esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
Based on the protection scheme of drainage, the groundwater level within zone II of the Jinpingzi landslide was lowered by 3.0-12.3 m, along with a decrease in the annual increment of the deformation in the same period [44]. An anchor is a common prestress technology. It can be divided into the free section and the anchoring section. The free section refers to the area where the tension at the anchor head is transmitted to the soil. By prestressing the landslide, the anti-sliding force is increased, and the sliding force is reduced [37]. According to the type of anchorage section, the anchor can be divided into a cylinder anchor and an expanded head anchor. An expanded head anchor does not need specific tools to expand the bottom and causes little disturbance to soil [45]. The main influencing factors of the end-bearing force of the expander section are the buried depth of the expanded head (\(h\)), the effective cohesion force (\(c\)), and the internal friction angle (\(\phi\)) [46]. An umbrella anchor is a new type of expanded head anchor. It was proposed by [PERSON] in 1966, and its self-expanding property remarkably improved the uplift bearing capacity [47; 48]. The sensitivity analysis of an umbrella-anchored rock slope under water storage conditions showed that the order of the sensitivity on the uplift-bearing capacity is the inclination of strata, amount of umbrella anchors, and water content [49]. These results are useful to evaluate the landslide sensitivity in a certain area, which can guide landslide disaster prevention. In the study of the influence of hydraulic factors on slope stability, the fluctuations of the reservoir water or the fluctuations of the groundwater level are monitored to evaluate the slope stability. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [50] proposed a model of slope stability that considers the effect of reservoir water level and groundwater level, which can be used for sensitivity analysis. Few researchers have considered anchoring factors in the analysis of slope stability, especially the umbrella anchor. This study aimed to conduct a sensitivity analysis on the stability of umbrella-anchored sand and clay slopes under the fluctuation of surface and groundwater levels.
## 5 Discussion
### Practical Implications
Based on the research results, this study proposes the following design principles: (a) leverage the sense of autonomous and free activity by designing intuitive operations that allow users to discover new functions independently and (b) simplify the user interface to make it more straightforward and intuitive, reducing the learning curve. This can be achieved by using fewer buttons or more intuitive gesture operations, making it easier for users to start, (c) introduce a detailed tutorial mode that enables novice users to gradually learn how to use the tools and functions through interactive step-by-step instructions, (d) provide more personalized setting options, allowing users to adjust tools and interfaces according to their needs and habits. For example, allowing users to customize shortcuts, brush sizes, and color selection methods, and (e) add user guides and tips within the interface, especially when users use certain functions for the first time. Guides should include tips, pop-ups, or messages during specific operations to help users understand how to use various tools and functions. Engagement and sustainability with VR: This study focuses on immediate usability and emotional responses. However, it is crucial to also consider how to promote users' long-term engagement and sustainability with VR. According to the results of this study, the design of VR tasks can affect user engagement, particularly if the tasks are too monotonous or lack sufficient challenge. Based on these observations, this study proposes the following design recommendations: (a) provide innovative storylines and engaging activities to motivate users to continue their participation, (b) implement a gradual increase in task complexity to enhance user retention, and (c) utilize appropriate real-time audio feedback, visual stimuli, and innovative interactive methods to strengthen the sense of immersion. Dizziness problems: Some participants have reported experiencing mild dizziness following the experiment. To prevent this, users are advised to avoid continuously moving their viewpoint, particularly during repetitive goal-directed training tasks, as this can lead to abrupt screen changes. To mitigate dizziness, designers can create interfaces with stable viewpoints and fixed spaces. For tasks requiring consecutive performance, the design of static, gentle, and fun game levels that allow users to pause their viewpoint or a scene is suggested. This approach provides users with the opportunity to rest and alleviate feelings of dizziness.
