###### Abstract
Additionally, various limitations, such as unfavorable tree site conditions [19; 20], soil nutrient deficiencies [21], restricted canopy and root space [22], and water stress [23], directly or indirectly impact woody vegetation, impeding its growth and inducing phenotypic alterations, such as the development of cracks and cavities. Concurrently, the escalating frequency and heightened severity of extreme weather events [24] have significantly compounded the growth and survival of trees in urban environments, as they become more susceptible to fungal infections and other plant pathogens [13], ultimately compromising their vitality and lifespan [25]. Within agricultural ecosystems, a combination of factors contributes to their degradation, posing challenges to the health and longevity of trees within these systems. The intensification of agriculture [26], coupled with the homogenization of crop cultivation [27], the increase in monocultures [28], the abandonment of agricultural land, and the escalating use of pesticides and herbicides [26], collaboratively exacerbates the situation. These anthropogenic factors interact with abiotic stressors including hydrogeological instability, water stress, loss of soil organic matter, and erosion [29], further impacting tree health. Concurrently, biotic factors, including fungi, bacteria, and viruses, add complexity to the pressures exerted on agricultural ecosystems [30]. Negative impacts also arise from land abandonment, as gradual re-naturalization processes become contributing factors that directly affect the tree dynamics within these ecosystems, leading to an increased occurrence of air-borne fungi. The cumulative impact of these factors collectively undermines ecosystem dynamics, reduces their productivity, and affects the overall health of trees and, consequently, the longevity of these systems [31]. Forest ecosystems, including their tree components, encounter a distinct array of challenges. Similar to their counterparts in urban and agricultural settings, they exhibit heightened vulnerability to various recurring biotic stressors, such as fungi, bacteria, insects, and parasitic plants, as well as abiotic stressors, including pesticides/herbicides, soil degradation, and water availability [32]. Moreover, the intricate interplay between these abiotic and biotic stress factors [33], coupled with the escalating frequency and severity of adverse weather phenomena [34], possesses the potential to engender significant shifts in terms of the availability of natural resources [35], the diversification of forest areas [36], and reductions in both productivity and regeneration [37; 38]. The amalgamation of these factors within these ecosystems has the potential to augment the susceptibility of trees [39] by engendering mechanical frailty, particularly through the manifestation of structural abnormalities such as cavities, decayed wood, cracks, cankers, burls, and decomposed tissue [40]. Furthermore, such vulnerabilities may facilitate the gradual colonization of internal functional or non-functional tissues by fungal communities, commonly referred to as compartmentalized infection [41; 42], resulting in de-growth and productivity reduction as trees strive to achieve an optimal equilibrium between their vegetative and reproductive activities [42; 43]. After all, the presence of any form of injury is the key determinant of trees' vulnerability to wood-decaying fungi [44]. Typically, trees rely on their bark as the primary defense mechanism, providing a physical and chemical barrier against both abiotic and biotic stresses [45]. In response to an injury, the cambium responds by creating regenerative tissue, which occurs in the outer wound area [41], and its formation depends on the size of the wound and the vitality of the specific tree. However, if the wound remains open for an extended period, particularly under favorable temperature and humidity conditions, sequential colonization of both bacteria and wood-decaying fungi takes place within the exposed wood [46].