# Enhancing Knowledge on Energy Refurbishment of Buildings and Green Procurement through Living Labs
## 3 Results
### Statistical Relevance of the Results  
To determine the relevance and significance of stakeholder's knowledge improvement, we utilized the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test for paired samples. This test was employed to compare knowledge levels on eight topics before and after engagement in all LLs. A \(p\)-value of \(<\)0.001 indicates that there is a statistically significant difference between the \"Before\" and \"After\" level of knowledge for all eight topics (as seen form Table 2). The negative \(Z\)-values indicates that, on average, \"Before\" values are lower than \"After values\", which confirms that knowledge has statistically significantly improved (as explained in Section 3.1). Further research was undertaken to discern if there were significant variations in knowledge levels among eight topics depending on the _specialization_ of the Living Lab and the _type of organizations_ (e.g., public authorities, small-medium enterprises, higher education and research organization, business support organization, and other). We applied the Fisher exact test, chosen for its suitability with small sample sizes and analyzing contingency tables with more than 2 \(\times\) 2 dimensions, to assess whether level \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Green Polices** & **Mentoring** & **Funding** & **Provement** & **BP** & **LL** & **Pilots** & **eGPP** \\ \hline z & \(-\)7.267 * & \(-\)6.927 * & \(-\)7.069 * & \(-\)6.536 * & \(-\)7.596 * & \(-\)7.531 * & \(-\)7.263 * & \(-\)6.756 * \\ \hline Asymp.Sig (2-tailed) & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* This Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test was selected as the most appropriate because the data, captured using a Likert scale, were considered ordinal. It is important to mention that, in addition to the ordinal data consideration, the paired \(t\)-test was also excluded because it violated the assumption of normality.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test for level of knowledge before and after. Figure 6: Level of knowledge regarding GPP among stakeholders before and after participating in LL (%) (\(n=22\)). Likert scale: 1—Poor, 2—Fair, 3—Good, 4—Very good, and 5—Excellent. of knowledge after participating in LLs varies among Living Labs (LLs) with different specializations. We have considered LLs specialized in green public procurement, green funding, and/or mentoring and green policy. As seen in the Table 3, the test revealed that the level of knowledge on most topics (six out of eight) exhibited statistically significant differences (\(p<0.05\)). No statistically significant difference was observed for topics related to funding and pilot actions. Living Labs (LLs) specializing in green public procurement demonstrated a significant enhancement in their knowledge in comparison to green funding and/or mentoring and green policy-oriented LLs. This is shown by the highest share of stakeholders claiming to reach excellent knowledge. The excellent level on the relevant topics was also achieved by stakeholders participating in LLs with green financing/mentoring, although the proportion of stakeholders is much lower than in green public procurement. On the other hand, participants in LLs on green policy reported, for most topics (with the exception of the LL concept and eGPP), that they did not reach an excellent level of knowledge. The results also emphasize some logical correlations between the scope of the LL and the topics covered. The eGPP achieves the highest proportion of stakeholders who are very knowledgeable about the eGPP (36.36%) compared to LLs focusing on funding/mentoring and green policy (22.73%/23.68%). Green funding/mentoring achieves the highest proportion for mentoring topics (36.36%) compared to eGPP (27.27%) and green policy LLs (31.58%). The LLs for green policy achieve the highest share for topics related to green policy (42.11%) compared to eGPP (36.36%) and funding/mentoring LLs (31.82%).