# The Shared Bicycle and Its Network--Internet of Shared Bicycle (IoSB): A Review and Survey
## 3 Key Technologies of IoSB  
### Architecture of IoSB  
Actually, bicycle system based on the IoT technology has been proposed in some work before. For instance, a Smart E-bike Monitoring System (SEMS) was proposed in [47], which is loaded with batteries, motors, GPS devices and other sensors and supports a real-time usage and environment \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Brands** & **HZBike** & **OFO** & **Mobile** \\ \hline
**Brake** & Caliper brakes + Band brake & Band brake & Disc brake \\
**Payment** & RFID & QR-code & QR-code \\
**Operator** & Government & Enterprise & Enterprise \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Comparison of security on three brands [26; 27; 43]. Figure 4: Comparison among HZBike, Mobike, OFO. perception. Besides, an IoT solution designed for public bicycle system to collect the energy from the bicycle Dynamo Hub itself and localization scheme through 3.5 G mobile network is proposed in [48]. The present shared bicycle system in China has been taking shape gradually since the second half of 2016. As is shown in Figure 5, there are four interconnected objects in IoSB architecture in our opinion, which are environment, bicycle, phone and cloud platform. Except for the information generated by users' cycling, some ambient information are valuable and can be sensed and uploaded by shared bicycle, and finally be processed in cloud platform, which is a typical and technically accessible IoT application scenario. The architecture of IoSB should be able to realize some real-time interactions with users to complete such operations as bicycle unlocking, positioning and data uploading, which would consume a lot of electricity. Therefore, a power-saving and service oriented architecture should be given. Therefore, inspired by the work in [47; 48; 49] and the development of shared bicycle in China recently, a five-layered model architecture of IoSB, which includes perception, physical, communication, application and security layers, is proposed in Figure 6 for the first time as far as we know. Figure 5: Purpose of IoSB. Figure 6: Proposed architecture of IoSB. **Perception layer:** The first layer is consisted of some sensors, positioning module and some other data-acquisition modules. The primary responsibility of this layer is gathering information regarding environment, traveling routes and cyclists' health. The vast information includes air quality, speed, position, health information of cyclist, weather conditions, and multimedia information. Meanwhile, collection and differentiation of captured information should be implemented in an efficient manner in terms of cost and energy. **Physical layer:** The second layer is mainly related with those support work for the system, which includes energy harvesting, system interaction and system management. Because of the support for system's stability and interactivity, this layer has great value for the whole IoSB. Moreover, due to the close relevance between interaction process and verification of the users' identity, the design of this layer is critical to ensure security of shared bicycle that mentioned before. **Communication layer:** The third layer is mainly responsible for the uploading of information with low delay and high QoS level. In this layer, information is transmitted between point and point according to the routing protocols until uploaded to the server. Relevant transmission technologies in this layer include LTE, Zigbee, LPWA, GPRS and so on. Considering the limited energy of nodes in IoSB, a less power-consuming information transmission technology should be selected. **Application layer:** The primary missions of this layer are information processing and command issuing. Besides completing such key operations as bicycle unlocking, user authentication, cycling data management, account deduction, the cloud sever also need to process the huge amounts of data collected by bicycle node.