# Highly Enriched Uranium-Free Medical Radioisotope Production Methods: An Integrative Review
## 4 Conclusions and Future Directions
[57] \\ \hline
23 & \({}^{\text{nat}}\)Zn(p,a)\({}^{61}\)Cu & 11.7 & 20 & 0.5 & \(1.4\times 10^{5}\) & [PERSON] et al. [57] \\
25 & \({}^{\text{nat}}\)W(p,n)\({}^{186}\)Re & 15 & 20 & 5 & \(5.19\times 10^{4}\) & [PERSON] et al. [59] \\ \hline  & \({}^{\text{nat}}\)Ca(a,p)\({}^{43}\)Sc & 20 & & & \(5.5\times 10^{3}\) & [PERSON] et al. [60] \\
26 & \({}^{40}\)Ca(a,p+pn)\({}^{44}\)Sc & 0.050 & 1.5 & \(5.8\times 10^{3}\) & [PERSON] et al. [60] \\  & \({}^{42}\)Ca(a,np+pn)\({}^{44}\)Sc & 29 & & & 250 & \\ \hline
28 & \({}^{66}\)Zn(p,n)\({}^{66}\)Ga & 14.2 & 5 & 0.083 & \( \begin{array}{c}508\\ 195\end{array} \) & [PERSON] et al. [62] \\ \hline  & \({}^{\text{nat}}\)Zn(p,a)\({}^{61}\)Cu & & & & \(2.72\times 10^{5}\) & \\  & \({}^{\text{nat}}\)Zn(p,x)\({}^{66}\)Ga & & & & \(3.45\times 10^{5}\) & \\
29 & \({}^{\text{nat}}\)Zn(p,x)\({}^{67}\)Ga & 16.9 & 30 & 0.75 & \(2.24\times 10^{4}\) & [PERSON] et al. [63] \\  & \({}^{\text{nat}}\)Zn(p,n)\({}^{68}\)Ga & & & & \(2.21\times 10^{6}\) & \\  & \({}^{\text{nat}}\)Zn(p,pn)\({}^{65}\)Zn & & & & 225 & \\ \hline
30 & \({}^{\text{nat}}\)Ca(p,2n)\({}^{47}\)Sc & 20.5 & 0.03 & 5 & 21.1 & [PERSON] et al. [64] \\ \hline
31 & \({}^{64}\)Ni(p,n)\({}^{64}\)Cu & 12.5 & 20 & 5-7 & \(7.40\times 10^{6}\) & [PERSON] et al. [65] \\  & \({}^{42}\)Ca(d,n)\({}^{43}\)Sc & 6.8 & & & \(1.29\times 10^{5}\) & \\ \hline  & \({}^{43}\)Ca(p,n)\({}^{43}\)Sc & & & & 4 & \(9.1\times 10^{5}\) & \\
32 & \({}^{\text{nat}}\)Ca(p,n)\({}^{44}\)Sc & 15.2 & 1 & & \(5.0\times 10^{4}\) & [PERSON] et al. [66] \\  & \({}^{44}\)Ca(p,n)\({}^{44}\)Sc & & & & \(2.24\times 10^{6}\) & \\  & \({}^{48}\)Ca(p,2n)\({}^{47}\)Sc & 22.8 & & & \(8\) & \(4.2\times 10^{5}\) & \\  & \({}^{48}\)Ti(p,2p)\({}^{47}\)Sc & 28 & & & \(2.0\times 10^{5}\) & \\ \hline  & \({}^{103}\)Rh(\({}^{3}\)He,x)\({}^{100}\)Rh & & & & & 118 & \\  & \({}^{103}\)Rh(\({}^{3}\)He,x+n)\({}^{101}\)Mn & & & & & 30 & \\  & \({}^{103}\)Rh(\({}^{3}\)He,3n)\({}^{103}\)Ag & 27 & 0.1 & & \(2.88\times 10^{4}\) & [PERSON] et al. [67] \\  & \({}^{103}\)Rh(\({}^{3}\)He,2n)\({}^{104}\)Ag & & & & \(1.13\times 10^{4}\) & [PERSON] et al. [67] \\  & \({}^{103}\)Rh(\({}^{3}\)He,2n)\({}^{104}\)Ag & & & & \(8.87\times 10^{3}\) & \\  & \({}^{103}\)Rh(\({}^{3}\)He,n)\({}^{103}\)Pd & & & & 270 & \\ \hline
35 & \({}^{\text{nat}}\)Ag(a,x)\({}^{106}\)An Ag & 37.6 & 2 & 1 & 238 & [PERSON] et al. [69] \\ \hline
36 & \({}^{14}\)N(d,n)\({}^{15}\)O & 3.5 & 40 & 0.017 & \(2.22\times 10^{6}\) & [PERSON] et al. [70] \\ \hline
39 & H\({}_{2}\)(\({}^{70}\)Zn\({}^{15}\)+\(\pi\))\({}^{67}\)Cu & 15 & 0.008 & 6.5 & 1.6 & [PERSON] et al. [73] \\ \hline
40 & \({}^{232}\)Th(p,x)\({}^{225}\)Ac & 480 & 72 & 36.5 & \( \begin{array}{c}5.24\times 10^{5}\\ 8.6\times 10^{4}\end{array} \) & [PERSON] et al. [74] \\ \hline  & \({}^{\text{nat}}\)Mo(p,x)\({}^{94}\)Tc & & & & \(2.00\times 10^{4}\) & \\  & \({}^{\text{nat}}\)Mo(p,x)\({}^{95}\)Tc & & & & \(1.55\times 10^{4}\) & \\
41 & \({}^{\text{nat}}\)Mo(p,x)\({}^{95}\)SmTc & 26 & 0.065 & 5 & \( \begin{array}{c}86.9\\ 2.42\times 10^{3}\end{array} \) & [PERSON] et al. [75] \\  & \({}^{\text{nat}}\)Mo(p,x)\({}^{99}\)Tc & & & & \(7.14\times 10^{4}\) & \\  & \({}^{\text{nat}}\)Mo(p,x)\({}^{99}\)Mo & & & & \(3.19\times 10^{3}\) & \\ \hline
42 & \({}^{68}\)Zn(p,n)\({}^{68}\)Ga & 13 & 35 & 1.5 & \(1.44\times 10^{8}\) & [PERSON] et al. [76] \\ \hline
43 & \({}^{\text{nat}}\)Mo(n,x)\({}^{99}\)SmTc & 11 & 20 & 0.083 & \( \begin{array}{c}39\\ 33\end{array} \) & [PERSON] et al. [77] \\ \hline
44 & \({}^{44}\)Ca(p,n)\({}^{44}\)Sc & 18 & 18.4 & 5.75 & \(3.21\times 10^{6}\) & [PERSON] et al. [78] \\ \hline
45 & \({}^{16}\)O(p,n)\({}^{13}\)N & 16 & 5.6–34 & 3.3 & \( \begin{array}{c}9.25\times 10^{6}\\ 2.15\times 10^{5}\end{array} \) & [PERSON] et al. [79] \\ \hline