# Cleaner Processes for Making Laundry Soap from Vegetable Oils and an Essential Oil
## 3 Results and Discussion
### The Ability to Clean Fatty Dirt  
The ability to remove fatty dirt from cotton samples can be appreciated both qualitatively and quantitatively. The qualitative assessment of the presence of residual stains (visibility of residual dirt), after washing with soaps made by hot or cold saponification, can be carried out with two tests:  
1. The color staining test (according to AATCC 130-2000 [86] or ISO 6330-2012 [87]), which evaluates the visibility of oily dirt after a washing with soap, during home laundering;
2. The value of the CMC color difference (which is based on the colorimetric principles of the CIE 1976 system) to appreciate the tolerance of the \"residual stain\" to the cotton sample before dirt. The CMC test stipulates that between the tested sample (dirty but washed with soap) and the control test (before dirt), there should not be \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Crt. No.** & **Soap Component** & **Soap Code** & **pH** & **Foam Height [cm]** & **L*** & **a*** & **b*** \\ \hline
1 & olive and coconut oils & CS1 & 9.95 & 9.5 & 71.57 & \(-\)3.41 & 5.54 \\
2 & olive and coconut oils + Neem & CS2 & 9.82 & 9.5 & 63.00 & \(-\)2.48 & 11.92 \\
3 & olive and coconut oils + Tea Tree & CS3 & 9.85 & 9.5 & 66.09 & \(-\)3.58 & 6.62 \\
4 & olive and coconut oils + Thyme & CS4 & 9.82 & 9 & 59.78 & \(-\)2.66 & 7.94 \\
5 & olive and coconut oils & HS1 & 9.97 & 16.5 & 68.65 & \(-\)3.2 & 7.79 \\
6 & olive and coconut oils + Neem & HS2 & 9.74 & 9.5 & 59.42 & \(-\)3.21 & 6.8 \\
7 & olive and coconut oils + Tea Tree & HS3 & 10.1 & 12.5 & 65.56 & \(-\)3.51 & 7.71 \\
8 & olive and coconut oils + Thyme & HS4 & 9.9 & 14 & 57.00 & \(-\)2.87 & 6.97 \\
9 & 100\% olive oil cold-formulated & CM & 9.74 & 8 & 78.26 & \(-\)3.28 & \(-\)8.68 \\
10 & 100\% coconut oil & CC & 9.755 & 7 & 69.46 & \(-\)2.35 & \(-\)5.68 \\
11 & detergent A & CDA & 9.805 & 1 & 86.85 & 0.22 & \(-\)0.09 \\
12 & detergent B & CDB & 7.96 & 0.5 & 80.96 & 0.55 & 1.16 \\
13 & ChanteClair soap & CCh & 9.7 & 7 & 48.43 & \(-\)3.42 & 0.41 \\
14 & Popular soap & CP & 9.215 & 9 & 90.44 & \(-\)1.11 & 5.75 \\
15 & Fairy detergent & CF & 8.325 & 5 & 75.68 & \(-\)4.31 & 42.54 \\
16 & 100\% olive oil hot-formulated & HM & 9.76 & 8.5 & 76.52 & \(-\)2.83 & 12.76 \\
17 & 100\% coconut oil & HC & 9.255 & 15 & 83.06 & \(-\)0.14 & 4.90 \\  & hot-formulated & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Physicochemical characteristics of soaps. a color difference greater than 1. The conclusion of the CMC test is expressed by a qualification: PASS or FAIL [88]. The data obtained in the case of the formulated soaps are included in Table 6.  
The results indicate that the best values are obtained after washing at 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C when the oil stains are no longer visible, and the notes received after the evaluation (according to ISO 6330-2012 [87]) are 4-5 or even 5, in the case of using the CS4 soap. CMC color difference is a useful measure of the commercial acceptability of colored products. As after staining, the samples are intensely colored in black brown and, after washing, the color disappears, it is important to quantify the color difference compared to the standard sample. It is observed that the white on the standard sample is extremely close to the white cotton samples washed with the CS3, CS4 and HS1, HS2, HS3 and HS4 soaps, which is why they passed the CMC test. The quantitative appreciation of the cleaning capacity manifested by the soaps is achieved by determining _Hidden stain_ (Hs) as a visibility after washing, _Soiling Additional Density_ (SAD) and _Percentage cleanability_ (PC) (Figures 8-10).