esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# An Evaluation of the Security of Bare Machine Computing (BMC) Systems against Cybersecurity Attacks
## 3 Bare Machine Computing (BMC) Systems
### Sample Direct Hardware Interfaces
#### 3.3.2 Reading and Processing an Ethernet Packet  
In the BMC paradigm, device drivers are part of an application suite. They are written to work without using any OS system calls or API. All device drivers must be written from  
Figure 8: Task creation.  
scratch and are known as bare device drivers. There are two data structures in the Ethernet driver, known as the transmit and receive descriptor lists. These are circular lists with 4096 entries. When a packet arrives, the hardware sets a bit known as descriptor done (DD). Application programmers can read this bit to check if a packet is received. Similarly, when a packet is transmitted, the hardware sets the transmitter DD bit. An application program can examine these DD bits to communicate with the Ethernet control hardware.  
For receiving a packet, if a given slot's DD bit is set, then this packet will be read and passed onto the application, as shown in Figure 9. The function isRDesclone00 in Code Snippet 1 shows how an application can peek into the Ethernet receive buffer for an HTTP GET request and copy the GET data into another buffer. After copying the data, it calls discardPacket() to reset the DD bit. Code Snippet 2 shows how a received packet invokes the RcvCall1() function to process a request, and Code Snippet 3 shows how it calls the IPHandler() function. Code Snippet 4 illustrates how it calls the UDPHandler() function, and Code Snippet 5 shows the processing of the UDP packet with comments, as this step has a large amount of code, which is not shown here. In essence, this code demonstrates that all the Ethernet packet processing is done as a single thread of execution without any layers. In addition, this is application code designed and controlled by an application programmer without the intervention of any middleware. It is event-driven with polling to receive packets. Send is not shown as it is like receive.  
Figure 9: \(Cont\).
## 3 Selected Applications of GBMs in Key Miniaturized Techniques
### Microextraction by Packed Sorbent
The obtained LOQ ranged from 2.0 to 10 mmol L\({}^{-1}\), while the recovery values ranged from 91% to 111%. The authors emphasized that the proposed method was suitable for monitoring drugs in biological samples at low concentration levels, which could be crucial for forensic analysis. One common challenge encountered when GBMs are applied in MEPS applications is the generation of overpressure within the MEPS syringe due to material obstruction [15]. Addressing this issue, [PERSON] et al. [99] introduced graphene oxide supported on silica (GO-Sil) to extract tetracyclines from milk samples, followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. Optimization of the method revealed that sampling and elution cycles were the most influential parameters affecting the analytical performance of MEPS. The analytical assessment of the method yielded LOQs ranging from 0.05 to 0.9 ug L\({}^{-1}\). This exceptionally low LOQ value was instrumental in analyzing 11 commercial samples, detecting traces of tetracyclines in only two. Despite the method's capability to detect tetracycline traces, the levels observed were within regulatory limits, affirming the efficacy of the GBM sorbent in MEPS applications. GMBs have found wide application in MEPS across various matrices and analytes. However, there remains a noticeable gap in recent studies that thoroughly explore the potential of these sorbents in MEPS. From the author's critical perspective, scientific endeavors still need to introduce new graphene-based sorbents into MEPS, particularly with recent applications. Furthermore, there is a pressing need to explore the automation and semi-automation potential of MEPS applications to develop new green analytical strategies and transcend the boundaries of traditional offline methods. By integrating GBMs with automated or semi-automated MEPS alternatives, this miniaturized technique can be elevated to new heights, opening up numerous potential applications.
# Endoscopic Optical Imaging Technologies and Devices for Medical Purposes: State of the Art
## 5 Actuation Methods
### Electrostatic Actuators  
Electrostatic actuators are the most used actuators in MEMS devices due to their simple structure, low power consumption, fast response, and use in fabrication, which does not require any unusual material [81, 92]. An electrostatic actuator consists of two electrodes, one of which is fixed by anchors (called stator), and the other one which is moveable (called shuttle). When a driving voltage is applied to the electrodes, an attraction force between its structural components is generated, which causes motion of the moveable part in the parallel and perpendicular directions. This change in the gap or separation distance between the two parts is proportional to the change in the capacitance.  
