esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
_Applied_  
_sciences_  
_Article_  
**Hydroquinone-Based Fabrication of Gold Nanorods**  
**with a High Aspect Ratio and LSPR Greater than**  
**850 nm to Be Used as a Surface Plasmon Resonance**  
**Platform for Rapid Detection of Thiophanate Methyl**  
**[PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 2, [PERSON] 3, [PERSON] 4,5 and [PERSON] 6,7,8**  
1 Faculty of Natural Sciences, Thu Dau Mot University, Thu Dau Mot City 820000, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
2 Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Danang 550000, Vietnam; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
3 Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
4 Institute of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 01 TL29, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
5 Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giray, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam  
6 Laboratory of Advanced Materials Chemistry, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 758307, Vietnam  
7 Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 758307, Vietnam  
* Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Received: 4 April 2020; Accepted: 21 May 2020; Published: 25 May 2020  
**Abstract:** The use of gold nanorods (AuNRs) as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates has gained much attraction due to their remarkably aspect-ratio-dependent plasmonic properties. In this report, we described the development of AuNRs with a high aspect ratio and longitudinal surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) \(>\)850 nm through a hydroquinone-based fabrication with minor modifications. The synthesis started with the reduction of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) by sodium borohydride (NaBH4) to make gold nanoseconds from which AuNRs were grown with the aid of silver nitrate (AgNO3), HAuCl4, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and hydroquinone (HQ). Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), Transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Ultra-violet-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) were performed to study the shape, size, and structural and optical properties of AuNRs, respectively. The results showed that AuNRs with high aspect ratios (AR \(>\) 3) were single crystals with a heterogenous size distribution, and that the growth of Au nanoseconds into AuNRs took place along the [001] direction. AuNRs exhibited two plasmon resonance peaks at 520 nm and 903 nm, while gold nanoseconds had only a plasmon resonance peak at 521 nm. The as-synthesized AuNRs also showed SERS effects for thiophanate methyl, a broad-spectrum fungicide, with the limit of detection down to 5 mg/L of the fungicide. AuNR-coated glass can serve as a SERS-based sensing platform for rapid detection of thiophanate methyl with high sensitivity and reproducibility.  
**Keywords:** hydroquinone; gold; nanorods; thiophanate; Raman
## 3 Discrete Element Model for the Interaction between Drilling Device and Soil
### Analysis of Simulation Results of Different Speed and Feed Speed
#### 3.2.2 Comparative Analysis of Total Force at Different Feed Speeds  
The simulation model was configured with a maximum soil penetration depth of 80 mm for the drilling device, a helical rotation speed of 200 r-min\({}^{-1}\) for the auger, and a data-saving interval of 0.02 s. Three sets of simulation experiments were conducted. In the data analysis module, experimental result data were exported, focusing on the data recorded between 5 s to 10 s. The variation pattern of the total force experienced by the auger during drilling is illustrated in Figure 12.  
As depicted in Figure 12, the variation trends of the total force experienced by the drilling devices at three different feed rates are roughly similar. At 0.03 m/s, the total force abruptly increases after 6.5 s, gradually rising to a peak of 408 N. Subsequently, it fluctuates within a range of approximately 250 N. At 0.05 m/s, the total force sharply increases at 6 s, reaching a maximum value of 301 N, and then fluctuates within a range of around 200 N. For a feed rate of 0.07 m/s, the total force begins to sharply increase after 5.5 s, reaching a maximum value of 327 N, and subsequently fluctuates within a range of approximately 225 N.  
Figure 12: The total force change of drilling shaft with different feed speed. (**a**) 0.03 m/s, (**b**) 0.05 m/s, (**c**) 0.07 m/s.
