## 1 Introduction
Commonly used devices for physical simulation and theoretical research include ramped temperature oxidation (RTO) instruments, pressure differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC) devices, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) instruments, pressure reaction vessels, one-dimensional combustion tubes, and three-dimensional physical models. These methods can simulate the combustion process of crude oil in the reservoir, providing insights into the oxidation characteristics, transformation processes, and the impact of operating conditions under air injection. They are valuable for calculating the kinetic parameters of the reactions [22; 23; 24; 25]. Numerical simulations can guide research on in situ combustion mechanisms, assist in case design, and contribute to economic predictions [26; 27]. As early as 1968, [PERSON] and [PERSON] began to identify the types of reactions occurring in each stage of crude oil based on the parameters of the products [28]. In [PERSON]'s low-temperature oxidation (LTO) experiments, it was found that LTO led to the generation of more fuel, which greatly aided in in situ combustion [29]. [PERSON] et al. used thermocouples to measure tail gas under various temperature conditions, obtaining parameters such as fuel deposition rates [30]. An ARC for the assessment of thermal hazards was developed by [PERSON] and [PERSON], capable of providing time-temperature-pressure data of chemical reactions occurring under adiabatic conditions in samples. Its accuracy and practicality were also discussed [31]. [PERSON] comprehensively applied PDSC and TGA to experimentally study the combustion characteristics of heavy oil, observing three stages: low-temperature oxidation, fuel deposition, and high-temperature oxidation [32]. In laboratory research, researchers have conducted numerous experiments and numerical simulations. Early studies primarily focused on investigating the oxidation characteristics of heavy oil under single conditions, without comparing different pressure and heating rate conditions. [PERSON] et al. successfully demonstrated the three main reaction zones in the combustion process of heavy oil by using an ARC. The results showed that the variation in the combustion process would affect the temperature interval of the oxidation reaction. The sensitivity analysis of the kinetic parameters obtained from the combustion reaction was carried out [33]. [PERSON] et al. used an ARC to obtain data from the oxidation reactions of two Brazilian heavy oils and showed that oxygen addition reactions predominate in the temperature range of 200-300 \({}^{\circ}\)C, while bond-breaking reactions prevail above 350 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Moreover, sand and clay enhance the contact between oil and oxygen, accelerating the reaction and thereby reducing the activation energy [34]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] explored the gases produced after the combustion of asphaltene using thermogravimetric-Fourier transform infrared (TG-FTIR) spectroscopy, observing changes in the content of gases such as CO and CO\({}_{2}\)[35]. [PERSON] et al. obtained reaction kinetic models through different RTO experiments using isoconversional methods and validated these models using numerical simulation software [36]. [PERSON] et al. conducted a comparative study on the thermal behavior and combustion kinetics of heavy crude oil and its saturate, aromatic, resin, and asphaltene (SARA) fractions using TG and DSC. It was found that saturates and aromatics experience significant mass loss during the LTO stage, while resins and asphaltenes encounter noticeable mass loss during the fuel deposition (FD) period, leading to the formation of a large amount of coke, which in turn causes high-temperature oxidation (HTO) reactions [37]. [PERSON] et al. investigated the activation energy coking characteristics of two heavy oils with different viscosities, densities, and compositions under pyrolysis and oxidative atmospheres. They found that the coke yield for the identical fractions of the two heavy oils did not differ significantly [38]. [PERSON] et al.