# Risk Perception and Barriers to Electric Scooter Prevalence
## 3 Results
### SEM Results-Latent Variables
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**Latent Variable** & **Factor Sign** & **Estimate** & **S.D.** & _p-Value_ & **S.D.All (\(\beta\))** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Positive attitudes} & A1 & 1 & & & 0.811 \\ \cline{2-6}  & A2 & 1.021 & 0.048 & 0.001\(>\) & 0.861 \\ \cline{2-6}  & A3 & 0.869 & 0.066 & 0.001\(>\) & 0.805 \\ \cline{2-6}  & A4 & 0.935 & 0.064 & 0.001\(>\) & 0.821 \\ \cline{2-6}  & A5 & 0.937 & 0.056 & 0.001\(>\) & 0.854 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Subjective norms} & B1 & 1 & & & 0.812 \\ \cline{2-6}  & B2 & 1.052 & 0.066 & 0.001\(>\) & 0.896 \\ \cline{2-6}  & B3 & 1.117 & 0.071 & 0.001\(>\) & 0.912 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Support shared ES service} & C1 & 1 & & & 0.837 \\ \cline{2-6}  & C2 & 0.942 & 0.06 & 0.001\(>\) & 0.83 \\ \cline{2-6}  & C3 & 0.922 & 0.057 & 0.001\(>\) & 0.837 \\ \cline{2-6}  & C4 & 0.9 & 0.052 & 0.001\(>\) & 0.853 \\ \cline{2-6}  & C5 & 0.863 & 0.046 & 0.001\(>\) & 0.787 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Willingness to share personal ES} & D1 & 1 & & & 0.787 \\ \cline{2-6}  & D2 & 1.138 & 0.1 & 0.001\(>\) & 0.907 \\ \cline{2-6}  & D3 & 1.156 & 0.097 & 0.001\(>\) & 0.961 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Willingness to use shared ES service} & E1 & 1 & & & 0.809 \\ \cline{2-6}  & E2 & 0.969 & 0.061 & 0.001\(>\) & 0.892 \\ \cline{2-6}  & E3 & 1.003 & 0.054 & 0.001\(>\) & 0.889 \\ \cline{2-6}  & E4 & 0.87 & 0.078 & 0.001\(>\) & 0.823 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Risk perception} & F1 & 1 & & & 0.899 \\ \cline{2-6}  & F2 & 1.046 & 0.046 & 0.001\(>\) & 0.931 \\ \cline{2-6}  & F3 & 1.007 & 0.053 & 0.001\(>\) & 0.872 \\ \cline{2-6}  & F4 & 0.875 & 0.061 & 0.001\(>\) & 0.724 \\ \cline{2-6}  & F5 & 0.801 & 0.06 & 0.001\(>\) & 0.685 \\ \cline{2-6}  & F6 & 0.766 & 0.064 & 0.001\(>\) & 0.738 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Female attitudes} & G1 & 1 & & & 0.732 \\ \cline{2-6}  & G2 & 1.145 & 0.07 & 0.001\(>\) & 0.811 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-6}  & G3 & 0.699 & 0.129 & 0.001\(>\) & 0.505 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-6}  & G4 & 0.699 & 0.14 & 0.001\(>\) & 0.482 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-6}  & G5 & 0.66 & 0.112 & 0.001\(>\) & 0.522 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: SEM results–latent variables. Female attitudes: G2 (\(\beta\) = 0.811) has the strongest loading, indicating that the perception of elderly females' inability to use ESs is a significant factor in shaping gender-specific attitudes. Table 4 provides the regression results, showing the relationships between different latent variables. These results are visually depicted in Figure 8, which presents the standardized estimates, and contains the latent variables and the pathways among them. Positive attitudes: Risk perception negatively affects positive attitudes (\(\beta\) = \(-\)0.131, \(p\) = 0.075), though this effect is not statistically significant. This suggests that higher risk perception may decrease positive attitudes. Willingness to use shared ES service positively influences positive attitudes (\(\beta\) = 0.372, \(p\) < 0.001). The more willing individuals are to use shared ES services, the more favorable their attitudes towards them become. A safe ES environment positively impacts positive attitudes (\(\beta\) = 0.168, \(p\) = 0.007), indicating that perceptions of safety enhance favorable attitudes toward ES. Support for shared ES service: Positive attitudes toward ES services have a moderate positive effect on support for shared ES services (\(\beta\) = 0.108, \(p\) = 0.052). Subjective norms strongly influence support for shared ES services (\(\beta\) = 0.827, \(p\) < 0.001), indicating that social pressures and expectations are key drivers in promoting support for these services. Willingness to use shared ES service: This willingness is significantly driven by subjective norms (\(\beta\) = 0.412, \(p\) = 0.019), suggesting that societal expectations play a crucial role in shaping individuals' willingness to use shared ES services.