# A Copula-Based Attack Prediction Model for Vehicle-to-Grid Networks
## 3 State of the Art
### Security Challenges in V2G Networks  
The issue relating to the security aspect in vehicular networks and, more specifically, in the V2G network is a topical and worrying issue. For this purpose, the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), in accordance with its prerogatives, has issued guidelines relating to the security of vehicle communications to any other element (V2X) through its recommendation [7]. In this recommendation, it mainly concerns the threats encountered in the operation of V2X communications systems and the security requirements for this type of communication. In addition, it provides guidance in implementing secure V2X communications.  
The vulnerabilities of a network are exploited by hackers to carry out attacks in order to obtain unauthorized access to a system, steal personal or confidential information, disrupt the proper functioning of a service, collect data, and many more. Based on the recommendation cited above, a V2X network (which takes into account the V2G network) is exposed to many attacks: MitM, DoS, spoofing, and time attacks. Moreover, we can deduce from this recommendation that confidentiality, integrity, availability, non-repudiation, authenticity, and accountability are security requirements that must be implemented in all proposed solutions for V2G.  
In [8], the authors discussed concepts such as basic concepts, architecture, advantages, and cybersecurity in V2G networks. A model based on cyber-insurance has been proposed. The goal of this solution is to transfer the risk of compromise of an electric vehicle to an insurer, who will be responsible for putting in place the necessary controls to protect the asset against cyber attacks and to respond to incidents.  
In order to achieve cybersecurity objectives such as confidentiality, authenticity, and integrity in the V2G network, an architecture has been proposed in [9]. This proposed architecture is composed of electric vehicles, charging stations, aggregators, communication servers, and authentication servers. With features such as anonymous authentication, anonymous signatures, and remote attestation, the proposed architecture preserves the privacy of EVs and secures charging and discharging processes.  
In the field of V2G security, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 15118 standard is the reference standard. It deals with issues related to secure communications between an electric vehicle (EV) and a charging station. This standard is divided across several versions:  
* ISO 15118-1: discusses the generalities and use cases of the ISO 15118 standard [10];
* ISO 15118-2: discusses the requirements for Layer 3 to 7 protocols of the OSI model [11];
* ISO 15118-3: discusses the requirements for Layer 1 and Layer 2 protocols of the OSI model [12].  
However, it should be noted that the ISO 15118 standard, although it is a reference in terms of security in V2G, does not take into account all aspects relating to security. It does not give a precise orientation on all the solutions and methods to be implemented in order to protect V2G. The limits of the latter have been corrected by researchers, who propose several solutions to strengthen security in V2G. IDSs are considered one of the solutions to protect the V2G networks.