## 5 Conclusions
Values of the x-axis are feature importance scores, and the variable with larger FI score carries more importance in predicting the crop yield. (P = precipitation; T = temperature; VPD = vapor pressure deficit). **Table S1**: Trained and tested R\({}^{2}\) of different model architectures. The best DNN has a hidden layer of three with 35 neurons in each layer. **Table S2**: Summary of Tukey HSD test between adjusted R\({}^{2}\) values of different models in 100 experiments for corn. 'Group1' and 'Group2' are the targeting pair of models for comparison. 'MeanDiff' is the difference between group means. 'Lower' and 'Upper' are the lower and upper boundaries of confidence intervals for the pairwise mean differences. 'Reject' is TRUE means that there is a significant difference (at 95% confidence level) between two models; FALSE means that the null hypothesis is true that the averaged model performances measured by R\({}^{2}\) are equal. **Table S3**: Summary of Tukey HSD test between adjusted R\({}^{2}\) values of different models in 100 experiments for soybean. 'Group1' and 'Group2' are the targeting pair of models for comparison. 'MeanDiff' is the difference between group means. 'Lower' and 'Upper' are the lower and upper confidence interval boundaries for the pairwise mean differences. 'Reject' is TRUE means that there is a significant difference (at 95% confidence level) between two models; FALSE means that the null hypothesis is true that the averaged model performances measured by R\({}^{2}\) are equal. **Table S4**: Summary of R\({}^{2}\) values of 100 experiments of different models. Q1, Q2, and Q3 represent the first, second, and third quantiles separately; IQR is the interquartile range; max = Q1-1.5*IQR, min = Q3+1.5*IQR; range = max-min. **Table S5**: P values of correlation relationships between variables and crop yield. The shaded area represent the predictors that were included in DNN models. Bold numbers are the model predictors of which the \(p\) values are less than 0.05. **Author Contributions**: Conceptualization, Y.G. and Y.Z. ; Formal analysis, Y.G. and S.W. ; Funding acquisition, Y.Z. ; Investigation, A.W. and L.Y. ; Methodology, Y.G. and K.G. ; Resources, A.W. and W.J. ; Software, S.W. ; Supervision, W.J. and Y.Z. ; Validation, Y.G. ; Visualization, Y.G. ; Writing-original draft, Y.G. ; Writing-review & editing, K.G., A.W., L.Y., W.J. and Y.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. **Funding**: This research was funded by International Cooperation and Exchange Programs between NSFC and DFG, grant number 41761134082, and Jiangsu Provincial Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China, grant number BK20170018. **Acknowledgments:** This research was funded by International Cooperation and Exchange Programs between NSFC and DFG (41761134082), Jiangsu Provincial Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China (BK20170018). We would like to thank [PERSON] and [PERSON] for their constructive comments and suggestions that helped improve this work. We also thank Google teams for their GEE platform and the GEE team for the technical supports. OCO-2 SIF product (V8r) is available at [[https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/](https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/)]([https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/](https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/)). The NASS crop yield data are available at [[https://quickstats.nass.usda.gov/](https://quickstats.nass.usda.gov/)]([https://quickstats.nass.usda.gov/](https://quickstats.nass.usda.gov/)). The CDL, MODIS EVI, NPP, and DAYMET data are also available on the GEE platform. **Conflicts of Interest**: The authors declare no conflict of interest.