## Abbreviations  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
\begin{tabular}{l l} AA & Autonomous-Agents \\ AB & Auction-Based \\ ACO & Ant Colony Optimization \\ AP & Access Point \\ ARIMA & Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average \\ ARSU & Aerial-Roadside Units \\ AsP & Assignment Problem \\ AVA & Application Variability Adaptor \\ BPSO & Binary Particle Swarm Optimization \\ BSUB & Block Successive Upper Bound \\ CFG & Coalition Formation Game \\ CRAN & Cloud Radio Access Network \\ CTA & Collaborative Task Allocation \\ CW & Crowdsourcing Workflows \\ DAG & Directed Acyclic Graph \\ DFD & Data-Flow-Driven \\ DLA & Distributed Learning Automata \\ DNF & Deep Network Flow \\ DP & Dynamic Programming \\ DQN & Deep Q-Learning Network \\ DQN-D & Deep Q-Learning Network with Double Q-Learning \\ DRL & Deep Reinforcement Learning \\ DS-UPP & Data Sensing Mechanism with User Privacy Preserved \\ DTASM & Dynamic Task Allocation and Service Migration \\ DTOMALB & Distributed Task Offloading Algorithm Based on \\  & Multi-Agent and Load Balancing \\ DVFS & Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling \\ EC & Edge Computing \\ ECLAM & Energy and Latency Minimizer \\ ECTA & Edge Computing Task Allocation \\ EDAF & Edge-Deployment Alternatives Finder \\ EEFFRA & Energy-Efficient Resource Allocation \\ ELB & Enhanced Load-Balancing \\ ET & Energy Transmitter \\ FAP & Fog Access Points \\ FL & Federated Learning \\ \end{tabular}  
\begin{tabular}{l l} FLOM & Federated Learning-Based Optimization Methodology \\ FM & Feature Model \\ GA & Greedy Algorithm \\ GEN & Genetic \\ GSO & Glowworm Swarm Optimization \\ GT & Game Theory \\ HAB & High-Altitude Balloon \\ ILP & Integer Linear Programming \\ IoT & Internet of Things \\ IoV & Internet of Vehicles \\ JTORA & Joint Task Offloading and Resource Allocation \\ LC- & \\ EEFFRA & Low-Complexity Energy-Efficient Resource Allocation \\ LPA & Location Privacy-Aware \\ MA & Multi-Agent \\ MAH & Multi-Agent Approach Networks with Multiple Agents Heuristic \\ MAP & Mobility-Aware Partial \\ MAPE-K & Monitor Analyze Plan Execute Knowledge \\ MAPPO & Multi-Agent Proximal Policy Optimization \\ MARL & Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning \\ MCS & Mobile Crowd Sensing \\ MDP & Markov Decision Process \\ MEC & Mobile Edge Computing \\ MH & Multi-Hop \\ MIMO & Multiple Input-Multiple Output \\ MINLP & Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Problem \\ MITA & Minimum Incremental Task Allocation \\ MMAS & Max-Min Ant System \\ MPSO & Modified Particle Swarm Optimization \\ MRC & Multi-Robot Cooperation \\ MVAA & Modified Version of the Auction Algorithm \\ NDF & New Devices Finder \\ NDN-IoT & Named Data Networking--Internet of Things \\ NOMA & Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access \\ OFB & Objective Function Based \\ PB & Primary-Backup \\ PFA & Proportional Fairness Algorithm \\ PSO & Particle Swarm Optimization \\ QBTD & Quality of Service-based Task Distribution \\ QoE & Quality of Experience \\ QoS & Quality of Service \\ QT & Queueing Theory \\ RIS & Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface \\ RL & Reinforcement Learning \\ RQ & Research Question \\ RSU & RoadSide Units \\ SLR & Systematic Literature Review \\ TAHRC & Task Allocation with Heterogeneous Resources \\ TCA-IPSO & Two-Edge-Node Cooperative-Task Allocation based on the \\  & Improved Particle Swarm Optimization \\ UAV & Unmanned Aerial Vehicle \\ VANETs & Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks \\ VEC & Vehicular Edge Computing \\ WHAB & Wireless High-Altitude Balloon Networks \\ WPT & Wireless Power Transfer \\ \end{tabular}