esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Discussion  
This study aimed to develop and implement a web-based nutrition education program for the self-management of symptoms in patients with IBS and evaluate its effectiveness. The web-based nutrition education program was based on the IMB model and conducted as a mobile health program. The results showed that self-efficacy and nutritional knowledge increased significantly after 12 weeks of web-based nutrition education in participants with no previous experience in nutrition education or dietary modifications. Although patients with IBS can reduce their symptoms by making dietary and lifestyle changes [7], some studies have reported that patients with IBS are less likely to self-manage due to the lack of knowledge and negative perceptions of symptom management [11]. Furthermore, persistent IBS symptoms can lead to socio-economic problems such as reduced social relationships, decreased work productivity, and medical expenses, leading to a decreased quality of life. In this study, we developed a nutrition education program based on the IMB model, considering the characteristics of patients with IBS, and focused on providing sufficient information and motivation, changing behavioral skills, and improving self-efficacy. The IMB model has already been applied to chronic diseases such as diabetes, and osteoarthritis [18; 30]; considering the positive changes in knowledge, behavioral changes, and self-efficacy among participants, we believe the program in this study is appropriate for patients with IBS. Long-term nutrition management through self-monitoring systems is important for preventing and managing non-communicable diseases [31], and, recently, mobile health programs have been used as a helpful tool to provide health-care guidance and self-monitoring [32]. In this study, we used a mobile application and interactive platform to provide information and behavioral skills for the self-management of IBS symptoms. A recent study on a mobile nutrition counseling intervention for patients with gastric cancer reported that nutrition intervention was accompanied by professional nutrition knowledge, rapport formation, and psychological support [33]. Most of the previous studies on web-based nutrition interventions for patients with IBS have used mobile applications [7; 34] but lacked the utilization of real-time interactive educational content. In this study, we designed mobile content for patients with IBS by utilizing a mobile application and a KakaoTalk channel to provide individualized questions and feedback. This study allowed for more interaction between participants and experts rather than a one-way transfer of information, which led to increased motivation and faster problem solving. We believe that the function of mobile content was implemented appropriately. The nutrition knowledge analysis of this study showed that the nutrition knowledge of patients with IBS increased significantly after the web-based nutrition intervention. This study suggests that the repeated delivery of IBS-related information and behavioral skills
# Effects of Different Pretreatments on the GABA Content of
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of HPP and Ultrasonic Treatment on GABA and Antioxidants of Germinated Brown Rice
