esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Bearing Capacity of Ring Foundations on Sand Overlying Clay
###### Abstract  
The vertical bearing capacity of rough ring foundations resting on a sand layer overlying clay soil is computed in this study by using finite element limit analysis (FELA). The sands and clays are assumed as elastoplastic models, obeying Mohr-Coulomb and Tresca failure criteria, respectively. Based on the FELA results, design charts are provided for evaluating the ultimate bearing capacity of ring foundations, which is related to the undrained shear strength of the clay, the thickness, the internal friction angle, the unit weight of the sand layer, and the ratio of the internal radius to the external radius of the footing. A certain thickness, beyond which the clay layer has a negligible effect on the bearing capacity, is determined. The collapse mechanisms are also examined and discussed.  
ring foundation; bearing capacity; sand overlying clay; finite element; limit analysis +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 1 Introduction
### Population  
Within the European RESCUER project, a series of pilots were conducted to perform progressive integration tests in the three characteristic rescue scenarios outlined in the project: earthquakes, mountain rescue, and tunnel rescue. At the end of February, in Navacerrada, a pilot was carried out to test the integration and functionality of the different technological modules developed in the mountain rescue scenario. Various First Responder profiles detailed in Section 2.2 attended this event to participate and provide feedback on the technology under development. The smart helmet, which featured a monocle displaying simulated information from biological and contextual sensors, was tested during a simulated rescue scenario in the dark. The test was conducted in an enclosed space with low levels of artificial and natural light and a controlled amount of smoke. First Responders were tasked with locating victims using the information provided by the smart helmet. This scenario focused on creating realistic low-visibility conditions rather than stimulating actual human stress responses. Upon completing the tests, participants filled out a questionnaire as depicted in Figure A1 for three distinct operation modes: SURVIVAL, SEARCH, and COMPLETE, as detailed in Section 2.2.  
The survey was completed by 33 different FRs from the institutions ARC, ENOSP, FEM, GERA, ISEMI, SDIS, SUMMA 112, and UME. A description of the institution acronyms, as well as the number of participants for each institution, is summarized in Appendix A in Table A1.
# Hierarchical Model Updating Method for Vector Electric-Propulsion Satellites
## 2 Problem Formulation  
The satellite simulation model can be expressed as follows:  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}\dot{\mathbf{x}}=\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x},t)\\ \mathbf{y}=\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x},t)\\ \mathbf{x}(t_{0})=\mathbf{x}_{0}\end{array}\right. \tag{1}\]  
where \(\mathbf{x}\in\mathbb{R}^{n}\) is the vector of state variables, and \(\mathbf{y}\in\mathbb{R}^{m}\) is the vector of telemetry variables, which both change over time \(\mathbf{t}\); \(\mathbf{f}(\cdot)\) are the state equations, and \(\mathbf{g}(\cdot)\) are measurement equations, the details of which are described in Sections 2.1 and 2.2; and \(\mathbf{x}_{0}\) is the initial value of state variables.  
In the given period \(t\in\left[t_{0},t_{f}\right]\), the telemetry values are known as \(y_{j}^{tele}=\left[y_{j}^{tele}(t_{0}),y_{j}^{tele}(t_{1}),\cdots,y_{j}^{tele} \big{(}t_{f}\big{)}\right]\), \(j=1\cdots m\), and the model simulation values are known as \(y_{j}^{sim}=\left[y_{j}^{sim}(t_{0}),y_{j}^{sim}(t_{1}),\cdots,y_{j}^{sim} \big{(}t_{f}\big{)}\right]\), \(j=1\cdots m\). The telemetry value and simulation value at each moment are normalized by  
\[\bar{y}_{j}^{tele}(t)=\frac{y_{j}^{tele}(t)-y_{j,\min}}{y_{j,\max}-y_{j,\min}} \tag{2}\]  
\[\bar{y}_{j}^{sim}(t)=\frac{y_{j}^{sim}(t)-y_{j,\min}}{y_{j,\max}-y_{j,\min}} \tag{3}\]  
where \(y_{j,\min}\) and \(y_{j,\max}\) are the minimum and maximum of \(y_{j}\), respectively.  
