## 1 Introduction
These characteristics contribute to reduced losses from eddy currents, making steel with higher Si and/or Al concentrations highly sought after [8]. Designed to possess specific magnetic properties including low hysteresis loss, low core loss, and high permeability, electrical steel is typically produced as cold-rolled strips with a thicknesses below 2 mm [5]. These strips are subsequently cut and stacked to create laminated cores for transformers as well as the stator and rotor components of electric motors. Various techniques such as punch and die cutting, laser cutting, or electrical-discharge-machining (EDM) wire cutting are employed to shape these strips into their final forms. In recent years, significant efforts have been dedicated to developing improved steel grades that minimize iron loss and enhance energy efficiency [9]. One application of GOES involves using an effective coating that provides both insulation and tension, effectively reducing power loss in addition to magnetostriction. The magnetic activity and thickness of the coating are significant factors contributing to enhancing the stacking factor, indicating the quantity of the magnetic material in the core. Traditional coating systems like forsterite and aluminium orthophosphate typically have coating thicknesses ranging from 4 to 8 microns. However, it is essential to note that these non-magnetic coatings can reduce permeability and saturation, resulting in a stacking factor of approximately 96% [10]. In electrical steel, iron loss is conventionally divided into three categories: hysteresis loss, eddy current loss, and anomalous loss. Hysteresis loss is influenced by several factors, including the volume, size, and distribution of impurities; crystallographic orientation; and stress levels within a material. Eddy current losses can be mathematically described using the following equation  
\[P_{e}=\frac{\pi^{2}}{6\rho}d^{2}f^{2}B_{pk}{}^{2} \tag{1}\]  
where  
\(P_{e}\)--eddy current loss;  
\(B_{pk}\)--max peak flux density;\(F\)--frequency;  
\(t\)--lamination thickness;  
\(\rho\)--the electrical resistivity. Electrical steel, an iron alloy with varying silicon (Si) content, spans a range from 0 to 6.5% (Si:5 Fe). Nevertheless, common commercial alloys usually contain up to 3.2% silicon to prevent brittleness during cold rolling. Minor amounts of manganese and aluminium, up to 0.5%, can also be incorporated [11]. The introduction of silicon notably enhances the electrical resistance of the steel, diminishing induced eddy currents and narrowing the hysteresis loop, ultimately leading to reduced core losses [12]. However, elevated silicon content can render the alloy's grain structure harder and weaker, impacting workability, especially during recycling processes; raising the silicon (Si) content within the steel results in heightened levels of hardness and brittleness. Additionally, the manufacturing of thin sheets through cold rolling, particularly with a Si content surpassing 3.5 wt%, becomes notably challenging. [PERSON] et al. conducted an investigation [13] delving into exploring the steel's hardness within the silicon content range of 5% to 6.5% by conducting micro/nano-indentation tests, while considering different compositions and heat treatment conditions. To ensure optimal characteristics, it is crucial to maintain low levels of carbon, sulphur, oxygen, and nitrogen during alloying, as these elements can yield compounds like carbides, sulphides, oxides, and nitrides. Even minute quantities of these compounds, with diameters as small as one micrometre, can height hysteresis loss and curtail magnetic permeability. Carbon exerts the most detrimental influence, triggering magnetic aging over time as it precipitates as carbides, resulting in increased energy loss. To counteract these effects, the carbon level is typically kept at or below 0.005%, and annealing the alloy in a decarburizing atmosphere, such as hydrogen, can aid in reducing carbon content [14].