esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 The Study Area and Spatial Datasets  
### Description of the Upper Reaches Area of Red River Basin  
The study area is the Upper reaches area of the Red River Basin (URRB) (103 deg33'36''-104 deg30'50'' E, 22 deg05'40''-22 deg47'52'' N) that belongs to the Lao Cai, a north-western mountainous province in Vietnam (Figure 1). The URRB covers an area of 3273.5 km2 with complex topography, steep slopes, and narrow valleys. The topography is highly fragmented with high mountains ranges, wide valleys, and deep streams, which result in high relief amplitudes [40]. The altitude varies from 48.1 m to 2812.6 m above sea level, with the mean and the standard deviation of 528.6 m and 484.9 m, respectively. Topographically, 61.8% of the URRB is occupied by slope angles that are higher than 15 deg, whereas areas with slopes less than 5 deg cover approximately 7.3% the total area of the URRB. The remaining 30.9% are areas located in the slope group 5-15 deg.  
Figure 1: Location of the Upper Reaches Area of Red River Basin (Vietnam).  
Hydrologically, due to the fragmentation of the terrain, the river system in the study area is dense and evenly distributed (Figure 1). These rivers are characterized by being narrow and steep, which are favorable conditions for the occurrence of flash flood and landslides. The Red River, which is the second largest river in Vietnam, is the major channel system of the URRB. This river originates from Yunnan province (China) and flows south-eastward to the study area [61].  
The climate of URRB is divided into two seasons: the rainy season begins from April to October and the dry season lasts from November to March next year. The average temperature ranges range from 23 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 29 \({}^{\circ}\)C [62] and the average annual rainfall is from 1400 mm to 1900 mm [63].  
The URRB is located in an active tectonic region with the relatively fast movement of the Red River fault zone that results in continuously landslide occurrences over the years [40]. It should be noted that the Red River fault zone is one of the four main tectonic features in north Vietnam that begins from Tibetan plateau (China) and extends to the Red River area of Vietnam [64; 65]. Twenty seven geological formations outcrop in the basin with varied area and space distribution (Figure 2). Quaternary deposits, which consist of mainly granule, grit, breccia, pebble, boulder, and sand, cover 7.04% of the total area of the basin. Whereas, 86.68% of the basin is covered by nine geological formations, Suoi Chieng (23.62%), Ha Giang (10.96%), Nui Con Voi (10.54%), Sinh Quyen (10.43%), Ngoi Chi (8.44%), Cam Duong (8.29%), [PERSON] (6.23%), Po Sen (5.96%), and Muong Hum (2.21%). The main lithologies are biotite schist, garnet-biotite gneiss, coaly shale, marble cherry shale, quartz-plagioclase-biotite schist, and two-mica schist. Detailed distribution of the lithological formations in the basin is shown in Figure 2.  
Figure 2: Geological map of the study area.
# Characterization of the Key Aroma Compounds in Different Aroma Types of Chinese Yellow Tea
## 4 Conclusions  
According to the difference of aroma characteristics, yellow teas were divided into four main aroma types by QDA, including the floral fragrance, high-fired fragrance, fresh fragrance, and corn-like fragrance. Among them, floral fragrance yellow tea had a predominant 'floral and fruity' attribute, high-fired fragrance yellow tea was mainly featured with high intensity in the 'roasted' attribute, fresh fragrance yellow tea had a strong 'fresh' attribute, and corn-like fragrance yellow tea was marked by strong'sweet' and 'floral and fruity' attributes. In addition, a total of 103 volatile compounds were identified and quantified in yellow teas by HS-SPME/GC-MS. According to multivariate statistical analysis and OAVs, 47 volatile compounds were identified as the key aroma compounds for the formation of different aroma types of yellow tea. Among them, eight aroma compounds dominated with 'floral and fruity' attribute in the floral fragrance type, fourteen aroma compounds dominated with 'roasted' attribute in the high-fired fragrance type, seven aroma compounds dominated with 'floral and fruity' and 'grassy' attributes in the fresh fragrance type, and eighteen aroma compounds dominated with 'floral and fruity' and'sweet' attributes in the corn-like fragrance type. Furthermore, PLS analysis revealed that the 'floral and fruity' and sweet attributes were positively correlated to l-menthone, heptanal, naphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene, methyl heptenone, decanal, styrene, safranal, toluene, para-xylene, and acetophenone. The 'roasted' attribute was positively correlated to methyl anthranilate, 2,3-diethyl-5-methylpyrazine, 2-methyl-5-ethylpyrazine, 2,5-dimethyl-3-ethylpyrazine, and 3,5-diethyl-2-methyl pyrazine. The 'fresh' and 'grassy' attributes were positively correlated to (_E_)-3-hexen-1-ol, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl nonanoate, and ethyl octanoate. Overall, this study provides new insights into the key aroma compounds that are responsible for the characteristic aroma in different aroma types of yellow tea, and will provide an important theoretical basis for establishing flavor directed processing of yellow tea.
