## 3 Proposed Solution
### Forward Error Correction
The higher the VQM value, then the higher the difference between the original video and the video under consideration. Figure 8: Comparison of MSE for **(a)** Tempete and **(b)** Hall videos (VF: video frame). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Phase** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Metrics**} & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Videos**} \\  & **(Avg.)** & **Flower** & **Hall** & **Tempete** & **Mobile** & **Four People** & **Vidyo1** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Encrypted Video} & SSIM & 0.84 & 0.78 & 0.84 & 0.82 & 0.05 & 0.03 \\  & MSE & 212 & 217 & 212 & 114 & 15,457 & 16,813 \\  & VQM & 9.64 & 10.7 & 9.64 & 7.82 & 23.1 & 22.24 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Encrypted Video with Errors} & SSIM & 0.85 & 0.83 & 0.85 & 0.85 & 0.056 & 0.05 \\  & MSE & 181 & 220 & 181 & 123 & 15,168 & 16,440 \\  & VQM & 8.07 & 9.8 & 8.07 & 7.87 & 22.7 & 22.0 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Decrypted Video without FEC} & SSIM & 0.96 & 0.97 & 0.96 & 0.93 & 0.84 & 0.87 \\  & MSE & 77.8 & 35.9 & 77.8 & 21.5 & 592.1 & 357.7 \\  & VQM & 2.38 & 1.37 & 2.38 & 4.04 & 6.94 & 5.21 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Decrypted Video with FEC} & SSIM & 0.99 & 0.98 & 0.99 & 0.98 & 0.97 & 0.96 \\  & MSE & 18 & 3.5 & 18 & 1.4 & 491.4 & 311.3 \\ \cline{1-1}  & VQM & 0.79 & 0.89 & 0.79 & 2.3 & 5.98 & 4.80 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Quality Metrics for Videos after Successive Processing Phases with and without FEC. It can be observed from Table 3 and Figure 9 that videos decrypted with FEC code have minimal values of average VQM, confirming that there are minimal differences with the original videos. Figure 9 also demonstrates that the value of VQM increases with the increase in QP value. #### 4.1.5 Histogram Analysis

A histogram can show the frequency distribution of color component pixel values (red, green, and blue components) before and after encryption and correction of errors. A histogram also determines the correlation of sample video frames with the original frames, before processing by encryption, and the application of FEC. A low correlation represents a more significant variance and vice versa. Figure 10 shows the SOCCER video (frame no. 240) histogram for different encoding modes, considering that the decryption is performed with or without FEC over encrypted video. Figure 10e shows the distribution of color values (R, G, B) of the video recovered (decrypted), when after application of FEC, is nearly similar to the original frame (Figure 10a). This shows that using FEC achieves a worthwhile improvement in visual quality after transmission across an error-prone communication channel (Figure 10d vs. e). Figure 10: Histogram analysis of error-embedded video recovered without and with applying FEC on soccer video frame (4 CIF) (frame no. 240). Figure 9: Comparison of VQM variation at different QP values (8, 12, 24, 36, and 48) of (**a**) Soccer and (**b**) Crew videos (EC: error correction and VF: video frame). ### No-Reference Video Quality Assessment

To further validate the adopted FEC's performance, the no-reference video quality metrics were computed to estimate the blocking and blurriness. The blocking problem occurs along the horizontal and vertical edges of a regular blocking grid. That grid in turn arises from the block-based processing of video codecs, including H.264/AVC. In contrast, blurriness is caused by the removal of high-frequency content from the original video/image signal. One way that may occur is if the quantization of frequency transform coefficients reduces high-frequency components to zero. Blurring is calculated by estimating the color variance in a pixel's neighborhood after which the average variance is computed. Higher values indicate more significant blurring within transmitted video frames. The blurring and blocking metrics for test videos decoded with FEC are compared with the original videos, as shown in Table 4 and Figure 11, respectively. It can be observed from Table 4 that there is a slight difference between the original video and the decrypted video after recovery with FEC.