# Walkability Compass--A Space Syntax Solution for Comparative Studies
## 3 Results
### Walkability Patterns Analysis Results
A sectoral pattern in Bialystok for Re (37%) and hierarchical cluster could be seen as a less developed sectoral model for straightness (13%). Practically identical in both cases, the linear pattern is visible in Gdansk for the Re (11%) and St (9%). There are nearly equally discernible sectoral patterns with some parametric clusters and possibly growing into even more strongly expressed sectoral or concentric patterns in Lublin for both reach (14%) and straightness (10%). Hierarchical clusters for Re (16%) and straightness (14%) in Malmo demonstrate some signs of a future concentric model because of a few tiny islands in the periphery. There is a hierarchical, not strongly expressed cluster in Riga for both Re (4%) and St (3%). Because of the relatively small area of the pattern, it still could be seen as not so much differing from the dispersal pattern. Strongly expressed multi-nuclei patterns in Tallinn are very high within this research percentage for Re (21%) and St (14%). It is unique within the presented research situation in Vilnius with clearly differing patterns for Re and St: Re demonstrates dispersal islands (4%), while for St, a concentric island (11%) overlaps with one zone of higher Re. Regarding the PoP: a concentric pattern or its nodes in a whole territory is considered in Kaunas (17%), Bialystok (59%), Malmo (21%), and Vilnius (11%). A lower percentage could point out a weaker expression of the pattern. A mix of linear and sectoral patterns in Gdansk (23%) and Tallinn (35%) are located along the coastal line. Because of spatial limitations, hierarchical clusters in Lublin (21%) and Riga (21%) are not transformed into the nodes of concentric patterns. The pattern shape analysis allows us to state that among the compared cities, only Kaunas Gr has an elongated shape impacted by the linear shape and very long Kaunas Promenade (Figure 6). Furthermore, the Re and St usually adopt a similar pattern. However, the St patterns occurring are more challenging to describe unequivocally, e.g., Bialystok has been classified as hierarchical, but the pattern can also be recognised as sectoral. Finally, the pattern of  
Figure 6: The straight 3 km-long promenade impacts the Kauna’s Gr pattern’s elongated shape (Photo by [PERSON], December 2021). Vilnius is the most diverse (island, dispersal and concentric patterns), so is more walkable than less varied patterns. The walkability zones and sub-zones drew a spatial pattern. An unambiguous zone count number interpretation is challenging as zones are accompanied by more- or less-distanced and sparse sub-zones; this is reflected in the discrepancy shown in Table 4 between the number of zones and their sub-zones. The G and Z-score statistics (outputs of research workflow step 8) objectively compare the walkability at the whole city scale. In the case of all case study cities, the null hypothesis of random walkability distribution was rejected (in all the instances, \(p<0.001\)). The observed G was higher than the expected G index, which indicates the high walkability value clustering effect. The Z-score explains how strong this effect is. The Z-score values ranged from 209.4 (the Re for Bialystok) to 584.0 (the Gr for Gdarsk), indicating a significant walkability clustering effect within case study cities. Except for Riga, the Re index turned out to be the least clustered walkability explanatory index, and the Gr confirmed its highly clustered nature. The pattern observation and analysis concluded that the most substantial synergies exist between urban form aspects important for walkability--the Re and St. The most clearly expressed spatial patterns of PoP overlap with the other layers. The Re-St and PoP patterns could point out a perspective for walkability improvement based on non-overlapping parts. The spatial patterns of Gr demonstrate certain synergy with the other layers only in Malmo and Kaunas. In contrast, it could be seen as just dispersal allocation of POI in the other cases.