esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Future Scope, Open Challenges, and Research Direction  
Being one of the promising technologies for ITS, VANETs provide safety, efficient driving, infotainment services, pollution-free driving, and a pleasant environment for drivers. To provide these services in smart vehicles based on IoT, Internet of Vehicles (IoVs) are designed. Handling real-time events efficiently and reliably for safety applications is a fore-most challenge. Many challenges have already been overcome by using new technologies such as edge cloud-computing (ECC) for resource virtualization, IoV for smart communication, SDN for network virtualization, and clustering for efficient communication. However, problems still persist and give a thorough layout for future scopes and research directions alike such as designing a low latency protocol for real-time safety applications. Providing a coherent connection among vehicles is essential to maintaining efficient and reliable communication of vehicles but is a challenge due to the dynamic environment of VANETs. Nonetheless, providing high bandwidth is necessary for streaming and other non-safety 3D-based, high-dimensional applications such as navigation systems, reading of maps, games, video streaming, etc. However, bandwidth is mostly impeded due to the dynamic VANET topology. Hence, designing an efficient MAC for VANETs is necessary for both safety-critical and non-safety critical applications.  
Congestion control in the network is an essential factor for providing collision-free communication and high network throughput since a long CSMA/CA has been used for congestion control and, in recent research, many modifications have also proposed efficient algorithms for congestion control. Improved channel utilization with continuous and alternate channel access and broadcast safety messages effectively is yet another challenge and future scope. Hidden and exposed node problems should be dealt with efficiently to improve throughput, scalability, and network performance. Time-synchronization among vehicles is also an important issue that needs to be maintained to provide collision-free transmission in multi-channel scenarios that provide proper time slots to the nodes. Additionally, it offers optimized performance and load-balancing in terms of channel access. The minimization of communication overhead opens discussion on the implementation of centralized and distributed protocols. Centralized protocols suffer from overhead, latency, scalability, and flexibility, whereas the decentralized approach is not easily maintained and has a high cost.
# The Self-Calibration Method for the Vertex Distance of the Elliptical Paraboloid Array
## 3 Experimental Results  
### Relative Pitch and Yaw  
Before the experiment, it was obvious that the ring surrounding the elliptical paraboloid was machined into a mirror plane whose \(pv\) (peak to valley) was 0.038 \(\upmu\)m. The reflection characteristics of the rings were similar to a K9 standard precision planar mirror. Therefore, the optical angle sensor based on the self-collimation principle and the ring could be utilized to measure the two-dimensional angle (pitch and yaw). Ultra-precision machining requires a guarantee that the optical axis of the elliptical paraboloid and the normal vector of the ring have good parallelism. Therefore, detection of the pitch and yaw of each elliptical paraboloid is replaced by each ring. The elliptical paraboloid array was placed along the X direction of the CMM, and the optical slope sensor was mounted on the quill of the CMM to perform multi-point measurement on each of the rings. Taking the first elliptical paraboloid as an angle reference, the relative pitch angle and yaw angle of other elliptical paraboloids could be obtained. The average result is shown in Table 1. According to Table 1, the relative pitch angle and yaw angle are clearly calibrated within 200\", which is due to installation and adjustment of the elliptical paraboloid.
# The Alterations in CD14 Expression in Periodontitis:
###### Abstract  
Objective: Cluster of differentiation (CD14) is an important protein involved in activating toll-like receptors by bacterial components. It exists as either a transmembrane or soluble protein, called mCD14 or sCD14, respectively. Several studies show that CD14 regulates the inflammatory response to periodontal pathogens, and its expression is altered in periodontitis, an inflammatory disease of tooth-supporting tissues. It is the intent of this review to investigate the levels of expression of mCD14 and sCD14 in peripheral blood monocytes, saliva, gingival crevicular fluid, and gingival tissue biopsies in periodontitis patients. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Ovid/Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were consulted for the online literature search. To ensure methodical quality, titles and abstracts were reviewed in accordance to the PRISMA guidelines. Data extraction and evaluation of the full texts were executed in agreement with the GRADE approach. Results: This systematic review shows that mCD14 levels are decreased in peripheral blood monocytes of periodontitis in comparison to healthy patients, while sCD14 levels in sera, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and biopsies of periodontitis patients have a tendency to be increased in comparison to healthy controls. The evaluation of CD14 in gingival biopsies and periodontal tissues elucidated the fact that interpretation of the data obtained with qPCR, ELISA, and flow cytometry is questionable.  
