esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Novel Longitudinal Speed Estimator for Four-Wheel Slip in Snowy Conditions
## 4 Conclusions  
This study introduced a longitudinal vehicle speed estimator for four-wheel slipping conditions on a split snowy road based on wheel encoder speeds and an acceleration sensor using a fuzzy control algorithm.  
In the estimator, the estimated longitudinal vehicle speed is calculated in the first layer based on wheel encoder speeds and an acceleration sensor separately. Then, the local vehicle speed estimator is employed to address the inaccurately estimated vehicle speed and tire slip ratio. Afterwards, the final estimated vehicle speed is calculated by subsequent fuzzy control strategies with speed encoders and acceleration sensors.  
Different from the longitudinal vehicle speed estimation under normal road conditions through the Kalman filter algorithm, this paper emphasizes the speed estimation of four-wheels' slip under snowy road conditions. Instead of validating four wheels' slip condition by dangerous drift driving, researchers in this experiment drove on the artificial split snowy road at full throttle until the four wheels' slip, avoiding accidents and obtaining special requirement validation condition.  
Finally, the algorithm accuracy is verified by the experiment of vehicle driving on the artificial split road covered with snow and asphalt. The results demonstrate that the vehicle speed estimated by the proposed estimator is closer to that obtained from the production vehicle. Furthermore, the proposed controller focuses on the high-slip-level condition, generating more benefits when three or four wheels are slipping, with an error rate lower than 4.321%.  
Conceptualization, D.Z.; methodology, D.Z.; software, D.Z.; validation, D.Z.; formal analysis, D.Z. and G.W.; investigation, D.Z.; resources, D.Z. and C.L.; data curation, D.Z.; writing--original draft preparation, D.Z.; writing--review and editing, D.Z. and G.W.; visualization, D.Z.; supervision, Q.S.; funding acquisition, Q.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by National Key R&D Program of China under Grant, grant number 2018 YFB0104504-2.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Preliminary Validation of Surface Reflections from Fengyun-3C Radio Occultation Data
## 3 Methods and Results
### FY-3C Radio Holographic Analysis
Figure 4: FY-3C event on 13 February 2015: received SNR of L1 channel (**upper** panel), radio hologram spectrum from FY-3C Level_1 data (**middle** panel), geographical location of FY-3C event (**bottom** panel). We manually tested other FY-3C RO events from the matched pairs and found different degrees of reflections. The matched events of COSMIC with the presence of reflected signals and FY-3C roughly have the same geographical location and atmospheric conditions, so it is credible that they have similar reflection characteristics at the immediate time period. Meanwhile, we also found some occultation events without distinct reflection spectra from the radio holographic images. Since about 80% of total GPS RO signals can penetrate to below 2 km [33], some extracted FY-3C signals that, under the matching criteria, still could not arrive to Earth's surface and reflected on the surface. The occultations without reflection spectra may be due to sudden atmospheric changes and instrumental problems in the lower troposphere. Figure 5: FY-3C event on 31 August 2015: received SNR of L1 channel (**upper** panel), radio hologram spectrum from FY-3C Level_1 data (**middle** panel), geographical location of FY-3C event (**bottom** panel).
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Tensile Testing  
The tensile test results are shown in Table 4. The as-sintered specimens show an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 741 MPa with a large scatter. The yield strength (YS) is 479 MPa and the elongation at break (A) is 23%. The latter two values show a small scatter. After HIP densification, the yield strength and tensile strength can be increased by almost 10%, while the elongation at break after HIP shows an even larger increase and raises from 23 to 35%. After HIP densification, strength values show a low scatter.  
The graphical evaluation of the results as a boxplot representation in Figure 11 draws a more accurate picture. In this illustration, the end of the boxes and the center line describe the upper, middle, and lower quartiles. The small square inside the boxes shows the statistical mean value. If values are considered as outliers, they are shown as black diamonds outside the boxes and the whiskers. It can be seen that the scatter of the tensile strength before HIP is not that large, but that the apparently large scatter is mainly due to one outlier. Nevertheless, the entire picture does not change, and the HIP post-densification can clearly contribute to an improvement of all values measured in the tensile tests.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline  & **YS [MPa]** & **UTS [MPa]** & **A [\%]** \\ \hline as-sintered & 479 \(\pm\) 14 & 741 \(\pm\) 60 & 23 \(\pm\) 2 \\ \hline After HIP & 515 \(\pm\) 15 & 812 \(\pm\) 15 & 35 \(\pm\) 3 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Summary table of the properties measured in the tensile test for the different conditions.  
