esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# The Use of Some Natural Extracts as Environmentally Friendly Carbon Steel Corrosion Inhibitors
###### Abstract  
This paper presents the influence of natural extracts obtained from _Levisticum officinal_ and _Citrus x elementine_ on the corrosion of carbon steel in a 3.5% NaCl solution. We started from dried leaves of _Levisticum officinal_ and _Citrus x elementine_ peel in order to prepare several extracts in a 50%:50% (_vv_) water/ethanol solution and in analytical-grade ethanol. Several electrochemical techniques, such as open circuit potential monitoring, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization, were employed in order to investigate the influence of the synthetized extracts on the corrosion of carbon steel. The aggressive solution that the corrosion tests were performed in was a 3.5% NaCl solution modified with different amounts of the extracts. The electrochemical tests performed in order to determine the influence of the _Levisticum officinal_ leaf and _Citrus x elementine_ peel extracts showed that these extracts may be employed as natural corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in a 3.5% NaCl solution, achieving inhibiting efficiencies up to 87.8%, in the case of the _Levisticum officinal_ extracts.  
Keywords:natural extracts; corrosion of carbon steel; corrosion inhibitors; inhibiting efficiency +
Footnote †: journal: applied sciences
# Incoherent Digital Holography: A Review
## 4 Special Topics and Applications
### Optical Display of Incoherent Hologram  
Incoherent holograms are free of speckle noise upon image reconstruction. Thus, an incoherent hologram should be able to exhibit better reconstructed images than coherent holograms and will be a good candidate for optical display. Recorded incoherent holograms are complex holograms, while the SLMs for optical display are either phase modulation or amplitude modulation. Therefore, the complex incoherent hologram must be converted to a suitable format prior to display. In 2015, [PERSON] et al. converted a complex incoherent hologram to a binary hologram by an iterative direct binary search algorithm [71]. In 2016, [PERSON] et al. applied a bidirectional error-diffusion method to convert a complex incoherent hologram to a phase-only hologram [31]. Despite the format conversion, there is another important issue in the display of incoherent holograms. As described in Equation (4), the irradiance response is recorded in the incoherent hologram. If the incoherent hologram is directly displayed, the reconstructed field at the object plane is  
\[E_{r}(x,y)=a|T(x,y;z)|^{2} \tag{17}\]  
where \(a\) is a proportionality constant. The irradiance of the reconstructed field, which is also the quantity the observer detects, will be  
\[I_{r}(x,y)=\left|E_{r}(x,y)\right|^{2}=a^{2}|T(x,y;z)|^{4} \tag{18}\]  
In other words, the irradiance of the reconstructed image is distorted, and thus the original contrast of the reconstructed image is incorrect. To solve this problem, the complex incoherent hologram is first digitally propagated to the virtual object plane. At this plane, the field is nearly the same as the irradiance response of the object, \(E_{o}(x,y)\approx\left|T(x,y;z)\right|^{2}\). A new field at this plane is generated by  
\[E_{new}(x,y)=\frac{E_{o}(x,y)}{\left|E_{o}(x,y)\right|^{1/2}}. \tag{19}\]  
Figure 6: Experimental results of fluorescence holography. (**a**) One of the phase-shifted holograms, (**b**) intensity, and (**c**) phase distributions on the image sensor plane. (**d**) Reconstructed image on a specified depth, and (**e**) three-dimensional (3D) mapping of fluorescent nanoparticles with incoherent digital holographic microscopy.  
By this way, the nonlinear error as shown in Equation (4) can be compensated for. Finally, the new field \(E_{new}(x,y)\) is propagated to the hologram plane again and converted to a suitable format, for example, a phase-only hologram.
## 8 Future Perspectives  
DTs provide a safe environment for exploring innovations, planning for various potential futures, and experimenting with countless \"what-if\" scenarios without any risk. In healthcare, DT research has primarily concentrated on generating replicas of human organs, comprehending cellular behavior, and administering suitable medications and therapies. As sensors, IoT, and machine learning technologies evolve alongside imaging systems, the advancement of DT technology will gain momentum. This technological progress will facilitate significant steps toward realizing a complete human body DT, a long-standing aspiration. Moreover, DTs will be increasingly employed to address challenges in managing hospital systems and medical resources, highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic. DT solutions are also anticipated to expedite the development of vaccines and medicines related to COVID-19.  