## 3 Technology
### Current Research Challenges
#### 3.7.2 Detector Response Tail  
The typical single-photon timing response shape of a SPAD is given by two main contributions: (i) a sharp Gaussian peak due to photons directly absorbed in the depleted region of the SPAD p-n junction and (ii) a slow decaying exponential tail starting about one order of magnitude below the response peak. This tail is due to photons absorbed in the neutral regions of the detector, generating charge carriers which have to slowly diffuse before being possibly captured by the high electric field of the depleted region, thus being able to generate an avalanche [110]. Typically, tail contributions can have a time constant spanning from few tens of ps up to a few hundred ps. The obvious effect of the tail in TD-DO is to spread in time the information, thus contaminating the contrast at late times with a memory of early photons. As it has been demonstrated in a previous work [110], a device featuring a 240 ps tail decay time cannot perform TG measurements at small \(\rho\). On the contrary, with an 85 ps tail decay time it was possible to get rid of early-photons.
## 4 Conclusions  
The mechanical and gamma-ray interaction parameters of PbO-MoO\({}_{3}\)-Li\({}_{2}\)O-B\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) glass system for shielding applications in the low energy region was reported. The role of different contents of PbO on the mechanical properties of the proposed glasses was examined. The increase in OPD and decrease in OMV when increasing the PbO concentration, indicating towards the formation of highly cross-linked glass network. The rigidity and mechanical strength of glasses with increasing the PbO concentration. The values of elastic moduli decreased from 47.06 to 39.67 GPa for Young, from 33.51 to 32.41 GPa for bulk, from 19.82 to 16.29 GPa for shear and from 59.94 to 54.14 GPa for longitudinal moduli as the PbO is increased. The MAC values between the three distinct libraries EPICS2017, EPDL97, and XCOM have been compared. The MAC at 20 keV is much higher than the MAC at 40, 60 and 80 keV, and the MAC decreases with increasing energy from 20 to 80 keV. Both MAC and LAC for the Pb-SX glasses increase with the addition of PbO. Pb-S1 possesses the lower MAC, LAC as well as EAN, and Pb-S5 has the highest values of these three factors. The EAN has the maximum values of 73.55-76.67 at 20 keV, whereas the lowest values occurred at 80 keV and varied between 53.63 and 63.39. These HVL results demonstrate that the Pb-S1 glass has the greatest HVL at all the tested energies, while Pb-S5 has the least. Additionally, we found that the HVL of Pb-S1 increases at a much greater rate than the HVL of Pb-S5. The HVL results demonstrated that Pb-S5 is the most space-efficient radiation shield. Additionally, there is a higher discrepancy between the TVL values at 80 keV than at 20 keV, and the difference between the highest and lowest TVL values (Pb-S1 and Pb-S5) at 20 keV is equal to 0.004 cm, while the difference at 80 keV is 0.152 cm. It can be concluded that the chosen PbO-MoO3-Li2O-B2O3 glasses with high concentration of PbO must be selected for shielding aims when the radiations to be attenuated have average energy values between 20 and 80 keV.  
Figure 8: The TVL for the Pb-SX glasses at four energies (20, 40, 60 and 80 keV).  
