esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results  
### Accuracy Evaluation of the Fuli  
Owing to a lack of in situ data from inland water in Guangzhou and Shenzhen, the accuracy evaluation was mainly divided into two parts to show the universality and stability of the FUI in a large-scale study area.  
First, the FUI was calculated using Sentinel-2 (23 May 2019) from Baiyangdian Lake, which has complex optical characteristics. Second, the in situ \(R_{rs}\)(\(\lambda\)) acquired from Baiyangdian Lake on 21 and 22 May 2019 was obtained and the results were compared. The accuracy evaluation indices were MRE and RMSE. The MRE and RMSE were 3.54% and 0.57, respectively. Figure 7 shows a scatterplot of the accuracy evaluation of the FUI in Baiyangdian Lake.  
[PERSON] et al. [33] applied the FUI to Landsat 8 OLI data and found that the FUI has good accuracy and universality, and can be applied to large-scale water quality variations. Therefore, the FUI calculated using the Landsat 8 OLI data were used as the actual values to evaluate Sentinel-2 data. Seventy verification points were selected for lakes and reservoirs in Guangzhou and Shenzhen, and Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 transited this region on 5 December 2021.  
If a corresponding number of verification points are selected off the shore, the shore may be affected by optical shallow water or pollutants; However, the spatial resolution is different. If a verification point is located on the edge, it may also be distributed by land  
Figure 7: Scatter plots of the FUI in Baiyangdian Lake. Note: the number by each point represents the number of points [22].  
proximity effects. Thus, the distance between the verification points and the edge was set as larger than 5 pixels, allowing the selected points to reduce influence factors. Figure 8 shows selected verification points in the study area.  
Figure 5 shows that there are 21 FUI levels, each of which represents a discrete hue angle \(\alpha\) range. To compare the results of the two sensors more accurately, we utilized the hue angle \(\alpha\) instead of the FUI for accuracy evaluation. With each verification point as the center, Sentinel-2 selects a 9 \(\times\) 9 pixels area and the Landsat 8 OLI selects a 3 \(\times\) 3 pixels area. The spatial resolutions of the two sensors differ, which can ensure that the selected area of each verification point is consistent. The influence of single-pixel randomness was reduced. The mean value of the CV of 70 verification points in Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 OLI were 1.1% and 5.8%, respectively. These CV results were similar to those obtained previously, indicating that the results are stable and reliable. The PCC was calculated as 0.77. Therefore, the method was shown to be reliable. Previous studies have cross-verified the water color parameters retrieved by MODIS, Landsat 8 OLI, and Sentinel-2, and have good application potential [20; 34; 35].
# Top Position Sensitive Ordinal Relation Preserving Bitwise Weight for Image Retrieval
###### Abstract  
In recent years, binary coding methods have become increasingly popular for tasks of searching approximate nearest neighbors (ANNs). High-dimensional data can be quantized into binary codes to give an efficient similarity approximation via a Hamming distance. However, most of existing schemes consider the importance of each binary bit as the same and treat training samples at different positions equally, which causes many data pairs to share the same Hamming distance and a larger retrieval loss at the top position. To handle these problems, we propose a novel method dubbed by the top-position-sensitive ordinal-relation-preserving bitwise weight (TORBW) method. The core idea is to penalize data points without preserving an ordinal relation at the top position of a ranking list more than those at the bottom and assign different weight values to their binary bits according to the distribution of query data. Specifically, we design an iterative optimization mechanism to simultaneously learn binary codes and bitwise weights, which makes their learning processes related to each other. When the iterative procedure converges, the binary codes and bitwise weights are effectively adapted to each other. To reduce the training complexity, we relax the discrete constraints of both the binary codes and the indicator function. Furthermore, we pretrain a tensor ordinal graph to decrease the time consumption of computing a relative similarity relationship among data points. Experimental results on three large-scale ANN search benchmark datasets, i.e., SIFT1M, GIST1M, and Cifar10, show that the proposed TORBW method can achieve superior performance over state-of-the-art approaches.  
