## 1 Introduction  
The management of Roll-on/Roll-off (Ro-Ro) terminals is becoming increasingly complex. To improve operational efficiency and data security, it is necessary to implement innovative solutions. The integration of technologies such as the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) and blockchain represents a promising approach. The IoV enables real-time communication between vehicles and infrastructure. This optimization improves operations and reduces waiting times. Meanwhile, the blockchain provides an immutable and decentralized record of transactions [1], guaranteeing transparency and security in the exchange of information [2].  
The management of Roll-on/Roll-off (Ro-Ro) terminals is becoming increasingly complex due to the rising volume of vehicle traffic in ports, the need for stricter environmental regulations, and the growing demand for digitalization in port logistics [1, 2]. These factors require innovative solutions to optimize efficiency and ensure sustainable operations.  
Some studies suggest that the IoV can enhance vehicle identity authentication and data management; however, its practical implementation still faces challenges, particularly in integrating security and privacy solutions [3]. In addition, recent studies have explored the optimization of the allocation of storage locations in Ro-Ro automotive terminals, evidencing significant improvements in vessel loading efficiency and a reduction in reliance on storage resources [4]. The combination of these technologies can transform port operations, enabling more efficient and secure management of Ro-Ro terminals.  
In the context of port terminals, the combined use of IoV and blockchain enables new management models based on real-time data and smart contracts [5]. For example, smart contracts can automate the collection of port fees based on operating time, or incentivize emissions reductions through automated bonuses. This not only improves transparency between stakeholders, but also reduces the need for manual intervention in administrative processes, increasing the efficiency and reliability of operations.  
The joint implementation of IoV and blockchain in this context presents challenges, such as the scalability and interoperability of systems [6]. It is critical to investigate how these technologies can be effectively integrated to maximize their benefits in Ro-Ro terminals.  
The application of blockchain in the IoV has proven to be effective in international contexts, improving vehicle identity authentication and real-time data management [7]. In Spanish Ro-Ro terminals, these technologies could automate processes such as the collection of fees according to operating times and the dynamic management of storage spaces, generating a competitive advantage in an increasingly digitized market [7]. In addition, decentralizing data storage using blockchain eliminates the risks associated with a single point of failure, increasing the resilience of the system.  
The integration of IoV and blockchain can significantly improve the efficiency, transparency, and security of operations in Ro-Ro terminals. These technologies enable real-time data exchange and automated management processes, enhancing port logistics.  
Despite the potential benefits, the adoption of IoV and blockchain in Spanish Ro-Ro terminals faces barriers such as high initial implementation costs, interoperability between systems, and the training needed to integrate these technologies [8]. However, the urgency of maintaining competitiveness in a globalized sector makes it imperative to explore innovative models that combine these technologies. This study proposes an integrated IoV and blockchain model applied to Spanish Ro-Ro terminals, with the aim of optimizing vehicle operations and evaluating their impact in terms of operational efficiency and data security.