## 1 Introduction
### Usage of Effective Microorganisms  
Effective microorganisms (EMs) are commercially available microbial inoculants composed of a consortium of beneficial microorganisms. This mix includes five families, ten genera, and over 80 types of both anaerobic and aerobic microbes. EMs contain lactic acid bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria, yeast, actinomycetes, and fungi, but their effectiveness is influenced by the balance among these primary microorganisms [12; 13; 14]. Their efficiency is influenced by the ratios of these microorganisms [14]. In this study, the product from Greenland Technologia EM Ltd., Janowiec, Poland was used. EMs have a wide range of applications; they can be used for intensification of animal production [15], maximization of crop production [16; 17; 18; 19], production of health drinks [20],bioremediation [21; 22; 23], biodegradation [24] but also in concrete industry [25; 26; 27], improved humus formation and altering composite processes [28; 29], and as coatings additives [30]. Composing with microorganisms has been shown to enhance total microbial populations and biodiversity, increasing degradation rates and mineralization [31]. Researchers concluded that the use of effective thermoacidophilic microorganisms significantly enhanced the overall quality of the final product. [PERSON] et al. [32] evaluated the composting process with and without EMs addition through the chemical and physical analysis of compost to assess the potential as a partial replacement for peat in potting soil, observing the growth parameters of the grown plants. On the basis of the obtained results, they concluded that bamboo residues can be composted successfully regardless of the addition of EMs. The addition of EMs during composting improved the properties of the compost, although no significant differences were found in plant growth. [PERSON] et al. [33] explored the impact of EMs on the co-composting of rice straw, goat manure, and green waste, finding that while composting processes with or without EMs followed similar trajectories, the addition of EMs significantly increased nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and iron (Fe) contents in the compost, with no notable changes in copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) levels. [PERSON] et al. [13] studied the effects of EM on the co-composting of organic wastes at a household level, noting that microbial activity shifted pH levels from acidic to neutral, leading to the conversion of organic acids into CO\({}_{2}\). Studies have demonstrated that EMs can enhance composting processes by increasing microbial populations and biodiversity, thereby improving the quality of the final compost product [31]. For instance, [PERSON] et al. [32] found that the addition of EMs improved compost properties, though it did not significantly affect plant growth outcomes. [PERSON] et al. [33] observed higher nitrogen and potassium levels in compost treated with EMs, suggesting an enhanced nutrient profile. EMs do not elevate the absolute amount of nutrients, but could only transform already existing nutrients into a more available form. However, the effectiveness of EMs remains debated, with some labeling it a'myth' [34; 35], indicating the necessity for further exploration into its role in waste management. [PERSON] and [PERSON], 2013 [36] performed a long-term field experiment which was conducted to examine how compost application affects crop growth and yield. Findings indicated that using EMs in conjunction with compost over an extended period led to improved crop yields. The highest NPK content observed in plant tissues with EM-treated compost suggested that nutrient release was more efficient with this organic and microbial application. Researchers concluded that compost with EM enhanced soil fertility more effectively than compost alone. [PERSON] and [PERSON] et. al. [37] discovered that nutrient-rich kitchen waste, containing carbohydrates, proteins, and minerals, can be used as a fermentation substrate to produce probiotics, which then act as microbial feed for cultivating rotifers.