## 2 Literature Review
For model fitness verification, the squared Euclidean distance (d_ULS), the geodesic distance (d_G), RMS Theta, standardized root mean square residual (SRMR), normed fit index (NFI), and chi-square (Chi\({}^{2}\)) values were examined. The threshold value for NFI should be closer to one, and for SRMR, it is <0.08 for the good fit index of the model [62]. First, descriptive statistics were explained with mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis values for each item (see Figure 4). Constant variance and normality for all construct items were assessed from the skewness and kurtosis values. Further, the kurtosis and skewness values for each scale item were calculated at their most significant categorical level, which was evaluated and found to be within the limits of data reliability. The threshold values for skewness and kurtosis are <2 and <7 individually [73]. Moreover, variance inflation factor  
Figure 3: Stats of demographics (N = 1214). (VIF) values were considered to examine the multicollinearity aberrant. Multicollinearity among factors influences the route coefficients, and the threshold of VIF value is <5.0 [73]. VIF values are less than 5.0, indicating no multicollinearity in the final data (see Table 2). Thus, the results show that the instrument is helpful for further study, and EFA was used to determine each variable's dimensionality. Data reliability was examined by scale composite reliability (SCR) and average variance extracted (AVE) values. The threshold values for SCR and AVE are above 0.70 and 0.50, respectively [73]; the calculated values for AVE and SCR were acceptable (see Table 3) and passed the reliability test. Data validity was examined by discriminant validity (DV) and convergent validity (CV). The heterotait-monotrait ratio of correlations (HTMT) and \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{**Model: EnS = f (Firm Age, Firm Registration, Firm Size, EBPr, OPT); Intermediate Solution**} \\ \hline
**EnS** & **EBPr** & **OPT** & **Firm size** & **Firm Registration** & **Firm Age** & **Consistency** & **Raw Coverage** & **Unique Coverage** \\ \hline
1 & \(\bigotimes\) & \(\bigotimes\) & \(\bigotimes\) & \(\bigotimes\) & 0.770 & 0.569 & 0.014 \\
2 & \(\bigotimes\) & \(\bigotimes\) & \(\bigotimes\) & \(\bigotimes\) & 0.656 & 0.811 & 0.026 \\
3 & \(\bigotimes\) & \(\bigotimes\) & \(\bigotimes\) & \(\bigotimes\) & 0.741 & 0.714 & 0.038 \\
4 & \(\bigboxplus\) & \(\bigboxplus\) & \(\bigotimes\) & \(\bigotimes\) & 0.891 & 0.726 & 0.013 \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{Model: SUP = f (firm age, firm registration, firm size, EBPr, OPT); Intermediate solution} \\ \hline SUP & EBPr & OPT & Firm size & Firm Registration & Firm Age & Consistency & Raw coverage & Unique coverage \\ \hline
1 & \(\bigotimes\) & \(\bigotimes\) & \(\bigotimes\) & \(\bigotimes\) & 0.732 & 0.543 & 0.014 \\
2 & \(\bigotimes\) & \(\bigotimes\) & \(\bigotimes\) & \(\bigotimes\) & 0.651 & 0.808 & 0.040 \\
3 & \(\bigotimes\) & \(\bigotimes\) & \(\bigotimes\) & \(\bigotimes\) & 0.719 & 0.696 & 0.045 \\
4 & \(\bigboxplus\) & \(\bigotimes\) & \(\bigotimes\) & \(\bigotimes\) & 0.843 & 0.690 & 0.013 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: SUP = sustainable operations, EnS = environmental sustainability, OPT = operational transparency, EBPr = environmental business practices. \(\bigotimes\) = not configure, \(\bigboxplus\) = configure.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: FsQCA outcomes. Figure 4: Descriptive stats: SUP = sustainable operations, EnS = environmental sustainability, OPT = operational transparency, EBPr = environmental business practices. Fornell-Larcker criterion were used for DV confirmation (see Table 4). DV was verified from the square root of the AVE values. The basic rule for DV is that the values of the correlations between the variables should be less than the square root of AVE. The results showed that the correlation values between variables are lower than the square roots of the AVEs. The results showed that DV does not exist among multiple cross-loadings for each scale item.