# Acute Effects of Midsole Bending Stiffness on Lower Extremity Biomechanics during Layout Jumps
## 3 Results
### Kinematics and Kinetics of the Hip, Knee and Ankle Joints  
Maximum power, absorbed energy, and generated energy of the ankle joint were significantly greater in the SS condition than in the CS condition (Tables 3 and 4). No significant differences were observed in the kinetics variables of the hip and knee. The ankle joint \(\theta_{ROM}\) was significantly greater in SS than in CS. However, no significant differences existed in the kinematic variables of the hip and knee joints (Table 3).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Variables** & **SS** & **CS** & **Effect Size** & **P** \\ \hline Max. angle (\({}^{\circ}\)) & 31.2 (9.8) & 29.7 (5.2) & 0.191 & 0.266 \\ Min. angle (\({}^{\circ}\)) & 23.3 (8.6) & 22.2 (4.9) & 0.157 & 0.82 \\ \(\theta_{\mathrm{ROM}}\) (\({}^{\circ}\)) & 7.9 (2.2) & 7.5 (2.4) & 0.174 & 0.064 \\ Max. angular velocity (\({}^{\circ}\)/s) & 78.3 (22.4) & 87.1 (25.7) & 0.365 & 0.636 \\ Min. angular velocity (\({}^{\circ}\)/s) \({}^{\star}\) & \(-\)56.4 (31.2) & \(-\)69.1 (25.6) & 0.445 & 0.032 \\ Max. torque (N\(\cdot\)M) & 75.4 (23.8) & 73.0 (21.4) & 0.106 & 0.691 \\ Min. power (W) & \(-\)117.8 (57.6) & \(-\)86.0 (77.9) & 0.464 & 0.764 \\ Max. power (W) & 69.0 (29.0) & 67.2 (65.3) & 0.035 & 0.126 \\ EA (J) & \(-\)6.7 (4.6) & \(-\)4.7 (4.8) & 0.425 & 0.724 \\ EG (J) & 1.9 (0.9) & 2.0 (2.9) & 0.047 & 0.055 \\ Net energy (J) & \(-\)4.8 (3.9) & \(-\)2.7 (4.2) & 0.518 & 0.113 \\ \hline \end{tabular} Note: MTP, metatarsophalangeal; SS, stiff midsole shoes; CS, control shoes; LJ, layup jump; Max., maximum; Min., minimum; \(\theta\)ROM, range of motion; EA, energy absorption; EG, energy generation; \({}^{\star}\) Significant difference between shoes (\(p<0.05\)).  
\end{table}
Table 2: MTP joint kinematics and kinetics during LJs (n = 30, Mean (SD)).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Joint** & **Variables** & **SS** & **CS** & **Effect Size** & **P** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Hip} & Max. angle (\({}^{\circ}\)) & 71.3 (10.2) & 71.7 (10.0) & 0.039 & 0.885 \\  & Min. angle (\({}^{\circ}\)) & 11.9 (7.2) & 14.2 (8.1) & 0.300 & 0.262 \\  & \(\theta_{\mathrm{ROM}}\) (\({}^{\circ}\)) & 59.4 (8.6) & 57.5 (8.6) & 0.221 & 0.406 \\  & Max. angular velocity (\({}^{\circ}\)/s) & 87.9 (69.8) & 87.4 (55.9) & 0.008 & 0.971 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Knee} & Max. angle (\({}^{\circ}\)) & 55.0 (6.7) & 53.6 (5.7) & 0.225 & 0.394 \\  & Min. angle (\({}^{\circ}\)) & 10.5 (5.6) & 11.0 (5.1) & 0.093 & 0.698 \\ \cline{1-1}  & \(\theta_{\mathrm{ROM}}\) (\({}^{\circ}\)) & 44.5 (6.2) & 42.65 (5.4) & 0.318 & 0.204 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Max. angular velocity (\({}^{\circ}\)/s) & 65.6 (50.9) & 68.0 (65.4) & 0.041 & 0.823 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Ankle} & Max. angle (\({}^{\circ}\)) & 10.8 (6.5) & 10.0 (7.9) & 0.110 & 0.226 \\  & Min. angle (\({}^{\circ}\)) & \(-\)19.7 (8.8) & \(-\)19.7 (8.8) & 0.000 & 0.804 \\ \cline{1-1}  & \(\theta_{\mathrm{ROM}}\) (\({}^{\circ}\)) \({}^{\star}\) & 30.8 (6.2) & 29.5 (5.9) & 0.215 & 0.013 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Max. angular velocity (\({}^{\circ}\)/s) & 245.0 (108.2) & 245.0 (94.3) & 0.000 & 1.000 \\ \hline \end{tabular} Note: SS, stiff midsole shoes; CS, control shoes; LJ, layup jump; Max., maximum; Min., minimum; \(\theta\)ROM, range of motion. \({}^{\star}\) Significant difference between shoes (\(p<0.05\)).  
\end{table}
Table 3: Hip, knee, and ankle joint kinematics during LJs (n = 30, Mean (SD)).