esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Existing Replica Detection Methods
### Distributed Methods  
The Efficient and Distributed Detection (EDD) and Storage Efficient and Distributed Detection (SEDD) [7] rely on factors such as the times interval, whereby when one node encounters another mobile node, it must be less than the mentioned interval. The EDD method relies on two stages, namely online and offline. The first step is simulated earlier to deployment and another step is initiated on per move of every node in MWSN. The SEED method tackles the overhead storage in MWSN and gives the solution of time interval of EDD. Hence, each node only screens the subset rather than the whole in precise time interval. Two scenarios have been elaborated by Patrol detection [8], namely, static and mobile nodes for clone attacks. It depends on the perception that there is a chance of clone mobile node if two or several nodes have same identity or key at various location. Moreover, speed limit check on mobile node, if increase the certain limit will be a chance of clone node in MWSN. Onward that mobile node will access the distance and correlate it with range and later save the information in white and black lists where black list identified as clone identity. Therefore, if Patroller fluctuates the position, it moves in different time interval i.e., \(T\), \(T\) + Interval. The Single Hop Detection (SHD) [9] method proposed for clone states that nodes in MWSN at a specific time cannot exist in neighbor node list. The existing method depends upon the fingerprint verification and claim. Consequently, two mobile nodes interchange the information i.e., witness node and when two claims with the same identity frequency matches in the neighbor group, it indicates the existence of a clone. The token exchange depends on the deployed mobile nodes do not cooperate in clone approach has been proposed in [10]. Therefore, during mobile node frequency of meeting with other mobile node exchange, the tokens are stored in their memory. On the next meeting, each node will ask about the last exchanged token and wrong information will specify as the clone node. Moreover, they also explained that the idea relies on each node's cooperation, and same node presence seen multiple times are also known as clone nodes. In [11], the authors proposed two solutions for clone detection, namely SDD (Simple Distributed Detection) and CDD (Cooperative Distributed Detection). It relies on the number of observations of node meeting, where it is necessary to re-meet the other node in a precise time period otherwise the node would be considered as a clone node. The CDD approach is initiated for more collaboration in clone detection. The UTLSE (Unary Time Location Storage and Exchange) and MTLSD (Multi Time Location Storage and Diffusion) clone detection methods have been discussed in [12]. Accordingly, the concept of swapping time position is claimed in the MWSN communication area of every encountered nodes. In Static WSN, the authors [13; 14] proposed the clone detection solution using cluster based. Localization based detection approach has been explained in [15].
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, the performance of GEO Grid ASTER EVI products was evaluated by comparing their values to those of MODIS EVI over the seven FLUXNET sites covering a wide range of land cover types. ASTER NDVI and three forms of ASTER EVI were evaluated: the MODIS EVI backup algorithm (_EVI\({}_{B}\)_), the two-band EVI without a blue band (_EVI\({}_{P}\)_), and the three-band EVI with MODIS blue reflectance (_EVI\({}_{C}\)_). We also evaluated the impact of aggregation methods on ASTER NDVI and EVI values.  
We found that all the three EVIs showed equally good compatibility with MODIS EVI (RMSE between three ASTER EVIs and original MODIS EVI are 0.018 to 0.019 with or without MODIS PSF.). ASTER EVIs (_EVI\({}_{B}\)_, _EVI\({}_{C}\)_) were systematically smaller than MODIS EVI (approximately less than 0.1 VI units), which was attributed to their sensor band pass differences. There was no great difference among _EVI\({}_{B}\)_, _EVI_ or _EVI\({}_{C}\)_ (the maximum difference of 0.025 EVI units), but _EVI\({}_{B}\)_ had the best performance in this study, especially for land cover types with low MODIS EVI values (Urban and built-up, Barren or sparsely vegetated, Evergreen needle-leaf forest). However, similar investigations should be made over more various land cover types. RMSEs of ASTER EVIs were nearly the same, and quality of ASTER EVIs and MODIS EVI depended on surface reflectance. The results of comparisons between ASTER NDVI and MODIS NDVI were very similar to those between ASTER EVIs and MODIS EVI, and we found larger RMSE for the NDVI than the EVIs. The ASTER NDVI over evergreen needle-leaf forest, which had lower reflectances in VNIR region, had the impact on the results of RMSE. It was felt that ASTER EVIs had better compatibilities to MODIS than NDVI.  
