## 3 Results and Discussion
### Structure and Morphology Studies
The doublet peaks correspond to the In 2d\({}^{3/2}\) and In 2d\({}^{5/2}\) of INS1. The S2p spectra of INS samples are depicted in Figure 2b, and it has two prominent peaks that can be ascribed to S\({}^{2-}\) (161.5 and 162.7 eV) and SO\({}_{\rm x}\) (167.1 and 168.5 eV). The SO\({}_{\rm x}\) peaks could have been caused by adsorbed oxygen on the active surface of the INS samples [38]. The binding energies of the functional groups (C-C), (C-O), and (O-C=C), as determined by C1s XPS spectra, were found to be around 284, 285, and 286 eV, respectively. Using Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) analyses, N\({}_{2}\) adsorption and desorption tests were conducted to characterize pore distribution and determine the sample's surface area. The adsorption/desorption isotherms of all preparations display a hysteresis loop, indicating mesopores (Figure 3a). A hysteresis loop was discovered in the relative pressure range (P/Po) of 0.6 to 0.96, indicating the presence of isotherm mesopores of type IV [39]. The sample INS1 has a BET surface area of 216 m\({}^{2}\)g\({}^{-1}\), as determined by the experiment. The sample INS1 had the highest quantified specific surface area value, further matched with its microstructures as determined by FESEM morphology. The large surface area and mesoporous structure of INS1 nanoparticles will help electrolyte ions move and diffuse, leading to the improved performance of supercapacitors [40]. INS with well-defined mesopores are good for ion transfer and electrochemical double layer formation. The larger pore size of the mesoporous materials improved the wettability of the electrodes, making the interstitials more likely to act as electrolyte reservoirs [41]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline Sample Name & Average crystallite Size (nm) \\ \hline INS0 & 0.2080 \\ INS1 & 0.2045 \\ INS2 & 0.2039 \\ INS5 & 0.2035 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Average crystallite size of INS samples. A Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) analysis was used to determine the distribution of pore sizes (Figure 3b), which showed the presence of macropores and mesopores in the sample [42]. The specific surface area and pore volume distribution curves of all prepared materials were calculated using the standard multi-point BET, which provides a comprehensive insight into the surface area, pore volume, and pore area distribution. The micropores and mesopores in the samples act as ion trapping sites and as electrolyte ion transport channels, allowing for efficient energy storage and delivery [43]. Furthermore, the surface morphology of the directly grown electrode materials was investigated by using FESEM. Figure 4a shows a two-dimensional interconnected nano-sponge-like layered structure for sample INS0. INS1 (Figure 4b) shows a separated layered structure, which is considered a desirable morphology for charge storage applications [44]. Ion access at material interfaces is greatly improved by the discrete, layered structure described above, which also helps achieve better capacitive properties by allowing for larger ion buffer reservoirs [45; 46]. The catalytic effect of the SWNT accelerated the synthesis reaction and resulted in the formation of the In\({}_{2}\)S\({}_{3}\)-SWNT scramble structure. In sample INS1, a small amount of SWNT (1 mL) induces a nucleation site reaction, resulting in a separated layered structure. Incorporating a greater proportion of SWNTs allows for developing a novel cocoon-shaped morphology, which provides a robust framework for long-term stability. In\({}_{2}\)S\({}_{3}\)-SWNTs networks are capable of improving electrode performance due to their synergistic effect [47]. Sample INS2 (Figure 4c) shows a SWNT cross-linked layered structure, and sample INS5 (Figure 4d) shows a SWNT anchored cocoon shape. The distributed SWNT is clearly visible in samples INS2 (cross-linked structure) and INS5 (net-like structure). Interestingly, changes in the morphology with SWNT ratio suggest the kinetic and catalytic behavior of a SWNT in the layered structure morphology.