# Selenium Content of Goose Breast Meat Depending on the Type of Heat Processing
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Coverage of Selenium Intake Standards
Selenosis commonly occurs in areas where the soil and drinking water have high selenium concentrations. It can also be a consequence of consuming dietary supplements [39]. Taking into account our determined selenium content of raw meat and meat subjected to various heat processing, and considering the reference daily intake in different countries, the consumption of a serving of 100 g of goose covers the needs of an adult human (depending on gender) from 18.9% to 107.6%. In addition, it should be noted that selenium bioavailability can be affected by other dietary factors such as dietary methionine (Met) content, thiols, heavy metals and vitamin C [37]. Dietary Met deficiency results in using Se-Met for protein synthesis (to replace Met), contributing to increased Se content in tissues and thus reduced incorporation into the enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Glutathione peroxidase transforms the toxic and carcinogenic hydrogen peroxide into harmless water and oxygen. Its activation requires small amounts of Se (selenocysteine), probably substituting sulfur in the glutathione molecule and causing the development of the modified enzyme glutathione peroxidase 4--GPx4 [38]. In contrast, with a diet rich in Met, there is competition in intestinal absorption with Se-Met, leading to a lower state of Se saturation in the body. Some thiols in the gastrointestinal tract increase selenite absorption, probably due to the formation of selenocomplexes with thiol compounds, which are more rapidly absorbed by the intestinal Na+-dependent and independent mechanisms. High vitamin C intake (1 g/d) may result in higher absorption and increased selenium retention, possibly due to vitamin C's protection of key sulfhydryl groups involved in selenium uptake from the gastrointestinal tract. The interaction of Se with heavy metals reduces Se utilisation in some foods by forming bonds between them. Various arsenic compounds and cysteine, methionine, copper, tungsten, mercury, cadmium, and silver have been noted to reduce the efficiency of inorganic Se absorption in the gut. The effect of a low-protein diet rich in phosphorus on the lowest Se retention was also observed. In addition, fractions of soluble fibre and guar gum increase faecal Se excretion in humans and reduce Se homeostasis in the body due to reduced absorption from the gastrointestinal tract [58; 59]. From the consumer's point of view, the information placed by the manufacturer on the food packaging label is important because it helps consumers make nutritional choices. According to a European Parliament directive [60], the label includes information on energy and nutritional value. This information should also include the daily intake (NRV) reference value. These recommendations are based on the best available scientific knowledge of the daily energy or nutrients needed for good health. In 2014, the Codex Committee on Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses determined that the NRV-R for selenium is 60 ug [60]. In contrast, in Annex XIII of Regulation (EU) No. 1169/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2011, on providing food information to consumers, the NRV-R is 55 ug [59]. Our calculations show that raw meat without skin covers the NRV-R (60 ug) of the consumer (regardless of gender) at 29% and with skin at 22% (Table 2). Goose breast meat subjected to various heat processing covers NRV-R in the 33.3-44.8% range, although OCR without skin and grilled with skin cover the highest percentage (44.8 vs. 44.5%). A PCA analysis (Figure 1) was conducted to investigate the relationships between Se retention, CL, and NRV-R and to determine which treatment could retain nutritional quality the most. The first two PCs accounted for 53.6% of the total variance. The PC1 explained 32.9% of the variance and had strong positive loadings for CL and smaller loadings for Se retention and NRV-R (Table 4). Figure 1 shows a weak correlation between CL and Se retention, confirming that Se remains in the denatured protein without leaking.