## 5 Paleomagnetic Mapping
### Paleomagnetic Mapping in Northern Israel
#### 5.1.4 Carmel Paleomagnetic Map
Older sedimentary cover rocks require drilling at depths over 6531 m and 5647 m (wells Atilt-2 and Devora-2A). The complex of Carmel ophiolites with angular and structural unconformity is overlain by Lower Cretaceous traps and carbonate formations of the Upper Cretaceous and Cenozoic, intruded by the Upper Cretaceous complex of volcanoes and Neogene traps. To understand the characteristics of deep basement rocks, mineralogical-petrological, and radiometric analysis of xenoliths found in the Cretaceous and Late Cenozoic trap series play an important role. Discovering numerous mantle minerals [56; 108; 109; 110; 111; 112] also confirmed the last theory. It should be noted that an anomalously high content of the Permian zircons was discovered in the xenoliths of the Cretaceous volcanoes [56]. Based on the ratios of trace element analysis, these authors consider that these zircons are associated with the magmatic complexes of the Earth's crust of the oceanic type. Figure 22A illustrates the results of paleomagnetic mapping of the well geological-geophysical studied area of Mt. Carmel and the adjacent territories of the Galilee and the Mediterranean shelf. Tectonically, this area belongs predominantly to the Galilee-Lebanon terrane and the marginal parts of the Pleshet, Judea-Samaria, and Antilebanon terranes. This area is significant for understanding the Carmel regional magnetic-gravity anomaly (see Figure 5, Figure 9, and Figure 10), the apical part of which almost coincides with the top part of the Carmel Plateau with the hypsometric elevations up to 546 m. The Carmel anomaly (mainly associated with the anomalies from the crystalline basement uplift) signs the southern part of the Galilea-Lebanon terrane, where significant changes in the basement depth and thrust of the ophiolite sheets are developed. The latter includes magmatic complexes and melange [21]. The second geophysical boundary structure (besides the Carmel anomaly) located near the junction of the Galilea-Lebanon, Antilebanon, and Judea-Samaria terranes is the Malqishon magnetic anomaly (see Figures 3 and 7). We mention these anomalies in connection with the fact that their geological nature, in contrast to the geophysical one, needs to be studied more and requires additional data on paleomagnetic mapping, which is presented below. This mapping became possible due to the attraction of new data on the paleomagnetic, radiochronological, mineral, petrological, and structural-tectonic analysis of the magmatic and sedimentary complexes developed here. In general, the paleomagnetic mapping of this area made it possible to reveal at the surface (and in the subsurface) the outcrops of the paleomagnetic superzones: Gissar, Jalal-1, Jalal-2, Tuarkyr, and Sogdiana-2 (Figure 22A,B). The data on the Gissar and Jalal-1 superzones (Figure 22A,B) were obtained (in contrast to the areas of the Mt. Hermon and the Makhtesh Ramon depression, where they are developed in outcrops) from the numerous borehole sections, where both the thickness and the radiometric age of these formations were studied. Due to these data, the geological boundary of the Gissar and Jalal-1 superzones was mapped, corresponding to the pinching out of collisional-post-collisional effusive trap strata reaching a thickness of 463 m (Caesarean-3 borehole), and to the east, around the Malqishon magnetic anomaly, probably exceeding 500 m.  
The second paleomagnetic phenomenon of the Mt. Carmel region is the development of the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) diamondiferous volcanics of the Jalal-2 superzone, stratigraphically and radiometrically dated both in the natural outcrops and the wells Foxtrot-1, Eliah-1, Carmel-1, and Ein Ha-Shofet [56; 98] and outcrops [96; 98; 99]. It is indicative that the outline and dimensions of the outcropping area of the paleomagnetic Jalal-2 superzone generally coincide with the gravity-magnetic [15; 44; 113] anomalies of Carmel Mt. and its outskirts.