esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Experiments and Results
### Datasets  
We have used the following sentiment datasets (for detailed statistics, see Figure 5):  
* IMDB [65] is the English dataset that has 50K movie reviews (with \(\sim\)300 words per review on average) annotated with positive or negative labels. This dataset contains only highly polarized reviews (with a score of \(\leq\)4 of 10 for negative and \(\geq\) 7 of 10 for positive). It is highly researched, with more than 1000 research papers using it. The task analyzed in this paper differs from the traditional text classification, and it does not require a large, annotated dataset. Therefore, we have randomly selected 5000 samples of positive and negative classes to create a new dataset used for our experiments.
* Sentiment140 [66] is an English dataset has 1.6 million tweets extracted using the Twitter API and annotated with two classes (positive and negative). For our experiments, we randomly selected a subset of 5000 texts for each class.
* SemEval-2017 [67] is the dataset (the English version) that was first presented in the scientific SemEval competitions. It has three classes (positive, neutral, and negative), but it is imbalanced. For binary classification and comparison, we have omitted the neutral class and tested with the positive and negative classes only.  
The Sentiment140 and SemEval-2017 datasets are retrieved from the Twitter social network, and they contain symbols of emojis and weblinks that were filtered out in the data pre-processing step.
# Modeling the Relationship between Business Process Reengineering and Organizational Culture
###### Abstract  
Business process reengineering (BPR) has been widely known for its effectiveness in generating chances for organizational improvement. Understanding and modeling the relationship between the factors that contribute to the BPR and organizational culture (OC) is critical for the success of its implementation. This paper introduces a fuzzy-based analytical hierarchy process, named FAHP, for integrating the factors affecting BPR with OC to ensure the BPR's success. First, a real case study was conducted to investigate the operational effectiveness and applicability of the proposed approach. Then, the BPR factors were validated and prioritized by a panel of experts from the American Society for Quality (ASQ) members network-Qatar chapter and a group of quality directors in Qatar. On the other side, the OC factors were investigated via a systematic literature review. Finally, an analytical correlation study was conducted to understand the relationship between the corresponding factors better. The correlation analysis study has shown that the organizational strategy, leadership, and transfer of knowledge are highly correlated with respect to people, innovation, and subroutveness. The team orientation, outcome orientation, and attention to detail factors have a medium correlation with the BPR factors. Moreover, the aggressiveness showed a weak correlation with all the BPR factors. The outcomes of this study provide decision-makers with guidelines for successful integration of the BPR and OC factors to ensure effective implementation of the BPR initiatives.  
business process reengineering; organizational culture; fuzzy analytical hierarchy process; business performance; competitiveness +
Footnote †: journal: _Journal of the Royal Society Interface_  
types influencing its implementation. Unfortunately, these studies do not shed light on the intensity of influencing BPR implementation. These challenges practitioners to implement BPR successfully within their firms as they do not know where to focus. Many researchers have investigated the effectiveness of the BPR using multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) in several industrial and service sectors. However, to the author's knowledge, no study has utilized any MCDM approach to prioritize BPR elements for calculating their weights and guide practitioners. This paper aims to develop an analytical model for understanding the relationship between the BRP and organizational culture factors.
# Opto-Electronic Oscillators for Micro- and Millimeter Wave Signal Generation
## 2 Current Progress of the Common Topologies of the OEO
### General Overview  
In this section of the paper, we would like to compare the performance of different configurations of the OEO in multimode operation: short-term stability (i.e., phase noise) and long-term stability. In the first table, different configurations of the OEO are described by comparing the SMSR and the phase noise.  
For Table 1, OEOs with the same or similar frequency were selected (except for the OEO with a high quality opto-electronic filter) to allow a more accurate and scientific comparison of the phase noise in different solutions. However, in theory, the OEO has a stable phase-noise characteristic that is independent of the operating frequency [1], so higher frequencies can be used for the comparison. In the SMSR comparison, the optical delay line length and the bandwidth of the electrical and/or optical filter are more important for the comparison. When considering the phase noise, the injection-locked OEO achieves the best performance among the other solutions. On the other hand, the cascaded micro-wave photonic filter solution achieved a better result in terms of the SMSR.  
