esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Background and Motivation  
### Applying Wireless Power Transfer to IoT Technology  
Surprisingly, the recent breakthrough in the area of WPT technology shows its high potentials to address the fundamental bottlenecks of finite network lifetime for IoT and WSN applications. Removing this bottleneck implies that IoT nodes can remain perpetually operational [4]. An investigation was made by [PERSON] et al. [4] to determine the operational performance of a network using WPT technology and a given scenario was also presented whereby a vehicle used as a mobile charger periodically moved across the network environment to wirelessly recharge the batteries of the sensor-nodes. In terms of extending the network lifetime of the IoT nodes, authors in [2; 4; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20] agree that Wireless Power Transfer has got some promising potentials. It was further shown that by exploiting one of the novel WPT techniques such as magnetic resonant coupling, electric power can be effectively transferred wirelessly within an approximate distance of 2 m from the source energy to the target (receiving energy) [4; 13; 15; 16]. Compared to the energy harvesting technique which opts to locally scavenge energy at a node, WPT makes it a lot easier by using the energy generated elsewhere to periodically recharge the energy-constrained IoT nodes and by avoiding the constraints of wires and plugs. Having seen the breakthrough in WPT technology, authors in [4] sought to address the fundamental question of whether WPT technology has the potentials to keep a WSN perpetually operational through a periodic wireless recharge of the energy-hungry sensors. To this end, the use of a mobile vehicle as a mobile charger that would periodically visit the network and wirelessly recharge the sensors was conceived. By ensuring that each sensor node is energy-filled above the minimum threshold at every instant through a periodic wireless recharge, a WSN may remain perpetually operational [4]. Compared to the energy harvesting technique which is susceptible to environmental factors (such as weather and seasonal constraints), WPT is immune to all these factors and does not require a line of sight (LOS) between the power charger (transmitter) and the target nodes (receivers).
# Characterization of Berry Skin Phenolic Profiles in Dalmatian Grapevine Varieties
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Anthocyanins  
The total anthocyanin concentration in berry skin and its relative profile during three-year research, together with the comparison of mean values by [PERSON]'s multiple range test, is presented in Table 1.  
Significant differences between varieties in the content of all investigated monoglucoside anthocyanins were detected. Plavac mali crni (10,414.06 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) d.w. of grape skin), Trnjak (10,041.69 mg kg\({}^{-1}\)), Zadarka (8783.91 mg kg\({}^{-1}\)), and Dobricic (8537.81 mg kg\({}^{-1}\)showed the highest content of total anthocyanins among investigated varieties. These values are very similar to the values obtained for Merlot [17]. A very low content of total anthocyanins has been detected in varieties Trisnjavac, Posip crni, Gutopupica, and Lasina, 19.58 mg kg\({}^{-1}\), 153.85 mg kg\({}^{-1}\), 247.02 mg kg\({}^{-1}\), and 539.61 mg kg\({}^{-1}\), respectively. Such content of total anthocyanins in these varieties is expected, as Trisnjavac, Posip crni and Gutopupica have a pink color of berry skin. Pinot gris is one of the most cultivated pink color grape variety. [PERSON] et al. [18] determined a very low content of total anthocyanins in the above-mentioned grape variety. This amount is very close to the amount determined in Croatian pink color grape varieties. Overall, the obtained results suggest that the genotype has the major impact on the relative content of individual anthocyanins, which is in a close agreement with previous research [19; 20]. The most abundant anthocyanin in investigated varieties is malvidin-3-O-glucoside, which is represented from 32.20% (Posip crni) to 93.89% (Svrdlovina) of total anthocyanins (Table 1.). These results are in line with the previous findings [20]. In general, malvidin derivative forms are stabile molecules that give stability to the wine color during wine-making due to these molecules resistance to oxidation [21]. The distribution of other anthocyanins is not uniform and it depends on a number of factors, such as genotype, environmental conditions, climate, soil type, etc. [22]. Petunidin-3-O-glucoside was the second abundant anthocyanin in most of the investigated varieties. However, in Babic, Dobricic and Plavac mali, delphinidin-3-O-glucose was the second most abundant anthocyanin, 13.47%, 15.73%, and 10.22%, respectively. Similar findings were observed earlier with Merlot (18.68%), Zinfandel (12.40%) [17], Cabernet Sauvignon (32.64%) [23; 24], and Syrah (16%) [25]. Petunidin- and delphinidin-3-O-glucose percentages were similar within the same varieties and varied among other varieties. Lasina and Trisnjavac are varieties rich with cyanidin-3-O-glucose and peonidin-3-O-glucoside. Cyanidin-3-O-glucose, as a minor anthocyanin, varies from Svrdlovina (0.00%) to Lasina with 12.99%. It was expected to find low shares of cyanidin-3-O-glucose, since this anthocyanin is a precursor of all others [20; 26].
