## 3 Results and Discussion
### Edge Band Studies
#### 3.1.1 The Influence of the Type of Glue on Quality of the Glued Joint
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Glue Type** & **Material** & **Joint Type/Design** & **Key Findings** & **Practical Implications** & **Paper** \\ \hline PVAC & Particleboard & Dowel and spline & PVAC glue provided & PVAC glue is highly & \\  & & joints & the highest tension & effective for corner & \\  & & joints & strength & joint durability & \\ PVAC & Melamine-coated & Case furniture corner & Higher diagonal & PVAC glue enhances & \\  & MDF & joints & tension and & overall structural & \\  & & joints & compression strength & integrity & \\ PVAC & Wooden edge strip & P\&Give rule resulted in & PVAC is preferred for & \\  & on particleboard & Edge strip & the highest bonding & strong adhesive bonds & Dziel and Uzun [30] \\  & & strength & on edges & \\ PVAC + screws & L-type corner joints & Corner joints & PVAC with screws & Combined PVAC glue & \\  & & corners the highest & moment-carrying & and screws improve & \\  & & capacity & load-bearing joints & \\  & & edge band on & Glue temperature and & Optimal glue & \\  & & three-layer & application affect & temperature and & \\  & & particleboard & bonding & parameters critical for & [22] \\  & Temperature & & Temperature & Careful glue selection & \\ variations & Particleboard & Glued joints & decreases joint & control are needed to & \\  & & & stability at high temps & ensure joint stability & \\  & & & polyurethane glue & Thinner edge bands & \\ PVAC-D4, PUR-D4 & Particleboard with & Dowels with PVC & provided the highest & perform better in & \\  & & towels with PVC & strength, a 0.8 mm & dowel joints when & \\  & & & edge band was most & combined with & \\  & & & effective & polyurethane glue & \\  & & & Laser technology & & Laser-based edge & \\  & & & melts a pre-applied & & handling provides high \\  & & adhesive layer on & precision and & \\  & & edge band & edge bands, allowing & consistency, suitable & \\ technology & edge band & & distribution and & for high-quality, & \\  & & & strengthening the & modern furniture with & \\  & & & bond with the panel. & \"zero joint\" & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Comparative analysis of glue type, edge band material, and joint design on bond strength and practical applications in wood panel furniture. Figure 2: Schematic view of laser edge band gluing (**a**) (reprinted from [PERSON] et al. [7], copyright (2009), with permission from Springer) and view of the laser-glue unit on the edge banding machine (**b**) (Photo by [PERSON]). 3.1.2. The Influence of the Edge Surface Treatment of Wood Based Panels  
The state of the edge of particleboard is an important criterion for assessing the quality of wood-based materials [4]. According to [PERSON] et al. [33], the thickness of the glue joint is related to the surface quality, and it is important to determine the optimal machining conditions for preparing the surface for gluing. Sawing and milling can damage the laminate in the vicinity of the processing zone and bead of the particleboard edge, leading to delamination during machining [32]. Wear of the cutting tool also plays a significant role in the delamination process [6]. Therefore, the processing method and tool wear should be carefully considered to minimize delamination and ensure the quality of gluing the edge band on the three-layer particleboard. The findings of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [22] have significant practical implications for the edge-bonding quality. This study highlights the critical influence of panel squareness on edge bonding strength, suggesting that maintaining minimal angular deviation during manufacturing can enhance joint strength. In particular, the influence of squareness after processing using pre-cutters and the position of the glue application roller were investigated. This insight is crucial for manufacturers aiming to improve product durability and reduce failure rates. The lack of defined minimum strength standards for edge bonding in existing regulations underscores the need for industry-wide benchmarks to ensure consistent quality.