## 4 Simulation Analysis
### Broadcast Copies of Data Packet:  
The first performance metric that we investigate here is the number of copies forwarded in the network for all data packet transmissions initiated by the source node.  
Figures 5 and 6 show the total forwarded copies of data packets in the network for different size networks and transmission ranges, respectively. It is observed from Figure 5 that the number of forwarded copies of data packets in the network is directly proportional to the network size for the fixed transmission range. This phenomenon is obvious because in the large network size there may be many duplicate data packet transmissions. It is because the small network size and fixed transmission range do not cover the whole network, therefore, when the network size increases, more copies of the data packets are forwarded within the entire network area. In addition to that, there is a high probability of different nodes with similar depth difference and the depth difference between their next hop neighbors when network size increases. Hence, their estimated holding times are almost similar that increases the data packet traffic. In an extreme case, packet suppression can be guaranteed by both WDFAD-DBR and EDOVE, where there are multiple nodes at similar depths but extreme ends of node \(S\)'s transmission range \(t_{r}^{S}\). These nodes are not in each other's transmission range and can not suppress the duplicate packet forwarding. This is another reason that most of the nodes in the network just forward the packet.  
The next interesting trend that has been observed is that the number of forwarded copies of the data packets are inversely proportional to the transmission range in the fixed network size scenario. This phenomenon is also apparent due to the fact that the packet suppression is achieved at many nodes in the network when transmission range increases, refer Figure 6. However, it is not possible to guarantee the perfect packet suppression where only one node within the \(t_{r}^{S}\) forwards the data packet. In result, the chances of packet collision may increase when the transmission range increases because of the large node density within the transmission range. Upon closely observing the simulation results, it is evident that the proposed EDOVE forwards less copies of data packet compared to WDFAD-DBR in any variation of the network parameter scenario. The WDFAD-DBR assigns constant priorities to the depth differences, which does not guarantee the enough holding time difference between the similar depth difference nodes that are the neighbors of the data forwarder. Hence, most of the neighbors of the data forwarder further relay the data packet. This also increases the packet collision chance and reduces the packet delivery ratio, which is discussed later in this section. Figure 7 shows the performance of EDOVE in terms of how much less copies of data are propagated within the network compared to WDFAD-DBR. It shows that EDOVE propagates about 53% less copies of the data packet than WDFAD-DBR for the largest network size and transmission range. From the above analysis, it is clear that the EDOVE reduces data broadcast storm for varying network sizes and transmission ranges. Next, we analyze the packet delivery performance of the EDOVE and WDFAD-DBR.  
Figure 5: Number of forwarded copies of data messages in the network for different network sizes.