## 5 Security Mechanisms  
In general, the two approaches for protecting IoT and IoE devices from potential intrusions are software-based and hardware-based. Software is responsible for protecting devices against software-based attacks. It is tough to break the mathematical algorithm of software using the present computer system. However, it will be able to solve mathematical keys within a shorter time compared to the current approach when quantum computers become reality [199]. In software-based security solutions, devices are prone to attack as keys are saved in the non-volatile memory (NVM) of the devices. The invention of quantum computers might make software-based security solutions vulnerable. Therefore, \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Application Attacks** & **Compromised Security Requirements** & **Effects** & **Countermeasures** \\ \hline Virus and Worms & ALL & Resource Destruction & Machine learning techniques and signature matching techniques [186], Security updates, side-channel analysis, verify software integrity, control flow, protective Software \\ \hline Malicious Scripts & ALL & Infected Data & Algebra statistics and geometric trends [187], Firewalls \\ \hline Spyware and Adware & ALL & Resource Destruction & Installing antivirus or antimalware; API call network with the heuristic detection mechanism [188], Logging and testing [173] \\ \hline Trojan Horse & ALL & Resource Destruction & Noise bound [189], Monitoring, Audit and research device and network, place IoT devices in separate segment or virtual LAN [190] \\ \hline Denial of Service & A, AC, AU, NR, P & Network shutdown, Resource exhaustion [64] & Access Control Lists \\ \hline Firmware & ALL & Unauthorized operation and path for other attacks [180] & Electromagnetic pattern [191], use Safe programming languages, add runtime code, audit software \\ \hline Botnet Attack & ALL & Service outage [181] & Packet monitoring and feed to Enhanced Support Vector Neural Network (ESVNN) [192], Deep learning [193], Bot program in local DNS server [181] \\ \hline Brute Force Password Attack & ALL & Sensitive data, System compromise [194] & Logging attempt and frequency [195], Dynamic password change [196], Securing firmware update, cryptography methods \\ \hline Phishing Attacks & ALL & Stage for multiple attack [197] & Machine learning [197], Artificial intelligence [198], Cryptographic methods \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Application attacks with compromised security goals and countermeasures. the hardware-based solution could be one of the possible solutions due to the risk factor of existing software-based security [23]. This is accompanied by the prediction that the majority of current asymmetric cryptography will be broken by the advent of quantum technology employing Shor's Algorithm [200]. Winternitz One Time Signature (WOTS) Scheme [201], Supersingular Isogeny Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange (SIDH) [200], etc., are post-quantum resistance. It is required to standardize a model to preserve integrity. NIST is working to standardize cryptographic mechanisms to resist attacks on the post-quantum area. Figure 10 shows hardware-based security mechanisms. Cryptographic functions can be used in hardware-based security by using a dedicated hardware-integrated circuit or chip to store the keys. Physical computing devices called hardware security modules can be utilized for crypto processing and robust verification. They can encrypt, decrypt, save, and handle digital keys using various encryption algorithms, as shown in Figure 10[202]. (1) a public key and (2) a private key; these two keys are carried by each node in the network. Man-in-the-middle attacks are easy to launch using this hardware-based security mechanism. Attackers can clone the device after stolen. PUF is a solution to avoid the attack [203,204]. [PERSON] et al. first introduced PUF as a security primitive for hardware-based security [205]. PUF can produce digital fingerprints on the fly when requested.