# Interference Mitigation Strategies in Beyond 5G Wireless Systems: A Review
## 4 Interference Mitigation Schemes and Techniques by 3 GPP  
As B5G networks evolve, IM remains a central challenge due to dense deployments, heterogeneous architectures, and increased SR. To address this, the 3 GPP has developed a suite of standardized IMI schemes across multiple releases (from Rel-10 to Rel-18), targeting different components of the network. These include foundational techniques such as POC [164], COS and BF [164], and co-channel interference handling via eICIC and CoMP [165,166], as well as emerging AI-based frameworks for proactive IPR and REM [167,168].  
As summarized in the taxonomy presented in Section 3.5, IMI in B5G spans a diverse set of strategies and enabling technologies, each with its own strengths and limitations. This provides a foundation for understanding how 3 GPP has approached standardizing these solutions.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**IMI Technique** & **Performance Metric** & **Reported Improvement** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Scenario/System** \\ **Type** \\ \end{tabular} & **Ref.** \\ \hline DL-based NPRACH detection under ICI & Access reliability/SINR & \begin{tabular}{c} Enhanced RACH success rate \\ under UL interference \\ \end{tabular} & ICI & [129] \\ \hline Packet-delay outage-ratio scheduler & QoE & Enhanced QoE & ICI & [130] \\ \hline MRP & Outage throughput & Throughput gains under load & ICI & [131] \\ \hline SCMA-based UL ICI cancellation & BER & BER minimization at cell edge & ICI & [132] \\ \hline Inter-cell RAC & Sum throughput & +65\% ST vs. conventional & ICI & [133] \\ \hline ICI sub-space coordination & Sum throughput & +28\% ST vs. IA & ICI & [134] \\ \hline Adaptive fractional FR for NOMA & SINR/throughput improvements & SINR and throughput improvements & ICI & [135] \\ \hline RFA against intentional jammers & UL coverage & \begin{tabular}{c} Considerable UL coverage improvement \\ \end{tabular} & ICI & [136] \\ \hline Wireless virtual embedding & SINR/QoE & \begin{tabular}{c} Optimized SINR; \\ guaranteed QoE \\ \end{tabular} & ICI & [137] \\ \hline Hybrid REM for indoor SCs & Jitter/delay & \begin{tabular}{c} Enhanced jitter and \\ delay metrics \\ \end{tabular} & ICI & [138] \\ \hline Q-learning in UAV-aided HetNets & SE & Significant SE improvement & AI & [148] \\ \hline Multi-agent Q-learning for D2D & SE & +28–35\% SE & AI & [149] \\ \hline FeDRL-D2D federated DRL for EE & SE & +22\% EE in D2D & AI & [150] \\ \hline ML-based inter-beam power adaptation & Sum-rate & Throughput enhancement & AI & [151] \\ \hline Hybrid ML for link adaptation and POC & Spectral throughput to interference & \begin{tabular}{c} Improved ST; robust \\ to interference \\ \end{tabular} & AI & [152] \\ \hline DL-enhanced virtual RA in B5G & Slice isolation/collision & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Maintained QoS; reduced \\ collisions \\ \end{tabular} & AI & [153] \\ \hline RL + matching game for D2D RA & Interference/SE &
\begin{tabular}{c} Reduced interference; \\ improved SE \\ \end{tabular} & AI & [154] \\ \hline Deep RL for PA & Outage/capacity & Lower outage; higher capacity & AI & [155] \\ \hline AI-driven data analytics for IM & IPR & Enhanced prediction accuracy & AI & [156] \\ \hline Joint Q-learning and network slicing & SE/isolation & +20–25\% SE with isolation & AI & [157] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 8: _Cont._This section presents a synthesized overview of these techniques as categorized by key interference sources: D2D communication, HetNets, ICI, and AI-based frameworks. Although general D2D-related interference aspects are mentioned earlier in Section 3, this section introduces and focuses specifically on the corresponding 3 GPP standardized mitigation mechanisms, ensuring clarity and continuity in the discussion. The following subsections detail how 3 GPP approaches IM through both classical and intelligent strategies, offering a coherent and technically grounded analysis that encompasses core topics such as co-channel interference, POC, and antenna BF.