esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Features Extraction  
The differences between staining patterns in the IIF image are due to the type and location of the fluorescence. Then, the identification of the type pattern can be understood as the analysis of the presence and distribution of bright/dark structures in the IIF image. In order to characterize IIF images, it is, therefore, natural to transform visual information into the characteristic quantities that are capable of describing the presence and distribution of bright/dark regions within cells. The features can be divided into three families [40; 41; 42; 43]:  
1. intensity features;
2. shape features; and
3. texture features.  
Since the fluorescence patterns show remarkably different characteristics, in order to transform the visual content of all of them into suitable features, a considerable number of features have been extracted from the ROIs and a selection of the features is made for each pattern. Feature selection is the process of selecting an optimum subset of features from a set of potentially available features in a given problem domain.  
Specifically, four different quantization intensity levels were analyzed. The quantizations explored were: 256, 128, 64, and 32 gray levels. The intensity quantization, as is known, affects the quality of the representation of the image. Reducing the number of bits to represent intensity, compresses the storage space, but causes the image quality to deteriorate. In this work, the different quantizations aim to highlight the different aspects of ROI; those with more bits have more details, while those with fewer bits show the shapes more clearly.  
The following set of rotational invariant features has been extracted at each quantization level:  
* Intensity features (6 features): Mean value, standard deviation, ratio of the standard deviation to the mean value, entropy, skewness, and kurtosis [44];
* Shape features (12 features): Area, perimeter, convex area, mean radius, standard deviation of radius, ratio of the standard deviation to the mean value, maximum radius, anisotropy, entropy of the contours gradient, fractal index, eccentricity, and circularity [45];
* Texture features (9 features): Contrast, convex deficiency, roundness, compactness, solidity, inertia of co-occurrence matrix, entropy of histogram of oriented gradients (HOG), entropy of histogram of amplitude gradients (HAG), and Euler's number [46; 47];  
Overall, each ROI has been described by twenty-seven characteristics obtained at four different quantization levels, for a total of one hundred and eight features.
# Double-Scale Adaptive Transmission in Time-Varying Channel for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks
## 6 Performance Analysis and Computational Complexity  
### Performance Analysis  
In this subsection, quantitative analysis is presented about the impact of buffer threshold on communication performance, and a reasonable buffer threshold is derived for a special channel state series.
# Distance Protection for Coexistence of 5G Base Station and Satellite Earth Station
## 4 Numerical Results
### Restriction Zone
#### 4.2.2 Restriction Zone and BS Tx Power Control for 4 \(\times\) 4 Antenna Array
Figure 27: Tx power control chart in the RMa restriction zone. Figure 26: The size of exclusion and restriction zones for different RMa scenarios. 2. For the UMa, the array antenna has a higher gain, thus causing a larger exclusion zone. Although the exclusion zone is larger than that of the omnidirectional antenna, the restriction zone at the backside of the ES antenna is much smaller. This is owed to the directional attenuation of the MIMO antenna array. As there are larger numbers of elements in the arrays, the exclusion and restriction zones are larger because of the higher antenna array gains, as shown in Figure 28.  
Unlike the RMa, as shown in Figure 29 and Table 5, the mean Tx power reduction is lower when the antenna array is used. As seen from the histogram, when using the antenna array, many of the cells only need to reduce their Tx power by 1 dB. In contrast, when using an omnidirectional antenna, a 1 dB power reduction barely makes any difference, and most of the BSs need to decrease their Tx power by 6-12 dB. Therefore, the proposed power control scheme is more efficient when using an antenna array in UMa. * For the UMi scenario, the array antenna has a higher gain, which results in a larger exclusion zone. Although the exclusion zone is larger than that of the omnidirectional antenna, the restriction zone at the rear of the ES antenna is much smaller. This is owed to the directional attenuation of the MIMO antenna array. Note that there are a larger number of elements in the array; therefore, the exclusion and restriction zones are larger because of the higher gain of the antenna array, as shown in Figure 30.  
As shown in Figure 31 and Table 6, unlike the RMa, and similar to the UMa, the proposed power control scheme is more efficient when using an antenna array in UMi. However, the difference between the mean Tx power reduction is lower compared to UMa, and the mean Tx power reduction is higher than that of the omnidirectional antenna when using a 16 \(\times\) 16 antenna, owing to its higher gain. From the histogram, the proportion of BSs that require power reduction over 29 dB is higher, when a 16 \(\times\) 16 antenna array is used instead of an omnidirectional antenna.