image retrieval; binary code; hash algorithm; bitwise weights; top-rank-sensitive; ordinal-relation-preserving +
Footnote †: journal:
## 2 Methodology
### Long-Term Settlement Prediction  
A long-term settlement prediction enables the consolidation progress and the ground improvement to be checked by comparing the design and the actual settlements. Two prediction methods exist, which are the hyperbolic method [21] and Asaoka [22], and they can both be considered, but the hyperbolic method was used in the study. The method assumes that the settlement decreases in a hyperbolic curve, as shown in Figure 5 and Equations (2) and (3).  
\[\frac{t}{S_{t}-S_{0}}=\alpha+\beta t \tag{2}\]  
\[S_{\infty}=S_{0}+\frac{1}{\beta} \tag{3}\]  
where \(S_{0}\) is the settlement at the beginning, \(S_{t}\) is the settlement at time \(t\), \(\alpha\) is the intersect of the regression at y-axis, and \(\beta\) is the slope of the regression.
## 4 Discussion  
### Cadmium Toxicity in Aquatic Ecosystems  
[PERSON] [69] reports a strong relationship between the cadmium concentrations in water and aquatic plant tissue, ranging from 0.15 to 342 mg\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\) d.w. As such, aquatic plants are often referred to as metal bioaccumulators [2; 3; 4]. The content of metals in plants is influenced by their availability in the environment, exposure time, presence of other nutrients, physicochemical conditions of the water and sediment, and the defense mechanisms employed by the plants [70; 71; 72; 73; 74; 75; 76; 77; 78; 24; 79]. Although cadmium is taken up just as readily as other heavy metals, its role in plant development remains unclear.  
Although cadmium can enter the plant through the leaves, it is primarily taken up through the root system up by a transmembrane transporter; however, it has to compete with other ions, such as potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc, and copper. Following successful uptake, the cadmium is then moved between cells, and then slowly, but permanently, bound in the cell [80; 81]. The cadmium content in plants varies greatly.  
Its toxicity results from the fact it demonstrated high affinity for many chemical groups of significant biological importance. Cadmium forms covalent and ionic bonds with oxygen, hydrogen, and sulfur atoms, which are form parts of many compounds in plant cells. Toxicity symptoms generally occur at 5-30 ppm and are not specific. Chloride and brown spots can be seen on the leaf blades, accompanied by reddening of the veins, twisted leaves, and thicker and shorter roots [82; 83]. Cadmium stress is associated with disturbances in photosynthesis, transpiration, and nitrogen uptake, as well as with changes in cell membrane permeability and DNA structure [84; 85; 86; 87]. There are two types of heavy metal protein chelators in plant cells: metallothioneeins, i.e., proteins that transport cadmium through the plasmolemma to the cytosol, and phytchedains, which are believed to detoxify heavy metal ions during \"acute stress\" caused by short exposure to high concentrations of metals [80].
# Insights from the Experimentation of Named Data Networks in Mobile Wireless Environments
## 3 Integrating NDNs in Smart Cities  
Our goal was to provide a city-scale NDN-based infrastructure in the city of Aveiro, Portugal. Aveiro already has an Internet-based communication infrastructure distributed throughout the city as part of the Aveiro Tech City Living Lab (ATCLL). This metropolitan network provides various communication technologies, such as ITS-G5, Cellular (4G/5G),IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) and LoRa, which are used to offer various services to several verticals. One of these verticals is the vehicular domain, where vehicles can communicate with each other and with the infrastructure for safety and/or entertainment purposes [21]. Thus, the nodes of the vehicular network, On-Board Units (OBUs) and Road Side Units (RSUs), were modified to include the NDN stack without harming the current Internet stack in operation (TCP/IP), allowing the operation of both paradigms at the same time.  
In the next sections we briefly describe the characteristics of Named Data Networks and their differences to the TCP/IP-based architectures. Then we quickly present the communication infrastructure installed in the ATCLL, and finally we detail how we have deployed our NDN solution in the ATCLL network equipments, highlighting the peaceful coexistence between the two paradigms.