# Detecting Urban Mobility Structure and Learning Functional Distribution with Multi-Scale Features
## 2 Related Work
### Data-Driven Deep Learning Methods  
With the continuous development of deep learning technologies, some scholars have begun to explore urban mobility structures from a data-driven perspective. For example, [PERSON] et al. [27] integrated public transportation travel patterns with urban functional information to construct a public transport flow network, using a graph autoencoder for joint embedding to generate low-dimensional dense vector representations and applying unsupervised clustering techniques to accurately extract the traffic mobility structure. [PERSON] et al. [28] proposed a spatiotemporal representation learning method based on reinforcement learning, which effectively captures the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of individual travel while incorporating a knowledge graph of interactions between individuals and stations, revealing the urban transportation structure. [PERSON] et al. [29] also introduced a method for representing urban mobility structures that considers the heterogeneity of residents' travel, combining POI data and residents' public transport data to deeply explore urban mobility structures and travel patterns. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. [30] fused mobile location data and point-of-interest data, using Node2 Vec to extract inter-regional spatial interaction features for classifying urban functional zones. Compared to traditional algorithms, data-driven approaches can integrate multi-source data, can accurately mine key information from massive datasets, and are increasingly important in the field of urban mobility structure detection. However, current data-driven methods struggle to capture global spatial features and assess mobility quality due to the scale-free nature of urban networks and the neglect of crowd mobility as a reflection of urban demand.
# Unveiling Monoterpene Biosynthesis in _Taiwania cryptorneioides_ via Functional Characterization
## 2 Results and Discussion
### Phylogenetic Analysis  
The phylogeny was built by using collected terpene synthases from gymnosperm and angiosperm species, and _Physcomittella patens ent_-copalyl pyrophosphate/ _ent_-kaurene synthase was used as the root of the tree due to its ancestral status. The first cluster branched from the root was diterpene synthases, and then second clusters were formed, which were mostly occupied by monoterpene and sesquiterpene synthases (Figure 2). This cluster was divided into several groups: tri-domain sesquiterpene synthases from the Pinaceae species; sesquiterpene synthases from Pinaceae/Cupressaceae; monoterpene/sesquiterpene synthases from the angiosperm species; and monoterrenes from the Pinaceae and Cupressaceae species (Figure 2). The phylogeny showed that the TPSs from Cupressaceae were clustered and formed a subgroup. This routine was observed not only in diterpene and sesquiterpene synthases but also in monoterpene synthases in an absolute way. Similar patterns suggested that conifer sesquiterpene and monoterpene synthases might have evolved from the same ancestor, and multiple evolution events led to a divergent biosynthetic network and diverse terpenoid structures, which would be beneficial for plants to dynamically adapt to ecological stresses [13; 18; 19].  
Figure 1: The proposed evolution of genome structure of conifer terpene synthase. _AgAS_: _Abies grandis_ abietadiene synthase [26]; _AgLimS_: _A. glauca_ limonene synthase [27]; _TcTPSS_: _T. cryptomerioides_ longifolene synthase [25]. The genome structures were illustrated based on published research [19], and the location of the active motif (DDxXD) was marked.  
_Tc_TPS13, _Tc_TPS15, and _Tc_TPS16 were closer to each other, and _C. formosensis_\(\alpha\)-pinene synthase and _Tc_TPS14 and _Tc_TPS17 were likely grouped with _C. obtusa_ terpinpinolene synthase and _T. cryptomeroides_ terpinolene/\(\alpha\)-pinene synthases (Figure 2). The phylogenetic result was identical to the BLAST results conducted earlier. However, the function of monoterepenes is not phylogenetically conserved, and the diversity is limited by few functionally characterized enzymes. Thus, it is important to further understand the enzyme function of _Tc_TPS13-_Tc_TPS17.