## 6 Conclusions
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Variable Category**} & **Frequency** & **Percentage** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Intersection related} & Non-Intersection & 5188 & 58.56 \\  & Intersection & 1774 & 20.02 \\  & Intersection Related & 1286 & 14.52 \\  & Driveway Access & 611 & 6.90 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Median type} & No Median & 5069 & 57.22 \\  & Unprotected & 2791 & 31.50 \\  & Positive Barrier & 815 & 9.20 \\  & Curbed & 184 & 2.08 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Road class} & US and State Highways & 3799 & 42.88 \\  & Farm to Market & 3076 & 34.72 \\  & Interstate & 1975 & 22.29 \\  & City Street & 9 & 0.10 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Roadway function} & Rural Prin Arterial & 1655 & 18.68 \\  & Rural Major Coll & 1621 & 18.30 \\  & Urban Prin Arterial (Other) & 1336 & 15.08 \\  & Rural Interstate & 1280 & 14.45 \\  & Rural Minor Arterial & 1039 & 11.73 \\  & Urban Prin Arterial (IH) & 674 & 7.61 \\  & Urban Minor Arterial & 593 & 6.69 \\  & Urban Collector & 442 & 4.99 \\  & Urban Prin Arterial (Other Freeway) & 117 & 1.32 \\  & Rural Minor Coll & 95 & 1.07 \\  & Urban Local & 4 & 0.05 \\  & Rural Local & 3 & 0.03 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Roadway type} & 2 Lane, 2 Way & 4321 & 48.78 \\  & Four or More Lanes, Divided & 3781 & 42.68 \\  & Four or More Lanes, Undivided & 748 & 8.44 \\  & Other Road Type & 9 & 0.10 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Vehicle body style} & Pickup & 3162 & 35.69 \\  & Passenger Car, 4-Door & 2967 & 33.49 \\  & Sport Utility Vehicle & 1475 & 16.65 \\  & Passenger Car, 2-Door & 1046 & 11.81 \\  & Van & 78 & 0.88 \\  & Truck & 56 & 0.63 \\  & Unknown & 27 & 0.30 \\  & Truck Tractor & 25 & 0.28 \\  & Farm Equipment & 8 & 0.09 \\  & No Data & 6 & 0.07 \\  & Other (Explain in Narrative) & 6 & 0.07 \\  & Bus & 1 & 0.01 \\  & Ambulance & 1 & 0.01 \\  & Fire Truck & 1 & 0.01 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Light condition} & Daylight & 5946 & 67.12 \\  & Dark, Not Lighted & 2099 & 23.69 \\  & Dark, Lighted & 511 & 5.77 \\  & Dusk & 138 & 1.56 \\  & Dawn & 125 & 1.41 \\  & Dark, Unknown Lighting & 34 & 0.38 \\  & Other (Explain in Narrative) & 5 & 0.06 \\  & Unknown & 1 & 0.01 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Crash severity} & N-NOT INJURED & 5936 & 67.01 \\  & B-NON-INCAPACTATING INJURY & 1307 & 14.75 \\ \cline{1-1}  & C-POSSIBLE INJURY & 1077 & 12.16 \\ \cline{1-1}  & A-SUSPECTED SERIOUS INJURY & 402 & 4.54 \\ \cline{1-1}  & K-KILLED & 137 & 1.55 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._
## 1 Introduction
Various studies were developed using AgNPs with different polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), poly(vinylalcohol) (PVA), hyperbranched polyurethane (PU), and poly acrylonitrile (PAN) in order to evaluate significant variations in the sizes and shapes of the Ag nanoparticles after interactions with mentioned polymers [23]. Biomaterials prepared by 3D printing of composites based on PLA loaded with Ag can be used extensively in different surgical treatment [24]. The enhancement of thermal stability of PLA was studied by the adding of nanohybrids as graphene oxide (GO)/AgNP [25]. In our previous works [5; 6], PLA loaded with hydrolyzed collagen and AgNPs up to 10 wt.% and 1 wt.%, respectively, were melt processed and their biocompatibility and antifungal activities were determined with the attempt of their use as bionanocomposites for potential urinary drains. The present paper aims to study the effect of silver nanoparticles up to 1.5 wt.% on the surface (atomic force microscopy (AFM)), chemical structures (Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR)), thermal properties (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis) and thermal stability by chemiluminescence, as well as biocompatibility (in vitro cytotoxicity) of some PLA bionanocomposites prepared by melt mixing technique. This study could bring important knowledge about the biocompatibility and durability of some bionanocomposites prepared from PLA, collagen, and AgNPs with application as coating biomaterial.