CD14; mCD14; sCD14; inflammation; periodontitis
## 5 Simulation and Results
### Analysis of Indicator Simulation Results  
#### 5.3.1 Balance of Intra-Cluster Node Distribution  
Balance of intra-cluster node distribution is evaluated with the coefficient of variation (CV) of cluster sizes and the maximum-to-minimum node number ratio. The smaller the values, the more uniform the load and the lower the likelihood of CH overload. Limiting the number of nodes per cluster is therefore essential to prevent excessive network latency, untimely information delivery, and inconsistent task coordination. An oversized cluster not only imposes a heavy computational and communication burden on the CH but also becomes an attractive target for adversarial interference, thereby undermining system robustness and anti-interference capability.  
Balance of intra-cluster node distribution of the algorithm was compared under different network scales. For each node count, the simulation was repeated 20 times, and the average value was taken. When comparing the five algorithms of CWCA, K-means++, WCA, IWCA, and RS at different network scales, CWCA consistently achieves the lowest CV and the smallest scale ratio, as shown in Figures 13 and 14, demonstrating the optimal distribution balance of nodes within the cluster. RS ranks second on the single metric of node distribution balance by letting cluster sizes follow a multinomial distribution. However, it completely ignores node distance, link quality, and energy heterogeneity, resulting in excessive transmission distance, imbalanced energy consumption at CHs, and poor quality of service (QoS). In contrast, K-means++ focuses on geometric compactness, while WCA relies on cluster head weights to attract nodes during the clustering process. Both algorithms do not consider node distribution balance, often resulting in an extreme imbalance of large and small clusters in dense and sparse areas. Consequently, their node distribution balance performance is inferior to RS. IWCA is based on K-means++ for partitioning. After determining the number of clusters according to the node capacity, the number of nodes in each partition is the same as that in K-means++.  
Figure 12: New node joining.  
In summary, CWCA considers both the compactness of node geographical distribution and the ability to evaluate cluster heads during clustering, effectively suppressing the phenomenon of large/small clusters and avoiding the limitations of RS network performance. As a result, it performs the best in improving load balancing, system stability, and communication efficiency.
## 5 Experimental Results  
In order to verify the focusing performance of the proposed method, two types of target simulation, single-point scattering and multi-point scattering, were carried out,  
Figure 4: The flowchart of the proposed method.  
and compared with KT-CICPF [9]. Finally, experimental results of airborne X-band SAR data are given.
## 3 Methods and Materials
### Smart Grid Communication Challenges
#### 3.4.3 Regulation  
A wide variety of different parts come together to form the electrical Grid. The smart grid relies on the interplay of many other factors, each of which plays a specific role. A well-integrated communication channel network is crucial for adequately constructing such a system. This has resulted in a proliferation of global initiatives aimed at standardization and developing generally accepted standards. These efforts have the backing of various institutions, including the IEEE, the European Committee for Standardization, the American National Standards Institute, and the International Telecommunication Union.
