esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Formulation Strategies to Improve Oral Bioavailability of Ellagic Acid
## 4 Formulation Strategies for Improving EA Oral Bioavailability
### EA Encapsulated in Polymeric Carriers
#### 4.4.4 Zein Nanocapsules  
Among the various formulations that have been designed to ameliorate EA bioavailability, only one attempt concerns nanocapsules (NCs). NCs, because of their hollow structure, display large surface-to-volume ratio, low density, short solid-state drug diffusion length, and good surface permeability. On the other hand, NCs present some disadvantages, such as weak mechanical properties and complex production procedures. Recently, EA has been successfully encapsulated into NCs made of zein, a group of water insoluble proteins (prolamins) extracted from corn gluten meal [79]. [PERSON] et al. developed a system, characterized by EA and a sacrifice template to form the core and by an outer film of zein mixed with a plasticizer to increase film flexibility. NCs were prepared by antisolvent coprecipitation in water using Na\({}_{2}\)CO\({}_{3}\) as core-forming template. Firstly, EA was dissolved in 0.1 M NaOH solution and mixed with Na\({}_{2}\)CO\({}_{3}\) aqueous solution (1% _w/w_). EA-Na\({}_{2}\)CO\({}_{3}\) cores were formed by coprecipitation in 70% ethanol, then an ethanolic solution of triethyl citrate and zein was added to  
Figure 2: An overview of different ellagic acid’s activities versus human diseases.  
the core suspension, and finally the mixture was poured in distilled water to induce NCs precipitation and Na\({}_{2}\)CO\({}_{3}\) diffusion outwards. Spherical NCs with an average diameter of 72 nm were obtained. EA content (326 mg/g) resulted much higher than that of NPs prepared without Na\({}_{2}\)CO\({}_{3}\). Surprisingly, not remarkable differences were observed in the release behavior between solid and hollow NPs. Both formulations did not show a burst effect, achieving a well-controlled release. An in vitro permeability study on Caco-2 cells showed improved transporting ability of EA NCs compared to pure EA or solid zein NPs, because EA, either when free or present on NPs surface, tended to bind DNA and proteins, causing accumulation inside the cells. In addition, the superior anti-inflammatory activity of orally administered EA NCs was confirmed in a rat model and explained by pharmacokinetic experiments showing AUC 2.5 and 8.7 times higher than the ones of EA solid NPs and pure EA, respectively.
# Survey on Ranging Sensors and Cooperative Techniques for Relative Positioning of Vehicles
## 4 Cooperative Relative Positioning  
A series of non-cooperative approaches has been presented in the previous section, with radar, laser scanners and vision-based systems being the most important technologies. A common problem of these three sensor systems is their line-of-sight characteristic. As shown in Figure 3, there are many situations in which these sensors are not able to offer a relative position and velocity estimate. The limited range, the limited field of view and sight blockage by other vehicles or the surrounding topography are common situations. The underlying problem is the high frequencies in the radio spectrum where these three technologies work and their inherent propagation characteristics. Millimeter waves used in radar frequency bands behave nearly similar to the optical frequencies of laser scanners and vision-based solutions. They are mainly line-of-sight and are blocked by cars or buildings. For this reason, the following approaches are able to extend the awareness range of the ego vehicle by using lower frequencies.  
This section presents cooperative positioning techniques where two or more mobile stations work together to improve their position solutions communicating directly with each other. Now, target vehicles are no longer passive, but have some sort of device installed that is for the sole purpose of making other vehicles aware of it. As shown in Figure 1, cooperative positioning techniques can be divided in transponder-based ranging systems, which estimate the relative position directly at the RF-signal level, and GNSS-based relative localization techniques, where GNSS-related information is directly exchanged between the vehicles using a dedicated communication technology.
## 3 Analysis and Correction of Main Errors  
Although the developed micro CMM obeys Abbe principle in \(X\), \(Y\) and \(Z\) directions, and some unique key technologies mentioned above are adopted to reduce systematic errors, some other errors are still obvious compared to the required measurement accuracy. These errors are frequency stability of the laser interferometer, flatness errors of long reflection mirrors for laser interferometers and non-orthogonal errors between interferometers. These errors are analyzed, separated and corrected in the following.