This study examines crucial DT research in various healthcare branches, which could inspire new investigations, and explores our projections for the future growth of these technologies. It is expected that DT will replace the pre-clinical and clinical trials of animals and humans in the future. Therefore, healthcare providers should increasingly adopt DT solutions to improve patients' quality of life, cut their research and development costs, and bring more treatments to the market. As we advance, comprehensive studies on DT technology can be conducted from various angles, such as aerospace, education, security systems, and military, in addition to the health field discussed in this study. Furthermore, research can explore more specialized application areas that have yet to be examined in the healthcare domain.  
This study was limited in the scope of data collection. Future research could focus on gathering information from specific case studies to produce more comprehensive perspectives.  
Validation, S.A.; Investigation, S.A.; Writing--original draft, M.A.; Writing--review & editing, S.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Authentication and Billing for Dynamic Wireless EV Charging in an Internet of Electric Vehicles
## 7 Performance Evaluation  
In addition to security analysis, the performance of the proposed model is evaluated using:  
* Communication overhead: The communication overhead associated with the process of authentication and billing is measured by estimating the sizes of the different messages exchanged in the process.
* Computational cost: The computational cost is the time taken by the network entities to execute the different cryptographic techniques.  
* Authentication delay: The authentication process needs to be performed within a few milliseconds to provide sufficient time for dynamic wireless charging, given the relatively short lane crossing time. This is evaluated by calculating the total time required for EV registration and authentication with the different network entities before starting the charging process. This is calculated using the estimated computational cost of the different cryptographic protocols and the transmission delay of the underlying communication networks.
# Secure and Lightweight Cloud-Assisted Video Reporting Protocol over 5G-Enabled Vehicular Networks
###### Abstract  
In the vehicular networks, the real-time video reporting service is used to send the recorded videos in the vehicle to the cloud. However, when facilitating the real-time video reporting service in the vehicular networks, the usage of the fourth generation (4G) long term evolution (LTE) was proved to suffer from latency while the IEEE 802.11p standard does not offer sufficient scalability for a such congested environment. To overcome those drawbacks, the fifth-generation (5G)-enabled vehicular network is considered as a promising technology for empowering the real-time video reporting service. In this paper, we note that security and privacy related issues should also be carefully addressed to boost the early adoption of 5G-enabled vehicular networks. There exist a few research works for secure video reporting service in 5G-enabled vehicular networks. However, their usage is limited because of public key certificates and expensive pairing operations. Thus, we propose a secure and lightweight protocol for cloud-assisted video reporting service in 5G-enabled vehicular networks. Compared to the conventional public key certificates, the proposed protocol achieves entities' authorization through anonymous credential. Also, by using lightweight security primitives instead of expensive bilinear pairing operations, the proposed protocol minimizes the computational overhead. From the evaluation results, we show that the proposed protocol takes the smaller computation and communication time for the cryptographic primitives than that of the well-known Eiza-Ni-Shi protocol.  
5G cellular network; cloud assisted vehicular networks; security; video reporting +
Footnote †: journal: Sensors  
0000-0001-5000-0000-0000][PERSON]
# A Multi-Tier Security Analysis of Official Car Management Apps for Android
## 5 Low-Level Static Analysis  
To dig deeper in each examined app, and for Sections 5.1-5.5, we took advantage of the well-known Mobile Security Framework (MobSF) in v3.2.4 [21]. MobSF is capable of performing both static and dynamic analysis and is used as a pen-testing, malware analysis, and security assessment framework. It is also one of the all-in-one tools recommended by the OWASP Mobile Security Testing Guide [23].  
As summarised in Table 5, the focus of this part of study is on signer certificate information, APKiD, network security, code analysis aiming at divulging Common Weakness Enumerations (CWE), tracker analysis, manifest analysis, and shared library binary analysis. For all these categories, and for the sake of brevity, we mention only high severity (or high value according to the common weakness scoring system) weaknesses, intentionally omitting all low to medium value ones, which were numerous. For extracting these pieces of information, MobSF decompiles the provided Android application package (APK) using Dex to Java decompiler _(Jadx)_[57]; code de-obfuscation processes may also be applicable to this step.  
