## 4 The Use of Nanotechnology for the Improvement of Endophytic Biocontrol Agents
This finding highlights the use of comparative genome analysis to uncover how endophytes may compensate for plants or offer access to alternative genes required for plant metabolic processes, especially when under certain environmental conditions such as abiotic and biotic stress. By understanding the non-homologous gene pairs shared by endophytes and their host plant, this technology could be used to enhance the production for more effective biocontrol agents. Gene and genome information has enabled researchers to create a plethora of novel omics-based technologies, that are extremely valuable for assessing biological responses and interactions between plants and microbes in depth and at a speed that was previously unimaginable. Omics-based technologies such as proteomics has been crucial to analyzing the microbes' proteomes in order to highlight the intricate dynamics and different kinds of interactions that occur between endophytic microorganisms and their host plants [45]. This advancement in proteomics strategies has contributed to the discovery and understanding of different pathways involving a wide range of microorganisms that can be utilized mitigating the effect of biotic and abiotic stresses [46; 47]. For instance, a label-free proteomics approach revealed that ACC deaminase-generating endophytic bacteria play an important role in conferring salt stress resistance in rice [48]. The findings of [PERSON] et al. (2022) [48] found that inoculating rice with ACC deaminase-producing bacteria may improve plant physiological traits. it is inoculation also reduces stress-related organelle damage, by reroutes glucose metabolism, improving photosynthetic machinery, and increasing antioxidant activity, all of which contribute to rice growth and development. Similarly to [PERSON] and colleges [48], a previous study focusing on proteomic analysis of two contrasting chickpea cultivars, revealed that salt-tolerant chickpea cultivars were effective in increasing photosynthetic machinery proteins, which are essential for photosynthesis to occur [49]. In another instance, _Burkholderia Cenocpacia_ strain YG-3 was isolated from the root of a poplar tree and shown to be an effective cadmium (Cd) remover. The use of label-free quantitative proteome profile analysis revealed a sophisticated means of Cd removal, revealing that strain YG-3 binds to Cd and excretes it out of the cell via efflux pumps before activating antioxidant enzymes to reduce the impact induced by Cd [50]. This study combined genomics with proteomics, which provided additional benefits, such as assessing protein expression in response to Cd as well as helping to discover the major schematic model pathways involved in an efficient bioremediation system for toxic metals. Multi-omics investigation could be an excellent opportunity to identify mechanisms underpinning the induction of endophytic-host resistance to pathogenic infection. Their extracellular protein release could also be utilized to uncover novel secondary metabolites, which can have their usefulness in the production of bioinoculants and biocontrol agents. Unlike animal and plant cells, fungi require basic nutritional media for fermentation, making endophytic fungi a sustainable source for novel metabolites which could be used in the production of biocontrol agents. A study by [PERSON] et al., 2022 [51] implicated the Trichoderma genus (soil filamentous fungi) in the production of large amounts of secondary metabolites of industrial and medical significance. Additionally, they exhibit an equal significance as biocontrol agents, owing to their performance as mycophagous and plant growth simulators [51]. Thus, they are recognized as serving dual roles in plant protection. Furthermore, systemic disease resistance is stimulated upon colonization of plant roots by Trichoderma spp., issuing resistance against a wide variety of phytopathogens [51]. Resistance is achieved by Trichoderma spp. stimulating phytohormone homeostasis, contributing to improved assimilation of nutrients from the soil [51].