## 5 Experiments and Results
### Statistical Results and Convergence Speed
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Case**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Algorithm**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**RMSE**} \\ \cline{3-6}  & & **Min** & **Max** & **Mean** & **Std** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{SDM} & DLMVO & **9.8602 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\)** & 9.8602 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\)** & **9.8602 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\)** & **2.5287 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-17}\)** & \\  & MVO & 1.1399 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 1.4446 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 1.1752 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 4.2032 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & + \\  & QMVO & 9.8750 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 1.1364 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 1.0276 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 1.9393 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & + \\  & Rcr-JADE & **9.8602 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\)** & 9.8602 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & **9.8602 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\)** & 5.1200 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-16}\) & + \\  & IVOOA & **9.8602 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\)** & 1.0331 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 9.9524 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 1.1267 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\) & + \\  & CLPSO & 9.8879 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 1.1751 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 1.0289 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 1.5850 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & + \\  & IJAYA & 9.8603 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 1.0622 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 9.9204 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 1.4033 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\) & + \\  & PGJAYA & **9.8602 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\)** & 9.8603 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & **9.8602 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\)** & 1.4485 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-9}\) & + \\  & SATLBO & **9.8602 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\)** & 9.9493 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 9.87795 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 2.3002 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\) & + \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{DDM} & DLMVO & **9.8248 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\)** & 9.8602 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & **9.82603 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\)** & **1.2698 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-6}\)** & \\  & MVO & 1.0236 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 1.5810 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 1.2112 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 7.5526 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & + \\  & QMVO & 9.8301 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 1.3698 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 1.0380 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 4.0236 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & + \\  & Rcr-JADE & **9.8248 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\)** & 9.8602 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 9.826140 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 9.8600 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\) & + \\  & IWOA & 9.8255 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 1.0889 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 9.9693 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 1.9297 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\) & + \\  & CLPSO & 9.9492 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 1.2969 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 1.0834 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 5.0402 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & + \\  & IJAYA & 9.8293 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 1.0269 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 1.4055 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 9.8325 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\) & + \\  & PGJAYA & 9.8263 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 9.9499 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 9.8252 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 2.5375 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-6}\) & + \\  & SATLBO & 9.8280 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 1.0470 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 9.9811 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 1.9515 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\) & + \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{SMM} & DLMVO & **2.4251 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\)** & 2.4251 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & **2.4251 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\)** & **2.3838 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-17}\)** & \\  & MVO & 2.4589 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 2.5723 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 2.4809 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 3.3093 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & + \\ \cline{1-1}  & QMVO & 2.4260 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 2.5433 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 2.4616 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 1.5798 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & + \\ \cline{1-1}  & Rcr-JADE & **2.4251 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\)** & 2.4251 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & **2.4251 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\)** & 2.90 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-17}\) & + \\ \cline{1-1}  & IWOA & **2.4251 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\)** & 2.4335 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3 The Friedman test results of different algorithms for three experimental cases are given in Figure 10, which shows that DLMVO had the best average ranking, followed by Rcr-JADE, PGJAYA, IWOA, SATLBO, IJAYA, QMVO, CLPSO, and MVO.