## 5 Results
The energy and power efficiencies are approximately equal, which were 87.53% and 88.29%, respectively. At the same time, the consumed battery and motor power for the FOPID strategy were 54.99 kW and 48.56 kW and energy consumption were 14 kWh/100 km and 12.28 kWh/100 km, respectively. Figures 24 and 25 show the simulated battery current capacity and the SOC due to the drive cycle test procedure. The maximum current capacity was 66.2 Ah, the minimum capacity consumed was 65.85 Ah, and the final steady capacity was 66.02 Ah, as shown in Figure 24. Similarly, The SOC of the battery was approximately 99.8%, as shown in Figure 25.  
Figure 28: Conventional VW Crafter Torque to WLTP test Procedure. This represents the simulated torque for the vehicle at 180 s.  
Figure 26: ICE Speed due to WLTP test Procedure.TThe simulated ICE maximum speed stands at 3662 rpm at 180 s for the simulations and the speed was steady at 2500 rpm. Figure 27: Hybrid VW Crafter Fuel Flow due to WLTP test Procedure. The maximum fuel flow of 2 g/s which stands at 3.069 L/100 km. Figure 20:0 Conventional VW Crafter Fuel Flow due to WLTP test Procedure. The fuel flow or fuel consumption of the conventional VW Crafter stands at 3.781 g/s which cumulatively stands at 9.739 L/100 km. However, the engine torque achieved was 67.12 Nm and \(-\)67.12 Nm. This torque is considered the operating torque as at the simulation time of 180 s. We have analyzed the wheel torque (7727.186 Nm) that would be required by this vehicle for the WLTP drive which has a maximum speed of 131 km/h Therefore, a high torque is essential for tackling uphill climbs and hauling heavy loads for the VW Crafter light commercial vehicle. Enhanced continuous operating torque directly correlates with exceptional acceleration capabilities. Increasing torque can significantly enhance dynamic performance if rapid acceleration is a top priority. Moreover, higher torque can optimize energy recovery during regenerative braking, improving overall energy efficiency, particularly in typical urban driving scenarios with frequent stops and starts. However, torque requirements may vary depending on driving conditions, with higher torque benefiting city driving and lower torque suiting highway cruising. Figures 31-33 compare the simulated and experimental results obtained using the CAN bus measurement method. These experimental results have been adapted from our previous publication and are being reused in this article for further analysis [36]. The experimental verification of the theoretical findings was carried out to understand vehicle performance and behaviours. One of the means of obtaining information about the modes and operation of cars is from the CAN messages, also known as CAN frames. In order to collect the vehicle's CAN Bus data, four Net CAN plus 110 devices were utilized facilitated by the network connection to the vehicle system, each with a unique IP address: a. 192.168.10.13: Charging data, b. 192.168.10.12: Inverter data, c. 192.168.10.10: Temperature data, and d. 192.168.10.11: Auxiliary data. The vehicle was in charging mode during data collection. The LabVIEW application was configured with the IP addresses, port numbers, and a bus speed of 500 Kbps. When the user clicks the 'Open' button, the CAN channel connects to the Net CAN plus 110 devices, enabling the reading of CAN data. Therefore, Figure 31 shows the experimental and simulated vehicle's speed. During the vehicle test on electric mode, the speed was set to 13 km/h, and it was controlled with the help of the PID controller using the same speed as the reference. Figure 20:1 Experimental and Measured Speed. Figure 20:2 Motor and ICE Power due to WLTP test Procedure. The motor and engine power gave the total mechanical power that is translated to the vehicle’s movement. Figure 32 shows that the experimental voltage was 388 V, and the simulated voltage was 362.6 V and the nominal voltage is 360 V and steady within 180 s. Figure 33 shows the experimental and simulated current capacity during discharging.