## 4 Discussion
[10]: \(N_{\text{men+women}}=382\)), we cannot completely rule out that some moderations were not statistically significant in the present study as a consequence of this imbalance. In other words, it is possible (yet not very likely) that a large male sample size would have made some of the moderation effects of gender on the personality-TAM relations statistically significant (but clearly the effect size of such a moderation seems to be weak according to our data). Thus, we make a call for future studies with large sample sizes and a balance with respect to male and female subjects. The study by [PERSON] et al. [13] may serve as a positive example with respect to this property because their sample consisted of 1004 respondents of which 499 were men and 505 were women. Moreover, the present study did not explicitly ask whether participants owned a smartphone. However, we can assume that the majority of participants did own a smartphone. Additionally, it needs to be mentioned that next to personality and gender, also other variables might influence TA. In this realm, future studies should aim at (additionally) investigating variables such as income, schooling, and occupation. These variables have not been assessed in the present study but are likely to be similar across participants given the German university context for data assessment. This leads to a further limitation: the present study's sample mostly consists of young individuals, which are likely to be students. Thus, results should not be generalized to other populations. Considering this, we make a call for future studies to replicate the present investigation based on different age groups. Moreover, in the TA literature, it is reported that an interaction exists between gender and age. Specifically, [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [7] found that perceived usefulness was more salient to younger users, particularly men. Moreover, they found that perceived ease of use was more salient to older users, particularly women. Because the sample of the present study has little variance in age (\(M=23.71\) with \(SD=6.10\) years), in our analyses we controlled for age, but did not statistically calculate the interaction of age and gender. Therefore, future studies should recruit a sample with a much larger variance in age, thereby establishing a precondition for statistical computation of interaction terms. Another avenue for future research concerns the abstraction with which personality traits are studied. Based on the HEXACO-PI-R, in the present study we investigated higher-order traits (just as all prior studies which used the big five of personality, see Research Stream 1 in the related work section). As reported, except for altruism, we did not find significant influence of user gender on the personality-TA relationship. However, it is possible that investigation of personality via more narrow traits (e.g., computer anxiety as a specific manifestation of neuroticism [22]), may reveal significant influence of gender on the personality-TA relationship. Thus, we make a call for future studies which replicate our findings based on HEXACO factors and the big five, but also see value in future studies with a focus on more narrow traits. Finally, the smartphone is a multipurpose device allowing various apps to be used. Therefore, future studies should aim at investigating TA for separate applications. Even if the present study did not reveal differences in associations with personality between personal and business use of the smartphone, this might be true for TA of different apps.