## 3 Results
### Cyberattacks in Smart Grids: Challenges and Implications of Cybersecurity
#### 3.1.6 Quantitative Models and Metrics for Assessing the Impacts of Cyberattacks
In conclusion, cybersecurity measures' short-term and long-term implications in smart grids are interconnected, offering immediate safety, operational efficiency, and long-term benefits of resilience, sustainability, public trust, and privacy protection. Prioritizing cybersecurity enables smart grids to effectively address cyber threats and establish a secure, reliable, and sustainable energy future. 3.1.9 Quantitative Models and Metrics for Assessing the Implications of Cybersecurity in Smart Grids  
Various models and metrics offer a quantitative approach to measuring the implications of cybersecurity in smart grids [203]:  
* **Risk Assessment Models**: frameworks such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Cybersecurity Framework or ISO/IEC 27005 quantify risks and impacts by evaluating threats and vulnerabilities. They estimate the overall risk exposure, aiding in risk prioritization and mitigation. * **Economic Impact Models**: these assess the financial consequences of cybersecurity incidents, factoring in downtime, disruptions, data breaches, recovery costs, penalties, and reputation damage. These models guide investment decisions and assess the return on investment (ROI) of security measures. * **Availability and Reliability Metrics**: metrics such as mean time between failures (MTBF), mean time to repair (MTTR), system uptime, and service-level agreements (SLAs) gauge system availability amidst cybersecurity threats. They help evaluate the impact on performance and customer service. * **Incident Response Metrics**: mean time to detect (MTTD), mean time to respond (MTTR), and mean time to recover (MTTR) assess the response efficiency to incidents, guiding improvements in incident management capabilities. * **User Awareness and Training Metrics**: these measure the effectiveness of cybersecurity education programs through completion rates, campaign frequency, and policy adherence. * **Compliance Metrics**: these assess adherence to the cybersecurity standards, regulations, and best practices. These metrics cover security controls, patch management, vulnerability assessments, and audits. * **Resilience Metrics**: these evaluate the system's ability to withstand and recover from incidents, including redundancy, backup, recovery capabilities, and service restoration time. The customization of these models and metrics for specific smart-grid implementations is crucial. The regular monitoring, analysis, and refinement enable the continuous improvement of the cybersecurity posture and ensure smart-grid resilience. Analyzing the Real-World Implications of Cybersecurity Measures on Operational Smart Grids: Case Studies and Insights  
Two case studies offer insights into cybersecurity implementation in operational smart grids:  
* **Fortinet's Security Fabric Solution**: this study analyzes the implementation of Fortinet's Security Fabric in a smart grid. It assesses the cybersecurity implications, including protecting critical assets, detecting and responding to threats, and enhancing system resilience. The study evaluates how these measures mitigate risks and ensure secure grid operation [204]. * **National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Cybersecurity Framework Adoption**: another case study focuses on a smart-grid utility adopting the NIST Cybersecurity Framework. It explores aligning cybersecurity practices with NIST, covering risk assessment, incident response, and continuous monitoring. The study examines how these measures impact operational efficiency, grid resilience, and cyber threat protection [205]. Cybersecurity Options in Smart Grids: Solving Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) Using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)  
Smart grids, being highly interconnected and reliant on digital technologies, face significant cybersecurity challenges that require careful consideration and decision-making. The multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach provides a systematic framework to assess and compare different cybersecurity options based on multiple criteria.