esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Vision-Based Distance Measurement in Advanced Driving Assistance Systems
## 6 Experiments and Results
### Performance Comparison of Depth Estimation
#### 6.2.3 Depth Map Estimation in Real Road Scenarios  
In order to further verify the generalization ability of the proposed method, we directly used the depth estimation model trained on the KITTI dataset to do tests in real road scenarios. The results are shown in Figure 7 and clearly show that even if there are no road driving scene images with similar perspectives added to the training sample set, due to its good generalization ability, the proposed depth estimation network can still effectively recover depth information from the test scene and meet the requirements of distance estimation in ADAS.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Method** & **Category** & **Abs\_Rel** & **RMSE** & \(\delta\)**\textless{} 1.25** & \(\delta\)**\textless{} 1.25\({}^{2}\) & \(\delta\)**\textless{} 1.25\({}^{3}\)** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. & Supervised & 0.203 & 6.307 & 0.702 & 0.890 & 0.958 \\ [PERSON] et al. & Unsupervised & 0.183 & 6.709 & 0.734 & 0.902 & 0.959 \\ [PERSON] et al. & Unsupervised & 0.128 & 5.547 & 0.815 & 0.922 & 0.968 \\ [PERSON] et al. & Semi-supervised & 0.076 & 3.842 & 0.903 & 0.948 & 0.975 \\ Ours & Semi-supervised & **0.071** & **3.740** & **0.934** & **0.979** & **0.992** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Quantitative comparison on the KITTI dataset.  
Figure 6: Qualitative comparison of unsupervised and semi-supervised depth map estimation. (**a**) The first row shows the forward-looking images used as the inputs of the depth map estimation network. (**b**) The second row shows the sparse and local depth values as the training labels. (**c**) The third row shows the results of the unsupervised method. (**d**) The fourth row shows the results of our method.
# Numerical Simulation and Optimization of the Airflow Field of a Forage Drum Mower
## 2 Cutter Structure and Theory Analysis  
### Structure of Double-Drum Cutter  
The cutter is one of the key components of the forage mower conditioner. As shown in Figure 1, the double-drum cutter of the 9 GYZ series mower conditioner consists mainly of twisted blades, tilting discs, conical drums, and guide plates. The part of the twisted blade with the cutting edge is twisted and misaligned with the blade-mounting surface (i.e., the plane of the disc) at an angle of \(\alpha\), which is called the blade twist angle. With the inclined configuration of the discs of the cutter, the tilting disc forms an angle \(\beta\), which is called the disc tilt angle, with the horizontal ground. A conical drum is mounted above the tilting disc, and multiple guide plates are mounted on the conical drum. When the cutter works, the two discs and drums rotate relatively at a high speed of 2000 rpm, while the twisted blades lift the forage plant while cutting off the forage stalk. Under the action of the guide plate, the forage is fed backward along the bevel of the disc into the conditioning device. This structure is effective in reducing the height of stubble and the recutting rate. Meanwhile, the high-speed rotating blades, discs, conical drums, and guide plates disturb the air to form an airflow, which has a significant effect on the process of lifting and feeding forage.
## 3 Analysis of Test Results
### Analysis of Side Friction Resistance of Piles  
The side frictional resistance of the pile can be derived from the axial force in the pile. Figure 5 shows the side frictional resistance for model pile 9\({}^{\#}\) at resting times of 1 day, 28 days, and 90 days.  
As shown in Figure 5:  
1. After different rest periods, the side friction resistance of the pile is primarily concentrated in the lower section of the pile body, while the side friction resistance at the pile top and pile toe is relatively small. The ultimate side friction resistance of the pile occurs in the lower segment of the single pile, indicating that the distribution of side friction resistance is related to the position of the pile body.