**Author Contributions:** A.H.A.: project administration, funding acquisition. M.I.S.: Conceptualization, data curation, supervision, original draft preparation. B.A.: funding acquisition. A.M.V.J.-H.: methodology, software, validation, writing--review and editing. N.A.: funding acquisition. A.K.: investigation, formal analysis, writing--review and editing, original draft preparation. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Princess Nourah hint Abdulrahman University through the Fast-track Research Funding Program to support publication in the top journal (Grant no. 42-FTTJ-59).  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 5 Discussion and Limitations
The SAW method, with its structured approach and weighted analysis, offers a reliable framework for multi-criteria decision-making, particularly suited to the complex evaluation of olive trees and groves. Its systematic methodology ensures informed and balanced decision processes, making it an invaluable tool for experts and enthusiasts alike. Furthermore, by using the VIKOR method, the Olea app becomes even smarter in how it evaluates olive trees and groves. It helps balance the pros and cons, ensuring we make smart decisions while minimizing risks. This method looks at all the data, calculates scores, and finds the best compromise, providing us with a clear picture even in complex situations. As stated above, all these theories can be quite useful for evaluating olive trees but there are also some limitations. The main advantage of the MCDM methods is that they capture experts' judgment. However, this may also be considered a drawback as these judgements may be subjective when assigning weights to criteria or evaluating alternatives. This subjectivity can affect the reliability of the results. The outcomes of MCDM methods can be sensitive to the input data. This is the main reason that the cross-platform application proposed in this paper can guide the stakeholder in data input. Furthermore, implementing MCDM for large-scale olive tree evaluations across multiple locations or farms can be challenging due to the scale and diversity of factors involved. However, our approach was tested along the Ionian Sea, on different islands and has proven successful. The Olea app represents a significant advancement in heritage tree conservation, offering a structured, transparent, and scalable approach to preserving olive tree ecosystems while supporting sustainable tourism and economic incentives for their protection.
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, a three-dimensional FEM model was established using COMSOL Multiphysics to analyze the distribution and evolution of the temperature field on a material surface. With the combination of numerical simulation and experimental results, the influence of different laser pulse energies on machining capacity was explored. Meanwhile, the characteristics of single-tow and multi-row scribing methods were compared. The detailed conclusions are as follows:  
1. The thermal damage of CMCs machining could be restricted effectively by LWJ. Under the effect of forced cooling and scouring, the material removal was confined to a zone of a similar size to the water jet. The difference in maximum temperature on the CMCs surface under various laser pulses could reach up to more than 1200 K which led to a different material removal depth. Although there is a difference in value between the numerical simulation and actual experiment, the proportion reached an agreement.
2. A single-row scribing experiment using LWJ was carried out with a limit depth of 2.461 mm. To realize the complete discontinuation of CMCs with 3 mm thickness, the multi-row scribing method was adopted. According to the morphology analysis of the cut surface and EDS test results, a series of LWJ advantages has been discussed. For example, the HAZ and recast layer was hardly observed, as well as pulling out of SiC fibers and delamination.  
Finally, future work will be concentrated on FEM of full-size CMCs to explore the fracture behavior of SiC fibers and their PyC coating, which will clarify the action principle between LWJ and CMCs from a micromechanics aspect.  
Conceptualization, B.C. and Y.L.; methodology, B.C. and Y.L.; software, B.C.; validation, B.C., Y.L. and Y.D.; formal analysis, B.C. and Y.D.; investigation, B.C. and Y.L.; resources, L.Y. and Y.D.; data curation, B.C.; writing--original draft preparation, B.C.; writing--review and editing, B.C. and Y.D.; visualization, B.C. and Y.L.; supervision, L.Y. and Y.D.; project administration, L.Y. and Y.D. funding acquisition, L.Y. and Y.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported by National Key R&D Program of China (No.2018 YB1107600), National Science and Technology Major Project (No. 2019-VII-0009-0149).  
Not applicable.  
The authors would like to thank [PERSON], for the SEM images.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Enhancing Disease Diagnosis: Biomedical Applications of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering
## 1 Introduction
Clearly, when used to its fundamental strength, SERS is a very strong candidate for quick and reliable qualitative and quantitative diagnostics and interpretation of novel clinical biomarkers to reveal varying degrees and severity of infections. The main objective of this focus review is to provide an overview of the current and future utility of SERS as an information-rich and sensitive bioanalytical platform for rapid disease diagnosis based on specific biomarkers. A brief SERS tutorial is given, followed by the description of multivariate chemometrics. Lastly, exciting applications focusing on cancers, microbial and respiratory infections and an outlook on future work focused on clinical translation of SERS is discussed.
