esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
As the levels of 20S proteasome and UCH-L1 can be detected in serum [7; 10; 27; 28], they can be used as potential cancer biomarkers. ELISA is the preferred method for the determination of 20S proteasome and UCH-L1 concentrations. Although it is a reliable technique with good sensitivity and selectivity, it is relatively time- and labour consuming. SPRi may be an alternative technique to traditional immuno-based assays such as ELISA. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages. SPR has been found to be comparable to ELISA in terms of sensitivity and specificity. In SPR, 20S proteasome and UCH-L1 concentrations can be detected in real time using only a single antibody or inhibitor [27; 29; 30; 31]. Unlike ELISA, SPRi does not require a label or an additional reagent. An SPR biosensor requires very low amounts of reagents and samples and does not require any special treatment [32; 33; 34; 35]. It enables the rapid and precise determination of 20S proteasome and UCH-L1 concentrations. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) method is an optical technique that measures the changes of refractive index caused by molecules bound to a metal surface. Conventional SPR sensors measure the reflectance as a function of the angle of incident light. The SPR imaging version (SPRi) eliminates the complexity of scanning the angle. The measurements are made at a particular angle of incident light. The reflected light is collected using a CCD and presented as an image. The angle at which the measurement is carried out lies in the region of linear decrease in reflectance. The changes in light intensity are proportional to the mass of biomolecules attached to the biosensor surface. A very important part of an SPRi system is a sensor chip with a sensitive recognition element. This is usually a glass chip coated with an inert metal (e.g., gold with thickness 50 nm). The immobilisation of biocomponents on a chemically modified gold layer occurs via covalent bonds, hydrophobic interaction, or adsorption. This is an important step in the manufacture of a biosensor because it has an influence on the biosensor's efficiency. The aim of this study was to use SPRi biosensors to determine concentrations of 20S proteasome and UCH-L1 in the blood serum and urine of patients with bladder cancer and to correlate the results with clinical-pathological parameters. To our knowledge, this is the first paper presenting data on 20S proteasome and UCH-L1 protein obtained from measurements in the serum and urine of patients with bladder cancer. The study assessed the possible effectiveness of these markers for the diagnosis of invasive bladder cancer and its superficial form with an increased risk of progression. Quantification of the components of the ubiquitin-proteasome system can lead to a more accurate prognosis in bladder cancer and can be useful for identifying high-risk patients and determining the optimal duration of treatment.
# The Effect of Energy Loss Straggling on SEUs Induced by Low-Energy Protons in 28 nm FDSOI SRAMs
## 2 Methods
### Geant4 Simulation Setup  
The Geant4 simulation was carried out to estimate the importance of energy loss straggling for SEUs induced by low-energy proton direct ionization.  
Firstly, a relevant six-transistor memory cell model was constructed. Inspection of Figure 2 indicates a ST28 FDSOI transistor, in which the body depth is merely 7 nm and the raised active region is only 22 nm thick. In this paper, the drain region is treated as sensitive volume due to its considerably higher sensitivity than the body region according to our earlier research [12]. For reasonably estimating the distribution of energy deposited in sensitive volume, it is necessary to consider the impact of back-end-of-the line (BEOL) [13]. We adopted identical method with the IBM SEU simulation model named SEMM-2 [14] by abstracting BEOL as a number of layers, each of which can be either metal material or dielectric material. As information about the manufacturing process of ST28 FDSOI technology was limited, we adopted a moderate method that BEOL parameters were obtained from the process design kit (PDK) of a 28 nm bulk technology belonging to United Microelectronics Corporation (UMC) and metal stacks were modified according to the data presented by the PDK of ST28 FDSOI technology. Though the BEOL model was a little different from its actual situation, it was negligible because variations in the BEOL do not have apparent influence on the average energy deposited in a sensitive volume by direct ionization [15]. Figure 3a illustrates a top view of the memory cell model carefully constructed in Geant4. The model was 1600 nm long and 1200 nm wide. Diagonal-distributed rectangles and vertical line-distributed rectangles in Figure 3a represented the drain region and the source region, respectively, while dotted rectangles were regarded as the body. Figure 3b shows a cross-sectional schematic diagram of the model. There were ten copper stacks including six thin layers, two intermediate layers and two thick layers, whose thickness were 0.1 \(\upmu\)m, 0.2 \(\upmu\)m and 0.8 \(\upmu\)m, respectively.  
