## 4 Discussion  
Lactobacillus species are used as probiotics in humans [14]. For example, _L. plantarum_ reduces serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride levels [15] and attenuates inflammatory bowel disease [16]. _L. rhamn_ suppresses allergic sensitization and airway inflammation [17]. _L. delbrueckii_ can protect against _Listeria monocytogenes_[18], and _L. sakei_ has been suggested to have beneficial effects in children with atopic eczema-dermatitis syndrome [15]. The survival rate of _L. acidophilus_ LA-5, which was microencapsulated in sodium alginate followed by a fish gelatin coating, was improved during baking and storage, suggesting that it can be used as an effective bread enhancer [19]. The immunostimulating potency of lactobacilli appears to be species-specific [20]. For example, a previous study reported that _L. rhamn_s and _L. plantarum_ moderately induced the expression of co-stimulatory molecules and stimulated low-level production of cytokines and chemokines [21]. In contrast, _L. delbrueckii_ was reported to stimulate the production of high levels of the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines TNF-\(\alpha\) and IL-10, respectively, as well as that of NO in the mucosal immune system [18]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Target**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**RT (min)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} **m/z** \\ **(M + FA-H)–** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{**Formula**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Appm**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Area (\%)**} \\ \cline{6-9}  & & & & & **K8** & **K88** & **K5-5** & **K55-5** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{963.63} & sugar, reduction & 21.26/21.40 & 1123.6630 & C\({}_{55}\) H\({}_{98}\) O\({}_{20}\) & 0.533 & 0.6 & 0.3 & 1.5 & 4.4 \\ \cline{2-9}  & reduction & 21.71/21.83 & 961.6102 & C\({}_{49}\) H\({}_{88}\) O\({}_{15}\) & 0.855 & 2.9 & 2.7 & 10.4 & 9.6 \\ \cline{2-9}  & +sugar & 22.26 & 1125.6788 & C\({}_{55}\) H\({}_{100}\) O\({}_{20}\) & 0.621 & 6.9 & 2.6 & 5.3 & 26.9 \\ \cline{2-9}  & LTA Marker 1 & 22.7 & 963.6263 & C\({}_{49}\) H\({}_{90}\) O\({}_{15}\) & 1.497 & 35.1 & 26.4 & 31.4 & 40.2 \\ \cline{2-9}  & reduction-sugar & 22.59/22.77 & 799.5579 & C\({}_{43}\) H\({}_{78}\) O\({}_{10}\) & 1.571 & 0.2 & 0.2 & 0.7 & 0.8 \\ \cline{2-9}  & \(-\)sugar & 23.73 & 801.5728 & C\({}_{43}\) H\({}_{80}\) O\({}_{10}\) & 0.731 & 4.4 & 3.3 & 6.0 & 8.5 \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{977.64} & sugar, reduction & 22.04/22.16 & 1137.6783 & C\({}_{56}\) H\({}_{100}\) O\({}_{20}\) & 0.386 & 0.7 & 0.7 & 1.2 & 0.4 \\ \cline{2-9}  & reduction & 22.47/22.62 & 975.6256 & C\({}_{50}\) H\({}_{90}\) O\({}_{15}\) & 0.525 & 6.4 & 11.3 & 13.7 & 0.9 \\ \cline{2-9}  & +sugar & 23.11 & 1139.6940 & C\({}_{56}\) H\({}_{102}\) O\({}_{20}\) & 0.403 & 3.6 & 2.4 & 1.6 & 2.1 \\ \cline{2-9}  & LTA Marker 2 & 23.59 & 977.6420 & C\({}_{50}\) H\({}_{92}\) O\({}_{15}\) & 1.342 & 33.8 & 41.1 & 22.9 & 5.4 \\ \cline{2-9}  & reduction-sugar & 23.47/23.64 & 813.5734 & C\({}_{44}\) H\({}_{80}\) O\({}_{10}\) & 1.359 & 0.5 & 0.8 & 1.3 & 0.1 \\ \cline{2-9}  & \(-\)sugar & 24.75 & 815.5881 & C\({}_{44}\) H\({}_{82}\) O\({}_{10}\) & 0.24 & 4.7 & 8.3 & 4.0 & 0.7 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: LC-MS analysis. Relative peak area of two markers isolated from four kinds of LTAs. Figure 4: Predicted LTA glycolipid structures for derivatization. (**A**) LC-MS analysis of four LTAs. (**B**) Predicted LTA glycolipid structures for derivatization. Although 16S rRNA sequence analysis of four strains of _L. plantarum_ showed the phylogenetic relationships between reported _L. plantarum_ and the four strains used in this study, the LTA composition in the cell wall and immunoregulatory differences of LTAs were not identical to each other. The composition and structure of LTA seems to be determined at the genetic level [22]. The various activities of probiotics are often classified according to the characteristics of the strain [23]. Strains of the same species are expected to have similar abilities.