esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Experimental Results and Discussion
### Correlation between the Pore and the Fiber Orientation
Again, it is demonstrated that the presence of fibers modifies the pore morphology of the cement paste. The difference between the air-cured mixtures and the moist-cured mixtures is almost null, which means that the curing conditions has no influence on the voids' orientation. Fibers show a value of efficiency index smaller than voids, and, again, there is no significant difference between air-cured mixture and moist-cured mixture. It can be concluded that fibers tend to align the voids to their own orientations. The efficiency indexes to the voids belonging to the steel-fiber-reinforced concrete mixtures show an intermediate value between the ones of the voids belonging to the plain concrete mixtures and the ones of the fibers belonging to the steel-fiber-reinforced concrete mixtures. This means that the orientation of the voids belonging to the steel-fiber-reinforced concrete mixtures is partially conditioned by the cement-paste matrix and partially conditioned by the fibers. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Element** & **Mixture** & **Efficiency Index** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Voids} & PC. Air-Cured & 0.47 \\ \cline{2-3}  & PC. Moist-Cured & 0.48 \\ \cline{2-3}  & SFRC. Air-Cured & 0.41 \\ \cline{2-3}  & SFRC. Moist-Cured & 0.41 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Fibers} & SFRC. Air-Cured & 0.26 \\ \cline{2-3}  & SFRC. Moist-Cured & 0.25 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Efficiency index.
###### Abstract  
In recent years, LoRa technology has emerged as a solution for wide-area coverage IoT applications. Deploying a LoRa single-hop network on applications may be challenging in cases of network deployments that require the installation of linear sensor network topologies covering very large distances over unpopulated areas with limited access to cellular networks and energy grids. In such cases, multi-hop communication may provide better alternative solutions to support these challenges. This research aims to study the deployment of multi-hop linear sensor networks that are energy efficient. The focus will be on assessing the coverage, throughput, and energy consumption benefits that can be achieved and the related tradeoffs that have to be considered when using multi-hop solutions. Since monitoring systems in long-distance infrastructures may benefit from solutions based on multi-hop communication, we consider oil pipeline infrastructures in the Saudi Arabian desert as a case study. An analytical model is considered for estimating the above-stated parameters and evaluating the performance of the multi-hop LoRa WSN (MHWSN) against the single-hop LoRa WSN (SHWSN). In addition, the model is used to study the tradeoffs between throughput and energy consumption in different settings of MHWSNs. Scenarios of oil pipeline monitoring systems in Saudi Arabia are specified for studying the proposed multi-hop system's performance. The obtained results show that when we have a large-scale network, such as an oil pipeline with medium traffic load requirements, multi-hop topologies may be an efficient deployment solution.  
linear sensor network (LSN); LPWAN; LoRa; LoRaWAN; multi-hop; energy efficiency Article
# A Survey on Machine-Learning Techniques for UAV-Based Communications
## 4 Resource Management and Network Planning
### Multiple Access and Routing Protocols
The performance results showed that the proposed MAB approach provides more energy-efficient and processor-friendly path solutions as compared to other solutions. In Reference [33], a hierarchical architecture has been considered, in which UAVs coexist with low earth orbit (LEO), medium earth orbit (MEO), and geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellites. In the scenario under investigation, shortest path routing will result in higher priority to MEO satellite routing, which, however, does not guarantee improved performance due to the periodically burst traffic. In this context, it was proved that a traffic balance is achieved, by adopting a DL approach for transferring some traffic to GEO satellites, with a reduced computational cost if distributed periodicaltraining is used. The numerical results presented have showed that the DL approach increases network throughput as well as reduces packet loss rat, as compared to other routing schemes, especially in scenarios with large number of source nodes. This performance gain derives from the fact that the proposed DL architecture learns from traffic patterns and transmits some of the packets through GEO satellites when a number of MEO satellites experiences congestion. At the same time, the conventional strategy firstly selects the MEO satellites for packet transmissions, often resulting in congestion in the MEO satellites.
## 5 Discussion and Conclusion  
This study examined the robustness of the ray-tracing model to describe a wireless link operating in millimeter wavelengths. The ray-tracing model was used to describe the link budget of a wireless link operating inside a tunnel. The dependence between the antenna polarization and directivity was investigated theoretically and compared with experiments that were carried out in a scaled tunnel model. The study revealed a comparable link behavior along the tunnel and a criterion for the number  
Figure 12: Comparison of the simulation and experimental results of directive links for different polarizations while considering the radiation pattern of transmitting and receiving antennas. (**a**) Vertical polarization. (**b**) Horizontal polarization.  
