# BIM and GIS Applications in Bridge Projects: A Critical Review
## 3 Analysis
### Construction
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Examples** & **Application Type** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Key Outcome**} & **Limitations** \\ \hline
[3] & Construction schedule & \(\bullet\) & Through the use of the 3D BrIM, construction period was reduced by about 4.5 months. & \(\bullet\) & Understanding of 3D model technology and assurance of positive effects of its application were insufficient. \\ \hline
[7] & Construction schedule, rework & \(\bullet\) & Use of BIM may facilitate scheduling of complex projects and saved approximately 5–9\% cost by contributing to reduced & \(\bullet\) & About 70\% of the cost of 3D modeling may be associated with the first implementation; this \\  & & change orders and rework. & & front-end loading of 3D modeling cost may limit its adoption. \\ \hline
[8] & Risk factor & \(\bullet\) & The risk visualization system not only quantifies risk factors reasonably but also visualizes existing mathematical modes of expression. & \(\bullet\) & Category of risk factors is not applicable to a wide range of bridge engineering. \\ \hline
[9] & Construction sequence, schedule & \(\bullet\) & Four-dimensional visualization of the construction sequence ensured installation of piles at different locations within the constraints of the site space. & \(\bullet\) & Lack of quantitative evaluation of 4D BrIM application benefits. \\  & & sequence complete (PPC) ranged from 26.5 to 56.4 percent after implementation of 4D BrIM. & & \\ \hline
[10] & Rework & \(\bullet\) & Six-dimensional BIM can save time by transforming 2D information to 3D information. & \(\bullet\) & Lack of compatibility with complex bridge modeling would result in some unnecessary rework. \\  & & & enhance sustainability and cost-effectiveness of outcomes. & & \\ \hline
[21] & Crane location & \(\bullet\) & Choosing the best crane position using a 3D model can be enhanced by importing the crane model and simulating the erection process. & \(\bullet\) & Hybrid model needs more projects to verify its applicability. \\ \hline
[29] & Budget, schedule & \(\bullet\) & Four-dimensional BrIM captured the control account, planned and actual cost information, and then performed earned value calculations and determined the budget and schedule status. & \(\bullet\) & Cost evaluation model only considers direct cost, not indirect cost. \\ \hline
[30] & Cost estimate, review estimate & \(\bullet\) & By integrating 3D models representing a specific construction method and the BrIM model, it helps to perform detailed cost estimates and review estimates. & \(\bullet\) & Presented work is limited to the calculation of the negative cash flow only (cash out). \\ \hline
[31,32] & Risk location & \(\bullet\) & Linking and visualizing risk information into 3D/4D BIM facilitated the understanding of the location of each risk. & \(\bullet\) & Current open BIM standards (e.g., IFC) do not define schemas for risk management. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: _Cont._Project participants used BIM technology to calculate the required earth filling [53; 54], timely visualize of risk factors [8], select the best crane position through the visualization [21], minimize rework [7; 10], track project schedule [1; 3; 7; 9; 10], and to finally reduce construction cost [3; 7; 10; 29; 30]. BIM can also generate as-built CAD drawings from as-built BIM models [2] and export them.