# Escalator: An Autonomous Scheduling Scheme for Convergecast in TSCH
## 2 Background
### TSCH Overview  
Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) is the MAC protocol defined in IEEE 802.15.4e-2012 [4]. The TSCH uses a slotframe to provide synchronized communications to the network. The slotframe is a collection of timeslots that are repeated over time. The timeslot is the basic unit of communication in TSCH, defined as a time sufficient for a pair of devices to exchange a frame and an acknowledgment. In each timeslot, nodes could perform one of the following operations: transmit, receive and idle. The communication between the nodes is established by the timeslot schedule, and the size of the slotframe determines how often the timeslot schedule repeats. When a node transmits a packet over a channel in a timeslot, one or more other nodes are scheduled to receive it over the same channel in the timeslot.  
The TSCH provides channel hopping so that the node can change the communication channel for each timeslot. The channel hopping of the TSCH removes collisions due to wireless interference and provides frequency diversity to mitigate multipath fading. A node in the TSCH network selects a channel to use for communication along a predefined hopping pattern. In channel hopping, a channel offset is used to change the communication channel. Two or more links occurring in the same timeslot can communicate without overlap using different channel offsets.  
TSCH provides a time synchronization mechanism using a beacon. The TSCH beacon consists of the information required for the network joining including the network time. Nodes in the TSCH network periodically advertise the beacon to one another. A TSCH node synchronizes its clock time with other TSCH nodes via the advertised beacon.  
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standardizes 6 TiSCH (IPv6 over the TSCH mode of IEEE 802.15.4e) [11] for IPv6 communication based on TSCH. 6 TiSCH combines TSCH with the existing well-defined IPv6 protocol stack for WSNs. 6 TiSCH supports both centralized scheduling such as the Path Computation Element (PCE) [12] and decentralized scheduling based on the 6 top Protocol (6P) [13] for scheduling of the MAC layer not covered by the TSCH standard. 6 TiSCH uses RPL [10] as a routing protocol.
# Evaluation of Antioxidant and Anticorrosive Activities of _Ceriops_ _tagal_ Plant Extract
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Antioxidant Studies
#### 3.2.5 Phosphombolybate Method  
The total antioxidant capacity performed by reading the reduction of Mo (IV) to Mo (V) was found to produce significant activity (789.54 mg/g) at given concentration of plant extract read at 659 nm. Usually, mangroves are specialized in producing a high number of antioxidants related to its external stress factors such as salinity, toxicity, drought, temperature, and nutrient deficiency. They also have a strong enzymatic system for defense, namely catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase to protect them from these stressful environments. Plants such as _Lumnitzera racemosa_, _Rhizophora mucornatz scvatxe_, _Suada maritima_, and _Sommeratia caseolaris_ have been identified to produce phenols, terpenids, saponins, steroids, and tannins as antioxidants [5]. These antioxidant capabilities have been studied by methods including DPPH, nitric oxide, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, and phosphombolybdenum assays in _Acanthusilicifolius_ L., _Rhizophora mucornata_ Lam., and _Rhizophora apiculata_ Blume in leaf, root, stem, and bark [9; 46].
