## 6 Proposed Schemes
### Multi-Verge Optimizer (MVO)
In our study, we used the following position updating equations (Equations (23) and (24)):

\[X_{i}^{t+1} =X_{i}^{t}+r_{1}\text{sin}\left(r_{2}\right)\times\left|r_{3}p_{i}^{t}- X_{i}^{t}\right| \tag{23}\] \[X_{i}^{t+1} =X_{i}^{t}+r_{1}\text{cos}\left(r_{2}\right)\times\left|r_{3}p_{i} ^{t}-X_{ii}^{t}\right| \tag{24}\]

A random number \(r_{4}\) will be generated with values [0 1]. The value of \(r_{4}\) will decide to choose which one of the above two equations will be operated. Thus, \(r_{4}\) is basically a switching parameter between the sine and cosine functions. The remaining three parameters \(r_{1}\), \(r_{2}\) and \(r_{3}\) basically dictate SCA to the different regions of search. The parameter \(r_{1}\) dictates the movement direction, while \(r_{2}\) specifies the overall span of the movement. In the above positioning updating equations, \(X_{i}^{t}\) is the

Figure 4: MVO algorithm step by step process/flow chart. position of the current solution in \(i_{th}\) dimension at \(t_{th}\) iteration. \(P_{i}\) is the position of the destination point in \(i_{th}\) dimensions. In SCA we initially define the number of iterations. During each iteration the randomly selected candidate solution set is improved. At the last iteration the best value is returned. If the algorithm delays a particular appliance, it may disturb the classes, offices and laboratories. Thus, to make the algorithm more intelligent, we integrated some constraints into the algorithm to start and finish the operation with in the specified interval. ## 7 Results and Discussion

Our proposed algorithms MVO and SCA showed very useful results in terms of either cost or PAR reduction or both. As mentioned earlier, appliances have been divided into two categories based on their operational nature, shiftable or non-shiftable. The detail discussions of each result is given as follows:

### Pricing Signal

The day ahead pricing (DAP) signal (Figure 5), issued by the utility [31], is reproduced and used for the manipulation of consumed energy bill. SM is responsible for the communication of this DAP signal to a consumer. There are many national and international energy providing operators in the world. They issue a new and updated unit pricing signal every day which contains 24 different price values for 24 h. This feature of SM may become beneficial for both users and the utility. Due to rise and fall in RTP unit price, users modify their daily needs according to the RTP. The SM feeds the DAP to the EMC, while, EMC schedule appliances according to the proposed algorithm. ### Per Hour Power Consumption

Figure 6 shows the graph of hourly power consumed by different load units of the campus. The consumption pattern shows that in the unscheduled case, more power is consumed with high demand timing, thereby creating the peak load. After the scheduling of the load through algorithms, power consumption in high demand timing is shifted to low-demand hours. From the graph it is clear that the MVO-scheduled load pattern is a bit uniform and is low during high price hours, as per the DAP signal shown in the Figure 5. Figure 6 depicts that, SCA-scheduled load pattern shows a bit of a variable response. The load is not totally shifted from high price hours; however, both algorithms have reduced the PAR in the morning session. Figure 5: Day-ahead pricing (DAP) signal [31]. ### The Hourly Consumed Energy Price

Figure 7 elaborates the graph of per hour consumed energy price. The result illustrates that in unscheduled case, the company has to pay more because the peak load is created in peak hours. In the scheduled-load case, the load is shifted from the timing of high load demand to low demand hours, and thus reduces the cost per hour. MVO-scheduled load per hour cost is again a bit uniform due to its load pattern, and gives a reduced total cost, as is shown in Figure 8. However, due to the variable nature of the SCA-scheduled load pattern, its total cost is a bit more than MVO-scheduled load cost, but still it is less than unscheduled load cost.