## 4 Illustrative Example
### Experiments and Results
Figure 8: Pareto fronts of the experiment with one system disruption. Most of the solutions in the Pareto optimal set of the 100 th generation in Figure 8 suggest an initial selection of systems of Destroyer Class B, Destroyer Class C, Destroyer Class D, Destroyer Class D, Destroyer Class E, EW Aircraft Class B, EW Aircraft Class C, EW Aircraft Class D, and EW Aircraft Class E, as illustrated in Table 5. It might seem unreasonable in a real AMD SoS, but it makes sense in the current experiment, because the destroyer and EW aircraft can perform all the required activities and also provide higher function capacity and communication bandwidth. Although it comes with larger acquisition costs, the benefit of more reconfiguration options and high tolerance of failures still makes the destroyer and EW aircraft stand out. In fact, if the acquisition costs of UAVs and fighters in Table 3 are cut in half, Destroyer Class B, Destroyer Class C, Destroyer Class D, Destroyer Class E, EW Aircraft Class C, EW Aircraft Class D, EW Aircraft Class E, Fighter Class E are more likely to be selected into the initial architecture. The UAVs are still not selected due to the communication bandwidth constraint. A lesson learnt here is that the low-cost UAVs need to be way more flexible (i.e., with far less reconfiguration time) or much cheaper, with adequate communication bandwidth, to outperform the giant multi-functional weapon platforms. UAVs might also be favored if the evaluation criteria change, such as the consideration of human safety. Concerning the future trend of mosaic warfare filled with unmanned systems, communication capability could be a major obstacle. Additionally, in Figure 8, with the same set of selected systems, each solution lying on the Pareto front of the 100 th generation has different initial architecture configurations and corresponding reconfiguration decisions. The SoS decision-makers can then pick \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Number of Solutions** & **Selected Systems** \\ \hline
18 Solutions & (Destroyer Class B, Destroyer Class C, Destroyer Class D, Destroyer Class E, EW Aircraft Class B, EW Aircraft Class C, EW Aircraft Class E) \\
3 Solutions & (Destroyer Class B, Destroyer Class C, Destroyer Class D, Destroyer Class E, EW Aircraft Class C, EW Aircraft Class D, EW Aircraft Class E, Fighter Class E) \\
2 Solutions & (Destroyer Class B, Destroyer Class C, Destroyer Class D, Destroyer Class E, EW Aircraft Class C, EW Aircraft Class D, EW Aircraft Class E) \\
1 Solution & (Destroyer Class A, Destroyer Class C, Destroyer Class D, Destroyer Class E, EW Aircraft Class D, EW Aircraft Class D, EW Aircraft Class D, EW Aircraft Class D, EW Aircraft Class E, Fighter Class E, EW Aircraft Class B, EW Aircraft Class C, EW Aircraft Class E) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Initial architecture selection at the 100 th generation. Figure 9: Pareto front of the experiment with disruptions to three systems. out the desired solution based on their own preference and acceptable level of survived capability. For example, if the acceptable surviving capability is 70 units, then the initial architecture configuration decisions are displayed in Table 6. The numbers in the table indicate the support level of a platform system to a particular activity. The destroyers take care of mid-range detection, command and control, and striking, while the EW aircraft are responsible of long-range detection, mid-range detection, low-altitude detection, and in-field operational command and control. After random attacks to a particular system, the SoS reconfigures itself, and the capability can be increased by 22 units. In this case, although a rational decision-maker might prefer the surviving capability of 85 units with a recovered capability of 7.5 units, a satisfying solution followed by an unexpected capability increase after reconfiguration could also be a good strategy for a combat SoS. Figure 10 demonstrates the Pareto fronts when communication links are attacked and completely ruined.