2. The development of the side friction resistance is asynchronous; with the increase in load, the side friction resistance in the upper soil layers activates before that in the lower layers. The load at the pile top is gradually transmitted downward, and with an increase in the rest period, there is a significant growth in the ultimate side friction resistance of the pile. Throughout the entire testing period, the ultimate side friction resistance of the pile increased from 4.89 kPa to 16.54 kPa, representing an increase of 238.2%, demonstrating a significant time effect.  
Figure 4: Axial force diagram of the 9\({}^{\#}\) model pile after different resting times.  
Figure 5: Distribution of side friction resistance of the 9\({}^{\#}\) model pile after different resting times.  
As the resting time increases, the lateral friction resistance at the upper part of the pile does not show a significant increase due to the recovery of the surrounding soil strength. The analysis suggests that with an increase in rest time, the recovery of the surrounding soil strength leads to an increase in lateral friction resistance and the uplift bearing capacity of the pile. However, as the uplift bearing capacity increases, the Poisson effect in the pile becomes more pronounced and the reduction in lateral friction resistance due to the loosening of the pile-soil contact offsets the contribution of the recovery of the surrounding soil's thixotropic properties. Therefore, if the uplift structure has strict requirements for its own displacement, the elastic modulus of the pile should be increased to reduce the elongation deformation caused by tensile forces.
# Averting BER Floor with Iterative Source and Channel Decoding for Layered Steered Space-Time Codes
## 1 Introduction  
To meet the unprecedented expansion in the demand for wireless services over the last decade, researchers need to strongly consider uplifting the communication systems [1]. It is anticipated that this trend of upsurge in wireless services will further increase, additionally demanding much higher data rates [2]. Cisco estimates that by the year 2023 [3], there will be 3.6 global devices and connections per capita with an average data rate of 110 Mbps. Therefore, novel optimal techniques providing near-capacity spectral efficiency in future wireless networks need to be constructed.
# Analysis of Dual-Band Direction of Arrival Estimation in Multipath Scenarios
## 3 Localization System
### Reference System  
The reference localization system modeled in the present paper is based on the same anchor node illustrated in [16]. A complete block diagram of the system is depicted in Figure 1.  
Figure 1: Architecture of the proposed anchor device, based on the one defined in [16] and overview of the localization system.  
The anchor device is based on a radio-frequency transceiver, compatible with the IEEE 802.11x radio technology, and a Switched Beam Antenna (SBA). This configuration is an evolution of the current hardware described in [31].  
The node is capable of operating at two different bands, implementing both a dual-band wireless transceiver and a dual-band Switched Beam Antennas (SBA). It also integrates a micro-controller which implements the necessary communication and protocol layers. The SBA exploits the combined SFDMA diversity via dual-band antennas operating at 2.45 GHz and 5.2 GHz, hence compatible with IEEE 802.11 ac radio access technologies. The SBA comprises of eight printed patch antennas, arranged as an octagonal prism as in Figure 2.  
This shape is suitable for optimal signal distribution in the plane, thus enabling a precise 2-Dimensional DoA estimation. Elementary antennas operate in circular polarization (CP), permitting robust communication regardless of the relative orientation of the target antenna and effectively reducing multipath interference, as shown in [34; 35; 36]. Refer to [37] for a more in-depth analysis of the patch element design.
## 4 Use Case and Simulation of the Proposed System
### PMIPv6/AAND
#### 4.4.2 PMIPv6--Handover Analysis  
The transmission is analyzed based on the signal flow of PMIPv6 [17]. The MN is switching from one MAG to the next. The CN localized routing and the concerned HOD is estimated in the subsequent Equation (3)  
\[\text{HOD}_{\text{PMIPv6}}=\text{Layer 2 connection}+\text{(t}_{\text{PBA}}+\text{t}_{\text{PBU}})+\text{t}_{\text{RS}}+ \text{t}_{\text{RA}}+\text{(}t_{\text{AAAreq}}+t_{\text{AAAres}})+\text{TTD}_ {\text{Data}} \tag{3}\]  
Here, layer 2 association indicates the transmission delay between the MN-AP and AP-MAG. The control signal delay is indicated as (t\({}_{\text{PBU}}+\text{t}_{\text{PBA}}\)), and the delay of authentication is indicated as t\({}_{\text{AAAreq}}\)+ t\({}_{\text{AAAres}}\).  
