## 1 Introduction  
The study of biological biological tissues (e.g., biological tissues) has been conducted in a variety of biological tissues, including the ability to mimic the extracellular matrix and provide a suitable environment for cell attachment and proliferation. This study investigates the fabrication, characterization, and biocompatibility of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA)-based membranes enhanced with periclase (MgO) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The membranes were fabricated using an optimized electrospinningning process and subsequently characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and contact angle measurements. Additionally, in vitro biodegradation studies in simulated body fluid (SBF) and cytocompatibility tests with osteoblast-like cells were conducted. The results demonstrated that the incorporation of MgO and AuNPs significantly influenced the structural and chemical properties of the membranes, improving their wettability and bioactivity. SEM imaging confirmed uniform fiber morphology with well-distributed nanoparticles. FT-IR spectroscopy indicated successful integration of bioactive components into the PLA matrix. Cytocompatibility assays showed that modified membranes promoted higher osteoblast adhesion and proliferation compared to pristine PLA membranes. Furthermore, biodegradation studies revealed a controlled degradation rate suitable for guided bone regeneration applications. These findings suggest that electrospun PLA membranes enriched with MgO and AuNPs present a promising biomaterial for GBR applications, offering improved bioactivity, mechanical stability, and biocompatibility. ## 1 Introduction  
Guided bone regeneration (GBR) represents a well-established and evolving strategy for the treatment of alveolar ridge defects and critical-sized bone injuries in both dental and orthopedic contexts [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. This approach utilizes barrier membranes to isolate the bone defect, guiding bone regeneration while preventing soft tissue infiltration. Various materials have been developed for this purpose, including natural polymers like collagen and synthetic polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) [2, 3, 4, 8, 9]. Recent advancements include biofunctionalization techniques and 3D printing technologies that improve the regenerative performance of membranes [1, 5, 6, 7, 10]. Clinical trials, in vivo studies, and retrospective analyses have confirmed the effectiveness of GBR with different materials, often enhanced with bioactive agents or cellular factors [4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13]. Among these, PLA has gained significant attention for its biodegradability, favorable mechanical properties, and processability [14, 15, 16, 17, 18]. However, pristine PLA lacks sufficient hydrophilicity and intrinsic bioactivity, and it generates acidic degradation byproducts, which may impair bone regeneration [18, 19, 20, 21, 22]. To address these limitations, composites incorporating nanomaterials like magnesium oxide (MgO) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been developed [8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 23, 24]. MgO has demonstrated osteoinductive and antibacterial properties, while AuNPs promote angiogenesis, osteoblast adhesion, and matrix mineralization [10, 11, 12, 13, 23, 24]. Both types of nanoparticles serve to buffer acidic degradation products and support osteogenesis. Meanwhile, bone's hierarchical structure and mineral composition guide the design of biomimetic scaffolds [25, 26, 27, 28]. Materials such as bioceramics, calcium phosphates, and collagen-mineral composites have also been shown to enhance cellular responses in bone regeneration models [29, 30, 31, 32]. Electrospinning technology enables the production of fibrous PLA membranes that mimic the extracellular matrix and support nutrient diffusion and cell proliferation [14, 15, 16, 17, 33].