## 2 Experimental Implementation
### Preparation of Fuel Samples  
This research particularly focuses on B20 from Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes); based on volume, the biodiesel-diesel blend (D80B20) has a better density, carbon residue, flash point, and calorific value than the calorific value of neat diesel, which makes it an ideal  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline Engine Model & 8041i40 \\ \hline Type & DI, four-stroke, four-cylinder, diesel natural aspirated \\ \hline Combustion types & Direct injection \\ \hline Bore value & 104 mm \\ \hline Stroke value & 115 mm \\ \hline Max. torque & 266 Nm \\ \hline Max. speed & 2940 rpm \\ \hline Compression ratio & 17.2 \\ \hline Displacement & 3.9 cc \\ \hline Dry weights & 425 kg \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Four-cylinder engine’s parameters.  
Figure 1: Experimental setup visualization.  
blend ratio for this research, which we use later with nano additives. The specifications of Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) and the three blends are shown in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. Nano blends were prepared separately through biodiesel blend D80B20 extracted from 20% biofuel from a water hyacinth plant with 80% pure diesel and Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) nanoparticles in doses of 50, 100, and 150 ppm, as shown in Table 3. From the mass fraction, with the help of an electric mixer and an ultrasonic device, the nanoparticles were weighed at 50 ppm. It is also distributed in all biodiesel blends with the help of ultrasound. The processor used is a 504 model with a power of 60 watts and a frequency of 50 kHz. For 30 min, to generate biodiesel mixed with nanoparticles D80B20 + 50 ppm and to ensure the homogeneity of the fuel sample, a similar process was tried for mass fractions of 100 ppm and 150 ppm. These samples were then used in the experimental diesel engine preparation to study its performance and emission characteristics. The physical and chemical properties of all studied fuel samples, D80B20N50, D80B20N100, and D80B20N150, were measured for three types of nanoparticles according to ASTM standards.  
The preparing processes included the following:  
* The biodiesel fuel placed in test tubes in stable conditions for evaluating the stability properties. Through the characterization tests, it was found that they were stable for more than a month.
* The adding of nanoparticles to biodiesel D80B20 extracted from 20% biofuel from a water hyacinth plant with 80% pure diesel, Alumina Al2O3 nanoparticles (Merck Company) averaging 50 nm, and nanoparticles in doses of 50, 100, and 150 ppm blends. From the mass fraction, an electric mixer and an ultrasonic shaker device were used.
* For a continuous agitation duration of 30 min, to generate biodiesel mixed with nanoparticles D80B20 + 50 ppm and to ensure the homogeneity of the fuel sample, a similar process was tried for mass fractions of 100 ppm and 150 ppm.
* The physical and chemical properties of all of the studied fuel samples are measured according to ASTM standards.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline Chemical formula & Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) \\ \hline Density & 398.7 kg/m\({}^{3}\) \\ \hline Appearance & White (solid) \\ \hline Molar mass & 101.98 g/mol \\ \hline Boiling point & 2.98 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ \hline Melting point & 2.072 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ \hline Thermal conductivity & 31 W/m\(\cdot\)K \\ \hline Refractive index & 1.768–1.772 (Birefringence 0.01) \\ \hline Solubility & Insoluble \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Properties of Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Sample** & **Density at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C** & **Calorific Value (Kcal/kg)** \\ \hline D80B20N50 & 0.8315 & 10,265.5 \\ \hline D80B20N100 & 0.8318 & 10,264.7 \\ \hline D80B20N150 & 0.8326 & 10,262.5 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Properties of fuel samples.