The authors in [21; 22] studied the homogeneous and heterogeneous routing protocols for WSNs. However, energy consumption is not considered in his works. The Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networking (HWSN) protocols are proven for network efficiency. Over the years, three hierarchical HWSN protocols have been proposed which are EEPCA, EDFCM, and MCR, together with another two existing conventional routing protocols SEP and LEACH [23]. The proposed protocols adapt frameworks to improve WSN energy efficiency and lifetime. There is an emerging technology called Cross-Technology Communication (CTC) which is a software-only solution that enables direct communication between wireless assets that use heterogeneous standards, such as IoT standards, which inevitably suffer from low spectrum efficiency. Therefore, it is essential to simplify the configuration and obtain a cost-effective and energy-efficient structure [24; 25]. In contrast, the challenges lie in the use of wireless technologies used by IoT devices, which are becoming more diverse while mobile devices are becoming more constrained. This makes these devices vulnerable to data collection by the Internet of Things (IoT) devices such as ZigBee and LoRa [26]. Many studies have shown that the mobility of these low-power Internet of Things devices is critical. G-Bee is designed to provide communication in large networks with minimal delays. In contrast, G-Bee exclusively detects error-free communication and provides energy efficiency concurrently [27]. The researchers in [24] proposed a software-only X-MIMO for the ZigBee commodity. Enabling successful IoT connectivity using multi-user MIMO technology is critical due to the massive growth of IoT and the inherent resource constraints of the wireless medium. X-MIMO is the work to implement MU-MIMO technology in commodity devices. This will expand the potential of wireless sensing for low-power IoT devices. In another study by [PERSON] et al. [28] SDR-Lite was proposed, as the first software-only SDR receiver with excellent WiFi built without additional hardware or firmware. By simulating (faking) a packet's header, the principle that works when a packet is missing or not there can be tested. SDR-Lite offers SDR receiver capability over a standard WiFi network. In terms of heterogeneous, this wireless technology is the most recent and least expensive solution for interoperability with all mobile devices, WiFi access points, and IoT at the service level and device dynamics. However, it is not covered extensively in this systematic review. On the other hand, few studies have been conducted on QoS and related communication requirements. There has been limited research available to address QoS and communication demands in the context of resource-constrained wireless sensor networks. If pathway maintenance is not addressed effectively it may result in excessive use of energy. The algorithm has been widely applied to WSN applications such as motion control of automobiles, target positioning, and clinical care of the patient [29] Accordingly, a study is required to analyze the movement of the sink and sensor nodes in the context of WSNs. Energy efficiency, CH selection, safety, and application-specific are the performance metrics used to evaluate the efficacy of current state-of-the-art methods. The innovative routing algorithms support the meta-heuristic algorithms by considering network architecture and application requirements [30]. Meta-heuristic techniques are a vital method for handling real optimization issues with high computational complexity in WSNs. Complex optimization problems that are not quite solvable are designed to be solved rapidly using these approaches. Various techniques such as Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm have been used by both long-standing and modern metaheuristic algorithms to tackle different problems in wireless sensor network Energy. It is based on the behavior of actual ants. A troop of ants has been seen to find jointly the quickest route between their nest and food.