## 3 Application of Advanced Surveying Methods (_Advanced Surveying_)
While LiDAR and 3D Scanning are particularly recognized for their high precision and extensive 3D data gathering, the Geographic Information System (GIS) stands out in terms of advantages in advanced surveying for its multisource data analysis and thorough data management. UAVs and the Mobile Mapping System (MMS) are both prized for their rapid large-area coverage, with UAVs also being cost-effective. Remote Sensing's strength lies in its ability to capture vast areas swiftly, and the Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is unparalleled in its subsurface structure and utility data capture. However, a shared issue among LiDAR, 3D Scanning, and MMS is the time-consuming nature of their data processing. Spatial resolution is a key parameter in surveying technologies, indicating the level of detail that can be captured from a particular distance. The precision of the sensor, determined by its resolution, is critical in defining the accuracy with which traffic infrastructure elements can be mapped and analyzed. Higher-resolution sensors provide finer details, essential for the accurate recognition of elements like road signs, signals, and markings, which are crucial for safety and efficient traffic management [93; 94]. Three-dimensional scanning, which encompasses technologies such as LiDAR, allows for detailed measurements and high-fidelity models, particularly with terrestrial setups where the equipment is stationary. For instance, a higher-resolution sensor influences the detection capabilities, distinguishing between different types of surfaces markings, obstacles, and traffic [95; 96; 97]. Conversely, the spatial resolution in Remote Sensing, which involves a broader range of technologies including aerial imagery and satellite photos, can vary significantly. For example, the ground sample distance, which is crucial in determining the detail captured in imagery from UAVs, is dependent on both the camera's resolution and the altitude of the flight [98]. The increased resolution in UAV imagery is crucial for accurately identifyingprofiles on road surfaces, facilitating timely maintenance and management decisions [99]. It is these variations in resolution and ground sample distance which influence the choice of technology based on the required accuracy and the nature of the terrain or project at hand. In terms of data formats, point cloud is a common format shared by LiDAR, UAVs, MMS, and GPR. While 3D scanning can generate mesh, CAD, and BIM outputs, GIS primarily employs vector and raster formats. Applications of these tools often overlap in infrastructure and environmental monitoring. GIS is widely used for traffic and road network management, offering essential tools for spatial analysis and data integration, which aid in effective civil infrastructure monitoring. Its versatility also benefits urban and environmental planning by handling and analyzing spatial data for sustainable outcomes. UAVs, while less common in traffic management, provide high-precision aerial imagery for monitoring road conditions, supporting emergency response, and environmental studies. The deployment of 3D scanning, UAVs, and MMS varies by industry and organization. Three-dimensional scanning is efficient for capturing complex geometries, UAVs are beneficial for rapid aerial data collection, and MMS excels in data collection for transportation infrastructure. Additionally, GPR is specialized for underground mapping, while Remote Sensing is used for land cover mapping and disaster response.