## 1 Introduction  
The construction industry ranks among the primary contributors to the significant global carbon footprint, heavily relying on non-renewable energy and emitting greenhouse gases. Accounting for approximately 40% of global energy consumption and contributing to 33% of greenhouse gas emissions, the construction industry, demands comprehensive measures to mitigate carbon emissions [1, 2, 3, 4]. Addressing this challenge requires tailoredgovernment policies, robust carbon emission analysis, and adopting sustainable materials. Carbon emissions analysis across the building life cycle revealed that the construction phase alone contributes to 20-50% of total carbon emissions [5]. Using timber-based structural products is currently regarded as an environmentally friendly choice, aligning with government sustainable development and climate change mitigation strategies. Timber is a practical alternative to traditional building materials, offering a high strength-to-weight ratio, low carbon footprint, renewable resource availability, and aesthetic appeal [6; 7; 8; 9]. Ongoing efforts to optimise timber's structural efficacy are under way, expanding the application domains of timber-based structural products [10]. Each material possesses distinct advantages and disadvantages, and the practice of combining different materials in construction has a long history. The primary objective of blending materials and ensuring their composite action in structures is to enhance the final structure's characteristics [11; 12; 13]. This typically involves reducing overall weight, increasing stiffness and load-bearing capacity, and improving the aesthetic appeal of buildings. Steel-concrete pairs stand out as one of the most widely used combinations of materials [14]. In the realm of composite structures for roofs and floors, one study focused on a combination of cold-formed steel beams and timber panels [15]. Special adhesive compositions have proven effective in enhancing shear connection and stiffness, surpassing traditional steel options [16]. Notably, I-joists have gained popularity as engineered timber products for floor and roof assemblies in both residential and commercial settings [17]. The advancement of innovative solutions in the application of timber structures and elements in constructing multi-storey timber buildings has necessitated the development of novel composite structural materials for the walls and floor components of these structures [18]. In recent decades, timber-concrete composite (TCC) structures have gained prominence, especially in the construction of multi-storey timber buildings [19; 20]. TCC structures contribute to creating rigid or semi-rigid joints, with connectors playing a crucial role in transferring shear between concrete slabs and timber beams [21; 22]. Timber-concrete composites are instrumental in constructing structures that are challenging or impossible with timber alone [23; 24]. A recent paper presents an analysis of the use of timber-concrete composite materials and monolithic slabs in residential buildings [25]. Cross-linking various types of timber-based materials has found widespread use in critical structural elements and structures [26]. Ongoing research on steel mesh structures in timber buildings is in an active stage of development and implementation [27]. Posi-joist elements, exemplified in this publication, are a noteworthy instance. Stability under vibration loads for floor structures created using metal web joists is extensively detailed in another study [28]. Metal-web beams represent shallow parallel-chord trusses where timber flanges are interconnected through a system of triangulation facilitated by steel webs [29]. Posi-joisted beams offer several advantages over alternative timber structures. They seamlessly blend the weight advantage of timber with the strength of the posi-strut steel web, enabling flooring and roofing solutions that cover substantially greater distances than other timber materials.