Figure 13: Comparison of the simulation and experimental results for vertical polarization using a radiation pattern and the criterion Equation (15) for maximum reflected rays.  
of dominant rays playing a role in the determination of received power and phase shift. The study focused on the 28 GHz band, which is allocated for the 5G cellular networks.  
In summary, the study demonstrated the evolvement of the received power, as well as the group delay emerging due to the multi-path along a tunnel in two different MMW links: omni-directional and directive ones. Experimental measurement showed high correlation with the theoretical estimations.  
Conceptualization, G.A.P., Y.P., and L.R.; methodology, G.A.P. and L.R.; software, L.R. and G.A.P.; validation, Y.P.; formal analysis, L.R.; investigation, L.R., G.A.P., and Y.P.; resources, L.R., G.A.P., and Y.P.; data curation, L.R.; writing, original draft preparation, L.R.; writing, review and editing, L.R., G.A.P., and Y.P.; visualization, L.R., G.A.P., and Y.P.; supervision, G.A.P. and Y.P.; project administration, Y.P.; funding acquisition, Y.P. and G.A.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding. Liat Rapaport is supported by the Israeli Ministry of Science.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Methodology and Data Sources
### Reconstruction of Hourly Transport Pathways and Wind-Field Grids
#### 3.3.2 Plotting Hourly Transport Pathways and Wind-Field Grids
For a single grid of the wind field, there are two arrival times (AT m:00 and AT n:00) of two backward trajectories and two pathway times (PT p:00 and PT q:00) of two pathway lines; these indicate the spatial distribution at p:00-q:00 of the air mass arriving at receptor site at m:00-n:00. For example, the air mass arriving at Changchun at 21:00-22:00 on 7 April 2021 was distributed in the region of the blue grid (in Figure 3e) at 6:00-7:00 on 7 April 2021.
# A Systematic Review of Ship Wake Detection Methods in Satellite Imagery
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria  
Specific inclusion criteria were established to select relevant studies for this review. Inclusion criteria included  
* Studies that propose or evaluate methods for ship wake detection using remote sensing imagery, both SAR and optical.
* Research involving traditional and learning-based image processing techniques.
* Articles published in peer-reviewed journals or reputable conference proceedings.
* Publications in English.  
Exclusion criteria were also established, which helped to outline the scope of this review and better interpret the meta-analysis presented in the subsequent sections. Exclusion criteria included
* Studies focusing solely on ship detection without considering wake detection.
* Papers dealing with wake detection in non-maritime contexts (e.g., aircraft wakes).
* Articles not available in full text.
* Non-peer-reviewed literature such as theses, dissertations, and white papers.
* Duplicate publications or extended versions of previously published works without significant new contributions.
# Opportunistic In-Flight INS Alignment Using LEO Satellites and a Rotatory IMU Platform
## Appendix A  
After characterizing the state-space model of the system, the main transition matrix, \(F(t)\), is defined in this appendix. Equations (A1) and (A2) present the system's transition matrix.  
\[F(t)=\left[\begin{array}{cc}M(t)\\ 0_{6\times 15}\end{array}\right],\] (A1)  
\[M(t)=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}M_{1}&M_{2}&M_{3}&0_{3\times 3}&M_{10}\\ M_{4}&M_{5}&M_{6}&M_{9}&0_{3\times 3}\\ 0_{3\times 3}&M_{7}&M_{8}&0_{3\times 3}&0_{3\times 3}\end{array}\right],\] (A2)  
In the above matrix, the submatrices \(M_{1}\), \(M_{2}\),..., \(M_{10}\) are given by Equations (A3)-(A9) [30].  
