esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Illustrative Example
### Results
#### 5.3.4 Fishing Vessel  
Due to the smaller numbers of POB, the fishing vessel fell within the S3 life-safety category. It is important to note that this designation was intended only to reflect the reduced scale of search and rescue response operations required to assist in an emergency for a vessel of this size compared to vessels with very large numbers of POB. Regardless of the life-safety category designation, adequate resources need to be in place to ensure safe operations and timely emergency response in _all_ situations. This categorization should in no way be misinterpreted as placing different valuations on life-safety under different conditions. The correct interpretation here is that less emergency response resources are required to ensure a safe response for vessels with smaller numbers of POB than would be required to respond to vessels with larger numbers of POB.  
Similarly, the low volumes of contaminants on board a smaller vessel, such as a fishing vessel, places it in a low spill consequence category. The goal in _all_ cases is to prevent any potential environmental damage and minimize environmental impact. The designations proposed here reflect the fact that fewer resources would be required to respond to a potential environmental event and less ecological consequence would be expected for vessels that have lower spill consequence values.  
For the fishing vessel, given its S3 and C3 designations, its operational exposure was assessed as low and its modified RIO was equivalent to the standard RIO. In the regions of ecological and socio-economic sensitivity, the fishing vessel received no adjustment to its operational criteria because its consequence severity was low. Normal operations can be maintained along any route. Route A was the optimal choice as it is the shortest distance.
# A Fault-Signal-Based Generalizing Remaining Useful Life Prognostics Method for Wheel Hub Bearings
## 3 Methodology
### RUL Prognostics Method  
In this study, the signal containing fatigue fault information is considered as time series. Let \(\overset{m}{x}\) be the discharge of the \(m\)-order grey process accumulative transformation of signal \(x(t)\), as to the discrete sequence \(\overset{m}{x}(t)=\sum\limits_{j=1}^{t}\overset{m-1}{x}(l)\), \(x(t)=\overset{0}{x}(t)\). There are \(n\) values of time backtracking and \(t\) samplingsin this method. The sampling periods are the same \(\Delta t\). Then, the RUL prognostics method can be denoted by Equation (17) [42].  
\[\overrightarrow{x}(t)=\sum_{n=1}^{t}a_{i}^{m}x(n\Delta t)+b \tag{17}\]  
Here, \(a_{i}\) and \(b\) are the system parameters of proposed method.  
The RUL prognostics method with (17) can be considered as a differential hydrological grey method [22], which can be denoted by Equation (18).  
\[\frac{d^{n}\overrightarrow{x}}{dt^{n}}+a_{1}\frac{d^{n-1}\overrightarrow{x}}{ dt^{n-1}}+\cdots+a_{n}^{m}\overrightarrow{x}=b \tag{18}\]  
where \(\overrightarrow{x}\) can be prognosticated with the solution of method in Equation (18). The RUL of wheel hub bearings can be obtained in Equation (19).  
\[\overrightarrow{x}^{m-1}(t)=f(\overleftarrow{x}(t+1),\overleftarrow{x}(t)) \tag{19}\]  
The solution of the method with (17) cannot be obtained easily due to the complexity of signal \(x(t)\). The simplified solution is obtained in the following.
# Fire-Induced Changes in Soil and Implications on Soil Sorption Capacity and Remediation Methods
## 4 Fire-Induced Changes in Soil and Choice of Soil Remediation Technologies
### Physical Remediation Technologies That Could be Used in Fire-Affected Soils
#### 4.1.2 Electrokinetic Remediation  
Electrokinetic remediation has been widely used to treat heavy metals, organic compounds, and radionuclide contaminated soil and sediments with low permeability and high heterogeneity [135; 137]. It is based on the principle that an electric field of suitable intensity established on a contaminated site where a pair of electrodes has been installed can attract contaminants through electroosmosis, electrophoresis or electromigration [138], separating them from the soil [136]. According to [PERSON] et al. [136], if the contaminants involved are poor conductors, preliminary dissolution of the contaminant using an appropriate electrolyte like distilled water, organic acids or synthetic chelates may be required to improve contaminant removal efficiency during electrokinetic remediation. Distilled water may not be a good electrolyte for dissolution of contaminants in fire-affected soils because of the apparent hydrophobicity of particles in such soils. An compound which is capable of breaking the hydrophobicity of the soil particles would be appropriate as an electrolyte. The prevailing pH and electrical conductivity of the site is also a concern in electrokinetic remediation. Soil pH according [PERSON] et al. [139] is the main limiting factor in direct soil remediation using electrokines, possibly because contaminant speciation is pH-dependent. This is overcome by adding pH buffer solutions to the anode and cathode using a complexant or ion exchange membrane. The extent of pH changes experienced after adding a pH buffer would depend on the soil's buffering capacity which in itself is determined by the level of exchangeable and residual acidity in the soil. Soil organic matter plays a significant role in the level of soil exchangeable acidity. Fire-induced changes in soil pH and organic matter content may therefore influence the amount of buffer required to bring the pH to an appropriate level to improve the efficiency of contaminant removal during electrokinetic remediation. Electrokinetic remediation could therefore be used on fire-affected contaminated soils if an appropriate electrolyte is used for contaminant dissolution and the right pH for migration of the contaminants between the electrodes are achieved.
