## 2 Literature Review  
EBLs are widely applied in many big cities. Due to the provision of dedicated road rights for buses, the use of dedicated bus routes will significantly improve the speed, stability, and convenience of buses for passengers. For example, in the practice of Shanghai [7] and Los Angeles [8], the use of bus lanes has reduced delays by 10% and 14.2%, respectively. EBL location optimization is a complex optimization problem considering the tradeoff between car and bus passengers [9; 10]. As an NP-hard problem, efficiency maximization or cost minimization is usually set as the optimization goal [11; 12]. [PERSON] proposed a bi-level optimization model of EBL on the multi-modal network [13]. The upper model considered passenger travel time and comfort, and the lower model was a multi-modal distribution model. [PERSON] analyzed the design method of EBL in random traffic networks from the perspective of the competition relationship between cars and buses, and focused on the uncertainty of bus waiting time [14]. [PERSON] established a bi-level programming model to study the temporal and spatial characteristics of EBL [15]. [PERSON] compared the application effect of continuous EBL under different scenarios, and proposed the corresponding planning method [16]. [PERSON] analyzed the EBL optimization by three levels including EBL's structure, layout, and service frequency [17]. The upper model was established from the perspective of urban planners, the middle model considered the optimal operation cost of enterprise, and the lower model aimed to maximize the satisfaction of passengers. Several researchers also combined the EBL location optimization with intersection signal optimization [18; 19]. Considering the condition that EBL location optimization was always a complex programming problem under the result of transit assignment [20], different solution algorithms were proposed, such as genetic algorithms [21], branch and bound [22], and benders decomposition [23]. Since EBLs have been widely applied by many transit agencies, a lot of research focused on the evaluation of the operation stability and service reliability after the implementation of EBL [24]. For the EBL location optimization studies, quantified travel time and reliability of both transit and car passengers are key factors. Travel time is usually measured by the Bureau of Public Roads (BPR) function or related functions [25; 26; 27; 28]. For travel reliability, with the development of multi-source data, more data-driving methods are proposed, and AVL data, GIS data, and GPS data are used to estimate reliability conditions. [PERSON] [29] analyzed headway variance using incomplete data. The research focused on the missing buses or discarded spurious bus headways. [PERSON] [30] analyzed service reliability at the levels of stop, route, and network. [PERSON] proposed an offline framework for the outputting of time reliability by analyzing AVL data [31; 32]. The implementation of EBL considers real-time response to dynamically changing traffic demands, making the design of efficient service processes and solution algorithms the core issue of this research. Similar problems, including studies on the integration of different modes of transport, are generally based on the extension of the vehicle routing problem with time windows [33]. For solving the optimization model, the two main types of algorithms currently are analytical algorithms and heuristic algorithms. For analytical algorithms, since they can obtain the precise solution to the model through a complex mathematical iterative process, they are suitable for solving small-scale problems. Incontrast, heuristic algorithms can obtain relatively optimal solutions through a limited number of iterations, and are more widely applied in practice [34; 35; 36]. Although much research has been conducted to support improving reliability of transit systems by EBL, the following critical issues are deserving of further investigations:  
1. Travel time is concentrated more in EBL location research.