# Efficient Secure Mechanisms for In-Vehicle Ethernet in Autonomous Vehicles
## 5 Conclusions  
Autonomous in-vehicle Ethernet driving plays a crucial role in ensuring automobile active safety, requiring real-time performance, reliability, and security. The improved IAES-128 algorithm demonstrated a 15.77% increase in encryption efficiency compared to the traditional AES-128 algorithm, making it more suitable for real-time vehicle network environments. Similarly, the hybrid AES-ECC algorithm achieved an efficiency improvement of up to 30% over the traditional ECC algorithm while maintaining strong security standards. These advancements meet the stringent requirements for both performance and security in autonomous driving networks.  
The IMD5 algorithm, developed as an improved version of the MD5 algorithm, show-cased robust security performance through rigorous avalanche effect testing. By reducing the hash value size from 128 bits to 64 bits, the IMD5 algorithm not only improved security but also significantly accelerated the authentication process, making it more efficient for real-time applications. Furthermore, the simulation results demonstrated that the proposed security mechanism could effectively defend against various types of attacks, including tampering, deletion, and replay attacks. By integrating encryption and hash algorithms, the system provided strong protection for both control and multimedia signals within the in-vehicle Ethernet network. The ability to detect and respond to these attacks validated the feasibility of the proposed security solution in ensuring reliable and secure vehicle communication.  
In future research, we plan to address several critical areas to enhance the security and robustness of in-vehicle networks. One significant aspect is the development of advanced key management solutions. Effective key management is crucial for ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of communications within the vehicle network. We aim to explore novel cryptographic techniques and protocols to improve key distribution, rotation, and revocation processes, ensuring that the network remains secure against evolving threats. Additionally, as quantum computing technology progresses, it poses potential risks to current cryptographic schemes. We will investigate the impact of quantum threats on vehicle network security and explore quantum-resistant algorithms and techniques. This will involve evaluating the resilience of existing encryption methods against quantum attacks and developing new strategies to safeguard vehicular communications in a post-quantum era.  
By addressing these future challenges, we hope to significantly advance the field of in-vehicle network security and contribute to the development of more secure and reliable vehicular systems.  
Figure 23: CANoe Ethernet network security monitoring interface.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, Y.W. and Y.X.; Methodology, L.X.; Software, Y.W. and L.X.; Investigation, Y.X.; Resources, Y.X.; Data curation, C.W.; Writing--original draft, Y.W. and Y.X.; Writing--review & editing, Y.W.; Project administration, Y.W. and Y.X. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant Nos. 62201492 and 62161049, and was also supported by the Jilin Province Science and Technology Development Plan Project YDZJ202301 ZYTS409.  
**Data Availability Statement:** All data underlying the results are available as part of the article and no additional source data are required.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.