esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Conclusions  
We have presented a microstructure measurement system using a stylus made of an optical fiber and prisms. In this measurement system, the oblique irradiation of the laser beam was employed to detect the displacement of the stylus shaft generated by contact between the stylus tip and the measured surface. In this study, the effect of the incident angle of the laser beam on the measurement sensitivity was examined both experimentally and theoretically. As a result of experiment, it was confirmed thatthe sensitivity for inclination angle of the laser beam \(\theta=10^{\circ}\) and \(20^{\circ}\) was enhanced by 5 and 12%, respectively, compared to \(0^{\circ}\), and that the sensitivity was enhanced with the increase in the incident angle of the laser beam on the stylus shaft. As a result of simulation, the sensitivity was enhanced by 2.3, 8.2 and 17.5% for \(\theta=10^{\circ}\), \(20^{\circ}\) and \(30^{\circ}\), respectively, compared to \(0^{\circ}\). Although the increased rates of sensitivity are slightly different, it was confirmed that the simulation results showed the same tendency as the experimental results. In addition, the refraction angle of the laser beam decreases with increasing the radius of curvature of stylus surface. If the refraction angle decreases, the sensitivity also decreases because the laser spot shifts to the center of the dual-element photodiode. In other words, when the stylus shaft is irradiated obliquely by the laser beam, the stylus cross-section, in the direction of beam passage, changes to the elliptical shape and the radius of curvature of stylus surface decreases. We confirmed that this effect leads to the enhancement of the sensitivity by ray-tracing simulation results. This makes it possible to measure even smaller shape changes of the measured surface without making major design changes to the measurement system.  
Conceptualization, H.M.; methodology, I.Y.; validation, A.K., T.S. and I.Y.; formal analysis, A.K. and T.S.; investigation, Y.H. and H.H.; data curation, K.U.; writing--original draft preparation, H.M., writing--review and editing, A.K., T.S. and I.Y.; funding acquisition, H.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by a research grant from the METI Supporting Industry Program and JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 26420392.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Dynamic Malware Analysis Based on API Sequence Semantic Fusion
###### Abstract
Starting from the sequence of API functions, the goal of this paper is to map each function into different operation types and resource-associated types according to its textual name, encode the API sequence into a high-dimensional matrix in the preprocessing stage, reduce matrix dimension through API embedding operations, obtain fused sequence features based on BiLSTM and TextRNN models, and perform classification output at last. By integrating the sequential features of API sequences and the semantic features of functions, this method can achieve better classification performance. **Contributions**. Focusing on dynamic features, we proposed a malicious code detection model based on API-Sequence-Semantic Fusion (Mal-ASSF). We utilize various technologies, including API2 Vec, TextRNN, BiLSTM, and self-attention mechanisms, to enhance the model. Our research has made the following contributions:  
* API2 Vec is a class of neural network models that can produce a corresponding vector for each unique API element in a continuous space in which the linguistic contexts of APIs can be observed. It is used to obtain the dimensionality reduction representation of the API call sequences. When establishing the correlation between APIs, we use a bidirectional long short-term memory network (BiLSTM) to capture the behavioral features of segments of different lengths. * A pair of operation and type, separately representing the verb and the objective in the function name, is designed to represent the API functions. To fully discover the implicit semantic information of API functions, we construct the core model based on TextRNN and the self-attention mechanism, where the sequence feature and semantic feature of API are fused, and the suspected malicious segments of the sequences are focused on adaptively. * To evaluate the effectiveness of Mal-ASSF, we applied a systematic experiment to a large dataset of malware families. We build up a confusion matrix to analyze the performance of Mal-ASSF under different classification tasks. We perform experimental comparisons of different sequence lengths and determine whether to deduplicate. We compare Mal-ASSF with machine learning and other deep learning methods for classifying malicious code. We conduct ablation experiments to verify the effectiveness of each module in Mal-ASSF. The experimental results show that it achieves higher detection accuracy than related work, especially in the case of malware family classification and newer malware samples. The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 reviews related work on malware detection based on dynamic analysis; Section 3 describes our proposed model in detail; Section 4 presents our experimental setup and results; Section 5 discusses the advantages and limitations of our approach, and concludes this paper and suggests future work.
