esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results  
### Effect of AMF Content on Performance of Machine-Made Sand Concrete  
#### 3.1.1 Effect of AMF Content on the Slump of Machine-Made Sand Concrete  
The effect of AMF content on the properties of the concrete was studied when the AMF content was 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% in machine-made sand. The slump of fresh concrete increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of AMF content, as shown in Figure 2. The AMF could be filled in the pores of the fresh concrete, and at the same time, the water in the original pores was released and became free water, as evidenced by the improvement of workability and a higher slump of the concrete. However, excessive AMF could sharply increase the total specific surface area of the powders, resulting in a higher water demand and a lower slump.
# UV Light Application as a Mean for Disinfection Applied in the Dairy Industry
## 5 Application Areas
### Disinfection of Liquid Products (Milk, Syrup)  
UV lamps could be used to disinfect the headspace of liquid holding tanks. If condensation occurs on the inside of liquid storage tanks and drips into the viscous product, molds or yeasts may grow in pools of diluted sweeteners. The low water content in full-strength syrup usually inhibits the development of contaminating microbes. The risk of contamination can be reduced when UV lamps shine on the syrup surface. A blanket of sterile air may also be used as an alternative [13].  
Since the use of nonpasteurized milk is an important food safety issue in the cheese industry, the ability of UV rays to decontaminate without using heat will be a huge benefit [9].  
Moreover, the impact of UV treatment on the degradation of aflat in milk should be mentioned. The degradation ratio of AFM1, with the initial contamination level of 0.1 ug L\({}^{-1}\), reached 96% when UV treatment was applied at the following conditions: 365 nm, 0.05 uWm\({}^{-2}\), 1 min, 1 mm thickness [74]. However, the thickness of the sample is a crucial parameter as the degradation efficiency of AFM1 in milk declines with increasing thickness of the milk sample.
# Magneto-Inertial Fusion and Powerful Plasma Installations (A Review)
## 4 Plasma Jet Driven Magneto-Inertial Fusion
Currently, the first module of the device has been launched, consisting of eight channels, and is required for conducting inertial confinement fusion experiments and studies of material properties under extreme conditions--at very high temperatures and pressures. The article [69] describes experiments with a gas-puff Z-pinch surrounded by an external plasma shell, conducted on the generator at currents of 2 MA. Experimental results of neutron and ion measurements on GIT-12 and HAWK were presented in [70]. There are two directions for implementing inertial fusion using Z-pinches. In the first indirect X-ray, irradiation is proposed to compress the target to achieve thermonuclear ignition. The possibilities of using EMGs for ignition, the problems that arise, and ways to solve them are discussed in [71]. Experiments were conducted on the Anagara-5-1 installation [72] to study the influence of pulsed ultra-strong currents and soft X-ray radiation (SXR) on plasma formation. The experiments [73] were conducted to study the self-emission of plasma from heated targets made of layers of different materials (mylar, polypropylene, In, Sn, Au) under the influence of X-ray radiation energy flux (so-called target energy exposure) up to 10 kJ/cm\({}^{2}\). The article [74] presents an analysis of the dynamic and radiative properties of plasma ablated from a solid target by a laser (1 ns, 10\({}^{12}\)-10\({}^{13}\) W/cm\({}^{2}\)) as it expands into a homogeneous, strong-magnetic field (up to 30 T) transverse to its main axis of expansion, using experiments and three-dimensional MHD modeling. For experiments with magnetized laser plasma [75], a pulsed, magnetic field generator with a capacity of up to 15 T was developed, with a volume of several cubic centimeters. In [76], it is estimated that even with the existing parameters (2 MA) on the MIG (multi-purpose pulse generator), it is possible to achieve thermonuclear fusion provided that a heavy liner rapidly compresses a DT target (-5 ns). In addition, the data from these studies are of interest for astrophysical applications. For example, work [77] is aimed at experimentally studying the dynamics of laser-induced plasma immersed in a strong-poloidal magnetic field with variable orientation (depending on the expansion of the plasma) and amplitude (up to 30 T).
## 4 Results and Discussions
### Summary  
The design chain R&D process is not the responsibility of only one department, but it is a collaboration involving up-stream and down-stream partners to smoothly progress a process improvement. Using Customers A and B in this research as examples, Customer A was willing to improve the project process with the case company and the design company, resulting in a shortened delivery time of R&D by 10 days, from 92 days to 82 days. Thus, Customer A's IC products gain better competition advantages in the market.  
