## 1 Introduction
[48] also compared the predictions with three different GNSS-TEC estimation methods. Furthermore, they contrasted their evaluation's findings with earlier studies of the ionospheric behavior of TSE2019 and TSE2020. Over Antarctica, there was a total solar eclipse on 4 December 2021 (TSE2021). The zone of the penumbral eclipse covered Antarctica and was observed over small southernmost sections of southern South America, Africa, New Zealand, and Australia between 5.48 UT and 9.62 UT. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [49] studied TEC effects due to TSE2021 at six GPS stations in Antarctica. Over the six stations, the TEC value decreased during the eclipse. DVTEC values during the eclipse were about \(-70\%\) to \(-50\%\) around 8 UT (in the daytime), and in the nighttime, TEC enhancements were about 30% to 150%. The maximum TEC enhancement was at all sites after the eclipse day. [PERSON] et al. [50] compared GPS TEC observations to the TIE-GCM model ionosphere. They used ground magnetometer observations located along the 40\({}^{\circ}\) magnetic meridian between 69\({}^{\circ}\)S and 79\({}^{\circ}\)S and their magnetically conjugate counterpart. They observed a substorm that took place one hour prior to peak totality in the AE index and in the combined array magnetograms. The results showed that TEC frequency oscillations were similar to the magnetometer data. The authors' analyses suggested that these observations were caused by eclipse effects rather than the substorm. In a recent study, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [51] reported the TEC variations during the PSE2022 using three GPS stations localized in Santiago (33.44\({}^{\circ}\)S, 70.67\({}^{\circ}\)W), Montevideo (34.90\({}^{\circ}\)S, 56.16\({}^{\circ}\)W), and Falkland (51.45\({}^{\circ}\)S, 59.00\({}^{\circ}\)W). On the day of the eclipse, prior to the event, it was possible to observe that DVTEC at the three GPS stations reached values greater than 30%. According to their study, the GPS station they used with the highest percentage of obscuration was localized in Santiago (MPO 28% at sea level). During the eclipse, the DVTEC experienced deviations from the background ionosphere over Santiago (\(-39\%\)), Montevideo (\(-29\%\)), and Falkland (\(-60\%\)). Finally, the authors used the three stations to compare the TEC behavior due to the 14 April 2022 moderate geomagnetic storm and PSE2022. They concluded that the TEC response to the analyzed storm was greater than that of the PSE2022-induced effects on the ionosphere. Then, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [51] did not present TEC maps or the ionospheric effects of the 2022 partial eclipse on the EIA. Additionally, some studied eclipses have occurred on days when the geomagnetic field has been at active levels, such as the total solar eclipses of 23 November 2003 and 20 March 2015. Both eclipses happened over polar regions. The eclipse of 2003 happened over Antarctica, during the recovery phase of the great storm on 20 November 2003. Over the partial zone of this eclipse, TEC levels at the time window of the eclipse were about \(-30\%\) to \(-17\%\) with respect to the day before and the day after the eclipse, re spectively [52]. The eclipse of 20 March 2015 took place across Arctic regions, during the recovery phase of the 2015 St. Patrick's geomagnetic storm that started a few days earlier (2015 March 17), and it was accompanied by a negative ionospheric storm on 20 March 2015. Despite the geomagnetic activity, numerous studies have documented ionospheric changes (DVTEC between \(\sim-50\%\) and \(-10\%\)) caused by the eclipse of 20 March 2015 relative to the background (e.g., [53; 54; 55; 14; 56]). In this paper, we study and compare the effects of PSE2018 and PSE2022 on TEC behavior over South America and Antarctica regions. We also take this opportunity to analyze the ionospheric effects induced by both solar eclipses on the EIA.