# Systematic Analysis of Wind Resources for Eolic Potential in Bangladesh
## 1 Introduction  
Energy is a key necessity for economic growth and comfortable lifestyles around the world from developed to developing countries. Globally, 28.3% of exported goods are covered by fuel from 60 countries [1]. As global population and energy demand are increasing, only 10% of the overall energy is utilized from alternative resources such as wind and solar in 2020 [2]. The development in renewable energy (RE) sectors is also racing in order to meet sustainable development goals (SDGs). The global emphasis in SDGs and RE has also driven Bangladesh in policies and research for enhancing alternative energy sectors. In 2020, the Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDP) provided detailed information for energy sources where RE counts only 0.19% for solar and 1.13% for hydropower, respectively. The main sources are natural gas (53.86%), furnace oil (27.18%), diesel (6.33%), coal (5.62%), and imported energy (5.69%), meeting about 58% of the country's population with grid-line connections [3]. In addition, wind energy is almostnegligible, and only a few power plants (barely operational) are limited to coastal regions. For instance, Grameen Shakti set up four wind generators to produce energy for cyclone shelters [4; 5]. Thus, there is a strong need from the growing population and the SDGs for investigating and establishing potential eco-friendly energy sources such as wind. Banglades Meteorological Department (BMD) observes wind only at a 10-m (10 m) height. These data are also sparse, i.e., only limited to 34 stations. Weather and climate systems in Bangladesh are influenced by both tropical and subtropical regions. A climatological analysis was conducted for examining probable wind resources around a port city and islands. Remote sensing data (daily) located at a latitude of 20 to 24\({}^{\circ}\) N and a longitude of 87.5 to 93.5\({}^{\circ}\) E in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) region incorporated wind at 10 m from 1990 to 2016. Results concluded that turbine installations could be possible in hilly regions and open islands to facilitate RE in remote areas [4]. Typically, wind intensity is characterized by two dominant characteristics: diurnal and seasonal variations. In addition to the chaotic behaviors of wind, the diurnal variation shows a maximum in the afternoon and a minimum in the morning [4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9]. This means that harvesting wind energy is mostly applicable during the afternoon period. On the other hand, seasonal variability in low-pressure systems and storm wind speed is at its maximum in summer (April-Sepetember) and its minimum during winter (October-March). This refers to a possibility for maximum wind power generation during monsoons in Bangladesh with suitable turbine technology. The large-scale atmospheric circulation is dominated by southwesterly trade winds and sea breezes in summer, while gentle northeasterly trade winds and land breeze dominate in winter [4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9]. This signifies a uniform wind direction that can help wind power plants. Earlier studies extensively explored coastal and hilly regions for potential wind resources to locate either wind or hybrid electricity generation plants [10; 11; 12; 13]. The focused sites are pre-dominated on Chittagong, Rangamati, Kutubdia, Coxs' bazar, Teknaf, Sitakundu, Khagrachari, and Kuakata [4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14]. Though this investigation shows a decent wind speed for coastal regions in the range of 5 to 8 m per second (m/s), the northern regions consist of riverside that remains underrepresented. Additionally, a statistical approach such as a Weibull distribution is utilized to approximate wind intensity for estimating potential power density. A Weibull distribution is a probability density function (PDF) with scale factor (c) and shape parameter (k) that has applications in weather forecasts, wind to power estimations, survival analysis, and engineering sectors. The mathematical derivations for Weibull PDF are well explained in [10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15].