esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Research Objects  
The research objects were based on a marine internal combustion engine type 6 AL20/24D used to drive generators on sea ships. The AL20/24 engine is an in-line, nonreversible, water-cooled, and four-stroke self-ignition engine with direct fuel injection, supercharged using a turbocharger, and charge air cooling. The basic engine specifications are presented in Table 1.  
The injectors of the tested engines were modernized during production, in which the opening pressure was increased from 25 to 40 MPa. The nozzles had different designs of spray holes and were manufactured by other producers [29]. The injector nozzles had informative markings. For example, 159\({}^{\circ}\)\(\times\) 07 \(\times\) 0.26\(R\) meant that the holes were at an angle of 159\({}^{\circ}\) in the number of 7 with a spray hole diameter of 0.26 mm, and the holes were EDM-rounded. Nozzle bodies of the rounded spray holes from the inlet side were marked with the letter \(R\). Rounding the spray holes from the inside of the body was aimed to change the fuel injection characteristics and stable operation of the nozzle during operation [29].  
The concerning damage to the nozzles was found to be the breaking of the nose or a larger fragment of the nozzle body of combustion engine injectors due to crack propagation. The surface of the nozzle body is nitrided and, therefore, hard. The injector nozzles are subjected to various mechanical forces during transport, assembly, and disassembly as well as cyclic mechanical, thermal, and hydraulic loads. The appearance of microcracks in the injector nozzles causes them to propagate during operation and eventually lead to the breaking of a fragment. If a piece of the injector breaks off, serious secondary damage can occur after another movement with the exhaust fumes.  
An example of secondary damage to the turbocharger rotor caused by a broken nozzle head is shown in Figure 1. In another such event, the piston and cylinder liner, apart from the turbocharger, were damaged. Finally, in a very severe event, the ship caught fire due to damage to the fuel filter, and the crew had to be evacuated.  
The hull was subjected to heat treatment, stress relief annealing, and nitriding with a thickness of 0.6 mm and hardness of 1000-1100 HV after nitriding, grinding, and lapping the guiding parts.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline
**Size** & **Value and Unit** \\ \hline Engine type & 6 AL20/24D \\ Type of construction & in-line, 6 cylinders \\ Direction of rotation & right \\ Firing order & 1–4–2–6–3–5 \\ Rated speed & 750 rpm \\ Mean piston speed & 6 m/s \\ Cylinder bore & 200 mm \\ Piston stroke & 240 mm \\ Troke volume & 7540 cm\({}^{3}\) \\ Rated power per cylinder & 70 kW \\ Compression ratio & 1:12.7 \\ Medium effective pressure & 1.48 MPa \\ Injector opening pressure & 24.5 (40) MPa \\ Maximum combustion pressure & 12.95 MPa \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: The specifications of the 6 AL20/24D engine.
## 3 Experiments
### Parameters Setting  
The proposed algorithm is developed in Python, while KCF, CSK, TLD algorithms are implemented through the Open CV API. All tracking methods are implemented on a 3.5-GHz Intel Xeon E3 1240 v5 CPU and an NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1080 Ti GPU. The KCF and our algorithm utilize the HOG features with a cell size of 4 \(\times\) 4. The search window size in the expanded object area is 2.5 times the original area. Additionally, the regularization parameter \(\lambda\) is set to 0.0001, the learning rate \(\theta\) is 0.012, the bandwidth of the Gaussian kernel function \(\sigma_{1}\) is 0.6, and the bandwidth of the 2-D Gaussian function is \(\sqrt{wh}/16\), where \(w\) and \(h\) are the width and height of the object bounding box, respectively. The remaining parameters are the ones originally proposed, while \(\varsigma_{1}\), \(\varsigma_{2}\), \(\varsigma_{3}\) are the 1, 0.6, 0.2 of Equation (17), respectively.
## 2 sRNA as Orchestrators of Bacterial Pathogenesis  
Pathogenic bacteria acquire foreign genes through horizontal gene transfer that can be integrated into the bacterial genome (pathogenicity islands) or exists as plasmids [57]. These horizontally acquired genetic elements harbor genes involved in bacterial pathogenicity, immune evasion, and persistence. These genetic elements are also a rich hub for small RNAs [58]. sRNAs play a crucial role in bacterial pathogenesis by precisely regulating the spatiotemporal expression of bacterial genes, ensuring adaptation to dynamic host environments, as detailed below.  