We are currently upgrading the atmospheric correction module to include the corrections of tropospheric aerosol effects and topographic effects. We also plan to improve compatibility of ASTER EVIs to MODIS EVI by considering both their spectral and spatial differences and to address the dispersion of pixels for each land cover type. \"MODIS-like\" ASTER EVIs have the potential to contribute to the estimation of biophysical parameters across different spatial scales.
# Spectral Correction of CPV Modules Equipped with GaInP/GaInAs/Ge Solar Cells and Fresnel Lenses
## 4 Summary and Conclusions  
The accuracy of a new set of analytical equations was analysed in this work in order to evaluate the spectral impact of air mass (_AM_), aerosol optical depth (_AOD_) and precipitable water (_PW_) variations. To achieve this, a long term experimental campaign was conducted at the CEAEMA of the University of Jaen, located in southern Spain. The proposed equations were evaluated for four CPV configurations: (1) a lattice-matched (LM) triple-junction (3J) solar cell, (2) a lattice-matched (LM) triple-junction (3J) solar cell with a PMMA Fresnel lens, (3) a metamorphic (MM) 3J solar cell, and (4) a metamorphic (MM) 3J solar cell with a silicon-on-glass (SoG) Fresnel lens.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Device** & _MAPE (\%)_ & _MRE (\%)_ \\ \hline LM & 0.91 & \(-\)0.32 \\ LM + PMMA & 0.92 & \(-\)0.32 \\ MM & 0.64 & \(-\)0.19 \\ MM + SoG & 0.56 & \(-\)0.17 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Mean absolute percentage error (_MAPE_) and mean relative error (_MRE_) for the four CPV devices and days considered. CPV: concentrating photovoltaic; MM: a device based on a metamorphic GalnP/GaInAs/Ge solar cell; MM + SoG: a device based on a MM solar cell and a silicone-on-glass (SoG) Fresnel lens; _MAPE_: the mean percentage absolute error; _MRE_: the mean relative error.  
Figure 2: Actual versus simulated _SF_ for the devices based on LM and LM + PMMA for four different days: (**a**) 21 June 2016, (**b**) 23 December 2016, (**c**) 29 June 2016 and (**d**) 18 August 2016. LM: a device based on a lattice-matched GaInP/GaInAs/Ge solar cell; LM + PMMA: a device based on a LM solar cell and a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) Fresnel lens.  
The equations exhibited a similar behaviour for all the CPV configurations. A _MAPE_ ranging from 0.56% to 0.91% and a _MRE_ ranging from \(-0.17\%\) to \(-0.32\%\) were found. In addition, the method showed a similar performance during days with different spectral conditions. Based on this work, it can be concluded that the proposed equations showed a high accuracy in the prediction of \(SF\) for different concentrator PV devices under a range of spectral conditions.  
This work is supported by the EUREKA-Eurostars program (EUREKA/EUSTAR/0116/01) and the Research Promotion Foundation of the Republic of Cyprus. The European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and Spanish Economy Ministry (ENE2013-45242-R and ENE2016-78251-R); Universidad de Jaen and Caja Rural de Jaen (UJA2015/07/01) are also acknowledged for the financial support.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] designed and performed the experiments. [PERSON] performed the data analysis and [PERSON] contributed to the analysis of the results. All authors contributed equally to the writing of the paper.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Study Quality Assessment  
The 71 primary studies were evaluated by the authors against a set of questions on quality assessment of the studies listed in Table 9 and adopted and adjusted from [14]. Unlike the study quality assessment described in Reference [11], these questions were not used for study selection but to validate the results of the selected studies. Each question can be answered according to a ratio scale \"Yes,\" \"No\" and \"Partially\" during the data extraction process (see Section 2.4). Responses for each study show the quality of the study selected and the credibility of the study results. The outcome of the quality assessment of the included studies may reveal the potential limitations of current research and guide future field research [11; 14].  