The goal of model updating is to minimize the MSE between the normalized simulation values and the normalized telemetry values by adjusting the initial value, \(x_{0}\); that is,  
\[\min_{x_{0}}mse_{total}=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{j=1}^{m}\sum_{i=0}^{f}\left[\bar{y}_{ j}^{sim}(t_{i})-\bar{y}_{j}^{tele}(t_{i})\right]^{2} \tag{4}\]
## 4 Methodological Conception and Execution
### Data and Computation Propagation  
In each of the institutions, the model is trained with data from the patients of the respective institution. The local model parameters are then adjusted by means of the optimization function and sent to the regional hub. Only the gradients of the model are shared, while the actual patient data is not exchanged between the two models. This is good for patient privacy as it ensures that patients' data does not go outside the institution's firewall. This means that the regional hub collects the updates from the various institutions and transmits the general result back to the central server. These regional updates at the central server are then accumulated in order to form the global model. The global model is then sent back to all the participating institutions in the next iteration and fine-tuned with local data. This process goes on until the model becomes stabilized, or in other words, the model converges.
## 2 Methodology  
### Test Setup  
Testing was conducted within an acoustic chamber in Cardiff University School of Engineering. The test setup changed based on which part of the unit was being monitored, however, the majority of testing was conducted at the rear of the unit, i.e., the passengers' position inside the car, this setup is shown in Figure 1. The HVAC unit was mounted on a study table to make it to the height of the microphones, it was restrained using clamps and acoustically decoupled as best as possible using foam. For this testing, a gfa tech Fibonacci96 AC Pro acoustic camera was used. This consisted of 96 Electret condenser capsule microphones with a flat frequency response (<3 dB) between 20 Hz and 20 kHz. These microphones were arranged in a Fibonacci array which enables beamforming to locate acoustic sources to a high level of accuracy. For this testing the camera was positioned 1 m from the unit.  
Figure 1: Experimental Setup.  
To reduce noise within the acoustic chamber, the 30-amp power generator for the HVAC unit was removed from the room. This was because its cooling fan was deemed by the testing engineers to be producing significant noise. It was not possible to also remove the laptop due to the cable length. However, the noise produced by this was deemed to be insignificant by the testing engineers. All data were recorded with the chamber door shut, and no one in the room. A variety of configurations were tested, influenced by four factors which were changed throughout testing. Firstly, the orientation of the unit relative to the acoustic camera. In Figure 1, the rear of the unit faces the camera, this was the setup tested the most however the front, side and top were also tested. Another change made was which vents were open, the options for this were face, feet, diffuser and defrost. Testing was performed for each vent on its own and combinations of vents. The level of inlet recirculation was also modified; this was either set to half or full. Finally, for each test configuration, a range of inlet fan speeds (RPM) was tested. For most testing, this was between 1000 and 4000 at 500 RPM increments. In total, 91 tests were conducted. The sample rate of the 96 microphones within the acoustic camera array was set to 96 kHz; this ensured the ability to record frequencies well above the audible range, without recording excessive quantities of data. For each test, three seconds of data were recorded once the HVAC system had reached steady state.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Food Values  
Table 4 shows the descriptive statistics of the food values used in our survey. Since the evaluation scale was between 1 and 5, it can be noted that, for some food values, such as healthiness, naturalness and environmental impact, the mean score is higher than the average value of the used scale (i.e., 2.5) both in the \"informed and \"non-informed\" groups. Regardless of the level of information provided to participants, these results show positive consumers' perceptions for these food values associated with  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Images** & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline F1 & & 3.21  & 41  & 60  & 0  & 0  & - & 2 & - & - & - \\ F2 & & 3.20  & 35  & 64  & 2  & - & 1 & 3 & - & - & - \\ F3 & & 3.96  & 46  & 45  & 12  & - & 2 & - & - & - & - \\ F4 & & 4.62  & 64  & 2  & - & 3 & - & - & - & - \\ \hline F1 & & 3.02  & 36  & 66  & 6  & 0  & - & - & - & 2 & 1 & - \\ F2 & & 2.66  & 32  & 71  & 0  & - & - & - & - & 1 \\ F3 & & 3.57  & 51  & 48  & 2  & 1 & 2 & - & 1 & - & - \\ F4 & & 4.09  & 62  & 33  & 8  & - & 2 & - & - & - & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Different letters in the same column indicate significant differences for \(p\leq 0.05\). 1 Data are the mean value of the  
Footnote 1: footnotemark: [ENDFOOTNOTE]  
\end{table}
Table 3: Impacts of edible insect product images on liking and frequency of evoked emotions.  
insect-based foods. For the other food values, the scores obtained were below the average values of the assessment scale.  