## 2 Material and Method
### The Measurements  
The measurements were carried out following a grid over an urban plan of the city, in an extension of 1.80 km\({}^{2}\). The measurements were conducted at 78 positions as shown in the map of Figure 3. The measurement set was divided into periods of 3 hours, covering the diurnal period from 07:00 h to 22:00 h. Each location has one measurement in every regular temporal interval. A total of 390 measurements were obtained for performing the statistical analysis. The measurements were taken simultaneously by using a network with 39 RPi nodes measuring during 10 minutes in each time period. These measurements were taken in three weeks. Some of the nodes (27) were located in fixed places. The rest (12 nodes) were used as moving nodes, but immovable while measuring, in order to cover all the measuring network. Figure 3a shows the locations of all the measurement points in the urban area. The fixed nodes are shown in Figure 3b as hollowed squares and the moving nodes as filled squares. These moving nodes have been changed during the three weeks that lasted the experiment in order to record sound levels in all the day-time periods for every measuring location.  
In the measurement places, traffic noise is recognized as one of the major contributors to the environmental noise [28]. Therefore, traffic conditions during the measurement period should be also conveniently reported when conducting the measurements. Information on the number and vehicle types (light/heavy vehicles or motorcycles) was gathered in the measuring nodes, as well as their average speed and the kind of pavement on the road (asphalt, concrete, paving stones or soil). This information has been gathered by configuring RPi camera [29] and storing the video (coded using QCIF resolution and H.263) at the same folder in the Cloud using the same time as the noise measurement in each node for each time period. It is important to note that the physical characteristics of the environment and the presence of animals or people speaking can also influence the noise level. This information is reflected in a set of qualitative or quantitative variables, as summarized in Table 1.
# Adaptive BBU Migration Based on Deep Q-Learning for Cloud Radio Access Network
## 3 Proposed System Model
### Resource Utilization  
Dynamic migration allows VMs to be transferred across physical nodes without downtime. However, this process can degrade the performance of applications running within a VM during migration. Studies referenced in [43] show that application behavior impacts both downtime and performance, with total memory usage of the VM and available network bandwidth influencing migration duration. Resource utilization means CPU utilization which is the average CPU usage of the host by the virtual machines (VMs) in the given set of hosts and memory utilization which is the average memory used of hosts by VMs. According to [44], a single VM migration can lead to performance loss, equating to an additional 10% CPU consumption, which may cause SLA violations.
# Orthogonal Chirp Division Multiplexing for Underwater Acoustic Communication
## 3 System Model  
### Transmission Structure  
This section describes the OCDM transmission system. Information data \(d_{n}\) are first encoded by Forward Error Correcting (FEC) code and then randomly interleaved along the frame and mapped to the QAM constellation. The chosen FEC coder listed above is a 64-state convolutional encoder with polynomial generator \(\left(156,123\right)_{o}\) and rate \(R_{c}=1/2\). These combined coding methods are introduced in order to reach high communication efficiency, good accuracy performance and error correction capability against the UWAC channel.  
