## 6 Current Challenges and Future Prospects
### Anticipated Advancements and Research Directions  
One of the main factors influencing economic growth is the industrial sector. However, technological improvements and the rising complexity of products and their manufacturing processes have a significant effect on industrial companies and their employees. Critics argue that Industry 4.0 places too much emphasis on new technologies and digital tools, prioritizing machinery over human workers. This critique gave rise to Industry 5.0, which highlights the critical role of employees in manufacturing processes. This emphasis on human involvement gained importance during the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the crucial role of workers in maintaining productivity and resilience in industrial operations [14; 32]. Industry 4.0 has led to numerous technological advancements, such as artificial intelligence (AI), cybersecurity, blockchain, additive manufacturing (AM), cyber-physical systems (CPSs), augmented reality (AR), and more, as indicated in Figure 5.  
Industry 4.0 reduces the need for human decision-making by merging computers, materials, and artificial intelligence to handle issues like demand fluctuations and market volatility [14; 172; 173]. It aims to transform traditional machines into self-learning entities for enhanced performance and management. With digital traceability, the Internet of Things (IoT) prevents food fraud and promotes efficiency by enabling cyber-physical communication among networked devices [174]. Despite the fact that Industry 4.0 has enormous potential for industrial growth, it comes with challenges such as difficulties in combining technologies. This could lead to the creation of poor-quality products if the technologies are not compatible with digitalization. Security concerns arise with IoT implementation, leading to vulnerabilities and cyber-attacks, particularly in sectors like oil, gas, power, and healthcare [175]. Data privacy continues to be a major challenge across multiple industries, particularly in cargo systems and IoT-based applications [176]. Human resource management is crucial, requiring adequate training and good management practices for employees to adapt to smart factory environments [177]. Supply chain management faces challenges in data privacy, integration, and increased system complexity, affecting product safety and quality [178]. Industry 4.0 centers on the idea of smart factories, which are places where smart products, machines, storage setups, and data all come together to create cyber-physical systems for production [179]. Although Industry 4.0 has technically improved how humans and machines work together, it is also important to consider social sustainability and acknowledge the key role that people play [180]. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of workers and led to a rethink of the Industry 4.0 model. This led to the development of Industry 5.0, which adds social and environmental considerations [32; 181; 182; 183]. Industry 5.0 focuses on re-engaging human workers in the factory environment. It promotes teamwork between people and machines, aiming to boost efficiency by combining human intelligence and creativity with smart systems that are already in place [12; 14]. Improving waste management through the use of industrial upcycling techniques is one of Industry 5.0's primary objectives. It builds on Industry 4.0 by adding more features, like using data from network sensors. New developments include smarter 3D printing techniques, foreseeing maintenance needs, highly customized industrial methods, systems  
Figure 5: Technologies of Industry 4.0.  
that combine cyber and physical elements with cognitive abilities, and the use of robots that work alongside humans, as shown in Figure 6[13; 14; 32; 184]. The technologies highlighted as enablers in Industry 5.0 may seem like slight enhancements or upgraded iterations of Industry 4.0 technologies.