## 3 Testing the Manikin Prototype and Results  
### Calibration of the Advanced Thermal Manikin  
The determination of the equivalent temperature is based on the equations of heat transfer by convection and radiation of the dressed occupants. The conduction heat exchange is considered to be reduced in comparison with that exchanged by convection and radiation  
\[R=h_{r}(t_{sk}-t_{r})\Big{[}W/m^{2}\Big{]},C=h_{c}(t_{sk}-t_{a})\Big{[}W/m^{2} \Big{]} \tag{11}\]  
\(R\)--the density of thermal flux exchanged by radiation between the body and the environment; \(C\)--thermal flux density changed by convection between the body and the environment; \(h_{r}\)--radiative heat transfer coefficient [\(W\)/m\({}^{2}\)K]; \(h_{c}\)--convective heat transfer coefficient [\(W\)/m\({}^{2}\)K]; \(t_{sk}\)--skin temperature [\({}^{\circ}\)C]; \(t_{r}\)--average radiation temperature [\({}^{\circ}\)C]; \(t_{a}\) --indoor air temperature [\({}^{\circ}\)C]. In the practical approach for assessing the equivalent temperature we use the following relationship:  
\[t_{eq}=t_{s}-\frac{Q}{t_{cal}}[^{\circ}\text{C}] \tag{12}\]  
\(t_{s}\)--surface temperature; \(t_{eq}\)--temperature of the standard medium; \(Q\)--heat loss by convection and radiation under the real test conditions; \(t_{cal}\)--is the combined coefficient of heat transfer by convection and radiation  
\[Q=R+C \tag{13}\]  
The advantage of using this index is the possibility of both a global assessment by establishing an equivalent temperature at the body level and a local assessment of comfort at the level of the area of the body. This prototype is calibrated periodically in a climatic chamber in order to find the relationship between the ambient temperature and the heat loss. The climatic chamber (3.6 m \(\times\) 3.6 m \(\times\) 2.5 m) has the temperature controlled for the walls, floor, ceiling, and door, which allow the temperature to be adjusted. At the same time, the climatic chamber an advanced ventilation system with multiple inlets and outlets that is capable of providing several ventilation strategies can be operated. To measure the air temperature in the climatic chamber and the surface temperatures of the walls, PT100 sensors that were connected to a data acquisition logger were used. The temperature sensors were calibrated from 0 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 34 \({}^{\circ}\)C, with a precision of 0.2 \({}^{\circ}\)C. A temperature sensor is positioned on each wall, and six sensors are placed in the proximity of the thermal manikin and are distributed along the whole height of the room. The distance between these six sensors is 35 cm in order to obtain the vertical gradient temperature. The relative humidity is monitored as well. The mean air velocity of the airflow inside the test cell was recorded as 0.1 m/s n all calibration campaigns using an omnidirectional air velocity sensor (draught probe from a Comfort Sense system). During the calibration, the air temperature inside the climatic chamber is maintained at 24 \({}^{\circ}\)C, demonstrating the same value as the mean radiant temperature of the walls. The results from one calibration campaign are presented. For the first calibration, the thermal manikin was placed in a seated position in the center of the climatic chamber with a uniform surface temperature of 34 \({}^{\circ}\)C. For the second calibration, the anatomic distribution of temperature was considered. The values of the heat transfer coefficients trough convection (\(h_{c}\)) and radiation (\(h_{r}\)) were calculated for the current thermal manikin (see Table 2) and were found to be similar to the results from the literature (see Tables 3 and 4). Additionally, the deviations between the convective and radiative heat transfer coefficients compared those from the literature are presented in Tables 5 and 6.