Attachment to the host is the first step in bacterial colonization, allowing pathogens to anchor to host surfaces and establish an infection. Bacterial fimbiae, pili, and adhesins mediate these interactions, with sRNAs playing a crucial role in regulating their expression. For example, FimR2 sRNA controls the expression of fimbial operons in _Escherichia coli_[59]. Similarly, small RNAs MicC and InvR regulate outer membrane protein OmpD in _Salmonella enterica_ serovar Typhimurium and _S. entertilis_, respectively, that enables bacterial adherence to macrophages [60]. This regulation ensures optimal colonization while preventing premature immune recognition. Upon adherence, some bacteria deploy invasion mechanisms, often involving secretion systems that inject effector proteins into host cells. For example, _S. enterica_ utilizes Type III Secretion Systems (T3 SS) located at Salmonella pathogenicity island I (SP1), enabling epithelial cell invasion and intracellular survival [61]. sRNAs modulate the expression of these virulence genes located at SP1 in response to host-derived signals, ensuring their activation only when needed [62; 63]. Following invasion, bacterial pathogens must evade immune responses and establish a replicative niche. For example, Mtb employs sRNAs to regulate dormancy and macrophage survival, facilitating long-term persistence [64]. Similarly, in _Salmonella_, sRNAs govern intracellular survival within macrophages by fine-tuning stress response pathways and modifying virulence gene expression [65]. Additionally, sRNAs contribute to iron uptake, quorum sensing, and biofilm formation, all of which are essential for bacterial persistence and dissemination, as described in detail in this section.
# Effect of Cation Influx on the Viability of Freeze-Dried _Lactobacillus brevis_ WiKim0069
## 3 Results
### Protective Agent Enhances the Viability of Freeze-Dried L. brevis WiKim0069  
The viability of _L. brevis_ WiKim0069 after freeze-drying was significantly enhanced in the presence of soy powder as a protective agent (\(F=1569\); \(df=4\),\(10\); \(p<0.001\)) (Figure 1). Approximately 4.7% of _L. brevis_ WiKim0069 survived freeze-drying in the absence of soy powder, whereas viability was 92.8% in the presence of the protective agent. However, when the soy powder was pretreated with EDTA or a cationic resin filter, the viability of _L. brevis_ WiKim0069 decreased to 22.9-24.7%. When the soy powder was pretreated with EGTA, the viability was higher than that of EDTA pretreatment, showing 41.8%.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Cryoprotective Agent**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Cation**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Cation Chelator**} \\ \cline{3-6}  & & **None** & **EDTA** & **Cationic Resin Filter** & **EGTA** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Soy powder} & Ca\({}^{2+}\) & 170 & 80 & 72 & 74 \\  & Mg\({}^{2+}\) & 500 & 196 & 140 & 413 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Contents of Ca\({}^{2+}\) and Mg\({}^{2+}\) in soy powder used as a cryoprotective agent (ppm).  
Figure 1: Soy powder improves the viability of freeze-dried _Lactobacillus brevis_ WiKim0069. The graphs show the viability of bacterial cells after freeze drying for 72 h in the presence or absence of soy powder pretreated or not with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), a cationic resin filter, or ethylene glycoltetraacetic acid (EGTA) to remove cations. w/o: Without soy powder; w/: Soy powder; /EDTA: Soy powder pretreated with EDTA; /Filter: Soy powder pretreated with a cationic filter; /EGTA: Soy powder pretreated with EGTA.  
Cold Adaption Enhances the Storage Stability of L. brevis WiKim0069 Freeze-Dried in the Presence of Soy Powder  
Cold adaptation at 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C prior to the freeze-drying process had a positive effect on the storage stability of freeze-dried _L. brevis_ WiKim0069 (Figure 2). In the absence of soy powder, no significant effect of cold adaptation at 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C on the viability of _L. brevis_ WiKim0069 was observed. However, in the presence of soy powder, the viability of cold-adapted _L. brevis_ WiKim0069 was increased. Fifty-six days after storage, the viability of cold-adapted _L. brevis_ WiKim0069 was 60.6%, whereas only 37.4% of cells survived when cold adaptation was not applied, suggesting that cold adaptation enhances the positive effect of soy powder on the storage stability of freeze-dried _L. brevis_ WiKim0069.
