## 4 Results
### Hardware-Based Results  
A practical setup as shown in Figure 15 is built in the laboratory to compare and validate the simulation results obtained from the Simulink-based environment. IRF 840 is used as a switching transistor and soft reverse characteristics of its inherent body diode are resolved by connecting a series diode RHRG3040. This diode has fast recovery characteristics; so, the switching speed of the transistor remains unaffected. An inductor of 1 mH is used to tackle the shoot-through issue. An input capacitor of 1 uF is also employed to tackle the unwanted components or harmonics. The effectively controlled turn on and off of the switching transistor is ensured by employing EXB840 as a gate-driving unit. Arduino controller is used to realizing the gating signal for switching transistors. The matching of these signals with input voltage is ensured by employing a zero-volt detection circuit. The Rigol oscilloscope facilitates the recording of the various waveforms across the load effectively. The output of the input polarity senescing circuit is shown in Figure 16. This output is logic high (5 V) and logic zero (0 V) during the positive and negative value of the input voltage respectively. The peak value of the input voltage is approximately set to 160 V with 100 \(\Omega\) output resistance. This value of the input voltage and load resistance ensures the safe current level for the selected semiconductor devices. Non-inverting and inverting states are the integral requirement to employ the proposed circuit as a frequency controller. The output voltage waveforms during the operation of the developed converter in non-inverting and inverting states are shown in Figure 17a,b respectively. The power quality of these waveforms demonstrates that the suggested converter can effectively be used to have voltage in phase and out of phase operation. There are some transients in the output voltage around the zero crossing that may be due to the synchronization problem of the generated switching signals with the input voltage. This is caused by some unwanted delays introduced by the voltage sensing circuit. However, these transients are not comparable with the value of output voltage. So, they have no significant effect on the output. Figure 15: The practical architecture of the proposed converter. The inverting and non-inverting characteristics of the output voltage are employed to vary the frequency at the output in discrete steps. Figures 18 and 19 represent the low and high-frequency outputs respectively. The investigation of Figure 18a-c concludes that during the positive half period of the output, all positive half cycles and negative half cycles of input at the output are non-inverted and inverted respectively. The situation will be reversed during the negative half period of the output voltage. In this interval, all the positive half cycles of the input at the output are inverted while all negative half cycles of input at output remain non-inverted. Figure 18a-c depicts the practically obtained waveform for output frequency one-fourth, one-third, and one-half of the input frequency respectively. The one-half cycle of the output voltage of Figure 18a at 80 ms is distorted due to the flow of low-frequency components of the current in the ac power supply as it is designed at standard supply frequency. Figure 16: Output of the input voltage senescing circuit. Figure 17: Standard frequency (50 Hz) outputs during: (**a**) non-inverting state; (**b**) inverting state. In frequency step-up operation, the regulation in the frequency at output is ensured by operating the suggested circuit in non-inverting and inverting states according to the output frequency requirement through the cycle of the input voltage. It means that output may be inverted or non-inverted for the positive values as well as for the negative values of the input voltage.