# Understanding Microgrid Sustainability: A Systemic and Comprehensive Review
## 4 Information Field
### Information Issues
#### 4.3.3 Communication Issues  
The literature on communication link protocols highlights three issues: data rate, geographic coverage area, and latency [49; 50]. The data rate is the capacity of a protocol to \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Control** & **V/I Regulation** & **Power Quality** & **Transitions** & **Protection** & **Power Flow** & **Optimization** \\ \hline Description & \begin{tabular}{c} Regulation on a \\ small time frame \\ and a specific \\ location [143] \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Secondary loop \\ regulation of the \\ voltage and \\ frequency [144] \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Operation of the \\ microgrid \\ through [42] \\ disturbances [42] \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Operation of the \\ microgrid \\ through failure, \\ notably short \\ circuits [41] \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Coordination and \\ improvement of \\ the energy \\ fluxes [145] \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Entire microgrid \\ improvement \\ improvement \\ment [146] \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Implementation & \begin{tabular}{c} Droop, PID, \\ model predictive, \\ fuzzy, \\ neuro-fuzzy, \\ learning, virtual \\ generator [147] \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} P/Q control, \\ parallel BIC \\ operation and \\ harmonic \\ mitigation [148] \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Islanding \\ detection, grid \\ sync, and the BIC \\ management \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Over/ under 1/V, \\ fault detection, \\ ground leakage, \\ phase alignment \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Over/ under 1/V, \\ fault detection, \\ ground leakage, \\ black star [40], \\ cybersecurity, and \\ other [103; 151] \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Storage \\ coordination, V/ \\ load dispatch or \\ prediction, and \\ response [152] \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Economic \\ dispatch, optimal \\ load dispatch or \\ prediction, and \\ forecasting algorithms [153; 154; 155] \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Description and implementation of the different architectures. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Collection\textbackslash{}Processing** & **Volume** & **Variety** & **Validity** & **Valatility** & **Veracity** & **Velocity** & **Value** \\ \hline
**Description** & **All the Data** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Diversity of** \\ **Sources** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Accuracy of** \\ **the Raw Data** \\ \end{tabular} & **Data Storage** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Quality of** \\ **the Data** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Acquisition** \\ **Speed** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Final** \\ **Aggregation** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
**Acquisition**[161] & X & X & X & X & & & & \\
**Management and** & & & & X & X & X & & \\
**Storage**[107; 162] & & & & & X & X & & \\
**Analysis**[163] & & & & & & X & X & & X \\
**Disclosing**[164; 165] & & & & & & & & \\
**Protection**[166; 167] & X & X & X & X & X & X & & X \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: 7 Vs management in the different data layers. send out data quickly. The coverage area is the area that can be covered using a specific protocol with an acceptable cost. Latency is the time necessary for the protocol to transmit all the required data. Figure 8 shows the communication protocols according to these issues. Numerous reviews on the subject have made it possible to represent a maximum of the protocols used with their own characteristics [168; 169; 170; 171]. It can be seen that communication link protocols provide the lowest latency on the lowest layers, typically at the information node scale [172]. As more nodes are connected, the coverage area becomes more significant, thus sacrificing latency. Notable exceptions are optical fiber and the 5G and NB-PLC, which are all expensive and difficult to deploy. A microgrid will invariably deploy a mix of different communication links.