# A Miniaturized Design for a Terahertz Tri-Mirror CATR with High QZ Characteristics
###### Abstract  
This paper proposes a miniaturized design for a terahertz tri-mirror compact antenna test range (CATR) system, composed of a square-aperture paraboloid primary mirror with a side length of 0.2 m and two shaped mirrors with circular apertures of 0.06 m and 0.07 m in diameter. The design first employs the cross-polarization cancelation method based on beam mode expansion to determine the geometric configuration of the system, thereby enabling the structure to exhibit low cross-polarization characteristics. Subsequently, the shaped mirrors, with beamforming and wave-front control capabilities, are synthesized using dynamic ray tracing based on geometric optics (GO) and the dual-paraboloid expansion method. Finally, the strong edge diffraction effects induced by the small-aperture primary mirror are suppressed by optimizing the desired quiet-zone (QZ) field width, adjusting the feed-edge taper, and incorporating rolled-edge structures on the primary mirror. Numerical simulation results indicate that within the 100-500 GHz frequency band, the system's cross-polarization level is below \(-\)40 dB, while the amplitude and phase ripples of the co-polarization in the QZ are, respectively, less than 1.6 dB and 10\({}^{\circ}\), and the QZ usage ratio exceeds 70%. The designed CATR was manufactured and tested. The results show that at 183 GHz and 275 GHz, the measured co-polarization amplitude and phase ripples in the system's QZ are within 1.8 dB and 15\({}^{\circ}\), respectively. While these values deviate slightly from simulations, they still meet the CATR evaluation criteria, which specify QZ co-polarization amplitude ripple \(<\) 2 dB and phase ripple \(<\) 20\({}^{\circ}\). The overall physical structure sizes of the system are 0.61 m \(\times\) 0.2 m \(\times\) 0.66 m. The proposed miniaturized terahertz tri-mirror CATR design methodology not only enhances the QZ characteristics but also significantly reduces the spatial footprint of the entire system, demonstrating significant potential for practical engineering applications.  
Keywords:terahertz; shaped mirror; low cross-polarization; compact antenna test range +
Footnote †: journal: Physics Letters B
## 3 Results and Discussion  
To develop the fabrics with EMR shielding and radar absorbing properties samples of woven fabrics were coated with the conductive paste--Clevios SV3 (Heraeus, Hanau, Germany), containing conjugated polymer system--poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). This paste was chosen not only for its merits mentionedin the introduction part, but also because of its suitability for screen printing or knife-over-roll coating technology, as our aim was to develop the fabric coated with conductive layer only on the back side, that it could be integrated in the military camouflage clothing system.  
The substrate coated with conductive paste PEDOT:PSS and its yarn cross-section is illustrated in Figure 4. Analysis of SEM views of all coated substrates indicated that the thickness of the coating is not uniform and is approximately equal to 1 \(\upmu\)m.  
The most versatile form of PEDOT for processing is the synthesis of PEDOT as a polyelectrolyte complex [44]. The complex consists of polymeric cationic PEDOT and a polymeric counter anion [45]. The most effective counterion for PEDOT is polystyrenesulphonic acid (PSS) [8; 19; 45], which improves PEDOT solubility in water.  
Researches assigned PEDOT:PSS to a \"conducting acid dye\" which can also tightly bind to protein fibres through electrostatic interaction of PSS chain negatively charged sulfonate (-SO3-) ions to protein fibre cationic sites [46]. The research of interaction between protein-based fibres and ICPs, PEDOT:PSS and poly(4-(2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b]-[1,4]dioxin-2-yl-methoxy)-1-butanesulfonic acid (PEDOT:S), at different pH was carried out in study [47]. The synthetic polyamide being the long chain polymers with recurring cationic amide (-CONH-) groups exhibited similar properties and can ionically bond as protein fibres [48]. Some trials to dye cotton yarns with PEDOT:PSS formulations were carried out by [49].  
Therefore, for the investigated coated fabrics, the interaction between fibers and PEDOT:PSS happens likely due to electrostatic interaction among the water soluble conjugated polyelectrolyte PEDOT:PSS negatively charged sulfonate counterions with protonated amino groups in the wool and amide bonds in the polyamide as well as positively charged sites of chemically modified cotton.  
However, the key obstacle for commercial application of conductive polymer coated fabrics is the poor adhesion of coating substance over the fiber surface [30; 50]. To improve wear and washing resistance performance of fabrics coated with composition containing PEDOT:PSS, a conventional textile surface modification technique, atmospheric plasma treatment, was used.  
As developed fabrics are intended for clothing protecting from EMR and against detection by battlefield radar, plasma treatment impact on their electrical and electromagnetic properties as well as on abrasion and washing resistance performance was studied.  
Figure 4: SEM image of S3C sample coated with PEDOT:PSS paste.