The Geant4 simulation was conducted for normal incidence with five million protons randomly striking the surface of the model at each energy point. The equivalent proton fluence was \(2.60\times 10^{14}\) ions/cm\({}^{2}\). Detailed information about the simulation setup is given in Table 2.  
Figure 2: A ST28 ultra-thin buried oxide and body fully depleted silicon on insulator (SOI) transistor.
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, an adaptive Kalman filter method based on the equivalent circuit model is proposed for the SOC estimation algorithm of a lithium-ion battery. In the adaptive Kalman filter method, the measured data is employed to estimate the mean and the variance of the noise on-line, and continuously corrects the obtained SOC value according to the estimation result. Based on the experimental results, it is not difficult to see that the accuracy of this algorithm is much higher than that of the Kalman filter method, and it has a quick correction effect on the error of the initial value of the SOC, which is extremely suitable for the SOC estimation of the battery online. Moreover, experiments under the BBDST condition prove that this algorithm is suitable for practical applications.  
The method proposed in this paper has been proved to be a reasonable, accurate, and realistic SOC estimation method, but there is still room for improvement. Further works include: (1) verification of the application concerning the SOC estimation algorithm based on the equivalent circuit-based adaptive Kalman filter method in the actual BMS; (2) the accuracy of the AKF method for estimating the battery SOC requires the establishment of accurate battery models, but the current battery models are too complicated and the computational cost is high. Therefore, finding a more accurate and uncomplicated battery model will be our next target; and (3) verification of the influence of battery aging on the accuracy of the adaptive Kalman filter.  
All authors contributed to the paper. Conceptualization: X.M. and Q.T.; data curation: Q.T. and X.M.; investigation: X.M. and D.Q.; methodology: X.M.; project administration: [PERSON] and D.Q.; software: X.M.; validation: X.M. and D.Z.; writing--original draft: [PERSON]; writing--review and editing: [PERSON] and [PERSON].  
This work was supported by the National Key R and D Program of China under grant 2017 YFB0502700, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 61471195), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (nos. NZ2016105, NJ20150017, NS2010404), and KFJJ20180404), partially by the National Defense Pre-Research Foundation of China (no. 6140413020116 HK02001).  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] would like to thank Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Innovation Base for Postgraduate for the financing of this work and Key Laboratory of Radar Imaging and Microwave Photonics for the equipment of this work.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Wound Dressing Materials: Bridging Material Science and Clinical Practice
## 4 Antimicrobial Dressings
### Bacteriophage-Loaded Dressings  
Bacteriophages, viruses that infect and replicate inside bacteria destroying them, are emerging as promising tools in wound care due to their ability to target and eliminate bacterial infections without harming human cells [90; 113]. Their specificity allows them to infect only specific bacterial strains, reducing the risk of disrupting the beneficial microbiota present on the skin or in the wound environment. This targeted action makes bacteriophages particularly valuable in addressing antibiotic-resistant infections, such as those caused by _Staphylococcus aureus_ or _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_, which are common in chronic wounds [114].  
Integrating bacteriophages into wound dressings offers a novel way to deliver these therapeutic agents directly to the site of infection. Modern wound dressings infused with bacteriophages are designed to provide sustained release of the phages over time, ensuring prolonged antibacterial activity. Some dressings are also combined with other materials, such as hydrogels that create a moist environment conducive to wound healing while maintaining the activity of the phages. This combination not only accelerates bacterial clearance but also supports tissue regeneration and reduces inflammation, further enhancing the healing process [115].  