Biosensors_**2015**, \(5\), 678-711; doi:10.3390/bios5040678  
_biosensors_  
**ISSN 2079-6374**  
www.mdpi.com/journal/biosensors/  
_Review_  
**Bees as Biosensors: Chemosensory Ability, Honey Bee Monitoring Systems, and Emergent Sensor Technologies Derived from the pollinator Syndrome**  
**[PERSON] 1,2,*, [PERSON] 1,3, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 1,2 and [PERSON] 1,4**  
1 Bee Alert Technology, Inc., 91 Campus Drive, PMB# 2604, Missoula, MT 59801, USA; E-Mails: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (R.A.S.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (P.M.W.)
2 Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]
3 Missoula College, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]
4 School of Business Administration, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel.: +1-406-544-9007; Fax: +1-406-243-4128.  
Academic Editor: [PERSON]  
_Received: 7 May 2015 / Accepted: 5 October 2015 / Published: 30 October 2015_  
**Abstract:** This review focuses on critical milestones in the development path for the use of bees, mainly honey bees and bumble bees, as sentinels and biosensors. These keystone species comprise the most abundant pollinators of agro-ecosystems. Pollinating 70%-80% of flowering terrestrial plants, bees and other insects propel the reproduction and survival of plants and themselves, as well as improve the quantity and quality of seeds, nuts, and fruits that feed birds, wildlife, and us. Flowers provide insects with energy, nutrients, and shelter, while pollinators are essential to global ecosystem productivity and stability. A rich and diverse milieu of chemical signals establishes and maintains this intimate partnership. Observations of bee odor search behavior extend back to [PERSON]. In the past two decades great strides have been made in methods and instrumentation for the study and exploitation of bee search behavior and for examining intra-organism chemical communication signals. In particular, bees can be trained to search for and localize sources for a variety of chemicals,which when coupled with emerging tracking and mapping technologies create novel potential for research, as well as bee and crop management.  
keywords: honey bees; biosensors; proboscis extension reflex; scent; bee counters; scale hives; infra-red imaging; LIDAR; RFID +
Footnote †: journal: Journal of Acoustics and Speech
# Spin Dependent Transport through Driven Magnetic System with Aubry-Andre-Harper Modulation
## 1 Introduction
To make the system more realistic we introduce disorder in the proposed model. Instead of \"uncorrelated\" disorder, we consider a \"correlated\" one in the form of Aubry-Andre-Harper model [70; 71; 72; 73; 74; 75; 76; 77] since the later one exhibits several atypical signatures. Both diagonal, off-diagonal and generalized AAH systems have been extensively studied in literature exploiting several unusual phenomena, especially along the line of electronic localization, due to unique and diverse characteristic features of AAH models, and here in our present work we concentrate only on diagonal AAH system as a first attempt and discuss the interplay between the AAH potential and irradiation on spin selective electron transmission. Describing the quantum system within a tight-binding framework where irradiation effect is incorporated via the usual Floquet prescription [59; 60], we determine spin dependent transmission probabilities following the Green's function formalism [78; 79; 80; 81; 82]. Using the transmission probabilities, we evaluate spin polarization coefficient. From the results, we find that the degree along with the phase of SP can be tuned in a wide range by means of irradiation. Several interesting features are emerged and our results might be useful in designing spin based electronic devices in near future. The rest of the work is arranged as follows: In Section 2 we illustrate the spin polarized setup and TB Hamiltonian, and then give an outline of theoretical prescription for studying  
Figure 1: Spin polarized setup where a one-dimensional magnetic chain is coupled to non-magnetic source and drain electrodes. The magnetic chain is subjected to light irradiation which controls spin transfer through the junction. spin dependent transport phenomena. All the results are presented and critically analyzed in Section 3. Finally, we summarize our essential findings in Section 4.
## 3 Results
### Calculation of Resonance and Antiresonance Frequencies of Resonators with Wrap-Around Electrodes  
The calculation of the resonance frequency of resonators with a wrap-around electrode will be based on the assumptions made in Section 2.2. In particular, identical finite element meshes will be used for the calculation so that the same discretization error can be achieved and the results from Section 3.1 can be compared with the results obtained for resonators with wrap-around electrodes. The meshes used will be the finite element meshes shown in Figure 3, according to the electrode structure (a) or (b) as shown in Figure 2.  
The material properties listed in Table 2 will be used. The polarization and its direction, i.e., its influence on the orientation of the material tensors, are taken from [3]. In this way, the influence of different polarization in the parts with the wrap-around electrode compared to the homogeneous polarization in the whole transducer in the case of a fully electroded resonator is taken into account.  
