# Identification and Description of Outliers in the [PERSON] Collection of Native American Music
## 2 [PERSON]'s Collection and Analysis of Native American Music  
To study Native American music, [PERSON] carried out field observation and recorded songs, which she subsequently transcribed and analysed ([6], p. 191). Many of the resulting materials were published in bulletins of the Bureau of American Ethnology (BAE), Smithsonian Institution, with which she became associated as a collaborator in 1907 [5]. As evident from Table 1, the publications were collated over almost half a century and cover an extensive repertoire of Native American music, spanning the continent from the West coast to the Great Lakes and the Southeast. Generally songs were collected on reservations. As an exception, the publication on Pueblos music represents songs from the Isleta, Cochiti and Zuni Pueblos in New Mexico but is based on recordings undertaken in Washington and Wisconsin: records of 16 Acoma songs made available by Dr. [PERSON], director of the BAE, and recordings made by [PERSON] during the Stand Rock Indian Ceremonial at Wisconsin Dells, in which members of Pueblos tribes took part [18]. MetadataDensmore's publications provide a range of metadata on individual songs, such as a unique catalogue number for each song, a serial number within the respective bulletin, information related to collecting a song (e.g., the name of the singer) and the use of the song (e.g., song type or context of use). This study primarily considers the tribes among which songs were collected, following the structure of the bulletins to partition the corpus into groups: focusing on songs covered by [PERSON]'s systematic analyses, the corpus in the current study comprises 1700 songs, organised into eleven groups (Table 1). TranscriptionsThe transcriptions presented in [PERSON]'s publications (see example in Figure 1, top right) are generally based on phonograph recordings, where possible taking into account multiple renditions of a song. [PERSON] transcribed the recordings into standard musical notation, occasionally using special signs to indicate slight deviations in pitch or duration. While standard notation does not systematically reflect microtonal or timbral aspects of performances, it provides an accessible format ([6], p. 192) and serves as a basis to analyse the melodic trend, principal rhythm and general character of songs which are maintained across renditions ([7], p. 3). In our work we use [PERSON]'s transcriptions during data preparation to disambiguate uncertain feature assignments in her analyses and to replace selected missing values. Music content analysis of songsIn her systematic analyses of the collected songs, [PERSON] applied various analysis criteria relating to tone material, melody and rhythmic-metric aspects. Criteria were chosen which can be analysed for large numbers of songs ([15], p. 37). For these attributes [PERSON] determined an attribute value for each song. The bulletins record these analyses by serial number, listing against each attribute value the songs matching the respective value (Figure 1 top left). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Year** & **Group** & **Location of Reservations** & **No. Songs** \\ \hline
1910/13 & Chippewa I/II & Minnesota (incl. 20 Sioux songs recorded by [PERSON]) & 360 \\
1918 & Teton Sioux & North and South Dakota & 240 \\
1922 & Northern Ute & Utah & 110 \\
1923 & Mandan and Hidatsa & North Dakota & 110 \\
1929 & Papago & Arizona & 167 \\
1929 & Pawnee & Oklahoma & 86 \\
1932 & Menominee & Wisconsin & 140 \\
1932 & Yuman and Yaqui & California (Yuma, Mohave); Arizona (Cocopa, Yaqui) & 130 \\
1939 & Nootka and Quileute & Washington & 210 \\
1943 & Choctaw & Mississippi & 65 \\
1957 & Pueblos & New Mexico (recorded in Washington and Wisconsin) & 82 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Analysis corpus based on [PERSON]’s publications (with year of publication). In the current study we consider 13 of [PERSON]'s attributes which are documented across the majority of bulletins (Table 2).