esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Simulation and Experiment
### Simulation Results
#### 4.1.1 Example One
The weak signal will be ignored if the signal has a large side lobe, and therefore the estimated result does not include the 300 Hz signal. In Figure 6c, the improved RELAX algorithm reduces the influence of the side lobes by windowing in advance, compensates for the gain through Equation (12), and the estimation result is consistent with the frequency of the transmitted sound source. Figure 5: Estimation results of (**a**) periodogram and (**b**) improved RELAX algorithm. Figure 6: _Cont._
## 3 Results
### TMJ Studies
#### 3.3.4 Data Analysis  
It is evident that a wide variety of laser irradiation protocols have been performed. Regarding the wavelength applied, the vast majority was in the near-infrared range (780-940 nm), while five studies [61; 67; 70; 76; 77] examined the red wavelengths, and two [59; 60], the 1064 nm wavelength.  
As far as the other parameters are concerned in most of the studies, the total fluence per session was up to 300 J/cm\({}^{2}\), treatment was performed in multiple repetitions, and the application was executed only extra-orally.  
As for the treatment outcomes observed, 12/20 studies (60%) [59; 60; 61; 62; 63; 64; 66; 67; 70; 73; 74; 75] presented a positive result, while 8/20 (40%) [65; 68; 69; 71; 72; 76; 77; 78] showed no difference from the control group.
## 4 A Novel Loss Function: The Weighted Q-Symmetric Entropy Loss (WQEL) Function
### Bayesian Estimations under the WQEL Function  
According to Theorem 3, the Bayesian estimator of \(\beta\) under the informative Gamma prior distribution with the hyperparameters \((a,\frac{1}{b})\) is given as  
\[\hat{\beta}_{WQEL}=\bigg{[}\frac{E(\beta^{q-z}|\underline{X})}{E(\beta^{-q-z }|\underline{X})}\bigg{]}^{\frac{1}{2q}}=\frac{1}{b+S}\bigg{[}\frac{\Gamma(n +a+q-z)}{\Gamma(n+a-q-z)}\bigg{]}^{\frac{1}{2q}}. \tag{35}\]  
Furthermore, the reliability function's Bayesian estimator for the Burr XII distribution is represented as follows:  
\[\hat{R}_{WQEL}(t)=\left[\frac{E\Big{(}R(t)^{q-z}|\underline{X}\Big{)}}{E\Big{(} R(t)^{-q-z}|\underline{X}\Big{)}}\right]^{\frac{1}{2q}}=\bigg{[}\frac{b+S-(q+z) \ln(1+t^{a})}{b+S+(q-z)\ln(1+t^{a})}\bigg{]}^{\frac{n+a}{2q}}. \tag{36}\]  
Regarding the non-informative quasi-density prior, as \(\pi_{2}(\beta)=\frac{1}{B^{m}}\), the Bayesian estimations of \(\beta\) and \(R(t)\) under the new loss function are expressed separately as  
\[\hat{\beta}_{WQEL}=\bigg{[}\frac{E(\beta^{q-z}|\underline{X})}{E(\beta^{-q-z }|\underline{X})}\bigg{]}^{\frac{1}{2q}}=\frac{1}{S}\bigg{[}\frac{\Gamma(n-m+ q-z+1)}{\Gamma(n-m-q-z+1)}\bigg{]}^{\frac{1}{2q}}, \tag{37}\]  
\[\hat{R}_{WQEL}(t)=\left[\frac{E\Big{(}R(t)^{q-z}|\underline{X}\Big{)}}{E\Big{(} R(t)^{-q-z}|\underline{X}\Big{)}}\right]^{\frac{1}{2q}}=\bigg{[}\frac{S-(q+z) \ln(1+t^{a})}{S+(q-z)\ln(1+t^{a})}\bigg{]}^{\frac{n-m+1}{2q}}. \tag{38}\]
## 1 Introduction
[28] studied the effects of chemical nucleator additives such as SrCl\({}_{2}\cdot\)6H\({}_{2}\)O, BaCO\({}_{3}\), and K\({}_{2}\)CO\({}_{3}\) on the supercooling behavior of CaCl\({}_{2}\cdot\)6H\({}_{2}\)O PCM. Among the additives, SrCL\({}_{2}\cdot\)6H\({}_{2}\)O showed the best performance in preventing supercooling. [PERSON] [10] adopted sonocrystallization by using ultrasound radiation to crystallize CaCl\({}_{2}\cdot\)6H\({}_{2}\)O. In order to minimize phase segregation, thickener agents have been used. Absorbent polymer [29], polyethylene glycol [30], silicon rubber [31], cellulose derivatives [27,29,32], and polyvinyl alcohol [29] have been added as thickening agents to inhibit or minimize phase segregation. An inorganic PCM, MnCl\({}_{2}\cdot\)4H\({}_{2}\)O, was confirmed to increase latent heat and decrease supercooling