On the other hand, the last two subsections of the current section are devoted to the use of outdated third-party software by the apps and on taint analysis. For both of these tasks, the Ostorlab tool was utilised. Ostorlab is a well-known software-as-a-service (SaaS) product to review the security and privacy of mobile apps. Note that for the sake of the reproducibility of the results, we used the free-to-use \"community\" edition of the tool. To our knowledge, the same tool has been exploited in the context of similar researches [58; 59].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline
**App Name** & **Cellular Network** & **Location** & **Camera** \\ \hline Volvo On Call & + & + & – \\ BMW Connected & + & + & + \\ My BMW & + & – & + \\ MINI Connected & + & + & – \\ MINI & + & + & + \\ Mercedes me & + & + & + \\ My Alfa Connect & + & + & – \\ FIAT & + & + & – \\ My UConnect & + & + & + \\ UConnect LIVE & + & + & + \\ MyFerrani & – & – & – \\ FordPass & – & + & + \\ MISTUBISH Remote Control & – & + & – \\ OUTLANDER PHEV RC & – & + & – \\ NissanConnect & + & + & + \\ My Citronen & + & – & + \\ MyDSc & – & + & + \\ My Opel & – & + & + \\ MYPEUGEOT & – & + & + \\ Jaguar InControl & – & + & – \\ Land Rover InControl & – & + & – \\ Tesla & + * & + & + * \\ MyT & + & + & + \\ myAudi & + & + & + \\ My Bentley & + & + & – \\ Lamborghini Unica & + & + & + \\ Porsche Connect & + & + & + \\ SEAT CONNECT & + & + & – \\ MySKODA & + & + & + \\ SKODA Connect LITE & + & + & + \\ We Connect & – & + & + \\ \hline Total & 21 & 28 & 20 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Potentially privacy-invasive API call groups per app. The asterisk indicates that at least one API call does not coincide with the permissions requested by this app.
## 5 Discussion
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Scenario**} & \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} **Machinery and Production** \\ **Equipment (EUR)** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{**Material (EUR)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Labor (EUR)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Transportation (EUR)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Total (EUR)**} \\ \cline{3-3} \cline{5-6}  & 100.27 & & 1056.61 & 1934.45 & 386.17 & \\ \cline{3-6} S1 (ONP-RND) & (2.9\%) & (30.4\%) & (55.6\%) & (11.1\%) & 3477.5 \\ S2 (OFF-RND) & 1025.71 & 1056.61 & 2165.45 & 865 & 5112.77 \\  & (20.1\%) & (20.7\%) & (42.4\%) & (16.9\%) & \\ S3 (ONC-RND) & - & 3556.89 & 4000.75 & 639.52 & 8197.16 \\  & (43.4\%) & (48.8\%) & (7.8\%) & \\ S4 (ONP-RECT) & 117.83 & 1505.6 & 2335.13 & 451.75 & \\  & (2.7\%) & (34.1\%) & (52.9\%) & (10.2\%) & 4410.31 \\ S5 (OFF-RECT) & 1043.27 & 1505.60 & 2482.13 & 930 & 5960.99 \\  & (17.5\%) & (25.3\%) & (41.6\%) & (15.6\%) & \\ S6 (ONC-RECT) & - & 4295.65 & 2925.99 & 721.61 & 7943.25 \\  & (54.1\%) & (36.8\%) & (9.1\%) & \\ S7 (OFC-RECT) 1 & 813.6 & 10296.75 & 1255.16 & 500 & \\  & (6.3\%) & (80\%) & (9.75\%) & (3.9\%) & 12,865.51 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Scenario is not fully comparable with others, since the numbers include the profit margin of the prefabricated module manufacturer.  
