# PINE: Post-Quantum Based Incentive Technique for Non-Cooperating Nodes in Internet of Everything
## 2 Literature Survey
The authors thoroughly discussed the current trends, usage, applicability, and efficiency of lattice cryptosystems in resource-constrained IoT devices. [PERSON] et al. [34] proposed a post-quantum-based \(UBK\) security credential management system \(qSCMS\) to facilitate the provisioning process for \(V2X\). The authors claimed that Elliptical Curve Cryptography (\(ECC\)) is susceptible to quantum attacks, which may breach privacy and authenticity in such a scenario. The protocol focuses on protecting the confidentiality and integrity of the private key and certificate. However, it is deficient in addressing and dealing with blackhole attacks and with non-cooperative vehicles in real-time. In another analysis, [PERSON] et al. [35] implemented a privacy-preserving scheme using \(NTRU\) to safeguard location-based querying in VANETs. The authors integrated the advantages of \(NTRU\) and _1-Out-n oblivious transfer_ to secure the location queries. However, the model is insufficient to demonstrate the challenges due to non-cooperative nodes. A solution demonstrated by [PERSON] et al. [36] utilized a lightweight R-LWE-based privacy-preserving scheme for prosumer-side networks in a smart grid IoT (\(LRSPPP\)). Although, the model is secure against man-in-the-middle (_MITM_), denial of service (_DoS_), and replay attacks, the authors reported that it could not identify or mitigate the node selfishness in the network. In an alternative strategy, [PERSON] et al. [37] developed an end-to-end lattice-based security solution for hierarchical DTNs. To secure inter- and intra-cluster communication in DTNs, the authors described such different schemes as identity-based key agreement, identity-based key update, and non-interactive key agreement. Employing such a strategy, their model successfully prevented MITM, replay, dictionary, and parallel session attacks, and was able to maintains forward and backward session key secrecy. However, the model falls short of providing a solution to identifying and handling non-cooperative nodes in the network employing lattice-based geo-encryption. A privacy-preserving authentication scheme implemented by [PERSON] et al. [38] offers security against quantum attacks by employing efficient ring signature-based conditional privacy-preserving authentication \((RCPPA)\) in VANETs to achieve vehicle authentication, conditional privacy, and message authentication. Conditional privacy achieves non-repudiation in the scheme, which determines the real identity of the malicious vehicle and ensures anonymity and unforgeability. The RCPPA scheme provides security against various attacks, namely, impersonation, replay, modification, and MITM attacks. However, the work does not address end-to-end lattice geo-encryption to determine and manage misbehaving vehicles in the network. In another proposed work, [PERSON] et al. [39] developed a lattice-based distributed pseudonym updating and vehicle certificate revocation mechanism _(V-LDAA)_ for VANETs. V-LDAA counters Trusted Platform Module _(TPM)_ theft attacks and provides user-controlled anonymity, unlinkability, and unforgeability against quantum attacks. Although the model addresses lattice security and misbehaving vehicles, it is inadequate to support end-to-end lattice geo-encryption. [PERSON] et al. [40] proposed a _Sharelock_ protocol to secure end-to-end security in IoT group communications in support of message exchange and storage in nodes that are communicating through untrusted edge nodes. Their protocol describes the impact of quantum-based attacks in the future. The protocol employs authenticated NTRU encryption to attain 128-bit post-quantum security. Although _Sharelock_ considers various active and passive attacks, namely, eavesdropping, replay attacks, and key manipulation, it is deficient against blackhole attacks in lattice-based location-aware encryption, as the authors assume cooperativeness in their approach. Session-key negotiation was implemented by [PERSON] et al.