when it was used as an additive in Mn(NO\({}_{3}\))\({}_{2}\cdot\)6H\({}_{2}\)O PCM [33]. However, there have been no previous studies regarding the properties of MnCl\({}_{2}\cdot\)4H\({}_{2}\)O as a PCM rather than an additive. The objective of this study was to measure and investigate the thermophysical properties of inorganic MnCl\({}_{2}\cdot\)4H\({}_{2}\)O PCMs. The specimens were delivered in liquid, solid, and dual phases. The scope of investigation comprised (1) superheating and supercooling analyses of the thermophysical properties (melting/solidification temperatures and latent heats) of single-phase PCMs under endo/exothermic processes using DSC; (2) in particular, analyzing the supercooling behavior of PCMs, which were treated to a homogeneous condition; and (3) determining thermal conductivities and thermal diffusivities analyses of single-phase PCMs.
# AI-Driven Innovations in Software Engineering: A Review of Current Practices and Future Directions
## 3 AI Applications in Software Engineering
### Testing and Quality Assurance  
#### 3.4.1 Automated Test Case Generation  
Testing constitutes a critical aspect of software quality assurance, ensuring that applications perform as intended. AI can automate the generation of test cases by analyzing code changes and predicting potential failure points.  
For example, when developers introduce new code into the codebase, AI models can suggest relevant tests for the changes and generate test scripts that seamlessly integrate with the existing testing framework. AI-driven tools can automatically create unit tests and other testing scripts, covering basic functionalities and edge cases. This automation reduces the manual effort associated with writing tests, enhances test coverage, and facilitates the early detection of defects.  
By continuously updating test suites in response to code modifications, AI ensures that testing processes remain aligned with ongoing development activities, thereby maintaining high-quality standards throughout the project lifecycle.  
AI techniques, such as model-based testing and symbolic execution, can analyze program behavior to generate comprehensive test cases that cover a wide range of scenarios [54]. Machine learning models can predict areas of the code that are more likely to contain defects, enabling targeted testing efforts.
## 2 Concept of ATD  
In order for a normal multirotor UAV to move horizontally, it is necessary to appropriately change the balance of the propellers rotation speed and tilt the aircraft. As a result, a propulsive force in the horizontal direction can be obtained. To move in the horizontal direction while keeping the attitude of the aircraft horizontal, it is sufficient to add a driving force that generates thrust in the horizontal direction. Furthermore, to move in any direction of the horizontal plane, it is necessary to be able to generate a thrust vector in any direction. For this, at least three drive sources are required. The main features of the proposed ATD are based on the concept as follows.  
1. The ATD allows the multi-rotor aircraft to move horizontally while keeping its attitude horizontal. This leads to easier and fine position control, and the positioning accuracy can be improved.
2. When applying a force to an object sideways in aerial work, the attitude of the aircraft is horizontal, so the force can be applied continuously and stably. Moreover, the addition of ATD increases the force that can be generated compared to the case of a normal multirotor aircraft alone.
3. The vertical thrust is generated by the multirotor aircraft, and the horizontal thrust is generated by ATD. Since these can be controlled independently, the structure makes it easy to generate horizontal force at any given height of the multi-rotor aircraft.
