## 3 Results and Discussion
### Electrical Parameters
This is consistent with the assumptions of the RCC model, where resistance dominates over capacitance at higher frequencies. The stability of these values may be crucial for distinguishing samples with respect to their botanical origin. High frequencies in electrical measurements allow for determination of parameters such as resistance or diffusion time constants, while diffusion phenomena related to the movement of ions in the honey structure may appear in the low-frequency range [42]. Although the current data are presented as impedance vs. frequency dependence, in future studies we plan to extend the analysis with Nyquist plots and data fitting to the modified [PERSON] model [42; 45; 47; 48; 49; 49]. This approach will allow for the detailed determination of electrical circuit parameters, such as diffusion resistance (R) and double layer capacitance (CC), and assessment of their statistical significance. Verification of the model using Chi\({}^{2}\) values will allow for a more comprehensive assessment of the validity of the applied approach [70]. The results of the measurement of the conductivity parameters (Z and G) showed that the impedance values (Z) decreased and the conductivity values (G) increased with frequency increase (100 Hz-2 MHz). Despite the wide frequency range used in the work, many authors [55; 56; 68] have indicated that electrical measurements performed at low frequencies can be particularly useful in the study of low-conductivity foods, e.g., honey. With this in mind and in order to more easily illustrate the phenomena occurring between honeys of different botanical origin (7 varieties), Tables 1 and 2 contain the results of measurements of electrical parameters for six selected frequencies (100 Hz, 1 kHz, 10 kHz, 100 kHz, 1 MHz, and 2 MHz), and they are discussed based on the values measured at f = 100 Hz. Among the tested single-flower honeys, the highest values of complex resistivity (\(Z\)) and thus the lowest values of electrical conductivity were characteristic of the rapeseed, phacelia, and acacia honeys (group I). The values of \(Z_{\rm 100 Hz}\) were at \(1.41\times 10^{4}\)\(\Omega\), \(1.08\times 10^{4}\)\(\Omega\), and \(1.57\times 10^{4}\)\(\Omega\), respectively, while the values of G\({}_{\rm 100 Hz}\) were at \(7.13\times 10^{-5}\) S, \(1.23\times 10^{-5}\) S, and \(6.36\times 10^{-5}\) S, respectively (Table 3). According to [PERSON] and [PERSON] [72] as well as [PERSON] and [PERSON] [73], the low conductivity of acacia and rapeseed honeys results from their minimal content of minerals, which imparts a delicate taste and light color to them. The second group of single-flowered honeys identified was as follows: the linden, buckwheat, and goldenrod honeys, which were characterized by the lowest resistance values (Z) and the highest conductivity values (G). Their average \(Z_{\rm 100 Hz}\) values were 3.71 \(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\)\(\Omega\), 4.41 \(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\)\(\Omega\), and 5.30 \(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\)\(\Omega\), respectively. Good electrical conductivity of these honeys is indicated by the high G\({}_{\rm 100 Hz}\) values, which were 3.23 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) S, 2.64 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) S, and 2.01 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) S, respectively (Table 4). According to [PERSON] and [PERSON] [74], the high electrical conductivity of buckwheat and goldenrod honeys may result from their high content of minerals, such as iron and magnesium, and organic acids (which also affects their dielectric properties). According to the research of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [75], linden and phacelia honeys, due to the presence of essential oils and medium mineral content, are characterized by moderate conductivity.