Let us first pay attention to the calculated shape of the oscillation. In the case of a fully electroded resonator, the thickness oscillation is rotationally symmetric along the axis of symmetry of the resonator. For resonators with wrap-around electrodes, the thickness oscillation is symmetric only along the plane of symmetry of the electrodes. The damping of the oscillation can be seen in the area under the wrap-around electrode; see Figure 5, where the oscillation for wrapping-around according to variant (a) is shown. The damping of the oscillation for variant (b) is similar.  
The calculated resonance frequencies are  
\[f_{ra}=1,\text{006},\text{413}\,\text{Hz}\text{ for the electrode structure (a)},\] \[f_{rb}=1,\text{004},\text{792}\,\text{Hz}\text{ for the electrode structure (b)}.\]  
Compared to the fully electroded resonator, there is an increase in the value of the resonance frequency in both variants of the mesh, namely  
* By 1.8% in the case of the electrode structure (a);
* By 1.6% in the case of the electrode structure (b). The calculated antiresonance frequencies are \[f_{aa}=1,\text{126},\text{303}\,\text{Hz}\text{ for the electrode structure (a)},\] \[f_{ab}=1,\text{125},\text{329}\,\text{Hz}\text{ for the electrode structure (b)}.\]  
and conclusions similar to those for resonance frequencies can be drawn for them.
## 3 Materials
### Objective Function Formulation
If the system has a higher precision requirement for speed, the weighting factor for overall speed deviation can be increased, making the optimization process focus more on controlling the overall speed. Conversely, if the system is more sensitive to the distance between AUV units, the weighting factor for distance deviation can be increased, prompting the optimization algorithm to prioritize maintaining the inter-unit distances. Therefore, the reasonable design and adjustment of the weighting factors are crucial to the optimization outcome. In practice, these factors typically need to be fine-tuned through simulations and experiments to ensure that the objective function accurately reflects the system's real-world requirements and achieves optimal optimization results. The goal of the optimization process is to minimize the value of the objective function \(J_{a}\), meaning that all deviation terms in the objective function should be as close to zero as possible. By minimizing the objective function, the system can ensure that the thrust allocation is optimal for each cycle, satisfying both the overall speed requirement and maintaining the ideal inter-unit distances between the AUV units. Therefore, the core task of the optimization is to appropriately allocate thrust such that, after each execution cycle, the system achieves the following objectives: minimizing the deviation between the actual overall speed and the target overall speed, and minimizing the deviation between the actual AUV inter-unit distances and the ideal distances. Given the MATC system thrust allocation characteristics, initial state, and target state, the optimization process based on the above objective function can determine the appropriate thrust values for each AUV unit for the next execution cycle.
## 5 Simulations Results  
The proposed N-ADRC can be applied to various real-world models such as Permanent Magnet DC (PMDC) motors [13], Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors [7; 10], Differential Drive Mobile Robots (DDMR) [8], winged-cone Generic Hypersonic Vehicles (GHV) [14], and spacecraft systems [11]. For testing the performance of the proposed control scheme, two nonlinear SISO systems are explained in the following subsections, with the numerical simulations of the closed-loop system using the proposed N-ADRC.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### A Method of Edge Line Restoration Based on Cutting Triangular Patches
#### 2.2.1 Drawing the Outer Cylinder of the Edge Line and Intersection Detection  
Because the existing algorithms cannot accurately identify the building edges of the oblique photography 3D model, it is necessary to interactively draw the feature lines to determine the edges to be restored. Since the manual selection of line segments cannot guarantee the intersection with all the triangular patches constituting the edge line in the model, we set the distance from the mouse to the feature line as the radius \(d\), and generated a cylinder in combination with the hand-drawn feature line so as to achieve the effect of including all the surrounding triangular patches.  
Setting principle of the radius \(d\): (1) Starting from the edge line, take the part of the two intersection surfaces that constitute the edge line that each extend 20 cm as the surface to be determined. (2) Take two planes merged with the two planes to be determined to find the difference of the normal coordinates. (3) Through experience, it can be determined that, if the normal coordinates exceed 5 cm, this is recognized as the edge line area that needs to be restored. (4) Taking the maximum normal coordinate value of these points with the difference of ordinates exceeding 5 cm as the radius d of the cylinder can ensure that the cylinder includes all the triangular patches of the entire area to be restored.  
As shown in Figure 2, the yellow line is the interactively drawn feature line and the green line is the set radius.  
Figure 1: Flow chart of edge line restoration.  