\end{table} 
Table 5: Cost comparison of the scenarios per house. direction of similar standards. In the 3 DCP field, a global effort is underway to establish new draft standards, such as the 3 DCP Standard (ISO/ASTM 529 XX PWI Additive Manufacturing for Construction--Qualification Principles--structural and infrastructure) [60]. Many stakeholders including material manufacturing companies, construction companies, and 3D printing companies are working together to develop standards for 3 DCP. Such standardization can facilitate regulation and streamline the acquisition of construction permits for additively manufactured houses. As the results of our study on constructing 100 similar houses show, producing a structure directly from a digital design model allows the same design model to be used repeatedly in a project or even consecutively in other projects. This provides opportunities for efficiency inherent in the utilization of AM for construction aligned with the direct digital construction concept [61]. Thus, 3D concrete printing applications for construction are a step toward industrial construction.
_Applied_  
_sciences_  
_Review_  
Carbon Nanostructures Decorated with Titania: Morphological Control and Applications  
**[PERSON] 1,2**(r), [PERSON] 3,4, [PERSON] 1,2,5**(r) and [PERSON] 1,2,*(r)  
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy;  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.C.C.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (P.E)  
National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy  
Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy  
Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ICCOM-CNR), 34127 Trieste, Italy  
Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel.: +39-040-5583923  
**Abstract: Nanostructured titania (\(\text{TiO}_{2}\)) is the most widely applied semiconducting oxide for a variety of purposes, and it is found in many commercial products. The vast majority of uses rely on its photo-activity, which, upon light irradiation, results in excited states that can be used for diverse applications. These range from catalysis, especially for energy or environmental remediation, to medicine--in particular, to attain antimicrobial surfaces and coatings for titanium implants. Clearly, the properties of titania are enhanced when working at the nanoscale, thanks to the increasingly active surface area. Nanomorphology plays a key role in the determination of the materials' final properties. In particular, the nucleation and growth of nanosized titania onto carbon nanostructures as a support is a hot topic of investigation, as the nanocarbons not only provide structural stability but also display the ability of electronic communication with the titania, leading to enhanced photoelectronic properties of the final materials. In this concise review, we present the latest progress pertinent to the use of nanocarbons as templates to tailor nanostructured titania, and we briefly review the most promising applications and future trends of this field.**  
titania; anatase; rutile; carbon; nanotubes; nanoparticles; nanorods; nanosheets; graphene; photocatalysts
## 3 Results
### Morphological Traits  
The responses of leaves to the temperature and CO\({}_{2}\) treatments differed across morphological traits (Figure 2 and Table 2). The highest leaf number was found in the 31 \({}^{\circ}\)C-enriched CO\({}_{2}\) treatment with a mean of five leaves per seedling, showing a significant interaction effect (Figure 2a and Table 2).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **n** & **27 \({}^{\circ}\)C-Ambient CO\({}_{2}\)** & **27 \({}^{\circ}\)C-Enriched CO\({}_{2}\)** & **31 \({}^{\circ}\)C-Ambient CO\({}_{2}\)** & **31 \({}^{\circ}\)C-Enriched CO\({}_{2}\)** \\ \hline Temperature (\({}^{\circ}\)C) & 66 & 27.74 (\(\pm\)0.08) & 27.29 (\(\pm\)0.21) & 30.66 (\(\pm\)0.12) & 30.65 (\(\pm\)0.13) \\ \hline Salinity & 66 & 34.43 (\(\pm\)0.25) & 34.42 (\(\pm\)0.46) & 35.07 (\(\pm\)0.31) & 34.25 (\(\pm\)0.5) \\ \hline Conductivity (\(\mu\)S cm\({}^{-1}\)) & 60 & 61.35 (\(\pm\)0.25) & 61.83 (\(\pm\)0.34) & 62.01 (\(\pm\)0.73) & 60.91 (\(\pm\)0.6) \\ \hline pH & 66 & 8.23 (\(\pm\)0.02) & 8.18 (\(\pm\)0.01) & 8.2 (\(\pm\)0.01) & 8.09 (\(\pm\)0.02) \\ \hline Dissolved oxygen (mg L\({}^{-1}\)) & 48 & 6.92 (\(\pm\)0.06) & 7.08 (\(\pm\)0.06) & 6.52 (\(\pm\)0.03) & 6.54 (\(\pm\)0.03) \\ \hline Alkalinity (\(\mu\)mol kg\({}^{-1}\) SW) & 30 & 2369.67 (\(\pm\)8.2) & 2394.24 (\(\pm\)7.54) & 2374.08 (\(\pm\)14.71) & 2414.35 (\(\pm\)21.44) \\ \hline pCO\({}_{2}\) (\(\mu\)atm) \({}^{*}\) & 21 & 379.42 (\(\pm\)39.63) & 464.04 (\(\pm\)28.49) & 379.75 (\(\pm\)25.31) & 624.47 (\(\pm\)42.41) \\ \hline PO\({}_{4}\) (\(\mu\)mol kg\({}^{-1}\) SW) & 21 & 0.07 (\(\pm\)0.01) & 0.07 (\(\pm\)0.01) & 0.06 (\(\pm\)0.01) & 0.07 (\(\pm\)0) \\ \hline Si (\(\mu\)mol kg\({}^{-1}\) SW) & 21 & 0.58 (\(\pm\)0.01) & 0.58 (\(\pm\)0.01) & 0.58 (\(\pm\)0.01) & 0.57 (\(\pm\)0.01) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Measured and calculated (*) experimental water quality parameters in the aquaria. Values are given as mean \(\pm\) SE (n: number of water samples taken).  
