## 4 Results
### Expected Maturity Time Line of Innovative Technologies  
In pursuit of understanding a realistic timeline for maturity of technologies like autonomous vehicles, Internet of things and big data, all of the participating organizations were asked, when they think the above mentioned technologies would be mature enough (from pilot to full operational level) to be implemented on highways in their respective regions. Figure 2 below highlights the respondents' feedback to this question.  
As can be seen from the figure above that out of 51 respondents, the majority (36) postulated that big data would be actively placed in operations by 2020, and only 15 believed it could take another 5 to 10 years to be mature enough for highway operations. According to the responses, the Internet of thing is the second rapidly maturing technological advancement. The results show that 22 organizations think it could be in highway operations by 2020 whereas, 24 believe it would take another 5 years to play its role in highway operations, and only 5 organizations believe it would not be actively used until 2030 in highway operations. The opinions on AV are divided into two equal halves--22 organizations believe that AV technology would mature by 2025 or earlier, and 22 organizations deem it would take another five years to be on the roads. Although, 7 of respondents believe this technological advancement would mature until 2035.  
There are two main regions, which responded to this survey, i.e., North America (N.A.) and European Union (E.U.) with 35 and 11 respondents respectively, which makes 90% of the total responding organizations. Whereas, only five organizations have responded from Asia, South America and other regions combined. Therefore, for the sake of simplicity, in Table 3 below, this study compared and discussed only two main groups of responding organizations.  
The majority of the organizations believe that Internet of things and big data would be adaptable for highway operations in their countries at the latest by 2025. Only a small number of organizations think it might take another five years. Organizations from both regions have a similar view on  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Year** & **N.A.** & **E.U.** & **Year** & **N.A.** & **E.U.** & **Year** & **N.A.** & **E.U.** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Internet of Things**} & 2020 & 43\% & 45\% & 2020 & 63\% & 91\% & & 2020 & 11\% & 9\% \\ \cline{2-10}  & 2025 & 43\% & 55\% & 2025 & 23\% & 9\% & & 2025 & 34\% & 27\% \\ \cline{2-10}  & 2030 & 14\% & 0\% & 2030 & 14\% & 0\% & & 2030 & 40\% & 55\% \\ \cline{2-10}  & 2035 & 0\% & 0\% & 2035 & 0\% & 0\% & & 2035 & 14\% & 9\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Innovative technologies maturity time-line North America v/s European Union.  
Figure 2: Innovative technologies expected maturity time line.  
autonomous vehicles, which is one of the most discussed topics over the past few years. Further, 44% and 36% of the North American and European organizations believe self-driving cars would be completed at the latest by 2025. However, 40% of the North American and 55% of the European organizations think they would see AVs in operation by 2030. Only 14% and 9% of the organizations, respectively, think it might take another 5 years to be mature enough for adaptation.