## 1 Introduction
### Ship Safety: Training in Social and Situational Systems
According to statistics, almost 75% of such fires are caused by a simple error of the people working on the vessel. Twelve passengers went missing in a Greece ferry fire on Euroferry Olympia, near Corfu. A company representative stated that the fire started from a truck on the car deck. At the same time, relatives of the 12 missing were concerned and complained to the shipowner about the \"miserable conditions\" that prevailed on the Euroferry Olympia: there were not enough cabins and the ship was not designed for trucks, adding that the vessel was dirty and had bugs. Thus, again, a combination of both social and situational factors led to the accident [69]. 4. Commercial fishing vessel accidents and navigation. The U.S. Bureau of Labour Statistics collects information on occupations and lists commercial fishing as the most dangerous of all professions. From rough weather to falling overboard to being struck by heavy equipment, working on a fishing boat can harm workers in many ways. Working on a fishing vessel means long, hard hours; exposure to cold weather; and the risk of accidents and injuries. Fatigue is common, especially if workers are not allowed breaks to which they are entitled. A lack of adequate protective equipment against cold and wet weather can also be problematic as fishermen can experience hypothermia or frostbite. The Seiner capsized, causing the deaths of four fishermen. An investigation revealed that the boat was unsuitable for the rough waters in which it was operating, which is considered negligent. The boat should never have gone into these waters, and someone made a bad judgment in deciding to send it out. Four workers paid for this mistake with their lives. Social and situational factors played a part in this unfortunate incident [70]. 5. Accidents on tugboats related to the maneuvering of vessels. Sometimes, accidents occur due to tugs' visibility being blocked by larger ships. Additionally, human error on the skipper's part can lead to unwanted and unexpected incidents. Two crew members died after CMA CGM Simba's tugboat capsized [70]. The maneuver in which CMA CGM Simba's departure plan was discussed between the pilot and Captain [PERSON] before commencement was too general. During the maneuver, no one on board CMA CGM Simba monitored the tug's position. This accident resulted from a social system factor, the captain-pilot-tug skipper relationship, and a situational factor: failure to adapt the type of tug to the situation [71]. 6. Explosions as a cause of accidents on tankers and cargo ships. The very nature of the materials carried on tankers is dangerous. Most ship fires and explosions are the result of human negligence. The fire on board the container ship, X-Press Pearl, which lasted for several days, appeared to be out of control after the explosion. According to Bloomberg, Sri Lankan authorities feared a severe oil spill. The vessel transported 1486 containers, including 25 tons of nitric acid and other chemicals. According to the Sri Lankan Navy, the fire was caused by chemicals on the Singapore-flagged container ship. The general manager of container ship operator MV X-Press Pearl confirmed that the vessel crew carrying the chemicals was aware of the spill. He added that Qatar and India had refused permission to unload the leaking container before a fire broke out on the vessel. The fire consumed most of the cargo, contaminating the surrounding waters and a long stretch of beaches, and the ship sank. There were undisputed social and situational errors [72]. * 7. Stranding of a ship. This type of marine accident has a significant impact not only on the ship's hull but also on the entire ocean area around the incident. For the Shoei Kisena ship accident in the Suez Canal, the vessel's owner argued that the Suez Canal Authority (SCA) was at fault for allowing the ship to enter the waterway during poor weather. [PERSON], a member of the legal team, told Reuters that the authorities had failed to prove any fault of the vessel.