# End-of-Life Impact on the Cradle-to-Grave LCA of Light-Duty Commercial Vehicles in Europe
## 2 Materials and Methods
### EoL Scenarios
#### 2.3.2. CFF Method  
The European product environmental footprint (PEF) method has been developed with the aim of increasing comparability and reducing the flexibility of methodological choices when the impact categories of different products within the same product category are evaluated [42]. Within ISO, no formula or approach is defined to model the EoL stage [42], while within the PEF method, the CFF was introduced to standardize and predefine the specifications for the modeling of the EoL stage [42]. The current PEF guide [53] requires the use of the CFF to deal with multifunctionality in recycling, re-use, and energy recovery situations. The formula is a combination of three parts, defined as \"material part\" reported in (1), \"energy part\" reported in (2), and \"other disposal part\" reported in (3) [53]. The \"material part\" (1) can be further portioned in Equation (1a-c). The \"material part\" (1) is further divided into three parts: the so-called \"CFF material part primary\" reported in Equation (1a) is the share of impact allocated to the primary material production, the \"CFF material part secondary\" reported in Equation (1b) is the share of impact allocated to the secondary material production, while the \"CFF material part recycling\" reported in Equation (1c) is the share of impact allocated to the recycling process minus the benefit for the avoided primary material production. \[(\mathbf{1}-R_{1})E_{\mathrm{p}}+\mathbf{R_{1}}\times\left(\mathbf{A}\mathbf{E}_{\text{{ recycled}}}+(\mathbf{1}-A)E_{\mathrm{p}}\times\frac{\mathbf{Q}_{\text{{sin}}}}{\mathbf{Q}_{p}} \right)+(\mathbf{1}-A)R_{2}\times\left(\mathbf{E}_{\text{{recyclingEoL}}}-E_{ \mathrm{p}}^{*}\frac{\mathbf{Q}_{\text{{sout}}}}{\mathbf{Q}_{p}}\right) \tag{1}\]  
\[(\mathbf{1}-\mathbf{R_{1}})E_{\mathrm{p}} \tag{1a}\] \[\mathbf{R_{1}}\times\left(\mathbf{A}\mathbf{E}_{\text{{recycled}}}+(\mathbf{1}-A)E_{ \mathrm{p}}\times\frac{\mathbf{Q}_{\text{{sin}}}}{\mathbf{Q}_{p}}\right) \tag{1b}\]  
\[(\mathbf{1}-\mathbf{A})R_{2}\times\left(\mathbf{E}_{\text{{recyclingEoL}}}-E_{ \mathrm{p}}^{*}\frac{\mathbf{Q}_{\text{{sout}}}}{\mathbf{Q}_{p}}\right) \tag{1c}\]  
\[(\mathbf{1}-\mathbf{B})\mathbf{R_{3}}\times(\mathbf{E}_{\text{{ER}}}-\mathbf{L}\mathbf{H}\mathbf{V} \times\mathbf{X}_{\text{{ER}},\text{{heat}}}\times\mathbf{E}_{\text{{SE}},\text{{heat }}}-\mathbf{L}\mathbf{H}\mathbf{V}\times\mathbf{X}_{\text{{ER}},\text{{elec}}}\times\mathbf{E}_{ \text{{SE}},\text{{ elec}}}) \tag{2}\]  
\[(\mathbf{1}-\mathbf{R_{2}}-\mathbf{R_{3}})\times\mathbf{E}_{D} \tag{3}\]  
The A factor shall be in the range 0.2 \(\leq\) A \(\leq\) 0.8, and it allocates the burdens and benefits between the two life cycles, reflecting market realities (0.2 for a low offer of recyclable materials and high demand, and 0.8 for a high offer of recyclable materials and low demand) [53]. It was assumed that the A factor was equal to 0.2 for metals and 0.5 for the other materials. The B factor is used as an allocation factor for the energy recovery processes but in order to avoid double-counting, it is equal to 0 as default [53]. The two quality ratios, \(Q_{\text{{sin}}}/Q_{p}\) and \(Q_{\text{{sout}}}/Q_{p}\), capture the downcycling of a material compared to the original primary material, considering the quality of both the ingoing and the outgoing recycled materials [53]. It was assumed that quality factors are equal to 1 for metals and 0.9 for the other materials. \(R_{1}\) is the share of the recycled content in the input at the production stage and it is a primary data provided by the manufacturer. \(R_{2}\) is the share of product that will be successfully recycled; in fact, it takes into account the collection and recycling efficiency, while \(R_{3}\) is the proportion of the material used for energy recovery [53]. When available, EUROSTAT data were used for the \(R_{2}\) and \(R_{3}\) factors. In the other cases, Annex C of the PEF guide was used [54].