## 1 Introduction
This involves using fuzzy composition to incorporate maintenance support into dependability, alongside the fuzzification of probability functions related to reliability and maintainability [30]. Fuzzy logic can also be applied to analyze environmental data collected from mining sites to assess the impact of mining activities on air and water quality, soil stability, and biodiversity. This information can help in developing strategies to minimize environmental degradation and comply with regulatory requirements [31; 32; 33]. When it comes to transport systems, the evolution of mining practices has witnessed a change that has entailed the adoption of continuous hualage systems, marking a departure from conventional discontinuous methods. While traditional transportation systems that rely on trucks and loaders still predominate in certain contexts, the advent of continuous systems ushered in a new era of efficiency and productivity. Continuous conveyor systems, characterized by crushers, conveyor belts, and integrated automation technologies, offer countless advantages over discontinuous technologies [34]. A fuzzy approach to dependability performance evaluation allows for the analysis of technical systems from multiple perspectives, including design, construction, maintenance, and logistics. This approach is particularly useful when available data are limited to expert judgments, as demonstrated in the dependability analysis of mechanical systems within bucket wheel excavators [35]. Given the evolving challenges of environmental sustainability, safety, and cost optimization, the role of continuous transport systems is gaining increasing importance in mining operations. These systems, characterized by their ability to operate 24/7 without interruption, offer a path towards sustainable and responsible mining practices. By minimizing energy consumption, reducing carbon emissions, and increasing worker safety, continuous transport systems support transformative changes in the mining industry [4]. Scientific articles in areas of maintainability and reliability engineering are very current [16; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43]. The continuous part of the combined system is used at the coal open pit Gacko, Republic Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. This paper presents a model that predicts the dependability of the continuous part of the combined system (CCS system) at the open pit Gacko applying the fuzzy theory. More precisely, this paper deals with the development of a model for predicting the dependability of the continuous part of the combined system at the open pit using the max-min composition. The basic idea of this paper is an expert assessment of partial indicators that affect the dependability and their synergy in order to determine the dependability of the CCS systems with the help of fuzzy models. In addition to the fuzzy model, a historical overview (period 2018-2023) of data related to the dependability of these systems is given. These historical data served to verify the fuzzy model.
# Combining Dilution of Precision and Kalman Filtering for UWB Positioning in a Narrow Space
## 5 Conclusions  
UWB technology has attracted attention because of its high-precision ranging, but conventional positioning algorithms based on UWB technology have large positioning errors in the narrow space. This study contributed to the existing research and designed a fusion algorithm by combining DOP and KF to UWB positioning in a narrow space. In the proposed algorithm, the DOP numerical analysis model and the WLS positioning results were used as measurement noise covariance and observation of KF, respectively. The algorithm was tested on two scenes with different length-width ratios. Both static and dynamic positioning experiments were designed on the scenes to compare the proposed algorithm and other algorithms. The experimental results showed that the fusion positioning algorithm proposed in this paper had an evident higher positioning accuracy in a narrow space compared with the traditional algorithms. From the detailed analysis of the results, we found that the higher the DOP values of the scene, the greater the accuracy improvement of the algorithm. The main reason was that the positioning error was adaptively suppressed after the DOP values of the target scene was fused.  
However, this study only took line-of-sight conditions as the experimental environment to verify the feasibility of the proposed method. Meanwhile, we only considered a single sensor (UWB) and chose a more conventional Kalman filter for the data fusion process. In future research, it will be necessary to further examine the performance of the proposed algorithm in a NLOS environment and integrate a localization pattern. Furthermore, we can try to use a combination of extended Kalman filtering and DOP numerical analysis models to accomplish the data processing.  
Conceptualization, Y.G. and G.Y.; methodology, G.Y. and Z.J.; validation, Y.G. and J.Y.; formal analysis, Y.G., G.Y. and W.L.; data curation, Y.G. and J.Y.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.G.; writing--review and editing, G.Y. and W.L.; visualization, Y.G.; supervision, G.Y.; project administration, W.L.; funding acquisition, W.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, grant number (2020 YFF0303604), and in part by the Guangzhou Association for Science and Technology, grant number (20200115-8).  
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, [PERSON], upon reasonable request.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results
### L. plantarum and L. reuteri Adsorption by Biochar  
The effects of vine biochar on _L. plantarum_ and _L. reuteri_ adsorption were analyzed, and the results are shown in Figure 3. In general, the numbers of _L. plantarum_ decreased after incubation with VB biochar. When _L. plantarum_ was incubated with 0, 5, 10, and 20 mg of VB biochar at 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C for two hours, the total number of bacteria was 150.30 \(\pm\) 2.53 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\), 121.90 \(\pm\) 6.76 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\), 101.20 \(\pm\) 6.50 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\), and 92.17 \(\pm\) 5.78 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) cells/mL, respectively. The percentage adsorption of _L. plantarum_ was at the respective biochar concentrations of 18.9%, 32.7%, and 38.7% after two hours of contact (Figure 3A). On the other hand, when _L. reuteri_ was incubated with 0, 5, 10, and 20 mg of vine biochar at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 2 h, the total number of bacteria was 193.80 \(\pm\) 8.94 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\), 167.50 \(\pm\) 8.71 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\), 146.60 \(\pm\) 5.65 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\), and 122.9 \(\pm\) 9.55 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) cells/mL, respectively (Figure 3A). The percentage sorption of _L. reuteri_ was at the respective concentrations of 13.6%, 24.3%, and 36.6% after two hours of contact (Figure 3B).
