esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 RS Applications in Ocean
### Ocean Surface Current (OSC)
#### 3.2.7 Marine Radar  
Over the last four decades, marine radars, deployed on ships or land, have been widely employed for OSC [112; 147]. In most studies, the X-band radars were preferred to S-band systems due to their clear sea-clutter images [148]. However, X-band radar data are more sensitive to interference from raindrops; thus, this radar frequency is mostly used by weather surveillance radar for rainfall monitoring [148; 149]. Marine radars scan the sea surface at close ranges (i.e., limited by line-of-sight propagation to the horizon) with relatively high spatial (\(\sim\)9 m) and temporal resolutions [73; 147; 148] to derive OSC. The Wave  
Figure 5: The locations of the global HF radar network.  
and Current Analysis and Wave Spectra (WaMoS) II, developed by the OceanWaveS GmbH company, is an example of an operational system that works based on X-band [73; 150]. The WaMoS II system measures and displays wave (e.g., peak wavelength and direction) and OSC parameters (e.g., OSC speed and direction) [73]. These measurements are mainly obtained by taking a sequence of X-band radar images and analyzing the subsequent waves [73; 150]. Figure 6 demonstrates a scheme of a WaMoS II X-band radar installation and its images, along with bathymetry and OSC field.  
[PERSON] et al. [73] investigated ocean wave variations and OSC characteristics by the WaMoS II High Resolution Current (HRC) at Tongue Point, New Zealand, during August 2011, using three scenarios based on high, low, and slack tides. The results showed that the  
Figure 6: (**a**) Outline of the WaMoS II setting up, (**b**) sample of a WaMoS II X-band radar backscatter image, and (**c**) its bathymetry and current field at Tongue Point, Cape Terawhiti, New Zealand. The white arrows in (**b**) and black arrows in (**c**) show the peak wave direction of the incoming waves and the current vectors, respectively. The figure is directly adopted from References [73; 121].  
WaMoS II HRC data had high efficiency in detecting small-scale OSC features and could demonstrate the influences of the OT and local bathymetry interaction on the diversity of current patterns. Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. [72] improved the cross-spectral approach to estimate the velocity of OSC from the X-band image sequences. The results indicated that the estimated current velocity had a more acceptable accuracy compared to the current velocities measured by a current meter, with a correlation coefficient of 0.88 and a relative error of 7.79%. However, conditions such as the sampling period of one to three seconds, and radar image acquisition within 10 to 40 s, were necessary to obtain reasonable results.
# Water Use Efficiency Spatiotemporal Change and Its Driving Analysis on the Mongolian Plateau
## 3 Results
### Temporal and Spatial Trend Analysis of NPP, ET, and WUE
#### 3.1.5 WUE Trends  
We determined the change points of the WUE over 37 years (Figure 5a-c). Figure 5a shows that change points occurred in most years, with 20.45% of the pixels showing changes between 1984 and 1988. Other significant periods were 2014-2018 (18.04%) and 1999-2013 (17.59%). Change points were also detected in 1994-1998 (15.28%), 2004-2008 (11.98%), and 2009-2013 (11.03%). A spatiotemporal variation analysis based on these breakpoints revealed that, between 1982 and 1997, 20.28% of areas had a highly significant increase in WUES Reason. Between 1998 and 2007, 15.38% saw significant growth, while, between 2009 and 2018, 8.17% experienced a significant decline.  
Combining the WUE trends from the Theil-Sen analysis with the Hurst index, we classified future WUE trends into six types: \"persisting decrease\", \"anti-persisting decrease\", \"persisting increase\", \"anti-persisting increase\", \"steady\", and \"unidentified\". The results showed that 25.07% of the pixels were in the \"anti-persisting decrease\" category, mainly in the forested areas of Northern and Northeastern Inner Mongolia and meadow grasslands in Northeastern Mongolia. \"Persisting decrease\" areas accounted for 1.96%, indicating potential future increases in WUE in forested regions. \"Anti-persisting increase\" regions constituted 9.96%, primarily in Southern Inner Mongolia, while \"persisting increase\" areas constituted only 0.87%, suggesting a potential overall decline in WUE in the Mongolian Plateau.  