We carried out a \(t\)-test to highlight any differences between the \"informed\" and \"non-informed\" groups (Table 5). The results obtained show that there are no significant differences between the two groups in the mean scores of food values, except for appearance and origin. However, the latter differences were negative, i.e., the average value decreased from the \"non-informed\" group to the \"informed\" group. Therefore, providing information would appear to have had a negative influence on the participants' judgement of certain food values associated with insect-based food consumption.  
Trying to go further the existing literature, our findings highlighted new interesting aspects that are still unexplored in the current scientific debate. As shown in the analysis of food values (Table 4), respondents' propensity to consume insect-based foods also depends on consumers' subjective beliefs about food values. As regards the importance given by consumers to food values, our analysis showed that consumers consider healthiness, environmental impact and naturalness important positive drivers in consuming insect-based foods whereas origin and appearance are the least recognized food values in insect-based foods. An interesting result in the analysis of food values is the lack of differences between the two subgroups (informed and non-informed). This could mean that food values associated with insect-based foods do not depend on the degree of information provided but are probably due to pre-existing prejudices or respondents' beliefs about them.
## 3 Quantum Modelling of FMO Quantum Excitation
### Methods, Extent of Analysis, and Source Data  
The HEOM method reproduces the behavior of one monomer on the FMO complex under the descriptions before depicted. We are considering three different parameters which are important in the description of such behavior to perform a parametric analysis of the quantum features involved in the excitation process. Thus, in our analysis, a series of HEOM simulations were performed by sweeping the parameters of temperature (\(T\)), relocation energy (\(\lambda\)) and dephasing rate (\(\gamma\)) to simulate a wide range of conditions for the site excitation energy transfer in the FMO pigment-protein.
# SemABC: Semantic-Guided Adaptive Bias Calibration for Generative Zero-Shot Point Cloud Segmentation
## 1 Introduction
In real-world dynamic scenarios, our method can be applied to the identification of unknown obstacles in urban autonomous driving, such as identifying new types of vehicles not covered in the training set, such as electric scooters and delivery robots. Through the visual-semantic branch, these objects are associated with the \"small mobile vehicle\" semantic category to avoid misclassification as background. Additionally, it can be applied in construction site adaptation scenarios, where temporary roadblocks, cones, and other objects with variable shapes result in low confidence in the main branch. In such cases, our model gives more weight to the auxiliary branch, using the semantic association to improve segmentation performance. Our main contributions are summarized as follows:  
* We propose a dual-branch network where the auxiliary branch exploits visual-semantic correlations to complement the prediction of the main branch. It leverages the higher semantic relevance of the synthesized visual features of unseen classes to prevent bias toward the seen classes. * We propose an adaptive bias calibration based on the confidence of segmentation predictions. This module dynamically integrates the predictions from the main and auxiliary branches, thus effectively suppressing the network's bias towards seen classes. * Extensive experiments show that our method significantly outperforms existing generative GZSL methods in terms of both segmentation accuracy and robustness on the benchmark datasets.
###### Abstract  
Satellite networks are inevitable for the ubiquitous connectivity of M2M (machine to machine) and IoT (internet of things) devices. Advances in the miniaturization of satellite technology make networks in LEO (Low Earth Orbit) predestined to serve as a backhaul for narrow-band M2M communication. To reduce latency and increase network responsivity, intersatellite link capability among nodes is a key component in satellite design. The miniaturization of nodes to enable the economical deployment of large networks is also crucial. Thus, this article addresses these key issues and presents a design methodology and implementation of an adaptive network architecture considering highly limited resources, as is the case in a nanosatellite (\(\approx\)10 kg) network. Potentially applicable multiple access techniques are evaluated. The results show that a time division duplex scheme with session-oriented P2P (point to point) protocols in the data link layer is more suitable for limited resources. Furthermore, an applicable layer model is defined and a protocol implementation is outlined. To demonstrate the technical feasibility of a nanosatellite-based communication network, the S-NET (S band network with nanosatellites) mission has been developed, which consists of four nanosatellites, to demonstrate multi-point crosslink with 100 kbps data rates over distances up to 400 km and optimized communication protocols, pushing the technological boundaries of nanosatellites. The flight results of S-NET prove the feasibility of these nanosatellites as a space-based M2M backhaul.  
