## 1 Introduction  
Pharmaceutical formulations that contain radioactive isotopes for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes are known as radiopharmacoticals. They are diminutive entities comprising a radioactive compound employed in the diagnostic and therapeutic management of cancer and cardiac and neurological ailments. Nuclear medicine, using radiopharmaceuticals, is an alternative to X-rays and other imaging devices that utilize external radiation. Applications in which they are utilized include bone metastasis, lymphoma, liver function, and renal function, to name a few. Additionally, radiopharmaceuticals are increasingly used in therapeutic applications [1, 2]. In nuclear medicine, specific radionuclides are utilized for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes based on their unique properties. For diagnostic applications, F-18, Ga-67, I-123, and Tc-99m (metastable) are commonly used in PET imaging, inflammation imaging, thyroid scans, and various other imaging procedures, respectively. Therapeutic radionuclides, including I-131 for thyroid disorders, Ra-223 for bone metastases, Lu-177 for neuroendocrine tumors, Y-90 for liver cancer, and Ir-192 for brachytherapy, provide targeted treatment for specific conditions. Additionally, certain radionuclides, such as I-125, serve both diagnostic and therapeutic roles, highlighting the versatility of these isotopes in effectively addressing a wide range of medical conditions [3]. The utilization of radiopharmaceuticals is expanding, spurred by a growing number of cancer cases and increased awareness about nuclear medicine. The World Health Organization predictions show that there will be more than 35 million new instances of cancer in 2050, up 77% from 20 million in 2022 [4]. Socioeconomic factors have changed people's risk factor exposure, contributing to the fast-growing global cancer burden. The efficacy and convenience of less invasive methods make radiopharmaceutical treatment more appealing than chemotherapy. Integrating radiopharmaceutical imaging with treatment, including conventional drugs and theranostics, is becoming more prevalent in cancer [5]. Consequently, nuclear medicine is integral to patient care beyond its diagnostic role, and it uses therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals and nonradioactive medications, creating novel possibilities for patient treatment [6]. However, the increasing use of ionizing radiation in medical diagnoses and treatments poses a significant risk to both patients and medical staff. While the dangers associated with high doses of ionizing radiation are well-documented, there is growing interest in understanding the risks posed by low to moderate levels of exposure [7]. With ionizing radiation (IR), [PERSON] et al. found small deletions and simple and complex changes in the structure of the mammalian genome's mutational fingerprints. Indicating mutation rates were relative to IR dose, indicating IR's mutagenicity in cells. Of note, [PERSON] et al. found an association between the incidence of cardiovascular disease and radiation exposure, with a low dosage and exposure dose rate increasing the risk per unit dose [8]. Additionally, research by [PERSON] et al. revealed a direct correlation between the dosage of radiation and the creation of considerable amounts of O2*-, as well as changes in the immune system, of medical staff who were exposed to radiation [9]. The impact of O2*- on cancer is multidimensional, with both pro-tumorigenic and anti-tumorigenic effects based on context and cellular circumstances [10]. As a result, attracting research in developing methods and technologies to enhance the levels of H2O2, OH*, 1O2, and O2*- to treat cancer cells [11]. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Safety Standards Series No. GSR Part 2, Leadership and Management for Safety, states that the operating organization is responsible for the continuous improvement of leadership and safety management [12].