4. While moving horizontally using ATD, the driving force of the multi-rotor aircraft can be devoted to keeping the altitude and attitude of the aircraft constant. Therefore, it may become robust due to disturbances such as wind.
5. The proposed ATD is add-on type and can be retrofitted to a multirotor, which means it can work with any of typical multirotors, from hobby to industrial ones.  
The system can be useful for various applications; for example, in some contact or non-contact inspection tasks, by keeping attitude of multirotor horizontal, the task can be done more easily and smoothly while staying nearer the target surfaces in a narrow space (Figure 1b), roof (Figure 1c), or walls (Figure 1d). Moreover, it also can be useful for increasing accuracy of some tasks which requires multirotor generating force in horizontal direction without changing its attitude, such as high pressure cleaning or painting tasks.  
To construct ATD, to be equipped on a typical multirotor UAV, we use ducted fan as the main actuator unit, which is lightweight, compact, and able to generate relatively required for positioning a body in that plane. Three or more ducted fans are required to generate thrust in any direction on the horizontal plane. In this research, we designed and manufactured ATD using three ducted fans, which is the minimum configuration.
## 2 Previous Research and Background
### Remote Sensing in Forestry  
Utilizing remote sensing imagery for extracting information about the forest structure and its employment in forest planning has been practiced since the 1960s [52]. Remote sensing provides the opportunity to gather uniform information about larger areas otherwise impossible to collect from field measurements. The automated derivation of crucial information from the forest, such as tree species classification and wood volume estimation, has long been a goal of researchers in forestry [53]. Traditionally, collecting information about the forest structure was based on sending experts into the field for conventional forest inventories. This process is costly and often not affordable for small forest owners. With the advances in sensor technology as well as computing power, the interest in applying algorithms for the automated extraction of forest parameters from remotely sensed spectral information has increased [9].  
At present, the leading sensing instrument technologies applied for retrieving forestry-relevant metrics are multi-spectral or hyperspectral cameras; light detection and ranging (lidar); and to a certain extent, synthetic-aperture radars (SAR) [54]. These instruments can be mounted on three different platforms--satellites, aircrafts, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)--each giving the sensing instrument different ranges of spatial resolution. Moreover, sensors mounted on a plane can support conventional forest inventories and provide helpful information for operational forest management [53; 55].  
Despite the importance of forest operations such as thinning, few studies have tried to create models that can predict the necessity of thinning directly from remote sensing data [20]. Most research has focused on change detection, tree species classification, as well as wood volume estimation. Although substantial progress has been made in all the introduced research questions, they are far from being solved and are still active research subjects.
# Highly Adaptive Reconfigurable Receiver Front-End for 5G and Satellite Applications
## 6 HARRF SPDT Design
### SPDT Integration with X-Band ON and K/Ka-Band OFF
#### 7.2.4 Stability  
The stability factor (based on [PERSON]'s criterion) is shown in Figure 24, where the design remains unconditionally stable across all frequencies of interest. This indicates that no risk of oscillation arises under typical source and load impedances.  
Figure 23: Input and output reflection coefficient performance of the switchable wideband receiver front-end with the X-band arm ON and K/Ka-band OFF.  
Figure 24: Stability performance of the switchable wideband receiver front-end with the X-band arm ON and K/Ka-band OFF.
# CRC-Based Reliable WiFi Backscatter Communication for Supply Chain Management
## 5 Discussions and Conclusions  
In this paper, we propose a novel backscatter communication system, named CRC-Scatter, which enables ambient WiFi backscatter communications with a single-AP receiver. Unlike existing backscatter systems, CRCScatter does not require an additional access point at the receiver, nor does it impose restrictions on the excitation source. The CRCScatter decoder performs a reverse CRC, XOR decoding, and a differential decoding procedure to decode the original packet and tag data from the received backscatter packet. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system. To reduce the BER, this work adds redundant parity bits to the tag data for simple error detection. In future work, we aim to implement and test CRCScatter in real-world environments.  
