## 5 Results and Discussion  
The work presented for the location of charging points targeting _private EVs and e-bikes for individual use and public buses_ describes a methodology for charging stations in a mountainous area, supporting the territorial planning of electric mobility and the potential for integrated planning for such infrastructures. The authors developed a region-based approach to identify potential hot spots for the allocation of this infrastructure, considering key aspects of tourism demand, e.g., amenities and accessibility. This can be helpful in overcoming potential barriers related to the implementation of new infrastructures, such as the lack of cooperation and the limited coordination among different actors. The method aims to improve the extension and capillarity of the charging network, allowing the identification of the most suitable positions and preventing the risk of overlap installations. According to the results of the analysis, suitable areas for the installation of new charging points for EVs are mostly located in the inner parts of the province (see Figure 6). In fact, South Tyrol already has a well-established infrastructure that covers the majority of the provincial territory. Therefore, in some cases, new inlets have been placed in areas with no charging infrastructure yet (but also less traffic); in other cases, the new infrastructure has been set in proximity to existing ones with the purpose of creating charging hubs based on high utilization rates and high traffic (e.g., in industrial or commercial parking lots). In total, within the MOBSTER project, 15 charging points for EVs have been installed in South Tyrol (5 Fast, 10 Quick). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Charger Type** & _E-Bike (1 kW)_ & _E-Car Charger (\(\geq\)22 kW)_ & _Integrated E-Bus/E-Car Charger (\(\geq\)300 kW)_ \\ \hline
**Assumed installation cost** & 3000 Euro & 9000 Euro & 85,000 Euro \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Installation costs for the different types of charges. Source: own elaboration based on charging providers’ information. Figure 6: Suitable areas for EV charging points (1:600,000). Source: own elaboration. Regarding e-bikes, results show that suitable areas for the installation of new charging points are widespread throughout the whole province (see Figure 7). In this case, the infrastructure is much more limited, and this does not imply that there are a small number of users (which in South Tyrol is higher than the national average) but that most of them are residents. However, with the strong development of the e-bike phenomenon, tourism-oriented locations such as South Tyrol have to proactively manage challenges and opportunities associated with this growth by adapting charging infrastructures to tourists' needs and in order to further enhance the attractiveness of the region for this target group. In this case, within the MOBSTER project, nine e-bike charging points have been installed in South Tyrol. The simulation tool for the localization of charging points concerning _public buses_ provides the number of buses that are necessary to guarantee the regional bus service. Based on the energy balance of the battery while running through the routes under unfavorable conditions (with respect to climate and bus load), the bus lines were classified as follows:  
* Routes that can be satisfied with a single recharge during a night at the depot (depot charging);
* Routes that can be satisfied only by using multiple recharge options, i.e., during the night in the depot, as well as when the bus stop is longer than 10 min and when the battery level is lower than 40% (opportunity charging);
* Routes that can be satisfied only by using multiple recharge options as in (ii), as well as by increasing the number of buses to guarantee the service (this is the case if the time table is too tight in order to allow the bus to recharge the necessary energy in order to run through the whole route several times during the day).