## 3 Results  
### Blueprint for Interpretation of Results  
Tables S1 and S2 in the Supplementary Materials contain the complete results of our analysis. Table S1 presents the percent population shares by sex, total COVID-19 deaths by sex, percentages of total COVID-19 deaths by sex, conservative 95% interval estimates of total COVID-19-attributable YPLL by sex, and conservative 95% interval estimates of the percentage of total COVID-19-attributable YPLL by sex in the U.S. and in each state. When the percentage of total deaths for males is above their percent population share, males are overrepresented among COVID-19 deaths, and when the percentage of total deaths for males is below their percent population share, males are underrepresented among COVID-19 deaths. The interpretation of the interval estimates of the percentage of total YPLL relative to the percent population share is slightly more nuanced, however. When the interval estimate of the male percentage of total YPLL is completely above the male percent population share, males are either overrepresented among COVID-19 deaths or male decedent ages are systematically younger relative to those of females--to a degree that is statistically discernable--or both. Conversely, when the interval estimate of the male percentage of total YPLL is completely below the male percent population share, males are either underrepresented among COVID-19 deaths or male decedent ages are systematically older relative to those of females--to a degree that is statistically discernable--or both. This second scenario for the interval estimates of the percentage of total YPLL, however, does not occur in the results of our analysis. The magnitudes of the sex disparities in the COVID-19 mortality burden can be amplified when mortality is measured in terms of YPLL compared to death counts. For example, if males are overrepresented among COVID-19 deaths, their interval estimate of the percentage of total YPLL can be completely above their percentage of total deaths as a result of male decedent ages being systematically and statistically discernably younger relative to those of females. Similarly, if males are underrepresented among COVID-19 deaths, their interval estimate of the percentage of total YPLL can be completely below their percentage of total deaths as a result of male decedent ages being systematically and statistically discernably older relative to those of females. This second scenario, however, does not occur in the results of our analysis. Moreover, the direction of the disparity in the COVID-19 mortality burden can in fact reverse when mortality is measured in terms of YPLL compared to death counts. For example, if males are underrepresented among COVID-19 deaths, the interval estimate of the percentage of total YPLL can, in contrast, be completely above the male percent population share as a result of male decedent ages being systematically younger relative to females to a degree that is both statistically discernable and outweighs the disproportionately low number of male deaths. Similarly, if males are overrepresented among COVID-19 deaths, the interval estimate of the percentage of total YPLL can, in contrast, be completely below the male percent population share as a result of male decedent ages being systematically older relative to females to a degree that is both statistically discernable and outweighs the disproportionately high number of male deaths. This second scenario, however, does not occur in the results of our analysis. Table S2 presents conservative 95% interval estimates of the male and female age-adjusted mortality and YPLL rates as well as the age-adjusted male-to-female mortality and YPLL RRs in the U.S. and in each state. When the interval estimate of the age-adjusted male-to-female mortality RR is completely above 1.0, it means that after accounting for differences in the male and female population age distributions, the male mortality rate is statistically and discernably above that of females.