## Code Predictions  
### Introduction of Current Models  
There are many models of shrinkage and creep for OPC concrete, among which ACI 209R-92, B3, CEB-FIP 2010, and GL2000 have been widely recognized. The ACI 209R-92 model was developed by the American Concrete Institute and is applied in building codes in the US. The B3 model was developed by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2010) based on the physical background and a number of parameters. In recent decades, B4 model has been developed based on B3 model. Compared with B3 model, the major innovation of B4 model is the introduction of a split of shrinkage into drying shrinkage and autogenous shrinkage, while this paper is focus on the creep property of the AAS concrete, and we did not measure the autogenous shrinkage. What is more, the B4 model take various admixtures into account while we did not use any admixture in AAS concrete. So, we still use B3 model in this paper. The CEB-FIP 2010 model is contained in the CEB-FIP (2010) Fib Model Code for Concrete Structures, which is applied in Europe. In addition, the GL2000 model was developed by [PERSON] and [PERSON] (1996). Compared with other models, fewer parameters are considered in the GL2000 model. In the ACI 209R-92, CEB-FIP 2010, and GL2000 models, the creep coefficient \(\varphi\) is first calculated using different methods. Second, the creep coefficient divided by \(E_{28}\) (elastic modulus at 28 days) is used to calculate the specific creep. Third, the specific creep and inverse of \(Et0\) (elastic modulus at loading time) are added to calculate \(J\) (creep compliance). Fourth, \(J\) is multiplied with the stress to calculate the stress-dependent strain. Finally, the stress-dependent strain is added with the shrinkage strain to calculate the total strain, whereas the B3 model first calculates the parameters (\(q_{1}\), \(C_{0}\), and \(C_{d}\)) whose dimensions are consistent with \(J\) (GPa\({}^{-1}\)). During these processes, only \(q_{1}\) needs to enter the elastic modulus. Then, \(J\) is used to calculate \(\varphi\). \[\varepsilon_{total}=\varepsilon_{shrinkage}+\varepsilon_{elastic}+\varepsilon_ {creep}=\varepsilon_{shrinkage}+J\sigma\quad\text{All four models}\]  
\[J=\frac{1}{E_{t0}}+\text{{specif}}\text{{c}}\text{{c}}\text{{e}}\text{{e}} \text{{e}}\text{{e}}\text{{e}}\text{{e}}\text{{e}}\text{{e}}\text{{e}}\text{{ e}}\text{{e}}\text{{e}}\text{{e}}\text{{e}}\text{{e}  
We also noticed that the shrinkage of AAS tends to become stable earlier at approximately day 30. This phenomenon illustrates that the hydration of AAS is faster and completed earlier than that of OPC. Because the shrinkage of the AAS is affected by so many different parameters, such as the type of activator, the SiO\({}_{2}\)/Na\({}_{2}\)O ratio (in other words, the modulus of sodium silicate) and the activator dosage [31; 33], the shrinkage of AAS cannot be studied well using only one mixture proportion. As a result, further improvements to the prediction model are not discussed herein. Figure 8 shows a comparison of the stress-dependent strain, specific creep, and creep coefficient between AAS concrete and four different models under the stress-strength ratio of 0.3 for 300 days. The average and standard deviation of residual values by models predicted value minus experimental data value are shown in Table 5, which provide us with the accuracy of the models. It can be clearly seen in Figure 8a that AAS concrete has both a larger elastic strain and creep than OPC concrete under the same parameters. Hence, none of the four models can predict the elastic strain or creep well. Focusing on the elastic strain, the formula used to calculate such strain is \(\varepsilon_{\text{elastic}}=\sigma/E_{t0}\). Thus, the reason for the large elastic strain is the smaller elastic modulus, which can be seen in Table 3.  
Next, focusing on the creep, as mentioned before, the specificity allows us to analyze the creep without the effect of stress. In Figure 8b, we can still see that the predicted value of the specific creep is still low.