## 1 Introduction  
The building sector is one of the largest consumers of energy in the world and generates greenhouse gases and CO\({}_{2}\) emissions [1]. Worldwide, the building sector is responsible for approximately 40% of global energy consumption and 39% of global CO\({}_{2}\) emissions, compared to around 22 and 30% of the industrial and transport sectors, respectively [2]. This prompts the scientific community to develop different solutions and strategies to solve the problem and bring significant improvements to the construction industry, taking effective and sustainable actions against climate change. Therefore, reducing the impact of the building sector has become a key point in the sustainable development of building materials to develop high-performance thermal and acoustic insulation biomaterials able to improve the comfort of buildings while reducing the environmental impact. In this context, bio-composite materials are a first step towards the integration of an ecological, green, and sustainable approach. The incorporation of vegetable aggregates in building materials resulted in several benefits in addition to a reduction in environmental impact. Positive effects of bio-composites can be obtained in terms of thermal insulation and mechanical and hygro-thermal properties [3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. Plasters have an important role in opaque building envelope performance. In the literature, several studies focus on the addition of natural or waste materials to plasters, resulting in a great environmental benefit, although they are characterized by a slight improvement in thermal and acoustic performance with respect to conventional solutions [8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16]. Gypsum plaster is one of the most standard materials used by many ancient civilizations in construction applications due to its aesthetic and thermo-acoustic qualities [17]. Gypsum plaster is an economical and easily exploitable product, offering good thermo-acoustic comfort as well as protection against fire ([PERSON] & [PERSON], 2016). Several authors tried to improve its physical, thermal, mechanical, and hygrothermal properties by adding additives. Among the synthetics, polystyrene was widely used. A complete study of the mechanical, thermal, and acoustic properties of gypsum-plasters mixed with EPS was carried out by [PERSON] et al. [18], taking into account the different contents and diameters of the polystyrene balls. By increasing the size of the beads, the maximum value of flexural strength occurred with a lower percentage of polystyrene. The thermal values were 0.191 and 0.116 W/mK for 10% and 30% weight content of smaller polystyrene beads (3 mm diameter), respectively. Transmission loss values ranged up to 45 dB, with a reduction of only 2-3 dB compared to pure samples due to the reduction of density. Similar results were found in [PERSON] et al. [19] for a composite material based on expanded polystyrene and tragacanth gum in different percentages. Better thermal performance was obtained in plasters with the incorporation of granular aerogel, reaching values of thermal conductivity of 0.05 W/mK (90% weight of granules in the mixture) [20; 21; 22]. Over the years, researchers have worked on numerous gypsum plaster solutions with natural, vegetable, and recycled fiber additives. For instance, [PERSON] et al. [23] showed good reinforcing and thermal insulation properties of rice husk. Pennisetum Setaceum (a herbaceous plant) fibers were of interest for lightweight thermal insulating materials [24]. A small amount of date palm fibers (6% by weight) resulted in a thermal conductivity reduction of about 48% [25]. The addition of 2% by weight of Alfa fibers increased the thermal performance of bio-sourced earth-based composites, as demonstrated by [PERSON] et al. [26]. Ferula Communis collected from Ait Ishaq city (Morocco) had a positive impact on both the thermal performance and the lightness of the dough [17].