## 2 Literature Review
### Quality Management System (ISO 9001:2015)  
ISO 9001:2015 is a globally recognized management system that can be applied in all types of companies, regardless of size or sector, to ensure quality and improve performance through top management's implementation. This standard defines the requirements for establishing, implementing, maintaining, and continually improving a quality management system (QMS), helping organizations demonstrate their commitment to quality, meet customer expectations, and comply with legal requirements. By putting in place effective processes and training staff, companies can consistently deliver flawless products or services [95]. The standard has evolved through several stages to reach its current form. The International Organization for Standardization issued the first quality assurance standard, ISO 9000, based on the British Standard BS 5750. The second edition, ISO 9000, appeared in 1994, followed by ISO 9001 in 2000, which replaced the 1994 version. The fourth edition, ISO 9001:2008, replaced previous versions in 2008 [95,96], and the latest version, ISO 9001:2015, was released in October 2015 and remains in use, with the final modification in 2024 addressing climate action change. So, companies must implement and comply with the ISO 9001:2015 standard, which is divided into 10 main clauses and 28 sub-clauses, as follows [96]:  
-  Clause 1 describes the scope;  
-  Clause 2 covers references;  
- Clause 3 deals with terms and definitions;Clause 4 pertains to the context of the organization, which includes understanding the organization and its surroundings, comprehending the requirements and expectations of stakeholders, determining the scope of the quality management system, and evaluating the system and its processes;
- Clause 5 discusses leadership, including leadership and commitment, quality policy, organizational roles, responsibilities, and authorities;
- Clause 6 focuses on planning for the quality management system, including actions to address risks and opportunities, quality objectives, planning to achieve them, and planning for changes;
- Clause 7 deals with support, including resources, competence, awareness, communication, and documented information;
- Clause 8 focuses on operations, including operational planning and control, requirements for products and services, design and development, control of externally provided processes, products, and services, production and service provision, release of products and services, and control of nonconforming outputs, products, and services;
- Clause 9 covers performance evaluation, including monitoring, measurement, analysis, evaluation, internal audit, and management review;
- Clause 10 addresses improvement, including general improvement, nonconformity, corrective action, and continual improvement. The required controls for each clause of the standard have been defined, but the specific methods are not prescribed, as they depend on the company's management system and the unique nature of its business to establish and maintain documented procedures ensuring compliance with the requirements. Proper application of this standard provides companies with a comprehensive internal management system, ensuring numerous internal benefits, enhancing their competitive position, increasing market share, and offering other desired external advantages. In conclusion, integrating risk management, Building Information Modeling (BIM), Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA), and ISO standards are essential for enhancing sustainability in bridge projects. Risk management identifies and mitigates potential impacts across the bridge lifecycle, supporting project teams in maintaining time, cost, and quality objectives while addressing environmental, economic, and social sustainability. BIM enables precise 3D modeling, data management, and collaboration across project stages, while its integration with LCSA ensures that environmental and social impacts are continuously assessed.