## 2 Channel Measurement and Simulation
### Channel Measurement  
Measurements were conducted in the second-class passenger carriage of the Fuxing CR400 BF train at 2.6 GHz using vertically polarized omnidirectional fiberglass antennas. The test scenario is illustrated in Figure 3. The transmitter, placed at the junction of Carriages 1 and 2 at a height of 3.6 m, emitted continuous-wave signals, while the receiver was positioned at the carriage center, flush with the glass, at 2.6 m.  
To balance accuracy and efficiency, measurement intervals varied: starting from the center of the carriage, aligned with the transmitting antenna, measurements were taken every 1 m for the first 10 m; from 10 to 22 m, measurements were taken every 2 m due to signal stability; from 23 to 31 m, the interval returned to 1 m due to increased signal fluctuations; and from 31 to 50 m, measurements were taken every 2 m to ensure systematic coverage. In total, 34 measurement points were strategically planned to capture comprehensive signal data.  
Measurement variability was considered, with fluctuations mainly caused by environmental factors such as wind, temperature, humidity, and electromagnetic interference. To minimize errors, tests were conducted under stable weather conditions using a fixed transmitter setup. For each measurement point, ten measurements were taken within one minute, and the average value was recorded to reduce random errors and enhance reliability.  
Prior to data collection, extensive equipment calibration was performed. The field strength tester was compared against a high-precision standard field strength source across a range of values relevant to HSR environments. Multiple measurements were taken, analyzed using the least squares method, and used to generate a calibration curve for error correction. Similar calibration procedures were applied to the signal source and antennas, ensuring measurement accuracy and reliability.  
Figure 3: Channel measurement campaigns in the HSR scenario.
## 4 5G and V2X Deployment Projects
### Motorway Measurement Campaign for Automated Driving Technologies in Hungary  
A measurement campaign was carried out on a real-world motorway stretch of Hungary with the participation of international industrial and academic partners. The measurement campaign had a dual purpose. Firstly, it involved mapping the road geometry with exceptional accuracy to create an ultra-high-definition (UHD) map of the test road. Secondly, the vehicles, equipped with differential global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) for precise ground truth localization, conducted specific test scenarios while gathering comprehensive data using various sensors. Throughout the campaign, both the vehicles and the infrastructure recorded all the test runs [84].  
The measurement campaign was carried out on a highway section near the town of Csorna, in the north-western part of Hungary (Gyor-Moson-Sopron county, Western Transdanubia Region). Csorna is located at the crossing of two main regional highway sections, one is the M85 running east-west, connecting the Ferro-Hansag region to Gyorand via M1 to the Capital City of Budapest and the other way to Burgenland in Austria and via A3 to Vienna. The other one is the M86 running from north to south, which is part of the TEN-T comprehensive network, and part of the E65 route running from Sweden (Malmo) to Greece (Crete) at the same time. Both of the roads are part of the Hungarian State Public Road Network, and they are managed by the national road operator company, Hungarian Public Roads.  
The main lessons and contributions of the measurement campaign are as follows:  
* Planning and managing a measurement campaign with several partners and with different sensors is a huge and complex task where success relies on thorough preparation.
* For high-precision mapping, two datasets were collected using different high-tech instruments during the measurement campaign. Different capabilities of sensors are needed when identifying small details, such as supplemental traffic signs, or when creating a surface model of the ground.
* Ground truth information for object detection algorithms is of crucial importance in the automotive testing field. The acquired point clouds and image recordings combined with the shared ground truth position information can be directly used for testing and validating neural network-based object detection algorithms.
* The presented two application examples demonstrate the viability of the collected data during the M86 Measurement Campaign. This dataset may support a large variety of solutions for the testing and validation of different kinds of approaches and techniques.
