## 2 Driverless Car Technology and the Organ Donor Supply
### The Current State of Driverless Car Technology  
While the number of driverless cars on the road in 2016 number only in the thousands, that number is expected to grow to 10 million by 2020 [21]. Numerous companies have begun to develop self-driving car prototypes in both the traditional automotive space (Ford; GM; Mercedes) and the tech space (Google; Apple). Many more have already built prototypes that they are currently road testing in the United States, Europe, or Asia. These companies--specifically GM and Toyota--have also begun to lobby their local governments to revise highway laws to allow driverless cars on the road, paving the way for adoption by consumer and industrial users [22]. Controlling the system, a central computer analyses the information from the vehicles numerous sets of sensors in order to steer, accelerate, and brake the automobile. Perhaps the best-known driverless car technology, Google's prototype, has been roadworthy since 2011 and is under development through the wholly owned subsidiary Waymo. While development timelines have stalled somewhat recently, Google is pursuing corporate partnerships with Honda and others through which to introduce its autonomous car technology [23]. They currently have at least 160 vehicles on the road [24]. GM is currently working through its Cruise Automation subsidiary to place thousands of driverless cars on the road in 2018 in partnership with Lyft--a major ride sharing company [24]. Ford is currently developing a prototype Fusion with plans to place a fully autonomous model on roads by 2021 [25]. They will triple their autonomous car fleet to 90 in 2017 [24]. Ride sharing leader Uber already has a number of driverless cars on the road in the United States and has developed a self-driving semi-truck that successfully delivered a load of 50,000 cars of Budweiser [26]. However, Uber cars have also already been involved in on-road accidents, leading to increased scrutiny by regulators [27]. In addition to the above cases, Jaguar, BMW, Tesla, Airbus, and a number of other companies both large and small are also developing and testing driverless vehicles on the highways and byways of major metropolitan areas [28; 29; 30; 31]. Alphabet and the State of Michigan have recently entered into a collaboration designed to aid in developing infrastructure for self-driving cars as well as autonomous buses and shuttles. Michigan will dedicate a busy stretch of the interstate between Detroit and Ann Arbor into a self-driving car and connected corridor. Figure 2: Adoption of autonomously driven vehicles proposes a reduction in traffic accidents, enhance connectivity for driver and passenger, and passenger freedom to pursue a range of family, leisure, and work activities. Many recent failures of autonomous cars and the injuries and death of drives has raised a noticeable degree of concern among the public (Figure 3). Failures in navigation and road stability driving stability are major industry concerns. Action must be taken to resolve issues such as software failures, security against hackers, and the potential for sensor malfunction. There are several possible solutions to mitigate problems with ADC technology. One solution is the use of special lane markings and road signs with hidden functionality that will direct autonomous cars, ensuring higher levels of safety and greater reliability. One example is 3M's Connected Roads project. This project is focused on retrofitting existing road marking technologies to assist autonomous cars with enhanced navigation on existing roads. 3M smart has specifically designed codes that the vehicle would use in linking back to a central database for regularly updated road and weather information. These smart codes are currently being tested and developed by 3M in cooperation with several governmental agencies. PPG Industries has taken a different approach to ensure road safety.