###### Abstract
Humanity needs novel technologies to enhance its quality of life, considering fast-advancing social globalization. Over the last few decades, significant advancements in microelectronics have paved the way for the development of various piezoelectric devices and sensors that can be used in analytical chemistry [34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41]. Sonar was developed as a result of [PERSON]'s utilization of quartz plates as underwater high-frequency wave emitters and receivers. To be utilized as tuning devices and crystal filters for telephone and radio communications, [PERSON] and [PERSON] created highly stable crystal-controlled oscillators. Because of the continued widespread usage of this technique, crystals of high quality and low cost are readily available for analytical work [42]. It was discovered that the temperature coefficient of crystals might be changed by adjusting the cut angle of the crystal with reference to its optical axis. This discovery produced a wide variety of crystal cuts, which produced crystals with characteristics favorable for a variety of applications. The most used piezoelectric materials are quartz and Rochelle salts, although there are various materials, i.e., ethylenediamine tartrate, tourmaline, barium titanate, and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate. Rochelle salt holds a great piezoelectric effect and is effective and useful in vibrational and acoustic devices, but it must be protected from moisture. The completely oxidized compound is quartz. Quartz is more commonly used than natural ones due to its high purity [43]. Most of the piezo-electric research in analytical chemistry has utilized AT-cut crystals [44]. These days piezoelectric materials are being utilized for a variety of analytical applications, i.e., sorption detectors, detectors for gas and liquid chromatography, detectors for water, analysis of trace metals, detection of viruses, COVID-19 detection, detectors for air pollutants, electrogravimetry, different compound detection, and solution measurements. For example, piezo-electric sorption detectors can be used to determine air pollution. It is also used in detecting carbon monoxide (CO) in the ambient air at the sub-ppm level [45; 46; 47; 48; 49]. In the last 10 years, high-pressure liquid chromatography has made significant advances in the technique and applications. This is because of the improvement in the design, which causes an effective separation of high molecular weight and non-volatile compounds [50]. Similarly, a quartz crystal microbalance array can be used to determine the heavy metals in the natural or waste-water samples [51], and piezoelectric-based MEMS sensors are used for the detection of various viruses by providing them an active site to bind [52; 53; 54; 55; 56]. This study aims to comprehensively review piezoelectric materials, their structures, and their applications in analytical chemistry. This review has been divided into three sections. The Section 1 focuses on piezoelectric materials. The Section 2 explain the piezoelectric energy harvester's device structure, including nanowires, nanorods, nanotubes, nanoparticles and thin films. The properties of some basic piezoelectric materials are also presented in tabular form, and a comparison is made between the piezoelectric materials based on the piezoelectric coefficient, dij, and the matrix of compliance \(S^{E}\). The Section 3  
Figure 2: Total publications on PEH between 2000 to 2020 [21]. focuses on the applications of piezoelectric materials in analytical chemistry (sorption detectors, crystal detectors for water, detectors for gas and liquid chromatography, trace metal analysis, detection of viruses, COVID-19 detection, detectors for air pollutants, and solution measurement). It highlights the range of piezoelectric materials utilized for analytical processes. The steps involved in the piezoelectric energy harvesting process and the overall schematic of piezoelectric energy harvesting are shown in Figures 3 and 4, respectively. Figure 4: Schematic diagram of piezoelectric energy harvesting.