## 4 Discussion
### Antibacterial-Antioxidant Activity Correlation  
Compounds like verbenone, camphene, \(\alpha\)-pinene, \(\alpha\)-myrcene, D-limonene, _endo_-borneol, and camphor are positioned strongly on the positive side of PC1, indicating their significant contribution to antibacterial activity. These compounds emerge as key drivers of antimicrobial efficacy, making them highly relevant for applications targeting microbial inhibition. Among these, verbenone, D-limonene, and camphene show the strongest  
Figure 6: A principal component analysis (PCA) loading plot illustrating the relationships between the key compounds and biological activities (antibacterial and antioxidant activities). Principal component 1 (PC1) represents the axis that captures the largest amount of variance in the dataset, indicating the most dominant patterns or trends in the relationships between the compounds and biological activities, such as their primary contributions to antibacterial or antioxidant effects. alignment, suggesting they play a dominant role in enhancing antibacterial properties (Figure 6). In contrast, the antioxidant activity, representing radical scavenging potential, is associated with compounds like cryophyllene, eucalypt, and \(\alpha\)-terpinyl propionate, which are positioned on the negative side of PC1. These compounds contribute minimally to antibacterial activity but could influence antioxidant applications. Caryophyllene and eucalypt stand out as possible contributors to antioxidant activity (Figure 6). \(\beta\)-Cymene occupies a more central position along PC1, showing moderate contributions to both activities. This suggests that while this compound is not the primary driver of either antioxidant or antibacterial activity, it might still play a supportive role in enhancing the overall bioactivity of the oil (Figure 6). The distinct separation of compounds along PC1 underscores their specialization. Compounds like verbenone, camphene, and \(\alpha\)-pinene are critical for antimicrobial efficacy, whereas Caryophyllene and eucalypt might induce antioxidant activity. \(\alpha\)-Terpinyl propionate, while positioned closer to antioxidant activity, shows a weaker correlation, indicating a more moderate role in radical scavenging (Figure 6). This analysis highlights the importance of selecting specific compounds based on the intended application. For products targeting oxidative stress, such as dietary supplements or cosmetics, Caryophyllene and eucalypt should be prioritized. On the other hand, for antimicrobial applications, verbenone, camphene, and \(\alpha\)-pinene are essential for achieving optimal efficacy. The PCA plot offers valuable insights for tailoring extraction and formulation strategies to meet the desired bioactivity goals, ensuring that the compounds are utilized to their full potential. To further clarify the relationships between compounds and biological activities, we conducted [PERSON]'s correlation analysis to quantify the associations between individual compounds and each activity. [PERSON]'s correlation analysis largely supports the insights from the PCA plot, providing further precision in understanding the relationships between specific compounds and their biological activities. For antibacterial activity, the significant negative correlation observed with eucalypt (\(r=-0.7253\); \(p=0.0067\)) confirms the PCA finding that eucalypt contributes minimally to antimicrobial efficacy and may even inhibit it at higher concentrations. For DPPH antioxidant activity, \(\alpha\)-terpinyl propionate showed a significant negative correlation (\(r=-0.5766\); \(p=0.0421\)), confirming its strong contribution to radical scavenging. Similarly, Caryophyllene, which might present antioxidant activity from the PCA plot, displayed a significant positive correlation (\(r=0.5934\); \(p=0.0360\)), suggesting a more complex role, where higher concentrations may reduce antioxidant activity.