## 2 The Proposed Converter Topology
The proposed MPC showed in Figure 2b consists of a voltage step-up (boost) PV stage integrated with two voltage step-down (buck) stages to interface with the battery and the SC, the integration of these three stages in a single MPC results in a buck/boost voltage capability for the battery and the SC ports concerning the bus voltage without the need for extra components, given that the PV boost stage switch S5 can handle the overall current. The proposed converter can be utilized in a centralized architecture based on a single converter cell as presented in this paper, or it can be utilized in modular architectures that use a number of converter cells connected in a cascade similar to the concept proposed in [35], which is suitable for higher voltages applications that are out of the scope of the paper. In order to compare the added merits of the proposed converter architecture with other topologies targeting SC design enhancements by implementing either extreme boosting ratios or buck-boost functionality, converter parameters for the different topologies are determined and presented in Table 1 considering the same bus voltage (Vo) and appropriate. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Standard Boost** \\ **Converter** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **Boost Converter** \\ **in [17]** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **Boost Converter** \\ **in [18]** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **Buck/Boost** \\ **Converter in [20]** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **SC-Stage in the** \\ **Converter in [23]** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **Process MPC** \\ \end{tabular}  \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Range of SC voltage \\ swing required \\ \end{tabular}  & V\({}_{\text{min}}\) = 0.25 Vo & V\({}_{\text{min}}\) = 0.09 Vo & V\({}_{\text{min}}\) = 0.08 Vo & V\({}_{\text{min}}\) = 0.5 Vo & V\({}_{\text{min}}\) = 0.5 Vo & V\({}_{\text{min}}\) = 0.5 Vo \\ \begin{tabular}{c} swing required \\ \end{tabular}  & V\({}_{\text{max}}\) = Vo & V\({}_{\text{max}}\) = 0.35 Vo & V\({}_{\text{max}}\) = 0.3 Vo & V\({}_{\text{max}}\) = 2 Vo & V\({}_{\text{max}}\) = 2 Vo \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Duty cycle at V\({}_{\text{min}}\) \\ \end{tabular}  & 0.75 & 0.75 & 0.55 & 0.5 & 0.5 & 0.5 \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Count of \\ semiconductor switches \\ \end{tabular}  & 2 & 5 & 6 & 4 & 3 & 2 \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Count of inductors \\ \end{tabular}  & 1 & 2 & 2 & 1 & 2 & 1 \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Count of capacitors * \\ \end{tabular}  & 0 & 4 & 4 & 0 & 2 & 0 \\ \hline \ \begin{tabular}{c} Inductor max. current \\ \end{tabular}  & 4 Io & I\({}_{\text{1-1}}\) = 11.5 Io & I\({}_{\text{1-1}}\) = 7.7 Io & 2 Io & I\({}_{\text{1-2}}\) = Io & 2 Io \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Inductor’s inductance \\ \end{tabular}  & \({}_{\text{1-2}}\) \(\geq\frac{0.25\text{Wi}_{0}}{6.44\text{L}_{1}}\) & \({}_{\text{1-2}}\) \(\geq\frac{0.04\text{Wi}_{1}}{6.4\text{L}_{1}}\) & \({}_{\text{1-2}}\) \(\geq\frac{0.