## 1 Introduction  
Road Traffic Accidents remain a persistent public health challenge, significantly contributing to injuries and loss of life worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) approximates that 1.35 million individuals are victims of road traffic fatalities globally each year [1]. Even in developed nations like Australia, where the road infrastructure is robust and well maintained, the threat of road accidents remains. Recent statistics reveal that more than 1200 lives are tragically lost annually on Australian roads [2, 3]. Over 90% of these accidents have been identified by the National Road Safety Partnership Program (NRSPP) in Australia as being caused by human factors, highlighting a substantial behavioural dimension to the prevailing road safety issues [4]. The primary contributors to road accidents include speeding [5], distracted driving, intoxated driving [6], and driver fatigue [6, 7]. To address these challenges, Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) such as Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) have been developed. ACC assists in maintaining a safe distance from the vehicle ahead, reducing the driver's workload and mitigating issues like speeding and the risk of rear-end collisions [8, 9, 10]. Similarly, Lane-Keeping Assist (LKA) aids in maintaining the vehicle within its lane, providing corrective steering inputs to prevent unintentional lane departures, thereby enhancing road safety [11]. In recent years, the introduction of ADAS and Autonomous Vehicles (AV) has served as a development milestone in the automotive industry, offering the potential to revolutioniseglobal transportation systems [12; 13]. Among the most promising advantages of AVs is their potential to substantially enhance road safety by reducing human-related driving errors, thereby potentially leading to a decrease in accidents [14]. ADAS and AV technologies have the potential to reduce road accidents, with certain studies projecting a reduction of up to 90% [15]. Moreover, the benefits of ADAS and AV technologies extend beyond just enhancing safety. They have the potential to reshape urban planning paradigms, mitigate traffic congestion [16], and improve traffic flow, laying the groundwork for innovative solutions like efficient parking strategies [17; 18; 19] and platooning [20; 21]. The subsequent effects of ADAS and AV technologies indicate a significant impact on our existing transportation infrastructure and methods [18; 22]. These technological advancements are expected to greatly benefit arterial road networks, which are essential channels for the distribution of goods, service delivery, and human mobility. Utilising a data-driven approach to educate drivers about the functionalities of ADAS and AV could play a key role in reducing accident rates, thereby enhancing the efficiency and safety of these networks [14; 23]. The public has shown a positive response to the enhanced safety features provided by ADAS and AV technologies, as seen in a survey conducted in the USA, where a notable 92% of respondents expressed a preference for ACC function, and 90% showed interest in Collision Avoidance (CA) functions for their future vehicles [10]. Despite this growing interest, the adoption rates for some of the main functions remain low. For instance, ACC, a mature ADAS function, has only had a 26% adoption rate since its introduction in 1998. Similarly, the adoption rate for LKA, available since 2001, stands at a mere 9.8% [24]. Given the technology's potential to reduce road accidents, identifying effective training methods for drivers of vehicles equipped with ADAS functions is crucial. Recognising the gap in practical training methods, our study introduces a novel approach by utilising a carefully designed virtual environment that mirrors real-world driving conditions. Features such as realistic traffic patterns, road markings, and detailed surroundings elevate the authenticity of the simulated environment. This provides participants with an immersive experience that closely parallels actual driving scenarios.