# Video Streaming in Urban Vehicular Environments: Junction-Aware Multipath Approach
## 4 Performance Evaluation
```
1:\(Inititialize\): \(videopktid\)
2:\(Inititialize\): \(video packet\)
3:\(Insert\): \(videopkttp=1\_frame,P\_frame,B\_frame\)
4:\(Insert\): ID of DVN when forwarding videopkt
5:\(Output\): Forward \(videopkt\) from \(SVN\) to DVN
6:\(Begin\)\(VideoDataForwardingat\)\(Junction\)\(area\)\((p_{i},data)\)
7:\(Obtain\)\(C-NFV\)'s \(speed,vehicle\)\(id,road\)\(id,direction,timestamp,position\)
8:\(If\) the PFV is at junction \(area\)Then
9:\(Compute\)\(SINR\) and VDR of \(C-NFV\)
10:\(Else\)\(If\)\(C-NFVs\) position == junction \(exited\)Then
11:\(vehicle\)\(exit\)\(junction\) = vehicle with new roadid
12:\(Locate\) - \(and\) - \(Forward()\)
13:\(Else\)\(If\)\(C-NFVs\) position == vehicle before the junction \(Then\)
14:\(vehicle\)\(before\)\( Junction\) = vehicle at the \(traffic\)\(light\)
15:\(Locate\) - \(and\) - \(Forward()\)
16:\(Else\)\(If\)\(C-NFVs\) position == vehicle inside the junction \(Then\)
17:\(vehicle\)\(inside\)\(junction\) = vehicle with no roadid
18:\(Locate\) - \(and\) - \(Forward()\)
19:\(Else\)\(If\)\(C-NFV==DVN\)\(Then\)
20:\(Forward(videopkt)\) to DVN without \(SINR\) and VDR
21:\(Forward(videopkt)\) to NFV
22:\(Eit\)
23:\(End\)\(if\)
24:\(End\)\(if\)
25:\(End\)\(\vdots\)
26:\(End\)\(\vdots\)
27:\(End\)
```  
**Algorithm 1** Junction-Aware Multipath Video Forwarding. ```
1:\(Identify\)\(theNFV\) with higher \(SINR\) and VDR
2:\(Identify\)\(suitable\) two \(RVNs\)\(from\)\(SVN\)\(for\)\(P_{2}\)& \(P_{3}\)\(\leftrightarrow\)\(conditions\)
3:\(Forward\)\(videopkttp(I_{frame})\)& \(videopktid\) to NFV via \(P_{2}\)
4:\(Forward\)\(videopkttp(P\_frame,B\_frame)\) to NFV via \(P_{3}\)
```  
**Algorithm 2** **Local-Based Algorithm for the Network \(V\)**  
```
1:\(Identify\)\(theNFV\) with higher \(SINR\) and VDR
2:\(Identify\)\(suitable\) two \(RVNs\)\(from\)\(SVN\)\(for\)\(P_{2}\)& \(P_{3}\)\(\leftrightarrow\)\(conditions\)
3:\(Forward\)\(videopkttp(I_{frame})\)& \(videopktid\) to NFV via \(P_{2}\)
4:\(Forward\)\(videopkttp



The results obtained for the performance analysis of the proposed scheme in comparison against the baseline schemes are presented here. Figures 5a and 5b shows the performance improvement of the JA-MVS scheme against the two baseline schemes of JMSR and AMVT. Figure 5a shows the performance of the schemes based on PLR against different vehicle densities. It is observed during the simulation results that the number of dropped video packets decreases as the vehicle density increases. The two baseline schemes experience more than 40% video packet drop when the vehicle density is 50; this is due to the consideration of only junctions as nodes in the case of JMSR. The high PLR encountered for the AMVT is related to the building obstruction model used to detect obstructions before sending a video packet to the next forwarding vehicle. The obstruction detection might not be realistic due to the frequent position changes of the vehicle; thus, the vehicle continues carrying packets for some period of time, which are later dropped. However, as the vehicle density increases, there is a higher number of vehicles to be selected as NFVs with better link quality for video packet transmission. Further, with higher density, the two baseline schemes have lower PLR values, which are below 10%, even trending towards 5%. Nevertheless, the proposed JA-MVS scheme performs better at 7.5% PLR at 50 numbers of vehicles, with the PLR becoming lower than 5% when the vehicle density is 150. The better performance of JA-MVS is connected to the consideration of junctions, which is based on three different cases: the selection of vehicle that has exited the junction, that is before the junction and inside the junction, with its navigation being towards the direction of the DVN. With the aforementioned considerations, the proposed scheme outperforms the two baseline schemes. The average percentage packet losses experienced by JMSR, AMVT, and JA-MVS are 16.3%, 14.4%, and 3.4%, respectively. The performance improvement of the video packet loss by JA-MVS with a density