We outline some directions for improving upon this work. First, a possible research direction for further exploration is to expand the types and functions of parity bits. More complex error-detecting codes such as CRC can be applied to this work for lower BER. Error-correcting codes could be applied to improve decoding accuracy when the SNR is high and the number of error bits is small. Second, the CRCScatter tag continuously modulates multiple bits based on the length and content of the tag data. Future work could use more modulation methods, such as segmented modulation or sliding window. The decoding algorithm also needs to be redesigned based on the new modulation method. Lastly, while the current design focuses on DBPSK, future work could explore decoding on DQPSK or other excitation signals such as Bluetooth and ZigBee.  
Conceptualization, H.D. and W.G.; methodology, W.X. and W.G.; software, Y.-H.L.; validation, Y.-H.L. and Y.H.; formal analysis, T.L.; investigation, Y.-H.L. and T.L.; resources, Y.-H.L.; data curation, T.L. and Y.H.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.-H.L.; writing--review and editing, T.L. and Y.H.; visualization, Y.-H.L.; supervision, H.D., W.X. and W.G.; project administration, W.G.; funding acquisition, W.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This work was supported by NSFC Grant No. 61971390.  
Not applicable.  
The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the authors upon request.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Experiments and Results  
### Dataset  
Our research makes use of a publicly available spine dataset, courtesy of the University of California Irvine Medical Centre's School of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health [37]. This dataset includes CT scans from 10 individuals aged from 16 to 35 years. Each scan incorporates up to 600 slices of resolution 512 \(\times\) 512 and interslice spacing of 1 mm. All images are normalized and resized to 256 \(\times\) 256 pixels for uniformity. The dataset provides ground truth masks for each image, and a portion of these masks is subjected to noise (Section 2.3). Out of the 10 scans, 9 were used for training, which produced a total of 5043 images. The last scan, consisting of 552 images, was set aside for testing. Validation was conducted on 10% of the training data, ensuring no overlap occurred between the training and testing datasets.
applied sciences Article  
Application of Genetic Algorithm to Optimize Location of BRB for Reinforced Concrete Frame with Curtailed Shear Wall  
[PERSON]  
Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology,  
Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.I.M.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (P.A.d.F.F.)  
Correspondence: saito.taiki.bv@ut.itp  
The shear walls are essential seismic elements to increase buildings bearing capacity against earthquakes. In mid- and high-rise buildings, shear walls are subjected to predominant bending deformation under earthquakes, and the responses in upper floors increase. In order to utilize the shear walls appropriately, previous studies proposed to install shear walls until a certain building level, referred to as the curtailed wall. However, the upper frame structure without shear walls suffered significant deformation during earthquakes compared to the lower stories. Therefore, the objective of this study is to present structural configuration for buildings with curtailed shear walls by installing buckling-restrained braces (BRBs) in the upper frame to reduce its deformation under earthquakes. Firstly, the analysis accuracy was verified by simulating the experimental results of four sets of scaled frames with curtailed walls tested on a shaking table. Then, ten- and twenty-story plane frames with the different heights of curtailed walls were created, and their nonlinear responses to earthquake ground motions were evaluated. The genetic algorithm was applied to establish the optimum BRB locations to satisfy the design criteria. It was proved that using BRBs at specific locations in upper frames can significantly improve the seismic response of buildings with curtailed walls.  