* Fifth-generation network tests were carried out under different radio conditions. Different measurement scenarios provided latency results that behaved as expected beforehand.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Wdxrf  
The investigated samples are rich in alumina, and silica with traces of iron oxide, but with a minor content of calcium oxide, potassium oxide, magnesium, and titanium, according to Table 1. This method allows for a detailed examination of the elemental composition of the pottery fragments, providing valuable insights into the raw materials used in their production and potentially indicating regional sourcing or technological preferences in pottery-making practices. The precise quantification of mineral components through WDXRF analysis offers a nuanced understanding of the chemical composition of the pottery fragments, aiding in archaeological interpretations and material studies. The intensity distribution maps reveal varying compositions in the pottery fragments, with a notable presence of calcium and trace amounts of Al, Mg, K, Si, Ti, and Fe elements. This indicates the potential presence of minerals such as calcite, silicates, K-feldspar, and hematite, among others. To further analyze these results, the composition of soils in Oltenia, including Sandy chernozem, Meadow chernozem, reddish-brown forest soil, brown forest soils, brown mountain forest soils, and Gleice or Lacovistile soils, must be considered. These soils encompass different types, each with varying compositions and characteristics, which can inform the understanding of the mineral composition found in the pottery fragments. By correlating the elemental compositions in both the pottery and soil samples, a comprehensive analysis can be conducted to unravel potential relationships between the materials used in pottery making and the local geological environment [1]. The WDXRF data analysis enables the tentative identification of element inclusions in the investigated clays, with intensity distribution maps highlighting Si, K, and Fe-rich particles suggestive of minerals like silicates, K-feldspar, and hematite. The pottery samples exhibit predominant concentrations of SiO\({}_{2}\), Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\), and various fluxes (K\({}_{2}\)O, Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\), CaO, MgO, and TiO\({}_{2}\)), indicative of non-calcareous ceramics with low refractoriness and a lack of a smooth surface, indicating firing temperatures below 750 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Additionally, partially smooth surfaces, non-calcareous compositions, and low refractoriness suggest firing temperatures of around 750-800 \({}^{\circ}\)C. These findings offer valuable insights into the materials used and firing processes employed in the creation of the archaeological pottery, shedding light on the production techniques and material characteristics [2]. The presence of low concentrations of Ca in the samples suggests the use of low-time raw materials, indicative of low-Ca clay in the ceramics manufacturing process. Typically, clays with CaO levels below 5% (Ca \(<\) 3.6%) are deemed non-calcareous, emphasizing the significance of understanding the elemental composition of the clay in determining the production techniques and material selection in ancient ceramic production within the archaeological context of Dudesti [17]. Moreover, the analysis revealed consistent
## 4 Discussion
### Practical Applications and Limitations  
The results of this study emphasize the importance of controlling body composition, primarily %BF, to optimize sporting performance. Thus, handball clubs should value the development of conditioning programs that are specifically aimed at controlling %BF. Theseresults may be useful for coaches and trainers to develop position-specific training concepts as they are based on tests that reflect specific characteristics of individual playing categories. One limitation of the present study is the relatively small sample size and the single sex studied. However, it was our intention to examine only the highest level of performers, who are innately limited in number. To rectify this limitation, an increased sample size may add additional insight in future investigations but could reduce the specificity of the implications. Specifically, for comparisons between different field positions, the sample size of \(N=25\) is low.  
Future studies may also wish to include the assessment of differences between sexes and position-specific somatotypes when considering relationships between anthropometry and physical performance in handball. Since this study was cross-sectional, it was impossible to investigate causality in the studied relationships, and temporal changes throughout the season could be of interest in future investigations. Finally, it may be advantageous for future investigations to include laboratory tests of fitness rather than field tests, as these allow for greater internal validity (although at the expense of ecological validity).
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Batch Experiments  
Kinetic experiments at pH = 3 and T = 23 \({}^{\circ}\)C were carried out to figure out the APC's adsorption capacity on the Cr(VI) removal. Initial Cr(VI) concentration, contact time and pH value were the parametric properties of the solution used for such kinetic experiments. More specifically, liquid solutions with an initial concentration of 5.8 ppm, temperature T = 23 \({}^{\circ}\)C and pH value from 1.5 to 8.0 were used to test the effect of the pH to the maximum adsorption capacity of APC. Liquid solutions with pH = 3, T = 23 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and initial Cr(VI) concentration 5.5 ppm, 10.65 ppm, 20.7 ppm, 40 ppm and 53 ppm were used to test the  
Figure 2: A wood pencil impregnated with KOH **(a)** was microwave irradiated as above **(b)**. The graphite core produced hot plasma, igniting the pencil **(c)** and afforded a voluminous carbon mass around the graphite lead **(d)**. The voluminous carbon was mechanically separated from the lead and worked up similarly as above to afford a fine carbon powder, codenamed APC (inset glass vial) **(e)**.  
