## 2 Energy Security
#### Poland's Energy Policy  
The energy policy in Poland is conditioned by the requirements of the climate and energy policy of the European Union. In 2009, a regulatory package was adopted, setting out three basic targets for counteracting climate change by 2020 (\(3\times 20\%\) package) [1]:  
* increasing energy efficiency by saving primary energy consumption by 13.6 Mtoe in 2010-2020 compared to the forecast of demand for fuels and energy from 2007,
* increasing the share of energy from Renewable Energy Sources (RES) in gross final energy consumption to 15% by 2020,
* contributing to the EU-wide reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 20% (compared to 1990) by 2020 (in 2005 levels: \(-21\%\) in the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) sectors and \(-10\%\) in the non-ETS). In 2014, the European Council maintained the rigorous direction of combating climate change and approved four more goals in the perspective, up to 2030, for the entire EU, which were defined as follows [14]:  
* reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 40% compared to 1990 emissions (in terms of 2005 levels, i.e., a decrease of 43% in the EU ETS sectors and a decrease of 30% in non-ETS),
* at least 32% share of renewable sources in gross final energy consumption,
* increase in energy efficiency by 32.5%,
* completing the internal EU energy market. The set environmental goals require significant financial outlays for the modernization of the energy infrastructure, which will bring effects only in the long-term horizon; hence, the process of changes is carried out in several stages. However, investment decisions are not linked to any long-term action plan. To achieve the emission reduction target at an international level in 2030, two separate targets have been set for sectors: EU ETS (\(-43\%\) compared to 2005) and non-ETS (\(-30\%\) compared to until 2005). Figure 1: Electricity production volume in selected EU countries in the years 1990–2018, thousand GWh, source: own study based on data [13]. The amounts of non-ETS emissions are determined at the level of the European Union member states on the basis of the new regulation, i.e., Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council No. 2018/842 (the so-called ESR Regulation), according to which Poland is obliged to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from sectors non-ETS by 2030 by 7% compared to the level in 2005, which is presented in Figure 2.  
On the other hand, with regard to the industrial sectors belonging to the EU ETS, the most important are the emission limits and operating rules established for the EU ETS. Emissions from the EU ETS are accounted for at the enterprise level, which means that enterprises have to surrender an appropriate number of allowances to cover their own emissions. The energy and climate package also sets national limits on greenhouse gas emissions for the non-ETS sector, which includes agriculture, transport, construction, waste, and industrial emissions outside the ETS. As non-ETS deals with domestic emissions, reporting and accounting for annual emissions in non-ETS rests with the government administration. The remaining elements of the package, i.e., the use of renewable energy sources, biofuels, and the implementation of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies, show the way to achieve the assumed goals of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. According to the data on monitoring the implementation of climate goals in the EU countries, most countries by 2020 have made satisfactory progress in achieving the assumed goals. The energy transformation requires significant and long-term investments. They are primarily required for the modernization and reconstruction of the coal energy infrastructure. The pace of these changes varies across the member states, as it is determined by the financial capabilities of member states with different levels of economic development.