\[M_{1}(t)=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}0&-\Omega\text{sin}(L)-\frac{v_{E}tan(L) }{R}&\frac{v_{N}}{R}\\ \Omega\text{sin}(L)+\frac{v_{E}tan(L)}{R}&0&\Omega\text{cos}(L)+\frac{v_{E}}{ R}\\ -\frac{v_{N}}{R}&-\Omega\text{cos}(L)-\frac{v_{E}}{R}&0\end{array}\right],\] (A3)  
\[M_{2}(t)=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}0&\frac{1}{R}&0\\ -\frac{1}{R}&0&0\\ 0&-\frac{tan(L)}{R}&0\end{array}\right],\;\;M_{4}(t)=\left[\begin{array}{cccc }0&-f_{D}&f_{E}\\ f_{D}&0&-f_{N}\\ -f_{E}&f_{N}&0\end{array}\right],\] (A4)\[M_{3}(t)=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}-\Omega\text{sin}(L)&0&-\frac{v_{F}}{R^{2}}\\ 0&0&\frac{v_{F}^{2}}{R^{2}}\\ -\Omega\text{cos}(L)-\frac{v_{F}}{R\text{cos}^{2}}&0&\frac{v_{F}t(L)}{R^{2}} \end{array}\right], \tag{10}\]  
\[M_{5}(t)=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{v_{D}}{R}&-2\Omega\text{sin}(L)-\frac {2v_{F}tan(L)}{R}&\frac{v_{N}}{R}\\ 2\Omega\text{sin}(L)+\frac{2v_{F}tan(L)}{R}&\frac{v_{N}tan(L)+v_{D}}{R}&2 \Omega\text{cos}(L)+\frac{v_{F}}{R}\\ -\frac{2v_{N}}{R}&-2\Omega\text{cos}(L)-2\frac{v_{F}}{R}&0\end{array}\right], \tag{11}\]  
\[M_{6}(t)=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}-2\Omega v_{F}\text{cos}(L)-\frac{v_{F}^{2} }{R\text{cos}^{2}(L)}&0&\frac{v_{F}^{2}tan(L)-v_{N}v_{D}}{R^{2}}\\ 2\Omega v_{N}\text{cos}(L)-2\Omega v_{D}+\frac{v_{N}v_{D}}{R\text{cos}^{2}(L )}&0&\frac{-v_{F}(v_{N}tan(L)+v_{D})}{R^{2}}\\ 2\Omega v_{F}\text{sin}(L)&0&\frac{v_{N}^{2}+v_{F}^{2}}{R^{2}}\end{array} \right], \tag{12}\]  
\[M_{7}(t)=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{1}{R}&0&0\\ 0&\frac{1}{R\text{cos}(L)}&0\\ 0&0&-1\end{array}\right],\;\;M_{8}(t)=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}0&\frac{1}{R} &0\\ -\frac{1}{R}&0&0\\ 0&-\frac{tan(L)}{R}&0\end{array}\right], \tag{13}\]  
\[M_{9}(t)=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}C_{11}&C_{12}&C_{13}\\ C_{21}&C_{22}&C_{23}\\ C_{31}&C_{32}&C_{33}\end{array}\right],\;\;M_{10}(t)=-M_{9}(t) \tag{14}\]  
where elements of the matrix \(M_{9}(t)\) are elements of the body to the navigation transform matrix, and \(R\) is the length of the semi-major axis of the Earth. The other parameters are discussed and defined in the main text.
# Naturally Occurring Flavonoids and Isoflavonoids and Their Microbial Transformation: A Review
## 2 Isoflavonoids and Flavonoids from Actinomycetes and Fungi
### Isoflavonoids
#### 2.1.1 Simple Isoflavonoids
Eight known isoflavones, daidzein (**1**), genistein (**2**), 7-O-methyl genistein (**3**), kakkatin (**4**), 8-chlorogenistein (**19**), genistin (**33**), daidzin (**34**), glycitin (**37**), and a novel isoflavone named 7-O-methyl-8-chlorogenistein (**18**) were identified from _Streptomyces_ strain YIM GS3536. The MIC values of **18** against _C. albicans_, _E. coli_, _B. subtilis_, and _S. aureus_ were in the range of 23-35 \(\upmu\)g/mL. Compound **18** also showed appreciable cytotoxicity against human leukemia cell lines (HL60) and human melanoma cell lines (B16) with IC\({}_{50}\) values of 19.9 and 17.5 \(\upmu\)g/mL, respectively [42].
# Towards Adaptive Multipath Managing:
## 1 Introduction
### Contributions  
In this paper, we propose MPTCP-LM\({}^{3}\), a Lightweight, but highly promising Multipath Management Mechanism for MPTCP. The goals of MPTCP-LM\({}^{3}\) are (i) to possibly mitigate the out-of-sequence packet reception and reduce the delay of packet reordering in multipath transmission, (ii) to aggregate the bandwidth of multiple network paths adaptively and enhance the performance of MPTCP, and (iii) to preserve backward compatibility with the current Internet applications, as MPTCP does. We present simulation results that show that MPTCP-LM\({}^{3}\) can outperform the baseline MPTCP scheme in terms of data sending and receiving times, out-of-order data arrival, and throughput performance. The proposed MPTCP-LM\({}^{3}\) scheme makes fundamental contributions against the state-of-the-art in the literature, in the following aspects:1. It reveals the fact that although each transmission path in MPTCP independently performs data delivery, a poorly performing path (with large delay) can lower the performance of MPTCP, by causing out-of-order data arrival and even receiver buffer blocking in multipath transmission.
