# Evaluation of Coupling PV and Air Conditioning vs. Solar Cooling Systems--Case Study from Jordan
## 1 Introduction
For example, a study was conducted on the five above-mentioned kinds of solar cooling in a Hong Kong office building [17]. The researchers used the TRaNsient SYstem (TRNSYS) simulation platform in order to compare critical indicators, including the solar portion, primary energy consumption COP and solar thermal gain. It was determined that the systems of solar cooling that showed the highest potential to conserve energy in sub-tropical zones like Hong Kong were solar absorption refrigeration and solar electric vapour compression [18]. Nonetheless, the feed-in tariff of surplus photovoltaic electricity, which has the potential to increase the benefit of solar electric cooling, did not receive significant attention in the research. An analogous study was performed that involved the investigation of the solar thermal and photovoltaic alternatives for an office structure according to the climates of two regions in Europe [19]. Extensive technical and economic research of solar cooling was conducted, including 25 feasible amalgamations of cooling technologies and solar energy collection. It was shown by the analysis that the solar fraction and storage capacity were critical when designing systems of solar cooling. Furthermore, if the relationship between the cooling demand and the availability of solar resources is not considered, this can cause the solar cooling potential to be overestimated [20]. The growing demand for air conditioning is largely the result of stricter contemporary codes and standards governing how buildings should be ventilated and the quality of the air inside the buildings [21; 22], as well as the construction of modern glass structures in hot dry countries with no consideration for the country's climate and character [23]. In places where the demand for air conditioning is generally elevated, significant load peaks (in the summer) impact the public utility grid, particularly on hot days during the summer. Total network supply outages have already been recorded [24]. The companies that are responsible for supplying energy must devise strategies for satisfying the expanding demand for air conditioning and cooling by improving their investment in power plants to deal with the peak load. One approach that can relieve utility grids involves traditional refrigeration systems powered by electricity being replaced with processes driven by thermal energy. Specifically, solar-driven heat is an appealing technology option as a result of the simultaneous occurrence of cooling needs and solar radiation. Because the solar supply and increased cooling in buildings largely occur simultaneously (both seasonally and during the day), this indicates that solar energy could be utilised for supplying the demanded drive heat. Cooling loads peak at times when the levels of radiation power are high (e.g., in office structures), which may be caused by either the profile of the user or the cooling loads that have a strong correlation with the radiation on the external envelope of the structure [25; 26]. Refrigerants that could damage the environment are not used in solar thermal air conditioning systems [27]. Conventional air conditioning and refrigeration systems predominantly utilise refrigerants that pose a significant risk in terms of global warming [28]. Advancements regarding the potential use of natural refrigerants (propane, CO\({}_{2}\)) provide different options; however, their use remains relatively limited in existing air conditioning and refrigeration systems. Hence, changing to thermal cooling processes can reduce the volume of the damaging materials used. The thermal drive source used for cooling in solar thermal cooling systems is predominantly solar energy. In effectively designed and functioning solar thermal cooling systems, it is possible to gain primary energy savings in comparison with traditional systems. This equates to a lowering in the level of CO\({}_{2}\) emissions that is in line with the yearly electrical energy savings made in relation to heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) [28].