## 4 Research Methodology
### Sample and Data Collection
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt}} \hline \hline
**Construct** & **Items** & **Adapted from** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{System Quality (SysQ)} & **SysQ1:** The E-learning systems used by my university is convenient to use \\  & **SysQ2:** The E-learning systems used by my university enable me to quickly locate the \\  & **information I need.** \\  & **SysQ3:** The E-learning systems used by my university system are well structured \\  & **SysQ4:** The E-learning systems used by my university are easy to use. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Service Quality (SerQ)} & **SerQ1:** The service personnel are always ready to assist anytime I require assistance with the e-learning systems. \\  & **SerQ2:** The service personnel are keen to offer timely services and support regarding \\  & **-learning systems.** \\  & **SerQ3:** The service personnel are knowledgeable enough to address my issues regarding the E-learning systems. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Information Quality (IQ)} & **IQ1:** Information and course content provided by the E-learning systems are always available during the semester \\  & **IQ2:** Information and course content provided by the E-learning systems are easy to understand \\  & **IQ3:** Information and course content provided by the E-learning systems appear clear and well formatted \\  & **IQ3:** Information and course content provided by the E-learning systems are in a readily usable form \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Student-Student Interaction (SSI)} & **SSI:** The E-learning systems used by my university facilitate easy communication with \\  & **SSI2:** The E-learning systems used by my university facilitates the efficient and effective sharing of information with my classmates. \\  & **SSI3:** The E-learning systems used by my university allow for convenient storage and sharing of documents with my classmates. \\  & **SSI4:** The E-learning systems used by my university enable me to quickly locate my \\  & **classmates' contact information.** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Self-Directed Learning (SDL)} & **SDL1:** Regarding my learning and studying style, I can see myself as a self-directed person. That is, I can set my learning goals and organize my learning activities independently without constant guidance and supervision from others. \\ \cline{1-1}  & **SDL2:** I exhibit self-discipline in my studies and find it effortless to allocate time for \\ \cline{1-1}  & studying and finishing assignments \\ \cline{1-1}  & **SDL3:** I establish goals for my studies and demonstrate a strong sense of initiative. \\ \cline{1-1}  & **SDL4:** I can properly organize my study schedule and meet deadlines for tasks. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Students Satisfaction (SS)} & **SSI:** Online learning is a wonderful experience. \\ \cline{1-1}  & **SS2:** I am satisfied with the online learning experience. \\ \cline{1-1}  & **SS3:** I would like to study more online courses. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: The measurement items. The questionnaire was developed using SurveyMonkey and distributed through various digital mediums such as email and WhatsApp (Android: 2.24.16.77). To verify the reliability and validity of the study instrument, pilot testing was completed by 20 students. The purpose of pilot testing is to identify any potential flaws or challenges with the research instrument before initiating the data collection process. Following the pilot study, the survey was distributed to around 400 students, resulting in the gathering of 170 replies. After data cleaning, a total of 150 responses were deemed appropriate for analysis. While the sample size is relatively small, several studies have shown that PLS-SEM is well-suited for analyzing samples exceeding 100 [49; 50]. Among the respondents, 27% were male and 73% were female. All of the participants were undergraduate students, with ages ranging from 18 to 22 years old.