# Influencing Factors of Solar-Powered Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Hail City, Saudi Arabia
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Design of PV System
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline Global radiation—horizontal, kWh/m\({}^{2}\) & 2221 \\ \hline Deviation from the standard spectrum, kWh/m\({}^{2}\) & \(-\)22.21 \\ \hline Ground reflection (albedo), kWh/m\({}^{2}\) & 3.34 \\ \hline Orientation and inclination of the module surface, kWh/m\({}^{2}\) & 8.08 \\ \hline Global radiation at the module, kWh/m\({}^{2}\) & 2210 \\ \hline Available solar energy, 2210 kWh/m\({}^{2}\)\(\times\) 3108.4 m\({}^{2}\) = 6,869,564 kWh \\ \hline STC conversion (rated efficiency of module, 22.54\%), MWh & \(-\)5322.052 \\ \hline Rated PV electricity, MWh & 1548.340 \\ \hline Low-light performance, kWh & 7702 \\ \hline Deviation from the nominal module temperature, kWh & \(-\)103,840 \\ \hline Diodes, kWh & \(-\)7262 \\ \hline Mismatch (manufacturer information), kWh & \(-\)28,902 \\ \hline Mismatch (configuration/shading), kWh & \(-\)5746 \\ \hline PV energy (DC) without inverter down-regulation, MWh & 1410.455 \\ \hline Down-regulation on account of max. AC power/cos phi, kWh & \(-\)480 \\ \hline MPP matching, kWh & \(-\)2138 \\ \hline PV electricity (DC) (energy at the inverter input), MWh & 1407.837 \\ \hline Input voltage deviates from the rated voltage, kWh & \(-\)1989 \\ \hline DC/ AC conversion, kWh & \(-\)32,189 \\ \hline Standby consumption (inverter), kWh & \(-\)107 \\ \hline Total cable losses, kWh & 0.00 \\ \hline PV energy (AC) minus standby use, MWh & 1373.659 \\ \hline PV Generator energy (AC grid), MWh & 1373.552 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: PV system energy balance. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline Charge at beginning, kWh & 54,000 & Charge of the electric vehicle (Total) \\ \hline \(\bullet\) & Charge of the EV (total), MWh/year & 3069.628 \\ \hline \(\bullet\) & Charge of the EV (PV system), MWh/year & 1359.120 \\ \hline Charge of the EV (grid), MWh/year & 1710.508 \\ \hline Losses due to charging/discharging, kWh/year & 276,925 \\ \hline Losses in battery, kWh/year & 218,703 \\ \hline Consumption due to kilometers driven, MWh & 2628.000 \\ \hline Mileage per year, km & 10,950,000 \\ \hline Mileage per year from PV, km & 4,848,262 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: PV*SOL simulation output. is expected to be fed into the grid by the system in its first year of operation, accounting for the effects of module deterioration. This relates to the overall annual energy output that was previously described, of which a sizeable percentage is used for EV charging and direct use. The system's performance parameters, which span a 30-year assessment period and include a yearly yield factor of 1961 kWh/kWp and a high-performance ratio (PR) of 88.7%, show that it is dependable and efficient at transforming solar energy into usable power. Over 30 years, this degradation process has had a cumulative impact, leading to a substantial decrease in the system's productivity. The panels are initially assumed to have 100% efficiency. Utilizing the pace of degradation, we determined the following. * After 1 year: The efficiency decreases slightly to 99.6% of its original capacity. * After 10 years: The panels maintain 96.04% of their initial output. This shows a modest decline and suggests that the panels continue to perform robustly a decade into operation. * After 20 years: The efficiency drops further to 92.19%. This indicates more pronounced wear, but the retaining of a significant portion of the productive capacity. * After 30 years: The efficiency reaches about 88.07%. This marks a noticeable reduction from the original output, aligning with the standard solar panel longevity and effectiveness expectations. The findings suggest that the solar panels would exhibit a progressive decrease in efficiency, amounting to around 11.93% over 30 years, as shown in Figure 10. This progressive deterioration is crucial to consider in financial and operational strategizing, as it affects the profitability and long-term viability of the solar installation.