# A Joint Detection and Decoding Scheme for PC-SCMA System Based on Pruning Iteration
## 3 Proposed Algorithm for Joint Detection and Decoding
### Joint Optimization Scheme for Joint Detection and Decoding PIC-JDD  
During the process of joint detection and decoding, the codeword tends to converge as the iteration continues. However, in the case of low SNR, some codewords will deviate from the correct codeword with the continuation of iteration after reaching the correct codeword, which is called the convergence error. Therefore, a CRC early termination mechanism is added at the end of each iteration to lock the correct codeword in time and stop it from going on to subsequent iterations. As shown in Figure 6, a CRC decoder is added after the joint iterative detection and decoding system to check the correctness of the decoded codes. If the CRC check passes, the iteration process can be directly exited to avoid subsequent redundant iterations and effectively reduce the risk of decoding deviation. Otherwise, the iteration will continue until the maximum number of iterations is reached. CRC check needs to concatenate a CRC code after the polar code, thus it needs to sacrifice a small part of the code rate, but it can avoid the convergence error caused by the decoding deviation, and obtain a significant improvement in error performance. At the same time, exiting the iteration ahead of time can also save the computational complexity brought by redundant iteration. In this paper, when N = 256, the CRC code with a length of 8; when N = 1024, the CRC code with a length of 10. The system model with a CRC termination mechanism is shown in Figure 6.  
PIC-JDD is an optimization scheme for the receiver of PC-SCMA which combines PI-JDD with CRC early stopping criterion. During each iteration, the confidence stability of every branch in the RN update process is judged, and the convergent branches are pruned, then the factor graph used in the next iteration is dynamically updated. Then, the updated message of the RN is directly mapped to the polar decoder prior message for SCAN decoding. Finally, a CRC check is added at the end  
Figure 6: System model of PC-SCMA with CRC termination mechanism.  
of each iteration of PI-JDD. If the check passes, the codeword will be output directly. Otherwise, the joint iteration will continue until the maximum number of iterations is reached. The flowchart of the PIC-JDD is shown in Figure 7.
# Student Behavior Prediction of Mental Health Based on Two-Stream Informer Network
## 4 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Comparison with Representative Works
#### 4.2.2 Time Complexity Comparison  
As the inspiration for our work, the most time-consuming part of the GTN is the two encoders. Since these two encoders can run in parallel, we can estimate the time complexity in one of the encoders. The encoder in the GTN consists of a multi-headed self-attentive layer. We assume that the input data dimension is \(m\times d\), where \(m\) is the sequence length and \(d\) is the embedding dimension. Then, the time complexity of an attention layer can be estimated as \(O\big{(}m^{2}d+md^{2}\big{)}\), where \(O\big{(}m^{2}d\big{)}\) is the time complexity of the multi-headed self-attention and \(O\big{(}md^{2}\big{)}\) is the time complexity of the linear mapping of input and output.  
Similar to the estimation of the GTN, we attempt to estimate the time complexity of the TSIN encoder because we use ProbSparse self-attention to reduce the computational load. Since the query matrix in ProSparse self-attention includes only the top-\(u\) queries, under the control of a constant sampling factor \(c\), we set \(u=c\cdot Inn\), and then we can estimate the time complexity of multi-headed self-attention in the encoder as \(O(md\cdot Inn)\). The time complexity of an attention layer can be estimated as \(O\big{(}md\cdot Inn+md^{2}\big{)}\).
