###### Abstract  
Wildfires have become a common incident over the past decades, and they have been threatening people's lives and assets. In the communities close to wildlands or wildland-urban interfaces (WUI), these threats become increasingly serious, and in case of wildfires, people are advised or often have to evacuate the area to save their lives. In order to have a safe and effective evacuation, data on people's behavior and decisions during wildfires, evacuation modeling, and traffic simulations are required. This paper reviews past and recent research on evacuation, human behavior in wildfires, evacuation modeling, and traffic simulation. Similar research on evacuation in other situations is also reviewed, and the applicability of the models and simulations on wildfires is discussed. Different stages for an evacuation modeling design are assessed, and the gaps and challenges in obtaining an effective evacuation model are presented. evacuation; evacuation modeling; wildfire; wildland urban interface +
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investigated. Victims of such incidents are categorized into three groups: individuals who realized the threat to their life and had enough time to take protective measures but failed to choose appropriate protective strategies, individuals who did not realize real threats to their lives, and individuals who were physically unable to protect their lives. The analysis of data shows a very important fact. On average, 65% of the victims were people who fled or evacuated without orders or information from authorities but were killed during the process. This clearly demonstrates the importance of an effective, planned, and in-time evacuation in these incidents. In case of a wildfire, an unorganized evacuation will most likely cost lives. Essential requirements of new or developing WUI communities must be considered by the authorities to perform an effective evacuation in case of a wildfire. For instance, sufficient and detailed informing of the evacuees before and during the evacuation, increasing the road capacity to avoid congestion, preparing additional transportation equipment, evacuation departure time, destination, and sheltering [9]. In contrast, many WUI communities do not meet these requirements; therefore, challenges arise in case of a wildfire, and developing an effective evacuation plan will save lives. Wildfires, especially at the WUI, raise various challenges for the residential population and the governing authorities in terms of producing a safe and effective plan to preserve the society, protect the infrastructure and residents' assets, and, if necessary, evacuation. To ensure life safety and evacuation effectiveness, various social and environmental characteristics of WUI communities, which pose different challenges, must be addressed [10]. Heterogeneity of the household density over the WUI, layout and the positioning of the roads, sufficiency of the roads in the WUI communities, and the topography and geography of the surrounding environment are the physical factors that need to be taken into account to produce an effective and safe evacuation [6]. This is in addition to social factors, e.g., age, sex, income, race, and culture of the residents [11; 12; 13; 14]. Even though it is not yet the standard protocol, evacuation simulation models are increasingly used to develop better evacuation strategies for WUI communities [15; 16]. These simulation models enable the authorities to manage and plan an effective evacuation by deciding the evacuation trigger or start time, evacuation roads and routes, and traffic management for different wildfire scenarios. This is achieved by forecasting evacuation-affecting factors, i.e., departure time and pattern, travel duration, the mean speed of the evacuees, the traffic length, and flow rate [15].