## 2 Related Work  
The authors in [8] proposed a Conditional Privacy-Preserving Authentication (CPPA) scheme for vehicular ad hoc networks that uses [PERSON]'s signature. The secret key is pre-loaded on the vehicle but a long-term secret key can be accessed by an adversary when it has physical access. In another study [9], the authors presented an Efficient, Anonymous Authentication with Conditional Privacy (EAAP) scheme based on a bilinear pairing technique, using anonymous certificates that are valid for short-term and public keys for IoV. In [10], the authors presented secure authentication solution for authentication, integrity, and confidentiality. Traceability depends on a Trusted Authority (TA). If the TA is compromised, then the entire network is disrupted. The authors in [11] presented a scheme based on blockchain to protect the security and privacy of vehicle nodes. The authors proposed a Lightweight Scalable Blockchain (LSB), without traceability of the malicious vehicle nodes. The approach uses an Overlay Block Manager (OBM), which acts as a cluster head. It also did not provide batch verification or batch authentication. The proposed model is also affected by the issues of key management, caching data, and mobility. In [12], the authors briefly described a model which has three layers: perception, service, and edge computing. It ensures the security of vehicle nodes through blockchain technology. It also offers computing capabilities and cloud services. The authors in [13] proposed blockchain-based IoV and proposes an authentication and secure data transfer algorithm. However, it does not provide traceability, batch verification, or authentication. In [14], the authors proposed a secure information sharing scheme for IoV based on blockchain. The authors achieved conditional privacy using threshold secret sharing and fair-blind signatures. The authors in [15] presented a seven-layer architecture for transportation systems. This paper also presented delegated proof-of-stake (DPOS), which is appropriate for vehicular communication because it establishes blockchain-based vehicular networks. The authors in [16] presented a distributed trust management scheme for a clustering mechanism for IoV based on blockchain technology. In this paper, block validation is performed by proof of work and roadside units function as miners performing POW for the consensus mechanism. In [17], the authors proposed a Byzantine fault tolerance consensus algorithm for IoV. This algorithm provides a privacy-preserving incentive announcement network. By using reputation points, this announcement mechanism allows vehicle nodes to forward and collect accurate information. However, this consensus scheme faces limited scalability. The authors in [18] proposed a reputation-based data sharing scheme using a subjective logic model to improve data integrity and provide a secure data exchanging system in vehicular communication. In this paper, proof of work is utilized for exchanging information, auditing, and verification of the record. To encourage vehicle nodes, a scheme named proof-of-storage is also presented to allow and incentivize vehicles to share storage resources. An updated DPOS consensus algorithm for reliable reputation management is proposed in [19]. The authors used a multi-weight subjective logic model and contract theory to prevent internal collision among miners. The authors in [20] recognize the difference between correct and fake transactions. In addition to increasing accuracy, this recognition prevents double-spending problems in which someone may be able to create multiple correct transactions and thus combine them to create a fraudulent transaction. The third phase is the latency of the system and computing power, which is need to enable the correctness and agreement processes. The authors in [21] adopted the properties of the POS algorithm and included additional security measures. The algorithm focuses on two properties, namely, persistence and liveness.