## 2 Materials and Methods
### Scientific Background of Data Requirement and Modules of AGEM-S
#### 2.2.5 Manure Application Module  
The use of solid and liquid manure in pig farming can result in significant losses of NH\({}_{3}\), up to 10-15% of TAN, within hours if not applied correctly [64]. The rate of loss is \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l} \hline Amount of manure produced (tons/year) \\ Amount of manure sold (tons/year) \\ Amount of manure stored in covered storage (tons/year) \\ Amount of manure stored in uncovered storage (tons/year) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: The input data requirements of manure storage. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c} \hline Amount of liquid manure produced (m\({}^{3}\)/year) & \\ \hline Amount of liquid manure sold (m\({}^{3}\)/year) & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{l} Amount of liquid manure stored in covered storage (m\({}^{3}\)/year) \\ \end{tabular} } & Options & Input data \\ \cline{2-3}  & storage bag, tight roof, tent & \\ \cline{2-3}  & structure, floating covers, low & surface (m\({}^{2}\)) \\ \cline{2-3}  & technology floating covers, & \\ \cline{2-3}  & natural crust, tall open tanks & \\ \hline Amount of liquid manure stored in uncovered storage (m\({}^{3}\)/year) & store with no cover or crust & surface (m\({}^{2}\)) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: The input data requirements of liquid manure storage. influenced by a number of factors, including application technique, soil properties, and weather. These interact to produce the actual rate of ammonia loss. In general, every process that reduces the time or the surface of direct contact of manure with air also reduces ammonia emissions [12]. Therefore, injecting slurry and incorporating manure into the soil in the shortest possible time has a clear emission reduction effect. In contrast, during the spreading, an intensive ammonia release process takes place in the air and later on the surface of the soil. Soil properties (i.e., physical type, structure, moisture content, pH) affect ammonia emissions in several ways, and the effect of weather is obviously significant under field conditions [1]. In practice, most pig farms in Hungary do not have their own land; thus, in these farms, the manure produced is sold. In this case, the pig farmer has no information on the conditions under which the manure produced on the farm is applied. This could distort the ammonia emissions later on, so the model uses an average value based on the data collection from 100 representative pig farms in Hungary. The technology survey referred to in Section 2.1 includes, among other data, information on manure application. For both slurry and organic manure, the application technology, the time of application, and the typical period of application are recorded. As the 100 farms selected were representative of the Hungarian pig sector as a whole, the amount of ammonia released into the air during liquid manure application from farms without land was distributed in proportion to the technologies recorded during the survey. This is considered to be as close as possible to the national average. If some or all of the manure produced is used on a farmer's own land, the application module requests data from the farmer on the technology of application, time of incorporation after application, the seasonal distribution of the manure application, and additional fertilization (Table 6). Nitrogen fertilizers used in crop production also emit ammonia [65], which contributes to the total emissions from mixed farms (where livestock and crops are also produced) and should therefore be taken into account. In order to avoid distorted data for farms with a small number of animals but a large agricultural area, the farmer should provide fertilization data only for the plots treated with pig manure or slurry in the given year. ERs are estimated based on the EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook [12].