0.1% CaCl\({}_{2}\) paired with ultrasonic treatment at a power intensity of 400 W for 20 min for germinated brown rice. Table 5 shows an analysis of antioxidant activity components and DPPH radical scavenging capacity in germinated brown rice after HPP and ultrasonic treatment. While HPP resulted in a total phenolic content of 0.89-1.00 mg gallic acid equivalent/g, ultrasonic treatment significantly increased the content to 1.06-1.08 mg gallic acid equivalent/g. The flavonoid content remained similar at 3.94-5.15 \(\upmu\)g quercetin equivalent/g after both HPP and ultrasonic treatments. The DPPH radical scavenging capacity improved to 93% after ultrasonic treatment, indicating that ultrasonic processing enhances the antioxidant capacity of germinated brown rice. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Germination Treatment** & **GABA (mg/100 g)** \\ \hline Ungermination & 7.10 \(\pm\) 2.53 \({}^{t}\) \\ Water & 22.33 \(\pm\) 7.87 \({}^{\text{e}}\) \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{Soaking/HPP (100 MPa, 10 min)} \\ Water & 67.17 \(\pm\) 3.99 \({}^{\text{d}}\) \\
0.1\% CaCl\({}_{2}\) & 83.10 \(\pm\)1.65 \({}^{\text{c}}\) \\
0.1\% Glu & 64.29 \(\pm\) 2.38 \({}^{\text{d}}\) \\
0.2\% CaCl\({}_{2}\) & 62.58 \(\pm\) 3.34 \({}^{\text{d}}\) \\
0.2\% Glu & 62.62 \(\pm\) 7.91 \({}^{\text{d}}\) \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{Soaking/ultrasonic treatment (400 W, 20 min)} \\ Water & 84.85 \(\pm\) 1.45 \({}^{\text{c}}\) \\
0.1\% CaCl\({}_{2}\) & 102.38 \(\pm\) 6.53 \({}^{\text{ab}}\) \\
0.1\% Glu & 96.73 \(\pm\) 11.28 \({}^{\text{b}}\) \\
0.2\% CaCl\({}_{2}\) & 81.24 \(\pm\) 5.48 \({}^{\text{c}}\) \\
0.2\% Glu & 110.88 \(\pm\) 6.02 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ \hline \end{tabular} Data were expressed as mean and error bars of \(\pm\) S.D. (\(n\) = 3). Means with different superscript letters in the same column are significantly different (\(p\) < 0.05). The concentrations of the sample, vitamin C, and BHA for the DPPH assay were 20 mg/mL.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Effects of various soaking solutions with HPP or ultrasonic treatments on GABA content of germinated brown rice.
# Operational Optimisation of a Non-Recuperative 1-kWe Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) Engine Prototype
## 2 Experimental Methods  
### ORC Testing Facility  
The ORC testing facility consists of a rotary-vane pump, brazed-plate evaporator and condenser units and a scroll expander, as described in Figure 1. A liquid receiver is placed in the pump suction line, downstream of the condenser to trap non-condensable gases (such as air) and potentially non-condensed vapour, so that only liquid-phase fluid is sucked into the pump. The expander shaft is connected to a single-phase asynchronous generator with magnetic couplings, so as to avoid leakage from the expander case. The power generated during the expansion of the working-fluid vapour stream is released through a resistive load bank, made of an arrangement of several resistances, providing an equivalent resistance ranging from 10 to 60 \(\Omega\) and able to dissipate safely up to 2 kW of heat without additional ventilation, as shown in Figure 2. This resistive load is adjusted to determine the optimal expander-shaft rotating speed and investigate the ORC part-load performance. An 18-kWh electric oil heater is used to circulate and heat up a hot Marlotherm SM oil stream, while the supply heat-source temperature to the ORC engine is controlled with a PID controller. Building tap water, supplied at a constant temperature of 18 \({}^{\circ}\)C, is used to absorb the excess heat rejected in the condenser unit.  
Table 1 summarises the basic operating conditions of the apparatus. Various heat-source temperatures, ranging from 100 to 140 \({}^{\circ}\)C are imposed to assess the ORC system performance under part-load conditions. The engine is operated with R245 fa as a working fluid in the current experiments and the mass flow rate is varied by controlling the pump rotational speed. The optimal expander-load resistance and pump rotational speed are determined for each heat-source temperature, maximising either the net power output or the thermal efficiency.
