## 3 Results
### Calculation of \(CO_{2}\) Emissions
To calculate the emissions resulting from the life cycle of an EV, it is necessary to define the duration of the useful life (circulation) of a vehicle, which is why the value of 150,000 km was used as defined in several other studies [25; 29; 32]. According to [30], EVs have more emissions during the production phase than ICVs, and will have similar emissions upon disposal, considering the eventual recycling of materials (although this is still under development for EVs). As there is large consumption of energy (including electricity) during the production of an EV, the corresponding emissions depend on the electricity production mix of the country in which the EV is produced. In the present study, it was considered that EVs are produced in the EU, and therefore their emission index associated with electricity production is used. Manufacturing an EV can emit around 10 tCO2e/EV and manufacturing an ICV will emit around 5 tCO2e/ICV [25]. This results in 66.7 gCO2e/Km for an EV and 33.3 gCO2e/Km for an ICV, due to manufacturing and considering 150,000 km as the vehicles' useful life. Using data from [29], relating to a study in the EU, the manufacture of an EV using 150,000 km as an indicator of the useful life of each vehicle, we will have emissions of 46 gCO2e/Km for EVs and 35 gCO2e/Km for ICVs (using an EU mix of 596 gCO2e/kWh) due to manufacturing. Emissions due to the electricity consumption for charging (circulation phase) of an average EV is around 47 to 58% of the emissions related to the fossil fuel consumption of an ICV, which is 143 gCO2e/Km, according to [29]. Corresponding, therefore, from 60 to 76 gCO2e/Km, using the EU mix as a reference. Adding the two components (manufacture and circulation), we will have the following:  
* For the worst case (sum of the highest emissions reported in the studies) we will have emissions of 142.7 gCO2e/Km for EVs and 178 gCO2e/Km for ICVs. In this case, EVs have 19.8% less emissions/km than ICVs. * For the best case (sum of the lowest emissions reported in the studies) we will have emissions of 106 gCO2e/Km for EVs and 176.3 gCO2e/Km for ICEVs. In this case, EVs have only 60% of ICV emissions, which corresponds to a reduction of around 40% in emissions. However, the values in question consider the possibility of recycling at the end of the EV's life, despite it does not yet exist, and the processes are not known in detail [23]. Therefore, it is possible that real emissions will increase compared to what is described in the studies, approaching, at best, 17 to 30% less emissions (life cycle) of an EV compared to an ICV [30]. The data used for the calculations and the results are summarized in Table 4.  
The values obtained are compatible with the values obtained by [25] of 144.4 gCO2e/Km for a medium-sized EV, 166.6 gCO2e/Km for a large EV, and 194. 4 gCO2e/Km for luxury EV. The life cycle analyses presented in [25; 29; 30] take into account the life cycle (from cradle to grave) but do not refer to emissions from infrastructures and in infrastructures during the use of EVs. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & & **EV** & **ICV** \\ \hline Manufacturing phase & Minimum & 46 & 33.3 \\  & Maximum & 66.7 & 35 \\ \hline Useful life phase & Minimum & 60 & 143 \\  & Maximum & 76 & 143 \\ \hline Total & Minimum & 106 & 176.3 \\  & Maximum & 142.7 & 178 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Summary of data used for the calculations and the results for the manufacture and circulation phases. Values in gCO2e/km. In the present study, infrastructures were divided into two groups: II--those associated with telecommunications, control, automation, and data processing and storage (using cradle-to-grave analysis); and another group (III) for distribution network installations (reinforcement/new infrastructure) associated with the increase in power consumed and network operation. EVs require specific infrastructures to be charged [13], and their electricity consumption has an impact on emissions when using these infrastructures.