## 5. Empirical Research
### Smart Home Subsystem Attribute Analysis Based on the Kano Model  
#### 5.2.1 Kano Model Theory and Questionnaire Settings  
The Kano model, invented by Professor [PERSON] in Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1984 [75], is a useful toolkit for classifying and prioritizing user needs, examine the nonlinear relationship between the objective performance of products or services and people's subjective perceptions and satisfaction. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Item** & **Content** & **Item** & **Content** \\ \hline
1 & Home appliances system & 16 & Smart party system \\ \hline
2 & Daily life service system & 17 & Smart information system \\ \hline
3 & Nursing system & 18 & Smart education system \\ \hline
4 & Health detection system & 19 & Smart interest assistance system \\ \hline
5 & Disease prevention system & 20 & Buy for elder \\ \hline
6 & Telemedicine system & 21 & Family connectivity \\ \hline
7 & Rehabilitation training system & 22 & Couple connectivity \\ \hline
8 & Emergency response system & 23 & Pet connectivity \\ \hline
9 & Temperature and humidity control system & 24 & Artificial intelligence connectivity \\ \hline
10 & Lighting control system & 25 & Grandchildren babysitting \\ \hline
11 & Door and window control system & 26 & Peers supporting \\ \hline
12 & Environment monitoring system & 27 & Uncompleted wishes fulfillment \\ \hline
13 & Energy-saving system & 28 & Re-employment and society \\  & & & contribution \\ \hline
14 & Smart home theater & 29 & Reality accomplishment \\ \hline
15 & Digital game system & 30 & Virtual accomplishment \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Smart home subsystem items for new elders. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Attributes** & **Value** & **Frequency** & **Attributes** & **Value** & **Frequency** \\ \hline Gender & Male & 162 & Heard & Yes & 354 \\ \hline  & Female & 209 & & No & 17 \\ \hline Age & Below 30 & 111 & Used & Yes & 290 \\ \hline  & 30–40 & 91 & & No & 81 \\ \hline  & 40–50 & 75 & Buy for elder & Yes & 339 \\ \hline  & 50 above & 94 & & No & 32 \\ \hline Education & High school or below & 4 & Buy for yourself & Yes & 342 \\ \hline  & Undergraduate & 362 & & No & 29 \\ \hline  & Postgraduate & 5 & Marriage & Yes & 279 \\ \hline  & & & & Not & 92 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Sample demographic information. The nature of the Kano model was to construct an evaluation matrix (\(R\)) on three dimensions: function, dysfunction, and importance:  
\[R=\left[ \begin{array}{ccc}r_{11}&\cdots&r_{1m}\\ \vdots&\ddots&\vdots\\ r_{n1}&\cdots&r_{mn}\end{array} \right]\]  
where \(m\), \(n\) refers to various dimensions. To specify, it has five basic attributes for specific assessment: must-be quality (M), one-dimensional quality (O), attractive quality (A), indifferent quality (I), and reverse quality (R), as shown in Figure 3. A must-be quality indicates that people might be very unhappy if a feature was not served, however, might not necessarily be happy if served. A one-dimensional quality indicates the specific feature is positively associated with people's satisfaction. An attractive quality indicates that the presence of a specific feature could significantly increase people's satisfaction while its absence does not have an influential impact. Regarding an indifferent quality, it means people's satisfaction does not have a fluctuation of the given feature. As for a reverse quality, it shows the relationship between people's satisfaction and the specific feature is negative. The survey for current research mainly contained two parts. The first one is demographic information, including gender, age, and education level, and the second part is the Kano survey of the thirty smart home subsystems for future new elders. To be more specific, participants have been given the specific hypothetical situation \"When you became older\" and would evaluate 30 different smart home features and select the most appropriate answer for each feature in both functional form and dysfunction form.