## 3 Results and Discussions
### Magnetic Measurements Results  
The magnetic characterization was carried out in terms of core losses and polarization, obtaining the magnetization curves and the core losses curve. To evaluate such magnetic properties of the samples processed by UFH, magnetic measurements were performed by SST on both L and T directions. Therefore, the core losses and the polarization values were calculated as the average of the measurements along L and T. Table 7 shows the results for the samples treated with UFH, in which P\({}_{10}\) and P\({}_{15}\) represent the core losses obtained at B = 1.0 T and B = 1.5 T, respectively. In addition, J\({}_{2500}\), J\({}_{5000}\), and J\({}_{10,000}\) represent the polarization values obtained at the magnetic field strength of 2500, 5000, and 10,000 A/m, respectively. The Anisotropy of loss (%) is calculated according to the EN-10106 standard. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**T\({}_{\text{peak}}\) (\({}^{\circ}\)C)** & **Average Grain Size (mm)** & **Rm (MPa)** & **Y\({}_{\text{SH}}\) (MPa)** & **Y\({}_{\text{SL}}\) (MPa)** & **A (\%)** \\ \hline
1014 & 46.2 & 528 & 401 & 399 & 25 \\
1085 & 62.5 & 497 & 376 & 374 & 22 \\
1167 & 68.2 & 473 & 375 & 371 & 23 \\
953 & 40.8 & 527 & 406 & 402 & 26 \\
1000 & 43.7 & 537 & 413 & 408 & 25 \\
1038 & 56.2 & 510 & 389 & 386 & 24 \\
1090 & 58.0 & 508 & 383 & 382 & 24 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Tensile properties of UFH specimens. Figure 8: Yield strength dependance on grain size. The best results in terms of core losses were obtained for the sample treated at the highest peak temperature (1167 \({}^{\circ}\)C) with a higher average size (68.2 \(\pm\) 40.4 mm), which corresponds to power losses of 3.10 W/kg for a magnetic induction of 1.5 T. This result (P\({}_{15}\) = 3.10 W/kg), obtained through the specified UFH treatment, turns out to be the same as that obtained for the sample of reference material industrially produced as non-oriented electrical steel grade M310-50A (EN10106), with the same thickness of 0.50 mm. In Figure 9, the magnetization curves for UFH samples treated with power induction of 80% and 90% and Tmax, respectively, temperatures of 1085 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 1167 \({}^{\circ}\)C are reported and compared to the industrially produced M310-50A material. The magnetization curves for UFH samples treated at 1085 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 1167 \({}^{\circ}\)C showed similar results with high induction levels. Moreover, such curves appear to be similar to the magnetization curve of the industrial reference material, especially at high induction levels. However, some differences can be observed at the intermediate magnetic field strength. For the three samples compared, core losses curves show a similar behavior--despite the UFH specimen treated with Tmax = 1085 \({}^{\circ}\)C, which presents slightly higher core losses (Figure 10). On the other hand, with regards to the UFH sample treated with Tmax = 1167 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the core losses curve appears to be quite similar to that of the industrially reference M3150-A. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**P (\%)** & **T\({}_{\text{peak}}\) (\({}^{\circ}\)C)** & **P\({}_{\text{10}}\) (W/kg)** & **P\({}_{\text{15}}\) (W/kg)** & **J\({}_{\text{2500}}\) (T)** & **J\({}_{\text{5000}}\) (T)** & **J\({}_{\text{10,000}}\) (T)** & **Anisotropy of Loss (\%)** \\ \hline
80 & 930 & 1.52 & 3.32 & 1.57 & 1.65 & 1.76 & 4.2 \\
80 & 1014 & 1.54 & 3.36 & 1.56 & 1.65 & 1.76 & 2.0 \\
80 & 1085 & 1.47 & 3.26 & 1.55 & 1.63 & 1.75 & 1.6 \\
80 & 1167 & 1.36 & 3.10 & 1.54 & 1.63 & 1.75 & 9.6 \\ \hline
90 & 953 & 1.45 & 3.21 & 1.57 & 1.65 & 1.76 & 3.3 \\
90 & 1000 & 1.45 & 3.17 & 1.57 & 1.66 & 1.77 & 3.2 \\
90 & 1038 & 1.37 & 3.13 & 1.54 & 163 & 1.75 & 10.4 \\
90 & 1090 & 1.53 & 3.32 & 1.56 & 1.65 & 1.76 & 3.3 \\ \hline Industrial & & & & & & & \\ reference & 1.26 & 3.07 & 1.54 & 1.64 & 1.77 & 9.5 \\ annealing process & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Magnetic properties of UFH specimens obtained by SST measurements.