Figure 4: The trend analysis and breakpoint detection over 8 d: (**a**) WUE\({}_{\text{Season}}\), (**b**) NPP\({}_{\text{Season}}\), and (**c**) ET\({}_{\text{Season}}\) in the Mongolian Plateau; (**d**–**h**) show the trend analysis and breakpoints of the 8 d WUE\({}_{\text{Season}}\) for meadow steppes, typical steppes, desert steppes, broadleaf forests, andiferous forests, respectively.
## 4 Discussion
### Evolution of Fission Products  
For intermediate burnup (M11 sample 52%, 4.0 \(\times\) 1021 f/cm\({}^{3}\)), TEM studies have shown the formation of a fission gas bubble superlattice with FCC structure coherent with the U(Mo) lattice BCC structure [12; 15; 20; 42]. However, it is very challenging to quantify the EDS signal from TEM due to the small size of the bubbles (<2 nm) embedded in thin foil lamella (50-100 nm). It was shown that the bubble lattice is present in all grains, and no lattice distortion was observed. Only near the grain boundaries was the bubble superlattice destroyed in this sample. APT data show that the bubble superlattice structure contains the following fission products: Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Pd, Sr. La, Nb, Ce, Nd, Tc, Rh, Pd,  
Figure 8: (**a**) SEM images showing porosity in high burnup structure of the M14 sample. (**b,c**) Tip images at different stages of milling for APT analysis.  
Ag, Pr, Sm, and Gd. Mass spectrum also indicated trace amounts (<0.001 at.%) of Xe (labeled at 131 Xe1+, 132 Xe1+, and 133 Xe1+), which also had overlap with one of the isotopes of Cs (133 Cs1+). All the detected fission products that could be labeled based on their mass-to-charge ratios were predominantly solid elements. Note that the fission products are labeled to the best of our ability, with potential issues of overlap of isotopes of different elements. For this reason, mass spectrum has been labeled with all possible options of elements wherever there is a possibility of overlap.  
For the high burnup sample (M14, 66%, 5.0 \(\times\) 1021 f/cm3), TEM studies have shown that the U(Mo) grains subdivided, reducing the size of the grains from a few micrometers to sub-micron-sized grains. Although the superlattice of fission gas bubbles was destroyed at most of the locations, there were some regions where the bubble superlattice remained or newly developed in the subdivided grains. APT on M14 revealed similar fission products as observed for the M11 sample, but with relatively higher concentrations. Both the M11 and M14 samples showed no clear evidence of Kr, although very low amounts of Xe were measured. No measurable Kr signal was detected in the mass spectrum for both samples, which could mean that Kr is too low (10 times lower production than Xe) and probably lower than the background noise limit of the APT instrument. Additionally, sample preparation using FIB could impact the location of Kr and Xe inside bubbles. Since APT is based on the field evaporation behavior of atoms, artifacts may hinder the detection of Xe and Kr from small bubbles due to differences in field evaporation with the surrounding matrix of U and Mo.
## 2 Coupling Coordination Framework
### Benefit Analysis and Implementation Measures
This center can be located either at the power sources or hosted on a cloud server by a reliable third party. Its core role is to facilitate coordinated optimization and control of the power sources within the CGS, taking into account dispatching instructions from the main power grid and status data from internal power sources. Furthermore, it is essential to install rapid response control systems and status monitoring equipment at TPU and RES plants. These installations are crucial for executing control instructions from the coordination center and providing vital information regarding the status of the power sources, such as the current output and resource utilization. With these measures in place, the CGS can achieve effective internal coordination of the power sources. Specifically, TPUs within the CGS can employ their rapid response devices to fully leverage their flexibility in response to real-time fluctuations of RESs, thereby accommodating more RES generation.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Simulation Data of the Metamaterial Perfect Absorber (MPA)
Similar radiation of an individual electric dipole in two opposite directions (perpendicular to the dipole's orientation) caused an equal energy distribution. The electric and magnetic dipoles interfered destructively in the backward direction and constructively in the forward direction so that the backward scattering was suppressed while the forward scattering was strengthened [45; 46]. This phenomenon led to a unidirectional super-scattering, or the so-called Kerker scattering [47]. The strengthening of the forward scattering and the entire absorption by the PCM layer combined to yield \(A=1.0\). The strong intensity of the magnetic field in the central part between the two unit cells represented a powerful magnetic dipolar moment between them [48]. Figure 5: (a) Three-dimensional schematic view of the MPA along the \(x\)-\(z\) plane. Simulated (b) electric field, (c) magnetic field, and (d) absorption in the \(x\)-\(z\) plane for \(\lambda\approx 610\) nm.
