## 1 Introduction  
One of the major threats to the safety of buildings is their vulnerability to natural disasters, which can lead to collapse or severe damage of structures, loss of human life, and socio-economic breakdown. Buildings that have been designed and constructed without considering the seismic lateral loads and in areas with high seismicity are considered unsafe, and retrofitting or rebuilding them is essential to reduce the effect of a strong seismic event. Beam-column connections are vital for the seismic resilience of reinforced concrete (RC) frames. Modern earthquake-resistant design codes such as ACI 318 [1], Eurocode 8 [2], and NZS3101 [3] detail requirements to enhance the ductility and energy dissipation capacity of these joints. Structural failures often stem from poor seismic performance of RC beam-column joints lacking seismic design considerations. A range of substandard design strategies has been developed for these connections. The cyclic behavior of substandard designed connections during seismic events is heavily influenced by design methodology and the detailing of concrete frame components. Evaluating the seismic performance of these members and connections can be done through nonlinear simulations and experimental investigations post-failure. Seismic vulnerability in RC structures remains a paramount concern, particularly in regions where legacy construction practices have prioritized compressive strength over ductility. While extensive experimental investigations have shed light on the behavior of RC beam-column joints and confirmed the efficacy of conventional BRBs under seismic excitations, a notable gap persists in the literature regarding the complementary role of computational models in elucidating these phenomena. Advanced fiber-based finite element (FE) models, for example, have emerged as indispensable tools that capture the intricate hysteretic responses, localized damage mechanisms, and evolving stiffness degradations observed in RC systems during cyclic loading. These models, by integrating nonlinear material behavior with complex bond interactions and discrete damage accumulation, offer a more granular insight into seismic performance than experimental observations alone. This dual approach not only refines the calibration of experimental data but also significantly enhances the predictability of seismic energy dissipation and the overall resilience of RC frames. Recent advancements in computational modeling have considerably advanced our ability to simulate dynamic structural responses under seismic loads. Seminal works by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [4] have demonstrated that incorporating total co-rotational formulations within FE frameworks enables the capture of large nodal displacements and rotations, a critical requirement for accurately modeling the behavior of RC structures during seismic events. Likewise, distributed plasticity models, as expounded by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [5], provide a robust methodology for discretizing RC cross-sections into multiple fibers, each governed by uniaxial stress-strain relationships. Such approaches are particularly effective in replicating the progressive degradation of bond strength and the localization of cracks, phenomena that are often inadequately captured by simpler lumped plasticity models. In parallel with these computational developments, there has been a burgeoning interest in innovative retrofit technologies that not only dissipate seismic energy but also facilitate self-centering behavior, a feature that is critical for reducing residual deformations after seismic events. A notable example of this emerging technology is the self-centering energy-dissipative brace (SCED), which has recently garnered considerable attention in the literature. The SCED system, as rigorously investigated by [PERSON] et al. [6], exhibits superior self-centering performance while maintaining high energy dissipation capacities.