# Enhanced Dual Reversible Data Hiding Using Combined Approaches
## 5 Conclusions  
This paper proposes a method to achieve optimal dual RDH performance by combining Hamming coding, AC, and an enhanced EMD technique. The proposed method utilizes two cover images to embed secret data while ensuring the complete recovery of the original images after data extraction. By employing dual images instead of a single cover image, the method overcomes the limitations of conventional RDH techniques, achieving higher embedding capacity, improved image quality, and robust security performance. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a data hiding capacity of 1.5 bpp and an average PSNR of 66 dB, while effectively mitigating detection through RS analysis. Furthermore, the method is independent of image resolution due to its block-wise processing approach, making it applicable to high-resolution images (e.g., medical scans, satellite images, and smartphone photography) in the same manner as standard images. However, high-resolution scenarios introduce additional challenges, such as compression artifacts, storage constraints, and computational efficiency, which warrant further exploration. The selection of test images was carefully designed to encompass a broad range of texture complexity and frequency components. In particular, we included high-frequency images (e.g., Baboon, Lena, and Barbara) and low-frequency images (e.g., Peppers, Goldhill, and Airplane) to evaluate the robustness of our method across diverse visual patterns. This choice aligns with standard benchmark practices in steganography and RDH research, ensuring a fair and representative assessment of the proposed approach. While a more extensive statistical analysis of image characteristics could provide additional insights, the selected dataset already includes well-established benchmark images widely used in the field. Therefore, the experimental results presented in this study effectively demonstrate the performance of the proposed method without requiring additional dataset-specific statistical evaluations. While this study primarily focuses on imperceptibility and reversibility, it does not explicitly consider active adversarial attacks such as man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks. In real-world applications, an attacker gaining access to both cover images could pose a security risk. To further enhance security during data transmission, future research may explore integrating cryptographic techniques with RDH methods, such as encryption-based authentication mechanisms. This combined approach could strengthen resilience against adversarial attacks while maintaining the reversibility and efficiency of the proposed method. Additionally, future research will investigate the integration of this method into medical imaging to ensure secure and reversible data hiding while complying with healthcare standards and preserving the confidentiality of patient records. Each author discussed the details of the manuscript. [PERSON] designed and wrote the manuscript. C.K. implemented the proposed technique and provided the experimental results. C.-N.Y. and L.L. reviewed and revised the article. C.K. drafted and revised the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was supported in part by National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), under Grant No. 112-2221-E-259-007-MY2. (C-N.Y.) National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 62466038), Technology Innovation Guidance Program Project (Special Project of Technology Cooperation, Science and Technology Department of Jiangxi Province) (No. 20212 BDH81003), Open Foundation of Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition (ET202404437) (L.L.). Not applicable. The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy. We thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions that improved the quality of this article. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.