## 3 The LOBIN Prototype: A Practical Study Case  
### System Description  
The LOBIN system is defined as a healthcare IT platform to both monitor several physiological parameters (ECG, HR, angle of inclination, activity index and body temperature) and track the location of a group of patients within hospital facilities. The system shows and stores the data associated with \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|} \hline Project Name/Funding & GeM-REM [2011][52]/National Science Foundation, USA \\ \hline Target Application & ECG monitoring. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Tracked Parameters} & Physiological & ECG \\ \cline{2-3}  & Non- Physiological & \\ \hline System Architecture & ECG leads, sensor platform, mobile phone gateway, base station (computer). \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Communication Technologies} & BAN & Wireless (not specified) \\ \cline{2-3}  & PAN/AN & \\ \cline{2-3}  & WAN/Backhaul & Cellular \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{System Highlights} & Resource-efficient (energy consumption and data size at the sensor) ECG monitoring based on a generative ECG model at the base station and its lightweight version at the sensor: the sensor transmits data only when the sensed ECG deviates from model based values and the model parameters are continually updated based on the sensed ECG. \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 36: Summary of GeM-REM. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|} \hline Project Name/Funding & \multicolumn{1}{l|}{[PERSON] _et al._ [2011][53]/UCLA, Microsoft Research \\ \hline Target Application & Real-time sleep monitoring and pre-diagnosis of sleep apnea. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Tracked Parameters} & Physiological & R, SpO2 \\ \cline{2-3}  & Non- Physiological & P (of the head) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{System Architecture} & Neck-cuff (with sensor nodes, microprocessor and Bluetooth transceiver) and cell phone or desktop machine. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Communication Technologies} & BAN & Wired \\ \cline{2-3}  & PAN/AN & Bluetooth \\ \cline{2-3}  & WAN/Backhaul & Cloud (from mobile or laptop) \\ \hline System Highlights & Real time data acquisition and visualization, and cloud aggregation. \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 37: Summary of [PERSON] _et al._ \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|} \hline Project Name/Funding & \multicolumn{1}{l|}{KNOWME [2012][54]/University of Southern California, USA} \\ \hline Target Application & Monitoring and evaluation of physical activity of pediatric obesity patients. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Tracked Parameters} & Physiological & ECG, SpO2 \\ \cline{2-3}  & Non- Physiological & L(GPS), A, Acc \\ \hline System Architecture & WBAN of sensors and a mobile phone (Nokia N95). \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Communication Technologies} & BAN & Bluetooth \\ \cline{2-3}  & PAN/AN & \\ \cline{2-3}  & WAN/Backhaul & Cellular network (GPRS/UMTS) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{System Highlights} & Continuous long term data collection to determine energy expenditure of patients. Inference of physical state. \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 38: Summary of KNOWME. the patients in real time. The device used to measure the physiological data is wearable, non-invasive, comfortable, and washable. The location algorithm used is accurate enough to determine correctly the hospital room where a given patient is located. Furthermore, the system supports the configuration of alarms by setting different triggers tailored to each patient and the transmission of certain parameters when the Management System explicitly requests them (on-demand) or after any alarm occurs. Figure 3 shows the overall architecture of the LOBIN system. Such architecture is composed of the following subsystems:  
* The Healthcare-Monitoring Subsystem consists of a set of smart shirts to be worn by the patients. Every smart shirt is equipped with a device (so-called Wearable Data Acquisition Device--WDAD), which collects and processes the physiological parameters and transmits them wirelessly.