## 2 Demand-Side Management Classifications and Their Roles in Cost Minimization
### Classification of DSM
#### 2.1.2 Load Scheduling
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Ref.** & **Objective** & **Pricing Scheme** & **Optimization Technique** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Renewable** \\ **or DERs** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[95; 112] & Cost minimization & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Fixed price \\ Net sale/purchase \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Particle swarm optimization approach \\ \end{tabular} & ✓ \\ \hline
[115] & \begin{tabular}{c} Cost reduction and flattening of the \\ demand curve \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} RTP \\ RTP \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Multi objective optimization approach \\ \end{tabular} & ✓ \\ \hline
[121] & \begin{tabular}{c} Curtialing peak hours demand \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} RTP \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Particle swarm optimization approach \\ \end{tabular} & ✓ \\ \hline
[84] & \begin{tabular}{c} Flattening of the demand profile and \\ consumer discomfort minimization \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} RTP \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Greedy scheduling algorithms \\ \end{tabular} & ✓ \\ \hline
[117] & Maximization of consumers’ welfare & \
\begin{tabular}{c} RTP \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Stochastic optimization approach \\ \end{tabular} & ✓ \\ \hline
[62] & Maximization of the overall utility & TOU & Mixed integer non-linear programming & \\ \hline
[86] & Minimization of electricity bills & \
\begin{tabular}{c} RIP \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Heuristic optimization \\ \end{tabular} & \\ \hline
[82; 83] & \begin{tabular}{c} Minimization of consumers’ \\ electricity bills and PAPR \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} RPT \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Linear programming \\ \end{tabular} & \\ \hline
[88] & \begin{tabular}{c} Minimization of demand during \\ peak hours \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} RTP \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Enumeration approach (set theory) \\ \end{tabular} & ✓ \\ \hline
[99] & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Minimization of PAPR and \\ consumers’ discomfort level \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Customer reward (CR) \\ and time of use (TOU) \\ \end{tabular} & ✓ \\ \hline
[122] & Minimization of peak hour demand & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Net sale/purchase \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Linear programming \\ \end{tabular} & ✓ \\ \hline
[123] & \begin{tabular}{c} Minimization of peak hour demand \\ and consumers’ bills \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Net sale/purchase \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Enhanced differential evolution (EDE) \\ algorithm \\ \end{tabular} & \\ \hline
[78] & \begin{tabular}{c} Minimization of the losses in the \\ distribution network \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} RTP \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Linear programming \\ \end{tabular} & ✓ \\ \hline
[98] & Price reduction and reliability &
\begin{tabular}{c} RTP and inclining \\ block rate (IBR) \\ \end{tabular} & Multi-objective optimization approach & \\ \hline
[58] & Reduction of energy cost & \
\begin{tabular}{c} RTP \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Fractional programming approach \\ \end{tabular} & ✓ \\ \cline{2-5}
[87] & \
\begin{tabular}{c} RTP \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Lyapunov optimization theory \\ \end{tabular} & ✓ \\ \hline
[74] & Reliable power supply & \
\begin{tabular}{c} RTP \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Convex optimization \\ \end{tabular} & ✓ \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: Categorizes of the existing DSM schemes on the basis of pricing schemes and DERs. DSM Based on Home Energy Management System  
Various home energy management systems (HEMS) have been designed to manage the consumer demand. These HEMS are further classified into two types: hardware-based HEMS and software-based HEMS. (i) Hardware-Based HEMS  
There are plenty of research articles in which the authors designed and proposed hardware-based HEMS. These HEMS are based on different communication schemes, such as power line communication [124; 125] and ZigBee [90; 126].