# From Lean Production to Lean 4.0: A Systematic Literature Review with a Historical Perspective
## 3 Results  
### Origin and Previously Used Terms for the Leen Concept in Operations Management  
In answering RQ1 (What is the historical origin of the term \"lean\"? ), we found a general consensus [1, 2, 6, 13, 19, 21, 22] that the term \"lean\" was coined in the International Motor Vehicle Program (IMVP) and published for the first time in 1998 by [PERSON], in the academic paper titled _Triumph of the Leen Production System_, when he stated \"lean typology builds on the work of International Motor Vehicle Program researchers [PERSON] and [PERSON], who use the terms 'robust' and 'fragile' to denote  
Figure 5: Historical evolution of the main lean categories and their foundational works. similar concepts\" [23] (p. 51). Here, [PERSON] is referring to the 1986 working paper _Industrial Relations and \"Humanware\"_[24]. The word \"lean\" was chosen for its more positive sense [19] (p. 426) or, as suggested by [PERSON], \"as an acceptable way of describing Toyota production system without offending the other sponsors of the IMVP\" [22] (p. 3547). Therefore, to answer RQ2 (What are the previously used terms (if any) for the lean concept? ), we must return to the foundations of the Toyota Production System. There is wide agreement [5; 6; 9; 22] that the first English language paper introducing the term \"Toyota production system\" (TPS) was presented in Tokyo by [PERSON] et al. in 1977 [25]: _Toyota Production System and Kanban System. Materialization of Just-in-Time and Respect-for-Human System._ This seminal paper based TPS on two pillars: just-in-time and respect-for-humans. The authors acknowledged [PERSON] as having been the promoter and leader of TPS since at least 1957. [PERSON]'s seminal 1978 book (published only in Japanese) was _Toyota seisan hoshiki: Datsukibo no keiei two mezashite_[26], and his first paper translated to English dates back to 1982 [27] (_How the Toyota Production System Was Created_, republished in The Anatomy of Japanese Business in 1984 [28]). This early translation offered an alternative and more accurate translation to just-in-time: \"right on time\" which was not adopted. The first book in the English language describing TPS was published in 1981 by [PERSON]: _Study of \"TOYOTA\", Production System from Industrial Engineering Viewpoint_[29]. He acknowledged [PERSON] as the promoter of TPS (pp. 19-32) and postulated that his own book would provide a more practical explanation. It was a highly influential book in which [PERSON] insisted repeatedly on an essential systemic view in order to understand TPS. This book was republished with a better English translation in 1989 by Productivity Press [29]. In 1983, [PERSON] published _Toyota Production System: Practical Approach to Production Management_[30]. The foreword by [PERSON] highlighted the excellent conceptualization of the TPS. Without losing the holistic vision, tools and methodologies were profusely described. The first Western researchers interested in the topic were very influenced by these early books, and they published their works in the period between 1983 and 1988, during which different \"nicknames\" were used to refer to the TPS:  
* _Japanese Manufacturing Techniques_, by [PERSON] (1982) is the first book written in English and it described \"stockless production\" and \"JIT Production\" [31] (p. 17). * [PERSON], in his book _Zero Inventory_ (1983) [32] (p. 1) adopted the term \"stockless production\". In another book, _Attaining Manufacturing Excellence_ (1987) [33] (p. 23), he summarized the most used terms at the time: \"manufacturing excellence\", \"value-added manufacturing\", \"continuous improvement manufacturing\", and \"JIT/TQ\". * [PERSON]'s book _The Japanese Automobile Industry_ (1985) [34] (pp. 262-307) described the foundations and evolution of TPS with a historical perspective, although he did not propose any alternative terms. * In the context of IMTV, \"fragile production\" was already being used in 1986 [24].