esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Discussion  
From the experiment conducted in this study on the combined recognition of concrete structure cracks based on the region growth algorithm, several key learnings can be derived.  
The experiment demonstrates the effectiveness of combining the region growth algorithm with machine learning regression for crack detection in concrete structures. The results show a significant improvement in accuracy compared to traditional methods. The experiment also highlights the tradeoff between accuracy and efficiency in crack detection. While the combined method may have a slightly lower accuracy compared to deep learning methods, it offers higher efficiency and lower resource consumption.  
In addition, the experiment showcases the importance of image preprocessing techniques such as equalization, central pixel averaging, and median filtering in enhancing the quality of input images for crack detection. The experiment underscores the significance of regression analysis in learning image features and determining the region growth threshold for crack recognition, leading to improved accuracy in detecting cracks.  
The experiment provides insights into the computational costs associated with the combined method, demonstrating that it offers a more resource-efficient solution compared to deep learning methods like U-Net. The experiment validates the applicability of the combined method in practical scenarios that require the efficient and accurate detection of concrete structure cracks, showcasing its potential for cost-saving benefits and reduced human error in maintenance processes.
## 6 Experimental Results
### Knowledge Exploration and Visualization
A different scenario is instead obtained with the IDF, where there is an asymmetrical bell distribution in which the average values are in the range [2,5] (Kurtosis index \(>\) 0 and standard deviation 12.7). Moreover, in this case, the maximum value of the distribution is 8, while in the LogTF-Entropy case, it is 1161. For the probabilistic approach, the IDF weight scheme better differentiates the weights within the corpus, and for this reason, it is able to produce a more performant probabilistic model. Figure 4 shows that when providing relevance to words in all datasets, the entropy global weight performs incorrectly. This figure shows, for the LDA models, the probability distribution that each document in the D1 corpus has of belonging to the K selected topics. K is equal to six for TF-IDF (on the left), and is equal to seven for LogTF-Entropy (on the right). For TF-IDF, we used the second-best solution, due to the limited number of clusters. Analyzing the found results in more detail, we can see that the IDF-weighted documents are more uniformly distributed among the various topics. On the other hand, as far as the entropy weight is concerned, about 90% of the documents are assigned to the same cluster (topic), and this is the consequence of the fact that the entropy weight fails to isolate the most-significant terms within the collection of documents. Figure 3: Correlation matrix maps for dataset D1 for analyzing the weighting impact (**left**) and the best partitions (**right**). We can conclude that some weighting strategies are useful for a particular analysis with respect to the others. As a matter of fact, from the analysis of the histograms, and also from the results analyzed previously, we can assess that the IDF weight scheme performs the function of differentiating weights within the corpus better. When we are in the situation where unbalanced clusters are present, the usual evaluation metrics are not sufficient to guarantee good performance. A high silhouette index does not guarantee a good quality of the obtained clusters, because it is as if 90% of the documents were all classified with the same label, generating many false negatives. To overcome this situation, if the class label is available, we can use indices such as precision and recall to attempt to identify incorrect assignments. Otherwise, if we do not have labels, methods that consider semantics must be presented. On the other hand, the joint-approach leads to better results from the point of view of the partitions. In fact, the weights, in this case, analyze the same dataset at different levels of detail, without creating unbalanced clusters. In fact, the K-means algorithm benefits from the previous LSA reduction, and in this way, its performances are far superior.
# Empirical Performance Models of MAC Protocols for Cooperative Platooning Applications
###### Abstract  
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANET) enable vehicles to exchange information on traffic conditions, dynamic status and localization, to enhance road safety and transportation efficiency. A typical VANET application is platooning, which can take advantage of exchanging information on speed, heading and position to allow shorter inter-vehicle distances without compromising safety. However, the platooning performance depends drastically on the quality of the communication channel, which in turn is highly influenced by the medium access control protocol (MAC). Currently, VANETs use the IEEE 802.11p MAC, which follows a carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) policy that is prone to collisions and degrades significantly with network load. This has led to recent proposals for a time-division multiple access (TDMA)-based MAC that synchronize vehicles' beacons to prevent or reduce collisions. In this paper, we take CSMA/CA and two TDMA-based overlay protocols, i.e., deployed over CSMA/CA, namely PLEXE-slotted and RA-TDMAp, and carry out extensive simulations with varying platoon sizes, number of occupied lanes and transmit power to deduce empirical models that provide estimates of average number of collisions per second and average busy time ratio. In particular, we show that these estimates can be obtained from observing the number of radio-frequency (RF) neighbours, i.e., number of distinct sources of the packets received by each vehicle per time unit. These estimates can enhance the online adaptation of distributed applications, particularly platooning control, to varying conditions of the communication channel.  
