# Complications Arising Due to Orthodontic Treatment--A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
## 4 Discussion
Areas of the tooth with the highest stress concentrations are at a greater risk of root resorption. For example, the apex of the tooth, where the forces are most concentrated, is more likely to experience resorption than the middle or the cervical regions [58; 59; 60; 61; 62]. Lastly, the total apical displacement of the tooth is also crucial in determining the risk of root resorption [37; 63]. Greater displacement of the tooth can lead to increased hyalinization and resorption of the root. The longer the tooth is under tension, the more likely it is to undergo resorption [64]. All in all, while intrusion, retraction, and torque movements may not necessarily raise the risk of root resorption on their own, the amount of force applied, stress distribution region, and total apical displacement can make them more potent [65; 66; 67; 68]. Therefore, it is essential to apply appropriate forces and carefully monitor the movement of the tooth to minimize the risk of root resorption. Orthodoxists should consider these factors while planning and executing orthodontic treatment to achieve the desired results while minimizing the risk of undesirable outcomes. The studies that are available demonstrate that aligners have a reduced risk of root resorption when compared to fixed appliances, despite the fact that there is little research on root resorption associated with aligner applications [31; 38; 39; 40; 69; 70; 71; 72; 73; 74]. This could be as a result of the intermittent, comparatively light pressures that these appliances employ,which result in less tooth movement and apical displacement. The cement repair procedure is recommended in order to improve the likelihood of root healing. Additionally, in instances of mild crowding without the need for extractions, and for quicker treatment times, aligners are frequently advised [41; 75; 76; 77; 78; 79]. Another element that impacts how well aligners function is patient compliance. Aligners transmit pressure more intermittently and for shorter periods of time when a patient is non-compliant, which lowers the risk of root resorption [35]. However, they can also produce jiggling forces [40; 80; 81; 82; 83]. This is not commonly reported [38], as determining its occurrence is difficult [84; 85; 86; 87; 38]. Surprisingly, none of the research studies we cited in our analysis looked at root resorption with regard to removable equipment. Strong forces led to a rise in root absorption. A significant correlation between root resorption and orthodontic force level was found in several systematic evaluations [25; 35; 38]. Several studies claim that there is only scant proof to back up this association [35; 88; 89]. Orthodontic treatment aims to correct malocclusions or misaligned teeth and jaws. While the majority of orthodontic treatments are successful, there are risks and complications associated with orthodontic treatment. Some patients may develop allergic reactions to the materials used in orthodontic appliances, such as metal wires or brackets [85; 86]. This can cause discomfort, swelling, and even difficulty breathing in severe cases [86]. Orthodontic appliances can sometimes interfere with speech, causing a lisp or other speech impediments. This is more common with certain types of appliances, and not all of them [87]. It is common for patients to experience some discomfort during orthodontic treatment, particularly in the days after braces are tightened [88]. However, if the pain is severe or persistent, it could be a sign of a more serious problem, such as a loose bracket or wire [88]. Orthodontic appliances can also sometimes cause staining or discoloration of the teeth, particularly if the patient consumes certain foods or beverages that are known to stain teeth (such as coffee, tea, or red wine) [89]. This can be difficult to treat and may require professional teeth whitening after the braces are removed. In some cases, orthodontic treatment may actually cause bite problems, rather than correcting them [89].