# A BIM-Based Smart System for Fire Evacuation
## 3 Application to a Research Building of Lille University
### Use of BIM for Evacuation Management  
The BIM model provides real-time visualization of sensor data through the visual programming code conducted in Dynamo. Sensors provide real-time data concerning temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide. Figure 10a illustrates an example of the visualization of temperature data. In total, 20 sensors were installed in rooms with high occupancy to track the temperature variation. A color range was used to present the temperature levels: green (lowest temperature) to red (highest temperature). As shown in the legend, the temperature varies between 18.8 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 21.8 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The highest temperatures are located in the Ph.D. students' offices, where the number of occupants is higher than in other rooms. For each room, the users can check the sensors' recorded data in the room properties (Figure 10b).  
The results presented in the FDS and ABS are visualized and recorded in a BIM environment. The environmental data at several points will be exported to Dynamo, which will be responsible for generating interpolations to provide heat map values for each environmental parameter during the simulation interval. For example, the temperature values recorded during the fire simulations are exported and visualized in the BIM model. Figure 11 illustrates the temperature values, where the fire is located in the kitchen at 250 s of the simulation time. Based on the figure legend, the color range varies from blue, presenting the lowest temperature (20 \({}^{\circ}\)C), to red, presenting the highest temperature value (420 \({}^{\circ}\)C). The red zone shows the fire location while surrounding high temperatures precisely show the fire severity and spread. The temperature at the fire source reaches 420 \({}^{\circ}\)C; it impacts the surrounding areas with a temperature higher than 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C. In rooms  
Figure 8: Impact of fire on occupants’ exits (kitchen fire scenario).  
Figure 9: Impact of fire on the indoor occupants’ flow rate (electrical fire scenario).  
far from the fire source, the temperature remains less than 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The electrical fire reaches lower temperature values compared to the kitchen scenario. The temperature at the fire's source reaches 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
The parameter values are illustrated in graph view. Figure 12 presents the CO variation for the kitchen during a fire. It shows that the CO emissions increase rapidly after the fire's ignition, and then remain constant.  
Figure 11: Temperature heat map (kitchen fire scenario).  
Figure 10: Illustration of the recorded temperature values in the BIM model.  
The fire and evacuation simulation outputs are visualized simultaneously in the BIM environment. The proposed system illustrates the optimal evacuation paths for occupants based on their locations and provides the necessary information such as the RSET, the distance needed, and the exit door. Figure 13 presents the evacuation paths for occupants from each room to the nearest exit in a normal situation. The legend color range gives the path length already achieved from each room to reach the closest exit during evacuation. It was noticed that during a normal situation, the longest evacuation path to the exit door is 34.4 m. The BIM model will locate occupants' locations and change their directions according to the shortest and safest route during a fire event. Finally, the system displays occupants' information and sends them notification messages (Figure 14).  
Figure 12: CO emissions by time in kitchen (kitchen fire scenario).  
Figure 13: BIM visualization for evacuation paths.