## 3 Results
### Effects of fSFP on Anti-Diabetic Activity
#### 3.3.2 Changes in Blood Sugar, Insulin, and HbA1c  
There were significant elevations (\(p<0.01\)) in the levels of blood glucose, insulin, and Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) observed in the HFD control group in comparison to the NFD control group. However, in comparison to the HFD control group, significant (\(p<0.01\) or \(p<0.05\)) decreases in blood glucose, insulin, and HbA1c were demonstrated in each of the three dosages of fSFP-administered groups, including the metformin treatment group (Table S6, Figure 4).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Groups**} & **Items** & **Zymogen Granules** & **Mean Islet Numbers** & **Mean Islet** & **Insulin-IR Cells** & **Glucagon-IR Cells** & **Insulin/Glucagon** \\  & **(\%/mm\({}^{\circ}\) of Exocrine)** & **(Numbers/10 mm\({}^{\circ}\))** & **Diameter (\(\mu\)m/Islet)** & **(Cells/ mm\({}^{\circ}\))[A]** & **(Cells/ mm\({}^{\circ}\))[B]** & **Ratio IA/B** \\ \hline Controls & & & & & & & \\ NFD & \(59.13\pm 11.47\) & \(6.20\pm 1.48\) & \(109.41\pm 15.21\) & \(148.40\pm 20.04\) & \(34.50\pm 5.52\) & \(4.32\pm 0.27\) \\ HFD & \(11.63\pm 2.61\)\({}^{\circ}\) & \(18.60\pm 1.90\)\({}^{\circ}\) & \(201.13\pm 14.38\)\({}^{\circ}\) & \(2531.80\pm 385.04\)\({}^{\circ}\) & \(368.10\pm 37.72\)\({}^{\circ}\) & \(6.86\pm 0.53\)\({}^{\circ}\) \\ Mediterranean & & & & & & & \\ Metformin & \(37.97\pm 13.85\)\({}^{\circ}\) & \(10.40\pm 2.27\)\({}^{\circ}\) & \(163.85\pm 14.40\)\({}^{\circ}\) & \(1190.20\pm 347.37\)\({}^{\circ}\) & \(257.30\pm 34.93\)\({}^{\circ}\) & \(4.56\pm 0.77\)\({}^{\circ}\) \\ Test materials–SFP & & & & & & & \\
400 mg/kg & \(44.96\pm 10.27\)\({}^{\circ}\) & \(8.60\pm 1.17\)\({}^{\circ}\) & \(137.21\pm 20.11\)\({}^{\circ}\) & \(375.10\pm 160.13\)\({}^{\circ}\) & \(95.50\pm 46.61\)\({}^{\circ}\) & \(3.88\pm 0.34\)\({}^{\circ}\) \\
200 mg/kg & \(38.66\pm 12.17\)\({}^{\circ}\) & \(10.10\pm 1.66\)\({}^{\circ}\) & \(161.69\pm 16.97\)\({}^{\circ}\) & \(107.10\pm 25.391\)\({}^{\circ}\) & \(2940.40\pm 40.49\)\({}^{\circ}\) & \(4.27\pm 0.40\)\({}^{\circ}\) \\
100 mg/kg & \(28.64\pm 11.34\)\({}^{\circ}\) & \(13.60\pm 22.2\)\({}^{\circ}\) & \(175.60\pm 12.99\)\({}^{\circ}\) & \(1444.20\pm 30.69\)\({}^{\circ}\) & \(284.80\pm 43.86\)\({}^{\circ}\) & \(5.05\pm 0.49\)\({}^{\circ}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* The values are depicted as the mean \(\pm\) SD for a sample size of 10 mice. THSD test results indicated significant differences (\(p<0.01\)) compared to both NFD control (a) and HFD control (b). Analysis underwent DT3 testing, revealing noteworthy distinctions (c) and (d) with \(p<0.01\) and \(p<0.05\), respectively, compared to NFD control and (e) and (f) with \(p<0.01\) and \(p<0.05\), respectively, compared to HFD control.  
\end{table}
Table 1: Changes on histopathology–histomorphometry of the pancreas in mice.  
3.3.3. Changes in the Histology of Pancreatic Islets  
Relative to the NFD control group, the HFD control group exhibited a significant increase (\(p<0.01\)) in both the quantity and mean diameter of pancreatic islets, along with a notable proliferation of these islets. Conversely, in each of the three dosage groups receiving fSFP, as well as in the metformin treatment group, when compared to the HFD control group, there were significant reductions (\(p<0.01\)) in both the quantity and diameter of pancreatic islets, observed in a dose-dependent manner (Table 1; Figure S3).