During the driving cycle, the voltage difference between the two electrodes causes the mobile part to move towards the fixed one. Based on the configuration of these parts, the electrostatic actuators can be classified into parallel plate and comb drive. The schematic configuration of electrostatic actuators is described in Figure 13[93].  
One of the main drawbacks of the electrostatic actuators is that a large driving voltage is required to get moderate deflection angles. However, this disadvantage can be partially overcome by using tapered electrodes instead of parallel-shaped ones [94].  
It is experimentally characterized that a higher deflection of the mirror surface can be obtained by placing the electrodes around the mirror surface in a star-shaped pattern [95]. [PERSON] et al. mentioned research on micromirrors driven by electrostatic actuators [93]. [PERSON] et al. developed one of the earliest confocal optical microscopes using a pair of scanning mirrors driven by  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Electrostatic** & **Electro-Thermal** & **Piezoelectric** & **Electromagnetic** & **Shape Memory Alloy** \\ \hline Force & \(\blacktriangledown\) & \(\blacktriangledown\) & \(\blacktriangledown\)\(\blacktriangledown\)\(\blacktriangledown\)\(\blacktriangledown\) & \(\blacktriangledown\)\(\blacktriangledown\)\(\blacktriangledown\) & \(\blacktriangledown\)\(\blacktriangledown\)\(\blacktriangledown\)\(\blacktriangledown\) \\ Displacement & \(\blacktriangledown\)\(\  
electrostatic actuation [19]. [PERSON] et al. developed a 2-D optical scanning OCT catheter using an electrostatically actuated mirror at the distal end of the probe. The angular vertical comb actuators drive a 1-mm-diameter mirror deviating the light beam for side-view imaging, allowing the scanning of the sample. The 5-mm-diameter probe provides OCT images with a resolution of \(<\)5 \(\upmu\)m. The electrostatically driven micromirror is shown in Figure 14 [96]. The same group used an electrostatically actuated micromirror for two-photon fluorescence imaging [97]. The recently developed ultra-small confocal endomicroscope by [PERSON] et al. also uses an electrostatically driven micromirror to deflect the light beam in two directions at the distal end of the device [24].
## 2 Methodology
### Experimental Setup  
A dedicated experimental setup to test the innovative RPW-HEX (Figure 3) was built at the laboratory of the GREiA research group at the University of Lleida in Spain. The schematic of the experimental setup is shown in Figure 4, and it mainly consists of two fluid circuits: one refrigerant circuit and one HTF circuit. The refrigerant circuit includes the RPW-HEX (1) acting as the evaporator, a variable cooling capacity condensing unit ([PERSON] model GCU2030 ED01B) containing a hermetic scroll compressor (CU E scroll digital) in (2), and air-cooled condenser in (3), working with R449A refrigerant. An electronic expansion valve (4) is used to expand the liquid refrigerant coming from the condenser before it enters the RPW-HEX. According to the manufacturer, the condensing unit has a maximum cooling power of 4.956 kW and a COP of 2.12 when working under ambient temperature of 32 \({}^{\circ}\)C with fixed evaporation temperature of \(-10\)\({}^{\circ}\)C.  
The HTF circuit consists of a water bath (5) containing a pump (6) to circulate the HTF, \(\frac{1}{2}\)\" copper pipes, valves (7) and (8) to control the flow, and an advanced volumetric flow meter (Badger Meter Primo) (9) with an accuracy of \(\pm 0.25\%\) to measure the flow rate of the HTF. To obtain a stable HTF temperature at the RPW-HEX inlet, the water bath is embedded with an internal electric heater (10) and is supplemented with two chillers (JP SELECTA FRIGEDOR-285W) (11) and two immersion heaters (OVAN TH100E-2 kW and JP SELECTA-1 kW) (12).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Characteristic** & **Refrigerant** & **HTF** & **PCM** \\ \hline Number of channels [-] & 14 & 16 & 15 \\ Height of channels [mm] & 3 & 3 & 10 \\ Number of fins [-] & 43 & 43 & 33 \\ Volume of the fluid [L] & 0.65 & 0.8 & 2.5 \\ Core length \(\times\) width \(\times\) depth [mm] & & \(300\times 272\times 94\) & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Main characteristics of the refrigerant-PCM-water heat exchanger (RPW-HEX).  
