esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Power Quality Issues and Mitigation for Electric Grids with Wind Power Penetration
## 2 Power Quality Issues of WPP Integration
### Harmonic Issues of WPP Integration
#### 2.1.2 Types of Harmonics in WPPs  
PWM harmonics: Most commercial WTGs in the market today use VSCs that operate on PWM switching. The harmonics generated by the PWM converters primarily depend on the modulation frequency ratio and modulation amplitude ratio. For a VSC-based WTG, harmonics generated by the power electronic converters during switching is named as characteristic harmonics, and other harmonics are non-characteristic harmonics. The switching frequency of the grid side and rotor side converter for modern turbines generally is in the range of 1-5 kHz [22].  
Harmonic emission and susceptibility: Two important standards that need to be considered to evaluate the effect of harmonics in the power system due to WPPs. IEC 555 is the harmonic emission standards and is concerned with current and voltage waveform distortion and WPPs compliance with this grid code. It is analyzed using conventional harmonic penetration studies. IEEE 446-1987 is the harmonic susceptibility standards that examine the current distortion introduced by the power electronic loads at the PCC. The fast switching nature of the power electronic converters in WPPs may lead to destabilization of a power system equipment or a WTG. Advanced methods such as time-domain based EMT simulation are utilized to analyze harmonic susceptibility issues [22].
## 7 Comparative Analysis with Existing Schemes
### Comparative Study of Communication Costs  
We took the identity, random nonce, hash digest (if the secure hash algorithm (SHA-1) [55] was utilized), and timestamp as 160, 128, 160, and 32 bits, respectively. It well known that the 1024 bit \"RSA public key cryptosystem\" maintains the same security level as that for the 160 bit \"elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) cryptosystem\" [56]. Thus, an elliptic curve point of the form \(P=(P_{x},P_{y})\) took \((160+160)=320\) bits. The communication costs of LDAKM-EIoT and other schemes are provided in Table 2. In LDAKM-EIoT, the messages \(Msg_{1}=\{TID_{D_{i}},\,M_{2},\,T_{1}\}\), \(Msg_{2}=\{TID_{D_{i}}^{\prime},\,M_{3},\,M_{4},\,T_{2}\}\), \(Msg_{3}=\{T_{5},\,M_{6},\,M_{7},\,T_{3}\}\), and \(Msg_{4}=\{M_{8},\,\alpha,\,\beta,\,M_{9},\,M_{10},\,T_{3},\,T_{4}\}\) incurred the costs of \((160+160+160+32)=512\) bits, \((160+160+160+32)=512\) bits, \((160+160+160+32)=512\) bits, and \((160+160+160+160+160+32)=864\) bits, respectively, and hence, all the messages  
Figure 4: Analysis of simulation results under the CL-AtSe and OFMC backends.  
needed a total of \((512+512+512+864)=2400\) bits. On the other side, the communication costs for the schemes of [PERSON] et al. [3], [PERSON] et al. [21], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [39], [PERSON] et al. [41], and [PERSON] et al. [18] were 2528, 2752, 2912, 3840, and 2720 bits, respectively. It is depicted in Table 2 that LDAKM-EIoT performed better in terms of communication cost as compared to other considered existing schemes of [PERSON] et al. [3], [PERSON] et al. [21], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [39], [PERSON] et al. [41], and [PERSON] et al. [18].
## 4 Discussion
### Considerations for Dental Treatment
#### 4.9.1 Laboratory Tests
A lower value indicates a reduced ability to clot, and vice versa [59; 60; 61; 62; 63]
* Antithrombin III (AT-III): AT-III is a hepatic synthesized glycoprotein capable of inhibiting the action of various coagulation factors. Its action is particularly efficient against activated factor II (thrombin), but it also inhibits factors IX, X, XI, and XII, plasmin, and many other factors involved in the coagulation cascade, in addition to being a cofactor for heparin anticoagulants. The plasma values of AT-III increase during the use of dicumarol anticoagulants, in situations of hypergammaglobulinemia and the presence of inflammatory states with increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C reactive protein. On the other hand, its values decrease during therapy with oral contraceptives, following serious hepatic diseases, as well as following thrombobolic phenomena, such as pulmonary embolism, acute myocardial infarction, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and thrombophlebitis [59; 60; 61; 62; 63]
* Protein S: Protein S is a blood factor that limits clotting through the degradation of factors V and VIII and, in doing so, acts together with another protein called coagulation C. Protein S is only effective if it is free, not bound to another protein called C4b. A low percentage of free S is one of the predisposing factors for thrombophilia. In this regard, three conditions are described: an insufficient overall amount of protein S, low activity of the protein, and an excess of the bound component to the detriment of the free one. These conditions can be genetic, albeit quite rare, or acquired, as in the case of liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, excessive use of protein S for clotting episodes, or, more commonly, low levels of vitamin K or oestrogen-progestogen therapies [59; 60; 61; 62; 63]
* Factor V Leiden: Factor V determines, once activated, the conversion of factor II into thrombin; this phenomenon is hindered by the coagulation of protein C, in competition with protein S, through the degradation of factor V, which is separated into two inactive fragments called Vi9. There is a genetic variant, linked to chromosome 1, in which arginine is replaced by glutamine, variant G1691A, which prevents the lysis of factor V by protein C, causing the condition of resistance to activate protein C (APC resistance) [59; 60; 61; 62; 63]. This condition, called \"Factor V of Leiden\" after the name of the Dutch locality where it was first described, can be present in the form of either heterozygosity or, more rarely, homozygosity. In these subjects, the risk of thrombotic events and polyabortivity increases [59; 60; 61; 62; 63]
* Clot Stability: Assessed in patients with slow wound healing or a history of frequent miscarriages. The lysis of clots occurs if the fibrinolytic activity is excessive or if factor XIII is deficient [59; 60; 61; 62; 63]
* Alpha2-antiplasmin: Measures the fibrinolysis inhibitor in plasma, which is reduced in patients with excessive bleeding and increased fibrinolysis [59; 60; 61; 62; 63].
