# Air Quality Predictions through Mathematical Modeling for Iron Ore Mine Project
## 4 Modeling, Analysis, and Results
### Model Simulations and Analysis
The model simulated the ground-level concentrations (GLCs) of SPM and PM\({}_{10}\). Table 5 reveals that the estimated total SPM (ETSPM) varies across the receptor locations. The minimum ETSPM of 91 \(\mu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) is observed at Shiroda Village, located 1.52 km away, in the northwest direction. The maximum ETSPM of 172 \(\mu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) is observed at 0.44 km away, in the north direction (Tiroda Village). Nanos Village, located 0.63 km away, in the southeast direction, shows an ETSPM of 148 \(\mu\)g/m\({}^{3}\). The impact of predicted concentrations on the surrounding population is minimal, as the maximum incremental increase is only 34 \(\mu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) at Redi Village. The predicted concentrations for the Core Zone and surrounding villages remained within permissible limits, except for slight exceedances in Tiroda and Nanos Villages. However, to have better control over the AQ, mitigation measures (Table 6) were recommended and implemented in the field before the commencement of the operational phase (see supplementary data also for relevant details and figures). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**SI. No.**} & **Mitigation Measure** & **Details** & **Advantages** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{1} & \multirow{4}{*}{Water-spray systems} & \(\bullet\) & Dedicated haul road tankers (8 KL/day) for & \\  & & & continuous dust suppression. & \\  & & \(\bullet\) & Expansion of permanent sprinklers to critical & Reduces airborne dust significantly \\  & & & areas (including dump slopes) for dust & and improves air quality for work \\  & & & control and plantation irrigation. & persons and nearby communities. It \\  & & \(\bullet\) & Strategic deployment of water-mist & also supports the plant growth and \\  & & & technology (WMT) for enhanced & sustainability on-site \\  & & & dust suppression. & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{2} & \multirow{4}{*}{Stockpile management} & \(\bullet\) & Tarpaulin covers to minimize wind erosion & \multirow{4}{*}{Prevents the dust from being } \\  & & & across all stockpiles. & airborne, reduces overall \\  & & & Regular water-sprinkling programs to further & environmental adverse impact, and \\  & & & control dust generation. & enhances site cleanliness. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{3} & \multirow{4}{*}{Vegetation buffer expansion} & \(\bullet\) & Planting trees and shrubs around the mine & The vegetation buffer acts as a natural \\  & & & perimeter and on dumps to create natural & air filter, which also enhances the \\  & & & dust-dispersion barriers. & ecological aesthetics of the mining \\  & & & dust-dispersion barriers. & area and provides a habitat for \\  & & & & local wildlife. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{4} & \multirow{4}{*}{Administrative enhancements} & \(\bullet\) & Stricter HEMM maintenance schedules for & \multirow{4}{*}{Ensures compliance with } \\  & & & minimized emissions. & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & Expanded dust-control training & environmental regulations and \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & for personnel. & increases awareness and real-time air \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & Upgraded worker PPE with potentially & quality management \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & integrated air quality monitoring & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Details of the mitigation measures recommended and implemented in the mine in operation phase. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Receptor Location**} & **Cardinal Direction** & **Distance (m)** & **Baseline SPM (\(\mu\)g/m\({}^{3}\))** & **Predicted NPT (\(\mu\)g/m\({}^{3}\))** & **Baseline PM\({}_{10}\) + Predicted Incremental PM\({}_{10}\) (\(\mu\)g/m\({}^{3}\))** & **Baseline PM\({}_{10}\) (\(\mu\)g/m\({}^{3}\))** \\ \hline Core Zone & - & \(\sim\)60 & 117 & 49 & 166 & 44.0 \\ Tiroda Village & N & 440 & 152 & 20 & 172 & 41.9 \\ Nanos Village & SE & 630 & 132 & 16 & 148 & 34.8 \\ Redi Village & SW & 3170 & 101 & 34 & 135 & 41.6 \\ Shiroda Village & NW & 1520 & 78 & 13 & 91 & 26.9 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}