# Inhibitory Effect of Cold Atmospheric Plasma on Chronic Wound-Related Multispecies Biofilms
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Plasma Jet Device  
The plasma jet device used in this study consists of a plasma reactor with dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) configuration. The plasma generated in this primary DBD reactor is transported through a 1.0-m-long, flexible polyurethane tube (Kangaroo TM Nasogastric Feeding Tube, 10 Fr/Ch), connected to the reactor exit. A thin metal wire is installed inside the plastic tube acting as floating electrode. The wire penetrates few millimeters inside the primary discharge chamber, crosses the whole tube length and terminates about 2 mm before the plastic tube exit. When high voltage is applied to the primary DBD reactor, a remote plasma plume is ignited at the downstream end of the plastic tube. This device was already described in previous works [45; 46; 47; 48]. In the present study, the reactor was connected to a Minipuls4 AC power supply (GBS Elektronik GmbH, Radeberg, Germany) and an amplitude modulated voltage signal (12 kV amplitude) with voltage duty cycle of 22% was employed. The system was fed with helium (99.5% purity) at a flow rate of 2.0 slm. The distance between the plastic tube tip and the surface to be treated was set at 1.5 cm.  
The characteristic optical emission spectrum of this plasma jet was previously reported by [PERSON] et al. and [PERSON] et al., [45; 46; 47; 48]. Briefly, weak emission lines of helium were detected with nitrogen emission bands being predominant in the spectrum, showing that excited nitrogen (N\({}_{2}\)-second positive system) and ionized nitrogen species (N\({}_{2}\)\({}^{+}\)-first negative system) were produced in the plasma plume. Peaks associated to atomic oxygen (777 nm and 844 nm) and the OH band at 308 nm were also present indicating the production of ROS.
## 2 Methods
When the GPS data are absent, the receiver clock offset parameter of an available satellite system is taken as the reference based on the priority list, and then the ISB parameters are reformulated accordingly for other available satellite systems. In view that the ISB has a stable characteristic during a short period of time, for example, several days, the estimated ISBs in advance can be used to enhance the multi-GNSS integrated SPP solutions by prediction, especially in the much harsh visibility environments. Four pseudo-observation equations are introduced into the traditional observation model of four-system integrated SPP, that is:  
\[\left\{ \begin{array}{l}\delta_{\text{ ISB}}^{R,G}=\text{ISB}^{R,G}\\ \delta_{\text{ ISB}}^{E,G}=\text{ISB}^{E,G}\\ \delta_{\text{ ISB}}^{\text{C2},G}=\text{ISB}^{\text{C2},G}\\ \delta_{\text{ ISB}}^{\text{C3},G}=\text{ISB}^{\text{C3},G}\end{array} \right. \tag{3}\]  
where \(\delta_{\text{ ISB}}^{R,G}\), \(\delta_{\text{ ISB}}^{E,G}\), \(\delta_{\text{ ISB}}^{\text{C2},G}\), and \(\delta_{\text{ ISB}}^{\text{C3},G}\) denote the a priori ISB observable between GLONASS and GPS, between Galileo and GPS, between BDS-2 and GPS, and between BDS-3 and GPS, respectively. In this study, the a priori ISB observable is taken as the average value of the epochwise ISB estimates over a day (with a prediction period of several days). The estimated parameters include the three-dimensional (3D) receiver coordinates, the receiver clock offset, and the four ISBs, that is:  
\[U=\left[X,c\text{d}t_{r,est},\text{ISB}^{R,G},\text{ISB}^{E,G},\text{ISB}^{ \text{C2},G},\text{ISB}^{\text{C3},G}\right]^{\text{T}} \tag{4}\]  
where \(U\) is the vector of estimates. As shown in Equation (1), the code observation equation is nonlinear. The estimates in Equation (4) are actually the corrections with respect to the approximate values through an iterative procedure. Besides the rigorous observation model, a proper stochastic model is also vital for the optimal SPP solutions. Since the quality of observations is highly relevant to the satellite elevation angles, the elevation-dependent weighting scheme is adopted here. Assuming that there is no correlation among the code observations from different satellites (all the nondiagonal elements are equal to zeroes in the covariance matrix of code observations), the variance of code observations from a GNSS satellite can be computed as:  
