## 1 Introduction  
The global increase in urban populations has led to a corresponding increase in the demand for infrastructure, including buildings, roads, and drainage networks [1]. The implementation of these infrastructures has led to a reduction in rainwater absorption capacities, exposing urban vulnerabilities during flooding in the presence of heavy rain events [2, 3]. Furthermore, the climatic changes that have become accentuated over the last few decades have tended to cause an increase in the frequency, intensity, and duration of rain events in many countries [1, 4]. Natural disasters resulting from high-water events, such as glacial melting, droughs, storms, and floods are being exacerbated by frequent extreme weather occurrences that are driven by climate change [5, 6]. These \"high-water events\" could be described as \"water overflowing its natural or manmade banks into ordinarily dry terrain, such as a river inundating its floodplain\" [7]. Flooding is perhaps the most catastrophic natural disaster, wreaking havoc on human lives and the economy while damaging infrastructure (bridges, buildings, etc.) [8]. For example, significant damage was recorded in Australia in the Brisbane region at the beginning of 2011, as a result of flooding [9]. Furthermore, massive floods in the Mississippi River basin in the United States have been caused by rainfall, coupled with spring snowmelt, resulting in damage estimated to cost billions of dollars. The 2007 floods in the United Kingdom (UK) caused 42,000 individuals to lose electricity for more than 24 h, while 350,000 others lost their water supply for up to 17 days, and over 10,000 of the latter group became stranded on roads and trains [10]. The most expensive flood damage in history occurred in Thailand's Chao Praya River Basin, as a result of persistent floods. The cost of the damage was estimated to be over USD 45 billion [11; 12] reported that in the USA alone, flood management infrastructure interventions have helped to save 10 million acres of land and almost one million acres from flooding, averting more than USD 110 billion in flood damage costs. The lack of flood management infrastructure has long been a concern for researchers. More recently, the Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs, Disaster Management, and Social Development of Nigeria published a report of the damage caused by the floods earlier in October 2022. The balance sheet shows that more than 1.4 million people have been affected by the floods; an estimated 500 people were killed, with 1546 others injured and 790,254 persons displaced. One month later, the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) of Nigeria said that at least 300 people had died and more than 100,000 others had been displaced since the start of the rainy season and with the release of excess water from a dam in neighboring Cameroon. This assessment was recorded as the most catastrophic event compared to the last major floods of 2012 ([[https://edition.cnn.com/2022/10/13/africa/hundreds-killed-nigeria-floods-intl](https://edition.cnn.com/2022/10/13/africa/hundreds-killed-nigeria-floods-intl)]([https://edition.cnn.com/2022/10/13/africa/hundreds-killed-nigeria-floods-intl](https://edition.cnn.com/2022/10/13/africa/hundreds-killed-nigeria-floods-intl)), accessed on 13 October 2022). Ref. [13] studied the history of flash-flood occurrence in a southern Italy drainage basin, to identify the real cause of the increment in flood occurrence. The study compared rainfall to anthropogenic modifications and concluded that the rainfall in the study area had a decreasing trend while flood damage still increased, showing that the real cause of flash floods in the area was mismanagement and land-use modification. Floods have become more common in various nations around the world in recent decades, prompting governments and experts to collaborate on flood management and prevention techniques [14; 15]. It is, therefore, important to pay attention to the behavior of water and flood systems.