Figure 2: Innovative refrigerant-phase change material (PCM)-water heat exchanger (AKG, Germany): (**a**) external structure and (**b**) internal distribution of the channels.  
The innovative RPW-HEX (1) is connected to both the refrigerant circuit and the HTF circuit. During the tests, the RPW-HEX was well insulated with 12-cm thick rock wool material to reduce heat losses to the ambient air to an extent such that one can assume heat exchange only among HTF, PCM, and the refrigerant.  
For system monitoring and data acquisition, a total of 13 temperature sensors (Pt-100 class B, IEC 60751 standard type) with uncertainty of \(\pm\)0.3 \({}^{\circ}\)C were distributed within the RPW-HEX. Nine sensors were placed in contact to the PCM, while for each inlet and exit of the RPW-HEX a temperature sensor was positioned to measure the temperature of the HTF and the refrigerant (Figure 5). The sensors were connected to a data acquisition system (STEP DL-01 data logger) connected to a computer with Indusoft SCADA software to record the experimental measurements every 10 s.
## 4 Performance Evaluation
### Result Evaluation
#### 4.3.5 Different Traffic Loads vs. Average Delay  
Next, while maintaining the same parameters, the average latency of the network of our protocol is compared with other existing protocols in terms of different offer loads in the network. The four protocols' typical network delays are demonstrated in Figure 10. The average network delay time of our chosen MAC protocol is noticeably reduced when the different traffic load is set at 0.5 packets/sec compared to the CAPC, CSMA, SFAMA, and T-LOHI protocols, with reductions of 60.9%, 60.7%, 60.4% and 3.3%, respectively. The fact that the T-LOHI and CSMA protocols are unable to effectively deal with the collisions caused by hidden nodes or space-time uncertainty ultimately lead to a higher interference level, an increased packet loss, more collisions, and a longer time delay. However, our proposed protocol addresses these issues. At sub-optimal utilization levels, the average  
Figure 9: Average network delay vs. number of nodes.  
latency differences of the four protocols might not matter much due to the UWCN's inferior scheduling efficiency.  
However, this causes the delay to grow as the volume of traffic increases steadily. Collisions and retransmissions are more common as a result of this inefficiency. Based on simulation data, our proposed protocol outperforms the CSMA and SFAMA protocols in terms of average latency in the network. Our proposed T-LOHI procedures are especially designed to reduce collisions and retransmissions brought on by excessive latency and spatial-temporal uncertainty.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Limitations and Future Work  
It is important to acknowledge the limitations of this study and consider future research directions in Functional Movement Screening (FMS).  
One limitation is the small dataset used in this study. Future research should aim to expand the dataset with a larger sample size to improve the performance and generalizability of machine learning models in FMS assessment. Additionally, exploring different populations, such as pathological or elite athletes, would help validate the reliability and applicability of the proposed method. Another aspect for future research is refining depth-camera-based FMS assessment. Despite the advantages of depth cameras in precise distance measurement and spatial analysis, they may have limitations in capturing fine-grained movement details, especially under challenging conditions or when certain body parts are occluded. Investigating techniques, such as advanced image processing algorithms or multimodal sensor fusion, could enhance the accuracy and robustness of depth-camera-based FMS assessment. Lastly, this method should be tested on different datasets to improve the performance of machine learning methods and achieve more accurate prediction results in future studies. Future research in FMS should focus on expanding the dataset, refining depth-camera-based assessment, and exploring alternative classifiers. These endeavors will advance FMS assessment methods and contribute to more accurate predictions in future studies.
