# Smart Energy Meters for Smart Grids, an Internet of Things Perspective
## 3 Computational Platforms
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**Protocol** & **Details** \\ \hline Thread & IPv6 on top of 6 LoWPAN. Open source implementation. Allows IPv6-based development and networking using 802.15.4 **Scope:** Home area \\ \hline Matter & IP-based implementation over ZigBee. Allows IP addressable devices and development stack for ZigBee networks and bridges gap between PAN and internet **Scope:** Home area to internet \\ \hline Z-Wave & **Band:** 800-900 MHz. **Modulation:** FSK with Manchester encoding, GFSK and DSSS-OQPSK. **Range:** 50–200 m. **Data rate:** up to 100 kbit/s. **Scope:** Home area \\  & **Notes:** Z-Wave is a mesh topology-based PAN that is used in home area networks for smart home and similar applications. \\ \hline RFID & Used for identification. Uses various frequency bands such as 120–150 KHz 13.56 MHz, 433 MHz, 865–868 MHz, 902–928 MHz, 2450–5800 MHz, 3.1–10 GHz, and 24.125 GHz. Identification range is typically from 10 cm to 2 m. Active tags can enhance range from 10 to 200 m. Different frequencies use different signaling techniques. One tag is read at one time only. Bulk reading uses sequential processing. **Scope:** Personal area \\ \hline NFC & Inductive coupling-based communication at up to 4 cm. Band operation of 13.56 MHz, 106–24 kbps, passive mode uses inductive coupling, and field modulation is used. Active coupling uses ASK with Manchester encoding. Communication is standardized. **Scope:** Personal area \\ \hline Bluetooth LE & **Band:** 2.4 GHz worldwide. **Modulation:** GFSK with frequency hopping. **Range:** 100 m. **Data rate:** 1–3 Mbps. **Application development:** fixed profile applications with data exchange interface **Notes:** BLE is an independent protocol from Bluetooth. BLE is mesh network for PAN applications. \\ \hline Sigfox & **Band:** 1925 KHz ultra-narrow band (UNB) **Channel Width:** 100–600 Hz uplink, 1.5 KHz downlink. **Modulation:** BPSK. **Range:** 10–50 km. **Data rate:** up to 600 bps. **Scope:** Wide area **Notes:** one-hop star topology where each end node connects to a Sigfox base station which is connected via internet to Sigfox support system which separates business and data operations. Very lightweight and efficient. Used for M2M communications. \\ \hline LoRa & **Band:** 863–870/873 MHz (Europe), 915–928 MHz (South America, Asia), 902–928 MHz (North America), 2.4 GHz worldwide. **Modulation:** proprietary chirp spread spectrum. **Range:** 4.8–16 km. **Data rate:** 0.3–27 kbit/s. **Scope:** Wide area **Notes:** LoRa is proprietary physical layer protocol. LoRaWAN is defined on top of LoRA which defines medium access control for one-hop star topology similar to Sigfox. \\ \hline DASH7 & **Band:** 433, 868, and 915 MHz. **Channel Width:** 25 or 200 KHz. **Modulation:** proprietary chirp spread spectrum. **Range:** up to 5 km. **Data rate:** 167 kbit/s. **Scope:** Wide area and local area **Notes:** DASH7 is a lightweight node-to-node, star or, tree topology network that connects end nodes to sub-stations which are connected to the internet. It has a small open source protocol stack available as well. \\ \hline Cellular & 4G and 5G systems. Up to 10 Gbps, latency 10 ms down to less than 1 ms, 350 kmph to 500 kmph, connection density from 1000 to 1 Million per square kilometer. Code division and beam division multiple access, IP based network, built for network function virtualization and software-defined networks which allow extreme agility and configurability, open source vendor agnostic implementations. **Scope:** Wide area \\ \hline NB-IoT & **Band:** Cellular bands 3G LTE. **Channel Width:** 180 KHz. **Modulation:** proprietary chirp spread spectrum. **Range:** WAN cellular-based protocol. **Data rate:** D/L 26 kbps,127 kbit/s. U/L 66 kbps, 159 kbps. **Scope:** Wide area **Notes:** NB-IoT is defined by 3 GPP and is a cellular network for IoT. It uses the architecture of LTE, consisting of a radio access network (RAN) and core network. RAN connects user equipment to base stations which are connected via a mobile core network to each other and to the internet. The mobility through various base stations is supported. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
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