Although Customer B was not willing to abbreviate the steps of design diagram verifications, this project still helped ensure that each step of Customer B's product design diagrams were effectively monitored, paused, and modified when unexpected changes happened. Customer B's decision somehow still provided an additional mechanism for monitoring its product design and manufacturing.  
Comparing the analyses of these two cases, one can conclude that R&D and design process improvement require all members' efforts and collaborations, and the key success factors include supports from the administrators and customers, capabilities of professional teams, communication and collaboration among departments, the same goals, education and training, as well as process reconstructions. [PERSON] et al. [3] indicated that enterprises should evaluate all kinds of needs globally and then think broadly about the usages of IT technologies. In other words, so-called modes or improvement methods target enterprise optimization; thus, an enterprise can evaluate and reconstruct itself through its product design priorities. Moreover, the approach is well explained in the international scenario, referring to [PERSON]'s [35] research.
# A Mathematical Model for Conical Hopper Mass Efficiency
## 4 Discussion  
Based on the results of theoretical modeling and experimental research, the following conclusions can be drawn:  
* The results of the experimental studies are consistent with the results of the theoretical modeling.
* The difference between the experimental data and the theoretical modeling results does not exceed 5%. Both naturally and intuitively, as the cone angle of the hopper increases, the discharge rate of the bulk material decreases. For buckwheat, the discharge rates for different discharge opening diameters and cone angles are as follows:
* For D = 0.05 m and \(\alpha=4^{\circ}\), Qk = 12.36 kg/s;
* For D = 0.05 m and \(\alpha=12^{\circ}\), Qk = 4.56 kg/s;
* For D = 0.10 m and \(\alpha=4^{\circ}\), Qk = 49.33 kg/s;
* For D = 0.10 m and \(\alpha=12^{\circ}\), Qk = 21.67 kg/s. Regarding crushed coal, the discharge rates for the same discharge opening diameters and cone angles are as follows:
* For D = 0.05 m and \(\alpha=4^{\circ}\), Qk = 36.15 kg/s;
* For D = 0.05 m and \(\alpha=12^{\circ}\), Qk = 11.59 kg/s;
* For D = 0.10 m and \(\alpha=4^{\circ}\), Qk = 144.3 kg/s;
* For D = 0.10 m and \(\alpha=12^{\circ}\), Qk = 55.08 kg/s. Thus, increasing the cone angle of the conical hopper decreases the discharge rate of bulk materials. It is evident that increasing the diameter of the hopper's discharge opening increases the discharge rate of bulk material from it.
# Blind Recognition of Forward Error Correction Codes Based on a Depth Distribution Algorithm
## 8 Conclusions  
The paper introduces different code type recognition based on a depth distribution algorithm. Based on linear block code recognition algorithm, this paper first introduces the recognition method based on an improved Gaussian elimination of matrix of linear block codes to estimate the code length and the starting bit. Compared with the traditional matrix estimation algorithm, the algorithm adopted in the paper has a better anti-noise performance, and compared with other parameter estimation algorithm, the algorithm is more simple and more convenient for engineering practice.  
Secondly, the depth distribution algorithm, a mathematical algorithm, is used in this paper to complete the recognition of different code types. Compared with the traditional rank estimation method, which cannot complete the code type recognition under the  
Figure 16: The distribution of different start bits. (**a**) results based on depth distribution algorithm, (**b**) results based on matrix rank algorithm. The recognition and verification of the three types of codewords based on the depth distribution algorithm is completed. We can observe from the above experiments that noise has a great impact on the matrix rank algorithm, and the error code will lead to a significant increase in the matrix rank. However, the depth distribution algorithm can effectively avoid the interference caused by noise and complete the identification of different forward error correction coding types.  
Figure 15: The distribution of different code lengths. (**a**) results based on depth distribution algorithm, (**b**) results based on matrix rank algorithm. When the code length estimation \(n_{e}\) is correct, the depth distribution \(d_{e}\) of the Turbo code word matrix corresponding to different synchronous position parameters is shown in Figure 16a. However, in Figure 14b, the normalized value of rank is always 1 due to code errors.  
condition of a low bit error rate, the algorithm used in this paper has a good anti-noise performance and is more practical.  
