## Article  
### Large-Scale Fire Tests of Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV): Slovak Case Study  
**[PERSON] 1\({}^{\text{(c)}}\)**, [PERSON] 2, [PERSON] 2, [PERSON] 1\({}^{,}\)**+** and [PERSON] 2  
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every kilowatt hour of capacity matters. Secondly, NMC-Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt, which is also denoted by the abbreviation NMC. They have similar properties to NCA. And lastly, LiFePO\({}_{4}\)-Lithium-Iron-Phosphate, also known as LFP. They are safer and less expensive than NCA and NMC batteries, as they do not contain nickel or cobalt, but at the same time, they have a lower energy density. There are several different energy storage systems (lithium ion batteries) in which lithium is used in its pure or bound form. In principle, there are distinguished primary (charging) and secondary (recharging) cells in EV traction batteries. In general, the secondary (recharging) cells are lithium-ion accumulators, which are the subject of scientific research [2; 5]. It is a type of rechargeable battery composed of a fixed structure with four main parts: a cathode, an anode, a separator, and an electrolyte [6]. According to (Table 1):  
* A positive electrode made of an intercalation material that has the ability to bind lithium ions. * Negative electrode, made of a porous type of carbon. * A separator that separates the positive and negative electrodes. * The electrolyte, the role of which is to ensure the transfer of charge (ion) between the electrodes. The NMC cathode is one of the most successful cathode combinations on the market [7; 8]. From a chemical point of view, it is Li[Ni\({}_{x}\)Co\({}_{y}\)Mn\({}_{z}\)] [O]\({}_{2}\) (where 0 <= \(<\) 1, 0 < \(<\) \(>\) 1, 0 < z < 1, x + y + z = 1) including NCM333 (x:y:z = 3:3:3), NCM433 (4:3:3), NCM532 (5:3:2), NMC622 (6:2:2), and NCM811 (8:1:1), which were developed to improve the electrochemical properties [9; 10]. The key to success lies in the right combination of nickel and manganese. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**LIB Construction**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Chemical Composition**} \\ \cline{2-4}  & **Element** & **Formula** & **CAS** **\({}^{**}\)** \\ \hline Steel label & Steel & & 65997-19-5 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Modul/cell} & \multirow{2}{*}{Cathode} & Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) & LiFePO\({}_{4}\) (LFP) & 15365-14-7 \\  & & NMC \({}^{*}\) & Li [M *]\({}_{m}\)[O]\({}_{n}\) & 346417-97-8 \\ \cline{2-4}  & The base of the cathode & Aluminum & Al & 7429-90-5 \\ \cline{2-4}  & \multirow{2}{*}{Anode} & Carbon as graphite & C & 7440-44-0 \\  & & Carbon (black) & C & 1333-86-4 \\  & & Copper & Cu & 7440-50-8 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Electrolyte} & \multirow{4}{*}{Organic solvents} & Ethylene Carbonate EC & C\({}_{3}\)H\({}_{4}\)O\({}_{3}\) & 96-49-1 \\  & & Diethyl Carbonate DEC & 105-58-8 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Organic solvents & Dimethyl Carbonate DMC & C\({}_{3}\)H\({}_{6}\)O\({}_{3}\) & 616-38-6 \\ \cline{1-1}  & data & Ethyl Methyl Carbonate EMC & C\({}_{4}\)H\({}_{8}\)O\({}_{3}\) & 623-53-0 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Ethylene Acetate EA & 96-49-1 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Propylene Carbonate PC & 108-32-7 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & \multirow{2}{*}{Lithium salt} & Lithium Hexafluorophosphate & LiPF\({}_{6}\) & 21324-40-3 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Carboxymethyl Cellulose & 9004-32-4 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Sodium Salt & 9004-32-4 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Separator} & \multirow{4}{*}{Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co- hexafluoropropylene) Polyvinylidene difluoride} & PVDF & 9011-17-0 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Styrene-Butadiene rubber & SPR & 96-49-1 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co- hexafluoropropylene) & PVDF & 9011-17-0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* * Table 2 provides a more detailed description of NMC LIB. ** Is a unique numeric identifier chemical substance. Designates only one substance.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Composition of used LIBs. Nickel is known for its high specific energy but poor stability.