## 5 Discussion  
Focusing on the assessment of situational awareness levels of remote tower controllers, this study achieved a series of valuable research results, as well as certain limitations that point the way for subsequent research. In terms of research results, this study found significant differences between controllers' situational awareness scale scores in remote and traditional tower environments, with the differences in the level of attention demand and situational comprehension being particularly prominent. This is consistent with the findings of [PERSON] et al. who noted significant differences between remote tower and traditional physical tower  
Figure 8: Overall scoring situation of evaluation objects. Figure 7: Comparison Bar Chart of Indicator Weight. operations in terms of controllers' psychological demands, time demands, level of effort, and level of frustration. In the remote tower environment, controllers rely primarily on electronic screens and communication devices for information, a method of information acquisition that is very different from that of direct observation in traditional towers, resulting in a significant increase in their attentional demands. At the same time, differences in the reliability and responsiveness of technical equipment and systems in remote towers compared to traditional towers affect the controllers' understanding of the scenarios, which in turn leads to significant differences in the level of scenario understanding. Quantitative analysis of the perception, comprehension, and decision making related levels for remote tower controllers showed that several metrics had significant variations in controller qualifications, fatigue status, and their interactions. For example, among the eye movement indicators, the average number of blinks and gaze duration were significantly affected by controller qualification and fatigue state. This is consistent with the idea that eye movement behavior can reflect cognitive activities in related studies. Mature controllers and trainee controllers had different trends in eye movement indicators when facing fatigue, reflecting their differences in information processing ability and psychological state. Mature controllers are experienced and can still maintain a relatively stable control state under fatigue, but their attention will be reduced, whereas trainee controllers, although their situational awareness is relatively weak, will acquire more information by frequently shifting their gaze point when fatigued, showing a stronger ability to raise their vigilance. In terms of HRV parameters, some indicators such as NN50 and HF are significantly affected by fatigue, which provides a basis for evaluating the psychological and physiological changes in controllers through HRV parameters. However, the use of HRV parameters to study fatigue or situational awareness has been controversial, and the results of the present study help to further explore this issue, but more research is needed to verify its reliability. By constructing the EWM-TOPSIS-Gray correlation model, this study identified the sensitivity indicators affecting the situational awareness of remote tower controllers, in which the average number of blinks and the duration of eye jumps were weighted higher. This result provides an important reference for the assessment of situational awareness, indicating that these indicators should be emphasized when assessing the level of controllers' situational awareness. Compared with other studies, this study is innovative in its methodology and indicator selection. The combination of subjective and objective data and the comprehensive use of multiple indicators to assess situational awareness make up for the previous shortcomings of relying only on subjective measurements.