esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Secure Link-Layer Connectivity Platform for Multi-Site NFV Services
## 4 Implementation and Validation  
### Implementation of the L2S VNF  
As suggested by our conceptual design, one distinctive property of the L2S platform is its potential for innovation using existing technologies and protocols. To verify this property, we have prototyped a functional L2S VNF using standard Internet protocols and open-source technologies.  
The implementation of the L2S VNF is outlined in Figure 3. This component is based on _Open vSwitch_, an open-source, programmable, production-quality virtual switch. As commented in the previous section, our solution assumes that several virtual links are pre-created at each NFVI for the purposes of inter-site communications. Upon instantiation, an L2S VNF is provisioned with several virtual interfaces, each one attached to one of these virtual links. In addition, an _Open vSwitch_ instance is created on the VNF. Every interface of the L2S VNF that connects to a pre-created virtual link is then added as an access port to the _Open vSwitch_ instance and assigned to a VLAN. For each VLAN, a Linux VXLAN interface is also created and attached to the _Open vSwitch_ instance. This interface behaves as a VXLAN tunnel endpoint [18], implementing an IP tunnel towards every other L2S VNF that has an access port on the same VLAN. Traffic encapsulated within every IP tunnel is protected through IPsec transport mode. To this purpose, our implementation uses _strongSwan_, an open-source IPsec implementation for Linux.  
The L5 VNF has been prototyped in a virtual machine with Linux Ubuntu 16.04.5 LTS, with 1 vCPU of processing, 1 GB RAM, and 20 GB of storage. A _bash_ script on the virtual machine supports the automated configuration of the L25 VNF, including: (1) the creation of the _Open vSwitch_ instance on the virtual machine; (2) the configuration of the VLANs and the VXLAN interfaces; and (3) the establishment of IPsec security associations to protect IP tunnels. The _bash_ script works with a configuration file, containing the parameters that are needed to adapt the L25 VNF to different deployment scenarios. These parameters include VLAN and VXLAN identifiers, IP addresses of other L5 VNFs (that is, IP tunnel endpoints), and cryptographic keys to initialize IPsec procedures. Configuration parameters would be provided to the MANO system involved in the deployment of an L25 VNFs, which would then use them along with the _bash_ script to instantiate the VNF.
# Design Optimization of Truss Structures Using a Graph Neural Network-Based Surrogate Model
## 2 Research Significance  
In recent years, the rapid progress of graph neural networks has led to many of their applications across various fields. However, to the best of the authors' knowledge, the utilization of GNNs for the solution of structural optimization problems has not been previously explored. Therefore, the significance of this study lies in its contribution in developing a novel technique that integrates a particle swarm optimization algorithm and a GNN-based surrogate model with a primary aim to provide a more computationally efficient approach while still achieving an acceptable level of accuracy for the solution of truss structure size optimization problems. By leveraging the graph representation of the trusses, the GNN enables the surrogate model to approximate the nodal displacements, and consequently the member stresses, during the design optimization process. This technique enables the determination of the optimal cross-sectional areas of the truss members with fewer FEM analyses, thereby significantly reducing the required computational time, especially for the optimization of large structures.
# Development of an L-Band SAR Microsatellite Antenna for Earth Observation
## 1 Introduction
### Motivation for Circularly Polarized SAR  
Earth observation spaceborne SAR systems are conventionally linearly-polarized, although there are many benefits of circularly-polarized sensors [9]. Circular polarization has the advantage of minimizing the ionospheric effect known as Faraday rotation, which degrades linearly polarized waves most severely in the frequencies below 1.2 GHz. In addition, the use of circular polarization reduces effects of antenna misalignments and multipath propagation, improving the received signal. Circular polarization is typically used in satellite communication links, but its use in spaceborne SAR systems for remote sensing has not been much explored. The main reason is difficulty in making antenna systems that comply with the strict requirements of circular polarization, such as antennas with almost perfect axial ratio.  
In polarimetric SAR, transmitting in circular or tilted linear polarization has gained popularity over the years as it overcomes existing drawbacks in the conventional polarimetric linear polarized SAR, the so-called compact polarimetric or pseudo quad-pol SAR [10]. The drawback is that, although suitable for some key applications, compact SAR data cannot replicate all aspects of full polarimetric imagery.  
