, 12.635, and 14.020 mm, respectively, until the completion of the transition section filling. For Site 2, the settlement values from W-1 to W-4 are 12.583, 14.125, 20.528, and 19.547 mm, respectively, all of these values meet the requirements of the post-construction settlement value (\(\leq\)5 cm).  
The reasons for the above phenomenon are analyzed in this section. Assuming that each layer is a uniformly distributed load (shown in Figure 14), the influence scope of the transition section of the new line on the existing subgrade increases non-linearly with the filling height as it fills up layer by layer and the longitudinal length of the transition section increases gradually with the height. The influence of the transition section filling layer on the culvert structure can be divided into the lateral area and the upper area. For the lateral area, it affects the culvert structure through the lateral wall of the culvert and the lower composite foundation. For the upper area, its vertical stress on the culvert structure is related to the ratio of the filling height and the culvert width [21]. The influence range also gradually increases as the transverse width of the newly-built subgrade increases. This then creates the phenomenon in which the influence of the filling of the transition section of the downlink side of Site 1 is greater than that of the uplink side.  
Figure 12: Relation curve of level gauge deformation with the construction time of each stage (Site 2): (**a**) composite foundation treatment; (**b**) culvert extension structure construction.
## 1 Introduction
As a result of the application of short-term forecasting at the distribution level, the utility company can benefit from precise prediction for short-term planning applications such as peak shifting and load scheduling. On the other side, consumers plan their energy consumption based on real-time responses from the utility in order to reduce their monthly bills. The motivation of this work is to develop a prediction model using a hybrid DL algorithm enhanced with feature clustering to find the lowest prediction errors for load forecasting in smart grids at the customer level. The hybrid DL algorithm includes a one-dimentional (1-D) CNN emerged with BLSTM, and feature selection enhancement includes data preprocessing using density-based spatial clustering applications with noise (DBSCAN) algorithm to extract frequent patterns. This work contributes to the solution of precision load forecasting at the customer-level in smart grids by using the DBSCAN algorithm coupled with the CNN-BLSTM model to build a robust prediction model. The contents of the paper are organized as follows: the literature review is firstly presented in Section 2. In Section 3, we formulate the load forecasting problem. In Section 4, we elaborate on the hybrid DL algorithms. Then, we reformulate the prediction problem and elaborate thet modeling set-up in Section 5. The prediction results are evaluated and discussed in Section 6. Finally, some conclusions and future work are presented in Section 7.
###### Abstract  
Our research focuses on refining the ability to discriminate two petrogenic oil-slick categories: the sea surface expression of naturally-occurring oil seeps and man-made oil spills. For that, a long-term RADARSAT-2 dataset (244 scenes imaged between 2008 and 2012) is analyzed to investigate oil slicks (4562) observed in the Gulf of Mexico (Campeche Bay, Mexico). As the scientific literature on the use of satellite-derived measurements to discriminate the oil-slick category is sparse, our research addresses this gap by extending our previous investigations aimed at discriminating seeps from spills. To reveal hidden traits of the available satellite information and to evaluate an existing Oil-Slick Discrimination Algorithm, distinct processing segments methodically inspect the data at several levels: input data repository, data transformation, attribute selection, and multivariate data analysis. Different attribute selection strategies similarly excel at the seep-spill differentiation. The combination of different Oil-Slick Information Descriptors presents comparable discrimination accuracies. Among 8 non-linear transformations, the Logarithm and Cube Root normalizations disclose the most effective discrimination power of almost 70%. Our refined analysis corroborates and consolidates our earlier findings, providing a firmer basis and useful accuracies of the seep-spill discrimination practice using information acquired with space-borne surveillance systems based on Synthetic Aperture Radars.  
oil-slick discrimination algorithm; petrogenic oil-slick category; naturally-occurring oil seeps; man-made oil spills; exploratory data analysis; remote sensing; synthetic aperture radar; RADARSAT; Gulf of Mexico; Campeche Bay
## 1 Introduction
[34] showed that the chaotic state in atmospheric helium DBDs could change into an asymmetric period-one state by adding nitrogen to helium. The disturbance of residual positive column is considered to be the main reason for the formation of asymmetric discharge [35; 36]. However, some recent reports pointed out that the reason for the transition between asymmetric discharge and symmetric discharge is the electron backflow effect [37]. It is clear that most studies up to now on nonlinear behaviors in DBD have mainly focused on the formation mechanism of asymmetric discharges with the working gas of helium and argon, although the periodic discharges have been obtained in experiments and simulations, and the formation mechanism of periodic discharges has not been closely examined. In addition, as an electronegative gas, the discharge characteristic of CO\({}_{2}\) are significantly different from that of inert gases. After the discharge is extinguished, the electron density could decrease rapidly, and the main charged particles in the discharge gap are the heavy ions of CO\({}_{2}^{+}\) and CO\({}_{3}^{-}\)[23; 38]. Furthermore, the temporal nonlinear behaviors are directly associated with the stability of CO\({}_{2}\) discharge, and a deeper insight into the formation mechanism of nonlinear behaviors in CO\({}_{2}\) DBDs under Martian conditions is beneficial to obtaining stable discharges on Mars. Changing the gap width could regulate the transport of charged particles, resulting in the appearance of nonlinear behaviors. Thus, in the present study, based on a 1D fluid model, the underpinning physics of temporal nonlinear behaviors in CO\({}_{2}\) DBD under Martian conditions is investigated by varying the gap width. The remaining part of this paper is as follows: Section 2 is concerned with the brief description of the mathematical model and reaction set used in this paper. In Section 3, based on the numerical data, the evolution and formation mechanisms of nonlinear behaviors in CO\({}_{2}\) discharges are carefully discussed when the gap width is increased. Finally, a conclusion is summarized in Section 4.
