esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Large-Language-Model-Enabled Text Semantic Communication Systems
## 4 Numerical Results
### The Performance of BER and TER
For BER performance, LLM-SC exhibits strong competitiveness across the entire SNR curve. Notably, as SNR rises, the BER of LLM-SC declines rapidly, while the decline for the hard demodulation method is much slower. At the common \(10^{-3}\) BER threshold, LLM-SC achieves a coding gain of approximately 8 dB. Furthermore, no bit errors are observed in the simulation for SNR values exceeding 16 dB, indicating that LLM-SC can achieve error-free bit transmission in technical communication systems. Regarding TER, hard demodulation struggles at SNR values below 14 dB, whereas LLM-SC reaches a \(10^{-3}\) TER at 14 dB, successfully decoding the majority of words. The improvement in TER is consistent across all SNR levels, as LLM-SC leverages contextual information. Similarly, TER decreases faster with increasing SNR, and no token errors are found for SNR values above 16 dB, indicating that LLM-SC can achieve error-free token transmission in technical communications. In summary, the superior coding efficiency and the preservation of semantic redundancy for error correction underscore the advantages of LLM-SC over traditional methods, positioning LLM-SC as a more effective alternative for semantic communication tasks. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Coding Algorithm** & **Coding Rate (bpc)** \\ \hline Huffman & 3.736 \\ \hline Zlib & 4.904 \\ \hline AC + MultiPPM & 5.76 \\ \hline
**LLM-SC** & **3.62** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Coding rate of some text compression algorithms.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Search Strategy  
An electronic search without date or language limitation was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library until March 2020. Furthermore, a manual search was performed of the following journals: _Journal of Periodontology_, _Journal of Clinical Periodontology_, _Clinical Oral Implants Research_, _Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research_, _The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants_, _International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery_, and _Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery_. A search of the Grey Literature Report ([[http://www.greylit.org](http://www.greylit.org)]([http://www.greylit.org](http://www.greylit.org))) and OpenGrey databases ([[http://www.opengrey.eu](http://www.opengrey.eu)]([http://www.opengrey.eu](http://www.opengrey.eu))) revealed unpublished studies (grey literature). Searches in references of the included studies (cross-referencing) were also conducted. MeSH terms, keywords, and other free terms related to \"platelet-rich-fibrin\", \"PRF\", \"autologous platelet concentrate\", \"tooth extraction\", \"mandibular third molar\", \"mandibular third molar extraction\", \"post-extraction sockets\", \"post-extraction socket healing\", \"alveolar socket preservation\", \"alveolar ridge preservation\", \"regenerative dentistry\", and \"systematic review\" were used with Boolean operators (OR, AND) to combine searches. The search strategy included appropriate changes in the keywords and followed the syntactic rules of each database.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Gauge Sensitivity  
A parametric study of the representative dimensions of the specimen was carried out to determine the size of a RVE and the minimum gauge length for dynamic testing in SHTB. The specimens with varying gauge lengths were systematically tested, and representative nominal stress (force per fabric width) vs. engineering strain curves are showed in the Figure 6. The results were compared against the baseline characterisation previously conducted on full-size samples (100 \(\times\) 100 mm\({}^{2}\)) [14; 15]. The mechanical response of very short specimens was distorted due to the parasitic fibre clamping between both grips. Influence of a biaxial loading condition should be also considered. As a result, the samples with gauge length lower than 30 mm possessed a higher strength and stiffness and presented a significant percentage of fibre breakage, identified by a rough stress-strain curve at the onset of damage, as opposed to the representative smooth baseline mechanical response. The tensile fibre breakage was not a dominant failure mode of needle-punched nonwoven fabrics subjected to in-plane tensile loads or ballistic impact [19; 15], nevertheless, the influence of this mechanisms could be neglected for gauge dimensions larger than half the average fibre length (30 mm).  