PMIPv6 Handover Simulation Result  
Here, the MN begins with its if_1, i.e., the WLAN. Then if_2 i.e., Wi-Max, comes into the simulation at the 11 th second, however the MN handover the signal to if_2 occurs at 13.9 seconds. Then, if_3 3G joins the simulation at the 24.5 th second, but the MN handover of the signal to 3G occurs at the 28 th second. Figure 14 shows the PMIPv6 handover graph.  
Figure 13: MIPv6—Handover Simulation Result [9].
# Sub-Diffraction Focusing Using Metamaterial-Based Terahertz Super-Oscillatory Lens
## 1 Introduction
[30] arranged ring slits in a crisscross pattern for visible light, which generated multiple tiny spots when the electromagnetic waves passed through the surrounding slits faster than those passing through the central slit. In metamaterial-based SOLs, WD is unbounded by the lens vicinity because no negative refractive index is used. Moreover, this lens produces a focal point directly above each unit pattern (Figure 1). This particular characteristic is attractive for industrial product inspection as it offers the advantage of allowing multiple points to be inspected at the same time. In contrast, conventional lenses only focus on a single point and consequently require longer times to inspect the entire surface of a wide product, such as a film. Hence, a multiple-focal-points-generating lens can significantly shorten the inspection time. In this study, we fabricated and evaluated a metamaterial-based sub-THz-band SOL using a unit cross pattern smaller than 3 mm, which is the wavelength that corresponds to 0.1 THz, for the first time. Moreover, it was experimentally verified that such a lens is useful for inspection using THz in industrial applications. We demonstrated that a spot  
Figure 1: Schematic of the generation of focal spots using a metamaterial-based SOL. with a diameter of 0.67\(\lambda\), which is 0.27 times the diffraction limit, could be generated by the SOL at a position farther from the near field.
# Unobtrusive Vital Sign Monitoring in Automotive Environments--A Review
## 5 Optical Methods
### Far Infrared Imaging (Therography)  
In contrast to VIS and NIR imaging, far infrared (FIR) imaging, also referred to as _infrared thermography_ (IRT), is a passive method relying solely on the radiation emitted from the driver/passenger as a function of temperature. Hence, its biggest advantages are that no energy is transferred to the subject under test and that it can be used in complete darkness, which made this method a key technology for early adoption for military and border control applications.  
While not targeting driver or passenger state monitoring at the time, early research applications of face thermography included quantifying stress and emotion [122; 123] as well as vital sign monitoring (respiration) [124]. As originally demonstrated in 2007 by [PERSON] and coworkers [125], using an IRT camera to track the nostrils with a proper angle of attack allows for determining breathing rate and depth in an adult (see also [126]).  
However, depending on the size of the subject, the angle of attack and the individual tidal volume, the temperature changes during inspiration and expiration may be small, usually \(\pm\) 1 deg. C or less, as demonstrated in Figure 11.  
Note that, in this example, the mean temperatures of the region of measurement (ROM) reached 31.17 deg. C and 31.44 deg. C during inspiration and expiration, respectively. Hence, any FIR camera used for this application must be sufficiently sensitive. Recently, the RWTH Aachen group has been able to demonstrate that it is possible to follow the nostrils during movements as well [127].  
While in general vital sign monitoring using IRT is currently advancing, according to our knowledge, automotive applications of IRT-based vital sign measurements have not yet been reported. However, there is at least one publication aiming at quantifying facial expressions using IRT during driving (see Section 5.4.3).