Keywords:VANETs; IEEE 802.11p MAC; overlay TDMA; empirical models +
Footnote †: journal: Electronics Electronics
# A New Rotor Position Measurement Method for Permanent Magnet Spherical Motors
## 4 Experimental Results
### Comparison of Different Rotor Position Measurement Methods  
To date, four types of sensors have been widely used for the RPM including MEMS, photoelectric sensor, Hall-effect sensor, and high-speed camera The experimental results obtained by the MEMS were set as the reference values because the MEMS has been found to have the highest accuracy among four of them. The experimental results obtained by the other three methods were compared with those by the MEMS. Table 4 shows their differences. It can be seen that the high-speed camera based RPM has shown higher accuracy than the other two methods.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Self-Healing of Surface Cracks  
Self-healing cement-based materials have been developed to automatically heal cracks as they occur. The purpose of this section aims to provide convincing evidence for the self-healing ability of cement-based materials containing microcapsules. The crack widths of the mortar before and after self-healing were measured. From Figure 13a,b, the surface crack of CCM0 with an initial width of 0.12 mm did not change its width after 3 days, indicating that the intrinsic self-healing ability of the cement-based material was unable to heal its surface crack. On the contrary, surface cracks of CCM1 and CCM2 with initial widths of 0.26 mm and 0.35 mm could completely self-heal after 3 days, as obtained from Figure 13d,f. This indicates that microcapsules can effectively self-heal the cracks in the mortar. After 3 days, the self-healing width of CCM2 is wider than that of CCM1 after 3 days. This is due to the higher compactness and initial core content of WM2 than WM1, which leads to a wider crack self-healing width of CCM2. Meanwhile, WM2 has good micromechanical properties, which avoids the risk of fracture during the mortar mixing and prevents the loss of E-44 epoxy resin, which also facilitates the healing of wider cracks.  
Figure 12: Chloride ion diffusion coefficient recovery rates of mortars.
## 3 Results
### Round 3 Training and Testing (Model Refinement by Adding 50% Outliers)  
Further adding outliers (an additional 25%, or 62 images) to the Round-2 training dataset further improved the model performance on Level 3 testing. In comparison to Round 2, the accuracy increased from 71% to 83% and the sensitivity from 67% to 86% on average for all models considered, as listed in Table 4 and Figure 3a. The other three metrics also improved, with the AUC increasing from 90% to 96%, specificity from 74% to 81%, and precision from 66% to 77% on average (Table 4 and Figure 3a). This indicates that there was still room for model improvement after the addition of 164 images to the Base training dataset. By comparison, the model performance remained relatively unchanged at Level 1 and Level 2, partially because of the small proportion of images added to the Base training dataset. Insignificant changes between Round 2 and Round 3 were also observed at Level 4 (Figure 3b), due to the weak correlation between the Outliers and Level 4 dataset.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Network** & **Round 2 (\%)** & **Level 1** & **Level 2** & **Level 3** & **Level 4** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{AlexNet} & Accuracy & 98.15 & 98.28 & 71.90 & 80.55 \\  & AUC & 99.87 & 99.94 & 91.72 & 99.26 \\  & Specificity & 97.05 & 96.70 & 75.54 & 98.19 \\  & Sensitivity & 98.68 & 99.19 & 66.99 & 43.16 \\  & Precision & 98.58 & 98.12 & 66.99 & 91.82 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{ResNet-50} & Accuracy & 99.54 & 98.45 & 77.69 & 86.71 \\  & AUC & 99.89 & 99.96 & 92.93 & 99.91 \\  & Specificity & 99.00 & 97.17 & 81.29 & 97.18 \\  & Sensitivity & 99.80 & 99.19 & 72.82 & 64.53 \\  & Precision & 99.51 & 98.39 & 74.26 & 91.52 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{MobileNet} & Accuracy & 98.76 & 98.80 & 71.07 & 83.84 \\  & AUC & 99.88 & 99.99 & 91.91 & 98.90 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Specificity & 98.11 & 98.11 & 75.54 & 96.98 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Sensitivity & 99.08 & 99.19 & 65.05 & 55.98 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Precision & 99.08 & 98.92 & 66.34 & 89.73 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{VGG-19} & Accuracy & 98.62 & 94.66 & 62.40 & 82.19 \\ \cline{1-1}  & AUC & 99.92 & 99.42 & 83.22 & 98.73 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Specificity & 98.31 & 91.51 & 61.87 & 94.15 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Sensitivity & 98.77 & 96.48 & 63.11 & 56.84 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Precision & 99.16 & 95.19 & 55.08 & 82.10 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Round 2 performance comparison among models (AlexNet, ResNet-50, MobileNet, and VGG-19) that were trained on Base and tested on samples with varying similarities (Level 1–4) for three-class classifications (normal, COVID-19, pneumonia).
