## 9 A Novel Methodology for 5G-Enabled Broadband Connectivity Coverage of Smart Cities
The next logical step is to extend this methodology so that we can calculate the number of antennas for any possible value of shadowing depth (in dB) and urban area (in square kilometers). This requires the solution of a two-input variable system, so a 3D graph is required. The code was produced in MATLAB environment, and the results are shown in Figure 3. Thus, we can extend the total urban surface for coverage up to 50 square kilometers. For a bandwidth allocation of 100 MHz, the lower-throughput BPSK modulation scheme (worst-case scenario at the cell edge) can provide up to 100 Mbps (total downlink rate) per 5G municipal base station; therefore, a generic FDMA scheme can serve up to 50 users. Orthogonality can double those users up to 100. Each subcarrier can have a spectrum allocation of 2 MHz. Impact of Intrinsic Propagation Characteristics for the Characterization of the Uplink Channel Regarding a Broadband Monitoring Service  
In this section, we examine the impact of channel conditions on the choice of modulation scheme and the performance of said modulation scheme for the specific topology at hand in order to provide the proper physical layer scheme for the uplink counterpart of the downlink broadband connectivity of the coverage scenario investigated in Section 9. This uplink channel must take into consideration the specifics of indoor propagation topology, as well as the indoor-to-outdoor penetration losses. We assume that the citizens are offered a monitoring service measuring a biophysiological metric such as for instance glucose. The biosensor, functioning as an Internet-of-Medical-Things (IoMT) device, records these biophysiological values at regular time intervals, the frequency of which is determined by the memory availability of the biosensor and by the robustness of its ADC component, so that the collected glucose values are converted into a digital baseband signal based on a standard PCM technique [44]. In order to maintain the ultrareliable low-latency communications (URLLCs) specification set by 5G technology, with a maximum transmission delay of 1 ms; then, the  
\[L_{total}=PL(d_{0})+N\log_{10}\left(d\mathord{\left/{\vphantom{d_{0}}}\right. \kern-1.2 pt}d_{0}\right) \tag{2}\]0 Number of municipal base stations required for a 5G-enabled coverage of an urban obstacle-dense propagation topology. transmission rate, \(Rs\) (system rate), must assume a minimum value that validates the 1 ms threshold in terms of latency [16]. The transmission delay is the time required to upload all the packet bits on the transmission link. It depends on the size of the data and the rate of the channel (in bps). The formula for the transmission delay is given by [45]:  
\[L_{total}=PL(d_{0})+N\log_{10}\left(d\mathord{\left/{\vphantom{d_{0}}}\right. \kern-1.2 pt}d_{0}\right) \tag{2}\]1  
where \(L\) is the length of the packet, and \(R_{s}\) is the transmission (system) rate. In order to maintain the ultrareliable low-latency communications (URLICs) specification set by 5G technology, with a maximum transmission delay of 1 ms, the transmission rate, \(Rs\) (system rate), sets an upper-bound to the maximum length of information transmitted within that timeframe of 1 ms [16]. We also must consider two different topologies and their respective channel characteristics: indoor topology from the biosensor to the mobile 5G terminal and from the 5G terminal to the outdoor 5G base station (via penetration of the external wall of the apartment building). The indoor propagation scenario can provide two possible schemes: line-of-sight (LOS) between the biosensor and the mobile 5G terminal, and obstruction of LOS (OLOS/NLOS) in the presence of obstacles. The indoor-to-outdoor propagation scenario, since there is penetration of the external apartment wall in order to establish a link between the mobile 5G terminal (indoors) and the 5G-enabled municipal smart city antenna (outdoors); the scheme is strictly NLOS, with a severe shadow depth equal to 10 dB [40; 41; 42].