# PV Benefits Assessment for PV-Powered Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles
###### Abstract
Although EV concept is being used worldwide in recent years, there is a strong need for efficient infrastructure because the increase in the number of EVs will lead to an electrical load rise on the power grid. In addition, the number of charging stations as well as their locations will become crucial to satisfy consumers in terms of electricity supply. By the end of 2019, there were 7.3 million EV chargers installed worldwide. The stock of chargers increased by 40% from 5.2 million in 2018 [11]. All the environmental benefits of EVs can be realized only with the production of recharging energy with zero or very low CO\({}_{2}\) emissions. To overcome this drawback, the energy transition encourages the growth of photovoltaic (PV) power generation since it may coincide with the times during which the EV is parked at the workplace (during times when solar irradiance is the highest) and consequently reduce the burden on the public grid [12]. Therefore, PV-power infrastructure for charging EV can promote local consumption of PV energy, reduce the dependency of charging stations with the power grid and reduce directly the emissions of CO\({}_{2}\)[13]. Therefore, the provision of PV-powered charging stations (PVCS) would contribute to the sustainable development of EVs and society. The question that arises for PVCS is how to support local authorities to facilitate their decision-making on the deployment of microgrids integrating PV sources. Thus, economic, social, and environmental factors are the key considerations to plan the location of PVCS. On this basis, an environmental and economic analysis of the PVCS is carried out in [14] by comparing an uncontrolled load scenario with an optimal load scenario. The paper [15] analyzed an economic evaluation method for PVCS using a cost estimation of second-use EVs batteries. A study is presented in [16] to design a PVCS on the idea to increasing revenue. An identification of the preliminary requirements and feasibility conditions for PVCS aiming to increase the use of PV energy for recharging EVs while minimizing the energy absorbed from the power grid is presented in [17]. It is proposed an EVs energy distribution method to determine the share of participation of each power source in EV charging according to arrival time, departure time, state of charge (SOC) at arrival, desired SOC at departure and charging mode. A study [18] evaluates the feasibility of PVCS with stationary battery storage in China and United States using a simulation model that estimates the cumulative CO\({}_{2}\) emissions, yearly energy costs and system's energy balance based on the PV energy share. The authors show that PV shares of 50% and 75% of the annual charging electricity are feasible, whereas a 100% PV share is possible but could lead to high system costs. In [19], an extended method of coordination distribution is proposed, based on power prediction for the microgrid PV power generation with plug-in EVs to improve the local consumption of renewable energy in the microgrid by guiding the orderly charging of EVs. In this method, a neural network and clustering algorithm are used to construct a power predicting model to characterize the PV generation uncertainty and EV charging profile. In [20], a linear programming approach is developed to share the PV energy with EVs in order to satisfy users and also maximizes PV utilization. They evaluate the performance of the approach on a real case and synthetically datasets to demonstrate that it distributes the available electric charge between EVs through the seasons with varying profiles of demand. In [21], the focus lies on the economic aspects and feasibility of EV charging system made up of PV sources connected to the grid and equipped with stationary storage. In this case, a support tool was modeled and developed, making it possible to size and manage EV charging stations with only a few input parameters.