## 4 Simulation and Discussion
Moreover, it is also concluded that FWS + RWS of _IC_#3 is recommended as an actuator combination instead of _IC_#2 in terms of path tracking performance, and that _IC_#1 or _IC_#2 is recommended as an input configuration instead of _IC_#3 in terms of simplicity and ease of implementation. are improved, compared to those of MPCN. This coincides with the results of LQRC. This means that CTSA can effectively limit \(\alpha\) to \(\alpha_{m}\), which cause the maximum \(F_{y}\). Figure 6: Cont. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \begin{tabular}{c} **Actuator** \\ **Combinations** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} \(M_{X}\) \\ **(m)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} \(M_{Y}\) \\ **(m)** \\ \end{tabular} & \(M_{OS}\) & \begin{tabular}{c} \(M_{DX}\) \\ **(m)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} \(M_{SX}\) \\ **(m)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} \(M_{SX}\) \\ **(deg)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} \(M_{SX}\) \\ **(deg/s)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline IC\#1 & FWS & 2.10 & \(-\)0.018 & 0.9 & 9.42 & 5.67 & 0.57 & 12.92 \\ \hline IC\#2 & 4 WS & 2.17 & \(-\)0.019 & 0.9 & 9.42 & 5.95 & 1.48 & 13.32 \\ \hline  & +RWS & 2.07 & \(-\)0.018 & 0.9 & 9.44 & 5.36 & 0.78 & 13.23 \\  & +RWS + 4 WID & 2.45 & \(-\)0.018 & 0.9 & 9.78 & 5.84 & 0.80 & 13.25 \\  & +RWS + 4 WIB & 2.35 & \(-\)0.019 & 0.9 & 9.42 & 4.85 & 0.86 & 12.82 \\ IC\#3 & +RWS + 4 WID + 4 WIB & 2.17 & \(-\)0.019 & 0.9 & 10.16 & 6.34 & 0.83 & 13.01 \\  & +4 WID & 2.35 & \(-\)0.019 & 0.9 & 9.80 & 5.83 & 0.61 & 13.38 \\  & +4 WID & 2.05 & \(-\)0.019 & 0.9 & 8.25 & 3.77 & 0.66 & 11.77 \\  & +4 WID + 4 WIB & 2.17 & \(-\)0.019 & 0.9 & 10.16 & 6.34 & 0.83 & 13.01 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Summary of the simulation results with MPCN for IC#1, IC#2, IC#3. Figure 6: Simulation results with IC#1 of LQRN and LQRC. (**a**) Steering angles; (**b**) Trajectories; (**c**) Side-slip angles; (**d**) slip angles vs. lateral tire forces; (**e**) Tire force margin. Figure 7 show the plots drawn from the simulation results of _IC#1_ of MPCN and MPCC. In Figure 7d,e, the legends, FL, FR, RL and RR, stand for front left, front right, rear left and rear right wheels, respectively. As shown in Figure 7c, \(F_{y}\)'s of MPCN were saturated due to the large \(\alpha\). On the contrary, \(F_{y}\)'s of MPCC were not saturated due to the CTSA, as shown in Figure 7c. Because the maximum \(F_{y}\)'s are generated by FWS with the CTSA of MPCC, TFM of MPCC at front wheels became zero, which means the other actuators are not needed for FWS to generate extra \(F_{y}\)'s. This can be checked in Figure 7d. On the other hand, as shown in Figure 6d, TFM of MPCN at front wheels did not become zero, which means the other actuators can generate extra \(F_{y}\)'s at front wheels. Figure 7: _Cont._  
Figure 7: Simulation results with _IC_#1 of MPCN and MPCC. (**a**) Steering angles; (**b**) Trajectories; (**c**) Side-slip angles; (**d**) slip angles vs. lateral tire forces; (**e**) Tire force margin.
# Sex-Based Differences in Bronchial Asthma: What Are the Mechanisms behind Them?
## 5 Factors Contributing to Gender-Based Differences in Asthma  
### Sex Hormones  
Sex hormones seem to be primarily responsible for the differences between females and males in the prevalence and severity of asthma. Nevertheless, the mechanisms responsible for the sex-based differences in asthma may be more complex.  
Sex steroids, such as estrogens, progesterone, and testosterone, have been mainly defined through their association with the normal functioning of the reproductive system. However, via their signaling mechanisms, they influence many processes in the body [112] and contribute to varying incidences of several diseases in females and males [113]; e.g., cardiovascular [114; 115; 116], neurological [117; 118; 119], metabolic [120; 121; 122], and respiratory diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary fibrosis, lung cancer, and respiratory infections [113]. While androgens mainly exert anti-inflammatory effects, estrogens promote inflammation and may even induce tumorigenesis [123]. Interestingly, women complain more frequently of cough, including dry cough, which is known as an adverse effect associated with the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors due to the increased excitability of peripheral and central cough pathways in women [124].  