## 4 Case Study  
### Description  
This study focused primarily on providing analytical solutions for the contact force in mode II delamination tests and utilizing this contact force to evaluate the ERR. The ERR can be estimated by utilizing the J-integral solutions outlined in [28]. In order to evaluate the J-integral, one needs to simply substitute the solutions for \(N\), \(M\), and \(Q\) from Equation (31) in the final equation of the J-integral from [28] while considering the appropriate contact force from Equations (32) and (33) for the ENF and ELS tests, respectively.  
Here, a case study was performed for the ENF test. The ELS test was omitted since the analytical solution for the contact force is almost identical. A generally layered composite laminate composed of layers of E-glass fiber prepregs in epoxy resin (E-GFRP) of thickness 0.191 mm bonded with aluminum 2014-T6 of thickness 0.4 mm was considered. The material properties were provided by the study of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [38] and are presented in Table 1. A crack length of 25 mm and a total length of 100 mm were considered for the laminate. Load values were considered until 25 kN/m, and a temperature difference of \(\pm\)135 degrees was considered, similar to [14]. The formulas of the contact force and the ERR were additionally compared with results of numerical FE models developed using the ABAQUS software version 22 [39].
## 3 Data and Methods
### Displacement Decomposition  
The LOS displacement time series was first aggregated by calculating the sum. Using this averaging technique (stacking), we further reduced the effects of atmospheric artefacts on the summarized stack due to their randomized phase contribution [41; 42; 77; 78]. As the stacked time series covers 5 years of data the result was divided by 5 to obtain the annual DInSAR displacement rate. In the next step, we applied displacement decomposition (Figure 3) to convert the annual LOS displacement from an ascending and descending orbit into the E-W and the U-D displacement components using Equation (1). This equation (based on [46; 48; 49; 79]) uses a simplified geometry neglecting the North-South (N-S) component of the displacement as preliminary tests decomposing LOS displacement of three orbits to 3D displacement showed limited sensitivity in the N-S direction (e.g., [79]). With the simplified geometry, only one ascending and one descending LOS displacement value is necessary to decompose. In case of several ascending or descending orbits available, we used the orbit less affected by radar shadow and layover. The heading angle of the platform (\(\alpha=\pm 15^{\circ}\) from north) was neglected in this decomposition approach.  
\[\left(\begin{array}{c}d_{LOS\_ASC}\\ d_{LOS\_DESC}\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\sin\theta_{ASC}&- \cos\theta_{ASC}\\ -\sin\theta_{DESC}&-\cos\theta_{DESC}\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c }d_{E\_W}\\ d_{U\_D}\end{array}\right), \tag{1}\]  
The resulting uplift or subsidence of a respective area is not equal to the U-D displacement component because it additionally depends on the local topography [47]. Therefore, we derived actual elevation change (\(d_{z}\)) at a specific area using the following Equation (2), which corrects for slope-induced vertical displacement contributions (see also Figure 3):  
\[d_{z}=d_{U\_D}-d_{E\_W}\cdot\tan(slope_{E\_W}), \tag{2}\]Neglecting the N-S displacement component leads to increased effects in the elevation change dataset, as the vertical displacement effects induced by N-S movement along the slope are not corrected. Therefore, results have to be interpreted with care in areas where we assume there to be higher movement rates in the N-S direction.  
To assess the proportion of elevation change on the overall movement, we calculate the direction of the movement (\(\tau_{dir}\)) using Equation (3). Values range from +90\({}^{\circ}\) (0% horizontal movement, 100% uplift) over 0\({}^{\circ}\) (100% horizontal movement, 0% elevation change) to \(-90^{\circ}\) (0% horizontal movement, 100% subsidence):  
\[\tau_{dir}=atan(d_{z}/abs(d_{E\_W})),\quad[-90^{\circ};\dots;90^{\circ}], \tag{3}\]
# Video Streaming Adaptive QoS Routing with Resource Reservation (VQoSRR) Model for SDN Networks
## 4 Experiments and Results
### Experimental Setup  
We tested the performance of the proposed modules using the open-source Floodlight controller, which is an open-source controller for SDN created by the developer community. It is a Java software with a multithreaded interface that supports OpenFlow protocols 1.0-1.5 [30].  
