# Sustainability Audit of University Websites in Poland:
## 2 Background
### Related Work
#### 2.3.2 Website Sustainability Audit and Green SEO
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**No.** & **Principal Conclusions** & **Keywords** & **Reference** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{1} & Poor familiarity with sustainable web design is the critical barrier to the concept’s practicality. The lack of guidelines and prioritising web accessibility marginalises website sustainability. & sustainable web design, implementation barriers, digital sustainability, web accessibility & [16] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{2} & In design practice, sustainable development can sometimes be narrowed down to technological aspects, mainly carbon emissions, which overwhelms its wider significance: social, economic, and sustainability. & sustainability, artificial intelligence, digital technologies, environmental impact, sustainable development, carboncentric, technocentric & [34] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{3} & The design stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC) is an opportunity to further sustainable development by eliminating unnecessary visuals that burden the environment and promoting web developer education on green design practices. & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{4} & Although the general awareness of the web’s environmental impact is steadily improving, relevant design solutions are rarely used in practice, which is detrimental to the transition towards sustainable web design. & sustainable web design, energy efficiency, digital sustainability, carbon footprint, developer awareness & [40] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{5} & A new conceptual framework is proposed for sustainable ICT based on socio-ecological systems and a decision-making model. & sustainability research, socio-ecological systems, conceptual framework & [41] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{6} & Information and communications technology causes substantial carbon emissions. Efficiency, sufficiency, and cohesion strategies supporting SDGs are necessary to limit them. & ICT, user behaviour, sustainable development, structural analysis, energy efficiency & [42] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{7} & The progress in digital technologies entails substantial consumption of energy, materials, and infrastructural assets, which calls for policies to reduce the technological environmental impact. & resource depletion, digital technologies, environmental impact, sustainable governance, rebound effect & [43] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{8} & The lack of structured and integrated knowledge of low-emission software is a barrier to its practical implementation and limits the expansion of sustainable digital solutions. & carbon-efficient software, sustainable software engineering, green ICT, software carbon footprint & [45] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Summary of selected publications on Green Web Optimisation and Sustainable Web Design. a Green SEO audit is to identify technical and design elements that increase the website's energy consumption and carbon footprint, along with options for optimising these aspects in line with sustainable development principles. Green SEO audits investigate such factors as the website's size (page assets, MB), loading time (s), the number of HTTP requests, front-end technologies, hosting, and carbon emissions per single load in the browser viewport (g). It is a double-pronged approach, promoting technical improvements for faster load times and enabling organisations such as universities, public institutions, and commercial stakeholders to further sustainable development. This makes the Green SEO audit a practical tool for implementing the principles of green software engineering, sustainable web design, and climate responsibility within the online ecosystem. The literature review revealed that sustainability-related website optimisation is progressing rapidly as an interdisciplinary field, encompassing computer, environmental, and social sciences.