## 1 Introduction  
Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are highly durable and possess exceptional tensile mechanical capabilities, even under extreme environmental circumstances. Fiber-reinforced plastic rods and sheets have been used more frequently since the 1990s to strengthen concrete structures in place of steel reinforcement. Compared to steel, FRP materials exhibit advantages such as excellent corrosion resistance [1; 2; 3], low weight, and high strength [4; 5; 6], but the stiffness, strength, and bond properties degrade at moderately elevated temperatures [7; 8; 9]. Both maritime engineering and bridge construction can make full use of them. Additionally, numerous studies have indicated that various types of fiber-reinforced polymers in dense concrete, such as FRP tubes and FRP wraps, can significantly enhance the mechanical properties mentioned above [10; 11]. Manufacturers and researchers have been interested in basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) as a new and dependable reinforcement material in recent years. Basalt fibers are produced from basalt rock, offering advantages including corrosion resistance [12; 13; 14] and high tensile strength [15; 16; 17]. Some basalt fiber products have already exceeded the tensile strength of glass fibers, with a superior elastic modulus compared to glass fibers [18; 19]. Basalt fibers are derived from mineral ores, and their chemical composition is highly compatible with concrete, ensuring a good bond with the concrete material [20; 21; 22]. A matter of significant apprehension is the deterioration of buildings resulting from the corrosion of steel reinforcing. In order to tackle this issue, FRP rebars are frequently employed as an alternative to conventional steel and prestressed steel rebars. [PERSON] et al. [23] reviewed and assessed established long-term durability prediction models for FRP rebars. [PERSON] et al. [24] examined the deterioration of the extended-term functionality of FRP rebars in maritime settings, assessed the longevity of FRP-reinforced steel-slag concrete buildings, and contrasted the effectiveness of various FRP rebars. FRP rebars provide superior tensile strength, enhanced corrosion resistance, reduced density, and a thermal expansion coefficient comparable to concrete, as opposed to traditional steel and prestressed steel. Studies and research on the durability of FRP rebars have been conducted. [PERSON] et al. [25; 26; 27] conducted laboratory accelerated corrosion tests by wrapping BFRP rebars in a simulated seawater environment. [PERSON] et al. [28] examined the static and dynamic tensile characteristics of BFRP rebars and discovered that the tensile performance of BFRP rebars is extremely sensitive to strain rates. [PERSON] et al. [29] developed hybrid beams with improved overall flexural performance by combining BFRP with ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC). [PERSON] et al. [30] used steel, BFRP, and glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) rebars to analyze performance, particularly crack development, during the service life of beams. [PERSON] et al. [31] explored how adding several fiber types to concrete affects the flexural strength of beams made of BFRP reinforcement. [PERSON] et al. [32] conducted physical, mechanical, and durability tests on BFRP rebars. BFRP rebars possess poor alkali resistance as a result of problems with the resin-fiber interface, which significantly lowers their mechanical performance. BFRP rebars have inadequate alkali resistance due to issues with the resin-fiber interface, leading to a considerable reduction in their mechanical performance. FRP reinforcement has a Young's modulus that is lower than that of steel reinforcement. Consequently, concrete structures reinforced with FRP rebars often display a greater number of cracks and a higher degree of deformation compared to those reinforced with steel rebars. The combination of FRP rebars with concrete has posed persistent challenges in addressing the difficulties of rapid brittle failure and sliding of FRP rebars.