# Are Electromyography Data a Fingerprint for Patients with Cerebral Palsy (CP)?
## 3 Results  
The ND of all measured kinematics and kinetics parameters exhibited significant improvement (_p_-value < 0.05) post-surgery, as shown in Table 2. Regarding EMG, a significant reduction was only observed in the ND of the EMG for the rectus femoris (_p_-value < 0.001) and soleus (_p_-value = 0.006), as detailed in Table 3. While the gait indices (GDI and GPS) and EMG indices (EDI and EPS) demonstrated significant changes towards normal values from E1 to E2 (_p_-value < 0.001), the measure for motor control (DMC) showed no significant difference after the intervention (_p_-value = 0.88). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Measure** & **Examination** & **Mean (SD)** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **95\% Confidence Interval** \\ **(Lower Bound–Upper Bound)** \\ \end{tabular} & **Sig.** \\ \hline ND ankle dorsiflexion (degree) & E1 & 3.36 (0.22) & 2.93–3.78 & **<0.001** \\  & E2 & 1.81 (0.07) & 1.67–1.95 & **<0.001** \\ \hline ND ankle dorsiflexion moment (Nm/kg) & E1 & 2.07 (0.04) & 1.99–2.15 & **<0.001** \\  & E2 & 1.63 (0.04) & 1.54–1.71 & **<0.001** \\ \hline ND ankle dorsiflexion power (W/kg) & E1 & 1.80 (0.06) & 1.68–1.91 & **<0.001** \\  & E2 & 1.29 (0.04) & 1.21–1.38 & **<0.001** \\ \hline ND knee flexion (degree) & E1 & 3.24 (0.14) & 2.96–3.52 & **<0.001** \\  & E2 & 2.53 (0.12) & 2.28–2.77 & **<0.001** \\ \hline ND knee flexion moment (Nm/kg) & E1 & 1.76 (0.06) & 1.65–1.87 & **<0.001** \\  & E2 & 1.55 (0.05) & 1.44–1.66 & **<0.001** \\ \hline ND knee flexion power (W/kg) & E1 & 1.24 (0.03) & 1.18–1.30 & **<0.001** \\  & E2 & 1.11 (0.02) & 1.07–1.16 & **<0.001** \\ \hline ND hip flexion angle (degree) & E1 & 1.81 (0.08) & 1.66–1.97 & **<0.001** \\  & E2 & 1.52 (0.07) & 1.39–1.65 & **<0.001** \\ \hline ND hip flexion moment (Nm/kg) & E1 & 1.85 (0.05) & 1.76–1.95 & **<0.001** \\  & E2 & 1.54 (0.05) & 1.45–1.64 & **<0.001** \\ \hline ND hip flexion power (W/kg) & E1 & 1.74 (0.04) & 1.67–1.81 & **<0.001** \\  & E2 & 1.55 (0.04) & 1.47–1.63 & **<0.001** \\ \hline CDI & E1 & 58.51 (0.96) & 56.61–60.42 & **<0.001** \\  & E2 & 73.74 (0.92) & 71.93–75.55 & **<0.001** \\ \hline GPS & E1 & 14.35 (0.35) & 13.66–15.03 & **<0.001** \\  & E2 & 9.73 (0.24) & 9.27–10.20 & **<0.001** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Pre-(E1) and post-operative (E2) norm-distance of the kinematics and kinetics parameters and for GDI and GPS. ND: norm-distance. SPM analysis revealed significant differences at specific phases of the gait cycle for the rectus femoris, approximately 20% (early stance) and 75% (mid-swing) (Figure 2A). For the soleus, significant differences were observed at the beginning (initial contact), around 50% (end of stance), and at the end (terminal swing) of the gait cycle between E1 and E2 (Figure 2B). Initial clustering results provided in Table 4 indicate the mean and SD of the GDI for patients identified in each cluster at two assessment points (pre- and post-operation). Patients with the best and the poorest gait performance at E1 had an average GDI of 71.02 and 43.43, respectively. The same assigned gait conditions had an average GDI of 86.47 and 58.51 at E2. This illustrates the general effect of the surgery on improving gait, as evidenced by the increase in the mean GDI from 58.51 at E1 to 73.74 at E2. However, since individual responses varied, patients were categorized according to the change in their cluster post-operation. Tables 5-7 compare those with similar pre-operative gait, minimizing the influence of initial gait quality. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Examination Time** & **Cluster** & **Average (SD) of GDI for the Patients in the Cluster** & **Assigned Gait Condition** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{E1 (pre-operation)} & Cluster 1 & 71.02 (6.9) & Good \\  & Cluster 2 & 55.18 (3.0) & Mild \\  & Cluster 3 & 43.43 (5.0) & Poor \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{E2 (post-operation)} & Cluster 1 & 86.47 (6.8) & Good \\  & Cluster 2 & 72.28 (3.3) & Mild \\  & Cluster 3 & 58.51 (6.7) & Poor \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}