# Recent Strategies for Environmental Remediation of Organochlorine Pesticides
## 3 Methods for Removal of Organochlorine Pesticides from the Environment
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\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Strategies** & **Advantages** & **Disadvantages** & **Ref** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{1} & Phytoremediation: Removal & Cost-effective; In situ & Challenges of finding excavator & \\  & of organochlorine from soil & treatment is possible; & plants that can effectively & \\  & and water by using plants & Excavator not needed, but & take-up pesticides & \\  & & excavator plant is used & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{2} & Bioremediation: Using & Complete mineralization of & It is not effective when the growth & \\  & microorganism to degrade & contaminants to CO\({}_{2}\) and H\({}_{2}\)O & of microbes is not supported by & \\  & organochlorine pesticides & without buildup intermediate; & environmental conditions; can & \\  & organochlorine pesticides & Preliminary pollution site & cause damage to the & \\  & assessment is not needed & environmental balance & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{3} & Incineration: Oxidation of & & Problems of ash disposal; \\  & organochlorine pesticides by & Complete degradation of & production and release of cyanide & \\  & applying heat and oxygen & pesticides to ash & into the environment when & \\  & & & pesticide contain nitrogen & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{4} & Low temperature & Removal of pesticides from & Costly since specialized facilities & \\  & thermal desorption & sediments, soils and sluges & are needed; cannot completely & \\  & is possible & & destroy the pesticides & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{5} & Adsorption: use of adsorbents & Fast and can be used on-site & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{6} & Supercritical oxidation & Toxic gases and particulates & Problem associated with & \\  & & are not released & construction of super critical & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & oxidation unit & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{7} & Ozonation: use of ozone & It is easy to operate and it & Consumes many energy; it & \\  & & works faster & is expensive & [34] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{8} & Dechlorination: Removal & High boiling point organics & Degradation efficiency is & \\  & of chlorine & like PCB can be degraded & comparatively low compared to & \\  & & & most techniques & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{9} & Electrochemical oxidation & It can degrade both soluble & Formation of multiple & \\  & & and insoluble organic feed of & intermediate products & \\  & & pesticide in any phase & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{10} & \multirow{3}{*}{Gas-phase chemical reduction} & No possibilities for dioxin and & It requires the removal of chlorine & \\  & &furan formation since it & donor from the combustion air & \\  & & happens in atmosphere & & and effluent gas & \\  & & without oxygen & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{11} & \multirow{3}{*}{Ultrasonic technology: use } & No secondary pollutants; no & & \\  & of sound & need for extra chemicals; easy & Maintaining the temperature is & \\  & & to use and improved & challenging; attenuation problem & \\  & & remediation rate & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{12} & \multirow{3}{*}{Plasma arc techniques} & It can be used to degrade & & \\  & & recalcitrant organochlorine & & \\  & & pesticides; is also appropriate & & \\  & & when metal has mixed & & \\  & & with pesticides & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{13} & Catalytic hydrogenation & Wide range of organochlorine & & \\  & pesticides can be degraded & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{14} & \multirow{3}{*}{Molten salt oxidation} & Total transformation of & Organochlorine mixed with high & \\  & & organics to CO\({}_{2}\) and H\({}_{2}\)O; It & inert materials cannot be treated & \\  & can be set up in a small scale & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{15} & \multirow{3}{*}{Fenton oxidation} & Effective in treating pesticides & & \\  & & contaminated wastewater on & & \\  & & the industrial scale & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{16} & \multirow{3}{*}{Zero-valence iron} & It is action decreases with time due & & \\  & & & to the formation of oxide layer & \\  & & that block the active site & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
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