Figure 3: Number of selected studies published per year.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Countries/Categories** & **CDI** & **CD2** & **CD3** & **CD4** & **CD5** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{China (20)} & [59], [510], [512], [513], [516], [527], [532], [544], [558], [590], [661], [662] & [523], [533], [536], [543] & [55], [560] & [57] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{India (8)} & [514], [531], [534], [548], [550] & [539], [546], [549] & & \\  & & [549] & & \\ \hline Russia (7) & [517], [518], [519], [530], [553] & [52] & & [545] \\ \hline Poland (5) & [541], [547], [564] & [565] & & [570] \\ \hline United States (5) & & [542], [556] & [568] & [567] & [571] \\ \hline Pakistan (3) & [51], [522], [563] & & & \\ \hline United Kingdom (3) & [524] & & & [54], [538] & \\ \hline Egypt (3) & [515], [529] & [526] & & \\ \hline Australia (2) & & & & [525], [555] & \\ \hline Italy (2) & & & [569] & & [566] \\ \hline Spain (1) & & & & [53] & \\ \hline Portugal (1) & [56] & & & & \\ \hline Canada (1) & & [57] & & & \\ \hline Iran (1) & & & [58] & & \\ \hline Italy (1) & & & & [511] \\ \hline Vietnam (1) & & [520] & & & \\ \hline Iraq (1) & & [521] & & & \\ \hline Brazil (1) & & [528] & & & \\ \hline Turkey (1) & & & [535] & & \\ \hline Malaysia (1) & [537] & & & & \\ \hline Luxembourg (1) & [540] & & & & \\ \hline Ireland (1) & [551] & & & & \\ \hline Germany (1) & [552] & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 8: Study distribution by countries and application domain categories.  
As shown in Table 9, all studies set the objectives of the research performed (Q1) and more than half of the papers had an adequate description of the context (Q2), for example, details about the nature of the organization, type of organization, software type and level of experience of the team, as well as providing the research design to achieve the objectives (Q3), presenting clear conclusions with enough data to support them (Q5). However, about data analysis (Q4), more than half of the analyzed studies did not provide an adequate description. For the analysis of potential bias and influence in the study (Q6), as well as discussions of limitations (Q7), a lack of most studies was noted.
## 3 Results and Analysis
### The Effect of Tool Wear and Breakage on the Surface Quality  
By observing the surface quality of conventional cutting and ultrasonic cutting Nomex honeycomb core during each round of experiments, it was found that the length and number of burrs on the honeycomb surface gradually increased as the cutting length increased, and their surface quality both gradually deteriorated. The conventional cutting surface and ultrasonic cutting surface are shown in Figures 22 and 23, respectively. At the cutting length of 23.25 m, the CER was small; the edge was sharp; the wear degree was small; and the disc cutter could cut off the aramid fiber in time and effectively. Hence, at this time, the honeycomb hole wall had been processed with a flatter surface and basically without hole wall burrs, as shown in Figures 22b and 23b. At the cutting length of 46.50 m, the aramid fiber pull-out phenomenon appeared on both the conventional cutting surface and ultrasonic cutting surface, forming the burrs defect, but the burrs were more obvious on the conventional cutting surface, as shown in Figures 22c and 23c. With the increase in tool wear and breakage, the CER of the disc cutter gradually increased, and the width of the cutting edge breakage at the chipping position also further increased. The disc cutter failed to cut off the aramid fiber in time during the cutting process, resulting in a longer aramid fiber pull-out length on the honeycomb wall and an increase in the number of burrs, as shown in Figures 22d,e and 23d,e. Furthermore, comparing the conventional cutting surface and ultrasonic cutting surface with cutting lengths of 69.75 m and 93.00 m,  
Figure 21: Variation of the cutting edge breakage width with cutting length.  