# Blockchain's Grand Promise for the Real Estate Sector: A Systematic Review
## 3 Results
### Blockchain Merits in the Real Estate Sector
#### 3.2.5 Blockchain for Leasing and Renting  
Leasing is the conveyance of the right to use real estate or its parts in return for payment, including lease-purchase, apartment renting, and land renting. Transactions related to apartment renting are apartment rental services. Similarly, renting is acquiring the right to use real estate through payment [4]. Leasing and renting papers were the fourth largest literature segment and mainly included concepts aiming to ease current leasing issues, such as inefficiencies, intermediary dependencies, and trust issues [134; 136; 146; 158; 159]. Most of the papers discussed apartment rental services.  
The leasing process is often paper-based [114], time-consuming, and manual, contributing to high costs, non-transparency, information asymmetry, and fraud. The leading blockchain benefit for leasing is automation provided by smart contracts that could automate, e.g., cash flows between the landlord, tenant, and property managers [90; 123; 136; 146; 160; 161; 162; 163]. Cost reductions could also stem from, e.g., replacing the current real estate brokers and fragmented information services with a trustworthy blockchain platform providing real-time information with distributed access, complemented with a multiple listing service (MLS) [136; 138; 89; 146]. Moreover, blockchain rental platforms could help prevent fraud [136; 141; 146; 164] and blackmarket activities if the rental platforms were connected to the systems of, e.g., tax officials and other relevant officials for compliance purposes [19]. If the lease agreement terms were standardized in the smart contract, they could also provide consumer protection [19].
## 3 Validation Analysis, Results, and Discussion
Figure 3: The verification result of the reflection coefficient with simulation and measurement for the proposed monopole antenna. Figure 4: The evolution analysis with various types and lengths for the proposed antenna: (**a**) evolution analysis of antenna design with type 1, 2, and 3; (**b**) strip length W\({}_{9}\). Figure 5: Photographs of the fabricated antenna PCB and the process of measurement. Figure 6: _Cont_. Figure 6: Simulation and measurement of radiation patterns at different operating frequencies: (a) 2450 MHz; (b) 5500 MHz; (c) 6500 MHz; (d) 7500 MHz. This antenna design is suitable for multi-functional wireless communication system standards, covering eight systems. The first wireless communication standard supported is 5G with 13 bands of n1/n7/n30/n38/n40/n41/n46/n47/n53/n79/n90/n95/n96 in two operating frequencies within 2110-2690 MHz and 5150-7125 MHz. The second wireless communication standard system is Beyond-5G for low earth-orbiting satellite (LEO) application, which is operated in X band spectrum and is designed by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), which is the operating frequency from space to earth in 7250 to 7750 MHz and from earth to space in 7900 to 8400 MHz. The third is the LTE system with fifteen frequency bands, including the support bands of 7/10/16/23/30/34/38/40/41/46/47/65/67/68 in the operating frequency of 2000-2690 MHz and 5150-5920 MHz. The fourth standard system is V2X, and DSRC for autonomous vehicles application belongs to the IEEE Wireless Access in the Vehicular Environment (WAVE), covering the operating frequency between 5850-5925 MHz. The fifth, sixth, and seventh supported system is ISM band in those operating frequencies including 2450-2483.5 MHz, 2300-2690 MHz, 3400-3590 MHz, 5170-5930 MHz, 5150-5350 MHz, and 5725-5850 MHz to correspond to the wireless communication standard with WiFi 2.4G/5G, WiMAX, and Bluetooth. In addition, the WiFi 6 band also is designed in the operating frequency of 5925-7125 MHz. Finally, Sirius/XM Radio has also supported the 2320-2345 MHz band for the in-vehicle infotainment system (IVI system). The results of the proposed antenna have been analyzed by simulation and measurement. As a result, the proposed antenna has stable radiation and a widely broadband characteristic in this research. Figure 7: The results of peak gain and radiation efficiency.
