# Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in the Treatment of Chronic Knee Pain: A Scoping Review
## 3 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Study** & **Year** & **Population** & **Method** & **Key Findings** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [16] & 2018 & Older adults with OA & RCT, 5 days tDCS & Significant improvement in pain thresholds \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [17] & 2019 & Older adults with OA & RCT, tDCS + meditation & Significant reduction in experimental pain sensitivity \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [18] & 2020 & Knee OA patients & Pilot, 2 weeks tDCS & Decreased clinical pain and increased cortical activity \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [27] & 2020 & Older adults with knee OA & RCT, 5 days tDCS & Reduced inflammation markers \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [28] & 2020 & Knee OA patients & RCT, tDCS vs. TENS & tDCS showed a slight advantage in quality-of-life improvement \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [20] & 2021 & Elderly individuals with dysfunctional pain inhibition & RCT, 15 days tDCS & Significant pain relief and short-term effects \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [29] & 2021 & Individuals with knee OA & RCT, tDCS + physical therapy & Significant reduction in pain intensity and improved function \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [30] & 2021 & Patients with knee OA & RCT, sham-controlled & No significant difference between active and sham groups \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [19] & 2022 & Patients with knee OA & RCT, prediction rule analysis & Development of a Clinical Prediction Rule \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [31] & 2022 & Older adults with knee OA & RCT, self-administered & Marked reduction in osteoarthritis \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [32] & 2023 & OA & tDCS & osteoarthritis-induced knee pain \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Summary of preliminary studies investigating the use of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) for chronic knee pain. The table includes information about the study, year, population, method, and key findings.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._ \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Author and Title** & **Population (Number, Gender, Age)** & **Methods (Protocol/Brain** & **Outcomes/Results** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [19]: Development & & & \\ of a Clinical Prediction Rule for & & & \\ Treatment Success with Transcranial & 51 participants with knee & & \\ Direct Current Stimulation for Knee & osteoarthritis; average age & & \\ Osteoarthritis Pain: A Secondary & 74.8 \(\pm\) 7.44 years & & \\ Analysis of a Double-Blind & & & \\ Randomized Controlled Trial & & & \\ \[PERSON] et al. [31]: & & & Self-administered tDCS at \\ Self-administered transcranial direct & 120 older adults with knee & home for 15 sessions; anode & \\ current stimulation for pain in older & osteoarthritis; aged & over the primary motor cortex & Significant pain reduction \\ adults with knee osteoarthritis: A & 50–85 years & (M1); cathode over the & \\ randomized controlled study & & supraorbital region (SO) & \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [32]: & & & 3-week course of \\ Self-administered transcranial direct & 120 subjects aged 66 \(\pm\) 8.3 & & \\ current stimulation treatment of knee & years & & \\ osteoarthritis alters pain-related & & & \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{} \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{} \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{} \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{} \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{} \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{} \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{} \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{} \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{} \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{} \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{} \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{} \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{} \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{} \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{} \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{} \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{} \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{} \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{} \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{} \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{} \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{} \\ \end{tabular}  
* This table provides a comprehensive overview of the included studies on the use of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) for treating chronic knee pain in elderly individuals. It includes details on the authors, study population, methods, and key outcomes, highlighting the various protocols and results across different trials.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Summary of preliminary studies on tDCS for chronic knee pain.