# PINE: Post-Quantum Based Incentive Technique for Non-Cooperating Nodes in Internet of Everything
## 2 Literature Survey  
This section presents a survey of the recent literature and contributions associated with the proposed research work; an extensive overview of the survey is provided in Table 1.  
A series of recent studies have indicated that, despite the surging interest in relay-enabled IoT networks, there is limited exposure available in this research area. As far as IoT relays are concerned, nodes are primitively meant for data forwarding. Relays can be broadly categorized as mobile relays, for example, Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Pedestrian-to-Vehicle (P2V), or immobile relays such as Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) and Pedestrian-to-Infrastructure (P2I) relays. Moreover, immobile relays can become mobile, as can be extensively seen in the environment, for example, Infrastructure-to-Everything (I2X), Pedestrian-to-Everything (P2X), etc. It should be noted that when operating a mobile wireless network involving resource-constrained nodes, resources must be preserved and managed to improve energy efficiency, memory, communication latency, and transmission speed in order to avoid performance challenges [27; 28; 29; 30]. Network relay nodes can alleviate overload in the wireless network. The installation of relays between wireless end-point devices, especially IoT, can increase network quality. Furthermore, the energy consumed in single-hop long-distance communication can be minimized if the relays listen to intermediate nodes in order to pass the message, especially for longer distances and durations [27]. Hence, to maintain the network constancy an effective protocol must be defined to save node resources. Considering the major aspects of the proposed \(PINE\) protocol, the literature survey can be broadly categorized into two major parts:  
**A. Post-quantum-based Geo-encryption:** The term _geo-encryption_, otherwise known as _location-aware encryption_, refers to an encryption technique in which the cipher-text may only be decrypted at certain latitude and longitude coordinates. When the data are decrypted from a different location, the decryption attempt fails and no information about the plain-text is revealed. It is crucial and challenging to preserve the location privacy, especially when the network nodes are in mobility [14; 31; 32]. While it is impossible to completely avoid network attacks in such an environment, the impact of attacks over the network can be diminished by employing effective secure data transmission in the network [32]. Wireless networks are considered to be more vulnerable to security assaults than conventional networks. [PERSON] et al. [12] explain that the wireless network is considered to be the foundation of the emerging networks, namely, MANETs. Hence, it is implied that IoE acquires all the security threats to which wireless networks are susceptible, not only those limited to MANETs. In order to protect data transmission between the sender and receiver, various security techniques have been proposed, including public/private-key cryptography, authentication, digital signatures, etc., for use in resolving distinct network-related issues. A survey on various security threats and authentication approaches to WSNs was conducted by [PERSON] et al. [33]. The authors discussed various security attacks, namely, information spoofing and modification, sinkhole attacks, sybil attacks, selective packet forwarding, wormhole attacks, and flood attacks. They reviewed various authentication protocols for WSNs, namely, \(\mathit{SNEP}\), \(\mathit{\mu TESLA}\), \(\mathit{SPINS}\), and \(\mathit{LEAP}\). However, the authors diverged from discussing non-cooperating nodes and the importance of post-quantum encryption, instead directing future researchers to implement low-cost and high computational power lightweight post-quantum-based protocols to protect the network. Another survey conducted by [PERSON] et al. [30] concentrated on the impact of lattice-based cryptosystems in resource-constrained IoT devices.