# Adaptive Jamming Mitigation for Clustered Energy-Efficient LoRa-BLE Hybrid Wireless Sensor Networks
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Comparative Energy Consumption Analysis  
Another analysis provides two critical visualizations that allow for a deep understanding of energy consumption across three network configurations: BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy), LoRa (long-range communication), and BLE+LoRa (hybrid switching between BLE and LoRa). These visualizations not only facilitate direct comparisons but also highlight underlying statistical properties that impact the efficiency and variability of each communication protocol. From the boxplots, we can assess which network configuration exhibits higher energy efficiency by comparing the median values. If one configuration consistently has a lower median energy consumption, it implies a more energy-efficient operation. Additionally, the spread of the box and whiskers indicates the consistency of the energy consumption. A wider IQR or longer whiskers suggests higher variability, which may indicate unpredictable energy consumption patterns, potentially affecting network stability. If a configuration has numerous outliers, it signals instances where energy consumption deviates significantly from the expected range, which could be problematic in resource-constrained environments. Comparing BLE, LoRa, and BLE+LoRa, we can critically evaluate trade-offs between energy efficiency and network performance. BLE, typically designed for short-range and low-energy applications, is expected to have lower energy consumption but may suffer from limited coverage. On the other hand, LoRa, optimized for long-range communication, likely shows higher energy consumption but ensures greater reach and coverage. The  
Figure 10: Impact of the proposed mitigation algorithm on LoRa and BLE resilience under jamming conditions. Figure 9: Impact of the proposed mitigation algorithm on LoRa and BLE retransmissions under jamming conditions. BLE+LoRa hybrid approach aims to balance these trade-offs, adapting between protocols based on network conditions. If the boxplot reveals that BLE+LoRa has a median closer to BLE but a higher spread, it suggests that the hybrid approach achieves some energy savings but introduces variability due to switching. The boxplot analysis presented in Figure 11 provides insights into the energy consumption trends of BLE, LoRa, and the hybrid BLE-LoRa switching mechanism under jamming conditions, both with and without the proposed mitigation algorithm. The results reveal a clear distinction in energy usage across the three network configurations, with BLE exhibiting the lowest median energy consumption due to its inherently low-power communication model but suffering from significant variability when exposed to interference. LoRa, while designed for long-range transmission, demonstrates significantly higher energy usage due to its prolonged transmission durations and greater power requirements. However, the most notable observation emerges from the BLE-LoRa switching mechanism, which, in the absence of mitigation, exhibits erratic energy consumption due to inefficient protocol transitions triggered by interference. The experimental setup that produced these specific distributions consisted of a series of controlled tests conducted in a university campus environment. Sensor nodes were deployed in various locations, including laboratories, classrooms, and open areas, ensuring diverse interference conditions. Data were collected over multiple experimental runs, capturing energy consumption at regular intervals while the network operated under jamming attacks. The mitigation algorithm played a crucial role in stabilizing the hybrid BLE-LoRa approach by dynamically selecting the most energy-efficient communication protocol based on real-time network conditions. By ensuring that BLE was prioritized in low-interference environments and LoRa was used selectively for resilient communication, the algorithm minimized unnecessary protocol switching and reduced overall energy consumption.