# TACRP: Traffic-Aware Clustering-Based Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks
## 5 Performance Evaluation
### Network Performance Based on a Number of Vehicles  
Figure 4 shows the energy efficiency when the numbers of vehicles were varied and where the coverage area of the vehicles was 200 m with a speed of 50 Km/h. The proposed TACRP protocol achieved the expected results because the energy efficiency achieved was more than 85%, which was very complicated in the huge mobility-based dynamically varying network. The energy efficiency of the earlier works, such as ECHS and NRHCS, were 65.13% and 75.46%, respectively, whereas the proposed TACRP protocol achieved up to 86.14%. This was achieved with the help of the traffic-aware clustering model. In the traffic-aware clustering model, clustering is done in an effective manner. In earlier research, energy is consumed during the process of vehicles leaving the cluster and joining into a new cluster, and, hence, it is dynamic in nature and change of cluster happens frequently. That is the reason the energy consumption was high in the earlier works, which was reflected in reduction of efficiency. The efficiency achieved by the ECHS was nearly 65% and by the NRHCS nearly 75%. In the proposed TACRP protocol, vehicle traffic is properly managed. Vehicles leaving the cluster and then joining other clusters are processed in a systematic way, which leads to reduction in energy consumption and is reflected in an increase of energy efficiency. So, the energy efficiency achieved by the proposed TACRP protocol reached up to 86%. Figure 5 shows the throughput calculation with a varying number of vehicles where the coverage area of the vehicles was 200 m with a speed of 50 Km/h. The network throughput achieved by the proposed TACRP protocol was 543.16 Kbps, whereas the earlier ECHS and NRHCS were 235.14 Kbps and 386.14 Kbps, respectively. The proposed TACRP protocol produced a throughput which was around 150 to 200 Kbps more than the earlier works. This performance was achieved because of the usage of traffic management in the proposed work. The routing overhead was greatly reduced during the process of communication in the proposed model. As the results showed, it enabled the achievement of high throughput at the end of the simulation. Figure 4: Energy Efficiency Calculation. Figure 6 shows the packet delivery ratio calculation with a varying number of vehicles where the coverage area of the vehicle was 200 m with a speed 50 Km/h. The proposed routing protocol achieved a maximum packet delivery ratio of 98.37% because of concentrating on the traffic and energy modules. As a result, network overhead and delay were greatly reduced. The ECHS and NRHCS produced up to 87.35% and 92.67%, respectively. Due to the proper traffic management system in the proposed TACRP protocol, the congestion in the network was greatly reduced so that the packet loss reduced, which was reflected in in the improvement of the packet delivery ratio in the proposed TACRP protocol. For that reason, the packet delivery ratio of the proposed work reached nearly 98%. Figure 7 shows the end-to-end delay calculation of the network with a varying number of vehicles where the coverage area of the vehicle was 200 m with a speed 50 Km/h. The end-to-end delay achieved by the proposed TACRP protocol was 152.71 ms, whereas for ECHS and NRHCS it was 359.14 ms and 296.47 ms, respectively. The major concentration of the proposed TACRP protocol was traffic management in the highly dynamic VANETs. The traffic-aware clustering-based routing protocol monitored traffic and properly controlled the traffic, which led to reduction of the end-to-end delay in the proposed TACRP protocol. As a result, the proposed protocol caused a drop in delay to around 200 ms to 150 ms lower than the earlier comparisons. Figure 5: Network Throughput Calculation. Figure 6: Packet Delivery Ratio Calculation. Figure 8 demonstrates the calculation of the packet loss with a varying number of vehicles where the coverage area of the network was 200 m with a speed 50 Km/h.