## 1 Introduction
A high-input impedance voltage-mode LP, BP, and HP filter employing three CFOAs, four resistors, and two grounded capacitors has been proposed in the literature [29] but it has a capacitor connected in series to the X port of the CFOA. Because the CFOA has a non-negligible output parasitic resistance on port X, R\({}_{\mathrm{X}}\), when the X port of CFOA is loaded by a capacitor, it leads to an improper transfer of functions. In this paper, a new high-input impedance multifunction biquadratic filter configuration with two inputs and three outputs using three CFOAs, three resistors, and two grounded capacitors has been presented. The circuit realizes LP, BP, and BR voltage responses, simultaneously, by the use of only a single voltage input signal while the IBP and HP responses can be obtained by the use of another high-input impedance of input voltage signal. The circuit exhibits high-input impedance and orthogonal control of \(\omega_{\mathrm{o}}\) and Q. Moreover, the proposed CFOA-based voltage-mode multifunction biquadratic filter can be easily converted to a voltage-mode quadrature oscillator. Contrary to the previously reported CFOA-based voltage-mode multifunction biquadratic filters [26; 27; 28; 29], the proposed filter meets all of the following advantages--(i) employs only three CFOAs, three resistors, and two grounded capacitors, (ii) can have simultaneously LP, BP, and BR filtering responses with a single input and three outputs by the use of only a single voltage input signal while the IBP and HP filtering responses can be realized by the use of another input voltage signal, (iii) has high-input impedance, (iv) has orthogonal control of \(\omega_{\mathrm{o}}\) and Q, (v) has no capacitors bringing extra poles that degrade its high frequency performance, (vi) requires no inverting-type voltage input signals, and (vii) can transfer into a voltage-mode quadrature sinusoidal oscillator easily. The properties of the proposed filter and oscillator have been verified by PSpice simulations and furthermore by experimental measurements. The proposed circuit is compared with previously published voltage-mode multifunction biquadratic filters using CFOAs in Table 1.
## 5 Results
### Comparative Performance Analysis  
#### 5.3.1 Dynamic P-V Characteristics Across Operational Phases  
The pressure-volume diagnostic framework revealed phase-synchronized cyclic behavior across all parametric configurations (Figure 8), with full circulation area maintenance confirming operational integrity. Key transitional features include expansion (1-2) and compression phases (3-4), correlating with liquid compressibility modulus and cylinder wall elasticity. Transient pressure analysis at stroke initiation phases reveals four characteristic pressure states: Point 1: \(P=39.298\) MPa; Point 2: \(P=-0.348\) MPa; Point 3: \(P=-0.018\) MPa; and Point 4: \(P=38.765\) MPa. These measurements exhibit strong concordance with established pressure transient profiles [23], while demonstrating significant reductions in pressure fluctuation compared to conventional valve systems. The damped  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Test No.**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Cylindrical Spring**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Wave Spring**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Stiffness \(k_{1}\)** \\ **(N/mm)** \\ \end{tabular} & **Preload \(F\) (N)** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Stiffness \(k_{2}\)** \\ **(N/mm)** \\ \end{tabular} & **Pre-Compression** \\  & & & **(N/mm)** & **(mm)** \\ \hline \#1 & 11 & 110 & 175.054 & 1 \\ \hline \#2 & 15 & 110 & 175.054 & 1 \\ \hline \#3 & 11 & 150 & 175.054 & 1 \\ \hline \#4 & 11 & 110 & 217.044 & 1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Parametric configurations of springs.  
pressure response confirms that the secondary cushion mechanism effectively mitigates valve motion hysteresis.  
Figure 6: Valve lift and velocity characteristics of suction and discharge valves under varying structural parameters.
## 5 Applications in Food Products and Nutraceuticals
### Non-Food Items  
#### 5.2.1 Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Industry  
_Citrus_ fruits, apart from bioactive compounds, contain soluble sugar, starch, cellulose and hemicellulose fibers, ash, pectin, lignin, fat, and protein, which can be used in different fields of pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals, food, beverage, and cosmetics [101]. For example, _Citrus_ seed waste is being exploited in cosmetic applications, i.e., hair, nails, skin, antibacterial and antifungal soaps, and lotions in the cosmetic industry [1; 92]. [PERSON] et al. highlighted the presence of triterpenes in lemon seeds of triterpenes as minor bioactive compounds for exploitation in the pharmaceutical sector through the production of therapeutic steroids that serve as natural emulsifiers in diverse cosmetics [102]. [PERSON] et al. conducted a compositional study of seeds and seed oils of multiple _Citrus_ fruits extracted by solvent extraction. The results showed that the total amounts of phenols and flavonoids in _Citrus_ seeds ranged from 97.84 mg GAE/100 g to 814.84 mg GAE/100 g. Meanwhile, the antioxidant activity ranged from 53.27% to 74.21%. Also, it was found that the amounts of oleic and linoleic acid in _Citrus_ seed oils ranged from 21.84% to 38.67%, and the most abundant minerals were phosphorus and iron [95].  