What is more, we used a general framework to unify all reconstruction algorithms to complete the reconstruction of convolutional codes and Turbo codes.  
The experimental results show that using a depth distribution algorithm to identify different types of forward error correction coding is a promising classification technology, which is suitable for the recognition of different types of communication signals under the condition of noise.  
Conceptualization, F.M. and Y.L.; methodology, F.M.; software, F.M.; data curation, F.M. and H.C.; writing--original draft preparation, F.M.; visualization, F.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The authors would like to express their thanks to [PERSON] from the National University of Defense Technology for her valuable comments on this paper.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Gene Silencing  
Experiments on siRNA-mediated silencing of repulsive guidance molecule a (RGMa) were carried out in the RGMa-expressing PK-59 human pancreatic cancer cell line. On the day of transfection, PK-59 cells were separately seeded in 24-well flat-bottomed plates at a density of 4 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\) cells/well in 0.5 mL of growth medium without antibiotics. The cells were transfected with lipid-conjugated RGMa siRNAs carrying either two (passenger strand only) or four (both passenger and antisense strands) dodecylphenyl (\(\Delta\)) or hexadecyl (H) groups at their 3'-end, or unmodified control RGMa siRNA (Table 1) at concentrations 1, 10, or 100 nM in a complex with Lipofectamine 2000 (2 \(\upmu\)L/well) according to the manufacturer's instructions (Invitrogen Life Technologies Corporation, Frederick, MD, USA). The cells were then incubated at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C in the atmosphere of 5% CO\({}_{2}\) in a humidified incubator. Cells were harvested and assayed 24 h after transfection.  
The level of RGMa expression was quantified by real-time, two-step reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) assay. Briefly, total RNA was extracted from the collected cells using ISOGNE (Nippon Gene, Ltd., Toyama, Japan), treated with DNase I(ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and retro-transcribed using Oligo (dT)\({}_{20}\) primer and ReverTra Ace(Toyobo Co., Ltd., Japan). The resulting cDNA was quantified using the AriaMx Real-Time PCR System(r) (Agilent Technologies, Ltd., Santa Clara, CA, USA) using the following primers: 5'-TGCCGCCTCAGACA-3', forward; and 5'GCTTGTCCCCACCGTTTTTA-3\({}^{\prime}\), reverse. Quantifications of RGMa mRNA expressions were normalized by the Comparative Ct Method (Ct) using 18S rRNA as an endogenous control to ensure accuracy; primers: 5\({}^{\prime}\)-GTAACCCGTTGAACCCATT-3\({}^{\prime}\), forward; and 5\({}^{\prime}\)-CCATCCAATCGGTAGTGAGCG-3\({}^{\prime}\), reverse [32]. All the data are the means of triplicate determinations. Each determination was calculated from triplicate measurements. Each error bar indicates a standard deviation of the triplicate determinations. Non-silencing siRNA targeting EGFP was used as a negative control, which was designed to have a minimum of 4 mismatches to all human, mouse and rat genes, and confirmed to have minimal targeting by genome-wide microarray analysis [33]. Significant differences in the results were determined by the two-tailed Student's t-test using GraphPad Prism. A probability value of \(p<0.05\) was considered to be significant in the present study.
# MAC Protocols for mmWave Communication: A Comparative Survey +
## 4 Centralized Protocols
### Rd-Mac  
To address the challenges of optimum channel transmission rate measurement scheduling as a mixed integer linear programming (MILP), [PERSON] et al. proposed a rate aware directional MAC (RD-MAC) in [43] for 60 GHz directional mmWave infrastructure. The RD-MAC consists of a central node and other general nodes. The central nodes are selected in such a way where they can maintain direct line-of-sight (LoS) with the other nodes and can keep all the clocks synchronized. The general nodes are called common nodes. Beamforming plays a crucial role in the network for steering because each node has to propagate its antenna array toward another node.  
In the protocol, the frames are allocated to different time slots to ensure they do not overlap with each other. Each frame consists of two stages. The first step, known as the measurement stage, consists of common nodes steering their beams pointing in the direction of the center node. After pointing, the central node classifies and polls the common nodes in order based on the traffic demand vector of individual nodes. The central node subsequently responds to the common nodes depending on the traffic demand vectors, which is time-consuming. The traffic demand matrix is derived afterwards from the traffic demand vector data. Using the matrix, the central node creates a channel allocation measurement schedule. To relay these scheduling and allocation properties to the common nodes, the central node will sequentially steer its beam towards the commonly available nodes. Afterwards, upon receiving the parameters, the nodes measure the transmission rate and provide it as feedback to the central node. Thus, the central node in the network calculates the overall channel transmission rate matrix.  
