## 4 Security and Privacy of IoNT  
The IoNT is sometimes referred to as a miniature form of the IoT that possesses a significant potential for incorporation into real-time applications. In spite of the fact that it offers unbounded advantages, the IoNT is plagued by a number of obstacles that need to be overcome before it can be considered an indispensable component of humans in the not-too-distant future and without any restrictions. Among such challenges, difficulty in controlling and communicating with such small devices and concerns regarding the potential safety and environmental impacts of nanotechnology have become key research areas that researchers are currently working on [31; 32; 33; 34]. On the other hand, when it comes to both the IoT and the IoNT, such solutions always have to be connected to the Internet, towards inter-communication and exchange of data. This provides an opportunity for hackers to gain access to and control nanodevices. If a hacker were able to gain control over a nanorobot, for example, they could potentially use it to gather sensitive information or disrupt the function of the device [4; 6; 46; 47; 48; 49; 50]. As the connection to the Internet is an essential component of the IoNT, even though various other challenges exist that hinder the growth of technology, the security and privacy challenges pertaining to the IoNT become the most alarming. Most applications we use in our daily lives, including mobile devices, home appliances, sensors, vehicles, and massive infrastructure systems, incorporate the IoNT. These nanodevices are connected to the Internet and have digitalized control and monitoring processes, which poses various security and privacy concerns as the data collected by these devices may be sensitive or personal [1]. Because IoNT devices are miniaturized by nature, detecting or preventing the tampering of these devices may be difficult, making them more vulnerable to hacking or other cyber-attacks than the IoT [17; 18]. As the devices cannot be seen by the naked eye, such security breaches may lead to more disastrous consequences, leaving no clues for the victims, unlike the cyber-attacks that target the IoT. On the other hand, when it comes to privacy, one major privacy concern with the IoNT is the potential for nanodevices to collect and transmit sensitive personal data. For example, nanosensors embedded in clothing or wearable devices could potentially collect data on an individual's movements, health, and behavior [9; 13]. This data could be used for targeted advertising or other purposes without the individual's knowledge or consent. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Reference** & **Scope of the Study** & **Contributions** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{([PERSON] et al., 2021) [33]} & \multirow{6}{*}{IoBNT security} & With regard to overcoming challenges pertaining to IoBNT, the authors propose a framework that utilizes a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm to optimize Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and to detect anomalous activities in IoBNT transmission. Their proposed ANN model shows an accuracy of 98.9\% when detecting anomalies. \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{([PERSON] and [PERSON], 2012) [34]} & \multirow{6}{*}{IoMNT} & The authors discuss the state of the art and major research challenges in the realization of the IoMNT. Fundamental research challenges and future research trends pertaining to the IoMNT are also highlighted. \\ \cline{1-1}  & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._Another major security threat to the IoNT is the potential for malicious actors to gain access and manipulate nanodevices [1; 4; 17]. Because these devices are often embedded in or integrated with larger systems, a breach of a single device could have far-reaching consequences, compromising the security and privacy of such larger systems.