#### 1.1.6 Temperature Regulation  
One of the primary categorization schemes for greenhouse systems is this classification, which divides greenhouses into three broad divisions [3]:  
* Passive greenhouses rely on natural processes, such as solar radiation and thermal mass, for temperature regulation. * Active greenhouses use mechanical systems and technology for precise temperature and environmental control. * Combination of passive and active techniques: In these greenhouses, the greenhouse could be equipped with passive and active techniques in which the leading energy suppliers are the external energy sources; however, the system could be coupled with renewable energy sources like solar collectors, wind turbines, etc. A passive greenhouse is a kind of greenhouse in which natural processes mainly control the environment it creates for plant development and temperature regulation. In contrast to active greenhouses, which rely mostly or entirely on outside energy sources to maintain their internal temperature, passive greenhouses operate using mechanical equipment like fans, heaters, and air conditioners [4]. A passive greenhouse's essential components and ideas are as follows:  
* _Orientation_: Passive greenhouses are strategically designed to maximize exposure to sunlight throughout the day. In colder climates, they are often oriented to face south to capture the maximum amount of solar radiation. * _Thermal mass_: Passive greenhouses use materials with a high thermal mass, such as water barrels, masonry, or stones, to absorb and store the sun's extra radiation heat during the day. These materials release the stored heat at night, helping to maintain a more stable temperature. * _Insolution_: Adequate insulation is essential in passive greenhouses to minimize heat loss during colder periods. Properly insulated walls, roofs, and floors help to retain the heat collected during the day. * _Natural ventilation_: Passive greenhouses often incorporate adjustable vents, windows, or louvres to facilitate natural ventilation. Ventilation allows for the control of humidity levels and helps to prevent overheating on warmer days. * _Shade management_: Passive greenhouses may use shading systems like shade cloth to protect plants from excessive sunlight during the hottest parts of the day. * _Site selection_: Choosing the right location for a passive greenhouse is crucial. Factors such as wind exposure, proximity to large structures, and obstacles that could cast shadows should be considered during site selection. * _Plant selection_: Choosing plants is also essential in a passive greenhouse. Selecting plant varieties well suited to the local climate and season can contribute to a successful and sustainable growing environment. Creating a growing place that is more environmentally friendly and energy-efficient is the main objective of a passive greenhouse. Through the utilization of solar energy, thermal mass, and natural ventilation, passive greenhouses can provide a productive and environmentally friendly means of growing plants all year round. An active greenhouse utilizes mechanical systems and technologies to actively control and regulate the structure's temperature, humidity, and other environmental conditions. Unlike passive greenhouses, which rely on natural processes for temperature management, active greenhouses use various equipment and systems to create a controlled and optimized growing environment [5; 6; 7]. The key features of an active greenhouse include the following:  
* _Climate control systems_: Active greenhouses are equipped with sophisticated climate control systems that can monitor and adjust temperature, humidity, and ventilation. These systems may include heaters, fans, evaporative cooling units, misters, and dehumidifiers. * _Automated sensors_: Active greenhouses often have sensors strategically placed throughout the structure to measure factors like temperature, humidity, light levels, and CO\({}_{2}\) concentration.