## 3 Literature Review
### History of EIA: Emergence, Evolution, Implementation
In contrast, developing and emerging economies often face challenges of rising project costs, delays, and uneven implementation. To maximize the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Country** & **Year** & **EIA Regulation** \\ \hline Austria & 1993 & Environmental Impact Assessment came into force in July 1994. \\ Belgium & 1985 & Various decrees and ordinances. \\ Finland & 1994 & Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure Act. \\ Denmark & 1991 & Planning Acts, 1991 and 1994, and a series of Executive Orders, 1988–1994. \\ France & 1976 & Formal provisions laid down by two laws adopted in 1976 and implemented by three implementing decrees in 1977. \\ Germany & 1975 & The EIA legislation was approved in 1990. \\ Greece & 1986 & The EIA legal framework was established in 1986 by Law 1650. \\ Ireland & 1976 & Planning Act (1976), with limited practical application. \\ Italy & 1986 & Framework law of 1986 and two decrees of 1988. \\ United States, & 1971 & Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) of 1971. \\ California & 1985 & EU implements the EIA Directive. \\ European Union & 1987 & Environment Law 11/87. \\ Portugal & 1985 & Royal Decrees 1302/1986, 1988, and 1994, supplemented by Law 25/1988 on highways and Law 4/1989. \\ Spain & 1985 & ElA provisions were contained in 25 different laws since 1964. \\ Sweden & 1964 & ElA provisions were contained in 25 different laws since 1964. \\ United Kingdom & 1985 & Directive 85/337/EEC was adopted through 15 sets of basic regulations. \\ Romania & 1995 & EIA legislation was introduced in 1995. \\ Sri Lanka & 1980 & National Environment Acts, 1980, 1984, 1986. \\ Venezuela & 1976 & Organic Law of the Environment, 1976. \\ India & 1986 & Environment (Protection) Act No. 29, 1986. \\ Malaysia & 1974 & Environmental Quality Act, 1974, 1985. \\ Iran & 1994 & National Development Plan (NDP). \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Environmental impact assessment evolution in various countries. economic benefits of EIA, it is essential to strengthen institutional capacity, streamline regulatory processes, and promote stakeholder involvement. These measures can help countries strike a balance between environmental protection and economic growth, as demonstrated by the results of numerous scientific studies [57; 59; 60]. Directive 85/337/EEC, 1985, was the first European legislative framework to formally recognize the environmental impact assessment (EIA) procedure as applicable to both public and private projects, as defined in its annexes. This legislation established the key parameters for the scope and usefulness of the EIA procedure and the mechanisms for public participation in the assessment [3; 61; 62]. The provisions of Directive 85/337/EEC and its three amendments were consolidated as Directive 2011/92/EU, while Directive 2014/52/EU introduced new amendments on EIA, with entry into force on 15 May 2014. EU Member States transposed these provisions into national law by 16 May 2017 [61]. In support of this directive, the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo Convention, 1991) was drafted, which required the implementation of legislative measures [63; 64]. The chronological evolution of these directives is illustrated in Figure 2.  
EIA became a globally recognized practice, being used predominantly for large-scale projects. In view of the complexity, importance, and continuous need for optimization of legislation, a number of studies have analyzed the effectiveness of this process from several perspectives [35; 65; 66], including case studies that have been conducted tracking the history of this process [67; 68], effectiveness across the four dimensions [69], and effectiveness evaluation case studies in different countries [35; 70]. In conformity with its subjective nature, most authors agree that the effectiveness of EIA is multidimensional and plural in character [35; 69]. According to [PERSON] (1992), the three dimensions of EIA effectiveness are procedural, substantive, and transactional.