## 2 Literature Review  
### Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) and Its Importance in Construction Projects  
Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) is commonly used to evaluate the environmental impacts of materials and their industrial processes, impact of a project, and consequences generated. It assesses the environmental impact of each stage of the production process from raw material extraction to end-of-life disposal [10; 11].  
On the other hand, LCCA focuses on evaluating the sustainable economic and socio-environmental development of material manufacturing. This method is utilized in the decision-making process during the planning and design stages to evaluate all economic aspects and activities of a project [11].  
This method is capable of achieving multiple advantages for a project, such as decreasing the expenses associated with material procurement, enhancing the ability to estimate realistic quantities of materials, and preventing unnecessary material waste. In addition, LCCA allows the evaluation of various alternatives by considering the costs associated with each option throughout its life cycle. By examining the total cost of each choice, decision makers can identify the most cost-effective option and make informed decisions that provide the best long-term value for money [11; 12].  
This analysis allows for the evaluation of uncertainties and potential risks associated with the life-cycle costs of a project. By conducting a thorough assessment of risks, such as cost fluctuations, regulatory changes, and technological advancements, decision makers can make informed decisions and mitigate potential consequences.  
[PERSON] et al. (2013) conducted a comprehensive study examining both economic and environmental costs in conjunction with the improvement of structural characteristics of masonry walls with respect to seismic and energetic improvement of buildings. To evaluate these aspects, this study focused on seismic indicators, such as variations in base shear strength and ductility, and thermal indicators, such as variations in thermal transmittance. The procedure correlates the cost with the improvement in structural aspects, resulting in curves that allow for the optimal level of structural performance improvement to be achieved in line with the available economic capabilities and/or objectives of the administrator or owner.  
Moreover, this analysis can provide information on where construction is feasible and the sources of material extraction, which not only reduces project costs but also minimizes the environmental impact generated by activities, particularly in terms of energy consumption ([PERSON] and [PERSON], 2014). It is crucial to recognize that improving structural behavior alone is not sufficient; integration with other disciplines must also be considered.  
In summary, LCCA plays a crucial role in optimizing decision making through a comprehensive evaluation of costs, facilitating comparative analysis, managing risks, incorporating sustainability factors, and fostering long-term planning. By integrating LCCA into decision-making processes, organizations can make more informed, cost-effective, and sustainable choices that will benefit them in the long run.