# Progress in THz Rectifier Technology: Research and Perspectives
## 4 Perspectives in THz Rectifier Technology for Energy Harvesting Applications
### Geometric Diode (GD)  
Based on a planar structure, this type of diode shows both low resistance and ultralow capacitance. This technology is still in its infancy and several limitations are waiting to be overcome. For example, for rectification to occur, charge carriers must travel ballistically (MFPL greater than device size) or quasi-ballistically (MFPL close to device size) [86; 87] through the material, which requires that the sizes of the device should be approximately MFPL or lower. This places stringent manufacturing requirements on conventional metal-based devices, where typical mean-free-path lengths are less than 100 nm. This difficulty can be overcome by using 2D materials, such as graphene for its mean-free-path lengths on a micron scale. A new geometric diode designed at 28.3 THz, the graphene Z-diode, shows improved rectification of more than 0.1 V compared to the previous inverse-arrowhead design. The possible perspectives advanced by these authors are divided into two areas.  
The first area of investigation is focused on how to achieve this fabrication process at a low cost. The second area of investigation is the selection of new materials because as the frequency increases, metals become very resistive. The results obtained using this type of diode around 30 THz are more encouraging [86; 87; 97; 98; 99; 100; 101; 102; 103].
## 2 Materials and Methods  
GO (500 mg/L) was purchased from the Graphene Supermarket, and Na+-MMT was purchased from Southern Clay Products, Gonzales, TX, USA. PVA (Mw = 30,000-70,000, 87-90% hydrolys) and PDDA (Mw = 200,000-350,000, 20 wt% H\({}_{2}\)O) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Seoul, Korea). The substrate was prepared using a mixture of PDMS and Ecoflex 00-30 at a weight ratio of 8:2. PDMS was purchased from the Dow Corning, and the PDMS base and curing agent were mixed at a weight ratio of 10:1. Ecoflex was purchased from Smooth-on, and the Ecoflex base and curing agent were mixed at a weight ratio of 1:1. The mixture of PDMS and Ecoflex 00-30 was cured at 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 5 h. Subsequently, 0.01 wt% GO was magnetically stirred (450-550 rpm) in 200 mL of DI water for 24 h to achieve a uniform dispersion. To prepare a cationic solution, the GO solution was mixed with 0.02 wt% PDDA in DI water for 24 h and stirred for an additional 24 h. The PDDA (GO) solution combined the functional groups on the GO surface and PDDA via electrostatic attractions, resulting in a positive charge on the surface of the resulting material [22; 23]. To obtain a uniform MMT particle size, 0.05 wt% MMT was magnetically stirred (450-550 rpm) in 400 mL DI water for 24 h and centrifuged at 4500 rpm for 1 h. Afterwards, the solution containing the large MMT particles was extracted and centrifuged at 1700 rpm for 15 min to obtain a solution with uniform-size MMT particles of 2 to 4 \(\upmu\)m. The prepared MMT solution was mixed with a 0.5 wt% PVA solution and then stirred at 85 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 24 h at a ratio of 3:1, and the mixture was additionally stirred at room temperature for 24 h. This solution contained a negative charge on the surface [24]. The prepared mixed stretchable substrate was treated with ultraviolet (UV) ozone for 30 min to create OH- radicals on the surface [25]. The stretchable gas barrier film was subsequently fabricated by LbL assembly between the cationic solution of PDDA (GO) and anionic solution of PVA (MMT). The calcium test method was used to analyze the WVTR characteristics of the fabricated stretchable substrate, and the MOCON OX-TRAN 2/21 MH (as specified in ASTM D-3985) analysis method at 23 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 50% RH was used for OTR analysis. The WVTR and OTR values of the gas barrier film were measured using the property that the resistance of Ca changes due to its role as an insulator when Ca reacts with water and oxygen, decreasing the current under a constant applied voltage. The Ca test method can accurately measure ultra-low water vapor permeability on the order of 10\({}^{-6}\) g/m\({}^{2}\) day with high sensitivity and structural compatibility. A zeta potential analyzer (ELSZ-1000, Otsuka Electronics, Osaka, Japan) was used to characterize the electrostatic attraction between the prepared PDDA (GO) and PVA (MMT) solutions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for the surface analysis of the stretchable gas barrier film. For transmittance analysis of the film, an ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer (Cary 5000, Varian Instruments, Palo Alto, CA, USA) was used in the range of 400 to 800 nm.
