###### Abstract  
Designing and installing efficient grounding systems in power distribution networks is considered a complex and crucial task to ensure the reliable operation of power-protective schemes while mitigating hazardous potentials arising from faults, thereby safeguarding both personnel and equipment. This paper aims to offer guidance on designing effective grounding systems in distribution networks by assessing the influence of parameters such as soil structure, fault current magnitude, and fault clearing time. This involves proposing a more precise methodology for calculating hazardous potentials, leveraging software tools like PowerFactory, to accurately determine short-circuit (SC) currents and fault clearing times at specific locations where grounding grids are to be installed. Consequently, Distribution System Operators (DSOs) can design tailored grounding systems that optimize techno-economic considerations without unnecessary over-dimensioning, accounting for the unique characteristics of the Medium-Voltage (MV) Line and soil structure. grounding systems; distribution network; short-circuit analysis; renewable energy sources  
Regarding the integration of renewable energy sources into power grids, 2023 witnessed a substantial surge in global capacity, with an addition of approximately 107 gigawatts (GW) representing the most significant increase ever recorded [2; 3]. Figure 2 illustrates the anticipated electricity generation from various renewable energy sources in the future, showcasing an upward trajectory in the generation levels. This growth is being driven by the global policy to minimize the use of fossil fuels and reduce net greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030 and 100% by 2050 [2; 4]. In this context, emphasis is placed on modernizing and reinforcing power distribution networks. Within this framework, the need to analyze and optimize the performance of grounding systems in MV power networks becomes a task of high importance. This significance stems from the critical role grounding systems play in ensuring the reliability of power networks, as their efficient operation directly influences the networks' stability. In more detail, these systems act as a crucial link in the protective chain, serving to maintain the networks' operational integrity, minimize risks associated with fault occurrences, and ensure the safety of personnel and equipment [5; 6]. The modernization of power distribution networks often involves a transition from traditional overhead configurations to underground setups. This shift is driven by fac  
Figure 1: Evolution of global electricity demand by region [1]. Figure 2: Electricity generation by technology, 2000–2028 [2]. tors such as aesthetic considerations, environmental concerns, and the need for enhanced resilience to extreme weather conditions. Reinforced concrete poles serve as key components in facilitating this transition, providing a robust connection between overhead and underground systems using disconnect switches [7; 8]. Over the years, extensive research has been conducted, and numerous guidelines have been published, regarding the design of grounding systems, particularly focusing on High-Voltage/Medium-Voltage (HV/MV) substations and renewable energy sources such as wind farms and photovoltaic parks. In fact, refs. [9; 10] intend to offer guidance and relevant information regarding safe grounding practices focused on AC substations and a section in [11] describes, concisely, the fundamental requirements of the design, installation, testing, and maintenance of an earthing system of High-Voltage (HV) and Low-Voltage (LV) systems. Additionally, ref. [12] provides basic guidance on the effects of shock current on human beings and livestock. Moreover, in [13] the influence of the renewable energy sources on the grounding method of the neutral point of the HV transformer is studied and in [14] several factors of neutral grounding are analyzed in an effort to highlight their influence on the reliable operation of power distribution networks.