## 3 Use Cases  
The identification and relevant characterization of use cases are vital to assessing the service requirements that have to be satisfied by the mobile networks. AFBW require a spectrum of solutions to enable their operation in different timescales and satisfy divergent requirements in terms of Quality of Service (QoS): bandwidth, latency, reliability, and the density of devices in the area of concern. The massive amount of sensor-like components for environmental monitoring, the automation of processes (e.g., SmF operations), and high-speed data transfer (4K video, AR/VR) are fundamental to the majority of the services covering SmA, SmF, biodiversity monitoring, and water management. The dominant direction of data transmission, either downlink (DL) or uplink (UL), should also be noted. The most challenging aspect, however, is the fact that the AFBW sectors are spatially conditioned. Although urban and built-up land, where the interests and efforts of MNOs are focused, cover an area of 1.5 million km\({}^{2}\), i.e., 1.4% of the Earth's habitable land, the agricultural, forest, and freshwater lands encompass, respectively, 51 million km\({}^{2}\) (49%), 39 million km\({}^{2}\) (37.5%), and 1.5 million km\({}^{2}\) (1.4%) [14]. Therefore, the greatest challenge will be to ensure the required QoS in areas many times larger than before. **UC1 Precise position sensing:** The precise determination of an object's position is crucial in all applications using GIS, especially in SmA (e.g., planning agricultural treatments and then running machinery in rows with centimeter accuracy) [35; 36; 37] and biodiversity monitoring (observation of slow spatial migrations, e.g., movement of coastal sand dunes or range spread of a particular species of plants) [38]. For such use cases, the accuracy of several meters typically provided by Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers is inadequate. Therefore, the real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning readout correction technology is the most commonly used, which provides an accuracy of less than 3 cm, based on the corrections streamed over IP networks from RTK reference stations [39] using low bit-rate protocols (such as RTCM SC-104 or CMR/CMR+). The frequency of position readouts in GNSS receivers is also important in the case of objects in motion. The typical maximum frequency is 10 Hz, which corresponds with \(\sim\)13.9 cm spot spacing at a 5 km/h velocity (\"high-end\" receivers support 50 Hz so 5\(\times\) denser spacing). The RT correction of position readouts is highly important [40]. **UC2 Field mapping:** This use case covers the in situ spot measurements of a variety of soil parameters with geo-spatial tagging and includes its electrical conductivity (representing salinity, soil grain size and type, depth of rock, hardly permeable layers, and groundwater), reaction [pH], organic carbon content, and compactness [41; 42; 43]. The measurements are typically performed \"on-the-go\" with time intervals of 1-25 s (based on the specifications and data samples from commercial solutions). Hence, their approximate spatial resolution is 1.4-34.7 m at a 5 km/h velocity and a 10 Hz position sampling frequency. Field mapping is performed relatively rarely, every few months/years [44; 45], and the RT aspect of the communication is not critical. **UC3 Remote evaluation of plants and crop properties:** For the assessment of a plant's health and development stages during the vegetation season, contactless spectral analysis is used, most often in visible light (350-700 nm) and near-infrared (IR) wavelengths (700-1000 nm, and less frequently at 700-2500 nm [41; 42; 46]). The spectral signatures (i.e., specific shapes of spectral characteristics of a given plant species at a specific development stage) can be used to determine whether a plant is healthy, dying, or dead. The concept is based on the \"red edge\" phenomenon, i.e., a strong change in the vegetation reflectance at the border of the red and near-IR regions.