# Towards Adaptive Multipath Managing:
## 1 Introduction
### Related Works  
In recent years, the growing interest in the MPTCP technology has resulted in thousands of peer reviewed publications. In this paper, we categorize the most relevant literature into two groups: MPTCP out-of-order packet arrival cases and MPTCP path management cases.  
MPTCP out-of-order packet arrival cases: [PERSON] et al. [9] presented a novel pipeline network coding based MPTCP solution to solve the out-of-order packet arrival problem and thus reduce the packet reordering overhead in multipath transmission. [PERSON] et al. [12] introduced a new scheduling algorithm for MPTCP that mitigates jitter by transmitting packets out-of-order on different MPTCP sub-flows such that they can arrive in-order at the receiver. [PERSON] et al. [13] compared some different MPTCP congestion control mechanisms used in conjunction with the current TCP packet reordering solutions. Their results demonstrated that the performance of MPTCP could be influenced by the delay difference of multipath paths. Their study also identified combinations of congestion control and packet reordering solutions that give better aggregate goodput performance for different path delay differences. [PERSON] et al. [16] designed a novel out-of-order transmission enabled congestion control and packet scheduling strategy for MPTCP. [PERSON] et al. [17] presented a novel forward prediction based dynamic packet scheduling algorithm for MPTCP, by utilizing maximum likelihood estimation in TCP modeling and taking the packet loss rate and time offset into consideration. [PERSON] et al. [18] developed a new forward-delay based packet scheduling algorithm to solve the out-of-order received packet problem in the MPTCP based multipath transmission.  
MPTCP path management cases: [PERSON] et al. [20] investigated the performance of MPTCP in real-world Internet scenarios based on the NorNet Testbed. Their study revealed that path management and congestion control settings can present a significant impact on MPTCP's performance. [PERSON] et al. [21] designed a novel receive buffer based path management mechanism, which managed multiple paths by using both the available receive buffer size and dissimilar characteristics of multiple paths. This path management mechanism was devoted to possibly reducing the out-of-order packet arrival problem and alleviating receive buffer blocking in MPTCP based multipath transmission. [PERSON] et al. [22] proposed a feedback based path failure detection and buffer blocking protection approach for MPTCP. This approach aimed to (i) prevent the usage of underperforming sub-flows in the MPTCP, by using a path failure detection method, and (ii) prevent goodput degradation due to delay differences between paths, by detecting buffer blocking and closing underperforming sub-flows. Our previous work, MPTCP-La/E\({}^{2}\)[4], presented an LDDoS (Low-rate Distributed Denial-of-Service) attack aware energy saving oriented MPTCP extension aiming at optimizing the energy usage while still maintaining user's perceived quality of cloud multipathing services, by selecting and managing a subset of suitable paths for multipathing. Our previous work (PU)\({}^{2}\)M\({}^{2}\)[14] introduced a \"Potentially Underperforming\" (PU) concept to MPTCP and further designed a novel PU aware multipath management mechanism for MPTCP. The main goals of (PU)\({}^{2}\)M\({}^{2}\) were: (i) to prevent the use of potentially failed paths in multipath transmission and (ii) to manage multiple paths in MPTCP adaptively.