## 2 Proposed HEMS Framework  
In recent years, the need for efficient energy management in residential settings has gained significance due to rising energy costs, the environmental effects of fossil fuels, and the growing demand for sustainable living solutions. HEMSs are crucial in optimizing energy consumption by integrating various energy sources and storage systems. These systems are designed to not only enhance energy efficiency but also support the use of RESs, which is crucial for decreasing carbon footprints and combating climate change. By intelligently managing the energy flow and storage, HEMSs contribute significantly to the stability and reliability of the overall power grid, thereby ensuring a consistent and sustainable energy supply for households. The development and implementation of HEMSs are vital steps toward achieving energy sustainability, as they enable homeowners to utilize RESs more effectively, reduce energy costs, and contribute to environmental conservation efforts. The proposed HEMS framework utilizes PV systems and WTs as the primary energy sources. In addition to these main sources, three backup energy sources are incorporated: hydrogen storage systems, batteries, and EV batteries (EVBs). These backup sources ensure a reliable energy supply even when the primary sources are insufficient. The central control unit plays a vital role in overseeing energy flow within the HEMS. It applies advanced optimization algorithms to manage the distribution and consumption of energy effectively. Effective energy management within HEMS relies on various strategies, including DR programs and TOU pricing. DR programs are designed to motivate consumers to cut back or adjust their energy usage during peak demand periods, thereby enhancing grid stability and reducing energy costs. TOU pricing encourages consumers to move their energy usage to off-peak periods, further optimizing energy consumption patterns. Optimization techniques, such as multi-objective optimization using the RSA optimizer, are employed to balance energy supply and demand, achieving cost savings and efficiency. RSA has been selected because of its high performance compared with many new optimizers. A key component of the proposed HEMS is its data acquisition and monitoring system. These data are crucial for the optimization and decision-making processes, ensuring that the HEMS can respond dynamically to changing conditions and maintain optimal performance. The AI-based HEMS design is shown in Figure 1. The AI-based HEMS presented in the figure serves as the central component responsible for optimizing energy usage and flow within a modern home. The HEMS integrates various energy sources, storage solutions, and home appliances, ensuring the efficient management of electricity generation, storage,and consumption. This system is designed to adapt dynamically to changing conditions, leveraging real-time data for decision-making and optimization processes. This system acts as the central control unit for a home that primarily relies on PV panels and WTs for its power. To ensure a continuous energy supply, even when these renewable sources are not generating sufficient power, the home is supported by three key backup solutions, namely the HSS, the BESS, and V2H technology. The PV panels and WTs capture energy from the sun and wind, directing it into the home's energy system. The HEMS intelligently manages this energy, ensuring that it is used effectively to meet the household's needs. Recognizing the intermittent nature of renewable energy, the system is equipped with advanced backup solutions, namely the HSS, which stores energy in the form of hydrogen that can be converted back into electricity during periods of low renewable generation. The BESS stores excess electricity, providing power during peak demand or when electricity prices are high.