Figure 2: The effect of increasing temperature and CO\({}_{2}\) enrichment on (**a**) leaf number, (**b**) maximum leaf length, (**c**) leaf surface area, (**d**) leaf weight, and (**e**) leaf width of _Enhalus acoroides_ seedlings at the end of the experimental period. Values are mean \(\pm\) SE (n = 6).  
In comparison, the maximum leaf length, leaf SA, and leaf weight values were significantly higher at a high temperature (31 \({}^{\circ}\)C) regardless of the CO\({}_{2}\) treatment (Figure 2b-d and Table 2). Even though CO\({}_{2}\) treatments did not show a significant effect in most morphological traits, some trends were observed in terms of leaf length, with longer leaves under ambient CO\({}_{2}\) compared to enriched CO\({}_{2}\) treatments (\(p\)-value = 0.065, Table 2). The leaf width did not show any significant difference among treatments (Figure 2e and Table 2). For the seeds and roots, there were no differences among any of the treatments (Figure S1 and Table S1).
# Application of Logistic Regression for Production Machinery Efficiency Evaluation
## 1 Introduction
[PERSON] et al. developed a model classifying the condition of a cutting tool blade and predicting its durability [31]. [PERSON] et al. studied the reliability of a cutting tool using a combination of logistic regression and acoustic emission methods [32]. [PERSON] combined methods of logistic regression and relevance vector machine to evaluate performance degradation and to predict failure times based on simulation and experimental data [33], whereas [PERSON] et al., on the basis of vibration characteristics of cutting tools, developed a universal model enabling the analysis of reliability and performance for machine tools [34]. This article proposes a model of logistic regression to be used for analysis and evaluation of the level of efficiency of executed processes. The research covered the process of manufacturing garbage bags in a company operating several production plants located in Poland and Ukraine. It was carried out in three main stages, in line with the CBM (condition-based maintenance) strategy. The basis for the research were the work and inspection cards of roll making machines provided by the company, which came from one of the plants and covered the period from 1 September 2015 to 31 August 2017. These provided information in two main categories. Event data indicated what events occurred during the operation of the machine (i.e., the need to repair, replacement of worm parts or breakdowns). On the other hand, the condition monitoring data provided information about the current technical condition of the facilities and the need for preventive measures (e.g., adjustment of Teflon blades). The processing of the above information and interpretation thereof made it possible to identify factors shaping the efficiency of the machinery stock. Then, on their basis, a model for the evaluation of machinery efficiency was built. It was assumed that its satisfactory level was 90%. This value is based on the daily production cycle, which also includes the breaks required by the Labor Code, daily service and the preparation of the machine for operation. Finally, the manner in which the model can support decision making in the area of improvement of the production processes was indicated [35]. Due to the specificity of manufactured products, i.e., serial products with standard parameters, the company operates in the MTS (make to stock) production system. The plant works on a three-shift basis, with each shift lasting 8 h. The process of model parameter estimation and the results obtained are presented in subsequent sections of this article.