# Analysis, Evaluation and Simulation of Railway
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Cases of Study
#### 3.2.5 Key Performance Indicators  
Some Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) have been calculated in order to evaluate the performance of the different types of locomotives and their ability to generate energy with regenerative braking. The KPIs have been defined as follows (according to ideas proposed by professional organizations [2]):  
KPI 1: Final net energy consumption per maximum track effort (kWh/kN-km). KPI 2: Final net energy consumption per train (kWh/train-km)  
KPI 3: Final net energy consumption per seat offered (passenger trains, kWh/seat-km) or per total trains mass (freight trains, kWh/\"gross\" tonnes-km)  
KPI 4: Final net energy consumption per number of passengers (passenger trains, kWh/pkm) or per mass transported (freight trains, kWh/\"net\" tonnes-km)  
KPI 5: Energy recuperation rate (Energy generate in regenerative braking per final gross energy consumption, kWh gen/kWh cons)  
Results obtained for KPIs in passenger trains are presented in Table 12. It is considered that regenerative braking can be used only between Alcazar and Chinchilla and that the diesel locomotive (S-334) cannot use the regenerative braking. Results obtained for KPIs in passenger trains considering that regenerative braking can be used during the whole itinerary (all locomotives) are presented in Table 13. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Direction** & **N\({}^{\circ}\) Stops** & **Locomotive** & **Duration** & **Energy Consumption (kWh)** & **Energy (kWh)** & **Regenerative Energy (kWh)** & **Average Power (kWh)** \\ \hline Alcazar-Cartagena & 4 & S-252 & 5 h 04 min & 2355.9 & 2141.7 & 2634.2 & 2389.2 & 508.1 \\  & & S-334 & 5 h 29 min & 6083.3 & 2080.5 & 2508.4 & (2400.1) & 470.5 \\ \hline Cartagena-Alcazar & 5 & S-252 & 5 h 16 min & 4484.0 & 4076.3 & 1487.6 & 1362.5 & 1003.8 \\  & & S-334 & 6 h 04 min & 11834.1 & 4047.3 & 1429.2 & (1233.9) & 974.9 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 11: Simulation results for freight trains (S-334 and S-252). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Direction** & **Locomotive** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **KPI 1** \\ **kWh/kN-km** \\ \end{tabular} & **kWh/train-km** & **kWh/seat-km** & **kWh/pkm** & **gen/kWh cons** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Alcazar-Cartagena} & S-334 & 0.1064 & 18.78 & 0.0716 & 0.1225 & 0 \\  & S-730 & 0.0586 & 12.84 & 0.0490 & 0.0838 & 0.0604 \\ \cline{1-1}  & S-252 & 0.0207 & 6.20 & 0.0237 & 0.0404 & 0.1153 \\ \cline{1-1}  & S-253 & 0.0152 & 4.56 & 0.0174 & 0.0297 & 0.0732 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Cartagena-Alcazar} & S-334 & 0.1453 & 25.63 & 0.0978 & 0.1672 & 0 \\ \cline{1-1}  & S-730 & 0.1038 & 22.72 & 0.0867 & 0.1482 & 0.0492 \\ \cline{1-1}  & S-252 & 0.0323 & 9.68 & 0.0369 & 0.0632 & 0.1422 \\ \cline{1-1}  & S-253 & 0.0272 & 8.16 & 0.0311 & 0.0532 & 0.1000 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 12: Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for passenger trains with regenerative braking only between Alcazar and Chinchilla. In a 2015 report issued by the Spanish Government about the situation of railways in Spain [70], some data about energy consumption have been published, distinguishing among different routes and types of trains. From the studied itinerary (Madrid-Cartagena) and passenger trains, it has been reported a KPI 2 value of 20.68 kWh/train-km, a KPI 3 of 0.079 kWh/seat-km and a KPI 4 of 0.135 kWh/pkm. These values can be compared with the values obtained for the diesel locomotive S-334 (without considering regenerative braking), as it is nearly the only locomotive that operates passenger duties in this route in 2015. As can be seen in Table 12, the values obtained in the present study are similar to those reported (e.g., from Alcazar to Cartagena: KPI 2--18.78 kWh/train-km; KPI 3--0.0716 kWh/seat-km; and KPI 4--0.1225 kWh/pkm). Reference [20] studies the performance of several Sweden electrical locomotives in passenger services and presents some values for the Energy Recuperation Rate (KPI 5) that varies between 10-40%.