The OCDM modulation is performed on a coded data block and then rearranged according to the framing structure described in Figure 2: each frame includes one Pseudo-Noise (PN) preamble sequence to perform frame synchronization and Doppler estimation, one pilot symbol for channel estimation and \(N_{d}\) data blocks. In order to avoid Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI), a Cyclic Prefix (CP) is inserted between adjacent blocks. The CP length \(N_{CP}=NR_{CP}\) is set according to the maximum channel delay time. Power normalization is applied such that the variance of transmitted symbols is unitary, i.e., \(\mathbb{E}[|x_{n}^{k}|^{2}]=1\).
# Acid and Volatiles of Commercially-Available Lambic Beers
## Results and Discussion  
### pH  
All of the lambic beers examined contained relatively high levels of organic acids. The pH values of gueuze, kriek (sour cherries), and framboise (rasperries) were lower than typical American lagers. The pH range previously reported for gueuze lambic beer is 3.20-3.51 [12]. The pH of American lagers tends to range from 3.7 to 4.8 [1]. Gueuze has a lower pH than other beer styles because of the additional microbial activity, resulting in the production of acetic, lactic, and other acids [1]. The presence of acetic or lactic acid bacteria is common and expected in lambic beers; however, in typical beers, these microorganisms are considered spoilage organisms. Lactic acid bacteria produces off-flavors and aromas such as honey or sweet butterscotch provided by the vicinal diketones-2,3-butanedione (diacetyl) and 2,3-pentanedione. Acetic acid bacteria can be hop-insensitive (growth not inhibited by hop antimicrobial components), similar to lactic acid bacteria, and can be responsible for the ropiess of beer [13].  
The pH range observed for the nine commercial beers that we examined ranged from 3.23 to 3.62 (Table 1). Hanssens Artisan and 3-Fonteine had the lowest pH values of 3.23 and 3.24, respectively. These samples also had the highest total acidity (Tables 1 and 3). Hanssens Artisan, which had the lowest pH, also had the highest titratable acidity (TA) at 7.83 g/L, while 3-Fonteine had the second highest TA at 5.71 g/L. A significant difference in pH was found between all of the beers (Table 1).
# The Use of Earth Observation Data for Railway Infrastructure Monitoring--A Review
## 4 Discussion and Outlook
### Current Trends and Challenges in Satellite Data Utilization for Railway Monitoring
Besides the above-described SPATRA project that promotes the novel use of satellite thermal data for railway infrastructure monitoring, the authors are also involved in further ongoing projects that promote the novel use of already-established SAR data. Namely, in the framework of the Horizon-Europe project \"Instantaneous Infrastructure Monitoring byEarth Observation (IIMEO)\" [83], the objective is to design, implement, and demonstrate key technological factors of a future satellite-based Earth Observation (EO) system capable of providing functions necessary for instantaneous monitoring of railway infrastructures in near-real time. The system will implement a tiled acquisition of multitemporal SAR images over a railway infrastructure and perform near-real-time change-obstacle detection at every new acquisition within one hour after the satellite passes over the area by implementation of the change detection algorithm [70], as shown on Figure 7. The tiling procedure presented in the noted paper, as well development of new on-board processing hardware [83], enables near instantaneous obtaining of results, which enables new use cases for EO-based railway infrastructure monitoring. The authors believe that the above-mentioned research and innovation projects SPATRA and IIMEO, as well as other related projects, will contribute to raising awareness of IM and RU for the benefits of using different satellite data for railway infrastructure monitoring so that satellite data will be broadly used by the key stakeholders in the future. In parallel, further development of satellite technologies, as well as AI methods for processing satellite data, will contribute to the further development of different satellite-based services that could contribute to railway transport safety and resilience.
