## 1 Introduction  
For decades, as China's urbanization rate continued to rise, the proportion of the country's urban population reached 64.72% as of 2021. According to a report released by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, it is projected that China's urban population will increase by another 255 million in 2050 [1]. One of the most popular ideas in urban congestion research is the development of subway transportation. It seems to be a common problem that, during the construction of metro pits, surface settlement caused by the destruction of existing geological structures during construction may cause significant damage to existing buildings and infrastructure [2]. Surface settlement is often recognized as a critical factor in assessing the risk of failure and providing early warning. Construction-monitoring management needs to be strengthened during the construction of subway foundation pits to minimize safety accidents caused by excessive deformation of the enclosure structure during pit construction. Without proper monitoring and prediction, there is an increased risk of accidents and safety hazards for workers and anyone in the vicinity of the construction site. This can result in injuries or even fatalities, as well as damage to equipment and property. Moreover, it may lead to the destabilization of the surrounding soil and structures, causing damage to nearby buildings, roads, and utilities [3]. Therefore, it is necessary to predict the estimation of deformation caused by pit excavation with an in-depth understanding of the relevant enclosure deformation-generating mechanisms to minimize the problems caused by the relevant events [4]. Deformation due to earth excavation and engineering vibration caused by subway construction is unavoidable because the soil and rock around the pit are disturbed during construction. Various studies in the past have tried many methods to predict surface settlement, which are usually categorized into three types: empirical formulae [5], numerical simulation [6], and artificial intelligence prediction [7]. The traditional method of surface-settlement prediction, the empirical formula method, is based on observational data of surface settlement at existing deep foundation-pit sites. The method is based on the observation data of the existing tunnel-pit site. With the continuous updating of technical methods of pit construction, such as the application of shield machines, full-section boring machines, etc., and the complex underground infrastructure, the traditional method only applies to modern tunnel-pit projects. In recent years, numerical analysis models have been used to simulate ground motions using data obtained from the construction site for surface-settlement prediction in the deep foundation-pit construction site [8]. The numerical analysis model is used to predict the ground settlement. However, in actual engineering projects, numerical analysis models are affected by complex factors such as the complexity of geological conditions and changes in actual construction. It is necessary to select appropriate prediction methods according to specific engineering conditions and correct and optimize them with the measured data to solve the many problems that may arise in practical applications. [PERSON] [9] used numerical simulation software, and nonlinear adaptive filtering reduces external environmental interference. [PERSON], to study the effect of grouting performance on surface settlement, completed the numerical simulation of Tabriz Metro Line 2 by the FLAC3D finite difference numerical simulation method [10]. In the process of modeling, improperly selected parameters or poorly processed data may lead to increased errors; meanwhile, the numerical model needs to input a variety of parameters, such as soil mechanics parameters, geotechnical parameters, etc., which are determined with a significant error from the measured values, which also affects the accuracy of the model.