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Classification of the Scenarios Depending on the Use of Biomass  
The selection of the type of flocculant determines the final use of the biomass since some can become highly toxic and limit its use [31]. Recirculation of the culture medium after harvest is desirable and this can also be limited by the type of flocculant [61]. In this study, production scenarios were evaluated that consider three types of flocculants for the primary harvest, which act with different mechanisms to achieve agglomeration and sedimentation of the biomass. In addition to the techno-economic evaluation of microalgal biomass production scenarios, an analysis was carried out of the probable use of the biomass in the different analyzed scenarios, according to what was consulted in the literature. This must be taken into account if you want to implement a microalgal biomass production system. The three flocculants analyzed were NaOH, FeCl\({}_{3}\) and Chitosan. The use of NaOH increases the pH in the culture causing the production of microalgal flocs. This substance is economical and reduces the biomass bacterial load. Additionally, cell-free medium after flocculation can be recycled, all or partial, back to the culture facilities after reducing the pH [31,61]. However, it should always be analyzed whether recycling the culture medium does not reduce the growth potential of the microalgae. In this study we do not consider recycling the culture medium after harvest, since real data are necessary to show the viability and evidence of being able to do it. On the other hand, according to the estimates of this study, when NaOH is used as a flocculant, 2.59 tons/year are consumed, a much higher quantity compared to FeCl\({}_{3}\) and Chitosan (0.63 tons/year and 0.754 tons/year, respectively). This causes the costs associated with the raw material similar to other cases even though NaOH is inexpensive. The scenarios that consider this flocculant (scenarios 1 to 8) belong to the group with the highest energy consumption and production cost per kg of biomass produced (Figure 8). This is because flocculation with NaOH has lower removal efficiency than the other two cases (C2 and C3). Another disadvantage of the scenarios that consider this flocculant is the high energy consumption and production cost, compared to the rest of the scenarios. The use of iron salts reduces electrostatic repulsion between negatively charged cell surfaces, allowing the formation of cell aggregates [53]. [PERSON] et al. [53] report that it has been shown that the use of ferric salts leads to a yellowish brown coloration of the microalgae, which limits the biomass to use it for the extraction of pigments. Furthermore, the metals used could contaminate this biomass, which makes it difficult to apply it as a raw material for biofuels or as animal feed [53]. In addition, the use of these types of flocculants can cause the sediment of unwanted metals.
## 3 Results
### Additional Seismometer in the Off-Facilities Area Scenario  
We added 14 seismometer stations in the off-facilities area with varying distances of 50 to 300 m from the facility area. In the distribution of the station network in the off-facilities scenario, seven stations were deployed at level 1, which was at an elevation of 1840 msl, and seven stations were deployed at level 3, at an elevation of 1540 msl. As with the scenario following a mining facility, forward modeling was carried out for synthetic data from 55 stations (44 stations in the facility area and 14 stations in the off-facilities area) to obtain absolute Vp and Vs data. The results of the forward modeling of the off-facilities scenario were then processed for the event pairs along with the differences in travel times using the ph2 dt program. The ph2 dt results consisted of a total of 521,840 P- and S-wave phase pairs; the number of P and S phase pairs used was 379,520 (72%), the number of event pairs was 9489 and the average recording for each pair was 79. The inversion process in the off-facilities scenario was the same as in the following facility scenario.  
The results of the inversion tomography analysis, with an additional 14 stations in the off-facilities area of P- and S-wave velocities, are shown in Figures 6(b) and 7(b), respectively.