The use of bacteriophage-based wound dressings is still in its early stages, with ongoing research focusing on optimizing their stability, effectiveness, and compatibility with other wound care treatments. Regulatory hurdles and manufacturing challenges must also be addressed to ensure their safe and scalable production. Nonetheless, the potential for these dressings to revolutionize wound care, especially in the face of rising antibiotic resistance, is immense. By offering a natural, effective, and sustainable alternative to traditional antibiotics, bacteriophage-infused dressings could play a crucial role in improving outcomes for patients with complex or chronic wounds [115; 116].  
Table 5 synthesized antimicrobial dressings based on active ingredients.  
Choosing the appropriate antimicrobial dressing requires clinicians to assess various wound-specific characteristics carefully. These include the wound's dimensions, depth, the presence of necrotic tissue or foreign objects, and the nature and volume of exudate. It is also important to identify any existing infection or evaluate the risk of infection. Based on the wound's particular needs, the selected dressing might need to preserve a moist environment, manage excess fluid, or provide adequate airflow.
## 5 Strengthening for MD-RC Frame Structure
### Layout Scheme of CSSD Retrofitting Device  
CSSD is usually installed between the braces and the beam, forming the CSSD brace (CSSDB) system [55]. In this study, the CSSDB system is composed of the CSSD device and chevron steel brace. During an earthquake, the CSSD device could provide significant  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Material Types**} & **Elastic Modulus \(E_{\mathbf{s}}\)** & **Yield Strength \(f_{\mathbf{y}}\)** & **Ultimate Strength \(f_{\mathbf{u}}\)** \\  & **(GPa)** & **(MPa)** & **(MPa)** \\ \hline SSD & 210 & 100 & 350 \\ Flange & 210 & 235 & 441 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Material properties of the CSSD device in this study.  
Figure 6: Configuration of the combined soft steel dampers (CSSD) device (all dimensions in mm): (a) soft steel damper (SSD); (b) flange; (c) CSSD device.  
Figure 7: Hysteresis loop of the CSSD numerical model under cyclic loadings.  
energy dissipation potential through inelastic deformation and the steel braces could provide the lateral stiffness in order to prevent large deformation of the structural system. However, when subjected to strong ground motion, the brace buckling might lead to the degradation of lateral strength and stiffness of the structural system [58; 59]. Thus, the braces should be designed to remain elastic for an axial force that is greater than corresponding to the failure strength of the CSSD device [60]. Hence, a simple H-shaped Beam (H-Beam, H150 \(\times\) 150 \(\times\) 10 \(\times\) 7 mm) of steel bracing system is employed based on the design-criterion available in literature [35; 55; 57] in this study. In addition, three layout schemes (LS) of CSSDB systems are considered in this study in order to evaluate different CSSDB retrofitting schemes in terms of structural seismic performance. It should be noted that the same CSSD and steel braces are employed in these CSSDB systems. The specific LSs are introduced, as follows:  
* LS-1: Arranged CSSDB system on the bottom floor of MD-RC frame (Figure 8a);
* LS-2: Arranged CSSDB system on the first and second floors of MD-RC frame (Figure 8b); and,
* LS-3: Arranged CSSDB system on all floors of MD-RC frame (Figure 8c).  
Figure 8 shows the layout information and detailed size of CSSDB system. In all of the CSSDB systems, the CSSD device is attached to the steel plates at the top and bottom using the welded connections. The steel plates and H-beams are made of Q345 steel with a Young's modulus of 206 GPa, yielding strength of 345 MPa, and Poisson's ratio of 0.3. In these retrofitting systems, the connections of steel plates and beam-column are welding.  
Figure 8: Layout schemes (**a–c**) and detailed size (**d**) of CSSDB systems for MD-RC frame (all dimensions in mm).  
Rigid connection between CSSDB systems and concrete beam-column is assumed, and the influence of slippage and peeling between steel plates and concretes are neglected.
