# Enhancing Industrial Processes Through Augmented Reality: A Scoping Review
## 3 Results  
### Literature Review  
Appendix A presents a compilation of various applications of AR in different industrial processes. Each entry includes the title of the article, a description of the industrial process in question, how AR was implemented, as well as the benefits and limitations observed. This information provides a comprehensive overview of the advantages and challenges associated with the use of AR for industrial process optimisation. AR is applied in a wide variety of industrial processes to improve the efficiency, accuracy and safety of operations. In the field of maintenance, it facilitates the visualisation of procedures and interactive guides that help technicians perform complex tasks with greater precision. For example, in the maintenance of industrial robots and injection moulds, it provides visual instructions that guide the disassembly and assembly of components, improving accuracy and reducing operating time. In the assembly area, AR is used to superimpose visual instructions directly on the operator's work environment. This includes text, videos and 3D animations that guide workers through the various stages of assembly, improving the accuracy and efficiency of the process. The implementation of AR in the manufacturing and inspection of parts allows for easy comparison of the CAD design with the actual parts and adjustment of the transparency of the 3D representations to avoid confusion. In logistics and warehouse management, AR is applied to optimise order picking. Systems such as RASPICK use head-mounted devices that display item lists and guide pickers to the correct locations in the warehouse. It also facilitates the identification of storage locations and verification of required parts, improving accuracy and reducing search time. It plays a crucial role in worker training and education. In engine assembly and critical component repair, AR allows students to interact with virtual components in a physical environment, improving understanding and execution of complex tasks. Figure 3: PRISMA flow diagram. Furthermore, in firefighting training, it provides a comprehensive and realistic training experience, combining the real and virtual worlds to improve operator readiness. In the quality control process, AR is used to guide inspectors during the visual inspection of welds and other components by overlaying digital information directly on the physical parts. This allows inspectors to quickly compare welds to ideal standards and detect potential defects more efficiently. Finally, in the maintenance of infrastructure such as roads and bus fleets, it improves safety and operational efficiency. It provides real-time visualisations, interactive instruction and human-robot collaboration, reducing risk exposure and improving accuracy and speed of task execution. Appendix B presents a compilation of AR hardware along with their approximate costs in U.S. dollars and the graphics engine used. This information provides a comparative view of the options available on the market, facilitating the evaluation of AR technologies according to their technical and economic characteristics. The most widely used hardware for augmented reality applications in industrial processes includes smartphones and tablets, mainly due to their wide availability and affordable price range. HoloLens integrated with ISO14644-14 [19] also stands out as an advanced and specialised option, especially in industrial and professional environments, despite its higher cost. Other hardware such as Vuzix M400 and Epson MOVERIO BT-300 are also popular in specific niches due to their specialised features. Analysis of the column diagram in the Figure 4 data reveals that HMDs (head-mounted displays) are the most widely used hardware in AR applications in the identified processes, with a total of 21 units. This is due to their ability to deliver immersive and hands-free experiences, making them ideal for a wide range of AR applications. HHDs (hand-held devices) also have a high usage rate, highlighting their popularity and versatility.