Because the data of the UAV 3D model are very large and stored in the form of tiles, firstly, an AABB (axis-aligned bounding box) was used for collision detection to reduce the amount of calculation required for the intersection of the edge line feature line and the triangular patch, and the local triangular patch around the hand-drawn edge line feature line was obtained. Most of the building models in the actual scene were cubes, which made the tightness of the surrounding sphere worse. Since the AABB was parallel to the spatial coordinate system, it was a linear representation. The AABB is a bounding box aligned with the coordinate axis, which has the advantages of fast construction, good simplicity, and a simple collision test [31]. Therefore, we used the AABB to calculate the intersection, which was used to eliminate the impossible intersection triangular patches and reduce the amount of calculation. However, due to the poor tightness of the AABB (the thin and long objects were located in a diagonal position, and the gap between the edges and corners was too large, resulting in many unnecessary detections and calculations) [32], it was necessary to carry out a secondary actual operation for some possible intersecting triangular patches, and to finally determine the triangles to be processed by judging whether there were vertices in the triangles and performing secondary screening inside the cylinder.
# Polyacrylonitrile Nanofibers Containing Viroblock as Promising Material for Protective Clothing
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Morphology Analysis  
SEM analysis was used to investigate the surface morphology of PAN electrospun nanofibers loaded with four different concentrations of VB. The prepared fibers were analyzed at a magnification of 3000 with a working voltage of 10 kV. It can be seen in Figure 1 that there is a smooth formation of electrospun nanofibers in all cases without the presence of any beads in all prepared samples.  
To determine the average diameter of electrospun nanofibers, Image J software was used to measure 50 different values from different areas of each prepared sample and the histogram was plotted to determine the average diameter of the prepared samples. In Figure 2, the horizontal axis indicated the diameter of elect  
Figure 1: Surface morphology of prepared electrospun nanofibers: (**A**) pure PAN, (**B**) 0.5% VB PAN, (**C**) 1% VB PAN, (**D**) 1.5% VB PAN, and (**E**) 2% VB PAN.  
the vertical axis expressed the diameter distribution percentage. It was found that in the case of pure PAN electrospun nanofibers, the distribution curve showed that the average diameter of the nanofibers was 373.40 \(\pm\) 49.80 nm. In Figure 2B, the PAN electrospun nanofibers loaded with 0.5% VB had an average diameter of 366.55 nm, with a standard deviation value of 49.55 nm. Similarly, the histograms in the cases of 1%, 1.5%, and 2% VB-loaded PAN electrospun nanofibers indicated that the average diameters of the nanofibers were 381.52 \(\pm\) 63.53, 341.17 \(\pm\) 62.10, and 361.76 \(\pm\) 55.67 nm, respectively, as shown in Figure 2C-E.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Dataset  
One of the foremost difficulties in many ocean remote sensing studies is the availability of field information paired with concurrent satellite imagery--a good baseline training dataset is a primary prerequisite for the success of environmental analyses [45]. In this sense, we resorted to the satellite-field data put together by Pemex (Petroleos Mexicanos; Mexico City, Mexico) that carried out a decadal (2000-2012) environmental monitoring program in Campeche Bay (Figure 1). This database came from the dire necessity to survey oil slicks in the surroundings of its numerous fossil fuel facilities in this region [18; 46; 47; 48; 49]. The entire satellite database has 766 images from the Canadian C-band SAR satellites: RADARSAT-1 (482; 63%) and RADARSAT-2 (284; 37%); all scenes of the former are 8-bit HH polarized, whereas most of the latter are 16-bit VV polarized [50; 51]. This multi-year data collection of SAR-observed oil slicks--14210 classified in 6202 seeps (44%) and 8008 spills (56%)--that have been identified by domain specialists and field-validated by Pemex, is comprehensively described elsewhere [29; 33; 34]; these authors also provide an outlook of Pemex's monitoring system and a thorough picture of the observed slicks' spatial-temporal distribution.  
Here, our long-term exploratory data analysis explores a fraction (32%) of the entire satellite database: a total of 244 scenes from the low-cost, more numerously available RADARSAT-2 (16-bit VV), wider swath beam mode: ScanSAR Narrow--SCNA and SCNB, both having swath widths of 300 km and ground resolutions of 50 m [52]. This avoids the additional cross-comparison effects concerning technical differences of two the satellites. This dataset is the same one exploited earlier [31; 32], and includes images from 2008 to 2012 that contain 4562 oil slicks; coincidently the same unbalanced proportion of the entire database: 1994 seeps (44%) and 2568 spills (56%). The experimental methodology applied to evaluate the outcomes of our LDAs uses all 4562 oil slicks for training the algorithms.