## 2 Results
### SPME-GC/MS Analysis of VOCs

Table 2: _Cont._  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \(\mathbf{t_{R}}\) (min) & Compounds & **OV19** & **OV24** & **OV56** & **OV58** & **OV521** & **OV526** & **OVF10** & **OVF22** \\ \hline
32.64 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.01 & 0.00 \\
2-Isobutyl-3-methylpyrazine & & & & & & & & \\ \hline
34.11 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.21 & 0.00 \\ Pyrazine, & & & & & & & & \\
2,3-dimethyl-5-(1-methylpropyl)- & & & & & & & & \\ \hline
36.79 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 83.92 & 0.00 \\  & 2,3,5-Trimethyl-6-propylyrazine & & & & & & & \\ \hline
37.34 & 0.86 & 0.70 & 4.74 & 0.67 & 0.34 & 1.59 & 0.06 & 1.22 \\ Octanoic acid, ethyl ester & & & & & & & \\ \hline
40.89 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.05 & 0.00 \\  & 2-(2-Methylpropyl)-3,5,6- & & & & & & & \\ \hline
42.91 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 3.56 & 0.00 \\  & 2-(2-Methylpropyl)-3-(1-methylethyl)pyrazine & & & & & & & \\ \hline
44.04 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.13 & 0.00 \\  & 2-Undecanone & & & & & & & \\ \hline
50.90 & 0.00 & 0.48 & 0.34 & 4.34 & 0.36 & 0.17 & 0.93 & 0.02 & 0.56 \\  & Decanoic acid, ethyl ester & & & & & & & \\ \hline
61.73 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.08 & 0.00 \\  & Benzeneacetaldehyde, & & & & & & & \\ \hline
66.58 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.11 & 0.00 \\  & 2-(2-Methylpropyl)-3-(1-methyl)pyrazine & & & & & & & \\ \hline
44.04 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.13 & 0.00 \\  & 2-Undecanone & & & & & & & \\ \hline
50.90 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.13 & 0.00 \\  & Decanoic acid, ethyl ester & & & & & & \\ \hline
61.73 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.08 & 0.00 \\  & Benzeneacetaldehyde, & & & & & & \\ \hline
66.58 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.11 & 0.00 \\  & 2-(2-Methylpropyl)-3-(1-methyl)pyrazine & & & & & & & \\ \hline
44.04 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.13 & 0.00 \\  & 2-Undecanone & & & & & & & \\ \hline
50.90 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.02 & 0.56 \\  & Decanoic acid, ethyl ester & & & & & & \\ \hline
61.73 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.08 & 0.00 \\  & Benzeneacetaldehyde, & & & & & & \\ \hline
66.58 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.11 & 0.00 \\  & 2-(2-Methylpropyl)-3-(1-methyl)pyrazine & & & & & & & \\ \hline
Solid phase microextraction (SPME) was chosen to analyse volatile compounds as it appears to be a technique that fits most of the requisites for sample preparation steps due to its simplicity, no solvent use, little sample manipulation, multiple sampling, high sensitivity, lower analysis time interval, and ease of automation [28]. A total of 34 distinct metabolites were detected from VOCs of _O. vulgare_ ssp. _vulgare_ strains. The major identified compounds included the following structurally distinct classes: sulfides, organic acids, ethers, terpenes, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, pyrazines, esters, ketones, and aldehydes.
# Improved Technology for Rounding Graphite: Machine Structure and Industrial Test
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Rounding Effect  
#### 3.1.1 Effect of the Rotating Speed of Shaping Disk on Graphite Rounding  
The rotating speed of the shaping disk is the most important factor impacting on shaping strength. Excessive rotating speed will lead to pulverization of the particles, while too low rotating speed cannot provide enough strength to wear away the irregular corners of the particles. For different kinds of graphite, the appropriate rotating speed of shaping the disk should be determined according to the specific material characteristics (such as hardness). The present results reveal the influence law of parameters and the performance of the shaping machine proposed.  