Recently, a SAR mode that adopts circular polarization signals in transmission while receiving both polarizations has been proposed [9], and its concept referred to CP-SAR (Patent Pending 2014-214905). Application of a ground based full-polarimetric CP-SAR on rice phenology monitoring has been demonstrated [11], showing adequate classification capability of rice paddies. The L-band microsat is designed to support full polarimetric CP-SAR for concept demonstration, but to avoid too large data amounts it should operate mostly in one polarization, that is, transmitting either left-hand-circular polarization (LHCP) or right-hand-circular polarization (RHCP), and receiving both. To guarantee a high degree of circularly polarized scattered waves, the microsat CP-SAR must consider look angles below 50\({}^{\circ}\), as up to this angle, the polarization of scattered waves presents axial ratio under 3 dB [9]. Apart from being a technology demonstrator, the microsat's main mission is to support research on elliptically polarized scattering for remote sensing applications, aiming for the development of end-user products.
# Optimum Geometries for Wireless Power Transfer Between an Oblong Coil and a Rectangular Coil
## 3 Theorems
: _The maximum value of the normalized voltage \(\xi=\dot{V}_{ind}/\left(-j\mu f_{0}\dot{I}_{p}\epsilon\right)\) induced by a stationary, infinitely long filamentary coil \(p\), of width \(D\), which is constituted of a single turn of wire carrying a sinusoidal current \(I_{p}\) of constant amplitude and frequency \(f_{0}=2\pi\omega_{0}\), on a parallel rectangular coil \(s\), of fixed width \(d\) and length \(\epsilon\), also constituted of a single turn of filamentary wire, located on a plane that is parallel to the plane that contains \(p\), at a fixed distance \(h\) to that plane, is obtained when the coils are symmetrically aligned, with central planes coinciding, and the width \(D\) of coil \(p\) is equal to \(w_{P}\):_  
\[w_{P}=\sqrt{d^{2}+4h^{2}} \tag{61}\]  
_and can be calculated by_  
\[\xi_{max_{h,d}}=\ln\frac{w_{P}+d}{w_{P}-d} \tag{62}\]  
_Additionally, when the coils remain center-aligned and the width \(D\) of the primary coil \(p\) is varied, the normalized induced voltage observed with \(D=\lambda w_{P}\) is the same as that observed when \(D=w_{P}/\lambda\), for any \(\lambda>0\)._  
Proof of Theorem 2.: This proof follows by initially applying Lemma 2 to each of the conductors of \(p\), and separately positioning \(P_{1}\) and \(P_{2}\) in order to maximize the induced voltage. The property of the total magnetic flux on \(s\) is the sum of the fluxes generated by \(I_{p}\) leaving at \(P_{1}\), and current \(-I_{p}\) leaving at \(P_{2}\), due to linear superposition of the respective magnetic fields generated by these two conductors of coil \(p\), and the independence of the fields generated by them. Starting from Equations (50) to (52), it follows that  
\[\dot{V}_{ind}=\dot{V}_{1}+\dot{V}_{2} \tag{63}\]  
\[\max_{x}\frac{\dot{V}_{ind}(x,h,d,D)}{-j\;\mu\;f_{0}\;\dot{I}_{p}\;\epsilon}= \max_{x}\frac{\dot{V}_{1}(x,h,d,D)}{-j\;\mu\;f_{0}\;\dot{I}_{p}\;\epsilon}+ \max_{x}\frac{\dot{V}_{2}(x,h,d,D)}{-j\;\mu\;f_{0}\;\dot{I}_{p}\;\epsilon} \tag{64}\]  
By Lemma 2,  
\[\max_{x}\frac{\dot{V}_{1}(x,h,d,D)}{-j\;\mu\;f_{0}\;\dot{I}_{p}\;\epsilon}= \frac{\dot{V}_{1}(q_{1},h,d,D)}{-j\;\mu\;f_{0}\;\dot{I}_{p}\;\epsilon},\;\;q_ {1}=-\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{d^{2}+4h^{2}} \tag{65}\]  
Figure 7: Normalized voltage induced on a single-turn secondary coil \(s\) that is at a fixed distance from the single-turn primary coil \(p\) as a function of the relative position of the center of \(s\) to \(p\). \[\xi(0,h,d,w_{P}/\lambda)=\ln\frac{w_{P}\Big{(}1+\frac{1}{\lambda^{2}}\Big{)}+\frac{ 2d}{\lambda}}{w_{P}\Big{(}1+\frac{1}{\lambda^{2}}\Big{)}-\frac{2d}{\lambda}}= \xi(0,h,d,\lambda w_{P}) \tag{75}\]  
Hence, it follows that under the center alignment condition, the normalized induced voltages on coil \(s\) are the same (and so are the induced voltages) when the width of the primary coil is either \(\lambda w_{P}\) or \(w_{P}/\lambda\), with \(\lambda>0\).