A Mininet emulator is used to simulate the network topology [31]. It creates networks, switches, controllers, and network performance parameters using Linux network software, and it supports OpenFlow switches and SDN. We deployed the data plane using Open vSwitch (OVS) as the network forwarding device [32]. It is an open-source and multilayer virtual SDN switch that supports many protocols and standard management interfaces, such as OpenFlow, NetFlow, and IPV6. The tested network consists of nine OVSs and six hosts. Figure 5 illustrates the network topology used in this work.  
Figure 4: Illustrative example of the queues allocation process.  
Additionally, the testing was conducted on two computers, with Intel coreTM i7-7500U, 2.70 GHz CPU, 2 Cores, and 16 GB RAM. We used two operating systems, one was the Microsoft Windows 10 Home, x64-based PC System. The second was the Linux Ubuntu 18.04.5 LTS (Bionic Beaver) OS, x64-based PC System. The default Ethernet network link bandwidth was 100 Mb/s. Moreover, the setup included two virtual machines with two processors, one of which contained the Floodlight controller master version and the other contains Mininet Simulator version 2.3.0.  
We generated background traffic between hosts using Iperf software [33]. In addition, we used Caminandes Llamigos videos [34] with characteristics shown in Table 3, and the video service was used to transport video traffic between the server and clients.
# Applying Spectral Clustering to Decode Mobility Patterns in Athens, Greece
###### Abstract  
The limited availability of mobility data makes it challenging to model demand, especially its spatiotemporal variations. Simultaneously, traditional transport modeling tools often rely on less disaggregated approaches, leading to gaps in understanding. To overcome these limitations, this study introduces the spectral clustering method to uncover major demand patterns considering various transport modes. It focuses on Athens, Greece, and utilizes a set of 1347 reported trips. The study reveals six distinct trip clusters. The first group, \"an evening stroll nearby\", captures short distance tours typically undertaken by walking. The second cluster, \"my work is nearby but I use my car\" highlights a significant trend where individuals with short commutes, less than 6 km, predominantly use private cars. The third cluster, \"commuting by metro\", features long-distance trips primarily for work. The fourth cluster reveals long-distance work-related trips with private cars, favored by active residents with high income. The fifth pattern, \"trips of young people\", involves midnight recreational and moderate-distance morning trips for education, with an increased usage of public transport. The sixth cluster concerns short distance tours for various activities. The findings indicate that the second cluster's high reliance on private cars for short trips is problematic. Reducing this reliance should be a priority for policymakers.  
spectral clustering; mode choice; travel pattern; urban mobility; trip attributes +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Remote Sensing for International Peace and Security: Its Role and Implications
## 5 Future Perspectives
### Technology Development Perspective
#### 5.1.5 Simultaneous Localization and Mapping  
Simultaneous Localization and Mapping, commonly known as SLAM, is a computational technique that builds a map of an unknown environment along with tracking the position or movement of the camera in the environment. SLAM uses various kinds of sensors such as grayscale cameras, RGB cameras, radar, LiDAR, time-of-flight cameras, and monocular as l as stereo cameras to capture the scene. The feature points are extracted from the captured images using feature extraction and description algorithms, which are used to estimate the movement of features from one frame to another, and, hence, the movement of the camera. Using SLAM technology, the movement of objects can be accurately articulated in an environment, which finds enormous applications in monitoring international peace and security [124].
## Appendix A Details of the Registration Phase
### Description of the Attacks  
As referenced in the description of the attacks in our previous paper on SMAP fog/edge [43], all the active, passive, and advanced attacks' descriptions were given. The purpose behind using the different attack scenarios was to present to the readers complete knowledge of how the HCFE protocol is well equipped even in the face of security, as given in Section 5, against active, passive, and advanced attacks. The sinkhole attack, even though it takes place during the routing of network packets by advertising a fake routing update, still would be unable to work in its application of selective forwarding, as the challenge tree transitions, timestamp, and session keys would be unique every time. In the case of the active attack of modification, the message can be tampered with, resulting in integrity inconsistency; thus, changing any of the parameters makes the protocol step terminate the session. For the passive attack of eavesdropping, the message can be either intercepted, modified, or deleted, which will not be harmful as the hash values and encrypted messages will be made inconsistent, causing the session to terminate. As per the basic definition of the denial of service (DOS) attack, a target is flooded with high traffic, which simply will lead to terminating all the attempts made at the initial level of the HCFE protocol without causing any significant damage. The new advanced attack covered within HCFE is Sybil: when multiple peer identities are being counterfeited by a small number of entities, which compromises a disproportionate share of the system. As referenced in [16; 36; 37], the control of the Sybil attack can be achieved by the admission control mechanism for distributed databases, which periodically solves the computational puzzles. Nevertheless, all the security attacks presented within Section 5 were three different security levels, helping to improve readers understanding.