# A New Fault Diagnosis Method for Unbalanced Data Based on 1 DCNN and L2-SVM
## 3 The Proposed Method
### Improvement of Activation Function for Unbalanced Classification Problem  
As shown in Equation (2), the ReLU activation function is essentially an irreversible process because it will directly remove the part whose input is less than 0, whereas the original vibration signal collected by sensors takes 0 as the mean value. When dealing with unbalanced data, ReLU will remove massive data less than 0, resulting in a great reduction in the recognition accuracy of the minority class samples. In addition, it is fragile when training. For example, in the case of a large gradient passing through the parameters updated by ReLU, the neuron will not activate any data, which may cause the gradient to always be 0, meaning that the parameters can no longer be updated. Therefore, to improve this problem, we have tried Sigmoid, ReLU, exponential linear unit (ELU), SELU, Linear, and other activation functions commonly used in CNNs and their combinations. We found that the unbalanced classification problem can be effectively improved if the Linear and SELU functions are used simultaneously. This is done as follows. Firstly, the Linear activation function (Figure 1a) is used in the input layer, which can ensure that all the input minority class samples can enter the model for training so as to avoid a large amount of data being suppressed before extracting features, which will affect its recognition accuracy. Then, the ReLU function of the middle layer is replaced with SELU (Figure 1b). When the input signal is greater than 0, the SELU function has the same curve as ReLU, so it inherits the quick converge property of ReLU. When the input value is less than 0, SELU can fix the fragility of ReLU during the training process. Instead of changing the data x < 0 to 0, we give a small negative slope so that the data with input less than 0 also have a small gradient, which is well applicable to minority class samples under data imbalance.
# Wave Diffraction by Metamaterial-Coated Wedges: The UAPO Solution for Skew Incidence
###### Abstract  
The interaction between an electromagnetic plane wave and a metallic wedge coated with a uniform layer made of a double-negative metamaterial is studied by means of the uniform asymptotic physical optics method in the high-frequency range, e.g., at microwave and optical frequencies. The apex angle of the structure is arbitrarily chosen, and the wave is at a skew incidence with respect to the external edge, which is formed by the metamaterial layers covering the wedge faces. The proposed method is built on the scattering integral involving electric and magnetic surface currents as physical optics equivalent sources, and it takes advantage of analytic evaluations. The last step uses a uniform asymptotic procedure to obtain a closed form expression of the diffracted field to be added to the geometrical optics one for computing the total field at the observation point in the neighboring free space. The study also includes a numerical validation of the method.  
diffraction; wedge; metamaterial +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 2 Methodology
### Data Collection, Labeling, and Preparation
#### 2.1.2 Data Preprocessing and Augmentation  
After the data labeling, data preprocessing was applied to standardize inputs and improve model robustness. Images were resized to 224 \(\times\) 224 pixels and normalized using ImageNet mean and standard deviation (mean = [0.485, 0.456, 0.406], std = [0.229, 0.224, 0.225]) to standardize pixel value distributions. Horizontal Flip (\(p\) = 0.5) and Vertical Flip (\(p\) = 0.3) were applied to imitate varied perspectives. We have also applied Random Brightness and Contrast Adjustments (\(p\) = 0.2) to accommodate for variations in illumination.
# Probiotic Molecules That Inhib Inflammatory Diseases
## 1 Introduction Mod
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Organism** & **Molecule** & **Results** & **Reference** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{_Bacillus subtilis_} & & LTA activates a TLR2-dependent inflammatory response and & [14] \\  & & concomitantly induces activation of MerTK signaling to & \\  & Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) & EPS\({}^{\text{Bg}}\) reduces _Citrobacter roatemin_ infection and generates & [9] \\  & & peritoneal anti-inflammatory macrophages. & [10; 12] \\  & EPS\({}^{\text{Bg}}\) prevents allergic eosinophil. & & [10; 12] \\  & EPS\({}^{\text{Bg}}\) ameliorates GvHD and can generate tolerogenic DCs & & [8] \\  & & _in vitro_. & [7] \\  & & EPS\({}^{\text{Bg}}\) protects against systemic infection of & \\  & & _Staphylococcus aureus_. & [11; 13] \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{_Bacteroides fragilis_} & & Polsaccharide A (PSA) & PSA is protective and therapeutic in murine models of colitis & [15; 16; 17; 18; 19] \\  & & and multiple