## 3 Results and Discussion
The _Control_ glass experienced a minor reduction in pH over 1-30 days, reducing from 7.4 to 7.3. _LGa-1_ was reduced from 7.5 to 7.2, and _LGa-2_ was found to be reduced from 7.4 to 7.1. SBF testing was conducted to determine the potential for bioactivity, as SBF represents the ionic concentration of human blood plasma and is widely regarded as a precursor to in vivo bioactivity. The precipitation of CaP minerals on material surfaces when immersed in SBF is typically regarded as a positive indicator of bioactivity and bone bonding in vivo. Figure 2: Ion-release profiles of Ga-GPCs considering (**a**) calcium and (**b**) gallium in addition to the rate of Ca and Ga ion release with respect to time. Each of the GPCs was incubated in SBF for 1, 7, and 30 days, and the _Control_ SBF results are presented in Figure 4.  
Figure 4a-c shows the SEM images taken over 1-30 days, while Figure 4d presents the EDS spectra, and Figure 4e shows the quantitative EDS data. The SBF testing on the _Control_ GPC was found to encourage the precipitation of minerals on the GPC's surface. Each of the ions present in the _Control_ glass (Si, Ca, Zn) used to formulate the GPC was detected, in addition to ions present in SBF (Mg, Cl, K, P). The quantitative EDS data show that the concentration of P increased with respect to time over 1, 7, and 30 days at 2.8, 5.8, and 6.5 at%. The Zn concentrations were found to reduce over time from 24.5 to 5.7 at% over 1-30 days. Additionally, a strong indicator of CaP precipitation is the reduction in Si concentrations over time, where Si is reduced from 7.3 to 0.4 at%. This is a strong indicator  
Figure 4: _Control_ cements immersed in simulated body fluid for 1, 7, and 30 days (**a**–**c**) with 30-day EDS (**d**) and quantitative 1-, 7-, and 30-day EDS (**e**). Figure 3: The pH of Ga-GPCs over 1, 7, and 30 days immersed in de-ionized water. that, as CaP minerals are precipitating on the surface, the underlying Si from the GPC is being masked. The _LGa-1_ SBF data is presented in Figure 5.  
Although there are CaP mineral deposits evident on the surface of the material, the concentration was not as high as that of the _Control_ GPC. Additionally, a much lower concentration of P was found on the _LGa-1_ GPC surface (0.2-0.6 at%). The concentrations of Zn (10.6-1.8 at%), Si (5.2-1.3 at%), and Ca (4.2-1.3 at%) were also found to decrease, while Ga concentrations were found to increase, 3.0-0.8 at%. _LGa-2_ GPC (Figure 6) was found to follow the same trend, where P levels were low, ranging from 0 to 0.4 at%. Si levels also reduced, from 4.9 to 0.7 at%; Zn levels reduced, from 9.6 to 0.7 at%; and Ca levels reduced, from 3.4 to 0.6 at%. Ga levels were initially high at 11.0 at% but reduced to 0.7 after 30 days of incubation in SBF. Cytocompatibility testing was conducted in fibroblast cells (Figure 7) and osteoblasts (Figure 8). Liquid extracts were tested from GPC incubation after 1-, 7-, and 30-day incubation, and these cells were then incubated with different concentrations of extract (10 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL, and 50 mg/mL) to determine the approximate cytotoxicity limits. Testing of the GPC series in fibroblasts is presented in Figure 7a-c for the _Control_, _LGa-1_, and _LGa-2_ GPCs. Regarding the _Control_ GPCs (Figure 7a), cell cytocompatibility was reduced compared to the control cells at each time period, i.e., 1 day (87%) and 7 days (82%), and reached significance at 30 days (78%, \(p=1.000\)) for the 10 mg/mL concentration. The higher concentrations of 25 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL showed no significant difference when compared to the control cell population, with the exception of 25 mg/mL at 30 days (140%), where there was a significant increase in cell viability compared to the control cells (\(p=1.000\)).