The chemical composition of these by-products is a renewable, economical source, ideal to produce essential oils and _Citrus_ hydrosols, as well as the presence of antioxidants such as vitamins C, B, and E or flavonoids such as quercetin, hesperidin, and rutin, which could act on the skin, delaying the aging factor and promoting skin health [86]. [PERSON] et al. developed a medicinal soap without synthetic additives showing potent bioactivities from the underutilized seeds of sweet oranges. The results showed a product that standsout for excellent properties such as good solubility, foaming capacity, texture, color, low free caustic alkali content, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant potential l, antiparasitic, and low cytotoxicity. In addition, also for its composition in linoleic acid (36%) and oleic acid (27%) and above all, for being a sustainable, environmentally conscious cosmeceutical that could turn _Citrus_ seed residues into richness [65]. However, these applications are still scarce and barely exploited, the most crucial step for the development of natural cosmetics and pharmaceuticals should focus on the identification of the compounds of interest from the _Citrus_ seed waste, together with research concerning the structure of the skin and the effects of the compounds on it [86].
# An Effective and Efficient Adaptive Probability Data Dissemination Protocol in VANET
## 3 Effective and Efficient Adaptive Probability Data Dissemination Protocol (EEAPD)
### Redundancy Ratio Metric  
The redundancy ratio \"\(r\)\" is a reliable metric used to measure the proportion between the number of delivered messages per total new messages. It is calculated by:  
\[r=\frac{\text{TotalReceivedDataPacket}(\text{original}+\text{redundant})}{\text {TotalNewDataPacket}(\text{original})} \tag{1}\]  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Selected Work**} & **Application** & **Forwarder Parameter** & **Simulated** & **Beacon-Based** & **Communication Mode** \\ \hline
**S1 PD**[19] & Safety & Distance & Highway & Yes & V2V \\ \hline O1 PD [21] & Safety & Distance & Highway & Yes & V2V \\ \hline DOT [22] & Safety & Distance and Density & Highway & Yes & V2V \\ \hline
**SEAD**[30] & Safety and Non-safety & Density, Distance and Msg direction & Urban and Highway & No & V2V and V2I \\ \hline
**Delay-Based**[31] & Safety & Density and Distance & Urban & No & V2V and V2I \\ \hline
**AddP**[33] & Safety & Density and Distance & Urban and Highway & Yes & V2V and V2I \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{EEAPD} & \multirow{2}{*}{Safety} & Segments, Distance, Density and Msg direction & Urban & No & V2V \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Related works comparison.  
From the proposed design, during the entire message transmission process, each node repeatedly updates its redundancy ratio \"\(r\)\" within the specified time \(\Delta t\). The redundancy ratio can be reset when there is no data packet being received. From Figure 2 the simulation experiment was performed by a fixed number of the source node to show the correlation between a number of vehicles and its corresponding redundancy ratio (more explanation is provided in Section 4). Figure 2 shows that redundancy ratio is directly proportional to vehicles' density. This indicates that when the vehicles' density becomes higher, the number of redundant packets also increases. Therefore, for surveillance, it is clearly logical commence that in EEAPD the rebroadcast probability depends on the redundancy ratio, such that the more redundancy ratio becomes high the less the probability of rebroadcast, and vice versa. This helps to reduce the broadcast storm problem when the number of nodes decreases.
# A Modified Bearing Capacity Model for Inclined Shallow Anchor Cable with Experimental Verification
## 2 Theoretical Model for Calculating Bearing Capacity of Anchor Cable
### Bearing Capacity Calculation Formula  
According to the limit equilibrium state, the pull-out force can be derived as  
\[F=Tcos\beta+(G-N)sin\alpha \tag{4}\]  
\[Gcos\alpha+Tsin\beta=Ncos\alpha \tag{5}\]  
where \(T\) is the shear force acting on the failure surface, \(N\) is the normal force acting on the failure surface; \(F\) is the bearing capacity of the anchor cable and \(G\) is the weight of the failure zone.  
