# Geotechnical Property Modeling and Construction Safety Zoning Based on GIS and BIM Integration
## 3 Implementation on the Peshawar Region Borehole Data  
### Study Area and Data Collection  
Peshawar is the capital of the one province of Pakistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It is located in the western Himalayan area at 710\({}^{\circ}\)43.4\({}^{\prime}\) N, 330\({}^{\circ}\)93.7\({}^{\prime}\) E [62]. Peshawar region is selected for the implementation of the proposed method of integrating BIM and GIS for geotechnical property modeling and zoning. This area is selected due to the availability of the borehole data. Figure 4 illustrates the location of the study area. Figure 4: Location map of the study area. Figure 3: Abstract supertype for geotechnical entities used in the study for the geotechnical property representation in BIM. Geotechnical exploration data such as boreholes were collected from the soil mechanics laboratories and local geotechnical investigation consultants. The boreholes data was collected from the available laboratory testing data distributed all around the study region. Among the in-situ tests, the SPT-N value conducted at multiple intervals along the depth of the borehole to find the variation of soil properties is considered. Also, unconfined compressive strength information was collected that shows the strength of the soil. The total depth of borehole data was 40 m, however, some point data was not available up to 40 m depth (Table 2). The water table information in the study area is also collected. The water table level varies in the study due to the difference of elevation. So in and around the study area the range of water table level varies. Although this methodology can be adopted for any geotechnical parameter, however, the case study part that shows the implementation of the proof-of-concept of this research uses in-situ test data such as SPT-N information and other laboratory test parameters such as plasticity index and unconfined compressive strength as described in Table 1. The authors used SPT-N information, because of the ease of correlation of SPT-N with other geotechnical properties. The proposed method is applied in the Peshawar region, Pakistan where ground response studies such as shear wave velocity profiles are typically calculated using SPT-Vs correlations [8; 63]. On the other hand, the study uses geotechnical information which has been collected from the local consultants. The geotechnical information was easily available with the consultant because almost every building and infrastructure project needs geotechnical investigation data. The SPT-N value is widely used in geotechnical studies for the representation of the soil condition that can be obtained from the investigated borehole information [59]. The SPT correlation can be used to estimate the geotechnical properties of the soil such as the angle of friction, relative density, and shear modulus [8]. In [7; 8; 9], using single soil parameter SPT-N, correlations were developed to estimate the engineering properties of soil such as cohesion, angle of friction, shear wave velocity, and Poisson's ratio that is helpful and makes it easy for the designers and engineers. The location of boreholes information with the final depth of SPT-N is shown in Table 2. The details of some of the boreholes used in this study are presented in Table 3. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Location ID** & **Easting** & **Northing** & **Final Depth** \\ \hline BH1 & 72.095 & 33.923 & 35 \\ BH2 & 71.943 & 33.852 & 27.9 \\ BH3 & 71.847 & 33.855 & 37.7 \\ BH4 & 71.85 & 33.966 & 28 \\ BH5 & 72.1 & 33.976 & 37.4 \\ BH6 & 72.095 & 34.053 & 40 \\ BH7 & 71.946 & 34.03 & 40 \\ BH8 & 71.941 & 34.114 & 34 \\ BH9 & 71.8 & 34.038 & 40 \\ BH10 & 71.735 & 34.035 & 40 \\ BH11 & 71.734 & 33.997 & 40 \\ BH12 & 71.706 & 33.923 & 40 \\ BH13 & 71.776 & 33.82 & 40 \\ BH14 & 71.869 & 33.778 & 40 \\ BH15 & 71.86 & 33.713 & 40 \\ BH16 & 72.058 & 33.775 & 40 \\ BH17 & 71.163 & 33.775 & 40 \\ BH18 & 72.225 & 33.874 & 40 \\ BH19 & 72.232 & 34.072 & 40 \\ BH20 & 72.22 & 33.973 & 40 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}