# Process Mining IPTV Customer Eye Gaze Movement Using Discrete-Time Markov Chains +
## 2 Related Work
### Human-Computer Interaction
#### 2.2.4 HCI Evaluation Techniques
Their research results can be redeveloped and applied to other human-machine control research. Based on the literature above, eye-tracking technology has been chosen for this study as a method to evaluate these designs; however, to date, it has largely been used to monitor television or video/computer screens, where there is fixed content that all users watch and then the Areas of Interest (AOI's) can be analysed. For IPTV, the challenge with eye tracking is that users have much more choice in the content that they choose, meaning users can dynamically change the screen. This can potentially give significant insight into the use of this service, while the analysis can be more complex as a 'one-size-fits-all' approach will not work in terms of annotating AOIs, which may be different for each user and at different points in time.
## 4 Discussion
### Evapotranspiration, Soil Water Storage, and Precipitation  
The sensitivity of evapotranspiration to soil moisture is a core parameter in the land-atmosphere system. Numerous studies have explored the response of evapotranspiration to soil moisture [88; 89], the effect of precipitation on evapotranspiration and soil moisture [90], and the interaction between soil moisture and hydro-meteorological factors across different vegetation types [91]. In this study, we found a significant positive correlation between evapotranspiration and soil water storage in the 0-2 m layer during the growing season (\(R\) = 0.50, \(p\) < 0.05) and at the annual scale (\(R\) = 0.58, \(p\) < 0.05) (Figure 12). This finding aligns with previous research showing strong positive correlations between soil moisture and evapotranspiration in various vegetation types, with longer evapotranspiration decay times in dryland or forested ecosystems due to deep root systems [89; 90]. In dryland ecosystems, soil moisture is the primary factor influencing evapotranspiration. However, during prolonged droughs, when shallow soil layers dry out, evapotranspiration may be affected by climatic variables or a combination of multiple factors [92]. For example, in regions with low interannual variability in evapotranspiration (averaging 363 mm\(\cdot\)yr\({}^{-1}\)), evapotranspiration is influenced by soil moisture, solar radiation, air temperature, and vapor pressure deficit [93]. However, evapotranspiration exhibited no significant correlation with precipitation in this study. This contrasts with findings from a previous study reporting strong correlations between evapotranspiration and precipitation in grasses and shrubs of arid regions [88]. This may be attributed to the influence of initial soil moisture conditions at the beginning of each year, which could lead to a decoupling between precipitation and evapotranspiration dynamics.
# Multi-Domain Modeling and Analysis of Marine Steam Power System Based on Digital Twin
## 4 Dynamic Characteristics Analysis of Marine Power System Based on Digital Model  
Maneuverability is an important performance indicator for marine technology. In the process of changing the marine vessel's navigational maneuverability, the power system will rapidly increase or reduce the load, and the boiler, main steam turbine and steam water circulation system will coordinate to control the load change, which is very likely to cause a mismatch in turbine-boiler coordinated control, an imbalance in the steam water system, large fluctuations in the auxiliary system parameters and other phenomena [16].  
