## 2 Digitalization and Cybernation of Work Processes in Manufacturing Systems
### Cyber-Physical Production Systems  
Before we define the term \"_cyber-physical_\", we must first define the term \"_cybernetics_\", which comes from the Greek word \"_ikbernetic_\", meaning to manage. The foundations of cybernetics in its present form were laid in 1948 by the American scientist [PERSON] in his book \"_CYBERNETICS or control and communication in the animal and the machine_\" [33]. [PERSON], based on the foundations of cyber science, defines the concept of \"_cyberspace_\" as new and unknown dimensions [34]. Under the influence of the development of the Internet, the term \"_cyberspace_\" is becoming increasingly common and familiar in everyday life. It often becomes synonymous with the digital space that surrounds us and is enabled by advanced technological applications that can share and exchange data, information and knowledge with other participants of the digital space. Cyber-physical systems (CPS) [35; 36] are a new generation of systems that integrate computational and physical capabilities. According to [37], the CPS are systems of collaborating computational units that are intensively connected to the surrounding physical world and its ongoing processes, while providing and using data access and processing services available over the Internet. In [37] [PERSON] et al. defined Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS) as a production system that uses CPS-related technology, including devices embedded in different pieces of equipment, to form a concurrent network via continuous computation and communication to enhance the flexibility and adaptability of the industrial production system in the case of a complicated production environment and changing demand, thus improving the personalized and highly efficient nature of modern industrial manufacturing. CPPSs are a basic building block of the paradigm of smart manufacturing systems (SMS) and enable the concept of Industry 4.0 [3; 5; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42]. In [42], CPPS must be able to analyze data in real time and make decisions autonomously or through hybrid interactive decision processes. Hybrid interactive decision processes between humans and machines use the specific capabilities of humans and CPS in a synergistic way to actively interact with humans and other digital and physical objects. The model of cyber-physical elementary work systems based on the CPPS concept [3] is shown in Figure 9.  
Figure 8: Structure of elementary work systems [32]. The conceptual model shown in Figure 9 consists of three subsystems: (1) social system, (2) cyber system, and (3) physical system. Each system exists in its own environment and contains building elements in its own space. The human is the structural element of the social system, the physical system EWS is the structural element of the physical sys-tem, and the cyber system EWS is the element of the cyber system in the cyber space. Each element has the corresponding relationships with its specific environment. The connectivity between individual systems and thus between spaces is enabled by communication interfaces and smart sensors. The PWS structure is based on the EWS structure [24]. A social system is an organizational unit in which certain specific relationships and rules apply. The human, as the basic building block of the social system, establishes collaborative links with other actors in the social process to implement business processes. The interactions within the social system in today's global world do not only take place within the social space. Advanced ICTs have made it possible to move the mutual interactions between actors into cyberspace. The new element of the model is the cyber system. The structure of the EWS cyber system is shown in Figure 10.  
Figure 9: Model of the cyber-physical elementary work system [3]. According to [3, 25] the basic structure of the EWS cyber system is divided into three basic parts: (1) the data-acquisition part, (2) the self-learning part, and (3) the state-monitoring and identification part.