Figure 5: Deformation of a 350 \(\times\) 350 mm\({}^{2}\) target impacted by a small steel sphere of 5.5 mm diameter. Ballistic response for initial impact velocity 300 m/s at \(t=500\) μs, below the ballistic limit. **(a)** Contour plot of the maximum principal logarithmic strain, showing the fronts of the longitudinal and transverse waves (dashed line) and **(b)** experimental deflection. **(c)** Fibre disentanglement for impact velocity 360 m/s at \(t=175\) μs, above the ballistic limit [19; 21].
## 4 Conclusions
The fabric tensor characteristics of the S-RM in the critical state are intricately linked to the force chain skeleton of the specimen's primary structure, with minimal influence from the gravel content and consolidation state. Specimens with sand particles as the primary structure exhibit the most rapid transition to the critical state, characterized by the highest average coordination number (CN) and the most pronounced fabric anisotropic coefficient (\(a^{n}\)). Conversely, when gravel-sand contacts predominantly support the contact force chain, it takes a longer time for the average coordination number to stabilize, leading to a lower stability value and a more gradual evolution of anisotropic characteristics. In contrast, specimens with gravel as the main structure exhibit a slower transition to a stable state, displaying the lowest stability value and the least degree of evolution in contact normal anisotropy. Under identical force chain conditions, the anisotropy value of the S-RMs is independent of gravel content and consolidation state but depends solely on the composition of the specimen's skeleton. This study holds significant importance as it elucidates the mechanical behavior of irregularly shaped granular materials from a macroscopic perspective and the distribution of contact forces from a microscopic perspective within a complex DEM based on thin-film boundaries. It provides a comparative analysis of the mechanical characteristics of S-RMs, binary granular materials composed of soil and gravel. The study introduces the novel concept of the main skeleton of the contact force chain, offering a new approach for analyzing the mechanical properties of multi-component granular materials in future studies. To further enhance the accuracy of the analysis, more realistic granular contact models and constitutive models for granular fracture could be incorporated, thereby providing a more accurate reflection of the constitutive behavior of granular materials.
# Aging Performance and an Improved Evaluation Method for PE80 and PE100 Pipelines for Urban Gas
## 5 Conclusions  
According to the characteristic of aging for gas PE pipes, simulating aging experiments were established in this paper based on actual gas transmission conditions. Based on the experimental results, relevant research has been conducted combined with the current aging testing and life predicting methods. The conclusions are as follows:  
1. The aging experimental results of PE pipes are closer to the actual performance than those obtained from specimens. The aging process can be simulated with different pipe types, diameters, and pressures according to this method. The aging properties of PE pipes can be well characterized by the OIT value of the materials.
2. In the aging experiments mentioned in this paper, the effects of pressure, temperature, diameter, and material types on the aging of PE pipes are considered. Based on the Arrhenius formula, the aging reaction rate at room temperature (service temperature) can be calculated under different conditions.
3. Comparing the reaction rate coefficients, the diffusion ability of antioxidants in PE pipes enhances as the pressure increases. The antioxidant content is higher in PE pipes with a bigger diameter and wall thickness (when the SRD is constant) and the anti-aging ability is stronger. When the wall thickness doubles, the aging rate decreases about half of the rate under no pressure conditions.
4. The anti-aging ability of PE100 is stronger than PE80. The aging life of PE100 is twice as much that of PE80 at room temperature.
5. Based on the Arrhenius formula, the evaluation of the aging status can be extended. Combined with the aging experimental results of PE pipes, an improved aging evaluating method considering wall thickness is proposed in this paper, which can be a support for subsequent model improvements.  
**Author Contributions:** Validation, X.L.; Formal analysis, X.S.; Investigation, N.L. and X.S.; Resources, C.L. and S.C.; Writing--original draft, N.L.; Supervision, T.M.; Project administration, M.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Project (2023 YFF0611603), the Science and Technology Planning Project of State Administration for Market Regulation (no. 2022 MK201) and Open Research Fund of Technology Innovation Center of oil and gas pipeline and storage equipment safety for State Market Regulation (no. CXZX-YQGDYCCSBAQ-2024-002).  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** All necessary data is provided.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Datasets  
#### 2.2.1 Field Data  
We randomly selected 378 trees in the WPA site to measure the stem location and tree height using the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), working with a differential mode and laser range finder in August 2009. We collected tree crown diameter measurements in two cross directions (North-South and West-East) for each tree crown. In the PC site, we measured tree height and stem location for each tree in the plots PC-P2 and PC-P3 in July 2009. There were 22 and 50 trees in the two plots, respectively.