# Hepatoprotective Effect of Alpinetin on Thioacetamide-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Sprague Dawley Rat
## 3 Results
### Morphology of Liver  
The liver of the usual control rats looked uniform with smooth surfaces. However, the liver of the TAA-controlled group formed liver cirrhosis. The liver seems coarse, irregular external surface nodular, with even micro-nodules and macro-nodules superficial (Figure 2). Animals fed with Silymarin or Alpinetin strangely improved the retrieval of liver construction from the harm induced via TAA and safe the liver from extra worsening.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Groups** & **ALP** & **ALT** & **AST** & **T.Bilirubin** & **Protein (g/L)** & **Albumin** \\  & **(IU/L)** & **(IU/L)** & **(IU/L)** & **(uM)** & **Protein (g/L)** & **(g/L)** \\ \hline Normal Control & 98.01 \(\pm\) 1.76 b  & 60.92 \(\pm\) 1.53 b  & 166.41 \(\pm\) 4.05 b  & 3.55 \(\pm\) 0.05 b  & 65.34 \(\pm\) 1.98 b  & 12.50 \(\pm\) 0.54 b  \\ TAA Control & 231.32 \(\pm\) 1.70 a  & 203.16 \(\pm\) 3.44 a  & 309.42 \(\pm\) 3.28 a  & 8.84 \(\pm\) 0.07 a  & 50.15 \(\pm\) 2.14 a  & 7.32 \(\pm\) 0.154 a  \\ Silymarin (50 mg/kg) + TAA & 126.73 \(\pm\) 3.96 b  & 74.67 \(\pm\) 1.90 b  & 184.12 \(\pm\) 4.75 b  & 5.27 \(\pm\) 0.10 b  & 163.38 \(\pm\) 1.65 b  & 12.351 \(\pm\) 0.13 b  \\ Alpinetin (30 mg/kg) + TAA & 150.98 \(\pm\) 3.49 b  & 85.30 \(\pm\) 2.20 b  & 210.50 \(\pm\) 3.19 b  & 6.05 \(\pm\) 0.05 b  & 59.28 \(\pm\) 1.76 b  & 11.72 \(\pm\) 0.31 b  \\ Alpinetin (60 mg/kg) + TAA & 142.13 \(\pm\) 3.64 b  & 77.99 \(\pm\) 2.31 b  & 193.51 \(\pm\) 2.90 b  & 5.80 \(\pm\) 0.30 b  & 62.15 \(\pm\) 1.74 b  & 12.28 \(\pm\) 10.17 b  \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* The value was represented by mean \(\pm\) S.E.M (\(n=6\)). According to [PERSON]’s post hoc test at a \(p<0.05\) significant level, the values of different superscripts within the same column are significantly different. Superscripts a and b are used for describing the difference between groups, if (a and b) are present in the same column it means a significant difference between groups.  
\end{table}
Table 7: Effects of Alpinetin in biochemistry parameters on the TAA-induced liver cirrhosis in rats.  
Figure 2: Gross Liver Morphology. (**A**) The normal control group showed uniformity, even external  
superficiality. (**B**) TAA control group displayed coarse nodular external, with even dispersal of microrondules and macronodules. (**C**) TAA + Silymarin group demonstration was even flat outward. (**D**) TAA + 30 mg/kg Alpinetin liver showed close, even superficial, and limited micronodules. (**E**) TAA + 60 mg/kg Alpinetin liver showed typical even superficial, and closely regular structural form and appearance.
# Resource-Efficient Multicast URLLC Service in 5G Systems
## 4 Performance Evaluation
### Comparison of Feedback Schemes  
Let us compare the performance of various feedback schemes. ACK/NACK feedback tells gNB which UEs failed to receive the first TX. As the average number of intended receivers for the second TX is much lower than for the first one, it allows increasing SINR, selecting higher MCS for the second TX, and reducing the DL channel resource consumption. However, the comparison between ACK/NACK and NACK-only feedbacks (see Figure 5(a)) shows that the gain is tiny. Moreover, as ACK/NACK feedback consumes too many UL resources, the overall gain of the ACK/NACK scheme is negative as shown in Figure 5(b). Thus, the main conclusion is that NACK-only feedback provides a good balance between DL and UL resource consumption for mURLLC.
## 3 The Zero-Server Markov Chain
### Obtaining the Equations  
It is worth noting that in this approach, both the ZSMC and the SBMC are Markov chains where the arrival process, the server time and the transitions between the ZSMC and SBMC are assumed to be exponentially distributed. This means that it is only necessary to know the probability of possible present states to work out the probability of the next state using steady-state analysis. This approach allows equations to be developed that can be solved using an iterative approach. It is recognised that real transport systems use more complex processes and so more work will be needed to fully take that into account.  
