# Highly Enriched Uranium-Free Medical Radioisotope Production Methods: An Integrative Review
## 4 Conclusions and Future Directions
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{n\({}^{\circ}\)} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Introduction Route**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Kinetic Energy [MeV]**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Current [\(\mu\)A]**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Irradiation Time [h]**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**AEOB [kBq]**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Reference**} \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{1} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\({}^{64}\)Ni(p,n)\({}^{64}\)Cu} & \multirow{3}{*}{16.1} & 121 & & \(8.2\times 10^{6}\) & \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [35]} \\  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\({}^{natSn}\)(p,x)\({}^{120m}\)Sb} & \multirow{3}{*}{16.1} & 150 & 1.26 & \(3.71\times 10^{4}\) & \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [35]} \\  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\({}^{natSn}\)(p,x)\({}^{122}\)Sb} & \multirow{3}{*}{150} & & 3.30\(\times 10^{4}\) & & \\ \hline
2 & \({}^{18}\)O(p,n)\({}^{18}\)F & 18 & 20 & 0.5 & \(2.96\times 10^{7}\) & [PERSON] et al. [36] \\ \hline
4 & \({}^{94}\)Mo(p,n)\({}^{94}\)Tm & 13 & 5 & 1 & \(1.1\times 10^{5}\) & [PERSON] et al. [38] \\ \hline
5 & \({}^{232}\)Th(p,f)\({}^{99}\)Mo & 29.5 & 1 & 1 & \(3.7\times 10^{3}\) & \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [39]} \\  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{26.5} & 1 & 1 & \(3.4\times 10^{3}\) & & \\ \hline
7 & \({}^{nat}\)Dy(p,xn)\({}^{161}\)Ho & 36 & 61 & 1.18 & \(1.89\times 10^{6}\) & \multirow{3}{*}{Mark\(\check{\rm n}\)[PERSON] et al. [41]} \\ \hline
8 & \({}^{68}\)Zn(p,2n)\({}^{67}\)Ga & 26 & 10 & 1 & \(3.9\times 10^{5}\) & \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [42]} \\ \hline
10 & \({}^{100}\)Mo(p,xn)\({}^{999m}\)Tc & 18 & 240 & 6.9 & \(3.48\times 10^{8}\) & \(\check{\rm B}\)\(\check{\rm n}\)[PERSON] et al. [44] \\ \hline
11 & \({}^{44}\)Ca(p,n)\({}^{44}\)Sc & 13 & 7.6 & 1 & \(5.5\times 10^{3}\) & [PERSON] et al. [45] \\ \hline
12 & \({}^{63}\)Cu(p,n)\({}^{63}\)Zn & 14 & 20 & 1 & \(1.84\times 10^{6}\) & \(\check{\rm [PERSON] et al. [46]}\) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{l} \({}^{nat}\)Pd(\({}^{3}\)He,pxn)\({}^{103}\)Ag \\ \({}^{nat}\)Pd(\({}^{3}\)He,pxn)\({}^{104}\)Ag \\ \({}^{nat}\)Pd(\({}^{3}\)He,pxn)\({}^{105}\)Ag \\ \({}^{nat}\)Pd(\({}^{3}\)He,pxn)\({}^{106m}\)Ag \\ \({}^{nat}\)Pd(\({}^{3}\)He,pxn)\({}^{111}\)Ag \\ \({}^{nat}\)Pd(\({}^{3}\)He,pxn)\({}^{112}\)Ag \\ \({}^{nat}\)Pd(\({}^{3}\)He,xn)\({}^{104}\)Cd \\ \({}^{nat}\)Pd(\({}^{3}\)He,xn)\({}^{105}\)Cd \\ \({}^{nat}\)Pd(\({}^{3}\)He,xn)\({}^{107}\)Cd \\ \({}^{nat}\)Pd(\({}^{3}\)He,xn)\({}^{111m}\)Cd \\ \hline
14 & \({}^{209}\)Bi(\(\alpha\),2n)\({}^{211}\)At & 27.8 & 0.327 & 4 & \(3.91\times 10^{4}\) & \(7.91\times 10^{3}\) & \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [48]} \\  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{25.3} & 0.192 & 4 & \(7.91\times 10^{3}\) & \\ \hline
15 & \({}^{89}\)Y(p,n)\({}^{89}\)Zr & 12.8 & 45 & 3 & \(6.3\times 10^{6}\) & \(\check{\rm [PERSON] et al. [49]}\) \\ \hline
16 & \({}^{44}\)Ca(p,n)\({}^{44}\)Sc & 15.6 & 25 & 1 & \(4.11\times 10^{6}\) & \(\check{\rm V}\)[PERSON] et al. [50] \\ \hline
17 & \({}^{100}\)Mo(p,2n)\({}^{999m}\)Tc & 16.5 & 130 & 6 & \(1.74\times 10^{8}\) & \(\check{\rm [PERSON] et al. [51]}\) \\ \hline
18 & \({}^{nat}\)Sr(p,n)\({}^{86}\)Y & & 4.5 & & \(7.4\times 10^{3}\) & \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [52]} \\
18 & \({}^{89}\)Y(p,n)\({}^{89}\)Zr & 13 & 7 & 1 & \(3.2\times 10^{4}\) & \(\check{\rm [PERSON] et al. [52]}\) \\  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{27} & 7 & & \(4.8\times 10^{5}\) & \\ \hline
20 & \({}^{14}\)N(p,n)\({}^{11}\)C & 13 & 60 & 0.5 & \(8.66\times 10^{7}\) & \(\check{\rm [PERSON] et al. [54]}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**n\({}^{*}\)** & **Production Route** & **Kinetic Energy [MeV]** & **Current [\(\mu\)A]** & **Irradiation Time [h]** & **A\({}_{\text{EOB}}\) [kBq]** & **Reference** \\ \hline
21 & \({}^{44}\)Ca(p,n)\({}^{44}\)Sc & \(11\) & 50 & 1.5 & \(1.9\times 10^{6}\) & [PERSON] et al. [55] \\
22 & \({}^{44}\)Ca(d,2n)\({}^{44}\)Sc & 30 & 0.054 & 0.5 & \(7.5\times 10^{4}\) & [PERSON] et al. [56] \\  & \({}^{44}\)Ca(d,2n)\({}^{44}\)SmSc & & & & \(1.9\times 10^{3}\) & [PERSON] et al.