# A Visual Odometry Pipeline for Real-Time UAS Geopositioning
## 2 Related Works
### SLAM-Based Solutions  
SLAM techniques generate 3D point clouds and estimate the sensors' pose from sensory data. The UAS geopositioning problem can be considered a pose estimation problem; hence, SLAM techniques can help. The SLAM literature in UAS geopositioning uses visual, visual-inertial, and depth camera (RGBD) sensors [9]. Visual-only SLAM relies on one or more cameras to estimate the camera pose and 3D point by extracting and matching landmarks. Monocular SLAM is well explored and arguably considered the most adopted approach due to its reduced hardware requirements. Monocular SLAM is affected by drift due to dead reckoning. Estimating the metric scale is a problem unless ground control points (GCP) are provided [5; 10]. Having multiple sensors mounted on the platform, such as an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) [6] along with cameras [11; 12; 13], generally helps with metric scale estimation; however, drift and loop closure remains a challenge and increases as the platform traverses longer distances. To mitigate the UAS pose estimation, our approach uses geotagged landmarks that can be considered (GCP).
## 2 Community Detection across Space and Its Variation across Time
### Network Construction and Its Variation with Different Cell Sizes
#### 2.1.2 Variation of Network with Different Cell Sizes  
Dividing the whole study area with different cell sizes would make the distribution patterns of trajectory points different, and would also lead to different results in the detection of communities. Figure 2 shows the effect of different cell sizes on the construction of network flows. Although Figure 2a,c  
Figure 1: Example of the traffic flow and network: (**a**) taxi trajectory data, (**b**) flow network with edge weight equal to corresponding probabilities of movement between sub-regions.  
have the same trajectory flow, they are divided by different cell sizes. As a result, the constructed networks have different granularities (Figure 2b,c). Therefore, with different cell sizes, we can observe the variation of the network from different scales of space.
###### Abstract  
Short-time traffic flow prediction is essential for intelligent traffic management. By accurately predicting traffic conditions in the near future, it helps to alleviate congestion, improve road efficiency, reduce accidents, and support timely traffic control. Short-time traffic flow exhibits uncertainty and randomness, and this paper proposes an SVR model for short-time traffic flow prediction on non-main and branch roads, using correlations between associated roads to improve accuracy. Association Rule Analysis: First, we use Pearson correlation to identify strongly correlated roads. This step helps in understanding the relationships between different roads and their traffic patterns. SVR Model Construction: Second, based on the identified correlations, we construct an SVR model using traffic data from the target road and its associated roads. The model parameters are optimized using grid search and cross-validation to ensure the best performance. Simulation and Evaluation: Third, we conduct simulation experiments using real traffic data from Xi'an city. The performance of our model is evaluated using metrics such as root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and mean relative error (MRE). Simulation experiments show that our model outperforms existing methods. Specifically, our model achieved an RMSE of 11.422, an MAE of 7.017, and an MRE of 0.139. In comparison, other models tested in our study, such as LSTM, Random Forest, and Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT), had higher error values. For instance, the LSTM model had an RMSE of 14.5, an MAE of 8.2, and an MRE of 0.165; the Random Forest model had an RMSE of 13.8, an MAE of 7.8, and an MRE of 0.152; and the GBDT model had an RMSE of 13.2, an MAE of 7.5, and an MRE of 0.148. These results demonstrate that our proposed SVR model, combined with association rules, is highly effective in predicting short-time traffic flow on non-main and branch roads, which are often overlooked in existing research.  
Keywords:intelligent transport; association rules; SVR; short-term traffic flow forecast 2020 IEEEexample:BSTcontrol
###### Abstract  
Green leafy vegetables are very challenging in terms of storage and preservation, while packaging in controlled conditions with the selection of appropriate polymer material is crucial for maintaining their nutritional value and quality. Various packaging materials have different gas and water vapor permeability as well as physicochemical properties that can create a specific environment inside the package, therefore affecting the chemical composition, sensory characteristics, and overall quality of packed leafy vegetables. Stinging nettle is an edible plant with a high antioxidant content, making it a valuable leaky vegetable. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of four packaging materials (biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polymamide/polyethylene (PA/PE), and polylactic acid (PLA)) on the antioxidant content of packed fresh nettle leaves during 14-day storage. Ascorbic acid content was the highest after 6 days of storage, equally well preserved in all tested films, with an average of 86.74 mg/100 g fm (fresh mass). After 14 days of storage, the total phenolic content was best preserved when packed in LDPE. The content of caffeoylmatic and chlorogenic acids was the highest in LDPE after 6 days. In addition, leaves packed in LDPE after 6 days of storage had the highest content of all photosynthetic pigments. According to FRAP analysis, the antioxidant capacity was best maintained in LDPE (at the 14 th day, the measured capacity was 43.61 umol TE/g). This study shows that the type of packaging material (BOPP, LDPE, PA/PE, and PLA) and storage duration (6 and 14 days) have a great impact on the level of antioxidant compounds in the nettle leaves, where LDPE and BOPP can be highlighted as the most favorable for the preservation of total and individual phenolic compounds, photosynthetic pigments, and antioxidant capacity.  