Figure 5 shows the situation when the server does not serve exhaustively. The symbols are explained in Table 2. Using steady-state Markov chain analysis, we obtain the following results:  
\[P_{n,0}=(\lambda/(\mu(\lambda+v_{2})))((\mu+v_{1})P_{n-1,0}+v_{1}P_{n-1,1}) \tag{1}\]  
\[P_{(n,1)}=(\lambda/\mu)(P_{(n-1,1)}+P_{(n-1,0)}) \tag{2}\]
# Enhancing the Content of Hesperidin and Nobiletin in Citrus Wines through Multi-Strain Fermentation
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Physicochemical Analysis  
The determination of total sugars was performed with slight modifications to the method as described previously [17]. The anthrone colorimetric method was utilized to determine the remaining sugar levels in Nanfeng tangerine wine by diluting a 1 mL sample to the correct concentration, then placing it in an ice water bath for 5 min before adding 4 mL of anthrone reagent (0.1% anthrone in concentrated sulfuric acid, Sinopharm Group Chemical Reagent, Beijing, China). After being placed in a boiling water bath for 10 min, the mixture was cooled in cold water, and the absorbance was measured at 620 nm with a spectrophotometer ([PERSON], Lambda365, Boston, MA, USA). The results were expressed in mg/mL of glucose. Monitoring the antioxidant activity and physicochemical properties. The acidity level was measured through titration with sodium hydroxide (Xilong Chemical, Shantou, China) following the guidelines of GB 12456-2021, assessing the total acidity of Nanfeng tangerine juice and Nanfeng tangerine wine in terms of g/L citric acid. A pH meter (Shanghai Yi Electrical Scientific Instrument, PHS-3C, Shanghai, China) was used to measure the pH level. All experiments were conducted in triplicate. Ethanol content was analyzed following the guidelines of the national standard GB/T 15038-2006 'Analytical methods of wine and fruit wine' [19]. Anhydroous ethanol (chromatographic grade, Xilong Chemical Co., Ltd., Shantou, China) volumes of 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, and 15 mL were diluted to volume in 100 mL volumetric flasks with distilled water. Before injection into the GC system (Scoin, GC 456C, Shanghai, China), a 1.5 mL ethanol standard sample was passed through a 0.22 \(\upmu\)m pore-size filter membrane for filtration. The chromatographic parameters included an injector temperature of 210 \({}^{\circ}\)C, a column flow rate of 1.8 mL/min, and a split ratio of 20:1. The temperature protocol was established to maintain at 42 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 1 min, then rise to 70 \({}^{\circ}\)C with a speed of 3 \({}^{\circ}\)C per minute and maintain for 1 min, followed by an increase to 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C at a rate of 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C per minute and a hold for 4 min. The flame ionization detector was set to a temperature of 210 \({}^{\circ}\)C, with a flow rate of 40 mL/min for hydrogen and 400 mL/min for air. DPPH radical scavenging activity was determined with minor adjustments to the techniques outlined as described previously [20]. After diluting the samples to the desired concentration using anhydrous methanol, a mixture of 200 \(\upmu\)L of the diluted sample and
# Quantum Leap from Gold and Silver to Aluminum Nanoplasmonics for Enhanced Biomedical Applications
## 4 Enhancing Al Plasmonic Effects  
### Alloys and Composites  
Plasmonic metal alloys have been of considerable interest [210; 211; 212] for enhanced optical properties, reduced chemical reactivity, and optical loss [213]. Alloying of Al with coinage metals has shown promising applications. For example, Al addition to Au was shown to be an effective bleaching agent for jewelry, but also showed the undesirable increase in optical loss [214]. On the other hand, the addition of Al to Cu showed the enhanced SPR [215].  
The addition of Al to Ag has also been of widespread interest [216; 217; 218; 219; 220; 221]. It has been reported that the thermal stability of Ag was improved by alloying it with Al [74; 222; 223; 224]. Optical properties of \(\alpha\)-phase Ag-Al thin films revealed that the addition of 1-2% of Al not only reduced the surface roughness of Ag but was also beneficial for its dielectric function applications [219]. Incorporation of a low percentage of Al assisted in the continuous film growth of Ag, which is highly desirable for large area flexible organic photovoltaics (OPVs). The addition of Al in Ag is a promising alternative to transport conductivity electrodes because of its high transmittance and high conductivity [223]. Tunable plasmonic properties of Al-Ag alloy NPs with radius \(\sim\)10 nm embedded in silica showed a linear increase in the width of SPR bands in both Ag\({}_{1-x}\)Al\({}_{x}\) and Al\({}_{1-x}\)Ag\({}_{x}\) alloys (Figure 7a,b) [224].  
Figure 6: (**A**) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of Al plasmonic substrate made of an inexpensive commercial DVD of a King Kong, 2005 movie, showing patterned rod-shaped Al nanostructures. Inset shows a magnified part of the substrate. (**B**) Fluorescence image of two 785 nm laser-illuminated spots in GFP tagged _E. coli_-covered DVD, showing laser-induced thermal damage. (**C**) Photograph of bacterial cultures and counts in colony-forming units (CFU) of _E. coli_ on DVD and flat Al-covered Si showing efficient bacterial inactivation due to Al plasmonic treatment. (**D**) Simulated distribution of temperature of a 2 mm diameter DVD piece illuminated by a 400 \(\upmu\)m diameter laser spot, showing high temperature T \(>\) 400 K, enough to inactivate bacteria. (Adapted from [PERSON] et al. [208]).  
