## 3 Results
### Main Study Outcomes
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Authors** & **Comparison** & **Type of Analysis** & **Landmarks** & **Results** \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{Ba = basion, anterior lip of the foramen} \\  & & magnum; S = sella, estimated center of the \\  & & hypophyseal fossa; R = registration point, point \\  & & of crossing of the greater writing of the spinechoid \\  & & and plamun sphenoidide; N = nasion, junction \\  & & of the nasal and frontal bone; NB = lip of nasal \\  & & bone; ANS = anterior nasal spine; A = point of \\  & & greatest concavity of the alveolar process of the maxilla; UI = upper incisor; UI-apex = upper \\  & & incisor apex; LI = lower incisor; \\  & & Li-apex = lower incisor apex; B = point of \\  & & greatest concavity of the mandibular alveolar \\  & & process; Pg = recognition, most prominent \\  & & point on the chin; Gn = pathathion, point on the \\  & & symphysis between position and mention \\  & & farthest from the condyle; Men = mentu, most \\  & & inferior point on the symphysis; \\  & & Co = condyloin, posterior superior point on the \\  & & outline of the condyle; \\  & & PTM = pterosomallary fissure, the inferior & Onyx Ceph software is an \\  & & point in the fissure; PNS = posterior nasal & accurate and reliable method \\  & & spine. Hard tissue landmarks necessary to \\  & & construct other endizometric reference points & analysis; both traditional and \\  & & Tg = mandibular body tangent; & digitized method proved to be \\  & & TgP = mandibular ramus tangent; & highly accurate and reliable \\  & & Ar = articulate, point at the intersection & techniques for measuring hard \\  & & between the contour of the mandibular ramus & and soft tissues in patients \\  & & and occipital bone; UM-cusp = upper molar & with clefts \\  & & mesial cusplogs; LM-cusp = lower molar & \\  & & musical cusplogs; Constructed landmarks: & \\  & & Go = gonion, a constructed point on the outline & \\  & & of the mandible by bisecting the earnsus plane & \\  & & (Ar-TgP) and body plane (TgA-Men); & \\  & & PMP = posterior maxillary point, a constructed point exactly & \\  & & point exactly dropping perpendicular to the \\  & & maxillary plane (FNS-ANS) from the PTM; & \\  & & OccA = anterior point of the occlusal plane, a constructed point at the midline between UI \\  & & and LI; OccP = posterior point of the occlusal & \\  & & plane, a constructed point at the midline & \\  & & between MU-cusp and UM-cusp. References & \\  & lines: B\(\cdot\)N = reference line to scale all linear & \\  & & measurements; S\(\cdot\)N = anterior cranial base, line & \\  & & from S through N: M\(\cdot\)PI = maxillary plane, line & \\  & & from PNS through ANS; OccPI = occlusal & \\  & & plane, line from OccP through OccA; & \\  & & M\(\cdot\)PI = mandibular plane, line from Go & \\  & & through Men & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} N—nasion, S—sella, Po—portion, Or—orbitals, Ar—articulatory, Go–gonion, Gn—pathation, Me—menton, ANS— anterior nasal spine, PNS—posterior nasal spine, Point A—sub-spinal, Point B—symmetrical, SNA—angle between points S, N, and A, SNB—angle between points S, N, and B, ANB—angle between points A, N, and B, MMPA—angle between the maxillary plane (ANS to PNS) and the mandibular plane (Go to Me), S\(\cdot\)N—linear distance from sella turcica (S) to nasion (N), S\(\cdot\)N–ar—angle between anterior cranial base (S-N) and articulate (Ar) represents cranial base flexure, SNA—articoproterior position of the maxilla relative to the anterior cranial base, N 1 to A—linear measurement from nasion perpendicular line to A point, Co-A—linear distance from the condyloin to A point represents the effective mid-facial length, SNB—anteropesterior position of the mandible relative to the anterior cranial base, N 1 to Pog—linear measurement from nasion perpendicular line to poyonin (Pog), Co–Gan—linear distance from the condyloin to the pathathion represents the effective mandibular length, Go–Gn—linear distance from and graphon represents mandibular body length, SN-Go Gn—angle between sella turcica–nasion (SN) line and the mandibular plane (Go-Gn), FMPA—angle between Frankfort (orbital–porion) and mandibular planes, Ar-Go-Me—angle between the mandibular plane (Go-Me) and ramal plane (Go-Ar), ANB—difference between SNA and SNB angles, ANS–Me—linear distance from the anterior nasal spine (ANS) to the mention (Me) represents the lower anterior facial height, S-Go/N \(\cdot\)N Me—ratio between total posterior and anterior facial heights (sella–gonion and nasion–menton), UI-A point A—line is constructed through point A parallel to the nasion (perpendicular) and the distance measured to the facial surface of the upper incisor; it relates the upper incisor to the maxilla, LI-A Pog—distance from the facial surface of the lower incisor to the line drawn through point A and pogonium; it relates the lower incisor to the mandible, IMPA—angle between long axis of lower central incisor and the mandibular plane (tangent to lower border of mandible), UI-NA—angle between nasion–A point (NA) line and the long axis of upper incisor, UI-NA—linear measurement from the tip of upper central incisor to the NA line, L1-NB—angle between the nasion-B point (NB) line and the long axis of the lower incisor, L1-NB—the linear measurement from the tip of lower central incisor to NB line, UL to S line—linear measurement from most prominent point of upper lip to Steiner’s S line, LL to S line—linear measurement from most prominent point of the lower lip to Steiner’s S line.  
\end{table}