# Anthropometric vs. Dental Variables of the Ageing Face: A Clinical Study
## 3 Results
### Correlations
#### 3.2.3 Facial Variables' Correlation with Age  
Statically significant associations were found for facial variables for the frontal and lateral views. A negative weak correlation was revealed for the distance between the pupil and the orbital point (Pearson's r = \(-\)0.276, \(p\) = 0.036) with respect to the frontal view and for the nasolabial angle (Pearson's r = \(-\)0.276, \(p\) = 0.036), and the distance from the E line to the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Male**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Female**} \\ \hline  & **Mean (SD)** & **Range** & **Mean (SD)** & **Range** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Mann–Whitney Test**} \\  & **\(p\)-Value** & & & **\(p\)-Value** & \\ \hline Facial index (\%) & 84.84 (\(\pm\)5.51) & 75.05–95.39 & 82.76 (\(\pm\)4.30) & 73.93–92.46 & 0.147 \\ \hline Middle vertical facial & 45.42 (\(\pm\)2.63) & 38.58–50.52 & 47.12 (\(\pm\)2.34) & 43.00–50.69 & 0.011 \({}^{*}\) \\ proportion (\%) & 54.58 (\(\pm\)2.63) & 49.78–61.42 & 58.88 (\(\pm\)2.34) & 49.31–57.00 & 0.011 \({}^{*}\) \\ \hline Nose-to-mouth distance (mm) & 24.53 (\(\pm\)2.86) & 18.81–30.69 & 24.14 (\(\pm\)3.71) & 19.30–35.00 & 0.588 \\ \hline Mouth width (mm) & 53.36 (\(\pm\)4.26) & 46.80–66.53 & 51.43 (\(\pm\)5.46) & 42.07–70.00 & 0.061 \\ \hline Pupil-to-orbital height (mm) & 21.31 (\(\pm\)2.31) & 16.70–26.04 & 20.49 (\(\pm\)3.12) & 14.56–29.27 & 0.154 \\ \hline Height of the lower lid (mm) & 14.62 (\(\pm\)2.06) & 11.19–18.29 & 13.52 (\(\pm\)2.29) & 8.86–18.73 & 0.087 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Facial anthropometric variables in frontal view for males and females for all participants (\(n\) = 58) (\({}^{*}\) indicates statistical significance). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Male** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Female**} \\ \hline  & **Mean (SD)** & **Range** & **Mean (SD)** & **Range** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Mann–Whitney Test**} \\  & **\(p\)-Value** & & & **\(p\)-Value** & \\ \hline Frankfurt plane (degrees) & 9.06 (\(\pm\)5.75) & \(-\)5.77–20.25 & 11.58 (\(\pm\)4.69) & 0.170–18.26 & 0.083 \\ \hline Nasolabial angle (degrees) & 95.57 (\(\pm\)13.22) & 71.14–122.22 & 96.56 (\(\pm\)11.34) & 76.41–115.23 & 0.762 \\ \hline Po-N-A angle (degrees) & 79.70 (\(\pm\)4.92) & 69.23–91.35 & 76.92 (\(\pm\)4.13) & 70.26–85.79 & 0.020 \({}^{*}\) \\ \hline Po-N-B angle (degrees) & 73.19 (\(\pm\)3.99) & 62.24–79.22 & 70.35 (\(\pm\)4.07) & 63.30–78.24 & 0.010 \({}^{*}\) \\ \hline ANB angle (degrees) & 6.50 (\(\pm\)2.26) & 0.98–13.02 & 6.57 (\(\pm\)2.02) & 2.51–9.26 & 0.528 \\ \hline E-line upper lip distance (mm) & \(-\)9.05 (\(\pm\)2.85) & \(-\)15.19–4.41 & \(-\)7.21 (\(\pm\)3.00) & \(-\)12.72–2.35 & 0.030 \({}^{*}\) \\ \hline E-line lower lip distance (mm) & \(-\)6.48 (\(\pm\)3.66) & \(-\)13.97–0.94 & \(-\)4.84 (\(\pm\)3.40) & \(-\)12.84–2.61 & 0.119 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Facial anthropometric variables in lateral view for males and females for all participants (\(n\) = 58) (\({}^{*}\) indicates statistical significance). upper lip (Pearson's r = \(-0.248\), \(p\) = 0.042) with respect to the lateral view. Moreover, weak rank correlations were found for the ANB angle with age. The above significant correlations were further studied utilising Loess curve graphs (Figures 2-5 and 7). The Loess curve graph shows the correlation between age and the distance between the eye pupil and the orbital point (Figure 3). This correlation is particularly pronounced among individuals aged between 26 and 46 years and those over 53 years of age. The values remain remarkably consistent between 46 and 53 years of age. Participants above the age of 56 exhibited a significantly stronger negative correlation between age and the nasolabial angle. Conversely, individuals younger than 56 years of age displayed a relatively stable nasolabial angle value (Figure 4). Similarly, the negative association between age and the ANB angle was more evident in participants older than 50.