# Space Efficiency of Tall Buildings in Singapore
## 4 Results
### Relation of Space Efficiency and Key Design Considerations  
Figures 8-12 illustrate the connections between main architectural and structural elements with their impact on spatial utilization, considering various functions. On the right side, the bar charts display the total number of buildings, categorized according to their specific functions. The colored markers indicate the spatial efficiency of different towers, highlighting how certain design features affect their use of space. The bars also represent the frequency of cases that share similar design characteristics within the sample, providing a clear view of the prevalence of these design choices. Figure 8 demonstrates the relationship between space efficiency and function. It is evident that residential buildings, which comprise the majority of the dataset with 31 samples, exhibit the highest average space efficiency, predominantly falling within the 80-90% range. This high efficiency suggests that residential buildings in Singapore are designed to maximize usable space, likely due to the high demand for living areas in a densely populated city. Office buildings, represented by 22 samples, also show a relatively high space efficiency, mostly between 75 and 85%, reflecting the optimization of space for work environments where floor area is a premium. Hotel buildings, with only four samples, demonstrate a wider variance in space efficiency, ranging from about 60% to over 90%. This variation could be attributed to the diverse design requirements for hotels, which may include larger common areas, luxury amenities, and less emphasis on maximizing room count per floor. Mixed-use buildings, consisting of six samples, show the greatest variability in space efficiency, spanning from approximately 65% to nearly 100%. This wide range reflects the complex design chal  
Figure 8: Cases by function. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Findings** & **Turkey** & **Asia** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **The Middle** \\ **East** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **North** \\ **America** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Average & 80\% & 78\% & 67.5\% & 75.5\% & 76\% \\ space & (max. 91\%, min. 68\%) & (max. 86\%, min. 64\%) & (max. 82\%, min. 56\%) & (max. 63\%) & (max. 84\%, min. 62\%) \\ \hline Average & 17\% & 19\% & 29.5\% & 21.3\% & 21\% \\ ratio of core & (max. 32\%, min. 5\%) & (max. 34\%, min. 14\%) & (max. 36\%, min. 11\%) & (max. 13\%) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Towers’ space efficiency and core to GFA in other regions. lenges of mixed-use buildings, which need to accommodate a variety of functions such as residential, commercial, and leisure, often within a single structure. Overall, the data suggest that the function of a tall building significantly influences its space efficiency, with residential and office buildings generally achieving higher efficiencies compared to hotel and mixed-use developments. This can be linked to the specific functional requirements and design priorities of each building type in the context of urban planning and space utilization in Singapore. Figure 9 explores the relationship between core type and space efficiency. In central core, comprising 50 buildings, the data show a relatively high space efficiency across most building functions, particularly for residential and office buildings. Residential buildings demonstrate a space efficiency predominantly in the 80-90% range. This suggests that these buildings tend to have a compact and efficiently designed service core, which maximizes the usable space for residents. Office buildings also show a consistent space efficiency range of 70-85%, indicating an efficient use of the service core to accommodate office layouts that prioritize open spaces and flexible work environments. Conversely, peripheral core, which includes 13 buildings, shows a broader range of space efficiency, especially for office and hotel buildings.