# Digital Manufacturing Platforms in the Industry 4.0 from Private and Public Perspectives
## 4 Results
### Digital Manufacturing Platforms
Nevertheless, the thrust into a productive environment includes the need for agreements on industrial communication interfaces and protocols, common data models, semantic models and the interoperability of data. RAMI 4.0 is a framework that will help accomplish this task [41]. RAMI 4.0 is a three-dimensional layer model that compares the life cycles of products, factories, machinery or orders with the hierarchy levels of Industry 4.0. The model divides existing standards into manageable parts, integrates different user perspectives, and provides a common understanding of Industry 4.0 technologies, standards, and use cases. Digital Platforms as Ecosystems  
A digital manufacturing platform is part of a layered architecture that integrates a set of functions or software services that can be implemented by different technologies using interfaces and making the data available to be consumed by third party applications [39]. For example, a platform could make available operational state and machining process data provided by a machine tool to be used in business intelligence applications that provide production or OEE (overall equipment efficiency) insights. Platforms can be understood as operating systems that offer a set of applications as services. These services make shop floor data (machines, products, operators,...) accessible to other software applications (production planning, operation and process, quality management, maintenance, troubleshooting, energy management, etc.). The services usually will be exposed using IT flavor open standard interfaces, such as API Rest or OT standards such as OPC-UA. This way, an ecosystem of application developers can be fostered. The digital manufacturing platform includes three characteristics. First, the community aspect that embodies an ecosystem of users in a social network connected to each other. In this community there is a marketplace where the offer and the demand can be matched. Some users are service providers, their raw material is data, and the offered product is usually a software app as a value-added data-driven service. The value creation relies on a solid technology infrastructure and this is the second aspect. The infrastructure aspect of the digital manufacturing platform is the enabler for users and partners to develop apps and create value added data-driven services. The ability to develop and deploy software apps in the platform is a core issue in order to develop a growing ecosystem of data-driven service consumers and producers. The infrastructure is the basic layer to boost the digital economy in manufacturing and to do so it is mandatory to be an open infrastructure that is able to integrate and unlock technologies and systems. The last aspect is the data role. Data is the raw material of digital manufacturing platforms provided by enterprise management systems, industrial assets, devices, and sensors and has to be exchanged, accessed, and processed in a proper way. The outcome of the process will be produced and consumed by allowed platform users. Moreover, the ecosystem of digital manufacturing platforms is composed by four types of players. These are the owners of platforms in charge of the governance, the providers who are the interface with users, the producers who create their offerings, and consumers. As the perception of date value is gaining importance in the global value creation, IDS (international data spaces) is devoted to forming the basis for data ecosystems and market places based on the principles of trust and data-sovereignty, which is guaranteed for data creators with respect to who is using their data, for how long, for which application, how many times, and according to which terms and conditions [42].