Sex steroids are produced in hormone-secreting organs (ovaria, testes, placenta), as well as in other tissues; e.g., adrenal glands and adipose tissue. All sex steroids are synthesized from common precursor dietary cholesterol in the process of steroidogenesis [125] (Figure 1).  
Production of sex steroids from other tissues--e.g., adipose tissue, skin fibroblasts, bones, or brain--can contribute significantly to the circulating pool of estrogens [130; 131].  
However, in addition to signaling intermediates, the action of steroid receptors can be modified by various coregulators, which act as coactivators or corepressors of steroid  
Figure 1: Outline of sex hormone synthesis (modified from [112; 126; 127; 128; 129]).  
responsive gene expression [132]. The coregulators not only regulate hormonal events in pregnancy, sex differentiation, development, reproduction, and sexual behavior but also influence the functions of non-reproductive tissues, such as the heart, kidneys, pancreas, bone, and brain. Mutation and/or aberrant expression of the coregulators affecting the normal function of steroid hormones may result in the development of obesity, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, or breast cancer [132].
# Design of a Noise Mitigation System Using Lightweight Graded Micro-Porous Material
## 3 Design, Fabrication, and Validation of Graded Micro-Porous Material System
### Validation by Normal Incidence Impedance Tests  
In this section, the two fabricated graded material combinations of L50, M25, S25 and L37.5, M37.5, S25 are impedance tested, and the analytically predicted absorption coefficient and transmission loss versus frequency response are validated with the experimental test results.
## 1 Introduction  
Clinical advances have identified the podocyte as the main cell involved in kidney disease, because structural alteration of podocytes such as hypertrophy, dedifferentiation, detachment, and apoptosiscontribute to the development of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS), minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous glomerulopathy, and lupus nephritis [1; 2; 3].  
Podocytes alterations are associated with loss of podcalyxin, a protein involved in structural maintenance pedicels (podocyte foot processes) which anchor the cell to the glomerular basal membrane [2; 4; 5].  
Currently, cell lines are used for the study of kidney disease; however, the process of immortalization affects the expression of anchor and structural proteins, hindering the understanding of the physiopathologic mechanisms [6; 7]. Primary cultures of cells extracted from patients have been used to elucidate the origin of kidney-associated diseases, however, the viability of primary podocytes in vitro is around 2 or 3 weeks at most, with loss of morphology and drastic decrease of viability [8]. Thus, it is necessary to improve culture conditions and develop new techniques that prolong the half-life of primary podocytes while keeping the production of their specific proteins.  
Scaffolds are support structures that simulate the physiological conditions for the recovery and repair of damaged organs and tissues, [9; 10; 11] and are an option for primary cell cultures [12].  
Scaffolds are made of bio-compatible polymers that are either present in the physiological environment of the cell or that provide requirements for a specific cell type. One of the polymers used for scaffolds is chitosan, a nitrogenous polysaccharide obtained from the alkaline deacetylation of chitin derived from the exoskeleton of marine animals such as crabs, shrimps, lobsters, and krill [13; 14]. Several studies show that chitosan stimulates cell adhesion, migration and proliferation. Chitosan interacts with other molecules through its amine groups, improving their mechanical and biological properties. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) a nontoxic synthetic polymer, is one of such molecules. Blends of chitosan-PVA have been studied as base for hydrogels and scaffolds with biological applications [15; 16].  
We found no reports of chitosan-PVA scaffolds for podocyte primary culture; furthermore, for their maintenance, podocytes require other substances such as integrin \(\alpha_{3}\beta_{1}\), necessary for attachment to the basal membrane [17] and IV collagen, a main component of the basal membrane.  
The aim of this work is to study the performance of a chitosan/PVA/IV collagen/integrin \(\alpha_{3}\beta_{1}\) scaffold for primary podocytes culture, evaluating their half-life, cell adhesion, and specific protein expression, as an alternative in vitro model for the study of physio-pathological mechanisms involved in renal disease.
# Drill Hole Orientation: Its Role and Importance on the Compression Response of Pure Magnesium
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Reflections on Simulations and Experiments  
Comparing the simulation results and the experimental results, we found good agreement between the two.  