Figure 11: Graphical illustration showing the results of tensile tests on specimens from the different conditions in a box-plot representation.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Hardness As-Sintered [-]**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Hardness after HIP [-]**} \\ \hline S1/S2/S3 & 275 \(\pm\) 42 & 224 \(\pm\) 7 & 269 \(\pm\) 18 & 314 \(\pm\) 53 & 280 \(\pm\) 15 & 279 \(\pm\) 18 \\ \hline Average & & 256 \(\pm\) 36 & & 291 \(\pm\) 39 & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Overview of the measured Vickers hardness HV10 [-] in the different conditions.  
The high strength but also the reduced ductility of the nickel-free stainless steel compared to the typical austenite 316L produced via binder jetting (according to [43] YS of 175 MPa, UTS of 528 MPa, Elongation of 57%) can be attributed to the interstitial dissolved nitrogen. Using [PERSON]'s tensile tests on compositionally varied high-nitrogen steels as a reference, the achieved results of the HIP-densified specimens agree well with those from very dense specimens produced by centrifugal casting [47].
## 2 The Interacting Multiple Model Unscented Kalman Filter
### Model Probabilities Update  
The model probability \(\mathbf{\mu}^{j}_{k}\) is updated according to the model likelihood and model transition probability governed by the finite-state Markov chain:  
\[\mathbf{\mu}^{j}_{k}=\frac{1}{c}\Lambda_{k}\bar{\mathbf{\epsilon}}_{j} \tag{23}\]  
where:  
\[c=\sum\limits_{j=1}^{r}\bar{\mathbf{\epsilon}}_{j}\Lambda^{j}_{k} \tag{24}\]  
and \(\Lambda^{j}_{k}\) is a likelihood function given by:  
\[\Lambda^{j}_{k}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\,|\,\mathbf{P}^{j}_{zz}|}}\exp\left[- \frac{1}{2}\mathbf{v}^{j}_{k}{}^{T}(\mathbf{P}^{j}_{zz})^{-1}\mathbf{v}^{j}_{k }\right] \tag{25}\]
## 4 Experimental Studies of Microstructural Defect Detection Using Multimode Ultrasonic Signals
### Experimental Results  
As discussed in Sections 2 and 3, the amplitude of the nonlinear acoustic response is directly correlated with the material nonlinearity in the interrogated zone. The material nonlinearity in these experiments is attributed to the presence of microstructural defects, namely micro-cracks. Figure 8 shows a rough estimation of such micro-crack density through the calculation of \(MDR\) with respect to square of the input amplitude. We note that a more precise quantitative estimation, such as identification of defect types and determination of local density of such defects, is beyond the scope of this work.  
As shown in Figure 8, the zone defined by the region between the transmitter and receiver #2, which includes T-joint #2 yields nine times larger \(AO\) than that of the zone defined by the region between the transmitter and receiver #1, which includes T-joint #1. This dependence confirms that high micro-crack density leads to correspondingly large nonlinear response.  
In Figure 9, \(MDR\) values are given for three different locations (defined by (A), (B), and (C) transducer pairs), as shown in Figure 7b. The \(MDR\) with respect to square of increasing input amplitudes yields three \(AO\)s calculated at three different locations. The measured \(AO\) exhibits sensitivity to detect microstructural defects created along T-joint #2. \(AO\)s measured at (A) and (C) are approximately 2.9 and 1.4 times larger, respectively, than \(AO\) at (B), confirming that stresses were concentrated at the locations of beam supports while inducing defects, and more microstructural defects were formed at the lateral-ends of the welds, at (A) and (C).  
The results shown in Figures 8 and 9 indicate that \(AO\) and MDR obtained by our simple analysis provide sufficient sensitivity to detect relative magnitude of micro-crack densities in this experimental configuration.  
