## 4 Specialisation in Intelligent Systems
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline
**Swarm** & **Description** & **Number** \\ \hline Ant & Choose the next connection of the path \\  & Determine the fitness of the path \\  & Update the pheromone \\ \hline Particle & Update position \\  & Update velocity \\  & Determine the fitness of the new position \\ \hline Fish & prey-1: Take a random position \\  & prey-2: Compute the food concentration of this position \\  & prey-3: Move towards this position if it is better than the present position \\  & prey-4: Move towards this position if a predefined number of unsuccessful attempts of \\  & movement towards a better position have been reached \\  & swarm-1: Determine the central point of the neighbourhood \\  & swarm-2: Compute the food concentration of this point \\  & swarm-3: Move towards this position if it is better than the present position \\  & follow-1: Determine the neighbour whose position has more food concentration \\  & follow-2: Move towards this position if it is better than the present position \\  & _(prey-2 and swarm-2 are the same operation; prey-3, swarm-3 and follow-2 are the same operation)_ \\ \hline Bees & Employed bee-1: Take a random position as a candidate food source \\  & Employed bee-2: Compute the nectar of this position \\  & Employed bee-3: Replace the previous food source by the candidate food source if the \\  & second one has more nectar \\  & Onlooker bee-1: Choose another food source (with a certain probability) \\  & Onlooker bee-2: Memorise this food source and forget the previous one if the second \\  & one has more nectar \\  & Scout bee-1: Take a random position as a new food source \\  & Scout bee-2: Compute the nectar of this position \\ \hline Firefly & Move (towards another firefly or randomly) \\  & Determine the fitness of the new position \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Basic tasks of a single entity. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline
**System** & **Rol** & \(\mathbf{E_{T}}\) & \(\mathbf{E_{TH}}\) & \(\mathbf{E_{E}}\) \\ \hline Ant systems & Ant & 0.33 & Very high & High or very high if \(n\geq 4\) \\ \hline PSO systems & Particle & 0.33 & Very high & High or very high if \(n\geq 4\) \\ \hline Fish systems & Fish & 0.17 & High & High or very high if \(n\geq 8\) \\ \hline Artificial bees systems & Employed bee & 0.33 & Very high & High or very high if \(n\geq 10\) \\  & Onlooker bee & 0.50 & Very high & High or very high if \(n\geq 10\) \\  & Scout bee & 0.33 & Very high & High or very high if \(n\geq 10\) \\ \hline Firefly systems & Firefly & 0.5 & Very high & High or very high if \(n\geq 3\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Measure of specialisation in several systems (\(E_{T}\): Degree of specialisation of tasks; \(E_{TH}\): Degree of specialisation of horizontal tasks; \(E_{E}\): Degree of corporate specialisation; \(n\): Number of individuals or particles). Taking into account the results obtained, it can be observed that the different systems have a specialisation of tasks high or very high, so that the different resources are focused on the achievement of a certain set of tasks. The characterisation of the high degree of specialisation in swarm systems reveals the importance of collaboration among the members of the system, so that the individual work carried out by each element allows to achieve specific aims that are more complex, which are unattainable for a single member. In the same way, the business specialisation is not determined, because the number of organisational elements is not defined, although it is true that the number of groups of tasks to be performed is small enough to consider that the specialisation is high or very high. Once the specialisation has been measured in these systems, it is interesting to measure the degree of cooperation in different systems considered as a single unit to achieve more complex goals, or to obtain them with less cost [10].