# A Novel Energy Optimization Control Strategy for Electric Drive System Based on Current Angle
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, the model of PMSM electric drive system considering the copper loss, iron loss, and inverter loss was established. The effectiveness of a special control variable current angle \(\beta\) on EDS efficiency optimization was studied and verified and its general influence law on EDS efficiency was studied. On this basis, GSS was used to reduce the calculation of the optimal \(\beta\) and a novel energy optimization control strategy based on current angle \(\beta\) was proposed, which control current angle \(\beta\) and stator current \(i_{s}\) according to the operating speed and the load conditions to improve the EDS efficiency at the whole operation condition. The following two points should be noted:  
1. Optimizing \(\beta\) helps to improve EDS efficiency. The general influence law of \(\beta\) on EDS efficiency is that change of \(\beta\) has a great influence on the EDS efficiency under the working condition before the base speed, but less influence on the EDS efficiency in the flux weakening region. Furthermore, the optimal \(\beta\) of PMSM in this paper decreases with the increase of motor speed while increases with the increase of motor torque.
2. Compared with the traditional control strategy, the steady state simulation results showed that the proposed control strategy can improve the efficiency of EDS in the whole working area. The EDS efficiency increased 0.6% at 1000 rpm/60 Nm, 5.9% at 5000 rpm/40 Nm, and 6.5% at 6000 rpm/40 Nm. The transient simulation results of periodic acceleration (2000 rpm to 6000 rpm) and variable load (60 Nm to 40 Nm) showed that the proposed control strategy can not only achieve stable operation and fast response of EDS, but also ensure that the EDS efficiency in the transient process is always higher than that the traditional control.  
Conceptualization: [PERSON]; data curation: [PERSON] and Y.G.; funding acquisition: [PERSON] and T.P.; investigation: [PERSON]; methodology: [PERSON] and Y.Y.; project administration: [PERSON]; software: [PERSON]; validation: [PERSON]; visualization: [PERSON]; writing--original draft: [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Key Technological Innovation Research and Development Project of Chongqing under Grant No. cstc2018 jszx-cytzx0047 and the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant No. 2018 YFB0106100.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Parallelization of the Bison Algorithm Applied to Data Classification
## 4 Experimental Setup
### Dataset Description
#### 4.1.1 Data Cleaning  
Initially, any row with a missing value was removed from the dataset. This step was crucial to prevent the introduction of biases and inaccuracies that can arise from imputing or otherwise handling missing data improperly. The resulting dataset was free of any missing values, ensuring a clean baseline for further processing.
# _Saccharomyces cerevisiae_'s Response to Dysprosium Exposure
## 1 Introduction  
The lanthanides consist of 15 elements: lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holimium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium. They are highly valued materials used in various extensively used technologies, such as electric cars, crystal displays, mobile phones, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) apparatus. Their importance is growing due to their role in meeting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly in the development of new technologies and green energies [1]. Thus, the biosorption of lanthanides from discarded technology or lanthanide-containing wastewater is a highly efficient, cost-effective, and versatile process that does not involve hazardous chemicals such as organic-inorganic pollutants, toxic metals, or metalloids [1]. To understand the physiological effects of REEs on the available biosorption systems for recovering REEs, we isolated yeast strains that absorb dysprosium (Dy) [1]. Dy is one of the REEs utilized alongside neodymium in various highly magnetic devices, including electric automobiles and magnetic resonance imaging analyzers, owing to its powerful magnetic and superconductive properties [1]. Our isolated yeast strains absorbed more Dy than the typical yeast _Saccharomyces cerevisiae_; however, this strain was identified as an unpopular yeast species, _Schizoblastosporion_ sp. [1].  
To develop yeast strains for Dy biosorption, the biological processes responsible for yeasts' Dy-absorbing abilities need to be elucidated. Because _S. cerevisiae_ is well known for its physiological reactions, metabolic pathways, genetic properties, and ability to absorb Dy [1], we used _S. cerevisiae_ to elucidate Dy absorption in yeast cells. Lanthanide toxicity has been reported in _S. cerevisiae_[2]; however, the cellular absorption of lanthanides has not yet been analyzed. The effects of lanthanide absorption in yeast cells are of significant interest and importance. We examined the cellular characteristics and the change in mRNA levels under metal-absorbing conditions using Dy in _S. cerevisiae_. The mRNA level measurement assay used in the current study was derived from the mRNA analysis performed in the absorption of zinc particles by tobacco plants [3]. In this study, we revealed dual physiological responses and major changes in the transcriptional activity of _S. cerevisiae_ under Dy-absorbing culture conditions. It is recognized that four genes, _NCWI_ (encoding a GPI-anchored protein involved in cell wall remodeling [4,5]); _PIRI_ (encoding an \(O\)-glycosated protein required for cell wall stability [6,7]); _CRH1_ (encoding a chitin transferase [8]); and _OLE1_ (encoding a D9 fatty acid desaturase [1,2]), were upregulated, and one gene, _ATP14_ (encoding subunit h in mitochondrial Fo-F1 ATPase [9]), was downregulated.