The relationship between the shear force \(T\) and the normal force \(N\) can be obtained using the Mohr-Coulom criterion,  
\[N=\frac{T-cA}{tan\varphi}=\frac{Gcos\alpha+cAsin\beta}{cos\alpha-tan\varphi sin\beta} \tag{6}\]  
Consequently, the bearing capacity \(F\) can be expressed as follows:  
\[F=\frac{Gtan\varphi+cA}{cos\alpha-tan\varphi sin\beta}cos(\alpha+\beta) \tag{7}\]  
\[A=\frac{\pi}{4}(l_{AB}+l_{\text{BC}})^{2}sin\beta_{0}, \tag{8}\]  
\[G=\frac{\pi}{3}\rho g(l_{AB}\cdot l_{\text{BC}})^{1.5}sin^{2}\beta_{0}cos\beta _{0}, \tag{9}\]  
\[\beta_{0}=\frac{\pi-\beta_{1}-\beta_{2}}{2}. \tag{10}\]  
where \(\rho\) is the density of the rock or soil; \(\varphi\) is the internal friction angle of the rock or soil; \(c\) is the cohesion of the rock or soil.  
The bearing capacity can be calculated using Equation (8).
# FPGA Implementation of ECT Digital System for Imaging Conductive Materials
## 2 ECT System  
A typical ECT system contains three hardware parts, an array of electrodes mounted around the area of interest, a data acquisition unit including a multiplexer to switch between capacitance sensors, and a computing device (usually a general-purpose computer) to carry out the image reconstruction and the parameters' analysis [24]. Figure 2 is a sketch of the ECT system with all three components [2]. However, the most consuming computation time in these three parts is the reconstruction algorithm which requires dedicated hardware to attain real-time performance. This reason, as well as the fact that a PC is not always the proper choice to be deployed in such devices, derives the development of a new parallel and dedicated hardware architecture [4].  
The casting process is simulated in the first stage where the capacitive sensors are mounted. The foam is represented by a pipe in the center of the flask and the metal will exist in this area. The collected measurements are relative to the metal distribution inside the imaging area [25; 26]. In the second stage, there is a data acquisition system (base-station) collecting the data wirelessly from the sensors and working as a bridge between the sensing circuits and the FPGA platform. This base-station is connected to the controlling and monitoring FPGA station in the final stage where an image reconstruction algorithm is implemented. The base-station either collects packets from the ECT sensors or sends commands from the FPGA to that sensors. In our application, the Crossbow MIB600 CA gateway is hooked to a MicaZ more to function as the base station. There is a program on the note to read the collected packets from the nodes and sends them to the gateway. The integration of main functional units on a single chip reduces the size and the cost of the proposed system.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Descriptors by BRISK  
The BRISK descriptor adopts the neighborhood sampling model, which takes the feature points as the center of the circle. The points on the concentric circles of several radii are selected as the sampling points. In order to reduce the effect caused by sample image grayscale aliasing, the Gauss function can be used for filtering. The Gauss function of standard deviation sigma is proportional to the distance between the points on each concentric circle. Selecting a pair from the point pairs formed by all sampling points, denoted as (\(P_{i}\), \(P_{j}\)), the gray values after treatment are \(I(P_{i}\), \(\sigma_{i})\) and \(I(P_{j}\),\(\sigma_{j})\), respectively. Hence, the gradient between two sampling points is  
\[g(P_{i},P_{j})=(P_{j}-P_{i})\cdot\frac{I(P_{j},\sigma_{j})-I(P_{i},\sigma_{i} )}{\|P_{j}-P_{i}\|^{2}}. \tag{3}\]  
