## 3 Data Collection
### Experiment Design  
The purpose of this study is recognizing activities that are commonly taking place in real daily life and necessary in taking care of oneself independently. Thus, twelve activities, that can be mainly categorized into three types--static activities, dynamic activities, and transitional activities--are considered in experiment design. The static activities, such as watching TV and sleeping, and dynamic activities, such as sweeping and running, are not limited by performed duration. Transitional activities, such as sit-to-lie and lie-to-sit, are usually taken place within a limited performed duration, they are characterized by start time and end time which vary slightly from one person to another [28]. Based on this, static activities and dynamic activities can be designed to perform continuously, while transitional activities can be designed to execute repeatedly to get separately samples. Twelve activities that purposed to be recognized in this study are: standing, sleeping, watching TV, walking, running, sweeping, stand-to-sit, sit-to-stand, stand-to-walk, walk-to-stand, lie-to-sit and sit-to-lie. Table 1 shows the brief description of the twelve activities into three types performed in the experiment. Ten participants (7 males and 3 females) are recruited to take part in the experiment from the University of Ulster. The participants are guided to perform the twelve activities by following the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline
**Type** & **Activities** & **Description** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Static Activities} & Standing & Standing in the home area for 5 min \\  & Sleeping & Sleeping on the bed for 5 min \\  & Watching TV & Watching TV in the home area for 5 min \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Dynamic Activities} & Walking & Walking in the home area for 5 min \\  & Running & Running on the treadmill with a set speed for 5 min \\  & Sweeping & Sweeping by using the vacuum cleaner for 5 min \\ \hline \multirow{7}{*}{Transitional Activities} & Stand-to-sit & Standing for 15 s and then sit down, keep sitting for 15 s, repeat 15 times \\  & Sit-to-stand & Stitting for 15 s and then stand up, keep standing for 15 s, repeat 15 times \\ \cline{1-1}  & Stand-to-walk & Standing for 15 s then change to walk, keep walking for 15 s, repeat 15 times \\ \cline{1-1}  & Walk-to-stand & Walking for 15 s then change to standing, keep standing for 15 s, repeat 15 times \\ \cline{1-1}  & Lie-to-sit & Lying on the bed for 15 s and change to sit on the bed, repeat 15 times \\ \cline{1-1}  & Sit-to-lie & Sitting on the bed for 15 s and change to lie down, repeat 15 times \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: The taxonomy and brief description of monitored activities. experiment protocol in the home area of smart lab. A tri-axial accelerometer embedded into a custom wrist-belt is attached at each participant's left wrist. This placement is selected since it is unobtrusive and comfortable for the participant and is one of the most common locations to place accelerometers in activity monitoring research [29]. Previous research has proven sensors attached at the wrist provide relatively high rates of accuracy and sensitivity for fine grain activities [30]. The Shimmer wireless sensor platform is used to record and collect the raw signals. Due to the small size and light weight, The Shimmer wireless sensor platform can be worn by the users comfortably and appropriate for long-term monitoring during the users' activity performance. It contains an on-board tri-axial accelerometer, with a configurable sampling rate up to 1 kHz and an amplitude range up to \(\pm\)6 g [31]. The experiment protocol consists of guiding participants to perform a sequence of twelve activities (as listed in Table 1) by using voice instruction of the researcher. Participants are guided which activity to execute but not restricted the way to perform, which ensures the natural variability during the experiment execution.