# The Opto-Electronic Functional Devices Based on Three-Dimensional Lead Halide Perovskites
## 3 The LHP Based Functional Devices
#### Lasers
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Material** & **Cavity** & \(\mathbf{\lambda_{\text{pump}}}\) **(nm)** & **Pulse Duration** & \(\mathbf{\lambda_{\text{lasing}}}\) **(nm)** & \(\mathbf{P_{\text{th}}}\) & \(\mathbf{\Delta\lambda}\) **(nm)** \\ \hline MAPbJ\({}_{3}\)[6] & distributed & 355 & 0.5 ns & 777.6 & 91 \(\pm\) 2 \(\upmu\)/cm\({}^{2}\) & \textless{}1.1 \\  & feedback (DFB) & 352 & 0.5 ns & - & 40 \(\pm\) 5 \(\upmu\)/cm\({}^{2}\) & - \\ - & - & 532 & 0.5 ns & - & 40 \(\pm\) 5 \(\upmu\)/cm\({}^{2}\) & - \\ MAPbJ\({}_{3}\)[81] & DFB & 445 & 920 ns & 785 & 17 kW/cm\({}^{2}\) & 0.25 \\ MAPbJ\({}_{3}\)[72] & DFB & 532 & 1 ns & 779 & 0.32 \(\upmu\)/cm\({}^{2}\) & 2.2 \\ MAPbJ\({}_{3}\)[74] & DFB & 355 & 0.9 ns & 784 & 110 \(\upmu\)/cm\({}^{2}\) & \textless{}0.4 \\ - & - & 515 & 200 fs & - & 4 \(\upmu\)/cm\({}^{2}\) & - \\ MAPbBr\({}_{3}\)[75] & DFB & 400 & 100 fs & 541.6 & 2.3 \(\upmu\)/cm\({}^{2}\) & - \\ MAPbJ\({}_{3}\)[73] & DFB & 532 & 1 ns & 786.5 & 120 kW/cm\({}^{2}\) & 0.2 \\ MAPbJ\({}_{3}\)[76] & DFB & 532 & 1 ns & 783 & 270 kW/cm\({}^{2}\) & 0.4 \\ FAPbJ\({}_{3}\)[8] & DFB & 532 & 400 ps & 825 & - \\ FAPb(\({}_{0.4}\)Br\({}_{0.6}\))[8] & - & - & - & 650 & 3.5 \(\upmu\)/cm\({}^{2}\) & - \\ FAPbBr\({}_{3}\)[8] & - & - & - & 575 & - & - \\ MAPbJ\({}_{3}\)[2] & PhC & 532 & 400 ps & 780 & 200 \(\upmu\)/cm\({}^{2}\) & - \\ MAPbJ\({}_{3}\)[7] & PhC & 532 & 270 ps & 788.1 & 68.5 \(\upmu\)/cm\({}^{2}\) & 0.24 \\ CsPbBr\({}_{3}\)[5] & DBR & 400 & 50 fs & 522 & 0.39 \(\upmu\)/cm\({}^{2}\) & 0.9 \\ - & - & 355 & 5 ns & 522 & 98 \(\upmu\)/cm\({}^{2}\) & - \\ MAPbJ\({}_{3}\)[14] & DBR & 532 & 0.34 ns & 778.4 & 7.6 \(\pm\) 0.6 & 0.24 \\  & & & & & \(\upmu\)/cm\({}^{2}\) & 0.24 \\  & & & & & 113.9 \(\pm\) 15 & \\ - & - & 532 & 5 ns & 778.4 & \(\upmu\)/cm\({}^{2}\) & 0.24 \\ CsPbCl\({}_{3}\)[82] & DBR & 375 & 100 fs & 428 & 12 \(\upmu\)/cm\({}^{2}\) & 0.5 \\ CsPbBr\({}_{3}\)[79] & DBR & 400 & 100 fs & 510 & 11 \(\upmu\)/cm\({}^{2}\) & 0.6 \\ - & - & 400 & 5 ns & - & 900 \(\upmu\)/cm\({}^{2}\) & - \\ MAPbJ\({}_{3}\)[78] & DBR & 530 & 4 ns & 780 & 15.3 \(\upmu\)/cm\({}^{2}\) & 4.9 \\ MAPbJ\({}_{3}\)[80] & sphere & 355 & 2 ns & 756 & 75 \(\pm\) 11 \(\upmu\)/cm\({}^{2}\) & - \\ MAPbJ\({}_{3}\)[83] & FP & 400 & 120 fs & 778 & 13.5 \(\upmu\)/cm\({}^{2}\) & 5.16 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Device parameters for the lead halide perovskites (LHP-based Lasers). Figure 4: Lasing in LHP with various types of micro/nano structures. **(a)** Schematic diagram of a MAPbJ\({}_{3}\) photonic crystal (PhC) band edge laser. **(b)** The lasing spectra versus the pump intensity, and the intensities were extracted and shown in the inset. Reprinted from [2], with the permission of AIP Publishing. **(c)** Schematic diagram of the CsPbBr\({}_{3}\) quantum dot (QD) vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSEL) (Inset: a photograph of the device in operation.). **(d)** The stability characterization for the laser under nanosecond/femtosecond pump light, revealing a longer lifespan for the femtosecond pumping condition. Reprinted with permission from [5]. Copyright 2017 American Chemistry Society. **(e)** Schematic illustration of a LHP alloy distributed feedback (DFB) laser. **(f)** The lasing spectra with varying chemical compositions, at 77 K. Reproduced with permission from [8]; published by Wiley, 2017. **(g)** Lasing in a MAPbJ\({}_{3}\)-covered sphere resonator. **(h)** The emission spectra under different pump fluences. Reprinted with permission from [80]. Copyright 2014 American Chemistry Society. The material property, of course, could influence the laser performance in more than one aspect. [PERSON] et al. reported an inkjet-printed LHP DEB laser [76], by using inkjet printing technique instead of the spin-coating method, to achieve the digital deposition of arbitrary shaped layers.