# Human Factor Issues in Remote Ship Operations: Lesson Learned by Studying Different Domains
## 4 Results
### Situation Awareness (SA)  
[PERSON] [40], defines situation awareness (SA) as \"the perception of the elements in the environment within a volume of time and space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their status in the near future\". Conception and cognition are two main key elements in achieving an adequate level of SA. SA has three levels: perception of the current situation, comprehension of it, and at the highest level, projection of the future situation [40]. Achieving levels two and three of SA (comprehension and prediction) is very critical for the performance of complex systems [33]. SA is commonly cited in human-automation errors. Aviation accidents and air traffic control errors frequently cite _\"lack of SA\"_ or _\"failure to maintain SA\"_[33]. It is important to mention that lack of SA refers to a low level of SA in the environment. On the other hand, [22] discusses the relationship between harmony and SA in SCCs and discrepancies \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{10}{c}{**Human–Machine Interactions**} \\ \hline
**Authors** & **Domain** & **1** & **2** & **3** & **4** & **5** & **6** & **7** & **8** & **9** & **10** & **11** & **12** & **13** \\ \hline
**IMO-NAV**[27] & Shipping & & & & & & & & & & & & \\
**IMO**[28] & Shipping & & & & & & & & & & & & \\
**[PERSON] et al.**[29] & Shipping & & & & & & & & & & & & \\
**[PERSON] et al.**[30] & Shipping & & & & & & & & & & & & \\
**[PERSON] et al.**[31] & Shipping & & & & & & & & & & & & \\
**[PERSON] and Yildiz**[16] & Aviation (UAV) & & & & & & & & & & & & \\
**[PERSON]**[32] & Aviation (UAV) & & & & & & & & & & & & \\
**Nisser and Westin**[33] & Aviation (UAV) & & & & & & & & & & & & \\
**[PERSON]**[34] & Aviation (UAV) & & & & & & & & & & & & \\
**[PERSON] et al.**[35] & Aviation (UAS) & & & & & & & & & & & & \\
**McCarley and Wickens**[36] & Aviation (UAV) & & & & & & & & & & & & \\
**[PERSON] et al.**[37] & Aviation (Aircraft) & & & & & & & & & & & & \\
**[PERSON] and [PERSON]**[38] & Aviation (UAV) & & & & & & & & & & & & \\
**[PERSON] and [PERSON]**[39] & Aviation (UAV) & & & & & & & & & & & & \\
**[PERSON]**[40] & Aviation (Aircraft) & & & & & & & & & & & & \\
**[PERSON] and [PERSON]**[41] & Airspace (telerobic) & & & & & & & & & & & \\
**[PERSON]**[42] & Aviation (UAV) & & & & & & & & & & & & \\
**[PERSON] et al.**[43] & Remote operated container crane & & & & & & & & & & & \\
**[PERSON] et al.**[44] & Remote operated container crane & & & & & & & & & & & \\
**[PERSON] and [PERSON]**[45] & Remote operated container crane & & & & & & & & & & \\
**[PERSON] et al.**[46] & Remote operated container crane & & & & & & & & & & & \\
**[PERSON] et al.**[47] & Automated train) & & & & & & & & & & & & \\
**[PERSON] et al.**[48] & Metro control center & & & & & & & & & & & \\
**[PERSON]**[49] & Rail intelligent infrastructure & & & & & & & & & & & & \\
**[PERSON] et al.**[50] & Automated driving & & & & & & & & & & & \\
**[PERSON] et al.**[51] & Rally control center & & & & & & & & & & & \\
**Lynas and Horberny**[52] & Mining & & & & & & & & & & & & \\
**[PERSON] and Horberny**[53] & Mining & & & & & & & & & & & & \\
**Number of articles address** & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\
**each factor** & & & & 20 & 12 & 8 & 5 & 5 & 8 & 21 & 16 & 14 & 12 & 6 & 4 & 3 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Cont. regarding SA requirements. [PERSON] et al. [22] argue that \"_harmony reveals the continuous balanced effect by tuning the ship to the dynamic environment under different situations that ship handlers strive for_\". According to their findings, loss of harmony hinders perception and makes it harder to obtain the higher levels of SA in the SCC. In addition, they mention that operators in SCCs require more time to develop SA, after which they react. Achieving a high level of SA requires an incremental process of collecting information from the environment.