# Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Determination of Spectral Fundamental Parameters
## 5 Experimental Determination of Spectral Parameters by LIBS
### Determination of Stark Broadening Coefficients  
[PERSON] et al. [62] estimated, in 1993, the Stark broadening of 6 Al II lines during laser ablation of pure aluminum target in helium, argon and nitrogen. The authors found that 1000-mbar nitrogen pressure is an appropriate measurements condition for the broadening parameters. Plasma electron number density was determined using the AI II line at 466.305 nm. For this line, the Stark shift parameter was been also measured. [PERSON] et al. [63] in 1996 estimated the line widths of two doubly ionized aluminum lines. The experimental conditions used in this work permit to reach an electron number density higher than \(10^{18}\) cm\({}^{-3}\) and plasma temperatures in the range of 3 to 7 eV. In these conditions, plasmas are considered optically thin. The authors found that their experimental results agree with the semi-empirical theoretical line width within the experimental errors of 20%. Figure 7: Determination of \(\Delta\lambda_{0}\) or \(A_{ki}\) from the TIECS curve. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Year** & **Authors** & **Ref.** & **Lines** & **Notes** \\ \hline
1993 & [PERSON] et al. & [62] & 6 Al II lines & \\ \hline
1996 & [PERSON] et al. & [63] & 2 Al III lines & \\ \hline
1999 & [PERSON] & [64] & 24 Sn II lines & Self-absorption \textless{}1\% \\ \hline
2004 & [PERSON] et al. & [65] & 12 Ar I lines & Ar I line at 703.025 nm as a reference \\ \hline
2005 & Ortiz and Mayo & [66] & 26 Au II lines & [PERSON] inversion performed \\  & & & Self-absorption \textless{}3\% \\ \hline
2006 & [PERSON] et al. & [67] & Fe I line at 381.58 nm & Self-absorption \textless{}2\% \\ \hline
2006 & [PERSON] and [PERSON] & [68] & 31 Pb II lines & Delay of 2.5 μs to reduce SA and \\  & [PERSON] & [68] & 31 Pb II lines & calculation of \(k(\lambda_{0})I\) \\ \hline
2007 & [PERSON] & [69] & 10 Pb III lines & Calculation of \(k(\lambda_{0})I\) \\  & and [PERSON] & [69] & 5 Mn I and 9 Mn II & Line width method \\ \hline
2007 & [PERSON] et al. & [70] & 17 Ni II lines & Self-absorption \textless{}2.5\% \\ \hline
2008 & [PERSON] et al. & [71] & 6 Zn II lines & Calculation of \(k(\lambda_{0})I\) for the line 206.2 nm of Zn II and No dependence of the \\  [PERSON] [PERSON] & [72] & 6 Zn II lines & branching fractions on concentration in \\  & & & & the 1–5\% range of zinc content \\ \hline
2008 & [PERSON] & [73] & 34 Pb I lines & Stark broadening parameters of the \\  & & & & spectral lines were measured 2.5 μs after \\  & & & & the laser pulse. \\ \hline
2011 & [PERSON] & [74] & 25 Pb III lines & Calculation of \(k(\lambda_{0})I\) \\ \hline
2011 & [PERSON] et al. & [75] & 21 Fe II lines & Curve-of-growth method \\ \hline
2011 & [PERSON] et al. & [76] & 26 Fe II lines & Curve-of-growth method \\ \hline
2011 & [PERSON] et al. & [77] & & Curve-of-growth method \\ \hline
2012 & [PERSON] et al. & [78] & 6 Si II lines & Abel inversion \\ \hline
2013 & [PERSON] et al. & [79] & 53 Ni II lines & Curve-of-growth method \\ \hline
2013 & [PERSON] et al. & [80] & 636.2 nm Zn I line & Line width method \\ \hline
2013 & [PERSON] et al. & [81] & 3 Mg I lines and 1 & Duplicating mirror technique \\ \hline
2014 & [PERSON] et al. & [82] & 36 Fe II and 27 Ni II & Curve-of-growth method \\  & & & lines & Curve-of-growth method \\ \hline
2014 & [PERSON] et al. & [83] & 5 Fe II and 8 Ni II & Curve-of-growth method \\  & & & lines. & Curve-of-growth method \\ \hline
2014 & [PERSON] et al. & [84] & 11 Ca II lines & Curve-of-growth method \\ \hline
2014 & [PERSON] et al. & [85] & 4 Al II lines & Abel inversion for dealing with plasma \\  & & & inhomogeneity \\ \hline
2015 & [PERSON] et al. & [86] & 3 W I lines & \\ \hline
2016 & [PERSON] et al. & [87] & 85 widths and & Curve-of-growth method \\  & & & 72 shifts of Ti II lines & Measurements on Fe–Mn alloys of \\ \hline
2016 & [PERSON] et al. & [88] & 6 Mn I lines & different compositions \\ \hline
2017 & [PERSON] et al. & [89] & 3 Mn I lines & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}