1. Both simulations and experiments predict the vertical drill hole orientation to be the strongest.
2. Simulations predict higher stress in the angular and horizontal drill hole components (Figure 5), while experiments also validate the same by showing higher stress in them for the same amount of engineering strain.
3. In the angular drill hole scenario, simulations can also approximately predict the failure orientation. Alignment of shear stresses around the hole (i.e., the red region in Figure 5B2) is along the same lines as the macroscopic failure crack in the inset of Figure 10C.  
In essence, we noticed that the observations from simulations are backed by experimentation. This similarity gives particular importance to the use of computational software in determining the best possible design for a particular material. Since the shear mode of failure is prominent in compression testing, the increase in plastic zone size in conjunction with possible failure modes (including ease of shear due to controlled defect) could be the reason for the observed decrease in ultimate compressive strengths of angular and horizontally drilled samples.  
Future studies could, therefore, make use of simulations first to predict the plastic zone development and shear stress orientations prior to carrying out experiments. Research on increasing the number of drill holes, changing the location of drill hole and their orientation has plenty of applications, especially in the real time monitoring of engineered components.
## 2 Patient and Data Description
### Patients and Data Description  
A total of 39 WB-MRI datasets were considered from an equal number of patients. The patient data were extracted from the database of the Suedharz Hospital Nordhausen for years 2011-2019 with a randomizer ([[https://www.randomizer.org/](https://www.randomizer.org/)]([https://www.randomizer.org/](https://www.randomizer.org/)), last accessed on 9 February 2023). In the study, we randomly included 23 females (64.22 \(\pm\) 7.61 y.o.), and 17 males (66.88 \(\pm\) 6.74 y.o.); Student's \(t\)-test, \(p\) = 0.51; normality was tested with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, \(p\) > 0.05. No exclusion criteria were applied at this phase for the data.  
The clinical images were acquired with a Philips Ingenia Suite 3.0 T or a 1.5 T static field strength using a dedicated dStreamWholeBody coil (Philips Healthcare Medical Systems, Hamburg, Germany) [53]. The protocol consists, among other sequences, of the two coronal sequences that in brief can be described as follows:  
1. A \(T_{1}\)-weighted (\(T_{1}\)w) sequence in a Turbo Spin Echo (TSE) or a Fast Field Echo (FFE) technique,
2. A Short Tau Inversion Recovery (STIR): This is an inverted pulse fat suppression method that, apart from the fat suppression, prolongs the \(T_{1}\)w relaxation, and thus reduces the \(T_{1}\)w signal. It furthermore prolongs the \(T_{2}\)w relaxation, thus enhancing the \(T_{2}\)w signal. All in all, STIR has an additive effect of enhancing the \(T_{2}\)w signal. Thus, the STIR sequence offers \(T_{1}\) weighted (\(T_{1}\)w) and \(T_{2}\) weighted (\(T_{2}\)w) images, (\(T_{1}\)w + \(T_{2}\)w) images.  
The patient images from these two anatomic sequences are analyzed in this work. Some of the most important imaging protocol parameters in Table 1 are the same as those that have already been previously used [53]. As can be seen in Table 1, the 3D voxels in the datasets have anisotropic resolution. The resolution in the frontal (coronal) plane is higher than that along the front-back sagittal axis.  
The complete WB-MRI images are an axial, \(y\), concatenation of images from different coils placed along the patient. The body imaging data in this study were acquired with five such coils. Thus, the body image axial size is five times the axial size of the images described in Table 1. Since the images of the different coils are concatenated along the axial body direction, \(y\), the junction planes between them are transverse on \((x,z)\). The intensity nonuniformities of individual coils are smooth. However, the nonuniformities at the junctions between different coils are sharp. The precise axial locations where images from different coils are joined are not preset and depend on the exact placement of the coils that can vary axially along the different patients.
# Novel Feature Extraction Method for Detecting Malicious MQTT Traffic Using Seq2 Seq
## 4 MQTT Attack Analysis
### Brute-Force Attack  
In a brute-force attack, the client sends several connection packets to the broker to obtain authentication passwords. As shown in Figure 11, A client sends a connect packet that includes an identifier and a password to the broker. If the user ID and password are incorrect, then the broker sends a connection-refused packet. Otherwise, a connection-accepted packet is sent. Malicious brute-force attack traffic was generated using the MQTTSA tool [24].