# Blockchain-Based Distributed Computing Consistency Verification for IoT Mobile Applications
###### Abstract  
The maturation of wireless connectivity, blockchain (distributed ledger technologies), and intelligent systems has fostered a comprehensive ecosystem for the Internet of Things (IoT). However, the growing volume of data generated by IoT devices creates substantial pressure on blockchain storage and computation capabilities, impeding the further development of the IoT ecosystem. Decentralizing data storage across multiple chains and utilizing cross-chain technology for data exchange eliminates the need for expensive centralized infrastructure, lowers data transfer costs, and improves accessibility. Hence, the issue of computational and storage pressure in blockchain can be improved. Nonetheless, the data of IoT devices are constantly updating, and ensuring consistency for dynamic data across heterogeneous chains remains a significant challenge. To address the aforementioned challenge, we propose a blockchain-based distributed and lightweight data consistency verification model (BDCA), which leverages a batch verification dynamic Merkle hash tree (BV-MHT) and an advanced gamma multi-signature scheme (AGMS) to enable consistent verification of dynamic data while ensuring secure and private data transmission. The AGMS scheme is reliable and robust based on security analysis while the dependability and consistency of BDCA are verified through inductive reasoning. Experimental results indicate that BDCA outperforms CPVPA and Fortress in communication and computation overhead for data preprocessing and auditing in a similar condition, and the AGMS scheme exhibits superior performance when compared to other widely adopted multi-signature schemes such as Cosi, BLS, and RSA. Furthermore, BDCA provides up to 99% data consistency guarantees, demonstrating its practicality. IoT mobile applications; cross-chain; data consistency verification; data dynamism +
Footnote †: journal: Applied  
002331377620330023337623  
owner over their data, leading to potential data inconsistency and security breaches. As a result, data may be subjected to various issues, such as theft, tampering, or forgery, thereby compromising its integrity and confidentiality. Despite the best efforts of cloud service providers to maintain data consistency, data loss events still occur frequently. For instance, in 2015, a Google Cloud server data centre was attacked, resulting in the permanent loss of a significant amount of user data. Similarly, in 2016, Uber experienced an external attack that resulted in the leakage of around 57 million user records. These events underscore the fact that data loss or leakage due to cloud service providers is a common occurrence [14]. Thus, ensuring secure and reliable data storage remains a critical research challenge. The emergence of blockchain technology provides a promising alternative for addressing these challenges [15; 16]. Blockchain possesses several essential characteristics, including transparency, tampering, and decentralization, which enable distributed data storage and consistency verification and ensure the security and privacy of data. Additionally, cross-chain technologies can facilitate data exchange and interaction among different IoT devices [17; 18; 19], thereby mitigating the problem of data silos and promoting further development in the IoT domain. However, ensuring secure and reliable data storage as well as achieving traceability and consistency verification of data interactions remain critical research challenges. Currently, the focus of research on addressing data consistency auditing primarily centres on traditional cloud storage. Provable data possession (PDP) [20] is a key technique for verifying data consistency, which utilizes a third-party auditor to conduct audits on the data. However, the reliability of third-party auditors cannot be guaranteed, and this approach undermines the decentralized feature of blockchain technology.