In Table 2, different solutions are compared to evaluate the performance of the OEO in terms of long-term stability and phase noise.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Configuration**} & **Optical Delay Line** & **Central Frequency** & **SMSR** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Phase Noise (@10 kHz** \\ **offset from the carrier)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Dual-loop OEO [64] & \begin{tabular}{c} 7-core fiber \\ (105 m) \\ \end{tabular} & From 3.5 GHz to 17.1 GHz & 61 dB & \(-100\) dBc/Hz \\ \hline Injection-locked OEO [68] & \begin{tabular}{c} Single-mode fibers \\ (1 km and 0.7 km) \\ \end{tabular} & 10 GHz & N/A & \(-130\) dBc/Hz \\ \hline Coupled OEO [72] & \begin{tabular}{c} Erbium-doped fiber \\ (4 m) \\ \end{tabular} & 10 GHz & 72.5 dB & \(-123.6\) dBc/Hz \\ \hline OEO with high-quality opto-electronic filter [73] & \begin{tabular}{c} Dispersion-shifted \\ fiber (3 km) \\ \end{tabular} & 29.99 GHz & 83 dB & \(-113\) dBc/Hz \\ \hline Cascading microwave & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Single-mode fibers \\ (2 km and 0.2 km) \\ \end{tabular} & 17.33 GHz & 125 dB & \(-103\) dBc/Hz \\ \hline Narrowband microwave laser &
\begin{tabular}{c} Single-mode fibers \\ (2.5 km and 3 km) \\ \end{tabular} & From 1.85 GHz to 10.24 GHz & 55 dB & \(-116\) dBc/Hz \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Comparison of the SMSR and the phase noise of the current results for various advanced configurations of the OEO.  
Figure 7: Typical configuration of an OEO with a PLL configuration.  
The optical delay line system showed good performance in terms of long-term and short-term stability. The phase-noise performance could be improved by using a longer optical fiber. An OEO with a PLL does not have good phase noise performance because a short delay line is used. However, a classic solution such as temperature stabilization has good phase noise performance and short-term stability.
## 1 Introduction
[PERSON] [12] developed a digital twin fault diagnosis system on the Unity 3D platform, demonstrating the system's feasibility for real-time diagnosis of planetary gear faults in wind turbines. [PERSON] et al. [13] proposed a fault diagnosis method for wind turbine transmission systems based on digital twin technology. By establishing a digital twin model of the wind turbine transmission system, real-time monitoring and simulation of operating conditions are achieved. [PERSON] et al. [14] proposed a turbine bearing fault diagnosis method based on digital twin technology, established a convolutional neural network model for wind turbine bearings, and constructed the digital twin system for wind turbines. In summary, the application of digital twin technology in fault diagnosis of wind turbine spindle bearings holds significant research value. It not only enhances the visualization of fault diagnosis and condition monitoring but also provides new technical support for the intelligent operation and maintenance of wind turbines. However, research on wind turbine spindle bearings remains limited. In response, this paper proposes a Unity 3D-based wind turbine spindle bearing fault diagnosis system, with the following contributions: (1) Establish a digital twin virtual model based on the physical entity of the wind turbine, build digital space, complete human-computer interaction studies, and enable twin data storage, retrieval, acquisition, access, and analysis. (2) Propose a signal processing method combining blind convolution and random convolution layers, then input the processed signal into a residual network model with an efficient channel attention mechanism and achieve cross-domain recognition using a combined maximum mean difference and correlation alignment domain adaptation method. The fault diagnosis algorithm model offers high accuracy, short runtime, and fast response. (3) This paper introduces a migration learning fault diagnosis algorithm based on digital twin technology and developed within a Unity 3D-based wind turbine spindle bearing fault diagnosis system. It utilizes twin data (including real-world wind field turbine data, open-source dataset vibration signal data, etc.) for transfer learning-based fault diagnosis, condition monitoring, and fault alarm. The structure of this article is as follows: Section 2 introduce the digital twin model, the construction of digital space, and the related aspects of human-computer interaction. Section 3 covers the basic theory of fault diagnosis and the fault diagnosis method based on RB-ECAResNet-CJD. Section 4 presents the experimental validation. Section 5 verifies the feasibility of using Unity 3D and transfer learning for wind turbines. Section 6 discusses the problems encountered and the development directions. Section 7 provides the conclusions of the study.
