## 3 Research Framework of Internet of Emergency Services
### Communication Protocols  
Communication protocols such as WiFi, Bluetooth, and 5G play an important role in enabling the transfer of data in IoES for emergency management and response [46, 115]; see Table 9.  
WiFi is a commonly used communication protocol for connecting devices to the internet, and it can be used in emergency situations to enable communication between emergency responders and central command centers [116]. For example, in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, WiFi hotspots were set up to enable survivors to communicate with rescue workers and family members. Bluetooth is another communication protocol that can be used in emergency situations. It enables devices to communicate with each other over short distances, making it useful for emergency responders to communicate with each other in areas where traditional communication methods may not be available [26, 78, 117]. For example, Bluetooth beacons can be used to locate lost or injured individuals in disaster areas. 5G is a next-generation communication protocol that offers faster speeds and lower latency than previous generations of cellular technology. It has the potential to enable real-time communication and data transfer in emergency situations, enabling emergency responders to make more informed decisions and coordinate their efforts more effectively [118]. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, 5G was used to enable remote medical consultations and telemedicine services. Low-power wide-area networks (LPWANs) and IoT-dedicated cellular technologies are two popular IoT data transmission technologies that are well-suited for disaster management and emergency response. LPWANs are designed to provide long-range connectivity while consuming minimal power, making them ideal for IoT devices that need to transmit small amounts of data over long distances. Examples of LPWAN technologies include Sigfox, LoRa, and NB-IoT. IoT-dedicated cellular technologies, such as LTE-M and NB-IoT, are also gaining popularity for disaster management and emergency response. These technologies leverage existing cellular networks to provide IoT connectivity and offer advantages such as high reliability, wide coverage, and support for mobility. However, they can be more expensive than LPWAN technologies and may require additional infrastructure investment. Both LPWANs and IoT-dedicated cellular technologies have been used in disaster management and emergency response scenarios with success. For example, LPWANs have been used for flood monitoring in the UK, while IoT-dedicated cellular technologies have been used for earthquake early warning systems in Japan. However, the choice of data transmission technology ultimately depends on the specific needs of the application and the resources available. Despite the benefits of these communication protocols, there are also challenges and limitations associated with their use in IoES for emergency management and response. One limitation is the need for reliable infrastructure and connectivity, which may not be available in all areas, particularly in rural or remote areas. In addition, these protocols may be vulnerable to interference or cyberattacks, which can compromise the security and integrity of the data being transmitted. Finally, there may be issues related to interoperability and compatibility between different communication protocols and systems, which can hinder effective communication and coordination between emergency responders. In order to address these challenges, it is important to invest in the development of robust and reliable communication infrastructure and protocols that can support IoES for emergency management and response. This includes the deployment of 5G networks and other advanced communication technologies, as well as the development of interoperability standards and protocols that enable different systems and devices to communicate with each other seamlessly.