## 4 Discussion  
In this study, anthropometric and body composition indices were examined as potential risk factors for hypertension and hypertension + stroke. In a previous study of anthropometric indices and hypertension, [PERSON] et al. [19] evaluated 592 randomly selected patients and obtained the hazard ratio (HR) and \(p\)-value for evaluation. BMI (HR = 1.042, \(p\) = 0.091), WC (HR = 1.023, \(p\) = 0.028), WHtR (HR = 1.042, \(p\) = 0.013), and WHR (HR = 1.033, \(p\) = 0.006) were highlighted after adjusting for age, baseline BP, sex, and alcohol consumption, respectively. The related WC indices were associated with hypertension. Alternatively, a study based on Canadian heart health population-based  
Figure 5: AUC analysis of both hypertension and stroke based on anthropometrics and body composition in men. Figure 6: AUC analysis of both hypertension and stroke based on anthropometrics and body composition in women. cross-sectional surveys that targeted 9913 men and women aged 18-74 years, selected from among five Canada hospitals, utilized WC, WHR, and BMI for association analysis to compare various risk factors as indicators of CVD [20]. Data analysis according to sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values using receiver operating characteristic curves identified WC as the best indicator of other cardiovascular risk factors [20]. Another study evaluated the relationship of body mass and fat distribution with hypertension through visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue measurements obtained by magnetic resonance and proton-spectroscopic imaging, along with lower body fat ascertained by DXA [21]. Only visceral adipose tissue (relative risk (RR) = 1.22, CI [1.06-1.39]) was independently associated with hypertension; in comparison, increased visceral adiposity was robustly associated with incident hypertension but not total or subcutaneous adiposity [21]. Moreover, the association between CVD (related to hypertension) and abdominal and gynoid fat mass was evaluated in a cross-sectional study of 175 men and 417 women who were participants in a community intervention program for investigating the contribution of estimated regional fat mass [22]. In men, abdominal fat mass was the strongest predictor of most cardiovascular variables (OR [2.63-3.37]), whereas in women, gynoid fat mass showed the strongest association (OR [1.48-2.19]), suggesting that abdominal fat mass is strongly independently associated with hypertension [22]. The association of (untreated) hypertension with BMD as measured by DXA was also evaluated in 31 patients as compared with 14 control Japanese women [23]. Analysis using \(t\)-tests and regression models revealed that the lumbar spine BMD was decreased in patients with hypertension, suggesting an association of hypertension with reduced BMD [23]. Several studies on the association of stroke with risk factors have also been conducted. Evaluation of the association of obesity and abdominal fat mass with stroke using the data of patients collected in 3188 primary care offices in Germany, encompassing 6980 study participants divided into 1745 patients with stroke and 5235 control subjects, revealed WC (OR = 1.15 [1.00-1.32]), WHR (OR = 1.21 [1.05-1.38]), and WHR (OR = 1.25 [1.09-1.44]) as associated with stroke and transient ischemic attack, albeit stronger predictors for stroke [24]. A study of body size and stroke risk using anthropometric indices incorporating 45,449 women below 60 years of age and estimated multivariate RR using Cox proportional hazards regression models identified WHR (RR = 2.4), WHR (RR = 2.5), and WC (RR = 2.3) as associated with stroke, suggesting that in women, abdominal obesity but not BMI constituted a strong predictor of stroke [25]. Abdominal adiposity was also identified as the factor most closely related to stroke in a study of 2751 men and women aged over 40 years, selected and examined for associations of stroke with fat mass characteristics using HR and CI [26].