Keywords:intersatellite communication; nanosatellite network; distributed space system; IoT; M2M +
Footnote †: journal: Sensors
# Hybrid Fibres as Shear Reinforcement in High-Performance Concrete Beams with and without Openings
## 4 Conclusions  
The study reported in this paper mainly investigates the implications of using hybrid steel/polypropylene fibres as shear reinforcement in reinforced HPC flexural beams with/without openings. The addition of hybrid fibres in an adequate percentage have the potential to considerably improve the performance of beams with/without openings in terms of toughness, stiffness, strength and ductility. Within the scope of this investigation, the following other conclusions derived from the current study can be made:  
1. Full beams with a hybrid fibre content above 1% and beams with openings with the addition of fibres above 1.6% show the highest yield and maximum strengths as well as post-yield strains.
2. The increase in hybrid fibre content increased the first cracking load, ultimate load capacity, toughness, ductility, and resulted in a decrease in the average crack spacing, crack width as well as strains in comparison to traditionally RC beams. The greatest benefits were observed for fibres in an amounts of at least 1% and 1.6% in B and BO beams, respectively.
3. For the beams B2, BO2 with the lower fibre content, a decrease in ultimate load and transformation to the sudden shear failure mode were noticed.
4. The ratios of minimum/average crack spacing and maximum/average crack spacing for the beams with hybrid fibres was similar.
5. The openings had a significant impact on the decrease in crack spacing, toughness and ductility factor.  
This research received no external funding.  
**Acknowledgments: This work was financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education--Poland, within statutory research number S/15/B/1/2017.**  
Figure 14: Major strains of beams in measurement area at maximum load.
## 2 Related Work  
There are many applications based on Gaussian process, such as constructing maps [19], filtering [20], action recognition [21], classification of hyperspectral images [22; 23] and modeling. In particular, modeling is one of the most important applications. [PERSON] et al. [24] proposed an identification framework for fixed-wing platforms, which includes flight test, training parameter, correcting identification and updating model. [PERSON] et al. [25] presented a method to learn discrete robot motions and demonstrates its validity through a set of robot experiments. With the wide applications of GP model, some researchers started to apply control methods to GP model. [PERSON] et al. [26] modeled the dynamic of UAV and controlled it in real flight. [PERSON] et al. [27] proposed a learning algorithm to learn the unknown system model and tested it on the control of the mecanum-wheeled robot. It is a pity that the above research lacks analysis of stability of the control system.  
When it comes to the stability of control system based on GP model, we have to thank [PERSON] et al. [16] for their excellent work. They obtained explicit sublinear regret bounds for many commonly used covariance functions, which is cited by many researchers. Based on their theory, [PERSON] et al. [28] put forward an uncertainty-based control Lyapunov function framework to stabilize control-affine systems with high probability, while [PERSON] et al. [14; 29] designed a model predictive control law for nonlinear discrete time systems and established input-to-state stability. [PERSON] et al. derived a novel uniform error bound under weaker assumptions.  
All the research above applies to individuals. There exists a few data-driven control approaches for unknown nonlinear multi-agent systems (MAS) [18]. [PERSON] et al. [18] designed a learning-based leader-follower consensus protocol for unknown nonlinear MAS based on GP. However, the model proposed by [PERSON] et al. is relatively simple and does not apply to the design of control law of fixed-wing UAV, at the same time, the disturbance caused by changing wind and mutual airflow between UAVs is not considered, which is of great importance in the control of multi-UAVs. Although [PERSON] et al. [30], and [PERSON] et al [31]. had taken disturbance into account, they did not consider the uncertain dynamics of agents. Inspired by them, we design a cooperative tracking control law for fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicles based on GP, considering model uncertainty and disturbance, and prove the stability of the proposed method.
