# A Study of Applying Fuzzy Theory in Simulation-Based Education
## 2 Literature Review
### Communication  
Communication was defined as sharing, universal, and cognitive, i.e., information was circulated and shared between speaker and listener to reach a consensus. In particular, opinions, information, ideas, thoughts and feelings were exchanged through concise and clear expression, providing bilateral understanding. Communication included effective oral, non-verbal and written forms in normal and abnormal situations [6]. Speech move theory extended traditional theoretical models based on grammatical correctness alone, with focus on communication fluency and sentence function [7]. In addition to mastering some vocabulary and grammar knowledge to understand correct sentence structures, it was also important to understand how to use languages properly to interact with interlocutors and achieve effective communication.  
Basic language interaction theory considers communication dialog includes three steps: speak, reply, and continuous question and answer, which have been incorporated into ICAO and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) dialog steps as indication, reply, and confirmation, respectively.  
* **Speak.** Speak can be directed, requested, ordered, communicated, questioned, etc. Speakers took a linguistic form to achieve a desired action.
* **Reply.** Listeners reply when they have received and understood the speaker's message by responding to a speak request or expressing that they understand the message contents. Responses can be positive, negative, or compromised.
* **Continuous question and answer.** This is the original speaker's role, and can be endorsement, concession, or simple confirmation.  
The steps form a complete set of dialog streams, ensuring that when crew needed to send messages, they would take action only after being sure they understood the message meaning. Effective communication occurred when the resultant action was in accordance with the message sender's original intention, otherwise the communication was considered invalid. Many factors or barriers could cause interference, obstruction, or otherwise reduce communication effectiveness, including personal factors, cognitive capabilities, social behaviors and culture. [PERSON] [8] proposed a linear communication theory where communication was linear between a single speaker and receiver only. The other flight crew was particularly attentive to identify and send warning messages about possible confusion. The pilot had to listen carefully when receiving such messages, and reduce the frequency of numerics in the message transmission. For example, it was improper to send more numerics such as height, course and altimeter setting through several dialogs to improve communication quality.  
Communication between crew members could be significantly improved if it was a specific CRM training focus as well as standard operating procedures. However, it is important to focus on \"what was the correct message?\" rather than \"who was correct?\" This can be achieved by  
mutual respect and encouragement for participation; firm description, and active listening;  
implementation of team member task prompts, clear expression of the determination for aircraft operation wherein the captain should question or ask for opinions;  
aggressively ask for information and guidance from others if necessary;  
insistence on goodwill or seeking assistance from others to ensure flight safety when facing an unknown situation, together with timely self-review and encouragement to others; and  
using appropriate skills to deal with interpersonal and work conflicts.