# Selenium Content of Goose Breast Meat Depending on the Type of Heat Processing
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Coverage of Selenium Intake Standards  
Recommendations for the amount of selenium intake (Table 3) by adults vary according to gender, age and level of the standard (AI Adequate Intake, EAR Estimated Average Requirement RDA Recommended Dietary Allowance, RI Reference Intakes). Recommendations for Se intake range from 25 to 70 \(\upmu\)g/d. For example, WHO/FAO [21] recommends, for women aged 19-65 (at the RI level), an intake of 26 \(\upmu\)g/d, and over 66 years of age, 25 \(\upmu\)g/d. Similarly, these recommendations for men are 34 and 33 \(\upmu\)g/d. Consumption of 100 g of goose meat will therefore cover the recommended Se intake for men and women in different countries in different percentages, depending on the adopted level of the AI, RI, EAR or RDA standard. Our calculations show that, theoretically, a serving of 100 g of raw goose breast meat without skin will cover the daily Se requirement for women in the range of 24.9-69.6% and for men from 24.9 to 52.7%, depending on the level of standards (Table 3). The same serving of raw goose breast meat with skin will cover the daily Se requirement in a lower percentage: similarly for women 18.9-52.8% and men 18.9-40.0%. However, the consumption of raw goose meat is not widespread, and in most regions of the world, it is subject to various culinary treatments. Breast meat grilled with skin and OCR without skin (78.5-107.6%) will cover the highest percentage of daily selenium requirements for both men and women. In general, depending on the accepted standard, goose meat (without skin) subjected to various heat treatments will cover the daily selenium requirements of adults in the range of 28.6-106.8%, while with skin in the range of 33.3-99.6%. It is understood that the above-physiological intake of Se by humans can cause the phenomenon of hyperalimentation and pose a risk of exceeding the Upper Level (UL). In 2006, EFSA proposed the UL of selenium consumption of 300 \(\upmu\)g/day for adults [37], which took into account this element from both diet and supplements [50]. However, due to the increase in the consumption of dietary supplements in 2022, EFSA lowered the UL to 255 (\(\upmu\)g/day), including for pregnant and breastfeeding women [38]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{10}{c}{**Heat Processing**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Level of Significance**} \\ \cline{3-13}
**Item** & **Meat** & **Raw** & **Water Bath** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Oven**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Oven**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Pan-Pried**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Total**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**SEM**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Hot**} \\  & & & **Cosibing** & **Going** & **Knowling** & **(FP)** & **Tonal** & & & **Modist** & **Processing** & **M\(\times\) HP \\  & & & & & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{13}{c}{Means within a row followed by different superscript letters after significantly including heat processing.\({}^{\rm A,B}\,p\leq 0.01\);\({}^{\rm A,B}\,p\leq 0.05\).} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Selenium content and its retention of raw and heat-processed White Kquada geese breast meat (Mean, SEM). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Sc**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**DACR**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**ETS. (A2010)**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**NCM(G100)**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**WHO/FAO**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**NTPH-NIH**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**NTPH-NIH**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**NEV-R**} \\
**Meat** & (fig /fig /fig /fig /fig /fig /fig /fig /fig /fig /fig /fig /fig /fig /fig / /fig / fig / fig / fig / fig / / fig / / fig / / fig / / fig / / fig / / fig / / fig / / fig / / fig / / fig / / / fig / / / fig / / / / / / / / / / /  
The range of selenium intake that is adequate yet non-toxic for the body is quite limited and depends on the chemical form of selenium.