# Studies of General Precipitation Features with TRMM PR Data: An Extensive Overview
## 5 Rainfall Observation of PR Data
### Diurnal Variation of Rainfall  
The diurnal variation of precipitating systems is a reflection of insolation variation and also a reflection of differences in surfaces, boundary layers, microphysical processes, etc. Before the launch of TRMM, studies on diurnal variation of precipitation were limited by the lack of extensive datasets. During the past several decades, researchers have analyzed the diurnal variation of rainfall based on PR data (Table 9).
## 2 Experimental Setup
Because of small dispersion mismatch between the link and DCF, this resulted in overall link overcompensation that could be represented by an average CD coefficient \(D_{\text{CD}}=-0.047\) ps/nm\(\cdot\)km. We found the fibre link overall group velocity dispersion (GVD) coefficient to be \(\beta_{2}=+0.06\) ps\({}^{2}\)/km by following the expression as [23]:  
\[\beta_{2}=-(2\pi c/\lambda^{2})/D_{\text{CD}}, \tag{3}\]  
Now, by formally combining CD and TD effects, the expression for a code carrier pulse width change can be written as:  
\[\Delta\tau_{j}=D_{\text{CD}}\times L\times\Delta\lambda_{j}+D_{\text{T}}\times \Delta\lambda_{j}\times L\times\Delta T, \tag{4}\]  
where \(D_{\text{CD}}=-0.047\) ps/(nm\(\cdot\)km) represents the residual dispersion of the CD compensated fiber transmission link, \(L\) = 19.5 km is the link's length, \(D_{\text{T}}=-0.0016\) ps/nm\(\cdot\)km/\({}^{\circ}\)C [22], and \(\Delta T\) is a fiber link temperature change. Because of using a 100 GHz FBG 2D-WH/TS OCDMA encoder for an optical supercontinuum slicing, values of \(\Delta\lambda_{j}=\Delta\lambda_{j}=0.8\) nm. At the OCDMA decoder, the frequency domain representation of the recovered OCDMA auto-correlation envelope, after \(L\) = 19.5 km of code propagation in the fibre link, can be obtained from Equation (2), by following [25] as:  
\[S_{\text{L}(\lambda 1-\lambda 4)}(f)=\text{fft}\ [S_{\text{L}(\lambda 1- \lambda 4)}(t)]\times\{\exp\left(-i\ \omega_{j}^{2}\times\beta_{2}/2\right)\times L\}, \tag{5}\]  
again, \(\beta_{2}=+0.06\) ps\({}^{2}\)/km is the fibre link GVD, \(\omega_{j}\) is the angular frequency of the particular code carrier \(j\), and \(\{\exp\left(-i\ \omega_{j}^{2}\times\beta_{2}/2\right)\times L\}\) factors in GVD effects that are imposed by the propagation in the fibre link at a given temperature \(T\) (note, the coefficient \(\beta_{2}\) is temperature dependent). Now, in order to obtain the OCDMA auto-correlation envelope \(S_{\text{L}}\) at the receiving end in the time domain, we need to perform an inverse Fourier transform (ifft) on Equation (5) after substituting Equations (2) and (5), we can formally write:  
\[S_{\text{L}(\lambda_{1-\lambda 4)}}(t)=\text{ifft}\ [S_{\text{L}(\lambda_{1- \lambda 4})}(f)], \tag{6}\]where for reasons indicated earlier we use \(C=+2.36\). Based on the analyses carried out in [26], we conclude that larger \(C\) (\(C>0\)) the code carriers have at the OCDMA transmitter output, the more broadening they will experience during fibre propagation. If the value of \(C\) can be appropriately reduced, the OCDMA auto-correlation broadening at the receiver site can be reduced or even eliminated. The possibility of using the SOA for the code carriers chirp control to eliminate fibre temperature induced dispersion \(D_{\text{T}}<0\) will be investigated next, first theoretically using the developed Equation (6), and then experimentally by inserting an SOA between points A and B (see Figure 1). The temperature range in our investigation will be from 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C.