This work has been limited to studying the nonlinear ultrasonic response of a beam with existing induced microstructural defects. Further investigations would benefit from introducing microstructural defects controllably and cross-correlating the type and density of such defects with the ultrasonic nonlinear response of this method.  
Figure 8: Experimental results of actionable output (\(AO\)) for T-joint #1 and #2. \(MDR\) due to T-joint #2 is approximately nine times larger than that due to T-joint #1.
# MRU-NET: A U-Shaped Network for Retinal Vessel Segmentation
## 5 Conclusions  
Using artificial intelligence to assist doctors in segmenting retinal blood vessel images is helpful to doctors quickly diagnosing the disease and has important practical significance. We propose an improved U-Net model structure for the current fundus vessel image segmentation with poor segmentation effect and difficult microvessel segmentation. The model structure adds a residual learning unit to the encoder structure and decoder structure of the traditional U-Net model, which is more conducive to the transmission and retention of information; a feature fusion module is added in the transition phase of the model's encoding structure and decoding structure, which aims to extract feature information of different granularities in the original image, which is more conducive to retaining fine-grained image features, so that tiny blood vessels can be better segmented; the Res-Dilated module is introduced in the skip connection, which can make the decoding structure network supplement the original information while reducing the semantic gap between the encoding and decoding stages. Through experimental verification analysis on two datasets of DRIVE and STARE, our proposed method has an excellent segmentation effect. This proposed method achieved 0.9611, 0.8618, and 0.9837 in DRIVE and 0.9662, 0.7887, and 0.9856 on STARE for respectable accuracy, sensitivity, and AUC performance metrics. Compared with the current methods, our method has better performance on the whole.  
Although our method has good performance, it still needs further improvement. Our method can effectively segment microvessels, but some of them may still be discontinuous. In addition, based on the current experimental conditions, we only tested on DRIVE and STARE datasets, and more clinical data are needed for verification in the future. Our future work is to continue to optimize the effect of retinal microvascular segmentation. On the one hand, contrast between the blood vessel and the  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**DRIVE** & **FF** & **Resnet** \\ \hline AUC & 0.9825 & 0.9773 \\ F1 & 0.8420 & 0.8167 \\ ACC & 0.9618 & 0.9548 \\ SE & 0.8310 & 0.7905 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Comparative analysis of feature fusion and Resnet.  
background is increased by optimizing the preprocessing steps; on the other hand, the segmentation effect is improved by continuously improving the model.  
Conceptualization, H.D. and X.C.; investigation, H.D., L.C., and K.Z.; writing--original draft, H.D.; writing--review and editing, X.C. and L.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work has been supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China (NO.2018 YFC1604000).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 2 Related Work
### Two-Phase Interleaved Bi-Directional DC/DC Converter  
The system used in this paper consists of two battery packs and two converters and provides an output voltage of 50 V. As the battery has a low voltage-to-current characteristic, a two-phase interleaved method per battery pack was applied to reduce the current required from each converter.  
Therefore, given that the output voltage is 50 V, each converter has an output voltage of 12 V, and converters are installed in a total of 12 cells. As a non-isolated boost DC/DC converter is used in the proposed system, battery packs consisting of six cells were chosen. The system operates synchronously to enable high efficiency and a bidirectional power flow, as shown in Figure 4.  
The boost ratio of each converter in the system was limited, and multiple converters were configured in series to realize an output voltage of approximately 50 V. The battery module algorithm was then optimized for this converter configuration.  
Figure 5 depicts the two-phase interleaved bi-directional DC/DC converter design. In the figure, _SW1_ represents the main switch gate signal of Boost Converter 1 and _SW2_ represents the gate signal of the main switch of Boost Converter 2. Two-phase interleaving was applied, and the two gate signals have a phase difference of 180\({}^{\circ}\). This causes the input current to appear as the sum of the two inductors, which doubles the switching frequency and reduces the ripple in the input current. In one cycle, the inductor current is divided into rising and falling sections and the amount of each current change is identical.  
Figure 4: Synchronous bidirectional boost converter.