effect of the initial concentration and the contact time upon the Cr(VI) removal capacity of APC and to study the kinetic behavior of such processes. The different concentrations of the liquid Cr(VI) solution were prepared using a stock Cr(VI) solution (1 mg/mL), which was prepared by dissolving an appropriate quantity of K\({}_{2}\)Cr\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{7}\) (Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), 99.98%) in deionized water. At different time periods (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 24 and 48 h) during the sorption process, 3 mL of the suspension were withdrawn and centrifuged. The supernatant solution was measured using UV photometry, while the solid and the rest of the unused centrifuged solution were returned to the suspension. The Cr(VI) concentration of the solutions was determined by using the 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (Sigma-Aldrich, \(\geq\)97%) method [19]. In all cases of batch experiments, the sorbent dosage was 180 mg/L and pH was adjusted by HCl for acidic values and NaOH for alkaline ones.  
In order to determine the concentration of the chromium species in the solution after the sorption procedure, an oxidation process using potassium permanganate KMnO\({}_{4}\) (Alfa Aesar (Haverhill, MA, USA), 98%) was used [20,21]. Specifically, 180 mg/L of APC reacted with 5.8 ppm Cr(VI) solution at pH 3 under 24 h stirring. Subsequently, the suspension was centrifuged and the residual Cr(III) species in the supernatant solution were oxidized by adding KMnO\({}_{4}\). A small equivalent excess (1.2\(\times\)) of MnO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{-}\), compared with the maximum chromium species concentration (5.8 ppm), was mixed with the solution in order to ensure the oxidation of all chromium species to Cr(VI). The Cr(VI) concentration was determined using the 1,5-diphenylcarbazide method.
## 3 QZS Analysis
### Modeling of the QZS System
In Figure 3b, the positions of the gravity and rotation centers of the load are clearly important. When \(h>-36.87\), the equivalent torsional stiffness is negative, whereas when \(h<-36.87\), the equivalent torsional stiffness is positive. Furthermore, when \(h=-36.87\), the mechanism is at equilibrium, and the equivalent torsional stiffness is zero. The preceding results suggest that the load's gravity center position strongly influences the equivalent torsional stiffness. Each equivalent non-linear torsional stiffness is associated with an independent linear spring stiffness, such that when the load is at equilibrium position (\(\phi=0\)), \(K_{t}\) is near zero. When QZS is implemented, stiffness increases the non-linearity associated with load movement. The spring stiffness \(k\), does not affect the load's equilibrium position, but rather influences the non-linearity of the QZS isolator. Moreover, the transmissibility of non-linear stiffness is a key factor in vibration isolation. The complexity of the previously derived stiffness model can be expected to present challenges in subsequent dynamics and transmissibility research. Note that the equivalent torsion and torsional stiffness are symmetric, and that at the zero point, the stiffness is also zero. For this study, an odd polynomial was used to develop a torsion-based stiffness model, as shown in Equation (7). \[M_{\mathrm{QZS}}=\lambda_{1}\phi^{3}+\lambda_{2}\phi^{5}+\lambda_{3}\phi^{7} \tag{7}\]  
The equivalent torsional stiffness can be obtained from the first-order derivative of the equivalent torsion. The theoretical and fitted curves of the equivalent torsional stiffness and the error distribution curve at \(k=200\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{m}\) are given in Figure 4.  
From the Figure 4, the simulation results indicate that the modeling error is within 5% in the rocking range of [\(-\)pi/12, pi/12]. Notably, this error is only 0.2% in the area of [\(-\)0.1, 0.1], and the goodness-of-fit scores \(R^{2}=0.9984\), thus verifying the feasibility of this polynomial-based stiffness model. Figure 4: (**a**) Equivalent stiffness and error curves; (**b**) Error distribution. Figure 3: (**a**) The equivalent relationship between the torque and angle at \(k=1000\,\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{m}\); (**b**) Distribution of the equivalent torsional stiffness.