## 2 The Role of IoT Devices in Smart Buildings
### Challenges in IoT-Enabled Smart Buildings
* **Lighting Management System**:  
IoT-based lighting control is essential for smart buildings, to provide lighting control in buildings, and a range of vendor-specific approaches and technologies have been implemented. Visible light communications (VLC) solutions, which will become available in the next several years, are another breakthrough in Internet of Things (IoT) adoption [37]. Infrared transmission has been employed in systems (both outside and indoors the former is based on free-space optical communication systems). VLC is commonly assumed to include visible light produced by LEDs [43]. * **Protective Schedulers**:  
Smart plug load controls are receptacles and power strips that automatically turn off power to equipment that can detect the major load, such as a computer, and adjust the operation of peripheral devices appropriately. Plug load schedules can be incorporated into lighting and buildings' management systems (BMS) for centralized control [44]. * **Large Amounts of Data**:  
Different businesses face basic challenges in integrating and sharing large amounts of data. Traditional databases are merged with big data databases to generate meaningful results. Big data exchange among consumers, on the other hand, is seen as a major difficulty [45]. Furthermore, big data raises serious challenges, such as data privacy and security. The IoT with AI offers solutions to these problems, as IoT is being integrated into decentralized energy systems to enhance the environment by increasing energy efficiency and reducing waste [46]. * **Fire Control System**:  
Only fire control systems that can deliver accurate and timely fire alarms that identify the specific location of the fire can be considered effective. Enhanced fire safety can be included in a smart building through the usage of app-based, cloud-based, and wirelessly connected system components. When integrated into a smart building, it is feasible to massively improve fire safety in a variety of ways, ranging from temperature sensors that can determine smoke alarms that can automatically activate in response to an emergency. In addition, fire protection and alarm systems have developed into highly advanced computer-based systems, which combine fire detection and disaster communication systems as an integral component of the entire operations [47]. * **Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC)**:  
Intelligent heating, ventilation, and air conditioning make use of sensors that are integrated into the building automation system. These sensors compile information about the  
Figure 3: AI-based systems for smart buildings. environment. HVAC equipment gives users the flexibility to fine-tune the heat, humidity, and airflow in several different zones. Early defect prediction and identification in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems have the potential to reduce the damage that can be caused to equipment, hence enhancing the dependability and safety of smart buildings [31]. * **Security**:  
The development of so-called smart buildings has given rise to significant issues, including safety and the selection of an alarm verification service in order to be in compliance with regulations and produce an atmosphere that is significantly more comfortable, productive, and safe. The application of technology is required for the creation of user-centric smart buildings by organizations. These buildings must be able to keep people safe from physical threats, allow for a safe return to the workplace following a pandemic, and continue to operate normally in the event of Internet interruptions such as cyber-attacks [48]. * **Weather System**:  
The term temperature refers to a physical quantity that indicates the relative levels of heat and cold; in the context of building control, it is a very important parameter. The ability of modern buildings to make temperature adjustments automatically has the potential to both make people's living and working environments more comfortable and save a significant amount of energy.