## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect on Alloying Additives and Dopants to Increase Hydrogen Production  
A study involving Al-Mg-Ga-In-Sn alloys demonstrated another perspective on the utilization of alloying additives [36; 37; 38]. These alloys were prepared using arc melting and melt-spinning techniques, and their microstructures were analyzed. The study found that magnesium's effect on the water splitting reaction of aluminum was mainly due to the induction of segregation of indium and tin, as well as the formation of intermetallic compounds on the aluminum surfaces. Moreover, the refinement of aluminum grains in the rapidly solidified alloys significantly enhanced the reaction rate and hydrogen yield. Interestingly, magnesium dissolved in aluminum grains showed negligible effects on the reaction. This finding suggests that the microstructural properties of the alloys can be a critical factor in enhancing hydrogen production through aluminum-water reactions. Another study focusing on Al-Cu-Ga-In-Sn alloys produced by smelting and casting evaluated the influence of copper on the water-aluminum reaction [39; 40]. The findings  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Nb Exp. **} & **Holding Time, Hours** & **State of Water** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Chemical Purity of Aluminum, \%** \\ \end{tabular}  & \multirow{2}{*}{\(z\), g} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(c\), g} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(h\), \%} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(V\)(H2), L} \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{1} & \multirow{6}{*}{4} & \multirow{6}{*}{Steam} & 99.99 & 2.97 & 5.45 & 68.44 & 2.53 \\ \cline{3-8}  & & & 99.9 & 3.00 & 3.04 & 0.96 & 0.04 \\ \cline{3-8}  & & & 99.7 & 3.14 & 3.15 & 0.26 & 0.01 \\ \cline{3-8}  & & & 99.99 & 2.91 & 5.26 & 66.05 & 2.40 \\ \cline{3-8}  & & & Liquid & 99.9 & 3.14 & 3.19 & 1.31 & 0.05 \\ \cline{3-8}  & & & 99.7 & 3.15 & 3.15 & 0.00 & 0.00 \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{2} & \multirow{6}{*}{6} & \multirow{6}{*}{Steam} & 99.99 & 3.02 & 5.96 & 79.80 & 3.00 \\ \cline{3-8}  & & & 99.9 & 3.02 & 3.08 & 1.63 & 0.06 \\ \cline{3-8}  & & & 99.7 & 2.99 & 3.00 & 0.27 & 0.01 \\ \cline{3-8}  & & & 99.99 & 3.00 & 6.21 & 87.70 & 3.28 \\ \cline{3-8}  & & & Liquid & 99.9 & 2.99 & 3.05 & 1.64 & 0.06 \\ \cline{3-8}  & &indicated that copper impedes the reaction, primarily due to the formation of Al\({}_{2}\)Cu. This compound precipitated at the aluminum grain boundaries, affecting the formation and distribution of the low melting point Ga-In-Sn phase. This precipitation also interrupted the direct contact between the aluminum matrix grain and the Ga-In-Sn phase at the interface, resulting in a decrease in reaction rate and hydrogen yield. This highlights the significance of careful alloying element selection and composition, as certain alloying elements, such as copper, may have a detrimental effect on hydrogen production from aluminum-water reactions [41]. Another line of research has investigated the production of hydrogen using aluminum waste can powder (AWCP). AWCP and its composites were subjected to disintegration and mechanochemical activation using metals. When reacted in 1M NaOH under standard temperature conditions, a ternary AWCP (3% Sn-3% Mg) composite produced the highest amount of hydrogen, in terms of weight percentage, compared to a binary AWCP. Activation metals were found to contribute to microgalvanic activity in AWCP, which in turn led to higher hydrolysis rates. Additionally, the hydrogen produced from the aluminum-water reaction was successfully used to produce methane through a continuous methanation process. This research demonstrates the potential of AWCP as a raw material for hydrogen production and opens up possibilities for producing clean, sustainable, and economically viable energy through simultaneous methanation [42]. Based on the results of the research cited above, we suggest that by optimizing the dopants and alloying additives, it is possible to manipulate the reaction rates and enhance hydrogen production.