## 1 Introduction  
Thermoluminescence (TL) refers to the phenomenon whereby natural or synthetic materials emit light upon being heated to temperatures below their incandescence threshold. This process occurs in insulating or semiconductor materials that have been previously subjected to ionizing radiation, with the emission of light being activated during the heating process [1, 2]. Substances based on zinc zirconate (ZnZrO\({}_{3}\)) are affordable and uncomplicated to work with. However, their temperature stability and sensitivity differ greatly and depend heavily on the preparation procedure [3]. A high damage threshold, exceptional optical homogeneity, transparency, phase-matching ranges, and a significant nonlinear coefficient are some of the special qualities of nonlinear optical crystal zirconate. For a variety of nonlinear optical applications, this material thus offers an enticing substitute for the resources that are currently being used [4]. To the best of our knowledge, the thermally stimulated luminescence (TSL) properties of XZnZrO\({}_{3}\) (X = Mn) materials have not been extensively studied in published research. Phosphors play a pivotal role in a wide range of applications, including solid-state lighting, display technologies, radiation dosimetry, and optoelectronic devices [5]. Among the various phosphor materials, zinc zirconate (ZnZrO\({}_{3}\)) has garneredsignificant attention due to its unique structural, optical, and thermal properties, which make it a promising candidate for use in advanced luminescent materials [6]. However, the synthesis of high-quality ZnZrO\({}_{3}\) phosphors remains a challenging task, primarily due to issues related to phase purity, morphological control, and luminescence efficiency [6; 7]. These challenges are further compounded during attempts to incorporate dopants, such as manganese (Mn), to enhance the material's optical properties. One of the primary challenges in synthesizing ZnZrO\({}_{3}\) phosphors is the need to achieve a single-phase material with minimal impurities. The formation of secondary phases, such as ZnO or ZrO\({}_{2}\), during synthesis can significantly degrade the luminescent performance of the phosphor [8; 9]. Additionally, controlling the morphology of ZnZrO\({}_{3}\) particles is critical, as particle size and shape directly influence the material's optical properties and its suitability for specific applications. For instance, irregular or agglomerated particles can lead to inefficient light emission and poor dispersion in host matrices [10]. Another significant issue is the optimization of thermoluminescence (TL) properties, which are essential for applications in radiation dosimetry [8]. The TL characteristics of ZnZrO\({}_{3}\) phosphors are highly sensitive to synthesis conditions, dopant concentration, and defect structures within the material. While Mn doping has been shown to improve the luminescence efficiency of ZnZrO\({}_{3}\) by introducing new energy levels within the bandgap, achieving the optimal dopant concentration without inducing quenching effects remains a critical challenge. In light of these challenges, this study aims to investigate the structural, morphological, and thermoluminescence properties of Mn-doped ZnZrO\({}_{3}\) phosphors. By systematically exploring the synthesis parameters and dopant concentrations, we seek to address the existing problems in the field and contribute to the development of high-performance ZnZrO\({}_{3}\)-based phosphors. The findings of this research are expected to provide valuable insights into the design and optimization of luminescent materials for advanced technological applications. For the examination of the intricate TL glow curves of the studied samples, the VHR and PS methods provide relatively straightforward and effective ways to estimate kinetic parameters [11; 12].