However, the fast load changing capability of the marine steam power system is an important factor in determine the maneuverability of the marine vessel, and its dynamic response performance will directly affect the operational stability of the marine power  
Figure 13: Comparison between experimental and simulation data of cooling water outlet temperature.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Cooling Water Outlet Temperature** & **Experimental Data** & **Simulation Data** & **Relative Error** \\ \hline T = 800 s & 0.749 & 0.753 & 0.5\% \\ T = 1800 s & 0.787 & 0.799 & 1.5\% \\ T = 3000 s & 0.885 & 0.891 & 0.7\% \\ T = 4000 s & 0.978 & 0.991 & 1.3\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Comparison between experimental and simulation data of cooling water outlet temperature at different operating points.  
system. While mastering the dynamic characteristics of its operation can provide guidance for the vessel's operation strategy, this section uses the high-precision digital model of the marine steam power system after the steady-state verification to analyze its dynamic characteristics, focusing on the dynamic response of the system under different cooling conditions and the dynamic characteristics under lifting and lowering loads.
## 3 Integration of Multi-Domain MEC Environments
### Business Implications
#### 4.2.6 Security  
All the referred issues require a secure execution environment. The inter-working between domains have to be based on a trusted relationship where capabilities or resources from one domain are controlled and managed to some extent by another domain, or by the customer of another domain. This ecosystem requires the specification of a multi-domain management solution with mutually trusted autonomic management functions (for aspects such as monitoring, configuration, performance, optimization, and security) of the multi-provider environment, where components in each domain interact as directed by the agreements between operators. Finally, isolation for each service has to be guaranteed to avoid interferences from problematic events in services for other customers (own ones or customers from another provider).
## 5 Results
### Angle Accuracy  
The angle error in degrees was calculated using the L2 norm between the angles of the target object and objective object. Figure 8 illustrates the graph of the angle error for each task. Manipulation 1 and Manipulation 2 did not calculate the angle error because they were the tasks for only translating the virtual object. As a result of the RMANOVA test (Greenhouse-Geisser correction for the violation of sphericity), there was no statistically significant difference for the three interaction methods (\(F(1.680,28.554)=3.022,p=0.072\)).  
Figure 8: _Cont_.  
Figure 7: Position error graph (+/ – standard deviation of the average). The mean of the (**a**) position error for each interaction, (**b**) \(x\)-axis position error for each interaction, (**c**) \(y\)-axis position error for each interaction, and (**d**) \(z\)-axis position error for each interaction.  
In addition, we analyzed the angle error of each axis. In Manipulation 3, the average angle error for each interaction was not statistically significant. However, in Manipulation 4, the average of angle error about the \(x\)-axis (\(\chi^{2}(2)=13.059\), \(p=0.001\)) and \(y\)-axis (\(\chi^{2}(2)=6.778\), \(p=0.034\)) for each interaction was statistically significant.  
The angle error of the \(y\)-axis for Finger Interaction (M = 8.585\({}^{\circ}\)) was statistically significantly greater than those for Hand Interaction (M = 5.028\({}^{\circ}\), Z = \(-\)2.156, \(p=0.031\)) and Head Interaction (M = 4.858\({}^{\circ}\), Z = \(-\)2.548, \(p=0.011\)). However, there was no statistically significant difference between Head Interaction and Finger Interaction. On the other hand, the angle error of the \(x\)-axis for Head Interaction (M = 1.039\({}^{\circ}\)) was statistically significantly less than those for Finger Interaction (M = 4.278\({}^{\circ}\), Z = \(-\)1.977, \(p=0.048\)) and Hand Interaction (M = 6.362\({}^{\circ}\), Z = \(-\)3.593, \(p<0.001\)).
# Analysis and Prediction of the IPv6 Traffic over Campus Networks in Shanghai
## 3 Dataset and Traffic Usage Features  
The traffic data used in this paper, including the IPv4 and IPv6 traffic volume data of the campus networks of DHU and ECNU, is collected by CERNET. The time range is from 00:00 CST on 21 July 2021 to 12:00 CST on 23 September 2021. The average traffic volume was recorded once every two hours. The IPv6 downstream and upstream network traffic is shown in Figures 1 and 2, recorded with the unit of bits per second (bps). There are daily and weekly traits, with higher traffic volume during the day than at night and higher traffic volume on weekdays than on weekends.
## 2 Overview of Supplementary Damping Systems
### Principles of Energy Dissipation Mechanisms
#### 2.2.4 Metallic Yield Damping  
Metallic yield dampers dissipate energy through the plastic deformation of metals, typically mild steel or lead. The behavior is characterized by the material's stress-strain relationship and follows the principles of plasticity theory. Key characteristics of metallic yield damping include:  
Stable hysteretic behavior.  
High energy dissipation capacity.  
Potential for low-cycle fatigue.
