# Study of the Effect of Cutting Frozen Soils on the Supports of Above-Ground Trunk Pipelines
## 3 Results
### Development of Above-Ground Trunk Pipeline Support Design
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Temperature of**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Type of Frozen**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Soil Fracture Stress, N**} \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & **Results of Experimental** & **Calculation Results in the** & **Error, \%** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\(-4\)} & Sand & 16,055 & 16,695 & 7.8 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Sandy loam & 17,085 & 17,585 & 8.9 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Clay & 25,091 & 25,591 & 7.2 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\(-5\)} & Sand & 21,526 & 22,026 & 8.7 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Sandy loam & 30,768 & 31,268 & 8.2 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Clay & 48,355 & 49,134 & 9.2 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\(-7\)} & Sand & 34,754 & 35,223 & 8.5 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Sandy loam & 49,886 & 50,773 & 9.3 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & Clay & 73,976 & 74,666 & 8.7 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\(-8\)} & Sand & 42,639 & 43,358 & 7.8 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Sandy loam & 56,868 & 57,332 & 9.2 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & Clay & 91,669 & 92,649 & 8.9 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\(-10\)} & Sand & 58,644 & 59,234 & 9.3 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & Sandy loam & 78,647 & 79,636 & 8.5 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & Clay & 119,148 & 121,147 & 9.4 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Assessment of the convergence of calculated values with experimental studies. Based on the obtained data, it was determined that the error between the two measurements was minimal and met the criteria for reliable results. During the experimental and numerical calculations, a trend was observed where the ground fracture stress increased as the temperature of the ground decreased. For illustration, the dependencies of the average soil fracture stress values, as determined by the numerical and experimental data, on the temperature of the frozen ground were plotted and are shown in Figure 13.  
In order to maintain the stability of pipelines during above-ground installations in areas with continuous permafrost, the design of the support should account for cutting through the frozen expanded soil. The results of the calculations for the developed model of a supported slab with frozen ground support the use of a reinforced concrete slab with a sharp edge as a base for above-ground support in permafrost soils. To eliminate the risk of displacement of the support and rupture of the above-ground pipelines due to cryogenic processes of frost swelling, it is suggested to incorporate a new support design that features a sharp edge sunk into the ground. The interaction of factors such as temperature, frost heave, soil type, and predicted changes in soil conditions in response to the area's climate conditions may lead to the formation of frost bumps, displacement of the support, and damage to both the above-ground pipeline and its supporting structure. It is important to consider that different soil types with varying degrees of frost heave may require different load specifications on the base slab to achieve the desired cutting effect of the bloated soil. As such, it is necessary to apply a design load to the tip of the sharp edge of the base plate to facilitate the cutting of the bloated soil. It is crucial to acknowledge that the scope of the study was confined to the analysis of the supporting reinforced concrete slab. Further research is necessary to address the potential consequences of ground deformation modulus and water content on the slab's strength when the temperature decreases. These factors can increase the strength of the ground, which could result in the failure of the sharp edge and the lifting of the baseplate. To mitigate this, future studies will focus on evaluating the efficacy of adding a damping element between the baseplate and the upstand. Figure 13: Dependence of the average soil fracture stress on the frozen ground temperature for sand, sandy loam, and clay. Additionally, the development of a methodology for calculating the support structures and performing numerical simulations of the pipeline's NAM with the existing and proposed support designs is also planned.