# Integration of AI in Self-Powered IoT Sensor Systems
## 5 Self-Powered IoT Sensors Identification and Applications
[182], an epidermal self-powered biosensor is described as measuring lactate and glucose levels in sweat using an enzyme-activated biochemical cell (EBFC), making it ideal for real-time metabolic monitoring. [PERSON] et al. [183] propose a self-powered multi-channel sensor for detecting food toxins (ochratoxin A and patulin), built on a dual photovoltaic platform, which offers precise detection independent of light conditions. These studies highlight the potential of electrochemical and photovoltaic systems in developing autonomous devices for food safety and health. 3. HEGs are sensors that use solar energy through miniature photovoltaic panels that convert light into energy. In this category, classic photovoltaic and self-powered electrochemical sensors based on Photofuel Cell (PFC)-type photovoltaic cells stand out. [PERSON] et al. [184] present an actuator with sensor functionality, based on the photo-thermoelectric effect. It integrates a thermoelectric generator into a flexible device powered by near-infrared light. This demonstrates how solar energy can be directly converted into motion and an electric signal. In the paper by [PERSON] et al. [185], a polyelectrolyte hydrogel is proposed for mechanical-electrical conversion and self-sensing, inspired by natural energy generation processes through salinity gradients and having applications in biomedicine. A self-powered ratiometric sensor for estrogen built on a two-channel PFC eliminates the influence of light fluctuations on measurements, providing detection of the hormone 17-beta-estradiol [186]. This is an example of integrating solar energy harvesting and biosensors for health monitoring. [PERSON] et al. [181] explore a self-powered glucose sensor that uses a zinc-air battery with catalysts. The sensor detects glucose levels in biological fluids. A self-powered epidermal biosensor for lactate and glucose in sweat uses a biochemical cell that extracts energy from organic compounds, allowing continuous monitoring of metabolic parameters without recharging or periodic battery replacement [182; 187]. [PERSON] et al. [183] propose a portable self-powered sensor for food toxins that simultaneously detect toxins such as ochratoxin A and patulin. [PERSON] et al. [188] introduce SolarSense, a self-powered gesture recognition system using solar panels. It offersover 97% accuracy in motion recognition and demonstrates how solar energy can be integrated into human-machine interaction. To conduct a comparative analysis between the two types of sensors, battery-powered and self-powered sensors, the Efento Wireless Indoor Air Quality Logger and EnOcean Easyfit ETHS sensors were considered. Table 2 presents the comparative analysis based on their technical specifications. Table 2 shows that both sensors are wireless and can be compared by monitoring indoor environmental conditions. The Efento Wireless Indoor Air Quality Logger sensor has the advantages of internal memory where data can be stored locally, the ability to be easily integrated into mobile applications, high measurement precision, and a wide temperature range. The EnOcean Easyfit ETHS sensor has the significant advantage of not requiring batteries, as it is solar-powered, which translates to low maintenance. This is ideal for automation at the level of smart buildings, as it has small dimensions and is easy to install. The most significant advantage of the EnOcean Easyfit ETHS sensor that sets it apart from the Efento Wireless Indoor Air Quality Logger is its self-powering capability. On the other hand, the technical documentation of the Efento Wireless Indoor Air Quality Logger sensor mentions a battery life of up to 5 years, which minimizes the advantages of self-powered sensors. Figure 5 depicts the operational flow of a battery-powered IoT sensor compared to a self-powered one. In Figure 5, the specific stages of the operational process of a battery-powered IoT sensor are presented.