# Industrial Mass Production of Platelet Dry Powder
## 4 Discussion
The natural sensitivity of the human immune system to unfamiliar proteins, especially those identified as foreign, may lead to negative immunological reactions upon contact with these forms of thrombin. Moreover, the use of xenoproteins, particularly those originating from animals, presents significant concerns regarding the transmission of pathogens. These infectious agents, which include a range of viruses, bacteria, and other microorganisms, might be harmless in their original hosts but can become serious health threats when transferred to humans. This risk is even more acute in immunocompromised patients, who are more susceptible to infections. Therefore, it is critical to carefully consider the use of thrombin in the activation of PRP, and to implement strict safety measures to minimize these health risks. Therefore, calcium chloride solution was selected as the activator in this study to avoid the potential immunity and transmission risks associated with bovine thrombin. In the activation process of PRP, meticulous dosage control is imperative, regardless of whether thrombin or calcium chloride is employed as the activating agent. Excessive use of these activators can interfere with the normal coagulation mechanisms [25; 26; 27], posing additional risks, particularly for patients who are on anticoagulant therapy or have coagulation disorders. Furthermore, over-activation may lead to the premature release of growth factors from platelets, adversely affecting the therapeutic efficacy of PRP. Hence, precise dosing and consideration of the patient's specific medical condition are crucial in the administration of these substances in PRP therapy to ensure both the safety and effectiveness of the treatment. The effects of calcium chloride solution in various concentrations and percentages on the activation of GF has been examined in this study. The literature on this topic also mentions three types of activators--collagen, thrombin, and calcium chloride--and their effects on GF release when used on their own or as a mixture. Different activation combinations will produce significant differences in the performances of various GFs such as TGF, PDGF, IGF, KGF, and VEGF [5; 17; 28; 29], and the activation effect of thrombin or a mix of these three activators is generally superior to that of calcium chloride alone [17; 28; 29]. Furthermore, when high concentrations of calcium and thrombin are used, they will quickly induce significant increases in TGF-\(\beta\)1 and PDGF concentrations, which will remain essentially constant for 6 days; in contrast, lower concentrations may reduce and delay the release of GFs [29]. This demonstrates that different combinations of activators will have different effects on the length of GF release times. The combination of different activators significantly affects the amount and duration of GF release. The selection of a specific combination of activators depends not only on the type of GF required but also on the desired timeframe for GF release. For instance, in clinical applications where a rapid and substantial release of a specific GF is necessary, a combination of activators that can quickly facilitate GF release may be chosen. Conversely, in scenarios requiring a slow and sustained release of GF to support long-term tissue repair or regeneration, a combination that allows for a gradual release of GF might be preferred. The choice of activators in different medical applications requires critical guidance, especially in the fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, where the pattern of GF release is crucial for therapeutic effectiveness. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which different activator combinations affect GF release will aid in optimizing the clinical application of products, thereby enhancing the efficiency and efficacy of treatments. In mass-production situations, the choice of activator is not solely based on the activation of different GFs, but also requires consideration of other factors such as cost.