## 1 Introduction  
Petroleum resources hold strategic importance as a key global energy source. Over the past few decades, there has been a rapid increase in demand for crude oil [1, 2]. However, due to many traditional light-to-medium oil fields entering a high water-cut period, the supply of oil and gas is limited and even shows a declining trend. As a result, increasing attention is shifting toward abundant reserves of heavy oil resources [3, 4, 5, 6]. Heavy oil reservoirs are characterized by high formation pressure, high crude oil viscosity, and significant heat loss, presenting production challenges such as sand production and difficulties in lifting. These factors make economically efficient production extremely challenging [7]. After years of water injection development practice, it has been observed that due to the high viscosity of crude oil, significant differences in oil-water mobility, and severe reservoir heterogeneity, it is prone to forming preferential water flow channels, leading to limited water flooding effectiveness [8, 9]. Through the implementation of heavy oil cold production technologies such as foam flooding, chemical viscosity reduction, and gas injection cycles, the water flooding recovery rate has improved. However, challenges still exist, including issues with foam drive gas breakthroughs and a decrease in the effectiveness of multiple cycles of gas injection and production [10]. To address this issue, researchers began exploring the use of air injection, also known as in situ combustion (ISC), to enhance the recovery of heavy oil resources [11; 12]. This method involves injecting air into the reservoir to create a high-temperature combustion zone. The continuous injection of air maintains the stability of the combustion zone, generating combustion gases that push crude oil from the injection well to the production well [13; 14]. The ISC technology utilizes underground chemical reactions to thermally decompose heavy oil into light oil, thereby improving the quality of the extracted oil. This process encompasses various displacement mechanisms, including heating and viscosity reduction, chemical modification, steam distillation, non-miscible gas displacement, and carbon dioxide miscible displacement [15; 16]. ISC technology consumes only about 20% of the fuel compared to other methods, effectively displacing the remaining oil and leading to a theoretical recovery rate exceeding 70%. With its high displacement efficiency, it provides significant economic benefits [13]. The technology also possesses various other advantages. Firstly, for reservoirs with high formation pressure and sensitivity to water, the implementation of air injection is more convenient, avoiding difficulties associated with water injection processes [17]. Secondly, compared to traditional water flooding methods, air injection has lower costs as it does not require additional water resources [18; 19]. Currently, this technology has been widely applied in heavy oil reservoirs such as Hongqian, Shuguang, Shengli, Suplacu de Barcau, and Balol oilfields. Through field applications, researchers have actively explored the potential of heavy oil ISC development, mainly manifested in its ease of implementation, high displacement efficiency, and good economic benefits. Crude oil oxidation kinetics is the fundamental theory behind air injection for enhanced oil recovery. With an increasing understanding of the theory of fire flooding, it has become apparent that the kinetic parameters of chemical reactions play a crucial role in the calculation of fire flooding engineering. Research on the kinetic parameters is primarily focused on laboratory studies involving both physical and numerical simulations [20; 21].