# Edible Packaging: A Technological Update for the Sustainable Future of the Food Industry
## 3 Results
### Market Examples  
Various companies and start-ups are developing edible packaging materials on a commercial level, mostly in the U.S. The worldwide edible packaging market was valued at USD 0.84 billion in 2021 and is predicted to reach around USD 2.8 billion by 2030, recording a mean annual growth rate of 14.31% during the forecast period from 2022 to 2030 [108]. Market examples of edible packaging are shown in Table 3.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Edible Material** & **Brand** & **Features** & **References** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Ooho} & \multirow{4}{*}{Notpla (rebranded from Skipping Rocks Lab), London, UK} & Edible bubble made from natural a renewable resource (brown seaweed). Consumer can pulp the drink and swallow the packaging or spit out the film; available in different flavors. & [109; 110; 111] \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & Edible, non-toxic, and eco-friendly straws made from alginate and agar from seaweed and red algae. Film-like membrane that provides double-layer protection around the liquid, foam, or solids it carries. & [112; 113] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Wikicells} & \multirow{4}{*}{Wikicells Designs Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA} & The first layer is soft skin made up of natural food particles, calcium, and a nutritive ion, which, together, form an electrostatic gel to keep water inside a food or drink, while the second layer is a protective shell made of isomalt or tapioca that is edible or biodegradable. & [114; 115] \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & Edible cup and wrappers made from seaweed containing nutritious ingredients. & [116] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Edippeel} & \multirow{4}{*}{Apeel Sciences, Goleta, CA, USA} & Spray-based edible coating derived from agricultural waste and by-products. Entirely plant-based, edible, colorless, odorless, and tasteless. Proven to be effective on bananas, lemons, limes, mangos, blueberries, tomatoes, strawberries, avocados, green beans, and raspberries. & [117] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Sandwich wraps} & \multirow{4}{*}{NewGem Foods, Allyn, OH, USA} & Plant-based sandwich wraps; alternatives to bread and tortillas as they can easily damage. Each wrap is a serving of fruit/vegetable, making it easier to eat healthily. They have a one-year shelf life and do not need to be refrigerated. & [118] \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & Sushi Wraps made from fruits/vegetables. & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Edible carrier bags} & \multirow{4}{*}{Envigreen Biotech India Ltd., Karnataka, India} & Biodegradable edible carrier bags; an alternative to plastic bags. The bags are made of tapioca, starch, vegetable oil, and flower oil. & [119; 120] \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & Edible films made of starch and cellulose; they are available in roll form in many colors and flavors. & [121] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Composite coating} & \multirow{4}{*}{National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India} & Edible composite coatings based on wheat straw hemicellulose polysaccharide and stearic acid-derivatized oat bran & [122] \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & polyasaccharide; they reduce fruit weight loss and softening, delay ripening, and maintain sensory qualities. & [122] \\ \cline{1-1} \cline