## 2 Materials and Methods
### Protocols Based on Clustering  
Sensor nodes, called CHs or masters, are responsible for collecting and processing data and then forwarding it to collect or harvest it. Other nodes, called member nodes, detect the sensor field and transmit the primary nodes' detection data. Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) [36]. It is based on clusters, and it uses mechanisms to reduce the transmitted information, it uses TDMC/CDMA MAC to reduce collisions, the CH nodes alternate according to their power level so that the energy consumption is uniform throughout the network, it has two phases of set-up and steady-state operation, it is not applicable to networks of large extensions, the CH nodes can be concentrated in one area, leaving other areas without CHs and reducing the lifetime of the network. The CH cluster rotation method involves extra energy consumption, and the protocol assumes that, when this change is made, the nodes have the same energy, and it does not offer guarantees of location and quantity of CHs. Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems (PEGASIS) [37]. The basic idea is to form a chain of sensors towards the base station, where each one receives and transmits to a close neighbor, the chain is made up of the same nodes or the base station, \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline
**Technique** & **Description** & **Impact on Energy** & **Complexity** \\ \hline Hybrid of FHSS/DSSS [32] & A technique that proposes a solution for interference since it benefits from FHSS / DSSS. Interference is avoided using the frequency hopping system, while DSSS uses its wider bandwidth to reduce interference. Low probability of detection and low probability of interception and can fight the near-far effect. & High & High \\ \hline Ultra wide band & It is a technology used to transmit data by diffusing radio energy over a large frequency band using a low power spectral density. Because energy is distributed over such a large bandwidth, the energy spectral density is minimal, resulting in a lack of interference with other signals using that portion of the spectrum. & Medium & Medium \\ \hline Polarization antenna [34] & To communicate with the different antennas, it is mandatory to have the same polarization between them. A line of sight must be maintained to establish communication. This property can help nodes in interference environments. If a node detects any interference in the environment, it can change its polarization and prevent the network from being disrupted. The change of polarization of a node’s antenna must be programmed not to affect its communication with the network. & Medium & Low \\ \hline Directional transmission [35] & Many attacks, such as eavesdropping, interference, and message identification, can be prevented with directional antennas. Directional antennas can improve transmitter performance and can make the network more resistant to interference. & Medium & High \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: \(Cont.\)which broadcasts it to all nodes. Since the communications tasks are distributed among the nodes, the dissipated average energy is reduced. PEGASIS aims to maximize the life of the network, using collaboration techniques that allow local coordination between nodes, thus minimizing the necessary bandwidth. Some disadvantages are that the chain generation is complicated as the number of nodes increases. This number, when it is large, produces latency problems since the chains are very long, the scalability is therefore reduced or almost nullified by presenting this increase. When the chain loses a node, rebuilding the chain adds extra energy overhead. However, PEGASIS increases the life of the network twice as much as the LEACH protocol. Threshold-sensitive Energy Efficient (TEEN) [38]. This protocol is created for solutions that need a quick response to sudden changes in measured or sensed parameters.