# Impact and Stability of mandibular Setback after Intraoral Vertical Ramus Osteotomy
## 3 Results
### Neurosensory Disturbances  
All of the patients were examined for neurosensory disturbance before surgery (T0) and during the postoperative follow-ups (T1, T2). Immediate neurosensory disturbance at T1 was found in 15 patients (38.46%). At T2, 17.94% of the patients with an immediate neurosensory disturbance reported full recovery, while 20.51% remained with sensory disturbance.  
As previously described, we classified long-term neurosensory disturbance into three categories: hypoesthesia, dysesthesia, and anesthesia. Hypoesthesia was found in three patients (7.69%), dysesthesia in four patients (10.25%), and anesthesia was found only in one patient (2.56%).  
Of all 39 patients, 18 were treated with genioplasty in addition to bilateral IVRO. In the genioplasty group, 55.6% (ten patients) reported short-term sensory disturbance compared to 23.8% (five patients) that had been treated with IVRO only. Long-term sensory disturbance was significantly higher at 27.77% of the 18 patients that had additional genioplasty compared to 14.28% of the 21 patients that were treated with IVRO only. The difference in the prevalence of neurosensory disturbance between the groups of patients that were treated with genioplasty and IVRO compared to IVRO only was statistically significant in the short term (\(p\) = 0.04), while in the long term, there was no significant difference between the two groups (\(p\) = 0.29).  
Of all 78 ramus osteectomies, 53.84% had an oblique osteotomy design, while 46.15% underwent a vertical-type osteotomy. In 16.67% of the procedures that included a vertical osteotomy design, a long-term neurosensory disturbance was reported, compared to only 9.52% of the cases that had oblique osteotomy. No statistically significant correlation was found between the osteotomy design and the neurosensory disturbance (\(p\) = 0.34).
# Load-Bearing Performance of a Reinforced Fill Structure with Pile Penetration
## 5 Analysis of Results
### The Distribution Law of Pile-Bending Moments
#### 5.2.3 Effect of Different Numbers of Reinforcement Layers  
The plot in Figure 11 illustrates the distribution of the bending moment along the pile for various numbers of reinforcement layers. Table 13 displays the maximum bending moment values for the structure with different numbers of reinforcement layers.  
From Figure 11a, it can be observed that in the absence of reinforcement, the bending moment distribution along the pile increases parabolically with depth during the initial loading.  
According to Figure 11b, the addition of a single layer of horizontal reinforcement at the base results in a linear decrease in the bending moment with a depth in the range of 140-220 mm, for a relatively small vertical load. However, from a depth of 220 mm to 460 mm, the bending moment distribution follows a parabolic pattern. When the vertical load reaches 30.0 kN, both the negative bending moment in the upper part and the positive bending moment in the lower part increase to their maximum values.  
According to Figure 11c, when two layers of horizontal reinforcement are added, the bending moment decreases nonlinearly with depth from 140-300 mm for vertical loads \(\leq\)30.0 kN. After that, it follows a parabolic distribution from a 300 mm to 460 mm depth, with the maximum bending moment occurring at a 380 mm depth. However, when the vertical load exceeds 30.0 kN, there is a significant increase in both the positive bending moment in the upper part and in the negative bending moment in the lower part.  
In Figure 11d, the addition of three layers of horizontal reinforcement leads to a parabolic pattern in the bending moment distribution along the depth of the pile. This results in a more reasonable distribution of the bending moment, with the maximum bending moment of 26.11 N-m occurring at a depth of 300 mm.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Condition** & **Pile Length/cm** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Maximum Bending** \\ **Moment/(N-m)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Vertical** \\ **Load/kN** \\ \end{tabular} & **Pile Depth/mm** \\ \hline
12 & 50 & 41.16 & 52.5 & 140 \\
13 & 55 & 97.51 & 60.0 & 140 \\
5 & 60 & 26.11 & 67.5 & 300 \\
14 & 65 & 63.22 & 60.0 & 140 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 12: Maximum bending moment of reinforced fill structure with pile penetration.  