## 6 Future Work
### D2D Communications  
Device-to-device (D2D) communications will be one of the key feature in future cellular networks, with the objective of increasing the capacity of the cellular network, while keeping interference to a minimum level. Whenever the direct link fails to provide necessary performance between user equipment (UE), relay-assisted multi-hop transmission could be adopted. Besides minimizing interference, another factor to be taken into account is the optimal assignment of relays to the D2D  
Figure 17: Average delay vs. SNR.  
pair without compromising the QoS of the cellular network. BA relaying provides flexibility in relay selection and thus is an important research area in D2D communications.
# A Neural-Network-Based Watermarking Method Approximating JPEG Quantization
## 1 Introduction
[11] has attack layers implementing salt-and-pepper noise, Gaussian noise, JPEG compression, and mean smoothing filters. The quantization of the JPEG compression is approximated by adding uniform noise. As described, the quantization process has been replaced by the process of adding noise, and the quantization process as per the JPEG standard has not been introduced. Adversarial samples are a problem in the field of pattern recognition. They are generated by adding distortions to images to misclassify them. To avoid misclassification, a pattern recognition method using JPEG compressed images has been proposed [14]. JPEG compression is expected to effectively reduce noise while preserving the information needed for pattern recognition. However, JPEGdiff has been proposed as a way to break this technique [12]. By approximating the JPEG quantization with a differentiable function, a JPEG-resistant adversarial image can be generated. Therefore, approximating the JPEG quantization with a smooth function may affect the performance of the model. In our previous work [15], we proposed a quantization activation function (QAF) that can simulate the quantization of JPEG compression according to a standard. That model consists of a network that introduces the QAF into the AE-based model proposed by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [6]. Better performance was obtained in terms of JPEG compression robustness than the AE-based model [6]. The effectiveness of the QAF has been demonstrated in our previous work. However, in that model, a QAF with a constant quantization width was used instead of the quantization table. In this paper, we apply the QAF to the attack layer of the ReDMark [11], which is a CNN-based model, rather than an AE-based model. Furthermore, the proposed method uses the quantization table-based QAF. The robustness against the JPEG compression is expected to be improved using the QAF. The effectiveness of our method is evaluated by comparing JPEG-compressed images with QAF-applied images. The image quality of the stego-image is also evaluated. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, the process of JPEG quantization is explained. In Section 3, we describe the ReDMark and, in addition, we address our previous work. In Section 4, we define the quantized activation function and describe the structure of the proposed network. In Section 5, we show the effectiveness of the function and demonstrate the performance of our network in computer simulations. The last section concludes the paper.
# Pursuing High Quality Phase-Only Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCoS) Devices
## 1 Introduction
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{|p{113.8 pt}|p{113.8 pt}|p{113.8 pt}|p{113.8 pt}|} \hline
**HOLOEYE Photonics AG** & **Hamamatsu Photonic** & **Meadowlark Optics** & **Santec Corp.** \\ \hline Products & Products & Products & Products \\ \hline
1. PLUTO-2: VIS-014, VIS-016, VIS-020, VIS-056 2. LETO: LETO-only 3. GAEA-2: VIS-036 & 1. X-10468: -01, -02, -03 & 1. P512: P-, PDM-, HSP-, HSPDM-, ODPDM 2. SLM-200: -01 \\ \hline Features & Features & Features & Features \\ \hline
1. UHD 4K-Panel (7000 ppi) 2. Driver Interface Up to 600 MHz(HDM 2.0) 3. SDK Solution & 1. Pure, Linear and Precise Phase Control 2. High-Power-Use & 1. Analogy Driving Scheme 2. Fast LC Response Time 3. Sub-KHz PCIe Interface & 1. Super Flatness 1. Available: \(\lambda\)/40 \\ \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{*}\) Only List for _VIS Light-Region-Use_ LCoS-SLM (\(T_{\alpha\
u}\) = 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C)  
\({}^{*}\) BNS LCoS-SLM is acquired by Meadowlark Optics in 2014  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Four main LCoS phase modulator providers and their unique products. Figure 1: Photos of (**a**) 2K1K and (**b**) 4K2K panels from Jasper Display Corp.  
