## 4 Results and Discussion
### Impact on the Risk Matrix
The emerging practices have directly and indirectly affected these implicit factors of the failure likelihood, as follows: (1) the use of virtual reality tools in training and guiding maintenance crew to perform the right task in the right order on the right equipment has the potential to reduce the number of failure within the infant mortality phase; (2) the use of condition monitoring techniques and predictive maintenance algorithms in increasing the diagnostic coverage of failures and providing earlier detection at a low level of damage has the potential to reduce the failures during the use-life phase by preventing high level of damage, as the damage is detected on a single component and before it affects other components and systems; (3) the use of preliminary prescriptive maintenance models in intervening the loading and operating conditions to match desired maintenance intervals is expected to reduce the failures in the regarded and aging phases; and (4) the use of life extension models to prevent potential failures during the extended lifetime also has the potential to reduce these failures. These four aspects have been illustrated in Figure 6 where the emerging practices in designing reliable assets and smartly maintaining them lead to a reduction in the overall failure rates. Regarding the impact on the failure consequence, some case studies shows that corrective maintenance work had a minor reduction as some failures were detected by the CBM program before the failures have occurred. However, preventive maintenance work has increased a bit due to both the planned maintenance campaign and condition-based maintenance work. The upgraded monitoring system and planned standby policy have yet to have a clear impact on the likelihood of failure to be observed. In addition, some overload periods and aging symptoms were observed, which really complicate the analysis and make  
Figure 6: Impact of maintenance technologies on reliability bathtub curve and risk matrix. it difficult to compare and capture the impact without having similar context data. Failure and maintenance visits are expected to be reduced as the planned standby policy may prolong the operational lifetime and the time between failures. The failure consequence is estimated to be reduced, as the CBM program enables them to capture the issue at a low level of damage, so the work scope is not that costly and time-consuming. However, as the impact is measured by the total maintenance cost while prices are increasing over time and measured by the time to repair, which is not well documented and involves operational delays (that are not related to maintenance work by itself), the estimations were not conclusive. The impact on manning reduction was very clear at the conceptual level; however, since manning for preventive maintenance works was not reduced, practically no reduction has yet been achieved. It indicated that the maintenance concept and the manning study shall be reviewed after such a modification project and avoid over-maintenance situations. In-house historical failure data are not repetitive yet and several operational aspects were introduced to the system that may shorten the time between failures like overloading or extend the time between failure, such as the planned-standby policy. The estimated consequences of failure events cover the safety, environment, production losses, and maintenance expenses. Emerging practices are intended to make production facilities safer by reducing the personnel of these facilities. Unmanned facilities have a clear effect on the safety consequences, in addition to operating expenses. In addition, safety analysis has developed greatly during the last decades; for example, the diagnostic coverage tool, mentioned in several case studies, contributes to offering safer systems. Transforming periodic functional testing into continuously monitored on-demand testing provides more frequent data on technical conditions and allows better barrier management actions.