## 4 Core Insights and Critical Reflections
### Expansion and Deepening of Application Fields
For example, using UAV-RS data for crop pest and disease monitoring can quickly detect and locate diseased areas, guide precision pesticide application, and reduce the use of pesticides and environmental pollution [23]. In precision agriculture scenarios, the demand for real-time object detection is also increasing [163]. (3) In terms of forestry and rangeland remote sensing, UAVs can be used for forest resource surveys (such as tree species identification, tree height, diameter at breast height, and volume estimation), forest fire monitoring and assessment, pest and disease monitoring, wildlife habitat surveys, and rangeland productivity evaluation [22]. LiDAR sensors can penetrate the forest canopy to accurately obtain the terrain beneath the forest and individual tree structure parameters. High-resolution optical imagery and multispectral data can be used to identify tree species and monitor forest health conditions. (4) Environmental monitoring and assessment is another important direction for UAV-RS applications. UAVs can be used for atmospheric pollution monitoring, such as carrying Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) sensors to monitor the emission of pollutants like NO\({}_{2}\) in industrial areas [164]. In terms of water environment monitoring, UAVs can quickly obtain information on water color, transparency, chlorophyll concentration, etc., to assess water quality and monitor algal blooms such as red tides [8]. In \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Application Fields** & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Main Application Contents**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Key Technologies/Sensors**} \\ \hline Surveying and Three-Dimensional Modeling & Topographic mapping, cadastral surveying, engineering reconnaissance, mine monitoring, archaeological excavation, urban 3D modeling, and DSM generation. & RGB cameras, LiDAR; SfM-MVS technology. \\ \hline Power Line Inspection & Refined inspection of power transmission lines, towers, insulators, etc., to promptly identify potential hidden dangers. & Visible light cameras, infrared/ultraviolet sensors, LiDAR. \\ \hline Urban Planning and Management & Land use change monitoring, illegal construction identification, traffic flow monitoring, urban greening assessment, smart city construction, and municipal facility inspection. & RGB cameras, LiDAR; Oblique photogrammetry. \\ \hline Other Emerging Applications & Mining (reserve estimation, mining monitoring), construction (construction progress monitoring, quality inspection), archaeology (site discovery, surveying), logistics and transportation (cargo delivery), low-altitude tourism. & Diversified sensor combinations. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: _Cont._ecological surveys, UAVs can be used for wildlife population surveys, habitat assessment, and monitoring of special ecosystems such as wetlands and peatlands [125]. (5) The demand for UAV-RS technology in disaster emergency response and management is becoming increasingly urgent. After natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, landslides, and debris flows, UAVs can quickly enter the disaster areas to obtain high-resolution disaster images, assess the scope of the disaster and the degree of damage, and provide timely information for rescue decision-making and material allocation [125]. For example, after an earthquake, UAVs can quickly generate a 3D model of the disaster area to help rescuers understand the situation of building collapses and plan rescue routes. In forest fire monitoring, UAVs can be equipped with thermal infrared sensors to monitor the spread of the fire in real time and provide support for firefighting command [22]. (6) The fields of surveying and mapping, geographic information acquisition, power line inspection, oil and gas pipeline monitoring, archaeological survey, and traffic monitoring also show great application potential [134, 162, 165].