Figure 20: Breakage morphologies of disc cutter at the same cutting position 2 under different cutting lengths. (**a**) 0 m; (**b**) 23.25 m; (**c**) 46.50 m; (**d**) 69.75 m; (**e**) 93.00 m.  
respectively, it is obvious that the number of honeycomb burrs after ultrasonic cutting is less and the surface quality is better. This also indicates that ultrasonic cutting Nomex honeycomb core has some machining advantages under the same cutting condition.
## 6 Conclusions and Outlook  
The ESA strategy for Land products validation was presented and discussed within this paper. The overall validation problem is addressed from an end-to-end system perspective, which includes rigorous verification of the satellite system output starting from the calibration at the TOA level up to the retrieval of geophysical parameters. The main pillars underpinning this strategy are a reinforced focus on metrological practices to ensure traceability along the full processing chain and the need of providing uncertainty per-measurand, ideally at pixel-level. The survey of the state-of-the-art in Cal/Val, which was the outcome of a series of ESA Cal/Val Workshops, allows the identification of concrete needs and data gaps to be addressed in the coming years in the different domains. While for the assessment of TOA radiometry there is a long-lasting experience and a very good level of readiness in terms of infrastructure and practices, important gaps appear at the Level 2 BOA stage. Among the most urgent gaps, there is an obvious need for setting up and maintaining a global network of surface reflectance ground-based measurements. This is the main priority for ESA, since it is currently the weakest point in terms of readiness level along the whole processing chain, while it is an essential element to facilitate the interoperability of current and future land imaging sensors. In terms of ground-based facilities, there is a large number of potential national and continental networks, although they significantly differ with respect to the used practices and there is little attention in providing uncertainty in Cal/Val data. The objective for the coming years will be to contribute to harmonising best practices across existing networks to enhance their interoperability moving, in the longer term, to a sustained operational global network of FRM sites.
# Comparing Augmented Reality-Assisted Assembly Functions--A Case Study on Dougong Structure
## 3 Design of Paper-Based Instructions  
A set of preliminary experiments was first conducted to discover potential inefficiencies of paper-based assembly instructions. A small group of subjects participated in the experiments by completing a simple assembly task stepwise, and all difficulties along each step were observed and recorded. The findings thus obtained provided guidelines for designing AR-assisted functions.  
The primary purpose of the experiments was to observe how subjects perform on assembling the Dougong models using a paper-based instruction manual. The manual was designed based on the guidelines proposed by a previous study [16]. As shown in Figure 2, a 3D explosion diagram helps to depict the assembly sequence visually. A total of five subjects, students with majors in engineering, were recruited to participate in the experiments. All of them had hands-on experiences in assembling real products. The assembly process was undertaken in a lab-controlled environment with a video recorder set up in front of a work area. Each subject was asked in an interview to provide their feedback after the experiment.  
During the interviews, the subjects mentioned two usability drawbacks of the paper-based manual. First, the manual only showed the assembly components in a single view angle, thereby occluding the details of some parts. Moreover, paper-based instructions fail to provide precise information on the actual component's shape, size, or orientation, causing confusion about the manner in which the components are put together. This confusion may increase the possibility of assembly errors because the Dougong structure is constructed with similar components of different dimensions. Some subjects either chose an incorrect component to assemble or held a component in the wrong orientation during the assembly process. It was also mentioned that more precise instructions with pictures or figures showing a component at different angles should be provided to make the assembly features more recognizable.  
The second limitation was that the instructional arrows in the manual were unorganized. The purpose of arrows was to clearly indicate either a step-by-step walkthrough (with the arrows \"flowing\" chronologically) or the assembly feature of a part. However, a few subjects expressed that the arrows were ambiguous, and some of them were redundant in the current instructions. They suggested that the arrows be color-coded in order to convey information clearly. Figure 3 shows the differences between the original manual and improved version. Similar design improvements were also implemented in the AR assembly functions developed later.  