storage; packaging; polymer packaging materials; BOPP; LDPE; PA/PE; PLA; polyphenic compounds; ascorbic acid; antioxidant capacity +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Spatiotemporal Analysis of Evapotranspiration and Effects of Water and Heat on Water Use Efficiency
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Temporal Variation in \(E\) and \(Ep\)  
Considering the fact that \(E\) represents the actual evapotranspiration and \(Ep\) represents the potential evapotranspiration under sufficient water supply conditions, the difference between \(Ep\) and \(E\) can reflect the drought situation in the study area [43; 44]. From Figure 2(a), it is shown that the difference between \(Ep\) and \(E\) in Xinjiang is relatively large in 2000-2014. Among these years, the difference between \(Ep\) and \(E\) was the largest in 2008, reaching around 1200 mm. The difference in 2003 was the wettest and is about 1000 mm. Hence, the drought degree was the biggest in 2008 and the wettest in 2003. We can also see from Figure 2(c),d that the year 2008 was the driest and 2003 was the wettest. It can be seen from Figure 2(c),d that the drought situation in Xinjiang gradually alleviated, which is consistent with the findings of previous studies that precipitation is increasing in Xinjiang. Figure 2(b) shows the monthly trend of \(E\) and \(Ep\). Specifically, the difference between \(E\) and \(Ep\) is the largest in July and the smallest in January, and the differences are around  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \(\text{Slope}_{\text{WUE}}\) & **Increase Degree** & **Abbreviations** \\ \hline \(\geq\)0.40 & High Increase & HI \\ \(0.2\leq\text{Slope}_{\text{WUE}}<0.4\) & Relatively High Increase & RHI \\ \(0.1\leq\text{Slope}_{\text{WUE}}<0.2\) & Medium Increase & MI \\ \(0\leq\text{Slope}_{\text{WUE}}<0.1\) & Relatively Low Increase & RI \\ \(-0.1\leq\text{Slope}_{\text{WUE}}<0\) & Low Decrease & LD \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Scale of trend change.  
170 mm and 15 mm respectively. This indicates that the drought degree is the largest in July and the smallest in January. Overall, in spring (March-May), both \(E\) and _Ep_ were in an increasing state. As the temperature rises as well as the melting of snow and ice increases, the transpiration of vegetation increases and evaporation increases. In summer (June-August), \(E\) and _Ep_ reached the peak, and the temperature is the highest at this time. Under the influence of westerly wind, water vapors, rainfall, and vegetation are abundant. In autumn (September-November), the temperature drops, vegetation withers, and transpiration weakens, leading to the gradual decrease in \(E\) and _Ep_. The temperature in winter (December-February) reached the lowest, with less precipitation and radiation, and \(E\) and _Ep_ reduced to the lowest. From 2000 to 2014, the \(E\) and _Ep_ seasonal changes are significant.
# Study of RF Stray Currents in ITER Neutral Beam Test Facilities
## 4 Interpretation of Rf Stray Currents in Spider  
The RF stray currents in SPIDER were originally interpreted as common mode currents, due to the reference to a common potential of both RF source and RF load. Looking more closely at the electric system topology, we can observe that both common mode and differential mode currents can circulate in components external to the RF system, depending on the CVD configuration. We can make a first distinction based on the position of the CVD at the primary or secondary side of the RF transformer.