# Optimizing BiLSTM Network Attack Prediction Based on Improved Gray Wolf Algorithm
## 1 Introduction
### Motivation  
Network security is very important because network security includes all forms of data security and information security. With the development of network information technology, incidents such as information leakage and phishing continue to occur [1], therefore, the importance of network security is increasingly recognized. The existing security protection schemes include firewalls, data encryption, intrusion detection system [2], etc. Firewalls and data encryption are passive security protection technology, which can only protect network security after a network attack occurs, while an intrusion detection system is a proactive security protection technology. Cyber-attacks provide security managers with response decisions.  
Dos and DDos are based on time series and occur aperiodically. They produce and send massive amounts of useless data and network bandwidth are consumed. As a result,the attacked host cannot communicate with the outside world. Dos and DDs include many types such as user datagram protocol flood [3], acknowledge type, domain name system amplification request, etc. At present, the research on defense against DoS and DDoS mainly focuses on post-detection. However, malicious traffic is generated during attacks [4], and any measures taken at this time are limited to mitigate the damage. The industry [5] is improving its ability to defend against attacks by deploying more dynamic defense systems but costs will increase accordingly. Hence, how to accurately predict DoS and DDoS before they happen is very important.
## 3 Correlation and Implementation
### Implementation and Visualization of Compaction Information  
The developed IC technology has two main features: the first is to visualize the path of the roller, and the second one is to show the CMV indicating the compaction quality. The visualization of the location information provides the roller path and shows the number of roller passes. The twelve color bands show such information, such as blue, the first pass. Then, it turns from green to brown, and the color tends to be reddish as the number of passes increases. Figure 10 shows such compaction information. The single line shown on the screen is 1.8 m wide on the actual ground as the width of the drum. The map grid size was set to 0.18 m. The construction site manager can easily identify the number of passes all over the site and avoid any unnecessary operation of the roller. The system provides real-time roller operation monitoring, allowing the construction manager or roller operator to change the plan.  
Figure 9: Regression analysis for the correlation between the CMV and bearing coefficients.  
The visualization of the compaction quality information based on the CMV values provides the ground compaction strength (Figure 11). This feature allows the construction site manager to identify under-compact areas and avoid any over-compaction in well-compacted areas in real time. The number of passes can be adjusted by comparing the results of the compaction quality information. From Figure 11, it can be seen that in the contaminated soil replacement site, most of the area has a CMV value of 40-60. However, in some areas, the CMV value is 20-40. So, in the low CMV areas, more passes are required, and the site manager can plan for additional roller operations. The CMV values in the event stadium construction site should be 40 or higher according to the Korean standard (KS F 2310) [35]. Figure 11 clearly shows that the event stadium construction site has achieved the optimal compaction value, and there is no need for further compaction.  
Figure 10: Screenshot of the system software visualizing the position and number of passes.
## 5 Proposed System
### Cluster Formation of Mobile Nodes  
Clusters are formed based on the node's range and bandwidth. It provides a hierarchical formation that divides mobile nodes into groups to avoid transfer rates and provide scalability. Clusters can be formed by the MCHG algorithm; here, each cluster will have more than one cluster head to act as a broker for our architecture. Multiple brokers based on their neighbor cluster are inherited to avoid a single point of failure. In Figure 4, there are five clusters and the brokers are encircled; in cluster1, two brokers are selected and used for interconnection between Cluster 2 and Cluster 3. In Cluster 4, a single broker helps to serve the services. According to number of services, selection of brokers will increase and that will withstand for more scalability and ease of data transfer. If cluster1 wants to transfer its services to Cluster 5 and Cluster 3, it can use the nearest brokers to process the request; thus, our proposed architecture provides load balancing and an increased data delivery rate.
# Micromachining in Powder-Mixed Micro Electrical Discharge Machining
## 6 Challenges in Power-Mixed \(\upmu\)-EDM  
The superiority of power-mixed \(\upmu\)-EDM in micromachining has been discussed in many researches, however, there is a number of problems that need to be solved for the industrialization of this modified process. These are summarized below:  
1. The difficulty in determining the optimum powder concentration for achieving high surface quality and material-removal rate. This is because the desired result does not only depend on powder type and concentrations but is also related to the machining parameters, such as capacitance, voltage, and pulse duration. Extensive studies in this area will be valuable to better understand the effect of a specific powder concentration to \(\upmu\)-EDM process;
2. The lifetime prediction of the suspended powder. It is very difficult to measure the lifetime of the powder due to complex variables that affect each other in a unique way. Future studies need to focus on how long the powder will last for a specific machining process and materials;
3. For the application of power-mixed \(\upmu\)-EDM in surface modification, due to the complexity of this process, the mechanism of the material deposition is not well understood, particularly in the context of powder melted and deposited onto the target. Therefore, comprehensive studies are required in this field;
4. Micro and nanopowder is somehow costly and may have some bad effects on the operator's health and safety. Thus, a thorough safety preparation is required to actualize this process into operation.