# Indoor Localization for Augmented Reality Devices Using BIM, Point Clouds, and Template Matching
## 4 Evaluation
### Testing Scenarios
#### 4.1.3 Scenario S3  
Scenario S3 shows the localization of a hallway, a structure that can be found at multiple different locations in the building. Similar to Scenario S2, the localization is unreliable until the geometry is sufficiently distinct. During movement, the point cloud is matched to multiple different hallways, as there is not enough information about the hallway for a correct localization. Only when the intersection is reached can the localization accurately match the position with a 9 cm error. Rotational error is the lowest in this scenario at 0.25\({}^{\circ}\).
# A Proposal for a Zero-Trust-Based Multi-Level Security Model and Its Security Controls
###### Abstract  
The rapid advancement of technology and increasing data utilisation have underscored the need for new models to manage and secure big data effectively. However, the constraints of isolated network environments and the limitations of existing security frameworks hinder the adoption of cutting-edge technologies such as AI and cloud computing, as well as the safe utilisation of data. To address these challenges, this study proposes an enhanced security model that integrates the concepts of Multi-Level Security (MLS) and Zero Trust (ZT). The proposed model classifies data into the following three sensitivity levels: \"Classified\", \"Sensitive\", and \"Open\". It applies tailored security requirements and dynamic controls to each level, enhancing both data security and usability. Furthermore, the model overcomes the static access control limitations of MLS by incorporating ZT's automated dynamic access capabilities, significantly improving responsiveness to anomalous behaviours. This study contributes to the design and evaluation of a new security model that ensures secure data protection and utilisation, even in isolated network environments such as those of military and governmental organisations. It also provides a foundation for the future development of advanced security frameworks.  
Keywords:cybersecurity; zero trust; multi-level security; security model; security strategy; security control +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
### Related Works
According to the results, longer links are sensitive to antenna gain fluctuations caused by sea movements, whereas shorter links are highly sensitive to path losses caused by effective elevation changes. In [8], shore-to-ship measurements were performed at 5.8 GHz under the IEEE 802.11n standard, as an alternative to costly wireless communication. According to the experiments, communication up to a distance of 7 km is possible at a data rate of 1 Mbit/s. Then, the effect of wave height (assumed to be 0.7 m) was analyzed using two different 2-ray models with antenna heights of 7.3 m and 8.7 m to account for the wave effects. The work in [18] presented shore-to-sea measurements at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz at various antenna heights to investigate the tidal effects. It was observed that the roughness effect was more pronounced when approaching the shore. In addition, the measurement data were modeled by adding a tidal parameter to the 2-ray model. In [19], ship-to-ship measurements at 5.9 GHz were performed in calm seas, and mixed weather conditions were simulated using the Monte Carlo method. Based on these measurements, it was concluded that the REL model was suitable for calm seas. However, the simulation results showed that the free space model became more suitable as wind speed increased. The power delay profile, delay spread, and path loss were analyzed in [20] using ship-to-infrastructure and ship-to-ship measurements performed at 5.9 GHz. It was concluded that the channel capacity performed well up to 2500 m. Moreover, the REL model was found to fit the measurement data better than classical models such as ITU-R, free space, and single slope.
## 2 Data and Method  
### Chinese HJ Satellite Data  
On 6 September 2008, China launched two HJ satellites, namely HJ-1A and HJ-1B, each consisting of two CCD cameras. Each CCD camera has a swath of \(\sim\)360 km with four spectral bands (Table 1) similar to the spectral bands of Landsat data in the visible and near-infrared range. With a total of four wide-swath CCD cameras onboard the HJ satellite constellation, the revisiting frequency is reduced to four days. However, to conserve power the HJ data is mainly collected over China. For other regions, the cameras are programmed to obtain data at different time periods according to specific needs. The Level 2 HJ data were used in this study with radiometric calibration and systematic geometric correction, which were processed and distributed by the China Centre for Resources Satellite Data and Application (CRESDA). The Level 2 data is projected to the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection. Digital numbers and radiometric calibration coefficients are provided in the data for the calculation of TOA reflectance. The radiometric calibration accuracy is about 5%-8% with respect to Landsat data [14]. In this study, about 130 scenes of HJ data obtained during 2009-2014 were collected from CRESDA with satellite overpass ground stations within the US for validation purposes.  