## 5 Concept of the Energy Synchronization Platform
### Synthesis to an End-to-End Approach
The resulting sequence is shown in Figure 7. The decomposition into multiple levels (Market-side optimizer, ERP optimizer, MES optimizer, Machine-side optimizer) allows for a specific optimization at each level of the automation pyramid, taking into account characteristics such as planning horizons, temporal resolutions, and maximum permissible runtimes. Figure 6: Process map of the energy synchronization platform. Consequently, an optimization at the manufacturing planning level will target different energy markets rather than an optimization at the manufacturing control level. Long-term planning (weeks to months) on the ERP level corresponds to the time horizon of the derivatives market (see 1 in Figure 7). Optimization horizons of MES and machine-side optimizer compare to the one of day-ahead-market. Thus, the prices on the day-ahead-market are already known at noon of the previous day. Consequently, flexible adaption of production processes as a reaction to volatile prices based on this market is no longer necessary from this moment on (see 3 and 5 in Figure 7). The residual flexibility can be traded as reactive flexibility on balancing (control) power markets (see 6 in Figure 7). However, with this distributed approach, the integration of a wide range of optimization services in the described end-to-end approach becomes crucial. A solution considering all restrictions of previous optimization steps was described with detailed information flows in [56]. According to this approach, decisions on classic logistic, as well as energy goals can be made, and this with the necessary foresight. Optimization steps are chronologically ordered (marked by steps 1-7 in Figure 7), and strategic decisions, which are made at a higher level of the automation pyramid, are passed to the lower levels as given requirements. This enables an energy-oriented optimization on all levels of the automation pyramid without violating constraints defined at previous levels and, therefore, supports companies in marketing flexibility in the optimum possible markets.
## 5 Performance Evaluation
### Performance Evaluation for the Number of Transmissions per Packet  
We recorded the number of transmissions that a packet experiences while traveling from the sender to the destination, and Figure 14 presents the average. Again, GPSR and GPSR-Q result in the lowest packet transmissions due to their failure in successful routing, as discussed. In addition, LECAR is the best performance due to its intelligent routing process. Moreover, LECAR keeps the hop count and the number of copies per packet comparatively low, resulting in fewer transmissions than LER, LAROD-LoDiS, and Spray and Wait. The previously described reason for the hop count and the number of copies per packet for LER, LAROD-LoDiS, and Spray and Wait applies as well.
# Optical Angle Sensor Technology Based on the Optical Frequency Comb Laser
## 1 Introduction
### A Method Employing the Dispersive Characteristics of a Diffraction Grating
#### 2.1.1 Principle of the Generation of an Angle Scale Comb from an Optical Frequency Comb
The angle scale comb emanating from the grating reflector also experiences a change in its angle of diffraction of \(2\Delta\theta\). A local slope mapped over the surface of the optical component can thus be obtained by detecting the change in the angle of diffraction of the angle scale comb during the lateral scanning of the optical component. Through the integral calculation of the obtained local slope map, the surface form of the optical component can be reconstructed. A mode-locked femtosecond laser has superior characteristics as a high-precision, highly stable laser source that can be directly traceable to the national standard of frequency and time [70]. The angle scale comb takes over these characteristics of a mode-locked femtosecond laser. In an ideal case, an angular distance between neighboring comb modes and the angular range in the angle scale comb correspond to the pulse repetition rate and the spectral bandwidth of the mode-locked femtosecond laser, respectively, from which the angle scale comb is generated. In the general case, the pulse repetition rate and the spectral bandwidth of an optical frequency comb are on the order of 100 MHz and 10 THz, respectively; this means that the dynamic range of the angle scale comb (the ratio of the angular range to the angular distance of neighboring modes) thus becomes large. Figure 1: Angle scale comb generated from the equally-spaced optical modes of a mode-locked femtosecond laser in the frequency domain with the enhancement of the dispersive characteristics of a reflective-type diffraction grating [54].
# The Role of a Simple Inerter in Seismic Base Isolation
## 6 Conclusions  
From this research study of base-isolated structures equipped with inerter-based supplemental devices, the following conclusions can be drawn:  
1. The TMDI (especially with a sizeable inertance ratio) may not control the response of the base-isolated structure through tuning effects but is controlled by the added heavy damping and stiffness of its auxiliary damper under real earthquake excitation. It is recommended that the corresponding damping and stiffness (i.e., ADAS) of the TMDI be installed in parallel to the isolation device for better response control and economy.
