## 1 Introduction  
With the passage of time, the demand for high-rise buildings is continuously increasing, which has led to a rise in accident and fatality rates [1]. In many countries, the construction of high-rise buildings is well known for being high risk due to accidents [2, 3]. Accidents not only result in project delays and permanent disability [4] but also have huge personal, social, and financial costs [5, 6]. Accident and fatality rates are still higher compared to other industries [7, 8]. In Europe, approximately, 20% of accidents happen in the construction sector [9]. Similarly, in Malaysia, the Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) stated that in 2019, 7984 accident cases were recorded, which is the highest number of accident cases as compared to previous years. Numerous practices have been implemented in the construction industry over the past few decades to reduce the high number of incidents and injuries in the workplace, but safety remains a key concern [7]. Modern construction always adopts advanced digital technologies, and one technology is building information modelling (BIM) [10]. BIM serves as a digital information management system that is one of the most informative technologies in the construction industry [11]. With the utilization of BIM, construction projects are able to manage and produce data-rich models that help in shifting the trend from vision towards realization [12]. Furthermore, BIM has the potential to integrate data from different capturing technologies like photogrammetry, global positioning system (GPS), geographic information system (GIS), radio frequency identification (RFID), augmented reality (AR), and virtual reality (VR), laser scanning, and quick response (QR) coding to produce a variety of comprehensive data and information about a project, particularly for improving the construction site safety [13; 14]. By using modeling software, architects and engineers can construct n-D models that not only have parametric and object-oriented features, but that also provide the information necessary for current and prospective construction [15]. From the perspective of high-rise buildings, BIM has been integrated with a safety-rule checking platform, which shows the potential of using digital building models in construction [16]. In addition, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can enable safety managers to minimize the time needed to visit construction sites and strengthen the identification and inspection of risks in high-rise buildings [17]. The potential uses of digital technologies can significantly improve the safety practices in high-rise buildings. With the support of digital technologies, construction information can be exchanged between workers and management staff in order to collaborate in an effective way [18]. In the U.S., the _National Fire Protection Association_ regarded high-rise buildings as being higher than 75 feet (23 m) or about 7 stories [19]. A high-rise building is generally defined as one that extends higher than the greatest reach of existing fire-fighting equipment. In absolute terms, this has been placed at various heights ranging from 75 (23 m) to 100 feet (30 m), or around 7 to 10 stories (depending on the slab-to-slab distance between floors) [20]. Related studies have shown that BIM has been integrated with other emerging technologies to effectively control the evacuation regulation of BIM data in high-rise buildings [21; 22]. In addition, the BIM-based intelligent fire prevention and disaster relief system has been proposed to incorporate personal location information on evacuation/rescue route optimization with Bluetooth-based technology and a mobile guidance device to build a smart two-way fire disaster prevention system that displays real-time and interactive fire information in three dimensions (3-D) [23].