may cause misjuddment of the transmitted information [14]. Compared to fast response time, phase stability is much more important for optical communication applications. Other applications may require precise phase modulation, such as processing of laser materials [15; 16] or controlling the wave front for an image enhancement application [17]. We summarize the quantitative assessment indicators for the LCoS-SLM panels in Figure 3. The high-resolution panel is a trend for future phase modulation. The linearity of phase modulation is not only convenient for data acquisition, but also fulfills linear modulation in the diffraction equations derived from the scalar diffraction theory. The phase precision, phase stability, and phase accuracy can be further evaluated based on a linear phase calibrated panel. Real-time modulation depends on the LC response time, driver latency, and the calculation time of CGHs. In this review, we reveal current progress and approaches in designing and developing high-quality phase-only LCoS-SLM with the assessment of following criteria: panel resolution, driving frequency (LC response time and hardware interface), phase linearity control, phase precision, phase stability, and phase accuracy. Figure 3: Quantitative assessment indicators for LCoS-SLM. Figure 2: Schematic of various applications of phase-only liquid crystal on silicon spatial light modulator (LCoS-SLM).
### Virtual Telescope
#### 1.2.2 Coronagraph with an External Occulter  
The New World Observer (NWO) mission is a novel concept mission for exoplanet investigation involving two spacecraft [17; 25; 26]. External occulters are known to have superior scientific capabilities in internal coronagraphs and indirect methods. Starshade, which is equipped with a 50 m-diameter occulter, follows the telescope in the vicinity of the Earth-Moon-Sun L2 libration point [27; 28]. The Starshade was held within 1 m of the line of sight of the telescope to the target star at a distance of 72 Mm. The alignment error is equivalent to 3 milliarcseconds, and the requirement for range control at 100 km is relatively low. Because the Telescope and Starshade orbit a perturbed heliocentric orbit at the unstable L2 point, the Starshade slews 1.4\({}^{\circ}\) per day owing to the dominant perturbations of the solar pressure and gravitational attraction. Consequently, the relative gravitational dynamics and drift are analyzed using the restricted N-body problem in the fields of the Sun and Earth's gravitational Moon. The PROBA-3 (PRoject for On-Board Autonomy-3) mission, scheduled for launch in 2024, demonstrates and validates the solar coronagraph, a \"large, virtually rigid structure\" [18; 29]. The two PROBA-3 spacecraft in formation produce the ASPICS (Association of Spacecraft for Polarimetric and Imaging Investigation of the Corona of the Sun) coronagraph by utilizing the coronagraph spacecraft (CSC) with an optical instrument and the occulter spacecraft (OSC) with an occulting disk [30]. The orbit is designed to be a highly elliptical geosynchronous orbit with an inclination of approximately 59\({}^{\circ}\), 600 km perigee altitude, and 60,530 km apogee altitude. The high eccentricity guarantees a six-hour-long observation at the apogee. The primary objective is to restrict the relative displacement error (RDE) to a few millimeters and the absolute attitude error (AAE) to a few arcseconds [31]. The formation is maintained by an H-infinity controller based on the state of unperturbed eccentric orbits, and it commands precision cold gas thrusters to compensate for six degrees of freedom of perturbations. This mission will lay the groundwork for autonomous formation-flying technologies to be used in future VTs [17; 29]. By operating in a low-Earth orbit, a solar coronagraph can study solar eruptive events (SEEs), such as the release of coronal energy, sites where particles accelerate, and fundamental physical processes [32].