Set \(A\) is a collection of all pairs of sampling points, S is a set containing all the short-range sampling pairs, and L is a set containing all the long-distance pairs of sampling points:  
\[A=\Big{\{}(P_{i},P_{j})\in R^{2}\times R^{2}\Big{|}i<N\wedge j<i\wedge i,j\in N \Big{\}}, \tag{4}\]  
\[S=\Big{\{}(P_{i},P_{j})\in A\Big{|}\|P_{j}-P_{i}\|<\delta_{\max}\Big{\}}\subseteq A, \tag{5}\]  
\[L=\Big{\{}(P_{i},P_{j})\in A\Big{|}\|P_{j}-P_{i}\|<\delta_{\min}\Big{\}} \subseteq A. \tag{6}\]  
The general distance thresholds \(\delta_{max}\) = 9.75 \(t\), \(\delta_{min}\) = 13.67 \(t\), and \(t\) are characteristic point scales. The main direction for each feature point is specified by the gradient direction distribution characteristics of neighboring pixels of the feature point. In general, the BRISK algorithm can be used to solve for the direction \(g\) of the overall pattern according to the gradient between two sampling points:  
\[g=\left(\begin{array}{c}g_{x}\\ g_{y}\end{array}\right)=\frac{1}{L}\cdot\sum_{(P_{i},P_{j})\in L}g(P_{i},P_{j}). \tag{7}\]  
In order to achieve rotation and scale invariance, the sampling pattern is sampled again after the rotation angle \(\theta\) = _arctan2_ (\(g_{y}\), \(g_{x}\)). The binary descriptor \(b\) can be constructed by performing Equation (8) on all pairs of points in set \(S\) by short-range sampling points.  
\[b=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}1&I(P_{j}^{\theta},\sigma_{j})>I(P_{i}^{\theta}, \sigma_{i})\\ 0&\text{otherwise}\end{array}\right.\quad\forall(P_{i}^{\theta},P_{j}^{\theta})\in S \tag{8}\]
## 5 Studies on the Effects of _M. oleifera_ Leaf Extracts on Male Reproductive Function
### Heat Stress  
Heat stress on the testis enhances the production of ROS and reduces the enzyme defence system activities, reducing the semen quality of males. Heat stress also increases NADPH oxidase activity and disrupts the homeostasis of mitochondria of the reproductive cells [7]. Additionally, heat stress negatively impacts the male HPG-axis through impairment of the normal release of hypothalamic GnRH and LH and FSH from the pituitary gland, decreasing serum circulating testosterone. In the testis, heat stress leads to Leydig cell apoptosis and the reduction in testicular testosterone synthesis [7].  
A study conducted on human subjects to determine the correlation between heat stress and semen quality among male workers in the steel industry found that workers exposed to heat had poor semen quality compared to unexposed subjects [11]. Additional studies observed that increased scrotal temperature in fertile men decreases sperm quality and temper with sperm morphology [11].  
A study on the effects of _M. oleifera_ extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) on adult male Wistar rats exposed to heat stress for 14 days indicated an improvement in tubular epithelial cells, germinal Sertoli cells, spermatatogonia, spermatocytes, early spermatids, late spermatids and spermatazoa, which led to an improvement of the histopathology of the testis [76].  
Another study on Spanish maternal line (V-line) rabbit bucks showed an increase in hormonal testosterone levels and increased sperm quality, including increased sperm concentration with intact acrosome, total sperm output, motility and viability [74]. Additionally, rabbit bucks orally supplemented with _M. oleifera_ at different concentrations (50, 100 and 150 mg/kg) for 12 weeks had a lower rectal temperature [74]. In White rats exposed to hot temperatures, _M. oleifera_ prevented the harmful effects of high temperature on Leydig cells and Sertoli cells, indicated by the reduction of testicular cell pyknosis [77].