# Ionic Liquids for Development of Heterogeneous Catalysts Based on Nanomaterials for Biocatalysis
## 4 Contribution of Nanomaterials to Effectiveness of Supported Ionic Liquid Phases
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Type** & **Nanomaterial** & **Ionic Liquid** & **Enzyme** & **Reaction** & **Ref.** \\ \hline SILLP & MWCNTs & Imidazolium & CALB & Triacetin hydrolysis & \\  & \([\text{PF}_{6}]^{-}\) & (13,636 U/g, 66 mg/g) & 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 4 cycles & [77] \\ \hline SILP & MWCNTs & D-glucose & CALB & Acrylic acid esterification & \\  & \(\text{based}\) & (42 mg/g) & 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 5 cycles, \(Y=99\%\) 3  & [78] \\ \hline SILLP & MWCNTs & Imidazolium & CALB & 2-adamantaneous oxidation & \\  & \([\text{OC}_{2}\text{PO}_{4}]^{-}\) & (64 mg/g) & 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 5 cycles, \(\alpha=91\%\) 4  & [79] \\ \hline SILP & MWCNTs & Imidazolium & CALB & 2-adamantaneous oxidation & \\  & \([\text{NTf}_{2}]^{-}\) & (22 mg/g) & 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 4 cycles, \(\alpha=99\%\) & [79] \\ \hline SILLP & Silica & Imidazolium & PPL & Triacetin hydrolysis & \\  & \([\text{BF}_{4}]^{-}\) & (975 U/mg) & 36 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 5 cycles & [81] \\ \hline SILLP & Silica & Imidazolium & PPL & Triacetin hydrolysis & \\  & \([\text{BF}_{4}]^{-}\) & (975 U/mg) & 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 5 cycles & [82] \\ \hline SILLP & Silica & Imidazolium & BCL & Triacetin hydrolysis & \\  & \([\text{BF}_{4}]^{-}\) & (10205 U/g, 230 mg/g) & 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 3 cycles & [83] \\ \hline SILLP & Silica & Imidazolium & PPL & \\  & \([\text{BF}_{4}]^{-}\) & (720 U/g, 227.5 mg/g) & 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 4 cycles & [84] \\ \hline SILLP & Silica & Imidazolium & PPL & \\  & \([\text{BF}_{4}]^{-}\) & (244 U/g, 197 mg/g) & 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 5 cycles & [85] \\ \hline SILLP & Silica & Imidazolium & PPL & \\  & \([\text{BF}_{4}]^{-}\) & (392 U/g, 245 mg/g) & 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 5 cycles & [86] \\ \hline SILLP & Silica & Imidazolium & PPL & \\  & \([\text{BF}_{4}]^{-}\) & (760 U/g, 117 mg/g) & 45 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 5 cycles & [87] \\ \hline SILLP & Silica & Imidazolium & PPL & \\  & \([\text{BF}_{4}]^{-}\) & (468 U/g, 186 mg/g) & 45 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 5 cycles & [88] \\ \hline SILLP & Silica & Imidazolium & PPL & \\  & \([\text{Cl}]^{-}\) & (0.8 U/mg, 261 mg/g) & L-tyrosine synthesis & \\  & & & 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C & [89] \\ \hline SILLP & Organosilica & Imidazolium & \begin{tabular}{c} Amylase from \\ _Baillins amy_ \\ _laliqueticories_ \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} \\ 70 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 4 cycles \\ 80 mg/g \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline SILLP & Silica & Imidazolium & CALB & Corn oil glycerolysis & \\  & \([\text{BF}_{4}]^{-}\) & (5044.44 U/g) & 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 5 cycles, \(\alpha=70.94\%\) & [91] \\ \hline SILLP & Silica aerogel & Ammonium & BCL & Olive oil hydrolysis & \\  & \([\text{C}_{4}\text{H}_{9}\text{COCO}]^{-}\) & (83\% \({}^{\circ}\)5) & 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 23 cycles & [92] \\ \hline SILLP & Silica aerogel & Ammonium & BCL & Coconut oil esterification & [93] \\  & \([\text{C}_{4}\text{H}_{9}\text{COCO}]^{-}\) & (337 mg/g) & 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C, \(\alpha=70\%\) & [93] \\ \hline SILLP & Silica & Phosphonium & BCL & Olive oil hydrolysis & \\  & \([\text{NTf}_{2}]^{-}\) & (91.1\%) & 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 17 cycles & [94] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Specific activity of enzyme. \({}^{2}\) Enzyme loading on the support. \({}^{3}\) Yield. \({}^{4}\) Conversion. \({}^{5}\) The total activity recovery yield.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: \(Cont.\)As shown in Table 2, several groups of nanomaterials that used in the supported ionic liquid phase techniques can be distinguished. Magnetic Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) nanoparticles are a very interesting group of nanomaterials, solving problems related to the separation of the nanobiocatalyst from the reaction mixture. The magnetite SILLP biocatalyst can be easily removed by a magnetic field. In the literature, Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) nanoparticles were used as a supported ionic liquid biocatalyst, as well as nanocomposites hybrids with chitosan and silica, which prevent the aggregation of magnetite nanoparticles and improve their chemical stability.