## 5 Parametric Analysis of Negative Stiffness of the 3-3-Type HCMS
### A Case Study on Optimizing the Structure of the 3-3-Type HCMS  
As shown above, the nonlinear negative stiffness characteristics of 3-3-type HCMSs are related to many geometric parameters. Generally speaking, it is complex to optimally design its structure due to the multi-variable optimization. In engineering applications, however, some geometric parameters can be determined in advance. Taking the 3-3-type HCMS in Figure 5 as an example, it can be seen that \(R_{1},\ R_{4}\) are limited by the working space and \(d\) should be as small as possible in terms of installation. Once \(R_{1},\ R_{4},\ d\) are fixed, there are only two parameters to be optimized, namely \(R_{2}\) and \(H\). Here, we choose \(R_{1}=10\) mm, \(R_{4}=30\) mm, and \(d=2\) mm. Then, the stiffness curve at \(z=0\) with respect to \(R_{2}\) and \(H\) is shown in Figure 16. The result shows that \(R_{2}=14\) mm and \(H=11\) mm can be selected to obtain the maximum-amplitude negative stiffness.  
Figure 15: Stiffness curves of (**a**) 1 st to 4 th, (**b**) 5 th to 8 th, (**c**) 9 th to 12 th, and (**d**) 13 th to 16 th 3-3-type HCMSs.
## 1 Introduction
Small-scale actors, such as consumers and prosumers, can actively exchange energy in (near) real time inside their communities thanks to the MG (microgrid) energy market [13]. On the other hand, most of the current research on microgrids is directed at using energy management strategies to improve the system's resilience and boost the usage of renewable energy. At the same time, the notion of peer-to-peer energy exchange has captured the attention of prosumers on a commercial scale. The value of the net meter produced by DERs may be sold to other customers at a high markup if the installed capacity of the DERs is more than the load of a potential consumer. On the other hand, this might result in weaker economic incentives for potential market players or reduced flexibility in P2P energy exchanges, which would lead to a less-than-ideal balance between energy supply and demand [14]. In [15], the authors argue that peer-to-peer energy trading allows a focus on self-consumption and near self-sufficiency for energy prosumers, which remains to be determined. The surplus energy that can be bought and sold on the open market is decreasing, while the number of prosumers in local communities constantly increases. In a microgrid, the prosumers involved in P2P energy exchange have diverse interests they wish to satisfy. Creating an energy balance in a microgrid is difficult due to the unpredictability of electricity generation from renewable energy sources [16]. It is, therefore, challenging to match energy demand with energy supply. It is, therefore, difficult to find a compromise between the interests of stakeholders concerning the compensation and distribution of energy benefits [17]. The energy trading system must consider issues related to the equitable distribution of benefits. In the context of a microgrid, it is essential to examine the issue of energy sharing as a component of the P2P energy trading system. As these are the most critical variables for prosumers to consider as they will affect their involvement, a model must consider fair energy sharing and flexible commercial pricing [18]. Therefore, this study aims to examine a model that increases energy self-consumption to reap the benefits of fair sharing. In addition, this study analyzed and determined flexible pricing for microgrid energy systems with many prosumers.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Moisture Sensitivity and Ageing Effect
They found that polymeric products have different moisture susceptibility and that oven ageing can have different effects. In some modifications ITSR values increase while in others they decrease. These results suggest that the behaviour of plastic-modified AC mixtures might be complex and in some cases the expected trends could be not valid to reach bold conclusions. In order to differently appreciate the effect of ageing on ITS values by separating dry and wet samples, an ageing index was calculated. This index is the quotient between the ITS of aged specimens and the ITS of unaged specimens [50]. Figure 8 shows the results. There was almost no difference for the control and plastic and nanoclay-modified AC mixtures. That was not the case for the plastic-modified mixture and as aforementioned this could be due to some variability of the samples, especially for the results of the dry set of samples, once the wet group showed the same trend than the others AC mixtures, namely having an ageing index greater than one. Some further testing framework will be needed, namely analysing more samples in the same context, different compositions with plastic, and different percentages of plastic content, but also appreciate the effect through the use of performance tests such the ones allowing comparison for fatigue and permanent deformation contexts, where the effect of ageing could be better separated.
