## 3 Research Framework of Internet of Emergency Services
### Real-Time Data Collection and Analysis
#### 3.3.4 Augmented Reality/Virtual Reality (AR/VR)  
The use of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) in emergency response and management is an emerging trend that has the potential to transform the way emergency responders prepare for and respond to disasters [29]. AR/VR technologies can provide a more immersive and interactive way to simulate emergency scenarios, train responders, and visualize disaster-affected areas (see a list of papers in Table 8). One of the main advantages of AR/VR in the emergency response is the ability to provide realistic and interactive training simulations for responders. These simulations can be used to train responders on various scenarios such as firefighting, search and rescue, and hazardous material incidents. By creating a virtual environment that mimics real-life emergency situations, responders can gain valuable experience and practice their skills in a safe and controlled environment. AR/VR can also be used to support decision making \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{85.4 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Reference** & **Context of Use** & **Description of Use** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] and [PERSON] [102]} & Free and open-source software (FOSS) & To gather and store data on geological \\  & architecture and machine learning techniques for intelligent data collecting and aggregation, develop a mobile GIS for managing geological disasters. & Masters, a framework for data gathering for Android application development based on QGIS, QFIed, GeoGerver, PostgreSQL, and GeoPackage was given \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [9]} & IoT-based sensor networks were used for real-time fire risk assessment and detection, and index-based and fuzzy API methods were used for forest fire susceptibility & Local meteorological and environmental data may be continuously collected using an IoT-based sensor network for better long- and short-term evaluation of forest fire risk. The system can be used for effective risk management and multi-criteria decision analysis with the TOPSIS method. & Local meteorological and environmental data may be continuously collected using an IoT-based sensor network for better long- and short-term evaluation of forest fire risk. The system can be used for effective risk management, monitoring, and early warning systems for forest fires. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [67]} & Big data and GIS technology for preventing and controlling urban underground pipeline accidents using risk factor monitoring, risk assessment, risk early warning, and emergency decision-making technology. & Underground pipeline accident prevention and control \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-3}  & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Summary of GIS papers on emergency management and response. during emergency response operations [110]. For example, responders can use AR/VR to visualize the disaster-affected areas, identify hazards, and plan their response strategies. These technologies can provide real-time information and situational awareness to responders, enabling them to make more informed decisions and respond more effectively. One specific example of the use of AR/VR in the emergency response is the Virtual Disaster Viewer developed by the US Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The Virtual Disaster Viewer is an interactive tool that uses 3D modeling and simulation to visualize disaster-affected areas and provide situational awareness to responders. The tool can be used to identify potential hazards, assess damage, and plan response strategies. Another example is the use of AR in firefighting. Firefighters can use AR technologies to overlay building schematics and fire data onto their field of view, providing real-time information and guidance on where to go and what actions to take. This can be especially useful in complex structures where traditional maps and diagrams may not provide enough detail.