# VOC Removal from Manure Gaseous Emissions with UV Photolysis and UV-TiO\({}_{2}\) Photocatalysis
## 2 Results and Discussion
### UV/TiO\({}_{2}\) Photocatalysis of Real Poultry Atmosphere
#### 2.2.2 Potential Effectiveness of Ammonia Removal  
As for VOCs, the concentrations of NH\({}_{3}\) in the source atmosphere (real manure suspensions at varying stages of decomposition) varied between experiments. Values between 10 and 130 ppm were measured in seven individual experiments. However, in contrast to the potentially highly effective removal of VOCs, almost no removal was observed for NH\({}_{3}\), except in one experiment in which NH\({}_{3}\) was reduced by 60% with no clear reason. The single observed disappearance could be either an anomaly or possibly due to dissolution in water.  
Figure 5: The effect of light energy dosage on VOC conversion rates (**A**) varying treatment time (s); (**B**) varying light intensity (number of UV lamps in use). Percent reduction represents the reduction in chromatographic peak area obtained by SPME-GC–MS (gas sampling time: 30 min). If peaks reduced below detection, they were considered as 1000 area counts for reduction calculations. For acetic acid (**A**; inset), data points in circles are for nondetected values before treatment (i.e., the peak area of 1000) and peak areas two orders of magnitudes larger after treatment (\(R\) is out of scale). Light energy dosage was calculated from the actual irradiation received by the reactor per lamp and ca. 35% lamp efficiency.
## 4 Simulation Experiments
### Parameter Estimation Performance Analysis
It can also be seen that the averaging estimation is also obviously influenced, as it has no outlier rejection capability. The presence of outliers in the non-Gaussian condition significantly deteriorates the estimation of the averaging approach. In contrast, the robust estimation shows its robustness under the non-Gaussian condition, and its performance is rarely affected. This is because it uses a descending weighting function to reduce the influence of abnormal outliers, as discussed in Section 3.2. The simulation results verify that the robust estimation has a good balance between accuracy and robustness. Since a good phase bias estimation capability is essential for phase compensation, the robust estimation is expected to provide the expected phase compensation performance in the proposed technique.
# ODIN IVR-Interactive Solution for Emergency Calls Handling
## 4 Results
### Experimental Evaluation
#### 4.2.1 Efficiency Evaluation  
We consider additional metrics that indicate the performance of our solution in terms of concurrent call handling, round-trip delay of the RTCP packets, packet loss, and also the jitter for both the called and the called entity. For the experimental evaluation, we use a specialized software SIP server quality-assessment tool called StarTrinity SIP Tester [42]. The experimental setup consists of a test case of 1080 calls. The total amount of time needed for the experimental evaluation is 20.12 min. Figure 7 shows the evolution of concurrent calls in the 20.12 min timeframe. The results indicate that our solution can handle a large number of calls, including 50 simultaneous calls.  
The second considered metric is the round-trip delay (RTD) for the RTCP (real-time control protocol) packets. The obtained results presented in Figure 8 show good performance of the PoC, as the average R  
Figure 6: SLA compliance evaluation of the PoCs.  
Figure 7: Concurrent calls evaluation: evolution of concurrent calls in 20.12 min (**left**), and evolution of concurrent calls per second (**right**).  
In correlation with the RTD, we also evaluated the packet loss rate. Taking into consideration the same experimental use case, we obtain an average loss rate of 0.2-0.3%, which denotes good performance of the PoC (see Figure 9).  
Finally, the last metric is the jitter both for the caller and the server. The results show values below 1.4 ms, which is an acceptable value for SIP applications (see Figure 10).  
In terms of robustness to unexpected inputs, we tested our IVR solution in four scenarios with erroneous inputs; the results indicated that our solution does not crash or lead to unexpected behaviors.  
Table 4 summarizes the experimental results and assesses them against the specifications and requirements presented in Section 3. As can be observed, all results satisfy the minimal requirements and specifications, thus arguing for the adequacy of the second proposed solution.