## 3 Materials and Methods
### Data Processing
Hydrocarbons (HC)  
\[\text{EHC}\ =\ \frac{(3.6)(k\text{e}hc0)(a0+a1*k\text{e}hc1*IFC)(1+0.5*a2* LIFE)\big{(}10^{3}\big{)}}{SPEED} \tag{1}\]  
where:  
EHC: Hydrocarbon Emissions (g/veh-km)  
IFC: Instantaneous Fuel Consumption (mL/s)LIFE: Vehicle Lifetime (years)  
SPEED: Vehicle Speed (km/h)  
A0 a A2: Model Parameters  
Kehc0: Calibration Factor (predefined = 1.0)  
Kehc1: Calibration Factor (predefined = 1.0)  
Carbon Monoxide (CO)  
\[\text{ECO}\ =\ \frac{(3.6)(kec0)(a0+a1*kec1*IFC)(1+0.5*a2*LIFE)(10^{3})}{SPEED} \tag{2}\]  
where:  
ECO: Carbon Monoxide Emissions (g/veh-km)  
IFC: Instantaneous Fuel Consumption (mL/s)  
LIFE: Vehicle Lifetime (years)  
SPEED: Vehicle Speed (km/h)  
A0, A1, A2: Model Parameters  
Kec0: Calibration Factor (predefined = 1.0)  
Kec1: Calibration Factor (predefined = 1.0)  
Nitrogen Oxide (NOx)  
\[\text{ENOX}\ =\ \frac{(3.6)(kenox0)(a0+a1*kenox1*IFC)(1+0.5*a2*LIFE)(10^{3})}{SPEED} \tag{3}\]  
where:  
ENOX: Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (g/veh-km)  
IFC: Instantaneous Fuel Consumption (mL/s)  
LIFE: Vehicle Lifetime (years)  
SPEED: Vehicle Speed (km/h)  
A0 a A2: Model Parameters  
Kenox0: Calibration Factor (predefined = 1.0)  
Kenox1: Calibration Factor (predefined = 1.0)  
Sulfur Dioxide  
\[\text{ESO}_{2}=\frac{(3.6)(Keso0)(a0)(a1)(IFC)(10^{3})}{SPEED} \tag{4}\]  
where:  
ESO\({}_{2}\): Sulfur Dioxide Emissions (g/veh-km)  
IFC: Instantaneous Fuel Consumption (mL/s)  
SPEED: Vehicle Speed (km/h)  
A0, A1: Model Parameters  
Keso0: Calibration Factor (predefined = 1.0)  
Carbon Dioxide (CO\({}_{2}\))  
\[\text{ECO}_{2}=\frac{(3.6)(Keco0)(a0)(IFC)(10^{3})}{SPEED} \tag{5}\]  
where:  
ECO\({}_{2}\): Carbon Dioxide Emissions (g/veh-km)  
IFC: Instantaneous Fuel Consumption (mL/s)  
SPEED: Vehicle Speed (km/h)  
A0: Model Parameters  
Keco0: Calibration Factor (predefined = 1.0)  
Particulate Matter (PM)  
\[\text{EPM}=\frac{(3.6)(Kepar0)(a0+a1*kepar1*IFC)\big{(}10^{3})}{SPEED} \tag{6}\]where:  
EPM: Particulate Matter Emissions (g/veh-km)  
IFC: Instantaneous Fuel Consumption (mL/s)  
SPEED: Vehicle Speed (km/h)  
A0, A1: Model Parameters  
Kepar0: Calibration Factor (predefined = 1.0)  
Kepar1: Calibration Factor (predefined = 1.0)  
Lead (PB)  
\[\text{EPB}=\frac{(3.6)(Kepb0)(a0)(a1)(IFC)\big{(}10^{3}\big{)}}{SPEED} \tag{7}\]  
where:  
EPB: Lead Emissions (g/veh-km)  
A0, A1: Model Parameters  
Kepb0: Calibration Factor (predefined = 1.0)  
On the other hand, to obtain the results, it is necessary to apply the basic equation used to estimate emissions from motor vehicles, which involves vehicle activity data and an emission factor, where the factor is provided by the aforementioned models [10]. \[\text{Ep}=(\text{KKV})\;(\text{FEp}) \tag{8}\]  
where:  
Ep = Total emissions of pollutant p (Ton)  
KRV = kilometers traveled by the vehicle  
FEp = Emission factor of pollutant p  
The data used, as well as the data obtained from the calculation tool, are applied to the basic equation. However, because the software provides results per thousand vehicles, the emission generated by each vehicle is calculated using the following equation:  
\[\text{EV}=\frac{\text{HDM}-4\text{ results}}{1000} \tag{9}\]  
where:  
EV = Emissions per vehicle  
HDM-4 results = Outputs of SW HDM-4  
Finally, with the results obtained from the calculation tool, it is necessary to adjust for the case study. To do this, the average annual daily traffic is obtained, along with its classification and the total distance of the road section under analysis. Thus, the following equation is derived:  
\[\text{TEOC}=((\text{AADT})(\text{CLV}))\;(\text{EV})\;(\text{D}) \tag{10}\]  
where:  
TEOC = Total emissions from road operation (Ton)  
AADT = Average annual daily traffic  
CLV = Vehicle classification  
EV = Emissions per vehicle  
D = Distance in kilometers