Due to the lack of accurate ground control points outside China, the Level 2 data suffer from georegistration errors up to a few kilometers, particularly for the data acquired by the two CCDs onboard HJ-1B satellite. Manual georeferencing was carried out on all the data to make sure the pixel level geolocations reach an error within \(\pm\)30 m.
# A Mathematical Model for Scheduling and Assignment of Customers in Hospital Waste Collection Routes
###### Abstract  
The collection, transport, and final disposal of hospital waste may cause contamination and disease if improperly handled. Therefore, such residues are hazardous to the health of waste collectors. These wastes are generated by public agencies, such as hospitals, family health centers, dialysis centers, and private healthcare providers. In this study, a mixed-integer linear programming model is proposed for monthly customer scheduling and route assignment. The proposed approach was fulfilled according to customers' collection frequency, truck capacity, and customer geographical location. The proposed mathematical model successfully balanced the number of customers and the workload during each day. The effectiveness of the proposed model was tested on data obtained from a waste collection company. The model has been implemented in AMPL language, and the performance of commercial solvers, GUROBI and CPLEX, to obtain an optimal solution were tested. The results show the efficiency of the proposed approach to balance the workload concerning previous scheduling is done ad hoc at the company. The use of the formulated model provides an automatic procedure that was previously performed manually. The methodology can be adapted to other companies with similar requirements.  
mixed-integer linear programming model; hospital waste collection; geographic clustering; customers scheduling; customers frequency +
Footnote †: journal: Medical Engineering, Universidad del Bio-Bio, Concepcion 403000, Chile  
10557[[https://doi.org/10.3390/299112210557](https://doi.org/10.3390/299112210557)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/299112210557](https://doi.org/10.3390/299112210557))
# Analysis of Cultivated Land Productivity in Southern China: Stability and Drivers
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Data Sources and Processing  
Vegetation NPP data were sourced from MOD17A3 data of NASA EOS/MODIS from 2001 to 2022 ([[https://lpdaac.usgs.gov](https://lpdaac.usgs.gov)]([https://lpdaac.usgs.gov](https://lpdaac.usgs.gov)), 8 October 2024), with a spatial resolution of 500 m and a temporal resolution of 1 year. Annual average precipitation and temperature data were sourced from the National Earth System Science Data Center ([[http://www.geodata.cn](http://www.geodata.cn)]([http://www.geodata.cn](http://www.geodata.cn)), 20 October 2024), with a spatial resolution of 1000 m. Land-use data were sourced from the National Glacier, Frozen Soil, and Desert Science Data Center ([[http://www.ncdc.ac.cn](http://www.ncdc.ac.cn)]([http://www.ncdc.ac.cn](http://www.ncdc.ac.cn)), 5 November 2024), with a resolution of 30 m.  
Data processing and downloading was based on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) remote sensing cloud platform. The MODIS/061/MYD17A3 HGF dataset of GEE was used to extract NPP data of Poyang Lake region during 2001-2022 at a resolution of 30 m and a geographical coordinate system of WGS1984. MODIS NPP and land-use data of the same period were spatially overlaid. Pure cultivated land pixels were extracted using a cultivated land classification code, and mixed pixels and non-cultivated land areas were excluded to construct the NPP time series dataset of cultivated land from 2001 to 2022. To verify the ability of NPP data to characterize cultivated land productivity, a trend consistency test was conducted using the grain yield data of the surface cultivated land productivity monitoring station. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the correlation between NPP and production, confirming that NPP was a reliable proxy indicator of productivity.