## 5 Conclusions  
This paper proposes a CPPS network attack detection method based on ensemble learning, which greatly improves the stability of the power system operation under the influence of network attacks. First, an oversampling algorithm is proposed to achieve data balance, which improves the detection precision when facing an imbalanced dataset. The MRMR algorithm is used to reduce the dimension of the dataset, to reduce the risk of overfitting the classifier. Then, the focal loss is introduced to improve the LightGBM algorithm. In the iteration, the detection precision of the misclassified sample is improved. The attack detection rate is improved by 16.73% and the precision is improved by 15.67% using the CIKS-MPS-FLGB model. Finally, an evaluation method of the network attack detection model is proposed. Based on the network attack detection results and cyber-physical topology, the vulnerability of data flow transmission between cyber-physical nodes is abstracted. Based on the arithmetic average method, the reliability of the network attack identification model is obtained. This network attack detection method not only detects potential network attacks on CPPS but also predicts the fault location of the physical side under the influence of network attacks. It provides a reference for the operator to remove the fault in time. Therefore, it greatly improves the stability of the power system and provides a solution for the safe and stable operation of the cyber-physical system under the influence of network attacks.  
Conceptualization, J.C. and D.W.; methodology, J.C.; software, D.W.; validation, K.W. and Q.-M.W.; formal analysis, Q.-M.W.; investigation, X.-L.Y.; resources, Q.-M.W.; data curation, and X.-L.Y.; writing--original draft, D.W.; writing--review and editing, J.C.; visualization, X.-L.Y.; supervision, C.-L.C.; project administration, C.-L.C.; funding acquisition, K.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the Science and Technology Planning projects of Jilin Province, No. 20210201134 GX.  
Not applicable.  
The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 5 Results and Discussion
### Effectiveness on the Explainability Problem (Case Study)
#### 5.3.1 Influence of Feature Interactions  
Figure 4 illustrates the relevance between different fields of attributes from the attention score \(\mathbf{\alpha}_{syn}\) obtained by the synthesizer module in the attributes-driven latent information extraction layer (USER \(\times\) CANDIDATE). From the red and black dashed rectangles, we can see that the user's age \"35-44\" and the movie's genre \"action and thriller\" contribute more than other fields of attributes and act as good ingredients when forming feature interactions with others. Specifically, the pair <age = \"35-44\", movie's genre = \"action and thriller\"> (i.e., the red square) is identified as the most influential feature interaction for the candidate item. It makes sense that middle-aged adults, especially men, are very likely to prefer action and thriller movies.
## 2 Related Work
### MDE Studies for IoT-Based Intelligent Transportation and Public Transportation  
In the domain of intelligent transportation, which may have co-working spaces with public transportation, only a very limited number of studies exist for proposing modeling or discussing the case studies of applying MDE for IoT-based intelligent and/or public transportation systems. The work by [PERSON] et al. [16] combines feature-driven design with model-driven SOA frameworks. They present a system capable of generating platform-specific code, exemplified through a case study conducted on a smart transportation system. However, the focus primarily revolves around traffic management and road safety, with no consideration given to public transportation systems, and the developed framework lacks specialized structures tailored to address issues inherent to such systems. A model-driven systems engineering approach within the context of smart city IoT systems is discussed in [71]. The approach covers modeling the entire system, including elements like traffic lights, sensors, and lighting systems as well as addressing concerns such as complexity management and synchronization between subsystems. It is understood that IoT plays a crucial role in public transportation, and leveraging model-driven methodologies can streamline the development of IoT systems. [PERSON] et al. [72] present a case study involving an integrated card-based access control system employing near-field communication (NFC) tags for user authorization. A model-driven methodology is proposed, facilitating semi-automatic code generation within an IoT infrastructure. The focus of this approach lies in addressing pass authorization within the NFC domain. However, the NFC system under consideration is strictly viewed as a means for access control at entry points, lacking specific adaptation for integration into public transportation systems. Notably, NFC systems akin to those discussed can potentially be employed in fare collection systems within public transportation. Yet, the structure described in this study fails to cater explicitly to the needs of public transportation systems. Within public transportation, NFC deployment often encompasses fare reduction mechanisms alongside specialized hardware configurations such as secure access modules (SAM), ensuring the integrity of the fare collection process. Moreover, NFC payment constitutes merely a fraction of the broader fare collection ecosystem.
# Micro Vibration Measurement with Microscopic Speckle Interferometry Based on Orthogonal Phase
###### Abstract  
A micro-device vibration measurement method based on microscopic speckle interferometry combined with orthogonal phase is presented. This method utilizes the approximate linear distribution characteristics of orthogonal points (points satisfying the condition that the initial phase difference equal to \(\pi/2\)) to quickly obtain the vibration information of the measured object. Compared with common optical measurement methods, this method does not require scanning imaging and can realize real-time full-field measurement. Moreover, the measurement principle and equipment is simple, so there is no need to introduce a stroboscopic light source or heterodyne device.  
micro vibration; real-time; full-field; microscopic speckle interferometry; orthogonal phase +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences