## 3 Design of the Communication Networks
The Distributed Antenna System based the 28 GHz millimeter Wave mobile communication system for HSRs analyzed the potential of the system through the computer simulations, showing that the enormous throughput exceeding 2 Gbps can be achieved in the HSR moving at a speed of 400 km/h [21]. As Hyperloop will use ERTMS, with GSM-R becoming obsolete in 2030, proprietary solutions based on Wi-Fi 6 and 5G NR are proposed for critical/performance/passengers communications at very high vehicle speed, which is a great challenge. The 5G NR communication system combined with a Wi-Fi 6 (IEEE 802.11 ax) will be the basis of the Hyperloop wireless communication system. In Table 3, there is a comparison of the available standards for HSR and Metro communications. Nowadays, the performance of Wi-Fi 6 and 5G is insufficient for Hyperloop, with proposed speeds approaching 1200 km/h and a data rate far exceeding 1 Gb/s per capsule, but using this standard on a confined environment with guided propagation allows for the use of multiple bands including 2.5/5.7/24/28/34/66 GHz with potentially delivering 10 times the throughput of current systems, and converging with an edge-computing network architecture will help to overcome all these challenges to guarantee safe operation and real-time passenger data requirements traveling near the speed of sound. The design of the communications network will play a crucial role by providing integrated operations, allowing for scalability, automation, safety, and security for the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l} \hline \hline  & **GSM-R** & **LTE-R** & **802.11 AX (WiFi-6)** & **5G NR** \\ \hline
**Frequency** & 876–880 MHz & 450/800/1400 MHz & 2.4/5 GHz & 3.5/28/34/66 GHz \\
**band** & 912–925 MHz & & & \\
**Channel** & 0.2 Mhz & 1.4–20 MHz & 20–160 MHz & 1.25–400 MHz \\
**Bandwidth** & 0.2 Mhz & 1.4–20 MHz & 20–160 MHz & 1.25–400 MHz \\
**Max power** & 50 dBm & 50 dBm & 23/27 dBm & 50 dBm \\
**Data Rate** & 172 Kbps/channel & 50/10 Mbps & 600 Mbps & 4 Gbps/channel \\  & & & (80 MHz 1 SS) & \\  & & & 9.6 Gbps & \\  & & & (160 MHz, SSS) & \\
**Modulation** & GMSK & BPSK/QPSK/ & BPSK/QPSK/ & QPSK/16-256 QAM/ \\  & & 16 QAM & 16-1024 QAM/OFDM & CP-OFDM \\  & & CP-OFDM & & \\
**FFT SIZE** & - & 256/512/1024 & 256/512/1024/2048 & 256/512/1024/2048 \\
**Max Subcarrier** & - & 15 KHz & 312.5 KHz & 240 KHz \\
**spacing** & TDMA/FDD & FDD & TDD & TDD/FDD \\
**Data** & Circuits switching & Packet Switching & Packet switching & Packet switching \\
**Transmission** & no & 2 \(\times\) & 3 \(\times\) 3 & 2 \(\times\) 2 \\
**Mobility** & 350 km/h & 500 km/h & 300 km/h & 500 km/h \\  & & (special band and & Up to 1200 km/h & 1200 km/h (special \\  & & configuration) & (special configuration/confined & configuration/confined \\  & & Custom network & on confined environment) & environment) \\
**Handover time** & 300 ms & - & - & 0 \\
**Handover** & hard & Soft: no data loss & Soft: no data loss & Soft: no data loss \\
**procedure** & **End to end** & 100 ms & 20 ms & 10 ms & 1–10 ms \\
**End to end** & 100–300 ms & 3 ms & 1 ms & 10–100 \(\mu\)s \\
**Jitter** & 100–300 ms & 3 ms & 1 ms & 10–100 \(\mu\)s \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Radio standards used for HST critical, performance, and business communications. entire Hyperloop infrastructure. The basic architecture is shown in Figure 3. These are two different networks, one operating with WiFi 6 technology for critical/performance communications and the other 5G for performance and business communications. The use of WLAN technology allows access to a standardized technology whose medium access layer is controllable [22] and which can operate in bands commonly used throughout the world. On the other hand, the implementation of a 5G network with more distance between base stations and using \"moving relays\" in the capsules [23] will allow the provision of 5G services to passengers with their own terminals.