# Effects of Surgically Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion on Facial Soft Tissues: A Systematic Review
## 3 Results
### Study Characteristics
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**Study** & **Outcomes** & **Outcome Measures** & **Time of Measuring** & **Main Findings** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al., 2002 & Nasolabial measurements on all 3 planes of space & Various lateral vertical or sagittal cephalometric measurements, clinical measurements (caliper): & T0: immediately preoperative T1: minimum 6 months postoperatively & 1. SAAPE tends to position the upper lip posteriorly, without important vertical alterations. 2. The V-Y suture seems to minimize this effect. 3. Absence of alar base suture widens the nasal base, regardless of the type of suture applied over the mucosa. \\ \hline  & & T0: before any treatment was rendered T1: bonding; immediately after the appliance was bonded and before any expansion & 1. Soft tissue nasal width increased by 2.0 mm during treatment. Both the orthopedic and surgical groups maintained this increase \\ [PERSON] et al., 1999 [22] & Vertical and transverse facial soft tissue measurements & All measurements made on calibrated photographs surgical expansion & T2: end of expansion; on the day of completion of orthopedic or surgical expansion & 2. Overall face height, intercanthal distance, average eye width, and nose length did not change over time. \\ [PERSON] et al., 1999 [22] & Vertical and transverse facial soft tissue measurements & All measurements made on calibrated photographs surgical expansion & T0: 1 week before surgery T1: at the end of the active orthodontic treatment phase (on average, 18 months postoperatively) & 1. Significant widening and overall anterior and inferior displacement of all nasomaxillary soft tissues. 2. Various displacements that rounded the shape of the nose in the frontal view. 3. Significant widening of the nostrils and an increase in nostrils area. \\ \[PERSON] et al., 2013 [24] & Nasolabial measurements on all 3 planes of space & Measurements from various nasolabial landmarks on CBCT & T0: before treatment T1: after the 1 st and before the 2 nd surgical procedure (22 \(\pm\) 7 months after T0) & 1. SAME with tooth-borne or bone-borne expansion appliances induced comparable orofacial soft tissue changes. \\ \hline [PERSON] et al., 2013 [18] & 3D evaluation of maxillary soft tissue measurements & Measurements from various nasolabial landmarks on CBCT & T0: before treatment T1: after the 1 st and before the 2 nd surgical procedure (22 \(\pm\) 7 months after T0) & 1. SAME with tooth-borne or bone-borne expansion appliances induced comparable orofacial soft tissue changes. \\ \hline [PERSON] et al., 2013 [18] & 3D evaluation of maxillary soft tissue measurements & Measurements from various nasolabial landmarks on CBCT & T0: before treatment T1: after the 1 st and before the 2 nd surgical procedure (22 \(\pm\) 6.6 months after T0) & No statistically significant differences. \\ \hline [PERSON] et al., 2013 [17] & Sagittal and vertical labial measurements & Measurement on lateral cephalometric radiographs and clinically via a caliper & T0: preoperative T1: 6 months postoperatively & 1. Upper lip shortening. 2. Thinning of the upper portion. \\ \hline  & & Measurements from various anatomical landmarks (cephalometric points) & T0: preoperative T1: postoperative & 1. Increase in the paranasal and cheek areas. 2. Increased nasal width. 3. Decreased upper-face height with an unchanged lower height. 4. Increased vertical 4. Increased vertical 5. Invested nasolabial angle. 6. Increase in the facial profile angle, resulting in an increased displacement of the upper-lip area. \\ [PERSON] et al., 2022 [28] & 3D evaluation of maxillary soft tissue measurements & Measurement from various anatomical landmarks (cephalometric points) and regional best-fit and method (forehead, supraorbital, and nasal root regions were selected for the superimposition) from 3D scans & 1. Increase in the paranasal and cheek areas. 2. Increased nasal width. 3. Decreased upper-face height with an unchanged lower height. 4. Increased vertical 4. Increased vertical 5. Invested nasolabial angle. 6. Increase in the facial profile angle, resulting in an increased displacement of the upper-lip area. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
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