## 1 Introduction
Most consumer products are also exempt from regulatory control worldwide owing to their low-level radioactivity concentration, which results in an exposure dose below the dose limit of 1 mSv of public exposure in a year as recommended by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Additionally, the level of radioactive material in each consumer product differs [12; 13]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Country**} & **Geological** & **238 U** & **232 Th** & **40 K** & **266 Ra** \\  & **Material** & **(Ba/kg)** & **(Ba/kg)** & **(Ba/kg)** & **(Ba/kg)** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{USA} & Phosphate rock & 259–3700 & 3.7–22.2 & & 1540 \\  & Coal & 6.3–7.3 & 3.7–21.1 & & 8.9–59.2 \\  & Phosphate rock & 114–880 & 204–753 & & 330–700 \\  & Coal & 72 & 62 & & 72 \\  & Phosphate rock & 1520 & 26 & & 1370 \\  & Coal & 59 & 8 & & 26 \\  & Phosphate rock & 15-900 & 5–47 & & 28–900 \\  & Coal & 8.5–47 & 11–69 & 23–140 & 19–24 \\  & Phosphate rock & 1500–1700 & 10–200 & & 1500–1700 \\  & Austria & Phosphate rock & 15–900 & 5–47 & & 28–90 \\  & Chile & Phosphate rock & 40 & 30 & 40 \\  & Tanzania & Phosphate rock & 5000 & & 5000 \\  & Algeria & Phosphate rock & 1295 & 56 & & 1150 \\ United Kingdom & Coal & 7–19 & 7–19 & 55–314 & 7.8–21.8 \\  & & & 10–63 & 10–700 & 10–145 \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Activity concentration of NORM in some geological materials worldwide [4; 5]. NORMs and consumer products incorporating NORMs have been identified as a source of radiation exposure to human health throughout their life cycles. People can also be exposed to radiation through inhalation of aerosolized particles, ingestion of dust particles, direct skin contamination, and external irradiation. For example, [PERSON] in 2013 reported the possibility of the risk of radiation exposure through inhalation of radionuclides in the case of misuse of consumer products containing NORMs in Japan [14]. In Korea, an abnormally high concentration of radon gas obtained from the use of monazite mattresses was reported in 2018, and the radiation dose was above the public exposure limit of 1 mSv/year [15]. In 2020, another study was conducted in Taiwan to investigate or audit other commercial products containing monazites, such as mattresses, masks, quilts, and pillows; a higher exposure dose rate of radon gas above 1 mSv/year of public exposure was also reported [16]. In 2019, [PERSON] and [PERSON] reported activity concentrations of \({}^{238}\)U and \({}^{232}\)Th from various industrial NORMs that were higher than the levels recommended by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and Korea Act, which are enough to pose a potential radiation hazard. They also stated that radiological NORM information in Korea is still limited [17]. In 2018, radiation exposure doses for workers between 0.003 and 0.364 mSv/yr from external exposure to potassium from the processing potassium industry were also reported in Korea, and it was recommended that this information should be used to better protect personnel handling a NORM [18]. Furthermore, in 2019, high activity concentrations of NORM in hydrocarbon sludge were observed, and high exposure risks necessitated control to an acceptable level in Iran [19]. Therefore, various countries have introduced initiatives to establish guidelines for regulating and controlling these materials and products to protect the people and the environment from the harmful effects of radiation while keeping exposure as low as reasonably achievable. The European Union (EU) regulation on radiation protection assesses the requirements imposed by the competent authorities prior to authorization and licensing arrangements, product testing criteria, classification, and product data requirements, final removal as well as exemptions and exclusions, and collect all available quantitative data for diverse categories of consumer products available in the EU.