# Investigation of Fault Effect on Blast-Induced Vibration
## 2 Location of Quarry and Geology  
This research was performed in a limestone quarry located in western Turkey that supplies raw materials to a cement factory. In this study, the blasting operations were monitored to produce 42 measurements of vibration. As a result of these measurements, vibration velocities have been evaluated. Mining activities in the field are carried out within the license limit. Limestones from the quarry, where open-pit mining is by the shovel-truck systems, are used in the cement factory and ready-mixed concrete plants. It has been planned to bench blast two or three times a week for an annual capacity of 2.5 million tons. Figure 1 shows the location of the field. The elevations of the blasting area given in Figure 1 vary between +410 m and +270 m. The elevation of the cement factory is +20. The main transport road has an average length of 3.5 km. The strike of the fault zone is N5-10E in the south and N40-50E in the north. The fault is a dip slip normal fault (nearly vertical) having 35-40 m throw. The fault zone is generally 10-20 m thick, and rarely reaches to 100 m. The persistence of the fault zone is about 1180 m in N5-10E direction and 875 m in N40-50E direction. Paleozoic age metamorphic rocks such as quartzite-quart-schists, gneiss and marbles belonging to the Menderes Massif constitute the basement rocks in and around the quarry site (Figure 2). The Menderes Massif is a vast NE-SW trending metamorphic terrain in western Turkey [18]. The platform type marble successions range in age from Triassic to Late Cretaceous, and are overlain by a marble horizon and flysch-type detrital rocks of Late Cretaceous-Earliest Eocene [17,19]. The upper part of the Menderes Massif's cover series is represented by detrital and carbonate rocks. Neogene aged alternating formations of conglomerate and sandstone-mudstone-limestone are located on the metamorphic basement discordantly in the western and northern parts of Soke. Quaternary alluvial soils cover all these units [20]. Kayaalt formation bearing thick metamorphosed carbonate platform overlies Bayndir formation bearing Menderes Massif's schists [21,22]. Bayndir formation (Pzs, Pzm) include mica schists, meta-quartzites, phyllites and marbles. Quartz-rich meta-conglomerates, mafic meta-tuffs and chloritoid-disten schists are placed in the top of the sequence. Bayndir formation also bearing grey-black colored marble, dolomite and calc schist intercalations. Marbles are grey, dark grey and white colored and have large calcite and dolomite crystals. These marbles have been produced in the Cankurtaran field [22]. Yellow, white colored marbles with large crystals and dark grey colored dolomite marbles and dolomites are located at the bottom of the Kayaalt formation (TRJKk). Grey colored, moderate-thinly foliated marbles with metaboksite lences are represented in the upper layers of the formation. Grey-white colored marbles having thin layers with chert interbands and lences are exposed in the top of the sequence [22]. Figure 1: Quarry location. Figure 2: Geological map of the quarry site and its surroundings [23]. Mafic volcanic, serpentinite, marble and dolomite blocks bearing garnet mica schist matrix, Selcuk nappe (Ks), tectonically overlie Menderes Massif. Selcuk nappe outcrop is in northern parts of the Cankurtaran field [22]. Likya nappes, from bottom to top, red coloured metapelite and metapsummites overlied by dolomites and tectonically overlies the Menderes Massif and Selcuk nappe [18]. Soke formation (Miocene) consists of rough gravelstones and lacustrine limestones. These rocks are intercalated and the thickness of the formation is about 250 m [24]. Gravelstones are grey-brown colored, massif, poorly graded. Sandstone and laminated mudstones are intercalated in the gravelstone unit. Gneiss, marble, quartzite, schist, recrystallized limestone and metasperpentiintic gravels are the fragments of the gravelstone. A sequence formed by sandstone, mudstone, limestone and bitumunuous shales overlies the gravelstones.