In the second stage, the protocol analyzes the data obtained in the first stage and generates an actual transmission schedule. The time slot counts, overall duration, and scheduling instructions are broadcasted all over the network to the common nodes on this stage for subsequent and concurrent transmission frames.  
* Advantages: Different from other MAC protocols, owing to the segmentation of the working principle of the RD-MAC protocol, it can support multiple concurrent scheduling links under the condition that each link satisfies the SINR conditions and the channel transmission rate.
* Disadvantages: In the RD-MAC protocol, scheduling is executed in pairing, and the paired time slots are more emphasized. If the SINR of each of the links does not match up, it can affect the overall scheduling. Moreover, the frame duration is calculated by considering multiple time constraints, which can introduce an extra delay.
# An Energy-Efficient and Robust Multipath Routing Protocol for Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks
## 2 Related Works
Furthermore, because CRAHNs are battery powered and highly dynamic, energy efficiency and stability are the main factors to be considered in the selection of routing paths in CRAHNs. A good sensing scheme is inevitable in CRNs to enable the technology itself. Several approaches have been put forward so far to improve the process of spectrum sensing. The cognitive radio sensitivity can be well improved by enhancing radio frequency technology for wideband processing, exploiting digital signal processing techniques for PU detection, and implementing cooperation schemes allowing SUs to share their spectrum information [22]. The impact of user cooperation has been further investigated in [23], taking the context of spectrum sensing through multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) decision fusion. However, the benefits of orthogonal transmission seem to be more powerful in the case of non-cooperative protocols, and almost negligible in the case of cooperative schemes. All of the aforementioned works handle energy awareness, channel selection or multipath routing separately. As a consequence, CRAHNs could not be exploited to the fullest, resulting in limited performance. To cope up with this situation, we propose a routing protocol by addressing energy constraint, spectrum heterogeneity and dynamic topology at the same time. Unlike other protocols, the proposed ERMR exploits the combination of the threshold energy value, the channel selection based on channel availability and, ultimately, the cost function of residual energy and route stability in order to discover energy-efficient and robust routing paths. Moreover, the provision of the backup path is always an added advantage provided by the protocol in CRAHNs to improve the reliability. The competitive performance advantages of the proposed ERMR will be quantitatively presented and discussed in Section 5.
## 3 System Design
### Synthetic Data Generation for Users and Resources
#### 3.3.2 Security and Robustness Considerations  
All transactions are secured with TLS, and chaincode endorsement policies are enforced to require multiple peer approvals, ensuring resistance against unilateral manipulations. Furthermore, input validations are embedded to mitigate injection or malformed query risks, enhancing system resilience.
## 2 Developed Valve
### Motor Selection  
The camshaft must smoothly rotate to control the flow rate of the valve. The pushing and friction forces of the two cams and the O-ring act on the shaft. The torque required to push the cam, \(\tau_{c}\), is calculated by the principle of virtual work as follows:  
\[\tau_{c}d\theta=(F_{b}+F_{d})dx \tag{8}\]  
Here, \(F_{b}\) is the pushing force of the ball, which is given as:  
\[F_{b}=P\pi r^{2}. \tag{9}\]  
\(F_{b}\) becomes 7.4 N at \(P\) = 500 kPa. \(F_{d}\) is the drag force on the ball, which is given as:  
\[F_{d}=\frac{1}{2}\rho v^{2}C_{d}\pi r^{2}. \tag{10}\]  
Here, \(\rho\) is air density, \(v\) is air velocity, and \(C_{d}\) is the drag coefficient. Under the choked condition, velocity increases to the speed of sound. The Reynolds number is about 4600. Therefore, \(C_{d}\) is given as 0.47. Then, \(F_{d}\) becomes 0.6 N at \(p\) = 500 kPa. \(dx\) is the distance that the ball moves, and \(d\theta\) is the rotation angle of the shaft. As a result, the torque \(\tau_{c}\) required to push the cam for one ball is calculated as follows, as per the geometry from Figure 5, at \(P\) = 500 kPa.  
