## 1 Introduction
### Field Experimental Results and Analysis  
This experiment was conducted to identify the PM\({}_{10}\) emission trends for each activity by performing asphalt concrete road excavation-restoration work, and to select the activity showing the highest level of PM\({}_{10}\) emission. The PMC of PM\({}_{10}\) discharged from road excavation-restoration work was measured for road-cutting, breaking, removal, excavation, and restoration activities. Figure 3 shows each activity conducted in the first field experiment and the installation of the OPC to measure PMC can be seen in Figure 3b. The measurement results of two field experiments are summarized in Figure 4. The background concentration was found to be relatively low (10-20 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro m^{3}}\)) compared to PMC generated from excavation-restoration work. The average concentration in Figure 4 shows the result of subtracting the background concentration from the average concentration for each activity.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Method Characteristics** & **Portability** & **Real Time** & **Accuracy** \\ \hline Gravimetric analysis & X & X & \(\Theta\) \\ \hline Beta-ray absorption & X & X & \(\Theta\) \\ \hline Light scattering & \(\Theta\) & \(\Theta\) & \(\Theta\) \\ \hline Digital image information analysis & \(\Theta\) & \(\Theta\) & \(\Theta\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note. \(\Theta\), very high; \(\Theta\), high; \(\Theta\), medium; X, impossible.  
\end{table}
Table 2: Characteristics of PM measurement technology.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Test ID** & **Data Type** & **Activity Type** & **Measuring Equipment** & **Position from Source (m)** & **Inlet Height (m)** & **Number of Sections** & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Weather Conditions**} \\ \cline{6-10}  & & & & **from Source** (m) & **Inlet Height (m)** & **Novel of** & **Temp (\(\lx@sectionsign\)C)** & **Winds** & **Hunidity (\(\lx@sectionsign\)C)** \\ \hline
1 & PMC & Asphalt road-cutting, breaking, removal, excavation, restoration & OPC & 2, 4.25 & 1.5 & 6 & 18.5 & 3.3 & 62.4 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Measurement conditions for excavation and restoration work.  
Figure 2: **(a)** Equipment for collecting background data, **(b)** first field testbed (Sections 1–6), and **(c)** second field testbed (sections 1, 2).  
second experiment (Figure 4b) yielded the highest PMC during the conducted road-cutting activities, which was equal to 659.4 \(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\). Based on the PMC analysis and the field observation, it was found that a large quantity of PM was generated immediately after the cutting edge of the cutter touched the pavement surface, when the excavator scratched the road surface, when the excavated soil was loaded on a dump truck, and when the asphalt was laid and compacted.  
This experiment could determine and quantify the emission trends of the various road excavation-restoration work activities. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the road-cutting activity exhibited a tendency to emit the highest levels of PM\({}_{10}\) (based on PMC). This confirmed the same trend as the results of previous studies [26; 27; 28]. However, there is a limit to the generalization of the emission characteristics based only on the results of this experiment because these were affected by external factors owing to the nature of the field experiment. Therefore, in the second stage experiment, a small sealed chamber that can minimize external factors was designed and manufactured, and a detailed analysis was conducted on the asphalt concrete-cutting operation showing the highest PM\({}_{10}\) emission level.