# Noise Sources and Control, and Exposure Groups in Chemical Manufacturing Plants
## 3 Results
### Noise and the Manufacturing Sector
#### 3.1.1 Noise Levels in the Manufacturing Sector
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**County** & **Industry** & **Average Noise Level in diffA1** & **References** \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Food manufacturing**} \\ \hline US & Food manufacturing & 90-92 & OSHA, 1979-22005 [5] \\  & US EPA, 1971, [18] & US EPA, 1971, [19] \\ \hline UK & Food preseoning & 88-94 & Institute of Occupational Medicine, 2002 [25] \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Tensile plants**} \\ \hline US & Tensile product mills & 89-95 & US EPA, 1979-2205 [5] \\ \hline India & Tensile plants & 80-102 & Bock, 2006 [24] \\ \hline Sudan & Tensile & 88-86 & Ahmed and Awadkarni, 2015 [27] \\  & Wyoming & 63-93 & \\ \hline Ethiopia & Tensile & & \\  & Spinning mill & 86-115 & Figu, 2019 [28] \\  & Wyoming mill & 95-101 & \\ \hline UK & Tensile & 86-92 & Institute of Occupational Medicine, 2002 [25] \\  & Wyoming area & 82-85 & \\ \hline South Korea & Tensile plant & 81-110 & Moon and Korea, 1995 [5] \\ \hline US & Append manufacturing & 81 & OSHA, 1979-22005 [5] \\  & US EPA, 1971 [18] & US EPA, 1971 [18] \\ \hline Nigeria & Tensile industry & 97-105 & Oksanarys, Networking, Adomenous and Alison 2004 [14] \\ \hline US & Leafner and allied product manufacturing & 90 & OSHA, 1979-22005 [5] \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Wood industry**} \\ \hline US & Wood product manufacturing & 97-94 & US EPA, 1971 [18] \\ \hline South Korea & Wood industry & 71-100 & Moon and Korea, 1995 [5] \\ \hline US & Paper manufacturing & 90-92 & OSHA, 1979-2205 [5] \\  & US EPA, 1971 [18] \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Plinking and publishing industry**} \\ \hline US & Printing and publishing & 82-93 & OSHA, 1979-22005 [5] \\  & US EPA, 1971 [18] \\ \hline Ghana & Printing company & 77-90 & Routing and Amoledo, 2004 [1] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Average noise levels per manufacturing industry type. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Country** & **Industry** & **Average Noise Level in dBA\({}^{1}\)** & **References** \\  & & **Machinery manufacturing** & \\ \hline US & Machinery manufacturing & 86-03 & OSHA, 1979-2300 [5] \\  & US & US2E, 1979 [11] \\ \hline India & Small scale based tools manufacturing industry & 81-110 & [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] \& [PERSON], 2009 [30] \\ \hline US & Computer and electronic product manufacturing & 85-91 & OSHA, 1979-2300 [5] \\  & US EPA, 1979-118 & US & US2E, 1979-118 \\ \hline US & Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing & 87-90 & OSHA, 1979-2300 [5] \\ \hline Sandi Arabia & Industrial and household agriculture & 85-86 & Nawrott, Battle \& Johnson, 2014 [41] \\  & manufacturing & 85-86 & Nawrott, Battle \& Johnson, 2014 [41] \\ \hline US & Transportation equipment manufacturing & 88-92 & OSHA, 1979-2300 [5] \\  & US & US EPA, 1979-2300 [5] \\ \hline US & Furniture and related product manufacturing & 88-93 & US EPA, 1979-2300 [5] \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Refining and tobacco industry**} \\ \hline US & Brevenge and tobacco product manufacturing & 86-96 & OSHA, 1979-2300 [5] \\ \hline Nigeria & Botting industry & 95-103 & Od Odustry, Nawrott, Ademoon \&  
The average noise levels across the manufacturing industry ranges between 81-115 dBA inclusive of the petroleum, chemical and plastics manufacturing which are sub-categories of the chemical manufacturing sector [1]. Average noise levels noted in Table 1 which are at and/or above 85 and/or 90 dBA would require implementation of hearing conservation or control measures depending on the domicile (country) of the industry where the noise was measured [10; 11; 12]. The hearing conservation and noise control levels currently used in SA, US and the UK are shown in Table 2.  
The permissible exposure levels or noise-rating limit or exposure action values listed in Table 2 are not related to the emission data that accompanies noisy equipment and machinery intended for industrial use.