# Influence of Cryogenic Grinding on the Nutritional and Antinutritional Components of Rapeseed Cake
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Quality of the Rapeseed Cake
This amount is lower than those reported in the literature [39], but the concentration of tannins should be further reduced because they can form complexes with proteins and proteolytic enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract, which negatively affects the nutritional value of the cake [35]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & & **RC** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Free phenolic compound (mg/100 g)} & Gallic acid & 27 \(\pm\) 0 \\  & Chlorogenic acid & 75 \(\pm\) 9 \\  & Ferulic acid & 65 \(\pm\) 2 \\  & Sinapic acid & 85 \(\pm\) 2 \\  & \(p\)-coumaric acid & 97 \(\pm\) 1 \\  & Syringaldehyde & 14 \(\pm\) 6 \\  & Canolol & 9 \(\pm\) 1 \\  & Sinapine & 607 \(\pm\) 188 \\  & Non identified & 825 \(\pm\) 22 \\  & Total & 1927 \(\pm\) 51 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Bound phenolic compound (mg/100 g)} & Ferulic acid & 32 \(\pm\) 0 \\  & Sinapic acid & 688 \(\pm\) 4 \\  & \(p\)-coumaric acid & 10 \(\pm\) 0 \\  & Syringaldehyde & 4 \(\pm\) 0 \\  & Non identified & 132 \(\pm\) 1 \\  & Total & 865 \(\pm\) 4 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Tannins (mg/100 g)} & & 489 \(\pm\) 36 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Glucosinolate (\(\mu\)mol/g) *} & Glucoiberin & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0.1 \\  & Progoitrin & 6.9 \(\pm\) 0.7 \\  & Glucoraphin & 0.5 \(\pm\) 0.0 \\  & Gluconapoleiferin & 0.4 \(\pm\) 0.0 \\  & Gluconapin & 4.0 \(\pm\) 0.0 \\  & Gluconapin & 4.0 \(\pm\) 0.0 \\  & 4-hidroxyglucobrassicin & 0.3 \(\pm\) 0.1 \\  & Glucobrassicanapin & 1.1 \(\pm\) 0.0 \\  & Glucobrassicin & 0.5 \(\pm\) 0.0 \\  & 4-metoxycytobrassicin & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0.0 \\  & Total & 14.0 \(\pm\) 0.8 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
* Expressed on the mass of defatted and dry rapeseed cake.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Composition of phenolic compounds and glucosinolates of laboratory produced rapeseed cake (RC). The concentration of glucosinolates in the produced cake was low, only 14 \(\upmu\)mol per g of defatted and dry cake. For a seed to be classified as a canola or 00-rapeseed variety, the concentration of glucosinolates should be less than 30 \(\upmu\)mol/g [40]. The major glucosinolates detected were progoitrin (6.9 \(\upmu\)mol/g), gluconapin (4.0 \(\upmu\)mol/g), and glucobrassicanapin (1.1 \(\upmu\)mol/g) (Table 2). All other compounds detected (gucoiberin, epi-progoitrin, glucoraphanin, gluconapoleiferin, glucobrassicin, 4-hidroxyglucobrassicin, 4-metoxyglucobrassicin) are present at concentrations less than 1 \(\upmu\)mol/g. This composition is typical for Brassica napus cultivars [35]. Although the produced cake contains low concentrations of glucosinolates, and most of which are aliphatic glucosinolates, which mainly have a negative effect on the organoleptic properties of the cake, their concentration should be reduced due to degradation products such as goitrin, a degradation product of progoitrin, which has antithyroid activity [35].
## 6 Conclusions  
For a rock slope with multiple joints, it is complex to describe its dynamic response regularities under stress wave loading. One reason is that many factors can influence the dynamic response of the slope, such as slope angle, slope height, properties of joints, properties of applied stress wave, and so on. In this paper, the simplified configuration of a rock slope with a horizontal layered-structure is given. Therefore, this method makes it possible to focus on the study of the effect of the parameters in which we are most interested (\(K\) and \(\xi\)). Meanwhile, other parameters are fixed.  