## 4 Conclusions  
This study used a DSR rheometer and a BBR rheometer to conduct several experiments to examine the effect of basalt and bamboo fibers on the modification of asphalt mastic. The following conclusions were obtained:  
1. The addition of fibers increases the stiffness and composite viscosity of the asphalt mastic, while the increase in temperature leads to an increase in the flow index, resulting in an asphalt mastic with near-Newtonian fluid-like behavior.
2. Basalt and bamboo fibers in asphalt mastic had a positive effect on the rutting resistance and a negative effect on the fatigue resistance. Basalt fibers did not have a positive effect on the low-temperature cracking of asphalt mastic, but the addition of bamboo fibers as a modifier effectively improved the low-temperature cracking performance of asphalt mastic. In addition, increasing the temperature had a positive effect on the performance of asphalt mastic.
3. Bamboo fiber as a modifier in asphalt mastic produced a better enhancement effect compared to basalt fiber. Natural plant fibers are widely recognized for their superior oil-holding, stabilization, anti-diffusion, and reinforcement properties compared to other types of fibers, thanks to their large surface area and rough surface texture. Although natural plant fibers have numerous advantages, they do have certain drawbacks, such as low compatibility, hydrophilicity, and heat stability. To address these issues, future research should focus on developing surface modification techniques for plant fibers, particularly for use in hot mix asphalt mixtures where heat resistance is essential for construction safety. Furthermore, it is important to conduct more comprehensive and systematic studies on non-wood waste fibers, such as crop straw, bagasse, and coconut shells, to help reduce pollution, preserve forest resources, and promote their rational use in asphalt mixtures.  
Data curation, T.X., W.R., Y.C. and J.S.; Formal analysis, T.X., W.R. and Y.C.; Funding acquisition, L.W.; Methodology, T.X., J.S. and L.W.; Project administration, L.W.; Resources, L.W.; Software, T.X., W.R., Y.C. and J.S.; Supervision, L.W.; Validation, T.X.; Writing--original draft, T.X. and L.W.; Writing--review and editing, T.X., W.R., Y.C., J.S. and L.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This study was funded by The National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2019 YFE0117600).  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Independent System Calibration of Sentinel-1B
## 5 Antenna Pointing Determination
### Antenna Pointing Determination in Azimuth  
For the pointing determination in azimuth, transponder recordings of transmit patterns in azimuth were used. In order to identify a deviation of the azimuth antenna pointing, the SAR instrument was commanded to transmit an azimuth notch, i.e., a distinct minimum feature in the center of the main beam along the azimuth direction. A comparison between the notch position measured by the transponders and the notch position which would be expected from corresponding Antenna Model (AM) calculations yields an estimation for the antenna mispointing for a certain antenna look angle. Measuring these notches for different look angles is a straightforward method to detect a potential range-dependent squint angle of the SAR antenna. During the Sentinel-1B commissioning phase, six azimuth notch acquisitions have been acquired over the DLR calibration fields, one for each nominal StripMap beam (N1-N6). The result for evaluated StripMap notch beams is shown as a function of antenna look angle in Figure 16, where a mispointing dependency on antenna look angle is detected. This points to a misalignment of the SAR antenna boresight both in yaw and in pitch which requires a correction.  
Figure 15: Slant-range offset as a function of look angle derived from corner reflectors for the SM (blue), the IW (red) and the EW-mode (green); the instrument delay and propagation effects are already corrected.
## 3 Methodologies
### Discrete Cosine Transformation  
Discrete Cosine Transform is also a method used often in watermarking. This technique transforms an image from spatial to the frequency domain by separating the image into sub-bands of different regions of interest based on the visual quality of the image [33].  
