# Factors That Affect Liquefaction-Induced Lateral Spreading in Large Subduction Earthquakes
## 5 Conclusions  
Current liquefaction-induced lateral spreading prediction equations exhibit a large margin of error for large-magnitude subduction earthquakes. Based on the results of our parametric study, the main findings are:  
1. The numerical methodology used in this study (using Cyclic1D) can properly simulate pore water pressure generation and shear modulus degradation under strong earthquakes.
2. The applicability of the numerical methodology was verified by comparing the simulated responses and the recorded ones in the centrifuge tests of the VELACS and LEAP projects, and those from simulated historical cases.
3. Our parametric study shows that, for the analyzed cases, the residual lateral displacement has a better correlation with CAV = cumulative absolute velocity (R\({}^{2}\) = 0.87, \(\rho\) = 0.93, \(\mathrm{r_{s}}\) = 0.88), HI = Housner intensity (R\({}^{2}\) = 0.78, \(\rho\) = 0.88, \(\mathrm{r_{s}}\) = 0.79) and SMV = sustained maximum velocity (R\({}^{2}\) = 0.78, \(\rho\) = 0.88, \(\mathrm{r_{s}}\) = 0.79).
4. For large-magnitude subduction earthquakes, the use of the distance terms in empirical formulas is still problematic.
5. In future stages of this research, a probabilistic approach that incorporates different sources of uncertainty in seismic loading, soil properties, and soil geometry will be developed.  
**Author Contributions:** Investigation, W.A.; Methodology, C.L.; Supervision, C.L.; Writing--original draft, W.A.; Writing--review & editing, C.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** The funding provided by ANID (National Agency for Research and Development) of the Chilean Government through the ANID Doctorate Scholarship. CONICYT-PFCHA/Doctorado Nacional/2020-21200188.  
**Acknowledgments:** The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers whose comments greatly enhanced the quality of the manuscript.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
**Nomenclature**  
R Distance from site to the seismic source A95 & Threshold of acceleration when 95% of AI is achieved D1 Hypocentral distance EPP Excess pressure pore 2 Epicentral distance r\({}_{\mathrm{u}}\) Excess pressure pore ratio D3 Closest distance to high-stress zone SPT Standard Penetration Test D4 Closest distance to the edge of the fault rupture Vmax/Amax Maximum velocity to maximum acceleration ratio D5 Closest distance to the surface & IC Intensity characteristic i Ground slope SED Specific energy density Dr Relative density CAV Cumulative absolute velocity H Liquefied Thickness ASI Acceleration spectrum intensity amax Maximum horizontal acceleration DBI Lateral displacement at the surface H1 Housinger intensity \(\rho\) Mass density SMA Sustained maximum acceleration Vsr Reference shear wave velocity coeff Confinement dependence coefficient K0 Coefficient of lateral pressure Perm k Permeability coefficient \(\phi\) Friction angle Tp Pedominant period Peak shear strain Tm The Mean period NYS Number of yield surfaces PD Shear transformation angle UD Uniform duration c1 Contraction parameter 1 BD Backeted duration