# Comprehensive Analysis of Maritime Cybersecurity Landscape Based on the NIST CSF v2.0
## 1 Introduction  
In an era where digitalization and connectivity are rapidly transforming maritime operations, the significance of cybersecurity in this domain has escalated to unprecedented levels. The maritime industry, an integral component of the global economic machinery, has witnessed a paradigm shift with the advent of sophisticated technologies. However, these advancements bring forth a spectrum of cybersecurity challenges that necessitate rigorous and strategic approaches to ensure the safety and efficiency of maritime activities.  
In recent years, a series of notable incidents have highlighted the increased susceptibility of the maritime sector to cyberattacks. These include the infamous NotPetya ransomware attack on Maersk in 2017, which crippled the company's IT systems globally and resulted in financial losses of around USD 300 million [1]. Likewise, the cyberattack on the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in 2020 disrupted the United Nations agency's website and intranet services [2]. These incidents underline the profound implications of cyberattacks, particularly in terms of significant financial loss, disruption to operations, damage to reputation, and potential threats to safety. Such episodes have profound financial implications, and can present disruptions to operations, reputational damage, and potential threats to safety.  
This study investigates the advancements in maritime cybersecurity through the National Institute of Standards and Technology's Cybersecurity Framework (NIST CSF) [3].  
The evaluation of the maritime sector's cybersecurity practices, challenges, and prospects highlights the critical role of the NIST CSF, synthesizing findings from various studies to present a comprehensive understanding of the field.  
Despite the maritime industry's increasing use of the NIST CSF, there is a lack of focused academic research in this area. Our study addresses this gap by leveraging the NIST CSF v2.0 [4] to pinpoint and scrutinize the sector's shortcomings. We aim to provide a detailed analysis of the maritime industry's alignment with the NIST CSF v2.0, highlighting areas for improvement and contributing to the advancement of maritime cybersecurity measures.  
The structure of this paper is as follows: Section 2 provides an in-depth review of existing scholarly work related to our research area, especially within the context of the NIST CSF. The research methodology is presented in Section 3, detailing the research design, sample selection, and processes of data collection and analysis. This section also depicts and interprets the outcomes of the research methodology, providing a comprehensive representation of this study's findings. Section 4 presents an overview of the research published in the field of this review and the differences with the scope of our work. Section 5 stands as the principal component of this analysis, offering an extensive assessment of maritime cybersecurity measures aligned with the functions of the NIST CSF v2.0. Section 6 elaborates on our findings in response to the research questions and highlights substantial challenges underscored by our study, particularly within the context of targeted application of NIST CSF v2.0 in the maritime sector. Finally, Section 7 delivers a comprehensive conclusion derived from the findings.