###### Abstract  
Torrefaction is a thermal pretreatment technique usually adopted for improving biomass properties to be on par with that of coal for energy production. In this study, the torrefaction characteristics of blended fuel of sewage sludge (SS) and sugarcane bagasse (BG) biomass were investigated for the purpose of gasification. The thermal degradation behavior of the blended biomass sample was tested in an inert atmosphere from ambient temperature to 900 \({}^{\circ}\)C using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The obtained TGA data aided in the determination of thermochemical parameters that are of necessity in gasification. Morphological changes in the blended torrefied samples were examined through scanning electron microscopy. Further changes in the chemical structure of the samples were investigated through Fourier-transform infrared analysis. The blend ratio of 75% SS + 25% BG torrefied at 350 \({}^{\circ}\)C gave the highest energy value (HHV) of 23.62 MJ/kg, fixed carbon of 51.37 wt % and fuel ratio of 1.70. The obtained fuel ratio is comparable to that required for optimum combustion performance of coal. The morphological structure of the samples showed that there was an aggregation of the biomass particles into small lumps at higher torrefaction temperature for 50% SS + 50% BG and 75% SS + 25% BG blend indicating a better grind ability of the biomass material. Thus, it can be concluded that the blend and torrefaction enhanced the properties of the biomass materials.  
torrefaction; sewage sludge; sugarcane bagasse; fuel ratio; heating value; volatile matter sciences Article
## 5 Discussion
### Limitations  
The size of the dataset may somewhat limit these findings. The dataset has a total of 1337 images. However, these belonged to a limited number of 34 patients, which may make the dataset redundant or ambiguous, showing slight variance among images. In addition, the number of images with alterations was significantly reduced, which constitutes a problem for ML algorithms because they have few examples to learn. Another limitation regarding the images was the uncontrolled illumination conditions when the images were taken, which could distort the results since one of the main characteristics of wound alterations is color. Even with these variances in illumination bringing robustness to the system, photographs with awful lighting conditions are detrimental to the system.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Load-Deflection Curves of Tested Beams  
Figure 17 illustrates the load-deflection relationship for tested beams with GPP and EP as adhesive material. All beams displayed linear behavior up to the cracking load. The maximum deflection of tested beams B1-0-GPP, B2-0.6-GPP, B3-1.2-GPP, B4-0-EP, B5-0.6-EP, and B6-1.2-EP was less than the control beam by approximately 14.60%, 6.90%, 6.20%, 19.30%, 5.92%, and 17.10%, respectively. The results showed that GPP as adhesive material paste enhanced the maximum beam's deflections better than EP. Also, it was found that using GFRP with EP reduced the mid-span displacement of the tested beams [56; 57; 58].
## 1 Introduction  
In recent years, the differences in the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of enantiomers of chiral drugs have received increasing attention [1; 2]. Ofloxacin (OFL), a third-generation quinolone [3], is a fully synthetic antimicrobial agent widely used in human and veterinary medicine [4; 5]. Monitoring OFL enantiomer residues (S-(--)-OFL and _R-_(+)-OFL) in fish samples and other animal products for human consumption is of significant interest.  
Recently, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has become one of the most commonly used methods to separate chiral enantiomers [6; 7; 8; 9]. However, interference from complex biological matrices and trace amounts of analytes makes it difficult to determine chiral enantiomers in biomatrixsamples directly. Therefore, an efficient and selective pretreatment process is of particular importance. Traditional pretreatment methods include liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) [10; 11], solid-phase extraction (SPE) [12], and micro-solid-phase extraction (\(\upmu\)-SPE) [13; 14], which are laborious, time consuming, and use organic solvents. Simple, efficient, and fast pretreatment strategies using molecular imprinting techniques [15; 16] or magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) [17; 18; 19; 20] have received more attention. The MSPE technique combines molecular imprinting techniques [21; 22; 23] and magnetic nanoparticles as a method for the enrichment and separation of analytes from complex matrices. Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIPs) are used as an adsorbent for analytes in solution to achieve rapid separation under a magnetic field. Ofloxacin is a high-value, synthetic drug, and as molecularly imprinted polymers have been successfully proposed for large-scale engineering applications in recent years [24; 25], novel ofloxacin-imprinted polymers could potentially be used for large-scale environmental purposes as well.  
