# Formation Mechanism and Response Strategies for Urban Waterlogging: A Comprehensive Review
## 3 Analytical Framework
### Experimental Research
#### 3.2.1 Experimental Design  
Experimental research is a crucial method for investigating the mechanisms of urban waterlogging, primarily through scaled models, physical experiments, and parameter measurements to simulate real flood scenarios, revealing the complex relationship between fluid behavior and urban morphology.  
Most studies employ scaled models to simulate urban waterlogging scenarios. For instance, [PERSON] et al. [53] utilized a 1:200 scaled urban geometry experimental setup to measure hydraulic variables under different flood conditions. [PERSON] et al. [54] conducted wave experiments using a 1:20 scaled model to measure water surface heights and extreme pressures around idealized structures. [PERSON] et al. [59] measured the impact forces of flood events on buildings through a 1:30 scaled model experiment.  
To enhance the accuracy of flow and water level monitoring experiments, many studies have integrated high-resolution monitoring technologies. [PERSON] et al. [55] employed large-scale particle image velocimetry (LSPIV) and laser scanning techniques to obtain spatial distribution data of surface water flow depth and velocity, providing a high-precision basis for flow calculations and demonstrating strong robustness. In response to urban flood flow fields caused by extreme rainfall or levee breaches, [PERSON] et al. [56] recorded flow depth and velocity using point flow meters and ultrasonic velocity profilers, with their dataset available for numerical model validation.  
The details of experimental research are shown in Table 1. These experimental design methods enable researchers to simulate urban waterlogging under both normal and extreme conditions in the laboratory, providing essential experimental evidence for a deeper understanding of urban hydrological responses. Selecting appropriate experimental design strategies helps improve the accuracy of experimental results, making them closer to actual conditions, thereby providing valuable scientific support for urban planning and flood prevention measures.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Reference** & **Year and Analysis** & **Experimental Methods** & **Contents** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [53]} & 2018 Experimental insight for flood flow in urban areas & & Measure hydraulic variables under different flood conditions by using a 1:200 scale urban geometric experimental setup. \\ \cline{2-4}  & 2016 Experimental study of the stability of pedestrians exposed to urban pluvial flooding & & Investigate the stability limits of pedestrians in rapidly flowing water by using a full-scale model. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [61]} & 2018 Building performance in dam-break flow—an experimental study & & Employ non-intrusive pressure and ultrasonic measurements to explore the impact of dam breaches on residential structures. \\ \cline{2-4}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Experimental research methods for waterlogging.