## 2 Background Knowledge
### Resilience and Sustainability of Urban Infrastructure and Buildings
With an increasing global population and complex urban development demands, revolutionary solutions are needed to meet the challenges of urbanization and climate change [58; 61; 62; 63]. Goal 9 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development of United Nation (UN) refers to \"Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation\". This goal is a reminder that, when natural catastrophes strike, urban regions suffer more mortality and economic losses than rural areas because of the influx of population, structures, industries, and assets, including the densely interwoven infrastructures [64]. Megacities' interconnected infrastructures are vulnerable to cascading system failures such as in roads and railways, water and energy supply networks, telecommunication systems, sewage systems, and green infrastructures [65]. Governments and companies are being forced to recognize and handle the larger and more rapidly altering environment. One can for example consider the risks arising from the failure of energy, or communication, systems. Cascading failures introduce a new hazard potential that cannot be fully addressed by minimizing risks in single system components [66]. Furthermore, a significant portion of the global population explosion is concentrated in low-lying coastal cities, which are susceptible to urbanization and the effects of sea level rise and storm surge [67; 68]. Goal 11 aims to make cities and settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable to address the reality that over half of the world's population now resides in urban areas and to decrease the threat of natural disasters caused by urbanization. Climate change impacts such as extreme weather events can cause significant damage and economic loss across many locations. Smart city design can help reduce vulnerability to these disasters and the need for international collaboration on this issue is more important than ever. Millions of people live in cities, which are complex asset systems. They are sources of economic development and job prospects, but are also some of our planet's most vulnerable areas in terms of climate change implications. As a result, this objective seeks to enhance people's lives by ensuring the sustainable management and control of cities' resourceswhile lowering their environmental impact. This includes safeguarding human settlements against natural disasters (such as earthquakes or floods), reducing their vulnerability to disasters through risk reduction measures (such as better housing construction), ensuring access to clean water supply systems by promoting proper sanitation facilities (such as toilets), improving waste management services (including recycling), and making urban environments more resilient to extreme heat events such as droughts or floods [69]. Goal 11.1 covers Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) as an essential component of social and economic development if growth is to be long-term. Several worldwide documents on disaster risk reduction and sustainable development have acknowledged this. As the first major worldwide framework for disaster risk reduction, the Yokohama Strategy and Plan of Action for a Safer World (1994) acknowledged the interdependence of sustainable development and disaster risk reduction [70]. Since then, this close interdependence has been continuously reinforced within key global agreements, ranging from the Millennium Development Goals to the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (Johannesburg, September 2002), the \"Hyogo Framework for Action (2005-2015)\" and the \"Future We Want\" [71], the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction [72], and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. According to the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, communities are becoming increasingly vulnerable to global climatic change consequences, particularly drought, floods, heat stress, severe rainfall events, and other natural disasters [61; 73; 74].