## 3 Testbed Implementation,Prototype, and Software Development  
The testbed implementation,prototype, and software development for our proposed method is presented in this section. The basic setup and testbed is shown in Figures 7 and 8, respectively. The BQ34Z110 EVM board is connected to a microcontroller AtMega128a. We have used Port F to connect the analog input to the A/D converter. Port F is an input port only. The inputs of the humidity, temperature, and the liquid sensors are fed to port F as humidity PF.0, temperature PF.1 and both the outputs of the liquid level sensor to PF.2 and PF.3. Thus, the temperature and humidity sensor are connected to port PF.1 and PF.0 while the both the outputs of the liquid level sensor are connected to PF.2 and PF.3 of the microcontroller. The liquid level sensor has a common ground taken from the battery. All the information is collected from the battery using the BQ34Z110 EVM and sent through the WLAN with the help of the microcontroller and the WizFi210 to the server and the android application. The data from the battery is transmitted using either a TCP or a UDP in real time, as explained in detail in the software development subsection. The printed circuit board (PCB) layout, PCB circuit diagram, and the final developed board of the proposed system are shown in Figures 9-11, respectively. For a fair comparison, we have compared our proposed prototype with existing devices such as the eGo! battery monitor from Philadelphia Scientific and the Bq34z100 EVM, EV2400 from Texas Instruments, as shown in Table 2.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Function** & **Unit** \\ \hline Battery ID & Indicates the unique ID of the battery & - \\ Temperature & Indicates the temperature around the battery & Celsius \\ Humidity & Indicates the humidity around the battery & \% \\ Acid Level Sensor & Indicates the acid level of the battery & - \\ Capacity & Indicates the remaining capacity of the battery & mAh \\ Full Charge Capacity & Indicates the full charge capacity of the battery & mAh \\ Voltage & Indicates the voltage of the battery & Volt \\ State of Charge & Indicates the state of charge of the battery & \% \\ Average Current & Indicates the average current of the battery & mA \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Data frame functions and units.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **eGo! Battery Monitor** & **Bq34z100 EVM**, **EV2400** & **Proposed** \\  & **Philadelphia Scientific**[27] & **Texas Instruments**[28] & **Prototype** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{7}{*}{Parameters} & \multirow{7}{*}{1. Electrolyte Level} & 1. Electrolyte Level & 1. Battery ID \\  & 2. Temperature & 2. Voltage & 2. Temperature \\  & 3. Voltage & 3. Capacity & 3. Remaining Capacity \\  & 4. Charging & 5. Remaining Capacity & 6. Full Charge Capacity \\  & 5. Cycles & 6. Average Current & 7. Voltage \\  & & & 8. State of Charge \\  & & & 9. Average Current \\ \hline Level sensing & 1-level detection & No detection & 2-level detection \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Communication protocol} & Bluetooth & Wired & WI-FI \\  & (802.15.4) & & 802.11b \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Communication Range} & \multirow{2}{*}{10 m (outdoor)} & Few meters & \multirow{2}{*}{92 m (outdoor)} \\  & & based on wire length & \\ \hline Battery types & 12 V & 12–48 V & 12–48 V \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Comparison of our proposed prototype with existing devices.  
Figure 8: Proposed system battery testbed.  
Figure 7: Basic setup of the proposed system.  
Figure 9: Printed circuit board layout of the proposed system.