## 2 Related Work
### Research Question  
Our main objective was to develop a model that allows us to detect phishing attacks with high accuracy based on web pages' text content without wasting the text's intrinsic richness [27]. To achieve this, we used NLP; next, this dataset feeds a DL algorithm that classifies whether the data entered are from a phishing or ham page (when a web page is benign or not phishing). Based on this, the research question is defined as follows:  
Which primary studies give a solution to detect phishing attacks using NLP and DL algorithms?
# Efficient Security Scheme for Disaster Surveillance UAV Communication Networks
## 7 Performance Evaluation
### Network Performance  
We have a modeled network at MAC level using Maple 13 from Maplesoft, Inc. of Waterloo, ON, Canada. The UAV network per cluster has a bandwidth of 4 MHz. We assume that all non-relay nodes belong to the traffic class 0 and that each non-relay has the same Poisson packet arrival rate \(\lambda_{k}=1.9\) per second. Cluster membership was varied between 4 and 20 drones. The parameters for the model are shown in Table 2. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt}} \hline \hline _Information_ & Guarantee readings messages integrity while some compromised monitoring drones/cluster heads exist. \\ _Integrity_ & Guarantee forwarding packages integrity even if certain compromised relay drones exist \\ _Integrity_ & Guarantee the accuracy of drones’ locations/flying paths. \\ _Integrity_ & Guarantee the integrity of transmitted readings messages during monitoring operation. \\ _Integrity_ & Guarantee the integrity of exchanged messages during join/leave Procedure. \\ \hline _Information_ & Guarantee information availability even if some monitoring drones are compromised/malfunctioned. \\ _Availability_ & Guarantee readings availability even if one or both cluster heads of a group are compromised/malfunctioned. \\ _Confidentiality_ & Guarantee information availability in case of a whole group failure/malfunctioned. \\ \hline _Confidentiality_ & Guarantee that only \(CS\) can access the plaintext readings messages. \\ _Guarantee that \(CS\)_ still receives an accurate version of the readings even if a certain number of drones are compromised. \\ _Guarantee that adversaries cannot extract the plaintext information nor falsify it. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: The proposed scheme security. Figure 5a,b show the throughput of a non-relay and relay drones, respectively. Throughput of non-relay nodes is not sensitive to the number of nodes due to the feature that each node can have only a single transmission during RAW slot and is forced to a doze mode after the transmission. However, node throughput shows asymptotic behavior when packet arrival rate per node increases since each node can get at most \(\frac{1}{N}\) of available bandwidth. Consequently, the throughput of relay nodes shows linearity with respect to the number of nodes in the cluster and asymptotic behavior with respect to the packet arrival rate. Energy consumption of non-relay drones and relay drones respectively during one beacon interval (which is set to 1 s) is shown in Figure 6a,b. We observe that the energy consumption of a non-relay and relay drones increase strongly with packet arrival rate while there is a mild increase with a number of nodes in the cluster. If we look into total airborne time of 30 min where node is non-relaying for 20 min and relaying for 10 min, this results in maximum energy consumption of \(\approx\)150 J. Those costs largely overshadow energy consumption for encryption.
## 2 FMCW LiDAR
### FMCW LiDAR Key Parameters  
With the continuous advancement of LiDAR technology, FMCW LiDAR has demonstrated exceptional performance in various aspects. Its advantages in interference resistance, long-distance measurement capability, and high resolution can be attributed to the meticulous design and fulfillment of its key performance metrics.  
FMCW LiDAR stands out for its exceptional anti-interference performance, reliably resisting external disturbances and ensuring consistent performance in complex environments. Through strategic modulation signal frequency range selection and system parameter optimization, the system guarantees precise distance measurements, even for remote targets. By focusing on key performance indicators such as frequency modulation range, FMCW LiDAR achieves significant resolution, substantially improving target recognition and localization. This enables the system to acquire finer spatial information during measurements, thereby enhancing the accuracy of target recognition and localization. These characteristics allow FMCW LiDAR to better handle complex scenarios such as electromagnetic interference and ambient light disturbances in practical applications, providing a reliable foundation for precise measurements.  
This study delves into several pivotal performance indicators of the FMCW LiDAR system, evaluating their significance in system evaluation and their direct impact on its operational efficiency.