Figure 4 shows the effect of the rotating speed of the shaping disk on the rounding performance of the graphite used in this study when the shaping period and the rotating speed of the classifier were kept at 40 min and 2646 rpm, respectively. With the increase of the rotating speed of the shaping disk from 1100 to 1833 rpm, especially from 1100 to 1467 rpm, the particle diameters, including D\({}_{10}\), D\({}_{50}\) and D\({}_{90}\) are affected slightly. Specifically, when the rotating speed of the shaping disk increases from 1467 to 1833 rpm, D\({}_{10}\) increases from 9.83 to 11.15 \(\upmu\)m while D\({}_{90}\) decreases from 31.02 to 29.54 \(\upmu\)m. This phenomenon indicates that with the increase in the rotating speed of the shaping disk, the action of shaping is strengthened. The size of large particles decreases slightly when their irregular edges are worn away, contributing to the decrease of D\({}_{90}\). For small particles, after their surface is more abraded off, their particle size becomes smaller, which is easier to capture by the classifier as fine particles are discharged from the shaping cavity. That is why D\({}_{10}\) slightly increases as the rotating speed of the shaping disk goes from 1467 to 1833 rpm.  
The higher the shaping strength, the greater the amount of fine particles produced and discharged and the lower the yield. On the contrary, high shaping strength leads to higher abrasion degrees of irregular edges and corners of particles and, thus, higher tap density. It is worth emphasizing that the effect of the rotating speed of the shaping disk below 1467 rpm on the tap density is very small, which means that the shaping strength is insufficient at this time. When the rotating speed of the shaping disk increases from 1467 to 1650 rpm, the tap density increases sharply from 0.85 to 0.912 g/cm\({}^{3}\). Successively increasing the rotating speed of the shaping disk to 1833 rpm, the tap density continuously increases to 0.945 g/cm\({}^{3}\), indicating that when the rotating speed of the shaping disk is 1467 rpm, the particles begin to suffer an obvious shaping effect. When the rotating speed reaches 1833, the shaping effect has been relatively strong. If the rotating speed continues to increase, the crushing effect may be triggered.
## 3 Distance-Based Opportunistic Push/Subscribe Content Dissemination Model
### Application Layer  
#### 3.3.1 Subscribing Content  
When a user wants some new content, he/she sends a content request to the content subscribing server. We call the user a subscriber. The content subscribing server adds a subscription to it. The subscription is composed of the name of the content, the user's ID, the deadline of the subscription and the subscriber's location. The deadline of a subscription is similar to the time to live (TTL) of a network packet. The user will not download the content through cellular network until the deadline.  
If a user subscribes to content, the user's smartphone gets its current GPS location and records it in the subscription.
## 3 General Classification of Modern Haptic Interfaces
### Thermal-Based Haptic Interfaces  
It is crucial to accurately reproduce thermal perception in VR and AR applications, allowing users to simulate touching a virtual item with different thermal characteristics. The performance of virtual reality is significantly improved by thermal stimulation or sensing-based haptic interfaces that make it easier to identify and characterize associated objects. The best options for achieving these perception goals are thermal-based interfaces that modify the skin's perceived temperature depending on the thermal characteristics of virtual objects [35]. To create a device integrating thermo-haptic materials to accurately replicate real tactile perception, many prerequisites must be met. At first, a broad range of temperatures around the typical body temperature of a human should be generated via the thermo-haptic interface. The thermal-haptic interfaces must also correctly and quickly manage the temperature. A variety of physical haptic interfaces, including thermoelectric (TE), microfluidic, and other temperature-controlling haptic interfaces, as well as Joule heating haptic interfaces (Figure 6a), can be used to regulate the temperature of human skin [36].  
Joule heater-based haptic interfaces--also known as thermal heaters--increase the temperature through a resistive path in which an electric current flows, simulating the thermal feeling with a fast reaction time. The Joule heating device's thermal actuators are essential to provide heat feedback. Thin metal films and functional carbon textiles are two examples of flexible and elastic materials that generate thermal heating feedback for wearable electronics. These materials make it easier to construct Joule-heating actuators for wearable haptic interfaces. Thermal heaters may generate heat and sustain high temperatures, but it might be difficult to build a device with a steady performance that can dissipate heat effectively enough to prevent overheating.  
Joule heaters cannot provide a cooling feeling due to a lack of cooling microstructures. Thus, for VR/AR applications, a cooling device must be used in conjunction with a Joule heater.