# Visualising the Relevance of Climate Change for Spatial Planning by the Example of Serbia
## 3 Results  
This section presents the results of the planning document analysis, i.e., the presence of climate change themes and climate change measures in the spatial planning of Serbia. The results are interpreted descriptively and visually using combined visual methods. The Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia 2010-2020, as the overarching planning act, included the topic of climate change in Serbia's spatial planning with the introduction of an independent section titled \"Effects of Climate Change\". The Regional Spatial Plan for the Administrative Area of the City of Belgrade (2011) [37] followed this example identically. Other analysed plans, however, did not treat climate change issues through a separate chapter; rather, climate change effects and climate change-related measures were addressed in sections about agricultural development, environmental protection, energy consumption, and others. Some keywords (i.e., measures) in Figure 1 can be interpreted as measures directly triggered by climate change concerns, such as education and increased awareness, calls for specific plans to combat drought, weather disasters, fires, etc., the use of biomass, and the introduction of infrastructure for electric vehicles. According to Figure 1, only a few measures are integrated in all analysed documents: landslide regulation, afforestation, the intensification of biomass use, the treatment of landfills in a sanitary manner (modernisation), and wastewater treatment. On the other hand, there are measures that none of the spatial-planning documents prescribed, such as sprinkling systems in agriculture or for urban green infrastructure maintenance, the correction of the course of rivers, sandbag dykes, or the correction of terrain slopes to mitigate erosion and other effects of heavy precipitation, storms, and floods. The same colour-graded classification of measures indicates that the number of vastly prescribed measures is slightly larger than those omitted in spatial-planning documents. The majority of measures (light blue) are contained in most of the analysed documents and there are measures (light red) whose presence should be improved in the new generation of spatial plans in Serbia. Figure 2 shows how the most relevant climate change effects are addressed in the analysed plans in Serbia. The final row (total per effect) and the accompanying spider graph show that the most addressed climate change effect is flooding, followed by heat waves and droughts to a significant extent, and less significantly by landslides, hail storms, and premature snow melting. The final column (total per plan) shows how the extent of  
Figure 2: Addressing climate change effects in spatial-planning documents. the reaction towards climate change effects is distributed over the analysed documents, i.e., that the Regional Spatial Plan for Zlatiborski and Moravicki Districts has the best coverage and that the implementation programs are not as engaged with climate change effects as the plans themselves. Besides the mentioned regional spatial plan, the Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia has good coverage of all climate change effects. Various types of documents serve distinct purposes, and as a result, it may seem unnecessary for all of them to uniformly address climate change. Nevertheless, identifying omissions in the table can signal aspects that warrant potential consideration. Out of ten analysed spatial plans, eight include maps on which some climate change-related measures are presented. It appears that their relation to climate change issues is more auxiliary than explicit, which can also be concluded from the map titles, e.g., a map of hazards, a map of tourism and environmental protection, a map of infrastructure, etc.