Consequently, dual-band or multi-band power amplifiers employing switching capacitors or varactors [17; 18; 19; 20] are more effectively suited for reconfigurable transmitters. However, the output power of current dual- or multi-band power amplifiers are not sufficiently high for certain WLAN applications (typically below 26 dBm). To address this issue, this paper aims to design a fully integrated dual-band power amplifier with improved output power. Additionally, existing dual- and multi-band power amplifier design methodologies struggle to meet high power output requirements. This paper proposes a new design methodology focused on optimizing the insertion loss of the matching network to achieve dual-band matching. This proposed methodology is highly universal and easily replicable. Based on the proposed design methodology, this paper develops a low-loss matching network, enabling the power amplifier to achieve sufficiently high output power. On the other hand, while some optimization methods for improving power amplifier linearity have been proposed [21; 22; 23], existing dual- or multi-band power amplifiers lack specific explanations and optimizations for linearity. This paper analyzes the causes of nonlinearity in power amplifiers and employs multi-gate transistor (MGTR) [24] technology to enhance linearity, enabling the power amplifier to achieve high linear output power. The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 first introduces the topology of reconfigurable dual-band output matching network and then proposes a design methodology for the dual-band matching network based on passive insertion loss at both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. Finally, a reconfigurable transformer is thoroughly studied and subsequently employed in the proposed dual-band input matching network to achieve a low reflection coefficient across both bands. Section 3 describes the detailed circuit implementations. Section 4 presents the simulation results of the proposed CMOS PA. Section 5 discusses the research direction of CMOS PAs for WLAN applications, and Section 6 concludes this article.
# Can Blockchain Strengthen the Energy Internet?
## 6 Advanced Big Data Management
### Role of Blockchain  
Communication technologies are progressing towards delivering an efficient, ultra-reliable, low-latency service to the consumer through 5G, thereby facilitating the data aggregation process. Further, 6G network operation enables delegation of the computational capabilities for the processing of information to multiple edge devices [20; 29]. Blockchain will be an integral part of both of these scenarios and its integration would enable secure data, control signal transmission and trust establishment for distributed processing using edge computing respectively [69].  
Data aggregation further involves secure data storage on cloud-based platforms, in which blockchain would ensure cyber-security, information security and network security, preventing malicious attacks that could modify data. The hash function incorporated in blockchain ensures the integrity of the stored data. Moreover, privacy could be enacted, gaining control over the information through the deployment of smart contracts for data sharing while maintaining anonymity [70; 71].  
Predictive analysis upon the aggregated data will be facilitated through AI and ML, in which blockchains could contribute as a trusted mediator. This would ensure the integrity of the data incorporated and the algorithms compiled [16] while deploying autonomous operations through smart contracts.  
Blockchain alone, however, cannot facilitate scalable platforms for big data management. This demands alternative distributed storage platforms supported by the blockchain from the back end, which include utilization of off-chain storage and Inter-Planetary File System (IPFS).
# Recent Advances in Sample Preparation for Cosmetics and Personal Care Products Analysis
## 2 Sample Preparation Strategies for Cosmetics Analysis
### Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion (MSPD)
The substitution of the classical plastic MSPD cartridges for glass material is a very suitable and low-cost option for the determination of ubiquitous compounds such as plasticizers, also reducing possible interference during sample preparation [65; 73; 74]. Other advantages of the \(\mu\)-MSPD in comparison with classical MSPD is the reduction in the sample amount, reagents, and organic solvents consumption. In most cases, satisfactory results were achieved employing only between 0.05 and 0.1 g of sample [65; 67; 68; 69; 70; 74] and Florisil(r) [65; 67; 70; 72; 73; 74] as the dispersant agent, although the use of other dispersants such as C18 [66] or sand [68] has been reported. Recently, the use of monodisperse molecularly imprinted microspheres (MMIMs) has been successfully proposed to extract glucocorticoids, banned compounds, from cosmetics [75]. The combination of MMIM-MSPD achieved satisfactory recoveries (approximately 90%) and precision (RSD values lower than 6%). Regarding the elution solvent, ethyl acetate showed the highest extraction efficiency for most of the target compounds before GC analysis [65; 69; 70; 73; 74], whereas MeOH was the preferred elution solvent for \(\mu\)-MSPD extractions before LC analysis [66; 67; 68]. The use of green solvents such as supramolecular solvents (SUPRASs) has also recently been reported to extract parabens from cosmetics [71], constituting an environmentally friendly alternative to classical organic solvents. Figure 2: General \(\mu\)-MSPD procedure employing a glass Pasteur pipette substituting classical cartridges.