## 1 Introduction  
Soil improvement techniques have gained acceptance in recent years as a low-cost and less time-consuming alternative to expensive and time-consuming structural solutions such as deep foundations [1, 2]. Despite the availability of various soil improvement techniques, selecting the most appropriate technique for soil improvement projects remains a major challenge for project managers due to the lack of a reliable selection framework [2, 3]. Due to the various advantages associated with mechanical soil improvement techniques, such as low cost and minimal requirement of resources, electricity or water, these techniques have received much attention from the research community. Mechanical soil improvement techniques are often divided into dynamic compaction (DC), dynamic replacement (DR), stone column (SC), and rapid dynamic compaction (RDC) [4]. Dynamic compaction (DC) is a process used for increasing the load-bearing capacity of loose sand, silt, low saturation clay, and landfill fresh. It entails several cycles of raising and dropping a heavy tamper from a height, allowing it to fall freely into the desired spot [5]. DC is a technique used to improve the bearing capacity of loose sand, silt, low saturation clay, and landfill waste. It involves numerous cycles of lifting and dropping a heavy rammer from a height, allowing it to fall freely under gravity on the desired spot. DC is the most commonly used mechanical technique in soil enhancement projects, especially on a large scale, due to various advantages; lower cost, shorter duration, uniform soil conditions after implementation, minimal water requirements, and no electricity consumption [6]. The application of the DC technique involves repeatedly dropping heavy steel pounders on soil at regular intervals until the required depth is achieved [6,7]. The weight and height of the pounding depend on the degree of compaction required, but the weight is typically between 5 and 30 tons with a height of up to 30 m [7]. The main advantage of the DC technique is its applicability to a variety of soil conditions including; saturated/unsaturated loose sand, even in the presence of silty pockets, dune sand, non-organic fill, and reclaimed soil, even in the presence of large boulders, landfill deposits, and collapsible soils [8]. This technology has been widely used to compact loose soils to increase the bearing capacity and reduce soil settlement after construction [9]. In the literature, the research community has primarily focused on understanding the relationship between the depth of soil improvement (D), mass of the drop weight (W), and the drop height (H) of the weight. Several researchers [10, 11, 12] predicted the dynamic compaction depth using an equation that links the depth of improvement (D) with weight (W), height (H), and an empirical coefficient (n), as shown in Equation (1). Additionally, [PERSON] [13] combined the number of drops, number of passes, grid spacing, weight, and height of pounders to calculate the proposed applied energy of the DC technique that would compact the soil profile and provide some improvement in bearing capacity. It can be calculated as shown in Equation (2). \[D=n\times\sqrt{W\times H} \tag{1}\]  
where:  
\(D=\) compaction depth in meters  
\(W=\) mass of drop weight in tons  
\(H=\) drop height in meters  
\(n=\) empirical coefficient (0.3 \(<n<\) 0.8; \(n=\) 0.5 typical)  
\[AE=\frac{N\times W\times H\times P}{\left(\text{{Grid Spacing}}\right)^{2}} \tag{2}\]  
where:  
\(N=\) number of drops  
\(P=\) number of passes  
\(W=\) mass of the tamper  
\(H=\) drop height  
Few studies have focused on the percent fineness in the soil profile as one of the most influencing factors that can adversely affect the soil consolidation process using the DC technique. The results show that a soil profile with a fine content less than 20% can be consolidated using the DC technique, however, these results are only useful when the fineness content percentage is below the 20% threshold.