seismic response; optimization; curtailed shear wall; buckling-restrained brace; genetic algorithm
## 6 Results and Discussion
### Computational Complexity Evaluation
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \(N\) & **SCMI** & **SMSE** & **CGD** & \(N\) & **SCMI** & **SMSE** & **CGD** \\ \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{(**a**) BF precoding} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**(b) RZF precoding} \\ \hline
10 & 74 & 49 & 47 & 10 & 348 & 49 & 26 \\ \hline
50 & 7154 & 469 & 163 & 50 & 7154 & 220 & 88 \\ \hline
100 & 4979 & 1574 & 234 & 100 & 5385 & 348 & 135 \\ \hline
150 & 4882 & 2149 & 237 & 150 & 4291 & 836 & 238 \\ \hline
200 & 4139 & 3654 & 385 & 200 & 4321 & 1001 & 250 \\ \hline
250 & 5099 & 7357 & 533 & 250 & 3796 & 3087 & 329 \\ \hline
300 & 5539 & 7101 & 616 & 300 & 5686 & 7113 & 537 \\ \hline
350 & 5508 & 6428 & 785 & 350 & 6008 & 6428 & 584 \\ \hline
400 & 5409 & 6772 & 827 & 400 & 5850 & 7133 & 761 \\ \hline
450 & 8468 & 3089 & 886 & 450 & 10823 & 6915 & 588 \\ \hline
500 & 9564 & 2901 & 974 & 500 & 7536 & 7736 & 703 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: The number of iterations per each training sequence algorithm required to converge with respect to the number of BS antennas \(N\) for the pilot length in BF and RZF precoding in the OR model with \(\omega=5^{\circ}\), \(D=1/2\), \(T=100\) symbols, \(\rho_{\rm d}=10\) dB and \(K=12\) users.
# An Adaptive Security Framework for Internet of Things Networks Leveraging SDN and Machine Learning
## 5 Enhanced SCAFFOLD Protocol
### Protocol Overview  
The following procedures are used by the Enhanced SCAFFOLD to provide safe communication paths between IoT devices:  
* Preliminary lightweight key exchange based on HIP and DietTOP.
* Secure channel creation using nonces and session keys.
* Traffic encryption using AES-256 and periodic rekeying.
* Continuous traffic monitoring by the SDN controller.
* Attack detection via ensemble classifiers and correlation analysis.
* Precision attack mitigation through SDN reconfiguration.
* Periodic channel reauthentication inspired by IKEv2.  
These mechanisms enhance security, resiliency, and performance.
# A UWB-Driven Self-Actuated Projector Platform for Interactive Augmented Reality Applications
## 2 Related Work  
### Informative Augmented Reality  
Augmented reality (AR) is defined as a field where humans can perceive an augmented real-world experience by superimposing digital components over the physical world. Using AR systems appear useful in various fields that deliver information to users. For industrial purposes, AR can assist workers by giving real-time instructions through visual clues. This study [18] designed an AR system that instructs workers on the welding quality assurance process. This system requires a predefined and fixed location for installing the projector unit where the projected content is chosen according to the welded part characteristics. The authors of [19] used an AR system to detect thermal leaks by providing visual data to avoid common accidents in the workplace; similarly, the projector unit headed towards the area of interest. For educational purposes, a famous example of using AR is the interactive board in classrooms [20], where it helps students to become more involved in the in-class activity and increase their attention. However, the projection-based interactive board usually suffers from tracking sensor occlusion and the projection beam's blockage problems. AR also appears to help in the early stages of the designing process, as presented in [21], where augmenting animated graphics contributes to building up a prototype level of interactive kinetic art. This design affords a limited interaction area due to the use of a stationary and heavy projection unit and the restricted field of view of the tracking camera. Also, some users found it inconvenient to use the mobile device to designate the desired workflow in a small workspace. In the medical field, AR's influence cannot be denied, as it can assist in medical education [22] by displaying anatomical information over a tracked body-parts. This type of application needs a relatively large installation area because it contains many projection units, making it not preferable to displace this setup if required. For cultural applications (e.g., augmenting a museum's content), an AR system supports items on display by providing a supplementary explanation in different forms; in [15], the authors placed the projection unit behind a large screen to allow museum visitors to manipulate a detailed 3D model using indirect touch control. A customized and affordable wall where direct touch triggers the display of augmented visual material providing historical information was presented in [16]. In both examples of museum AR systems, the interaction is confined to a single place and servers one interaction purpose. We selected the previously mentioned literature under the category of projection-based AR, as it is the same AR-type as in our study. Most of the presented work has a fixed or limited interactive workspace. Therefore, it is crucial to figure out the different mobility levels of projection-based AR systems looking for expanding the interactive area.