## 1 Introduction
The finite element method has also been widely used for lifespan prediction through accurate modeling of plastic strain responses due to tension, compression, bending, or large deformation leading to failure of the structure. Commercial software programs such as ABAQUS 2021, Cast3M 2025, and ANSYS 2022R1 were found to be capable tools to model the dynamic response of structures and materials successfully. FE models were categorized as sequentially coupled [22,23] and fully coupled methods [24,25], depending on how temperature and displacement degrees of freedom (DOF) were included in the system matrix. Fully coupled models are further divided into strong [26,27] and weak [25] forms, based on whether thermal and mechanical loads are applied simultaneously or sequentially. In addition to the standard plasticity models available in ANSYS and ABAQUS, several advanced models such as the modified Chaboche [28], Ohno-Wang [12,29], Abdel Karim-Ohno [30], and modified Ohno-Wang [31] hardening formulations have been incorporated into these platforms using user-defined subroutines. [PERSON] et al. [32] discussed the latest advancements in experimental and computational research on metallic material ratcheting behavior. They predicted and modeled the ratcheting response of pressurized piping based on finite element analysis with widely accepted constitutive models employed in industrial packages such as ANSYS and ABAQUS. A cyclic plasticity model incorporating a memory surface, based on the Abdel Karim-Ohno kinematic hardening rule [30], was implemented into the ANSYS finite element code using a user-defined material subroutine (UMAT) [33]. This approach demonstrated reliable prediction of additional hardening effects under non-proportional loading paths. [PERSON]'s damage-coupled cyclic plastic model [34], based on true stress rather than effective stress in the yield criterion, was also integrated into the finite element program. To improve computational efficiency, the system of nonlinear equations was solved without the need for full matrix inversion using an implicit solution method with an explicit update scheme. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [35] modeled the ratcheting behavior of modified 9 Cr-1 Mo steel using a Chaboche-based inelastic model to investigate high-temperature conditions. For optimization of the Chaboche model parameters, a successive iteration-based optimization procedure was adopted, enabling accurate and effective simulation of cyclic deformation in components made of 316L-N, 316L, and 304L stainless steel components [36]. In addition, more efficient Chaboche parameters for the 7075-T6 aluminum alloy were determined using a multi-objective genetic algorithm to further enhance model predictability [37]. [PERSON] et al. [38] performed finite element simulations to study low-cycle fatigue (LCF) behavior in homogeneous AISI 316L steel using ANSYS LS-DYNA, applying the Armstrong-Frederick kinematic hardening model to capture the material's response. [PERSON] et al. [39] conducted 2D simulations showing improved plastic stresses under thermal loading. [PERSON] et al. [40] integrated a moving heat source model into a 3D FE framework to model temperature rise at the rail surface upon repeated locomotive wheel passes with the use of temperature-dependent material properties to enhance the accuracy. Understanding and accurately predicting ratcheting behavior is essential to prevent premature failure and extend the service life of critical components in high-risk industries. The outcomes of this study can contribute to safer design practices, optimized maintenance schedules, and the development of more reliable materials for applications such as aerospace structures, offshore drilling systems, and railway systems. While previous studies have explored cyclic plasticity and ratcheting behavior using either analytical or finite element approaches, limited attention has been given to the role of mesh type and element shape in influencing ratcheting predictions at elevated temperatures.