# DPSIR Model Applied to the Remediation of Contaminated Sites. A Case Study: Mar Piccolo of Taranto
## 6 States
### Sea Water Characterization  
A study about water and sediments around citri, conducted by an Italian research center [31], revealed contamination by metals and PCBs, especially in citro Citrello and the station near the Military Arsenal, as shown in Table 1. In Figure 4b, the sampling stations are depicted with blue stars.  
The concentration values comply with the Italian discharge limits in superficial waters [44].  
[PERSON] et al. [52] evaluated the toxicity level in three selected sampling stations of the Mar Piccolo by Microtox(r) system, vibrios, total, and fecal coliform densities. The results showed sediments characterized by an elevated level of toxicity, while the interstitial water of the same sites showed bio-stimulatory phenomenon.  
Vibrios and coliforms were more abundant in water than in sediment samples. The most often isolated strains were: _Vibrio alginolyticus_, _Vibrio mediterranei_, _Vibrio metschinkovii_, and _Vibrio splendidus II_, as shown in Figure S4 in Supplementary Material.  
Concerning the convention of 28 May 2013 between the Special Commissioner of the Italian government for urgent measures of reclamation, environmental improvements, and the redevelopment of the Taranto area and the Apulia Regional Environmental Agency, the results of the investigation of contaminants in the Mar Piccolo water column are shown in Figure 10. Samples were taken in 26 stations in the First Bay. The analytical concentrations were compared to the quality standards of the Ministerial Decree n. 260/2010 [31].  
For cadmium (limit 0.20 \(\upmu\)g/L), in two stations the concentration was 0.40 \(\pm\) 0.01 \(\upmu\)g/L and in another two sites, 0.30 \(\pm\) 0.01 \(\upmu\)g/L. The total chromium (limit 4.00 \(\upmu\)g/L) and lead (limit 7.20 \(\upmu\)g/L) did not show exceedances. For what concerns PCBs (limit 600 pg/L), the two stations near the dewatering pump recorded the maximum levels (about 4652 \(\pm\) 140 pg/L) and also those near citro Citrello (about 2251 \(\pm\) 65 pg/L).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Source**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{(\(\upmu\)g/L)} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{(\(\upmu\)g/L)} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{(\(\upmu\)g/L)} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Outflow (Annual Average)**[51]} \\  & **Cd** & **Cu** & **Ni** & **Pb** & **Hg** & **Mn** & **Fe** & **Zn** & **PCBtot** & **(m\({}^{3}\)/s)** \\ \hline Citro Galeso & 0.007 & 0.753 & 0.293 & 0.041 & 0.011 & 0.031 & 9.515 & 3.74 & 0.2 & 0.75 \\ Citro Citrello & 0.011 & 1.042 & 0.242 & 0.156 & 0.009 & 0.027 & 10.616 & 0.772 & 1.84 & 0.35 \\ Citro Lecopre & 0.008 & 0.701 & 0.036 & 0.131 & 0.005 & 0.016 & 8.39 & 0.483 & 0.21 & 0.65 \\ Station 2 & 0.043 & 1.958 & 0.831 & 0.248 & - & 1.97 & 39.39 & 6.73 & 1.08 & - \\ Galeso river & 0.003 & 0.218 & 0.043 & 0.055 & 0.002 & - & - & - & 0.06 & - \\ Citrello channel & 0.002 & 0.395 & 0.039 & 0.043 & 0.002 & - & - & - & 0.36 & - \\ Battendieri spring & 0.003 & 0.217 & 0.073 & 0.067 & 0.004 & - & - & - & - & - \\ “AIVAM” spring & 0.004 & 0.07 & 0.039 & 0.045 & 0.003 & - & - & - & 0.06 & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Metals and PCBs concentrations in the Mar Piccolo water sampling stations [31].