sclerosis via the induction of IL-10 & \\  & & secreting Tregs. & \\  & & PSA activates colonic DCs and produces IFN-\(\beta\) that enhances & \\  & & resistance to viral infection in murine models. This protection & \\  & & is dependent on TLR4. & \\  & & Glycosphingolipids decrease the number of invariant natural & \\  & Glycosingolipids & killer T cells in the colonic lamina propria leading to & \\  & & improved outcomes in a murine colitis model. & [21; 22] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_Bifidobacterium adolescentis_} & \multirow{2}{*}{EPS\({}^{\text{Ba}}\)} & EPS\({}^{\text{Ba}}\) induces IL-10 production, protects from colitis by & \\  & & activation of DCs and macrophages, and increases the & [23] \\  & & Treg/Th17 cell ratio in mice. & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{_Bifidobacterium breve_} & \multirow{2}{*}{EPS\({}^{\text{Bb}}\)} & EPS\({}^{\text{Bb}}\) reduces _Citrobacter roatemin_ infection in mice. & [24] \\  & & EPS\({}^{\text{Bb}}\) prevents the maturation of DCs and activation of & \\  & UCC2003 & & antigen-specific CD4+ T cells. & \\  & & EPS\({}^{\text{Bb}}\) reduces the rate of small epithelial cell shedding in a & \\  & & mouse model of pathological cell shedding. & [26] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_Bifidobacterium breve_} & \multirow{2}{*}{EPS\({}^{\text{Bb}}\)} & EPS\({}^{\text{Bb}}\) enhances the intestinal barrier integrity to prevent & \\  & & allergen infiltration and food allergy in mice. & [27] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_Bifidobacterium longum_} & \multirow{2}{*}{Serpin} & Serpin inhibits eukaryotic elastase-like serine proteases, & \\  & & which are dysregulated in inflammatory disorders. & [28; 29] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Probiotic bacterial molecules with anti-inflammatory activity.
## 4 Discussion  
Resuming our study hypothesis, that is, that the use of HFNC might play a major role during the rehabilitation of COVID-19 patients, we observed good results and adequate patient compliance with the rehabilitation treatment considering the data that were recorded. Furthermore, we have not observed relapses or exacerbations that have forced the suspension of the rehabilitation process. There were previous systematic reviews with the use of HFNC in respiratory diseases related to pulmonary rehabilitation [24] and the most available evidence was about pulmonary exercise programs or muscle exercise. HFNC, as a new therapeutic manner in COPD patients with high efficiency compared to conventional oxygen therapy and high adherence rate and comfortable experience compared to non-invasive ventilation, emerged as a new method for pulmonary rehabilitation in AHRF due to COVID-19 [25; 26]. In our study we used this treatment, not only to correct the hypoxemia but also during the rehabilitation program to obtain better tolerance to the rehabilitative exercise. In fact, the rehabilitation in COVID-19 patients must be patient-centered and tailored to individual patient needs; any pulmonary rehabilitation programmed should take into account comorbidities that may affect a patient's progress [27; 28].  
Most importantly, HFNC therapy could be used if CPAP is not tolerated, as [PERSON] et al. reported in a recent review that investigated the current treatment of patients with COVID-19 and acute respiratory failure and the best ventilation strategies [29].  
The rehabilitation outcomes expressed by the results of physiotherapy tests, such as the number of rises from the chair and the SPPB test scores measured at T2, were very satisfactory and showed a clear improvement in physical performance between T1 and T2 evaluation times. In support of the improving trend, it should be noted that in the face of better performance, there is a reduction in the subjective perception of respiratory fatigue linked to physical exercise, lower heart rate values, and higher O2 saturation values at the end of the effort, indicating greater tolerance to the same. The support of the HFNC during rehabilitation proved to be extremely useful in the control and reduction of dyspnea symptoms, positively influencing the tolerance of patients toward physical exercise with a consequent improvement in their adherence to rehabilitation allowing a more rapid recovery of walking and an increase in the intensity of the better tolerated rehabilitation exercise.  
In particular, exercise has been demonstrated to confer protection against functional deterioration in institutionalized older adults during COVID-19 lockdown/confinement situations [30; 31].  
It should be noted that the limitation of this study is the small number of patients considered and the absence of a control group (CG). At the same time, it should be noted that it is of interest in the field of outcomes and compliance with the rehabilitation pathway, in order to consider it as a starting point for further randomized control study.