# Communication Technologies in Emergency Situations
## 2 Emergency Communications Systems
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**ECS Requirement** & **Description** \\ \hline Rapid deployment & Planning must be on the fly, as minimizing the number of fatalities can be time dependent and a formal planning process is not feasible. Deployment process must be simple and secure so that highly specialized personnel and complex procedures are not required. Equipment must be tolerant to faults and capable of rapid deployment, which involves rough treatment due to the short timeframe required for rescue operations. \\ \hline Interoperability & First responders must be equipped with devices capable of using different technology by choosing the appropriate interface card and still working together to form a mesh network and communicate data. Therefore, regardless of what technology everyone might use, they must be able to uniformly connect to the relaying mesh nodes and to exchange data. Interoperability of communication devices within and across different agencies and jurisdictions is a top priority. An IP-based network is therefore the ideal common platform for communication between multiple emergency response services and different jurisdictions. Furthermore, interoperability of ECS with other communication systems such as medical, transportation, weather forecasting, civil services, telecommunication systems, etc. is also of utmost importance. \\ \hline Robustness and reliability & Communication systems for crisis management and disaster recovery must be able to function in potentially adverse and hostile environments. The infrastructure must be sufficiently flexible and reliable to satisfy a variety of situations and provide support for diverse types of users, as well as for operations in different environments. \\ \hline Scalability & There are two types of scalability requirements: horizontal scalability refers to the network’s ability to grow efficiently and cost-effectively in terms of geographical coverage, while vertical scalability stands for the ability to efficiently support an increasing number of users. Suboptimal deployment and a frequently changing environment challenge network functionality. Therefore, the network must be able to report environment changes for proper management or be self-manageable to avoid service disruption. \\ \hline Mobility support & In order to help emergency personnel to concentrate on the tasks, the emergency network must be mobile, deployed easily, and fast, with little human maintenance. Therefore, devices must be capable of automatically organizing into a network. Procedures involved in self-organization include device discovery, connection establishment, scheduling, address allocation, routing, and topology management. Public safety users must have access to constant communication while traveling at reasonable speeds. The mobility requirement includes the ability to roam between different networks, potentially operated by different agencies and jurisdictions. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: ECS requirements description.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
The samples were prepared by chemical vapour transport method using iodine as a transporting agent following the procedure reported elsewhere [13]. Pure ZnSe (purity was 99.99%) single crystal and the other samples doped with a single rare earth and co-doped with two rare earths Eu\({}^{3+}\)/Yb\({}^{3+}\) were grown by this method. The binary compounds were synthesized first from the high purity elements by direct flame heating in quartz ampoules under vacuum. Then, the very high quality samples were produced after mixing in appropriate proportions with the concentration of the doping impurity. ZnSe crystals were doped with 1 mol % Eu\({}^{3+}\) or co-doped with 1 mol % Eu\({}^{3+}\) and 1 mol % Yb\({}^{3+}\).  
X-ray diffraction (XRD, Rigaku, Tokyo, Japan) with a monochromatic Cu k\(\alpha\) target in 2 theta geometry was used to determine the crystal structure of the samples.  
The crystallinity of the pure ZnSe single crystal was confirmed using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction with a grazing angle of 1\({}^{\circ}\) and 2\(\theta\) in the range of 10\({}^{\circ}\)-80\({}^{\circ}\), as shown in Figure 1. The results show a polycrystalline structure and a cubic zinc blende crystal structure with orientation mainly toward the (111) axis perpendicular to the surface.  
The absorption spectra were taken for each sample as a function of temperature between 20 K to room temperature from 350 nm to 1100 nm. The experimental setup consisted of a closed cycle helium cooling system, with controlled temperature using a Cary 17D spectrophotometer.  
Figure 1: XRD pattern of pure ZnSe.  
Photoluminescence (PL) measurement is crucial for the registration of the emission spectra of new materials in order to calculate their efficiency and tunability [14; 15]. In this direction, the spectra were recorded using a one-meter Spex monochromator equipped with a GaAs photomultiplier and the excitation source from an argon ion laser (Imnova 300C series, Coherent USA) at 488 nm or 457.9 nm wavelengths operated at 10 mW power. The photoluminescence spectra were recorded using Labview data acquisition software as a function of temperature from 20 K to room temperature.  
The basic algorithm procedure for the fitted experimental data is as follows. First, the data were normalized to minimize the computational processing time. Second, an error function based on a square mean error between the experimental data and the physical model was defined. Third, the parameters of the error function were optimized by genetic algorithms adapted to each particular situation. Finally, the parameters of the fitting function were obtained. The experimental data were fitted to theoretical models using the genetic algorithm routines briefly described above.