## 6 Results
### Case Study in Antarctica  
The new observing system was deployed in the station area of Zhongshan Station on 6 February 2017 during the 2016 Chinese National Antarctica Research Expedition. The observing system observed the meteorological data and ice mass balance data from 6 February 2017 to 9 July 2017. The hybrid solar and SWT charging circuit were also assembled during the operation of the observing system. The air-temperature distribution measured by the observing system in Zhongshan Station from 6 February 2017 to 9 July 2017 is presented in Figure 18. The sampling interval of the air temperature was one hour. In Figure 17, we can see that the minimum air temperature was \(-41.375\)\({}^{\circ}\)C on 6 July 2017, which was in the period of the polar night. The maximum air temperature was \(-4.625\)\({}^{\circ}\)C on 18 February 2017, which was in the period of the polar day. The average temperature from 6 February 2017 to 9 July 2017 was \(-23.94\)\({}^{\circ}\)C. Temperature distribution was below 0 \({}^{\circ}\)C, in line with our expectations and the temperature range of the observing and power-supply systems. Figure 19 shows the daily radiation intensity and solar power from 6 February 2017 to 9 July 2017, respectively. Overall, radiation intensity continued to decline from 6 February 2017 (Figure 19a). Then, from 27 May to 9 July, radiation intensity was 0 W/m\({}^{2}\), which was during the polar night. Although the observation system was initially deployed during the polar day, the intraday variation of radiation intensity was more severe. The minimum value of radiation intensity was 0 W/m\({}^{2}\) in the period of polar night. Maximum radiation intensity was 1073 W/m\({}^{2}\) on 10 February 2017, which was in the period of the polar day. The average radiation intensity from 6 February 2017 to 9 July 2017 was 114 W/m\({}^{2}\). Figure 17: Monthly average PV and WT energy power production and load demand of the observing system in Zhongshan Station, Antarctica. Figure 18: Daily air temperature measured by the observing system from 6 February 2017 to 9 July 2017 in Zhongshan Station, Antarctica. The area between the red lines is the polar night. In Figure 19b, the trends of solar power and radiation intensity were considered to be gradually reduced. The minimum value of solar power was 0 KWh in the period of the polar night (June and July). Maximum solar power was 4.2 KWh on 10 February 2017, which was in the period of the polar day. The average solar power from February to July 2017 was 1.25 KWh. The trend of calculated solar power based on the radiation-intensity data obtained in 2017 was consistent with the calculation using average data from NASA, except for solar power in January. The particularity of the installation location of the observing system may cause differences in the calculated values between measured and average data. The wind speed and monthly wind power are shown in Figure 20, respectively. As shown in Figure 20a, the minimum value of wind speed was 0 m/s, and the maximum wind speed was 69.7 m/s on 7 March 2017. Average wind speed from 6 February 2017 to 9 July 2017 was 22.7 m/s (Figure 20a). The 93.5% of wind energy can be used to generate electricity using the power system (dark-blue area in Figure 19a). In Figure 20b, the difference between actual wind-power generation and calculated wind power was in a small range, except that the maximum wind power was 13.46 KWh in April, which was about twice the calculated wind power. Since the deployment of the observation system was until 9 July 2017, the wind energy of the current month was much smaller than the wind power calculated by average data. Figure 19: (**a**,**b**) Daily radiation intensity measured by the observing system, and solar power generated by the power system from 6 February 2017 to 9 July 2017, respectively. Area between the red lines is the polar night.