## 3 Results  
Table 2 illustrates the average (AVG) and the standard deviation (STDev) in the recorded time (i.e., measurements) of the dominant and non-dominant hands of female, male, and all participants. On the other hand, to assess the validation of the prototype, the measurements were compared with the population mean values (i.e., reference values for normal people) stipulated by the manufacturer of the manual GPT device [1,2], which are reported in Appendix A. This value was evaluated by calculating the one-sample \(t\)-test, which assesses the significant difference (\(p\)-value) between the mean of the measurements and the population mean value (i.e., the hypothesized value). The null hypothesis was set that the mean of measurements from the two different GPT devices is different. The resultant \(p\)-values are listed in Table 2. It also lists the AVG and the STDev of the population records, which is the AVG and STDev of time to finish the test by normal people whose age is in the range 20-29 years old.  
In addition, for further demonstration of the results, Figures 4 and 5 demonstrate the box plots of all measurements on the dominant and non-dominant hands from females, males, and all participants. These figures allowed us to see the distribution of calculations from all volunteers who underwent the new electronic GPT, with reference to the AVG \(\pm\) STDev of the population mean of records from GPT devices.  
On the flip side, the six participants with medical conditions underwent the same test. They were from a different range of age groups. Table 3 shows the measurements on the right and left hands for each separate case. For comparison, it also illustrates the limits of the population mean (i.e., Maximum and Minimum) of the required time to finish the test by normal people of different ages (as reported in ref. [13], specifically in the table related to the reference-population mean values of time measurements on healthy people undergo manual GPT devices). Exceeding these limits indicates the presence of a hand dexterity.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Dominant Hands (s)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Non Dominant Hands (s)**} \\ \hline  & **AVG** & **STDev** & **AVG** & **STDev** \\ \hline Women (No. 20 participants) & 63.2 & 7.6 & 69.8 & 8.7 \\ Men (No. 20 participants) & 64.0 & 10.5 & 70.1 & 12.4 \\ Total (No. 40 Participants) & 63.6 & 9.1 & 69.9 & 10.6 \\ Population Mean Value [2] & 63.4 & 7.9 & 69.05 & 18.7 \\ \(p\)-value (Women) & 0.91 & & 0.72 & \\ \(p\)-value (Men) & 0.82 & & 0.74 & \\ \(p\)-value (Women + Men) & 0.90 & & 0.62 & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: The AVG and STDev of measurements of time on Normal Participants aged 20–29 years old.  
Figure 4: Box plot of measurements related to the dominant hands.  
Figure 5: Box plot of measurements related to the non-dominant hands.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Medical Condition** & **Right Hand (s)** & **Left Hand (s)** \\ \hline Ataxia (in right hand) & 441 & 165 \\ Autism & 586 & 333 \\ Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) (Stroke in right hand) & 171 & 96 \\ Cerebral Palsy (CP) (in Right hand) & 567 & 421 \\ Patient no. 1: Bone Fracture (in left Hand) & 99 & 109 \\ Patient no. 2: Bone Fracture (in left Hand) & 85 & 184 \\  & Dominant Hand: 60.96–82.7 s \\ Limits of Population Mean Values from GPT devices [2] & Non-dominant hand: 65.61–87.95 s \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: The measurements of time on right and left hands for some people with medical conditions.