## 2 Methods
### Intervention  
The experimental group received VR remediation intervention (two sessions per week over three months) in addition to treatment as usual (pharmacotherapy, psychiatric visits, and psychotherapy sessions), whereas the control group received treatment as usual without any additional intervention. The software used for the VR cognitive remediation program has been previously described in published papers [14; 21]. Briefly, it is the \"CEREBRUM--Cognitive Rehabilitation\" software (version 3.0.1), suitable for Oculus Go with 360\({}^{\circ}\) view for full immersion. It was designed and developed by mental health professionals, including psychiatric rehabilitation technicians and psychologists, with the support of computer engineers from the Cerebrum VR Society (Rome, Italy). It involves virtual scenarios simulating everyday issues and events (domestic and urban scenarios), consisting of 52 exercises each targeting specific cognitive tasks and skills. The intervention was designed so that exercises could be gradually presented with increasing levels of difficulty, while clinicians could adjust the difficulty based on the functional needs and abilities of each participant. Thus, exercises were selected to be sufficiently challenging to promote stimulating learning without being overly difficult or easy. In general, all participants completed the 52 exercises in the same order, with the level of difficulty of each exercise varying to make the intervention generalizable. In domestic and urban contexts, all cognitive strategies are trained, ranging from attentional and mnemonic to executive functions. An example of such an exercise, as illustrated in Figure 1, involves the user being exposed to four different scenarios: two in a bathroom/laundry room and bedroom setting and two in a living room. In each scenario, the user is required to identify, as quickly as possible, the intruding objects, those specific items that are generally not present or typically associated with that environment. All exercises are manualized, meaning that the operator follows the instructions provided in the manual.  
Integrated approaches were used in structuring the sessions; specifically, VR activities lasted a maximum of 15-20 min within each 50 min session. The remaining time was dedicated to relaxation techniques (as part of the introduction and welcoming at the beginning of the session), lasting a maximum of 10 min; psychoeducational strategies to understand the importance of the cognitive functions being trained with particular regard to their use in everyday life (post-welcoming phase), 10-15 min; feedback strategies (after each VR exercise and general feedback at the end of the session accompanied by homeworkassignments), 10 min; and everyday life generalization strategies through homework (at the end of the session), 5 min.
# Source Anonymity against Global Adversary in WSNs Using Dummy Packet Injections: A Survey
## 3 Dummy Packets Techniques
### Fitted Probabilistic Rate (FitProbRate)  
_FitProbRate_[32] uses the same exponential distribution as _ProbRate_ to generate dummy traffic. If a node detected a real event, it transmits real packets following the exact exponential distribution of the fake packets. Therefore, the adversary would be unable to distinguish the difference between real and fake packets. To reduce the traffic overhead, the transmission rate should be as low as possible; in return, this small transmission rate increases the delay relatively.  
The network nodes generate a random number utilizing a unique seed to predict the following sending time interval. The seed can be known to the adversary, whereas the random number must be hidden. When a real event occurs, _FitProbRate_ must use the same \(\mu\) of the fake packets exponential distribution to avoid any _Time Correlation_ attacks by the adversary. Concurrently, packets of the real event should be transmitted as soon as possible. Therefore, _FitProbRate_ employs the Anderson Darling test (_A-D_) to determine whether a series of intervals follow the exponential distribution. This is achieved by searching the first appropriate time interval that satisfies the _A-D_ test, which at the same time does not break the exponential distribution sequence for the real packets. In case there is a scheduled fake interval, it is replaced by the real one. The fake interval will be rescheduled for later, as shown in Figure 4. Interval D is the fake one and it will be replaced by interval C, which has the real packet. Then, the fake packet in interval D will be rescheduled for transmission in interval E.  
The disadvantages of this technique are as follows: First, it has significant traffic overhead that reduces the lifetime of the network. Second, using the _A-D_ test every time a real event is detected increases power consumption and processing time. Lastly, transmission rate and delay cannot be controlled since _FitProbRate_ does not provide a mechanism to ensure the maximum required delay by intolerant applications.