# A Novel Multipath Transmission Scheme for Information-Centric Networking
## 2 Related Work
### Multipath Transmission Mechanism of ICN  
With the development of ICN, there have been many studies on ICN multipath transmission. In this subsection, we introduce the multipath transmission techniques of the ICN paradigm of name-based routing and stand-alone name resolution, respectively.  
In the ICN paradigm of name-based routing, the data packets do not loop since they take the reverse path of request packets, so the multi-path transmission mechanism relies on its flexible forwarding plane in this ICN paradigm. In [27], the authors used three colors to mark the performance of the forwarding port, and the router can preferentially select the port with the best performance to forward the data packet, thus avoiding the congested path. In [28], the authors proposed an on-demand multi-path forwarding mechanism based on the principle of minimum RTT priority, which forwards user requests from different interfaces in proportion according to RTT. In [29], the authors regard the process of request packet forwarding as a multiple attribute decision making problem, and proposed an Entropy-based Probabilistic Forwarding (EPF) strategy. EPF integrates multiple network state metrics to accurately calculate the state of interfaces by objectively assigning weights to the metrics. In [30], the Markov Decision Process (MDP)-based forwarding strategy was introduced, which uses queuing theory to estimate the real-time network state, and builds an MDP model to guide request packets for probabilistic forwarding. In [31], the authors regarded the problem of multi-path congestion control and request forwarding as a global objective optimization problem for maximum throughput and minimum network cost, and derived a set of optimal distributed algorithms for dynamic request forwarding. In addition, some researchers have used reinforcement learning algorithms to design forwarding strategies [32; 33]. ICN routers perform probabilistic forwarding to explore potential cache replicas in the network, and then use the learned results to guide request packet forwarding. However, these methods are only suitable for the innovative ICN architecture, so it is difficult to apply them in practice.  
In the ICN paradigm of stand-alone name resolution, there have been some attempts to implement multi-path forwarding based on multiple addresses of terminal devices identified by globally unique identifiers. In [18], the authors proposed a novel forwarding scheme in the multi-address scenario in this ICN paradigm. In this scheme, multiple addresses of the device are carried into the destination address group field of the ICN data packet header, which enables each data packet to be matched to multiple interfaces in the hop-by-hop forwarding process, and the router can select an optimal interface for each data packet according to the state information of the interfaces. In [19], the authors proposed a network-assisted multipath transmission mechanism, in which the in-network nodes can split data into different paths according to locally generated policies. Specifically, multiple network addresses can be obtained by querying the NRS according to the globally unique identifier (GUID), so as to establish multiple paths to destination mobile devices.