## 7 Discussion  
### Different Uses of Green Hydrogen in Society  
The global demand for hydrogen reached approximately 90 Mt in 2020, representing a 50% increase since the beginning of the millennium [50]. This demand is primarily concentrated in the refining and industrial sectors. Given its nature as the lightest and most abundant element in the universe, hydrogen is distinguished by its high energy density per unit of weight, which is three times that of gasoline. Its versatility in storage, transportation, and use establishes it as a fundamental energy vector, adaptable to various physical states (gaseous, liquid, and solid) and susceptible to conversion into other substances. It facilitates energy utilization at times and locations far removed from its primary production [51]. While its current application focuses on the petrochemical industry, particularly in the synthesis of ammonia for fertilizers, refining processes, and the production of steel and iron (with China, the United States, and the Middle East as the main consumers in refining), the hydrogen value chain encompasses a wide range of energy-intensive sectors. These include the oil industry, the chemical industry (to produce synthetic fuels and other products), power generation, mobility (land, sea, and air), and heavy industry (cement, steel, etc.). These sectors were responsible for a significant carbon footprint, with approximately 11.2 Gt of CO2 emissions in 2017 derived from fossil fuels [52]. In this context, green hydrogen, produced from renewable sources, is emerging as a promising solution for the decarbonization of these various sectors. Some authors specifically explore its potential in agriculture, aquaculture, and livestock farming, where it could power agricultural machinery, HVAC systems, and the production of sustainable fertilizers. The combustion of green hydrogen generates only water, making it an attractive alternative for reducing the carbon footprint of these activities [53]. Figure 22: Comparative graph for annual energy production and capacity factors for on-shore wind farms in Magallanes Region. Globally, there is growing interest in and deployment of large-scale green hydrogen projects. In Latin America and the Caribbean, countries such as Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Uruguay are developing national hydrogen roadmaps or strategies intending to use it in key sectors such as transportation (air and maritime), mining, fertilizer production, the chemical industry, and steel, seeking to achieve decarbonization goals by 2050. Despite its potential, the economic viability of green hydrogen is a crucial factor. Its production cost varies considerably depending on the geographic location, electricity prices, and equipment costs. Estimates for 2020 place production from renewables between 4.0 and 7.0 USD/kgH\({}_{2}\), with projections suggesting a reduction to a range of 1.5 to 3.0 USD/kgH\({}_{2}\) by 2030 and beyond. In this regard, some authors emphasize the need for a thorough economic analysis to determine the large-scale viability of green hydrogen, considering production costs, infrastructure development, and demand in the various application sectors--elements that will define its competitiveness in the future energy market [54]. Financing mechanisms play a fundamental role in the viability and scalability of green hydrogen production, especially in regions such as Magallanes, Chile. The specialized literature underscores the importance of diversifying financing sources and implementing effective risk mitigation instruments to attract sustainable investments. Among the most relevant approaches are public-private partnerships (PPPs), which allow for risk sharing and the mobilization of both public and private capital in the development of green hydrogen projects [55]. Likewise, green bonds are positioned as a key financial tool.