Figure 11: Moment distribution diagram of reinforced piles with different reinforced layers.
## Materials and Methods  
### Data  
Smallholder agriculture is a remote sensing application that requires very fine spatial resolution data. Popular satellite image types such as Landsat or MODIS are inadequate to cover smallholder farming events with their coarse nominal pixel resolution. To study this dependency, [PERSON] et al. [24] used 3-m resolution images to calibrate a neural network for the sub-pixel classification of 30-m resolution images for small-scale farming in West Shewa, Ethiopia; the results were unsatisfactory. With typical smallholder parcel sizes smaller than 2 ha [25; 26], images with much finer spatial resolution than 30 m are required to map within-field vegetation. This would possibly allow the user to discriminate between mono-cropping and mixed cropping, as well as to detect the weed status.  
Moreover, agriculture is mostly a seasonal phenomenon and thus requires observations spread over time. The revisit time of single reconnaissance platforms such as Landsat (every 16 days) hold little guarantee for the number of images during the crop season, the more so because most smallholder farming is rainfed and thus takes place in the rainy season, leading to higher chances of cloud presence. Multiple image sources increase the chances to acquire more observations. Hypertemporal imaging, a term coined to indicate a pool of multi-temporal data collected frequently enough to capture the phenomenon dynamics (Kal  
Use case sites in four countries were targeted in sub-Saharan Africa and one in Southeast Asia (Figure 2). The environmental, agricultural, and landscape conditions varied between them. Two data delivery pipelines were established: one for RapidEye/BlackBridge (now Planet), providing acquisitions from the RapidEye constellation, and another for DG, delivering tasked acquisitions of their optical satellites, namely WV-2, WV-3, GeoEye-1, and QuickBird (Table 1). The latter satellite was in operation until January 2015. The full data bundles were delivered for each sensor, and, for the use case in Bangladesh, the WV-3 SWIR bands were also provided. The project thus resulted in an initial image collection size of 4.5 TB.
## 3 Vitamin A, Its Vitaminoids and Carotenoids' General Profile and Health Benefits
### Acne Treatment Activity of Vitamin A, Retinoids, and Carotenoids  
_Acne vulgaris_ is a very common skin condition, affecting many teenagers and younger individuals, that occurs because of hair follicle clogging under the skin with oil, dead skin, or bacteria and appears on the face, neck, shoulders, upper chest, and back. Reasons triggering the onset of acne include inflammation, immunological causes, hypercolonization of microorganisms, follicular hyper-keratinization, and sebaceous hyperplasia. Other factors stimulating acne may also be habitual, including smoking, bad diet patterns, or hormonal alterations [129]. Several antioxidant and anti-inflammatory sources can be valuable in treating _acne vulgaris_, providing better skin texture. Interestingly, blackberries, watermelon, aloe vera, and papaya preserve skin-regenerating properties, as they contain many bioactives like the carotenoids \(\beta\)-cryptoxanthin and \(\beta\)-carotene [129]. Furthermore, strong retinoid forms such as retinal, tretinoin, adapalene, and taxarotene are more effective than retinol and retinyl palmitate, providing advanced acne skin treatment [111]. Lastly, naphthalene-carboxylic acid, as another vitamin A derivative, has been applied to the skin and was confirmed as an effective acne treatment solution that reduces inflammation and hyper-keratinization in hair follicles [127].  
