# A Blockchain Network Communication Architecture Based on Information-Centric Networking
## 3 Blockchain Based on ICN  
### Introduction to ICN Networks  
The challenges posed by the semantic overloading of IP addresses in traditional Internet protocols, particularly in terms of scalability, mobility, and security, have rendered existing network architectures insufficient to meet the demands of emerging applications and services. To address these limitations, the content-centric ICN architecture [15; 26; 27] has been proposed. By leveraging content naming and caching mechanisms, ICN enhances data transmission efficiency and aims to overcome the inefficiencies of conventional IP-based networks. ICN can be categorized into two types based on name resolution and content routing mechanisms: Name-Based Routing (NBR) and Separate-Name-Resolution (SNR)-based routing. Representative NBR approaches include Named Data Networking (NDN) [26] and Content-Centric Networking (CCN) [28], whereas SNR-based solutions include MobilityFirst [29], PURSUIT [30], and SEANet [31]. As the SNR mechanism facilitates integration with existing Distributed Hash Tables (DHTs), IP networks, and network infrastructures, it enhances ICN's compatibility with the current TCP/IP architecture. Therefore, this study focuses on ICN utilizing the SNR-based routing paradigm. SEANet further developed an enhanced resolution system [32] to meet the requirements for deterministic resolution latency within a constrained domain. Figure 2 illustrates the architecture of this enhanced resolution system, where the lower layer represents the physical network, and the upper layer depicts the hierarchical resolution system. Black dots denote resolution nodes, white dots represent ICN nodes, and circles indicate different levels of resolution service domains. The system adopts a multi-tiered tree-like organizational structure, wherein resolution nodes at different levels provide hierarchical resolution services with deterministic latency enhancements for their respective resolution service domains. Higher-tier resolution nodes offer longer maximum resolvable latencies and extend their coverage over broader resolution service domains. As shown in the figure, let the maximum resolution latency of a level-\(i\) resolution node be \(T_{ms}\). When an ICN node within the service area submits a resolution request to this resolution node, the query resolution latency remains below \(T_{ms}\). With continuous advancements in hardware capabilities, network devices have evolved beyond mere routing and forwarding functions to incorporate computational and storage capabilities. ICN nodes equipped with these capabilities leverage Software-Defined Networking (SDN) techniques in the control plane, on-the-fly forwarding capabilities in the data plane, and autonomous resolution services. These features enable support for a diverse range of applications, including network-layer multicast, computational offloading, storage, and resolution services, thereby providing more flexible and enriched network functionalities [31]. Blockchain Research Based on ICN  
The integration of blockchain and ICN has been widely applied in domains such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and 5G/6G networks, effectively addressing critical challenges, including large-scale content distribution, data privacy protection, and identity authentication. Among existing research on ICN-based blockchain systems, BlockNDN [13] implements a Bitcoin-like application on NDN, leveraging NDN's in-network multicast and content-based routing to enhance blockchain efficiency. BoNDN, proposed by [PERSON] et al. [16], facilitates blockchain applications on NDN by broadcasting transaction messages in the form of Interest packets and disseminating block data through a publish-subscribe mechanism. DIBN [33] introduced a Distributed Information-Centric Blockchain Network that assigns namespaces to different categories of data traffic and establishes a Connected Dominating Set (CDS) for full-mesh multicast, thereby improving network scalability and efficiency.