# Internet of Things Applications as Energy Internet in Smart Grids and Smart Environments
## 4 IoT-Enabled Applications for Smart Homes  
A smart home management system (SHMS) is composed of many numbers of smart devices and smart things that are able to communicate with a central system. This central system can be characterized through various terms called, for example, the home gateway, distributed services middleware, gateway, and integrator, the ZigBee-based intelligent self-adjusting sensor (ZiSAS), and so on [23; 45]. Although different terms are utilized in applications, the procedures realized by SHMS systems are the same, and they collect observing data from sensors and smart things, then control devices by conveying commands. In addition, if a crucial change occurs, the SHMS systems inform users about this situation. [PERSON] et al., in [23], analyzed some SHMS systems integrating hardware and software infrastructures. The control structure of SHMS systems is generally conducted based on two types of systems, which are composed of mobile applications and IoT middleware structure [45; 46; 47; 48]. Owing to the energy consumption levels of residential users, the US government has enforcedmaintenance of an important insistence on the demand response (DR) management. Becauseof this persistence, home load management systems (HLMSs) have been developed. Hence, consumers can benefit from DR programs while reducing waste consumptions. In addition, integrating HLMS modules to users' SMs can provide obtaining autonomous agents of the framework [49]. The SHMS and HLMS systems authorize customers to increment efficiency. Moreover, customers can obtain several benefits from service providers by joining their special programs to reduce energy costs. On the other hand, governments and service providers can obtain benefits from DR programs because of SHMSs and HLMSs [50; 51]. The SHMS contains a particular management type which is occasionally defined as the home energy management system (HEMS). The main goals of the HESM are related to demand side management (DSM) and DR control. Even though both of these systems are generally considered the same, this assumption is not true. While the DSM aims to increment the efficiency of electricity consumption, the DR's target is to vary users' habits in order to decrease electricity consumption indirectly. The DR methods can generally be classified into two categories: Price-based programs (PBPs) and incentive-based programs (IBPs). The IBP contains well-known methods fir direct load control and capacity market categories. On the other hand, the PBP includes critical peak pricing (CPP), time-of-use (TOU), and real-time pricing (RTP), which are indirect methods affecting electricity consumption habits. The network communication in smart home systems is conducted through serial area networks, such as a neighborhood area network (NAN). A neighborhood area contains smart home groups and data aggregators in a specified area. The combination of smart devices such as SMs, distributed energy resources (DERs), loads, and energy storage devices form a typical NAN structure. The SMs that offer the two-way wireless communication feature are very important components of the NANs [50; 52; 53]. As can be seen from Figure 2, the collected data from several networks are conveyed to monitor and control centers, thanks to gateways. It is important to note that SHMSs can be set up in a layer form similar to the other IoT applications. The combination of PHY and MAC layers are generally introduced as device layers, where sensors, actuators, smart things, and gateways are intensely exploited [54]. The network layer is comprised of various wired and wireless communication networks, HAN, and NAN structures, as can be depicted in Figure 2. In addition, Figure 3 illustrates the protocols and services explained above, which are exploited to carry out data acquisition and collecting operations. The management layer is a special layer that combines cloud and management services. The last layer, the application layer, ensures necessary services and interfaces to end-users.