2. It introduces a lightweight multipath management mechanism for MPTCP, which allows a path to be removed and reconnected in multipath transmission adaptively, in order to reduce out-of-order data reception and protect against receiver buffer blocking in MPTCP.  
Especially, it is worth pointing out that both our previous work (PU)\({}^{2}\)M\({}^{2}\)[14] and the MPTCP-LM\({}^{3}\) solution proposed in this paper were devoted to helping MPTCP adaptively manage multiple paths, by removing and reconnecting a transmission path accordingly. However, the (PU)\({}^{2}\)M\({}^{2}\) solution was mainly devoted to detecting path failure problems in MPTCP, while the MPTCP-LM\({}^{3}\) solution is mainly devoted to identifying which path would cause the performance degradations in multipath transmission. In addition, (PU)\({}^{2}\)M\({}^{2}\) prevented the usage of a PU path according to the path's delay variations, while in MPTCP-LM\({}^{3}\), a path can be removed/reconnected according to not only the path's delay performance, but also the path's congestion window size. This help MPTCP-LM\({}^{3}\) address the limitation of the (PU)\({}^{2}\)M\({}^{2}\) solution, avoiding performing worse than the baseline MPTCP if a path has a high level of transmission capacity, but its delay performance becomes worse accidentally or suddenly.
# Real-Time Security Health and Privacy Monitoring for Saudi Highways Using Cutting-Edge Technologies
## 5 Limitations and Practical Implications  
The results obtained from the case studies show that the proposed model provides passenger security on the highway in a better way. However, there are a few limitations of this study. Firstly, the proposed solution is expensive as it demands that every vehicle traveling on the highway must be equipped with front-back security cameras. Secondly, 5G is recommended in the proposed model for data transmission between IoT-based cameras and the cloud, while 5G is not implemented in all areas of KSA yet. Thirdly, CET has improved transportation and made it more intelligent than ever before, but they have also opened up new opportunities for adversaries and attackers. The proposed model, which is based on modern CET, may be vulnerable to a variety of security breaches. Furthermore, the use of these CET necessitates improved governance, infrastructure changes, additional time and expense, as well as transparency, supervision, and accountability.  
This research can benefit SMOT in the future planning of their highways. To carry out the suggested strategy, multiple government agencies such as the law enforcement agency, the transportation ministry, and information technology must collaborate. The information technology department will expand CET, the law enforcement department will enact legislation governing vehicles traveling on long-distance highways, such as the use of IoT cameras in the car, and SMOT will use CET to store vehicle information, collect data, analyze it, and make decisions. Additionally, the suggested method would aid researchers in comprehending the significance of the current CET in enhancing passenger safety.
## 3 Categorization of Visual Inspection (Tasks)
### Overview of Visual Inspection Use Cases  
In order to answer our second guiding question, _\"Which AVI use cases are currently being addressed by DL models?\"_, we examined the reviewed publications to determine whether it is possible to summarize the solved VI tasks into specific use cases. We identified a hierarchy of VI use cases based on the surveyed literature, that visualized in Figure 3.  
As previously mentioned, VI is getting more challenging due to ever-increasing quality requirements, and all use cases can be considered to be at least **quality inspection**. In our literature review, quality inspection use cases are those that do not detect defects or missing parts but the state of an object. For example, determining the state of woven fabrics or leather quality is a use case we considered to be only quality inspection [55; 56]. **Damage detection**, also referred to as defect detection in the literature, summarizes all VI use cases that classify or detect at least one type of damage. An example of damage detection use cases is the surface defect detection of internal combustion engine parts [57] or the segmentation of different steel surface defects [58]. **Crack detection** can be considered a specialization of damage detection use cases and has its own category because of its occurrence frequency in the surveyed literature. The crack detection use case deals solely with crack classification, localization, or segmentation. The application context is usually the maintenance of public buildings, for example, pavement cracks [59; 60] or concrete cracks [61; 62]. In addition to detecting defects, another VI use case is to check whether a part is missing or not. **Completeness check** summarizes these use cases. A completeness check can be the determination of whether something is missing, or to the contrary, the determination of whether something is present. [PERSON] et al. [63] proposed a method to detect barnacles on ship hulls. Another example is provided by [PERSON] et al. [51], who propose a DL approach to detect rail track fasteners for railway maintenance. The last VI use case class we defined as **other**, which includes VI use cases that cannot directly be seen through only quality inspection and are not of the damage detection or completeness check type. Example use cases are plant disease detection [64; 65] or type classification [66]. Figure 4 shows the distribution of the VI use cases over the investigated literature. Most publications (53.57%) deal with damage detection use cases. The second most (27.55%) researched VI use case is crack detection, followed by quality inspection (6.63%) as well  
Figure 3: Hierarchical structure of top-level VI use cases based on the surveyed literature.  
