# Password Managers--It's All about Trust and Transparency
## 4 Results
### Online Questionnaire Study
#### 4.3.2 Users of Password Managers  
In this study, there are 113 users of password managers, of which 62 (55%) user participants have an educational background related to computer science or information security (experts), while 51 (45%) user participants have different educational backgrounds not related to computer science or information security (non-experts). The results show that more expert users use a password manager compared to non-expert users. The vast majority of users (82%) are well-educated, as 41% have a bachelor's degree, 32% have a master's and 9% are PhD holders. Regarding users' ages, 46% of users are aged 26-35 years, 20% are 36-45 years old and 24% are between the ages of 18 and 25 years. The user participants use password managers on different operating systems, 84 users use Windows, followed by Android (53 users), iOS (50 users), Mac OS (40 users) and Linux (10 users). We asked 113 user participants about the password manager they use (Table 22). By far, the most used password manager is Chrome (46%), it is followed by cloud password managers LastPass (20%) and 1 Password (9%). The results imply that more user participants adopt browser-based password managers such as Chrome rather than cloud-based password managers such as LastPass. The reasons might be related to the simplicity and ease of access to browsers compared to cloud-based password managers, which require installing a separate app and browser extension to use them. LastPass is the second most used, while it ranked first among other cloud-based password managers in this study. As seen in Table 22, a few more non-expert users than expert users use Chrome, while more experts use LastPass than non-experts. But eight experts use 1 Password compared to two non-experts, while all KeePass users are experts, which implies that experts are more aware of cloud-based password managers and KeePass compared to non-experts. We asked our user participants if they store all their passwords in the password manager they use; 58% of users do not store all their passwords, while 42% users do store all their passwords. The results shows that most of the users in this study only store some passwords online. With regard to experts and non-experts (Table 23), we found that 28 experts store all their passwords while 34 experts store some passwords. Nineteen non-experts store all their passwords while 32 non-experts store some passwords. To see if there was any difference between experts and non-experts in storing passwords in password managers, we used a Pearson Chi-Square test. We found that there was no significant difference between experts and non-experts in storing passwords in password managers X2 (1, n = 113) = 0.720, \(p\) = 0.396. To find out in which password managers users store all their passwords, we analyzed the most used password managers. Thirty-four (65%) users of Chrome do not store all their passwords while only 18 (35%) users do store all their passwords. LastPass users who store all their passwords number 11 (48%), while 12 users (52%) only store some passwords. Similarly, six users of 1 Password store some passwords while four users store all their passwords. There are three Safari users, three Dashlane and three Apple users who store some passwords, whereas three users of KeePass store all their passwords. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Password Managers** & **Experts** & **Non-Experts** & **Total** \\ \hline Chrome & 25 & 27 & 52—46\% \\ \hline LastPass & 13 & 10 & 23—20\% \\ \hline
1 Password & 8 & 2 & 10—9\% \\ \hline Safari & 3 & 2 & 5—5\% \\ \hline Apple Keychain & 1 & 4 & 5—4\% \\ \hline Dashlane & 3 & 2 & 5—4\% \\ \hline KeePass & 5 & 0 & 5—4\% \\ \hline Bitwarden & 1 & 2 & 3—3\% \\ \hline Firefox & 1 & 1 & 2—2\% \\ \hline McAfee & 1 & 1 & 2—2\% \\ \hline HP Manager & 1 & 0 & 1—1\% \\ \hline Overall & 62 & 51 & 113—100\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 22: Types of password managers used by 113 users (62 Experts and 51 Non-experts).