The combination of the strong SEF of Ag and large UV SPR in Al NPs was investigated by FDTD simulations of the Ag-Al bimetallic alloy to increase the emission enhancement of amino acids NATA-tyr and NATA (Figure 7c,d) and proteins in the UV range [225].
# Non-Volatile Memory Forensic Analysis in Windows 10 IoT Core
## 5 Forensic Evidence in Windows 10 IoT Core
### Partitions  
Knowledge of the distribution of the information over the different partitions of the system is essential to understand where the relevant data is stored, especially on IoT devices, which have limited storage space. As can be seen in Figure 3, three different partitions can be found in Windows 10 IoT Core: \"EFIESP\", \"MainOS\" and \"Data\". Their characteristics are the following:  
* EFIESP: FAT 16 Extensible Firmware Interface system partition in charge of the booting process, in which boot loaders, applications and drivers that are launched by the UEFI firmware are stored. Its size is 63.7 Megabytes.
* MainOS: NTFS partition behaving as the system root directory that is launched by Windows Boot Loader when the device is turned on. Its size is 1.39 Gigabytes.
* Data: NTFS partition used by the system to store most of the information. It is the largest of all three available, and its size varies depending on the microSD card capacity since it takes all the space that is available after the creation of the \"EFIESP\" and \"MainOS\" partitions.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Data Sources and Processing  
The data used in this study included remote sensing images and data for the driving factors of the land use simulation. The remote sensing images were selected from Landsat data, with a low degree of cloudiness and a spatial resolution of 30 m. The images were acquired in June 2010, January 2014, and February 2018. The data were obtained from [[https://www.gscloud.cn/](https://www.gscloud.cn/)]([https://www.gscloud.cn/](https://www.gscloud.cn/)), accessed on 24 October 2020. The image data were radiometrically calibrated and atmospherically corrected to eliminate radiation errors.  
Combining the actual situation of Sanya and the Classification of Current Land Use standard (GB/T 21010-2017), the land use in Sanya was classified as cultivated land, forest, grassland, construction land, water, and unused land. The remote sensing image interpretation was performed using a supervised classification support vector machine algorithm to obtain three phases of land use classification data. Based on high-resolution Google Earth images, sample points were randomly selected to verify the classification results, and the average accuracy of the classification reached 86.25%, which meets the accuracy requirements.  
In addition, a total of eight variables, including natural factors, transportation location factors, and socio-economic factors of the city, were selected as the driving factors of the land-use change simulation in Sanya conducted using the PLUS model. Among them, the natural factors included elevation and slope, and the elevation data were obtained from 30 m resolution digital elevation model (DEM) data, while the slope data were generated from the DEM data using the slope function spatial analysis tool in ArcGIS. The transportation location factor reflects the accessibility of each type, including the distance to rivers, railways, general roads, and town centers, and it was calculated and generated using the European distance tool in ArcGIS. Socio-economic factors are one of the important drivers of spatial development changes in a city. In this study, spatial raster data were generated based on the resident population and gross domestic product (GDP) of each administrative region in the Sanya Statistical Yearbook ([[http://tjj.sanya.gov.cn](http://tjj.sanya.gov.cn)]([http://tjj.sanya.gov.cn](http://tjj.sanya.gov.cn))). The specific data sources are listed in Table 1.  
Figure 1: Location of Sanya City.
# Topology Inference and Link Parameter Estimation Based on End-to-End Measurements +
###### Abstract  
This paper focuses on the design, implementation, experimental validation, and evaluation of a network tomography approach for performing inferential monitoring based on indirect measurements. In particular, we address the problems of inferring the routing tree topology (both logical and physical) and estimating the links' loss rate and jitter based on multicast end-to-end measurements from a source node to a set of destination nodes using an agglomerative clustering algorithm. The experimentally-driven evaluation of the proposed algorithm, particularly the impact of the employed reduction update scheme, takes place in real topologies constructed in an open large-scale testbed. Finally, we implement and present a motivating practical application of the proposed algorithm that combines monitoring with change point analysis to realize performance anomaly detection.  
network tomography; agglomerative clustering; end-to-end measurements; topology inference; link parameters; change point analysis Article