\[\sigma^{2}(ele)=\frac{\sigma_{0}^{2}}{(\sin ele)^{2}} \tag{5}\]  
where \(\sigma_{0}\) is the STD of code observations at zenith, which is set to 0.45 m for GLONASS satellites (mitigating the negative effect of inter-frequency code hardware delay at the receiver) and 0.3 m for Galileo, GPS, BDS-2 and BDS-3 satellites, and \(\sigma(ele)\) is the STD of code observations at an elevation angle \(ele\). As to the variance of a priori ISB observable, it is taken as the average value of the epochwise variances of ISB estimates over a day (with a prediction period of several days). In this study, the estimator is the least squares adjustment.
# Seismic Effectiveness of Multiple Seismic Measures on a Continuous Gider Bridge
## 4 Model Validation  
The model and algorithm for numerical simulation affect the final simulation results [(38; 40)]. Different researchers verify the accuracy of the mathematical model and algorithm used in the numerical simulation by the existing shaking table test [(41; 42)]. In this paper, we proved the correctness of the algorithm and mathematical model by a numerical simulation of [PERSON]'s experiment [(43; 44)]. In the shaking table test in the reference, a single-span bridge model at a 1:20 scale was designed, and was built as shown in Figure 6a; the weight of the deck was 12.36 kN and that of each pier was 0.53 kN. The bridge had a clear span of 1.83 m, a width of 0.89 m, and a height of 0.96 m. The deck of the bridge model was restrained from sliding by means of an angle welded between the deck and pier caps, and the bridge model was instrumented with stress transducer and accelerometers at both the piers and the deck to measure the displacement and acceleration response. The bridge was designed to have a natural period of 0.45 s in the longitudinal direction. The size of the numerical simulation model is consistent with the calculation model in the literature, as shown in Figure 6b. It has a clear span of 36.6 m, a width 17.8 m, and a height 19.2 m; the weight of the deck is 4992 kN and the piers weigh 424 kN each, and the bridge has a natural period of 0.45 s. The El Centro S00E earthquake with a peak acceleration of 0.87 g and the Northridge earthquake with a peak acceleration 1.75 g have been used to analyze the seismic response of the bridge. The analysis results show that, whether under the action of the El Centro wave or Northridge wave, the trend of the pier displacement analysis is consistent with the experimental results, as can be seen in Figure 6c,d.  
It can be seen from Figure 6c,d that the two piers had a similar displacement response under the action of El Centro and Northridge earthquakes, but the numerical simulation analysis results deviate from the test results to some extent. Figure 6e,f show the error analysis of the test results and numerical analysis results. The calculation formula for error analysis is as follows:  
\[\delta=\Delta/L\times 100\%, \tag{11}\]  
where \(\delta\) is the actual relative error, %; \(\Delta\) is the absolute error, and \(L\) is the actual value.  
The errors between the numerical analysis results and model test results are almost within 10%. The displacement value of the top of the left pier in Northridge earthquake is the
###### Abstract  
We explore the optical bistability in aperiodic parity-time-symmetric (PT-symmetric) photonic lattices that are composed of Fibonacci sequence dielectrics and graphene at terahertz frequencies. Two Fibonacci sequence dielectrics, _viz._ aperiodic photonic lattices, are utilized for enhancing band-edge resonances and achieving the electric field localization that can enhance the nonlinearity of graphene. Modulating the gain-loss factor of dielectrics in the PT symmetry lattices further strengthens the nonlinearity effect and, consequently, low threshold bistability is realized. The interval between the upper and lower bistability thresholds enlarges as the momentum relaxation time of graphene changes. Moreover, we show that the bistability threshold can also be flexibly tuned by modulating the graphene chemical potential. The study might be applied in photomemories and optical switches.  
Keywords:optical bistability; aperiodic lattice; PT symmetry; graphene; Fibonacci sequence +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
## 3 Results
### Differentially Expressed Genes  
Transcriptomic analysis was conducted to elucidate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of COLFs in macrophages. The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the samples from the three groups did not cluster together and exhibited significant differences (Figure 2A). A Venn diagram was created to display the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (\(p<0.05\), 1.5-fold difference) between the LPS group and the control group, as well as between the COLF group and the LPS group. The volcano plots illustrate the upregulated and downregulated genes between the groups. The results indicated that 2974 DEGs were identified in the comparison between the LPS group and the control group, with 1631 genes upregulated and 1343 genes downregulated (Figure 2B,C). In contrast, the COLF treatment resulted in 627 DEGs, with 286 genes upregulated and 341 genes downregulated (Figure 2B,D).  
Figure 2: RNA-seq analysis of RAW264.7 cells. (**A**) PCA analysis of the whole transcriptome of RAW264.7 cells. Different colors in the graph represent different groups. (**B**) Venn diagram displays the number of DEGs (\(p<0.05\), 1.5-fold difference) between LPS and control groups, and COLF and LPS groups. Volcano plot of DEGs between (**C**) LPS group and control group, and (**D**) COLF group and LPS group. Upregulated genes are shown in red and downregulated genes are shown in blue. Data are expressed as mean \(\pm\) SD (\(n=3\)).
# A Quantitative Study of Axial Performance of Rockbolts with an Elastic-Debonding Model
## 4 Parameter Study and Discussion
### Rockbol Diameter  
Rockbolt diameter directly affected the axial performance of rockbolts. The technical specifications for Chinese coal mines recommend that for field application, the rockbolt diameter should be ranged between 16 mm and 25 mm [27]. Then, this article tested five rockbolt diameters ranging from 16 mm to 25 mm. The purpose is to analyse the impact of rockbolt diameter on the axial performance of rockbolts.  
Figure 5 shows the axial performance of rockbolts when the rockbolt diameter varied. The force-deformation curves of rockbolts significantly changed when the rockbolt diameter varied. When the rockbolt diameter varied from 16 mm to 25 mm, the peak force of rockbolts increased from 213 kN to 337 kN.  
Linear regression was conducted to analyse the relationship between the peak force of rockbolts and the rockbolt diameter. Apparently, there was a linear relationship between the peak force and the rockbolt diameter, as shown with Equation (6). The linearly dependent  
Figure 4: Deformation at the peak force when the rock diameter varied.  
Figure 5: Axial performance of rockbolts when the rockbolt diameter varied: (**a**) force-deformation curves; (**b**) peak force variation trend.  
coefficient was 1. This confirmed that there was a strong linear relationship between the peak force of rockbolts and the rockbolt diameter.  
\[F_{bp}=13.8D_{b}-7.7 \tag{6}\]  
where \(F_{bp}\): predicted peak force of rockbolts.  
This finding can also be validated with previous experimental results [28]. [PERSON] et al. [28] tested rockbolts with the diameter varying from 10 mm to 18 mm. They found that the peak force of rockbolts increased linearly with the rockbolt diameter. This further validated the credibility of this analytical study.  
By contrast, rockbolt diameter had an adverse impact on the deformation at the peak force. Figure 6 shows that when the rockbolt diameter increased from 16 mm to 25 mm, deformation at the peak force decreased from 5.83 mm to 4.09 mm.  
Moreover, there was an apparent non-linear relationship between deformation at the peak force and rockbolt diameter. It can be calculated with Equation (7).  
\[u_{bp}=52.6D_{b}^{-0.79} \tag{7}\]  
where \(u_{bp}\): predicted deformation at the peak force.
# A Staring Tracking Measurement Method of Resident Space Objects Based on the Star Tacker
## 4 Discussion  
The simulations in Section 3.1 show that the orbit elements' errors have a huge impact on the RSO positions. We can see that the changes in the displacement between the real and estimated positions is higher with the semi-major axis and more eccentric than the other four elements. The real RSO will also be found thanks to the planned satellite attitude. In summary, even a small orbital element error can also lead to massive displacement, which means that the staring-tracking observation requires a considerable observable region. Moreover, from the results in a 8, it can be found that the FOV of the star tracker has a significantly high impact on the measurement arcs. With the increment of the half FOV, the probability of catching real RSO is improved in staring-tacking imaging. Therefore, enlarging the FOV of the star tracker is very helpful for achieving the long arcs. The appropriate design of orbits and the star tracker parameters makes the proposed STM method improve the length and accuracy of measurement arcs.  
From the results in Figure 10, it can be found that measurement arcs in staring-tracking imaging is obviously extended with more reasonable imaging parameters. In one orbit period, the continuous staring and tracking of RSO increases the observation change. Figure 11 shows the RSO measurement errors of the right ascensions and declinations, respectively. It can also be found that both the accuracy of the declination and the ascension can meet the standard for RSO orbit determination. In the ground experiment, the results validate that the proposed STM method could be implemented on experimental devices and achieve the measured arcs which are close to the simulation results. Based on these analyses, the proposed STM method could achieve long arcs and maintain the accuracy.  
Figure 14: Experimental results of measurable arc.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Final Particle Characteristics of Samples Obtained by SpraySyn1 and SpraySyn2
#### 3.1.1 TEM and Raman Spectroscopy
This feature corresponds to the vibration of sp\({}^{2}\) hybridized carbon and is consequently characteristic of ordered carbon (graphene) [50]. By examining the samples' Raman spectra \(>\)1000 cm\({}^{-1}\), two pronounced signals can be found in the powder spectra at 1375 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 1575 cm\({}^{-1}\), indicating carbon depositions in contrast to TEM observations. However, by reviewing the literature, we found that iron oxides also can yield signals in the high wavenumber region, mitigating the proof of carbon for Fe\({}_{x}\)O\({}_{y}\). For example, \(\alpha\)-Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) can generate a signal at \(\sim\)1320 cm\({}^{-1}\) caused by two-magnon scattering or second-order phonon-phonon interaction of the LO signal, which becomes Raman active by crystal disorders [13]. For \(\gamma\)-Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) (which represents the dominant phase here) even two vibrations were published by two authors [41; 49]. According to [PERSON] et al., they can be located at \(\sim\)1380 and \(\sim\)1580 cm\({}^{-1}\)[49]. Given to these observations, one derives a an ambiguous picture considering the proof of carbon by solely considering the TEM and Raman data.
## 5 Evaluation and Performance
### Results and Discussion
#### 5.2.2 Energy Consumption  
The depletion of energy in the proposed scheme for the transmission of packet from sensor node to BS mainly includes energy used for transmission from sensor node to local CH, local CH to neighbor CH (number of rounds vary depending upon position of local zone in network), and finally from CH in the uppermost Zone to BS. The energy  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** \\ \hline Network Area & 100 \(\times\) 70 m\({}^{2}\) \\ No.of Zones & 4 \\ Initial Energy of nodes & 5 Joules \\ Energy Threshold & 0.8 Joules \\ Packet Size & 30 bytes \\ Topology & Static \\ CH communication range & 30 m \\ Energy depletion for packet transmission & 50 pj/bit/m\({}^{2}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Evaluation parameters with values.  
consumption for the proposed scheme in comparison to other solutions is analyzed in Figure 3.  
The results revealed a better performance of proposed RHCER in terms of energy usage for the transmission of data packets to BS. The highest gain in energy savings has been computed from LEACH, which is about 31%, and from M-LEACH as 26%. This is because the proposed system distributes the strain of energy use among sensor nodes uniformly. The proposed methodology selects appropriate nodes for cluster placement in agricultural land based on a decision made using multiple criteria function. Furthermore, rather than being scattered, the process of CH selection, cluster formation, and zone distribution is controlled by BS, which significantly reduces the ratio of energy exhaustion in the observing field. Furthermore, the suggested framework avoids the process of recurring re-clustering and re-routing due to the multiple variables as a decision function. Because the most appropriate cluster heads are selected based on energy efficiency, distance to BS, and signal intensity characteristics, the proposed framework considerably reduces energy usage in the agriculture domain.  
Figure 3: The impact on energy consumption with a varying number of simulation rounds.  
Figure 2: The impact on network throughput with varying number of simulation rounds.