# Real-Time Performance Measurement Application via Bluetooth Signals for Signalized Intersections
## 3 Results  
Delay values are determined with the real-time performance measurement system developed in this study. For performance measurement, the delay parameter, which is one of the most important parameters for efficiency in traffic, is used. The designed Bluetooth traffic sensors are placed at the Refik Cesur Intersection. Data received from Bluetooth \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Detected Address** & **First Detection** & **First Detection** & **Last Detected** & **Last Detection** & **Last Detection** & **Traffic Flow** & **Travel Time (s)** \\  & **Device Number** & **Time (h:min:s)** & **Device Number** & **Time (h:min:s)** & **Traffic Flow** & **Travel Time (s)** \\ \hline MAC ID-1 & Bluetooth-1 & 11:27:01 & Bluetooth-2 & 11.27:51 & Q9 & 50 \\ MAC ID-2 & Bluetooth-4 & 21:10:52 & Bluetooth-3 & 21:13:03 & Q7 & 131 \\ MAC ID-3 & Bluetooth-4 & 03:43:15 & Bluetooth-3 & 03:44:46 & Q7 & 91 \\ MAC ID-4 & Bluetooth-3 & 13:21:59 & Bluetooth-1 & 13:24:02 & Q10 & 123 \\ MAC ID-5 & Bluetooth-4 & 09:36:14 & Bluetooth-2 & 09:37:41 & Q5 & 87 \\ MAC ID-6 & Bluetooth-2 & 17:52:32 & Bluetooth-1 & 17:54:35 & Q8 & 123 \\ MAC ID-7 & Bluetooth-2 & 10:00:45 & Bluetooth-4 & 10:01:56 & Q6 & 71 \\ MAC ID-8 & Bluetooth-4 & 16:24:05 & Bluetooth-1 & 16:25:41 & Q5 & 96 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Sample data detected by Bluetooth traffic sensors. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Traffic Flows** & **Bluetooth Configuration (From \(\rightarrow\) To)** \\ \hline Q5 & Bluetooth 4 \(\rightarrow\)\(\succ\) Bluetooth 2 or 1 \\ Q6 & Bluetooth 2 \(\rightarrow\)\(\succ\) Bluetooth 4 or 3 \\ Q7 & Bluetooth 4 \(\rightarrow\)\(\succ\) Bluetooth 3 \\ Q8 & Bluetooth 2 \(\rightarrow\)\(\succ\) Bluetooth 1 \\ Q9 & Bluetooth 1 \(\rightarrow\)\(\succ\) Bluetooth 2 or 3 or 4 \\ Q10 & Bluetooth 3 \(\rightarrow\)\(\succ\) Bluetooth 1 or 2 or 4 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Bluetooth sensor configuration corresponding to traffic flows. sensors are collected in a single center via the communication line. Delay values are calculated based on the data in the center. Normal conditions are first taken into consideration in the calculation. Road-based distances between Bluetooth traffic sensors are measured and the travel time of the vehicles at a constant speed of 50 km/h without any obstacles such as a signaling system or vehicle waiting was calculated; 50 km/h is the speed limit applied by the local government as a rule. Table 7 shows the distance between Bluetooth traffic sensors and travel times under normal conditions at a constant speed of 50 km/h. The Refik Cesur Intersection was operated with two different operating types. The intersection was operated as a fixed-time signaling system all day on 15 May 2024. The next day, the intersection was operated as a fully adaptive signaling system all day on 16 May 2024. Traffic data were taken from Bluetooth traffic sensors on both days, and delay times were calculated by subtracting it from the travel time under normal conditions. Thus, the real-time performance measurement of fixed-time and fully adaptive signaling systems was carried out all day. In Table 8, the determined and calculated values for the Q5 traffic flow are given as an example. In the delay calculation, travel times between Bluetooth sensors under normal conditions were taken as reference. The intersection control device at the Refik Cesur Intersection has image-processing-based and loop-based sensors that can detect vehicle counts in the directions. The total delay is calculated with the number of vehicles obtained from these sensors and the delay values per vehicle obtained from the Bluetooth sensors. The determined values and calculations shown in Table 8 are made for all traffic flows. For example, the Q5 traffic flow hourly delay value per vehicle is calculated by adding the total delays from Bluetooth 4 to 2 and Bluetooth 4 to 1 in the same hour and dividing by the total number of vehicles at that hour.