This study focused on two issues: one is the verification of FLAC modeling on wave transmission across rock joints, and the other is the study of parametric studies and dynamic response on Sv wave propagation through a horizontal layered-structure rock slope. The existence of different forms of joints in a natural rock slope usually makes the problem more complicated. However, the given numerical slope model simplifies this issue. Before the simulation of the dynamic response of the slope, a verification of FLAC modeling on wave transmission across rock joints is executed. Through comparison with analytical solutions and FLAC results, the effects of joint mechanical and spatial properties on wave transmission in FLAC modeling are validated. Through the numerical simulation study of the dynamic response of a horizontal layered-structure rock slope using FLAC, some conclusions about the attenuation effects of joints and topography effects can be drawn as follows:  
* The acceleration amplification coefficient \(\eta\) decreases with the increase of the normalized fracture stiffness \(K\), and the decrease rate is obviously reduced once \(K\) is larger than 2;
* The acceleration amplification coefficient \(\eta\) does not increase with the increase of the dimensionless fracture spacing \(\xi\), and there is a decrease range due to the superposition of the reflection and the refraction from the joints;
* The effect of the dimensionless fracture spacing \(\xi\) is more obvious on the acceleration amplification coefficient \(\eta\) than that of the normalized fracture stiffness \(K\).  
This research was supported by funds from the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants Nos. 41322020, 41172272, and 41672307; and the Chinese Academy of Sciences under Knowledge Innovation Project Grant No. KZCX2-EW-QNI08.  
[PERSON] conceived the numerical simulation scheme; [PERSON] performed the numerical simulation; [PERSON] and [PERSON] analyzed the data; [PERSON] drafted the paper and [PERSON] revised it.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 3 Tree-Based Relative Support Distance
### Distinct Adjacent Regions  
After applying decision tree learning to the training data, we detect adjacent regions. The decision tree partitions the input space into several leaves (also denoted by terminal nodes) by reducing some impurity measures such as entropy. Following the approach of detecting adjacent regions introduced by [PERSON] (2005), we put in mathematical conditions for being adjacent regions and relate it to the relative support distance. Firstly, we represent each terminal node of a learned decision tree as follows:  
\[L_{q}=\bigcap_{j=1}^{p}b_{qj},\quad l_{qj}\leq b_{qj}\leq h_{qj}, \tag{5}\]  
where \(L_{q}\) is the \(q\)th leaf in the tree structure and \(b_{qj}\) is the boundary range for the \(j\)th variable of the \(q\)th leaf with its lower bound \(l_{qj}\) and upper bound \(h_{qj}\). Recall that \(p\) is the number of input variables. We should check whether each pair of leaves, \(L_{o}\) and \(L_{q}\), meet the following criteria:  
\[h_{os}=l_{qs}\;\;or\;\;l_{os}=h_{qs}, \tag{6}\]  
\[l_{qk}\leq l_{ok}\leq h_{qk}\;\;or\;\;l_{qk}\leq h_{ok}\leq h_{qk}, \tag{7}\]  
where \(s\) and \(k\) are one of the input variables, \(1\leq s\leq p\), \(1\leq k\leq p\), and \(s\
eq k\). That is to say, if two leaves \(L_{o}\) and \(L_{q}\) are adjacent regions, they have to share one variable, represented by the variable \(s\) in Equation (6), and one boundary, induced by the variable \(k\) in (7). Among all adjacent regions, we only consider distinct adjacent regions. For example, in Figure 2, the neighbors of \(L_{1}\) are \(L_{2}\), \(L_{4}\), and \(L_{5}\): \(\{L_{1},L_{5}\}\), however, does not form an adjacent region pair. \(\{L_{3},L_{5}\}\) is an adjacent region pair but not distinct since those regions have the same majority class. Therefore, the distinct adjacent regions in the example are only \(\{L_{1},L_{2}\}\), \(\{L_{1},L_{4}\}\), \(\{L_{2},L_{3}\}\), \(\{L_{2},L_{5}\}\), and \(\{L_{4},L_{5}\}\). Distinct adjacent regions are summarized in Table 1. Now, we apply the measure of relative support distance to select support vector candidates in the found distinct adjacent regions for each region.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline
**Region** & **Distinct Adjacent Regions** \\ \hline \(L_{1}\) & \(L_{2},L_{4}\) \\ \(L_{2}\) & \(L_{1},L_{3},L_{5}\) \\ \(L_{3}\) & \(L_{2}\) \\ \(L_{4}\) & \(L_{1},L_{5}\) \\ \(L_{5}\) & \(L_{2},L_{4}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Partition of input regions and distinct adjacent regions.
