# A Stable Backup Routing Protocol for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks  
[PERSON]  
1 School of Information Engineering, Shandong Management University, Jinan 250357, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
[PERSON]  
2 School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 226237, China 22 School of Information Science and  
Due to the node mobility, energy limitation and distribution characteristics of MANET, the shortest path may not be the best transmission route. Aiming to make the network routing protocol better adapt to the specific Ad hoc network and improve the network performance in different application scenarios, many researchers have analyzed and studied the Ad hoc network routing protocols from different angles in recent years, and put forward improvement methods [4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16]. Among them, some researchers set the research goal to reduce end-to-end delay, save energy and improve security [4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9]. The authors in [4] proposed a Trust-based Optimized Link State Routing mechanism (TUE-OLSR) to enhance the security of the mobile Ad hoc networks, which uses the performance metrics of a node to evaluate the trust value of the node. [PERSON] et al. [5] attempted to reduce the energy consumption by proposing an Energy-Efficient Cloud-Assisted Routing Mechanism (EECRM) for MANETs. Under EECRM, energy consumption is minimized by performing fast local route recovery among mobile nodes and peer nodes. The authors of [6] proposed a secure routing protocol based on AODV that successfully achieves both security and communication efficiency. In the proposed method, each intermediate node holds a packet received from a specific node in the past, and appends the held packet to the Route Request (RREQ) of another node and generates its own signed Route Reply (RREP). In [7], a novel routing protocol is proposed to construct reliable and energy-aware routes considering energy consumption of nodes in which the remaining energy is used as an important parameter for selection of a node in a route. The authors of [8] analyzed the transmission latency and signaling overhead in opportunistic routing. [PERSON] et al. [9] introduced a priority-based congestion control mechanism in AODV protocol, which reduced delay, improved delivery rate and throughput. In addition, the flooding mechanism used in the routing discovery process of on-demand routing protocols (such as AODV) may cause broadcast storm problems. In order to alleviate the broadcast storm, some researchers put forward improved broadcast schemes [10; 11; 12]. For cognitive packet networks, [PERSON] et al. [13; 14; 15; 16] studied packet-based path forwarding strategies to meet specific Quality of Service (QoS) requirements and provided valuable experimental data, which motivated work on autonomic communications [17]. It is worth noting that the exciting research results above focused on the details of routing the algorithm itself, including routing selection and route maintenance. This paper focuses on improving network performance from another perspective, that is to use alternate paths to enhance stability, which differentiates our work from these research results. In order to reduce the extra overhead and delay caused by frequent link breaking in MANET, designing more a stable routing protocol to transmit data with higher delivery is necessary. Research indicates that backup routing is an effective way to improve stability of networks. That is, if the primary path becomes invalid, data will be retransmitted through other backup routes, which definitely reduces the frequency of route rebuilding in comparison to single-path mechanisms [18]. In [19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24], these backup routes are established during route discovery process.