2. The variance of base-isolated structures with optimal TMDI subjected to broadband earthquake excitation is higher than the corresponding ADAS for lower values of the  
Figure 11: The effects of the \(\beta\) on the peak response of a flexible base-isolated building subjected to various earthquakes (\(T_{b}=4\) s).  
inertance ratio. However, for the higher inertance ratio, the ADAS is superior to the TMDI in reducing the displacement variance of the base-isolated structures.
3. For a broadband excitation, the displacement variance of the base-isolated structure with supplemental FID is not influenced by the inerter of the FID. The reduction in displacement is primarily due to the added damping of the FID. It is recommended that the FD alone can better control the response of the base-isolated structure as compared to the FID.
4. There is a greater or comparable reduction in the base displacement of the isolated structures under real earthquake excitation by ADAS compared to the corresponding optimal TMDI. It implies that with a suitable ADAS, better control of response in the isolation system can be achieved.
5. The absolute structural acceleration of a base-isolated structure with a fluid inerter damper (FID) exhibits the presence of high-frequency components, potentially posing adverse impacts on equipment or secondary systems sensitive to high-frequency disturbances. An inerter attached to the ground and an isolated structure defeat the purpose of seismic isolation by transmitting the vibrations and increasing the base shear of the structure.
6. The inerter-based supplemental devices such as TMDI (or TID) and FID (or EIMD) may not be very effective for the base-isolated structures to warrant their practical application.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.  
The author declares no conflicts of interest.
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Exploring the Mechanism of Manganese Sorption Using DX  
#### 3.3.1 Sorption Kinetic Model  
To determine the process and mechanism of Mn(II) sorption by DX samples, the kinetic models were determined using the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, internal particle diffusion and Elovich models (Figure 8). The parameters and regression coefficients (R\({}^{2}\)) of the kinetic model for Mn(II) sorption in soils are shown in Table 3. The results showed that the PFO and internal diffusion models were poorly fitted, with R\({}^{2}\) only 0.886 and 0.570, respectively. Compared with the PSO model (0.952), the Elovich model with an R\({}^{2}\) of 0.994 can better simulate the sorption of Mn(II) by DX. It is demonstrated that the sorption process is mainly chemisorption, and the efficiency of the sorption process is influenced by both the adsorbent and the adsorbent mass. In addition, soils have continuous sorption sites during sorption, and the Elovich model is applicable to this type of sorption process with large variations in activation energy, which increases linearly with surface coverage [46]. The Elovich equation has been applied in many sorption systems containing metals (Pb\({}^{2+}\), Cr\({}^{3+}\), Cr\({}^{6+}\), Cd\({}^{2+}\), Cu\({}^{2+}\), Se\({}^{4+}\), As\({}^{5+}\), K\({}^{+}\), Pb\({}^{2+}\), etc.). [PERSON] simulated the kinetics of lead sorption on activated carbon using 10 kinetic models, with the results confirming that the simplified Elovich and Elovich simulated the data better [47]. Therefore, the Elovich model is the most consistent kinetic model for Mn(II) sorption on DX. In practical engineering applications, it is important to determine the effective sorption operation time applicable to the sorption system described by the Elovich equation.
###### Abstract  
The Lunar Gravity Compensation Facility (LGCF) is a critical component in ground tests for a crewed lunar roving vehicle (CLRV). The track-following servo subsystem's performance is of critical importance in the LGCF, as it needs to achieve high-precision tracking of the CLRV's fast, wide range of motion in the horizontal direction. The subsystem must also operate within various constraints, including those related to speed, acceleration, and position. These requirements introduce new challenges to both the design and control of the subsystem. To tackle these challenges, this paper employs a Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) vector control method based on Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) to achieve accurate speed tracking. Additionally, this paper presents an Explicit Model Predictive Control (EMPC) strategy for precise position servo control of the track-following system under multi-parameter constraints. The simulation model of the track-following servo subsystem is established based on the above methods. The simulation results demonstrate that the position tracking error of the gravity compensation system, constructed using the above method combined with EMPC control, is less than 0.2 m. The control performance of the EMPC is significantly better than those of the PI and LQI controllers. The influence of errors on the drawbar pull is within 12.5%, and its effect on the compensation force is negligible. These results provide theoretical support for the design of a track-following servo subsystem.  