as other use cases (6.63%), and the least occurring type is completeness check use cases (5.61%).
# PALANTIR: An NFV-Based Security-as-a-Service Approach for Automating Threat Mitigation
## 2 Related Work
### NFV Usage for Cybersecurity
Several other works combine Machine Learning (ML) techniques to augment the capabilities of NFV, whereas the NetML framework [18] instead uses NFV as a means to optimise the behaviour of ML applications. NetML benefits from the usage of libraries and tools to accelerate packet processing workloads, and from the adequate management of CPUs and GPUs in Common Off-The-Shelve (COTS) hardware, achieving reduced latency and increased data transmission to ML applications through a Direct Memory Access engine incorporated into GPUs. Finally, NFV has also been explored previously as a lever for infrastructure protection. For instance, the H2020 SHIELD project [19] proposed a cybersecurity framework based on virtual Network Security Function (vNSF) instances, deployable as services to protect the network layer of the subscribers' companies. [PERSON] et al. proposed SecMANO [20] to extend the ETSI NFV MANO in order to orchestrate and enforce high-level security policy on the network infrastructure. From an industrial perspective,ETSI published the NFV-SEC 013 group specification [21] to cover the design of a security management plan for NFV environments. It can be observed that NFV (along with other architectures, frameworks, and languages) led to another step in the cloudification of the network. NFV also aids in the convergence of networking and computing functions by abstracting their management in the Everything-as-a-Service (XaaS) approach in virtualised substrates. The evolution of such convergence across network domains and resource management can be seen from pioneer projects such as T-NOVA or UNIFY to initiatives such as CORD, as expressed in [22]. In this sense, the approach proposed in this paper leverages some benefits provided by previous works, extending the NFV framework to cover the protection of the endpoints by following a SecaaS approach spanning both networking and computing levels, whilst considering the protection of both the edge and the private and public clouds.
## 4 CAD Tool for Electrical Diagrams--CADDi  
Engineering students acquire different competences during their studies. They learn skills such as graphical representation, creation, and understanding of technical drawing or any type of plan like, mechanical drawing, electronic drawing, topography or electric diagrams. In the early years of their studies at the university, they are not familiarized with electricity yet, and they find difficulties in understanding this topic. Additionally, there is a lack of available resources in this specific issue. Students can hardly find and test their competences at home by themselves.  
As it was already mentioned in Section 3, in the literature we can find either tools for creating professional-looking electric diagrams and/or circuits ready to print and show off but with no functionalities nor certainty of correctness, or very powerful professional tools for advanced systems design, available for users with strong background and knowledge on electricity.  
In this work, we are introducing CADDi, a computer-aided design tool that allows students to code using a specific programming language for wiring diagrams, very easy to understand and intuitive (explained next in Section 5), and it automatically checks its correctness and if so transforms it into the corresponding ladder diagram. Additionally, it is possible to simulate the diagrams and check the behavior of the circuit. For example, if we do a mouse click over push buttons, they change their state, allowing the electricity to run over the circuit, or preventing that (e.g., they close if they were opened or open if they were closed). If the push button was serving a lamp it will light up, or if it was a bell it will change to a ringing state.  
To the best of our knowledge, CADDi is the first CAD tool able to create wiring diagrams, ensure correctness, and transform them into ladder ones. It has been specifically designed for teaching purposes. It has several advantages that make it especially helpful for engineering students:  
* it is a homework support tool because students have difficulties in finding solved exercises where both the wiring and its correspondent ladder diagram appear;
* it is a self-assessment tool because students can check if the solution they propose of the ladder diagram that corresponds to a specific wiring diagram is correct or not;
* accessibility, as it has been implemented as a web page so that there is no need for software installation, operative system incompatibilities, or hardware requirements, further than what most devices offer;
* friendly graphical user interface.