The general equation of the 1D DCT transform is given as:  
\[F(u)=(\frac{2}{N})^{\frac{1}{2}}\sum_{i=0}^{N-1}A_{i}\cos[\frac{\pi u}{2N}(2i+1 )]f(i)) \tag{6}\]  
With an inverse transform as:  
\[F^{-1}(u)\qquad\text{where, }A(i)=\left\{\begin{matrix}\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}& \text{for}\quad\xi=0\\ 1&\text{otherwise}\end{matrix}\right. \tag{7}\]  
The general equation for 2D transform is given as:  
\[F(u)=(\frac{2}{N})^{\frac{1}{2}}(\frac{2}{M})^{\frac{1}{2}}\sum_{i=0}^{N-1} \sum_{j=0}^{M-1}A_{i}A_{j}\cos[\frac{\pi u}{2N}(2i+1)]\cos[\frac{\pi v}{2M}(2 j+1)]f(i,j) \tag{8}\]  
Its inverse transformation is:  
\[F^{-1}(u,v)\qquad\text{where, }A(\xi)=\left\{\begin{matrix}\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}& \text{for}\quad\xi=0\\ 1&\text{otherwise}\end{matrix}\right. \tag{9}\]  
* _f(i,j)_ is the intensity of the pixel in row i and column j;
* \(N\) is the width of the image and N is the height;
* _F(u,v)_ is the DCT coefficient in row \(k1\) and column \(k2\) of the DCT matrix.  
The DCT is applied in sub-parts of the image with a size of 8 \(\times\) 8 px. In each of these subparts after the DCT transformation, the energy is shifted to the low frequencies on the top left corner leading the rest of the matrix with many low values which leads to the opportunity to neglect them and perform compression [34]. The 64 basic functions of an 8 \(\times\) 8 matrix are given in Figure 2.  
In traditional techniques, the embedding of the watermarking is applied by modifying the DC values. The main challenge is to find an appropriate embedding factor in terms of robustness and invisibility of the watermarking.
# OntoTouTra: Tourist Traceability Ontology Based on Big Data Analytics
## 3 The Ontology: OntoTua  
### Tourist Traceability System  
A TTS allows recording a tourist's history, application, or location while touring the destination's different POIs. From this tour through the POIs, we gather various types of data: location, time, permanence, preference, indifference, assessment, suggestions, and recommendations, among others. The sources of data can be diverse: traditional sources such as surveys, suggestion boxes, government and tourism industry reports, hotel occupancy, transport sector reports on travelers, among others; even ubiquitous computing sources, such as sensors, the IoT, mobile devices, social networks, apps, the web, and software applications. For ubiquitous sources, data have these features: velocity, volume, and variety. Based on the data, the DMO can make decisions concerning the improvement of the destination's infrastructure, the tourist management system, the promotion, and the marketing of the tourist destination, in search of satisfying the tourist's expectations, needs, and contentment. Tourism is a dynamic sector; it depends on the context and profile of the tourist. Decision-making tends to be a complicated process, and it is a real challenge to obtain and process data and generate information and knowledge.  
In recent studies, researchers in the tourism domain have aroused interest in investigating patterns of mass movements of tourists as they are touring a destination. However, gaps have been identified concerning this movement since the investigations tend to be a holistic analysis. We are interested in studying the tracking, the trace, the routes, and the tourist's behavior in a space-time causality. This approach is similar to traceability investigations in supply chains, software development, healthcare, and security. Traceability is the ability to trace something and verify an item's history, location, or application context through recorded and documented identification. Therefore, tourist traceability provides valuable elements for decision-making in managing a tourist destination [1]. A TTS can provide information to answer questions. Some of these questions are:  
* POI: What are the busiest POIs? What type of visitors frequent them? In what time slot are they visited? Where do the tourists come from? Later, where do they go? What activities do they mostly do? What tourist experiences are enjoyed?
* Seasonality: What is the behavior of seasonality in the destination? What activities are carried out due to seasonality? What services do they consume due to seasonality? What is the offer of tourist experiences?
* Suppliers: What is the level of satisfaction with the services provided? What are the needs to satisfy the demand?
* Stakeholders: How do stakeholders interact at the beginning, during, and at end of the visit to the tourist destination? What suggestions do tourists have regarding this service chain?