# Design and Analysis on Decoupling Techniques for MIMO Wireless Systems in 5G Applications
## 4 The Methods of Decoupling
### External Decoupling  
The external decoupling is based on adding additional structures between adjacent antenna elements. According to different mutual coupling suppression mechanisms, two categories can be further classified. Some introduce a new coupling path to offset the original coupling, such as adding the structure of neutralization lines (NL), parasitic decoupling elements (PGE), etc. Others are to control or reduce the flow of surface currents, such as defective ground structures (DGS), grounding branches, metamaterials techniques, etc.
## 4 Results
### Potential Business Transformations
#### 4.3.2 B2--Infrastructure Provider with Highly Developed Information Skills  
In addition to B1, the highway and toll operators are expected to analyze all the information about traffic flows, usage or rest areas, usage of charging station etc., collected from several data points. For example, SAT NAV systems, cameras and other sensors embedded in highways for amalgamated billing/tolling, better traffic management and enhanced safety and security. Generally, the information skills are not in-house but outsourced.
## 4 Results
### Experimental Results  
To evaluate our application that counts vehicles in an intersection in the real world, we used the Nvidia Jetson Nano as a peripheral computing system. The experimental device was deployed at the intersection between Bouskoura and Casablanca (see Figure 1). We used the Nvidia Jetson Nano to perform all the necessary steps in order to conduct the analysis, detection, tracking, and counting. The final step involved sending the counting results via MQTT to aid in the decision-making regarding expanding the intersection to mitigate congestion.  
The detection, tracking, and counting results were displayed on a monitor connected via HDMI. We have demonstrated an example of the results obtained with an average inference execution speed of 16 FPS in Figure 12. In addition, we captured two photos, one taken during the day and the other taken at night, to showcase the performance of our algorithm in different lighting conditions. The first photo was captured on 24 October 2022, at 06:44:26 with low lighting conditions. The other was taken at 13:44:00 on the same day. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of our solution in detecting and tracking vehicles under various lighting conditions.  
Figure 11: Precision–recall curve.  
Figure 10: The training model results of the pretrained YOLOv7-tiny for object detection. (**a**) Coordinate Loss; (**b**) Objectness Loss; (**c**) Classification Loss; (**d**) Precision; and (**e**) Recall.
## 3 Identification and Quantification of Volatile and Semi-Volatile Compounds in Sparkling Wines
### Sample Preparation
#### 3.1.2 Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE)  
In comparison with LLE, solid-phase extraction (SPE) offers a valuable alternative, addressing several limitations of LLE, including the extensive use of organic solvents, multiple procedural steps, longer operation times, increased potential for error, and higher costs [70]. SPE operates on the principle that analytes exhibit a higher affinity for solid adsorbent particles than for the surrounding liquid matrix. As the liquid sample passes through the adsorbent, target compounds are retained and subsequently eluted using an appropriate solvent. In a detailed review, [PERSON], [PERSON] et al. [70] explored both the theoretical and practical aspects of SPE, detailing its various types and their application across diverse real-world matrices [70].  
Regarding sparkling wines, SPE has been successfully employed in the isolation of a wide range of volatile compounds. For instance, [PERSON], [PERSON] et al. [71] performed an extensive characterization of commercially available Prosecco sparkling wines, using SPE to extract volatile compounds from the samples [71]. Similarly, in sparkling wines from the Friuli Venezia Giulia region, SPE was employed to evaluate both free and bound terpenes and C13-norisoprenoids [65]. [PERSON], [PERSON] et al. [72] used SPE for the identification and posterior quantification of volatile compounds to investigate the contribution of non-Saccharomyces yeast strains (_Lachancea thermotolerans, Metschnikowia_ spp., and _Starmerella bacillus_) to the volatile and sensory diversity of wines [72].  
SPE was also employed in the isolation of minor and trace volatile compounds in base wines and both free and bound volatile aroma compounds in wines subjected to bentonite and tannin additions during fermentation [73; 74; 75].