In this study, new amino-functionalized MMIPs as MSPE sorbents were prepared for the extraction of OFL enantiomers in fish samples. The obtained MMIPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurements, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Moreover, the adsorption properties and extraction conditions were investigated. As expected, a method based on MSPE coupled with chiral-HPLC analysis was successfully optimized for the separation and determination of OFL enantiomers in fish samples. This proposed technique was shown to be a reliable and effective analytical method for determination of trace amounts of chiral drugs in biomatrix samples. Moreover, enantiopure templates can also be used for the preparation of imprinted polymers with enantiodiscriminative features that could be successfully applied for enantioseparation and drug delivery in the future [26; 27].
## 3 Tests and Methodology
### Methodology
#### 3.1.2 Mistcherlich Growth Model  
For the prediction of the clogging state of permeable asphalt pavement, our predecessors have also undertaken a great deal of related research and put forward some valuable regression analysis methods. In the regression analysis, the trend of the data is generally estimated first, and a suitable mathematical model is employed for the establishment of the model. Then, the parameters of the model are estimated according to the data, and inspection methods are used to determine the correlation between models and eliminate inaccurate data. Finally, the evolution direction can be predicted based on the amendment model.  
The curve shape of the Mistcherlich growth model is similar to the \"shoulder shape\", which is an approximate \"S\" type curve [42]. The Mistcherlich growth model is more suitable for describing a growth process which begins to grow faster, and then tends to slow down. The Mistcherlich growth model has no inflection point and is equivalent to an ideal growth curve. The general formula of the Mistcherlich growth model is as follows:  
\[y=A(1-e^{-kt}) \tag{6}\]  
The Mistcherlich growth model has three major properties:  
1. The existence of two asymptotes: when \(t\rightarrow\infty\), \(y\rightarrow A\) and when \(t\to 0\), \(y\to 0\);
2. \(y\) is a monotonically increasing function of \(t\), \[\frac{dy}{dt}=\frac{d}{dt}[A(1-e^{-kt})]>0\] (7) where \(A\) and \(K\) are both greater than 0, so \(y\) is a monotonically increasing function of \(t\);
3. It has no inflection points. By double derivate the Mistcherlich growth model, the following formula can be obtained. \[\frac{d_{y}{}^{2}}{d_{t}{}^{2}}=k^{2}Ae^{-kt}\
eq 0\] (8)  
During the spring-summer physical clogging process, the trend of the clogging coefficient of the three asphalt mixtures is that it increases rapidly at first and then enters a stable stage. Moreover, the growth of the clogging materials is a cumulative process, and there is no sudden inflection point.  
Therefore, the Mistcherlich growth model was employed for the prediction of the physical clogging process during the spring and summer season. In order to obtain a more accurate clogging model, the modified Mistcherlich growth model was selected. This model has one more parameter than the Mistcherlich growth model, which is more suitable for the asymptotic regression model. The relation function of the modified Mistcherlich growth model can be expressed as follows.  
\[y(t)=a-be^{-ct} \tag{9}\]  
In the spring and summer clogging model of permeable asphalt pavement, index \(a\) represents the maximum degree of clogging, index \(b\) represents the maximum clogging increase, and index \(c\) represents the clogging rate.
## 7 Evaluation
### Results
#### 7.3.1 Quantitative--Likert Scale Analysis
For user satisfaction (**USQO1** and **USQO2**), there was a mix of responses ranging from neutral to highly satisfied, reflecting the complexity of user sentiments. Similarly, when evaluating effectiveness (**EQO1** and **EQO2**), support (**SQO1** and **SQO2**), usefulness (**UQO1** and **UQO2**), and learnability (**LQO1** and **LQO2**), we observed a wide range of responses, signifying that users perceived these aspects differently. This variability in responses underscored the importance of taking into account the diverse needs and preferences of users. It also highlighted potential areas for improvement and optimisation within the SKATEBOARD system to better cater to the varying requirements of its user base. Overall, these Likert scale results provided valuable insights into user satisfaction, system effectiveness, support, usefulness, and learnability. Understanding these diverse perspectives is essential for enhancing the SKATEBOARD system and ensuring it meets the needs of its users effectively.