Only severe acne that has not responded to topical treatment and adequate antibiotics, however, should be treated with isotretinoin. Isotretinoin possesses a strong anti-inflammatory profile, as it lessens the formation of comedones by effectively decreasing hyper-keratinization, sebum generation, and _Propionibacterium acnes_ colonization of the pilosebaceous duct. _P. acnes_ is able to induce the immune system's inflammatory reaction. Isotretinoin treatment is thus responsible for inhibiting monocyte expression of the toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2), which lowers inflammatory cytokines' formation in response to _P. acnes_, with a six-month lasting impact. Adapalene, taxarotene, and tretinoin are topically applied retinoids, authorized for moderate acne treatment as well. In addition to restraining micro-comedones' development, the precursor lesion of comedones, they also display anti-inflammatory properties. Adapalene and tazarotene, especially, bind selectively only to the \(\beta\) and \(\gamma\) types of RARs, whereas tretinoin binds to all three types. In a clinical trial, where tretinoin 0.1% microsponges were contrasted to tazarotene 0.1% gel, tazarotene was reported to exhibit similar tolerability and better efficacy in treating facial mild-to-moderate _ acne vulgaris_[144]. Concurrently, adapalene gels (0.3%) demonstrated superior tolerability and comparable efficacy over a ten-week period when compared with tretinoin cream 0.05% in a clinical trial evaluating the safety and performance of these products in patients with mild-to-moderate acne [145].
## 6 Continuous Transmission of Packet Traffic
The method can achieve the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) with an improved convergence and fewer positioning errors. Because waves' propagation speeds are not constant, this work contributed by considering how waves move around curves. Its disadvantage is that anchors must be used to position the sensor nodes simultaneously.
An individual's general green identity influences their pro-environmental action, and as a result, addressing this overall environmental self-identity becomes more useful to spur pro-environmental actions. [PERSON] et al. [44] used environmental self-identity to moderate the relationship between consumption value and behavioral intent, while [PERSON] and [PERSON] [45] used it to moderate the relationship between co-benefits, labeling, operations and maintenance, and savings. However, to the researcher's knowledge, none of these factors assessed the green self-identity as a moderator between attitude-intention to bridge the TPB's inherited gaps. Hence, the scope of this study lies in the identification of the impact of green self-identity on the consumers' buying intention of products like energy-efficient home appliances. In previous studies [46; 47], environmental knowledge was considered as one of the most direct indicators of environmental behavior. However, much research has highlighted a minimal direct association between environmental knowledge and environmental performance [48]. According to [PERSON] and [PERSON] [49], the direct relationship existent between green awareness and PEB is still unknown. Since a contradictory result exists in the past literature, there is a need to retest the variable for validation from a developing country's perspective. Likewise, [PERSON] et al. [50] observed a coherent SN-Attituderelationship but not with the BI, while [PERSON] [51] observed a relationship with intention but not with Attitude. However, there is still an unexplored question of whether subjective norms simultaneously affect attitude and buying intention or not. Therefore, to adequately address the gaps above in the literature, the present study investigates the determinants of Banglades' buying intention of the EEHA. This paper adds to the body of knowledge twofold; a new context and new variables. The present study would like to see the necessary factors in the purchase intention of Banglades shoppers, which will broaden the view of EEHA buying in a developing country context. Regarding the new variables, this study adopts the TPB model while incorporating additional constructs such as green self-identity, environmental concern, environmental knowledge, and eco-labeling. The green self-identity and environmental knowledge and green self-identity were proposed as moderating variables between attitude and buying intention to narrow down the prevailing green gap and provide a comprehensive understanding of the problem. The remainder of this article is structured as follows: Section 2 offers a review of the relevant literature and formulates hypotheses. Section 3 details the methodology and data collection procedures employed in this investigation. Section 4 discusses the analysis of data to verify the validity and reliability of the employed method and assesses the predicted results produced. Section 5 presents the results and implications of the study. Section 6 addresses the limitations and provides suggestions for future study.
## 2 Background and Definitions
### Maritime Communication
LoRa is an unlicensed technology that employs spread spectrum modulation and enables the transmission of small amounts of data over long distances while consuming less power [13]. A typical application of the LoRa protocol would be monitoring water or gas meters over a large geographical area. Due to the small amounts of data transmitted, the battery life of the device running protocols such as LoRa is relatively long.