lunar gravity compensation facility; track-following servo subsystem; PMSM; explicit MPC +
Footnote †: journal:
## 7 Conclusions  
In this paper, the difficulty to reduce the impact of the unbalanced and harmonic distorted grid voltage on the DFIG system by using the conventional integral sliding mode control was proven. Then, multi-resonant items were added to the conventional integral sliding surface, and a multi-resonant-based sliding mode control (MRSMC) strategy for the DFIG-based wind power system was proposed. Not only the rejection on the unbalanced \(5\)th and \(7\)th harmonic grid voltages, but also the accurate tracking on both DC and AC references at the frequencies of \(2\omega\) and \(6\omega\) of the proposed MRSMC strategy were verified by the phase plane trajectory. To remove the harmonics of the system's total current and the majority of the DFIG's electromagnetic torque pulsations under unbalanced and harmonic distorted grid voltage conditions, the active power and reactive power commands in both RSC and GSC were given. Finally, with the control of MRSMC, the operating reliability and system total current quality of the DFIG wind power system were enhanced. The simulation and experimental results validated the effectiveness of the proposed MRSMC strategy for a DFIG wind power system.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived and designed the experiments; [PERSON] performed the experiments; [PERSON] analyzed the data; [PERSON] contributed analysis tools; [PERSON] wrote the paper.  
This research was funded by Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number LQ18E070001.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**FFT Result** & **Figure 8** & **Figure 9** \\ \hline THD of \(i_{\text{tab}}\) & 14.08\% & 4.70\% \\ unbalanced component of \(i_{\text{}}\) & 27.70\% & 3.81\% \\
5 th harmonics of \(i_{\text{}}\) & 10.56\% & 2.42\% \\
7 th harmonics of \(i_{\text{}}\) & 3.58\% & 0.24\% \\ torque pulsations & 0.27 N m & 0.096 N m \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Comparison with Figures 13 and 14.  
Figure 15: Experimental results of the MRSMC with active power step.
###### Abstract  
Background: Peri-implantitis, a bacteria-associated inflammatory disease, is characterized by inflammation of the peri-implant mucosa and progressive loss of the supporting bone, thereby reducing the chances of dental implant survival. The absence of progressive marginal bone loss is crucial for implant success. The aim of this study is to assess the peri-implantitis resolution by measuring the absence of progressive bone loss rate around the implant over a period of one year to more than three years after surgical reconstructive (REC) treatment, apically repositioned flap (ARP) surgery, or combined (COM) treatment of peri-implantuits with implantoplasty. Methods: Peri-implantitis patients, that underwent surgical therapy with implantoplasty and that enrolled in a regular peri-implant supportive care program with a follow up of \(\geq\)12 months, were recruited in this study. ARP, REC, or COM surgical therapy was performed depending on the anatomy of the bone defect. For REC and COM groups, intraosseous defects were filled with a bone substitute. The ARP group consisted of an apically positioned flap without osseous surgery. Absence of progressive marginal bone loss was evaluated on radiographs of the treated implants. Results: A total of 57 patients (91 implants) were included. The study occurred over a follow-up period of 12 to 42 months (mean = 24 months). The surgical treatment with implantoplasty yielded an absence of progressive bone loss rate of 96.7% at implant level (100% REC, 98% COM, 92.9% ARP) and 96.5% at patient level. Three implants had to be removed in two patients due to relapse or progression of peri-implantitis. Conclusions: This case series demonstrated that implantoplasty during surgical treatment of peri-implantitis lesions resulted in favorable biological conditions to maintain functional implants with 96.7% of implants that did not show bone loss over time from one year to more than three years.  
peri-implantitis; alveolar bone loss; dental implant; dental implantation; implant survival; peri-implant lesions; implantoplasty; flap apicalisation surgery; reconstructive surgery