Figure 2: Paper-based instructions used in preliminary experiments.
# Regional Adaptability Analysis of Solar Roof Utilization Technologies in China
## 2 Methodology
### Evaluation of the Environmental Benefit  
As the majority of the electricity in China is generated by thermal power plants burning coal, a reduction in the electricity consumption means a reduction in pollutant emissions such as carbon dioxide, sulfide, and dust. The environmental benefit of the solar roof is huge.  
The environmental benefit of the two roof utilization technologies is evaluated based on emission reduction in carbon dioxide.  
CO\({}_{2}\) emission reduction per year is determined by the following equation [32]:  
\[\mathrm{G_{CO2}}=\frac{\Delta Q}{\mathrm{Qsc\ E_{f}}}\mathrm{F_{CO_{2}}}\cdot \frac{44}{12} \tag{4}\]  
where \(\mathrm{G_{CO2}}\) is the CO\({}_{2}\) emission reduction per year, t; E\({}_{f}\) is the efficiency of the heater, %; Qsc is the calorific value of standard coal, 29.308 MJ/kg; \(\mathrm{F_{CO2}}\) is the carbon emission factor, 0.866 is chosen for electricity; and 44 and 12 are, respectively, the molecular weight of carbon dioxide and carbon.  
Figure 7: Energy saving by the solar PV technology.  
For every kilowatt hour of electricity saved, the emission of carbon dioxide will decrease by about 0.85 kg. Therefore, the reduction in carbon dioxide emission by different technologies can be obtained for different building types and different cities. Since most cities of China have a rich solar radiation resource, the reduction in CO2 emission is considerable. Figure 8 shows the reductions of CO2 emission for different solar utilization technologies. Apparently, the emission reduction in a solar domestic hot water system is in general larger than that of a solar PV system due to the fact that the solar to heat conversion efficiency is typically 40-60%, which is 2-3 times higher than the solar to electricity conversion efficiency (15-20%).
## 3 Master-Slave Optimization Framework
### Master Stage: Multi-Vorse Optimizer (MVO)
#### 3.1.2 Mathematical Representation  
Let the solution space be defined by \(d\) decision variables, with each bounded within a minimum and maximum limit denoted as \(U_{Min}(j)\) and \(U_{Max}(j)\), respectively, for the \(j\)-th variable. In the context of this problem, \(U_{Min}\) and \(U_{Max}\) represent the lower and upper power limits that the batteries can deliver to or absorb from the MG. A population of \(n\) candidate solutions (universes) is initialized as  
\[U_{i,j}=(U_{Max}(j)-U_{Min}(j))\cdot\text{rand}+U_{Min}(j), \tag{18}\]  
where \(U_{i,j}\) is the \(j\)-th component of the \(i\)-th universe, and rand is a uniformly distributed random number in \([0,1]\). This results in an initial population matrix:  
\[\mathbf{U}=\begin{bmatrix}U_{1,1}&U_{1,2}&\cdots&U_{1,d}\\ U_{2,1}&U_{2,2}&\cdots&U_{2,d}\\ \vdots&\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\\ U_{n,1}&U_{n,2}&\cdots&U_{n,d}\end{bmatrix}. \tag{19}\]  
In the context of the optimal operation of a BESS, each particle \(U_{i,j}\) represents the charging or discharging power assigned to the BESS units within the AC microgrid.  
Figure 1 presents the encoding scheme used to model the 24 h operational schedule of each BESS unit. Each row, composed of 24 time-indexed elements, represents the hourly power profile of a specific BESS unit, where each element indicates the normalized charging or discharging power at a given time step.  
The first and last elements are emphasized to incorporate boundary conditions, assuming an initial and final state of charge (SoC) of 50%, as recommended by the IEEE standard [35]. This structure allows the MVO algorithm to evaluate each particle as a complete and feasible operational schedule for the BESS system.