## 3 Results
### Effects of Probiotics on the Intestinal Microbiome, Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
The participants were asked to continue their habitual physical activity and usual diets and to mention eventual side effects. At the beginning of the study and after 12 weeks of treatment, the anthropometric parameters were measured, and all laboratory tests were performed for each group. After 12 weeks of supplementation in both groups of probiotics, valuable modifications were found in the estimated parameters, but not in the placebo group. High-dose probiotic supplementation for 12 weeks reduced LPS, waist circumference, fat mass, subcutaneous fat, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), LDL, and glucose. The enrichment with low-dose probiotics altered the following parameters: waist circumference, fat mass, fat percentage, visceral fat, subcutaneous fat, TC, and LDL. The study concluded that probiotic supplementation ameliorated the intestinal barrier, prevented the translocation of LPS into the circulation, and led to a reduction in inflammation [36]. Table 2 summarizes the actions of probiotics, in relation to the recent studies described previously. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{|p{113.8 pt}|p{56.9 pt}|p{56.9 pt}|p{56.9 pt}|p{56.9 pt}|p{56.9 pt}|} \hline
**Study Type** & **Study Sample/Duration** & **Participants** & **Protocol** & **Summary of Results** & **Study Reference** \\ \hline Prospective interventional study & 45 obese patients/1 month & 42 women, 3 men/33–63 y. & Allocation of patients into three groups: low-calorie diet alone, prebiotic (2 carob beans/day about 30 g), & Prebiotic and & [31] \\  & & & 3 men/33–63 y. & three groups: low-calorie diet alone, prebiotic (2 carob beans/day about 30 g), & significantly \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\ \hline Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel pilot study & 40 patients/3 weeks & 30–69 years/with MetS, obesity, and arterial hypertornia (>130/85 mm Hg) & 25 subjects consumed 50 g/day of probiotic cheese without & Hyposolaric diet with the addition of 50 g of a probiotic cheese reduced & [32] \\  & & & & 50 g/day of probiotic cheese and 15 consumed & 50 g of a probiotic cheese reduced \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\ \hline A randomized trial. Met5/45 days & 18–60 years & Control group or untreated patients (n25) and a probiotic group (n26). The probi groups were required to consume 80 mL of robotic milk containing, 3.4 × 10\({}^{\text{th}}\) CPU/mL of B. _animals_ ssp. lactis ssp. & [33] \\ \hline A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial & 44 patients/8 weeks & 22 men and 22 women with MetS, 20 to 65 years old. & Participants were randomly divided into two groups, a treatment or control group and consumed 300 g/d of probiotic yogurt & [34] \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\ \hline A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, placebo-controlled, double-blind & 71 participants/12-week & 71 obese postmenopausal & Division into three groups that received a placebo (i.e., maize starch and maltodext), a low-dose (\(2.5\times 10^{8}\) & [36] \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & \\  & & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Summary results of probiotic effects on obesity and MetS.