## 1 Introduction
#### Ecosystem Services
Provisioning ecosystem services (PES) are defined as the goods that can be directly extracted from nature and consumed, which have a certain market value. Examples of provisioning ecosystem services are water, food, wood, biofuels, etc. Stating the same, for the freshwater supply ecosystem service, it is necessary to have an ecosystem that is functioning in a good way [34]. Climatic factors such as precipitation, evaporation, and climate variability are the important components that control the water yield of the region [34]. Water yield has positive linkage between evapotranspiration and soil conservation [35], along with other components such as food production, timber, etc. Regulating ecosystem services (RES) can be defined as the benefits that are drawn from the process of the ecosystem that modifies the condition that we are presently experiencing. Examples of the same will be climate changes, carbon storage, soil fertility, floods, etc. [29]. The study emphasizes the relationship in terms of trade-offs and/or synergies of regulating ecosystem with other ESs, due to which regulating ESs can be considered as one of the critical parameters for the assessment of ecological resilience [35]. Managing one ES parameter will improve synergies among other ES parameters, especially among carbon storage, low flow, biodiversity, etc. [36]. Carbon (C) storage is a key attribute in regulating the global service of climate regulation [9]. Practical implementation of C sequestration knowledge will take a back step in public policymaking due to the lack of effectiveness in translating scientific criteria [37]. Carbon sequestration acts as an important parameter in global climatic regulation [33]. Carbon is stored in four different layers in nature, i.e., aboveground biomass, belowground biomass, soil organic carbon, and dead matter storage. As carbon is stored (-70%) in the terrestrial ecosystem [38; 39; 40], its carbon dynamics potential could be affected in the future under rising carbon dioxide. Therefore, the carbon present in the soil considerably has a huge impact on the spatial and non-spatial data. Hence, long-and-medium term modeling taking into consideration of different LULC scenarios is the hotspot of current research, which helps policymakers with the mitigation strategies framework and decision-making process. This process can be re-scaled globally, regionally, and locally by co-relating different rationales to economic opportunities and regulatory policymaking. [PERSON] et al. [41] introduced cultural ecosystem services (CES), but MEA studied and defined them as \"the non-material or intangible benefits people obtain from the ecosystem either spiritually, through cognitive development, recreation, self-reflection or through experiencing aesthetically\" [1]. In this ES, some of the services, such as recreations, have market value, whereas other services do not have the same. Functions fulfilling life information functionality are the different ways in which cultural ecosystems are included in the study [4; 6; 42]. Additionally, [PERSON] & [PERSON] simplify the definition by correlating humans' sociocultural practices with psychological development [43]. CES is also associated with the intangible benefits that people attain from nature due to the interaction [44; 45]. Most of the studies on cultural ecosystem services deal with recreation services that are nature based and aesthetic [46], whereas not a great amount of study hqw been carried out on the spiritual value of landscape due to the limitation of modeling [47]. Supporting ecosystem services (SES) are the fundamental process of the ecosystem that supports life, such as photosynthesis, nutrient cycle, and evolution; this is a vital service that the ecosystem provides, which allows the rest of the ecosystem services to be delivered. To achieve sustainable development of the city and conserve the ecosystem, it is necessary to understand each of the abovementioned ecosystem services and their interactions with the changing LULC [48].