## 1 Introduction
This inherent stability and simplicity ensure that the data at each step of the curve is reliable and easily reproducible. From Table 1, capacitive load systems can perform extremely fast sweeps. However, determining stable operating points and the instantaneous effective resistance can be complex. The sweep's shape is dependent on the capacitance and the source's characteristics, which may not be ideal for static characterization or for direct comparison with steady-state models. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Reference** & **I-V Measurement** & **Load** & **Cost** & **Acquisition Time** & **Voltage** & **Current** \\  & & & & & & **Range [V]** & **Range [A]** \\ \hline
[5] & Oscilloscope & MOSFET & - & - & - & - & - \\
[20] & Current and voltage sensors & MOSFET & - & - & 0-50 & 0-10 \\
[21] & ADC and microcontroller & MOSFET & - & 70 ms & - & - \\
[2] & NUB5-609 & - & MPTP charge controller & - & - & - \\
[18] & Current and voltage sensors + ArduinoTM & Charge controller & - & - & - & - \\
[22] & Digital multimetters & Capacitive load & US S000 & - & 0-100 & 0-10 \\
[23] & ArduinoTM & MOSFET & - & 2-5 s & 0-22 & 0-4.95 \\
[16] & Current and voltage sensors + ArduinoTM & DC load & - & 10 min & 0-25 & 0-30 \\
[24] & Current and voltage sensors + ArduinoTM & MOSFET & - & 1 ms per point & - & - \\
[4] & NI-6009 & Resistive load & - & - & - & - \\
[25] & Current and voltage sensors + DSP & Capacitive load & - & 100-400 ms & 0-500 & 0-20 \\
[26] & PICISf468X0 microprocessor & MOSFET & e250 & 1-100 ms & 0-120 & 0-20 \\
[27] & PIC microcontroller & Capacitive load & Tens of US \$ & 5 ms & - & - \\
[28] & Electronic load & Electronic load & - & - & - & - \\
[29] & Current and voltage sensors & Capacitive load & - & 10 ms & 0-500 & 0-20 \\
[30] & Current and voltage sensors + Raspberry Pi & MOSFET & - & \(\rm cls\) & 0-45 & 0-10 \\
[31] & Yocouwatt + RPi & Capacitive load & - & 33 s & - & - \\
[32] & Microcontroller & Capacitive load & - & e200 & 100 ms & 0-100 & 0-12 \\
[33] & Current and voltage sensors + RPi & Programmable electronic load (PEI) & 670 without PEL & 24-320 s & - & - \\
[34] & Current and voltage sensors + ArduinoTM & Resistive load & 1615 INR & - & 0-120 & 0-20 \\
[35] & Current sensor + microcontroller & MOSFET & e40 & 40-100 ms & 0-50 & 0-5 \\
[36] & Hall sensor + voltage divider + microcontroller & MOSFET & \(\rm cls\) & 0-40 & 0-10 \\
[37] & Current and voltage sensors + microcontroller & MOSFET + LBT & - & 1 s & 0-1500 & 0-20 \\
[38] & Current and voltage sensors + microcontroller & Active load & e355 & \(\rm cls\) & 0-40 & 0-10 \\
[39] & Current and voltage sensors + microcontroller & Active load & e355 & \(\rm cls\) & 0-40 & 0-10 \\
[40] & Current and voltage sensors + ESP32 & MOSFET & - & - & - & - \\
[41] & Oscilloscope & Inductor & - & 90 ms & - & - \\
[42] & Current and voltage sensors + ESP32 & Capacitive load & \(\rm cls\) & 0-30 & 0-3 \\
[43] & ArduinoTM & Capacitive load & \(\rm cls\) & 0-40 & 0-58 \\
[44] & Current and voltage sensors + microcontroller & Capacitive load & - & - & - & - \\
[45] & Current sensor + voltage divider + ArduinoTM & MOSFET & e50 & - & - & - \\
[46] & Current and voltage sensors + microcontrollerTM & Buck-Boost converter & - & 1 s & - & - \\ Current Study & Current sensor + voltage divider + ArduinoTM & Automatic relay-switched resistor bank & \(\rm cls\) & 45 s & 0-35 & 0-5 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Custom I-V tracers in the literature. Our system provides stable, fixed resistive loads for each point on the I-V curve, allowing for clear steady-state measurements. This is particularly advantageous when comparing experimental data to theoretical models like the single-diode model used in our paper, contributing to the accuracy and repeatability of the results.