\[\tau_{c}=\frac{(F_{b}+F_{d})dx}{d\theta}=0.02\text{Nm} \tag{11}\]  
The torque to rotate O-ring \(\tau_{o}\) is given as follows:  
\[\tau_{o}=\mu F_{o}r_{o} \tag{12}\]  
Here, \(\mu\), \(F_{o}\), and \(r_{o}\) are the friction coefficient, frictional force, and radius of the O-ring, respectively. The inner diameter and thickness of the O-ring were selected as 3.5 mm and 1.9 mm, respectively, as per the size of the camshaft. The stress of the O-ring (0.25 N/mm) was obtained from the O-ring catalog. Force \(F_{o}\) was obtained as 4.2 N with a compression of 0.1 mm. Then, \(\tau_{o}\) became approximately 0.03 Nm with \(\mu=1.0\). A torque of at least 0.05 Nm was required to rotate the camshaft. Valve dynamics depend on the performance of the motor. We selected a DC motor (Maxon DCX 35L) to control the valve; this  
Figure 5: Designed cam shape.  
Figure 6: Cam arrangement.  
highly responsive motor, which can generate a torque of 0.12 Nm, has a mechanical time constant of 3.97 ms. The cost of the motor is about US$350.
# Control of Flow around an Oscillating Plate for Lift Enhancement by Plasma Actuators
## 2 Method
### Computational Methodologies
#### 2.4.3 Computational Grids  
Figure 8 displays the computational grids and domain for the flow around the oscillating plate. The computational regions are composed of two regions: the vortex and buffer regions. In the vortex region, the grid resolutions in the region for the passage of the oscillating plate are constantly \(\Delta x_{\min}/b\) and \(\Delta y_{\min}/b=0.05\), which are sufficient for the above-mentioned oscillation amplitude of \(A/b=0.7\). Also, 34 grid points were approximately utilized for the height of the separation bubble (\(\approx 2b\)) around the leading edge. The growth factor of the adjacent grid resolution was adjusted to be within 1.2 in the entire computational region for the computational accuracy.  
Figure 8: Computational grid and domain of flow around an oscillating plate. (**a**) Computational grid; (**b**) Computational domain and boundary conditions.  
Figure 7: Predicted contours of the amplitude and vectors of the body force by plasma actuator, where the actuator is installed on top surface of the plate.  
In the vortex region, to solve the fine vortices of the wake of the flat plate with the extent of \(L_{\rm v}/b=1.0\), the maximum grid spacing was set to be \(\Delta_{\rm max}/b=0.1\). Also, the sufficiently large buffer region was set outside the vortex region, where the grid resolution is smoothly stretched from within the vortex region to dissipate the pressure waves near the artificial boundaries to minimize the reflection on the boundary. The span-wise extent of the computational domain was \(L_{\rm s}/b=15\). In the span-wise direction, 31 grid points were used, while the predicted flow was approximately two-dimensional due to the low Reynolds number of the flow as presented in Section 4.1. The total grids contain approximately \(9.8\times 10^{6}\) grid points.  
To investigate the effects of the grid resolution on the computational results, the simulation with finer grid resolution was performed, where the grid resolution in all directions was set to be smaller with the factor of 0.67 compared with the original resolution. Figure 9 shows the predicted time variation of the lift coefficient for the control condition of \(t_{0}/T=0.0\) and \(R=50\%\) with the original and finer grids. As shown in this figure, the effects of changing the grid on the results are negligibly small. This indicates that the present grid is sufficiently fine to predict the flow field around the oscillating plate.
## 4 Case Study
### Operations
#### 4.2.4 Establishing Dual Paths  
After finding the dual paths between two QuadBox pairs, the QuadBox pair with a lower node ID sends a _path setup_ (_PSET_) message through each path of the dual path to the corresponding QuadBox pair. The _PSET_ message contains the node ID of the source QuadBox pair, the node ID of the destination QuadBox pair, and the dual paths. The corresponding QuadBox pair then replies by sending a _path acknowledgement_ (_PACK_) message once it receives the _PSET_ message. The _PACK_ message also contains the node ID of the source QuadBox pair, the node ID of the destination QuadBox pair, and the dual paths.  
Upon receiving the _PSET_ and _PACK_ messages, trunk QuadBoxes update their forwarding table. Each entry in the table consists of the source QuadBox pair ID, the destination QuadBox pair ID, and the corresponding output port.