esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Real-Time Detection of Pilot Workload Using Low-Interference Devices
## 2 Literature Review  
### Causes of Flight Accidents  
#### 2.1.1 Incomplete SOPs within the AOTW  
The AOTW is a critical time window for completing essential procedures during flight, and its length varies with the complexity of the flight environment and the tasks involved [30]. When SOPs cannot be completed within the AOTW, it can lead to flight accidents [5]. In some cases, the AOTW itself is too short to complete these procedures. Another scenario is when the high-stress or complex flight environment increases the pilot's workload, affecting their performance and preventing them from completing the required tasks within the AOTW [5]. High workload can lead to delays in procedure execution as pilots are overwhelmed with multiple tasks simultaneously, stretching their cognitive and physical resources [31].  
Moreover, simulation studies [32] have found that the time distribution for pilots to complete SOPs under different workload shows significant variance, further supporting that AOTW settings should adapt to different workload levels and flight scenarios. Improving SOP design and adjusting AOTW settings can help pilots complete their tasks within the prescribed time, reducing the risk of accidents due to insufficient time [33].
# Natural Compounds in the Battle against Microorganisms--Linalool
## 3 Antimicrobial Activity
### Antifungal Properties of Linalool  
In the pathogenic process of fungi, their adhesion to host tissues, germination of conidia, and the formation of hyphae as well as penetration into the cell are important. [PERSON] et al. [59; 67] showed that linalool has the ability to disrupt the morphogenesis of the fungus, thereby preventing the formation of dermatophyte mycelium, which ultimately leads to inhibition of fungal growth at the site of infection and thus blocking further stages of infection. In addition, previous studies have already proven that linalool inhibits the process of conidogenesis and conidia germination and disrupts the proper formation of chlamdoconjugia, hyphae and the so-called \"germ tubes\" [73].  
A key enzyme in the biosynthesis of ergosterol, a sterol that is an integral component of the fungal cell wall involved in the modulation of electrolyte flow, is 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase. It oversees the conversion of HMG-CoA to prevalent acid. [PERSON] et al. [66] showed that linalool directly influences the composition of the fungal plasma membrane by inhibiting the expression of HMG-CoA reductase. Moreover, these authors proved that linalool induces changes in the fatty acid composition in the fungal cell by increasing the level of polyunsaturated and unsaturated fatty acids. On the other hand, the cytotoxicity of this monoterepne on the fungal cell is a consequence of the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide \(\bullet\)O\({}_{2}\)\({}^{-}\), peroxide H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) and hydroxyl \(\bullet\)OH.  
Research shows that linalool, by directly or indirectly influencing the integrity and function of the plasma membrane in fungal cells, can inhibit their growth and induce significant morphological changes (Table 6).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **linalool** & **Effect** \\ \hline Pyrruvate, Citrate, Fumarate, Lactate, 2-Okoglutate & & ATPase disturbance \(\geq\) disturbance of energy production \(\geq\) abnormal TCA cycle and glycolysis \\ Pyrruvate kinase (a) & & Disrupted TCA cycle \\ Succinate dehydrogenase (a) & & Disturbance of oxidative phosphorylation \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Effect of linalool on carbohydrate metabolism.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Linalool** & **Effect** \\ \hline fatty acids: linolenic, linoleic, oleic, arachidonic, & & Low fluidity of the cell membrane \\ myristic, octadecadiene, palmitic & & Damage to the structure of the cell membrane \\ Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine & & Damage to the structure of the cell membrane \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Effect of linalool on lipid metabolism.
## 6 Discussion
### The Path-Following Task  
The main find after the examination of the experimental results for the path-following task is similar to that derived for the point-to-point task, i.e., by placing the task at an optimal or \"best\" location in the manipulator's workspace allows for an enhancement of transmission efficiency of the joint speeds to end effector velocity, therefore allowing the robot to execute the task with the utilization of smaller joint speeds (third joint excepted).  
For the given desired end effector velocity along the trajectory, the reduction in the utilized joint speeds was significant, in the same fashion as with the pick and place task.  
In both cases of placement, the end effector prescribed the desired curve with the same defined velocity and orientation, as depicted by the same time span required to perform the task. However, at the best placement, the manipulator utilized lower joint speeds to achieve the desired velocity. As such, this provides two main effects.  
Firstly, the designer is capable of significantly limiting the cycle task required for task execution, by increasing the desired end effector velocity. Given the fact that in the \"bad\" position, the joint speeds are closer to their limits with respect to the respective joint speeds utilized in the best position, there is an increased available range to be utilized in the latter, resulting in a higher end effector velocity.  
Secondly, the transmission of the joint speeds in the best position is smoother, allowing for the better prescription of the path by the end effector.
## Eight-Scale Image Contrast Enhancement Based on Adaptive Inverse Hyperbolic Tangent Algorithm  
**[PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] ***  
Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chin Yi University of Technology, Taichung 41170, Taiwan; E-Mails: youjy(r)ncut.edu.tw (C.-Y.Y.); chiyuan(r)ncut.edu.tw (C.-Y.L.); scyang(r)ncut.edu.tw (S.-C.Y.)  
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: hyl(r)ncut.edu.tw; Tel.: +886-4-2392-4505; Fax: +886-4-2391-7426.  
External Editor: [PERSON]  
_Received: 11 June 2014; in revised form: 17 October 2014 / Accepted: 20 October 2014 / Published: 28 October 2014_  
**Abstract:** The Eight-Scale parameter adjustment is a natural extension of Adaptive Inverse Hyperbolic Tangent (AIHT) algorithm. It has long been known that the Human Vision System (HVS) heavily depends on detail and edge in the understanding and perception of scenes. The main goal of this study is to produce a contrast enhancement technique to recover an image from blurring and darkness, and at the same time to improve visual quality. Eight-scale coefficient adjustments can provide a further local refinement in detail under the AIHT algorithm. The proposed Eight-Scale Adaptive Inverse Hyperbolic Tangent (8 SAIHT) method uses the sub-band to calculate the local mean and local variance before the AIHT algorithm is applied. This study also shows that this approach is convenient and effective in the enhancement processes for various types of images. The 8 SAIHT is also capable of adaptively enhancing the local contrast of the original image while simultaneously extruding more on object details.  
**Keywords:** eight-scale; sub-band; adaptive inverse hyperbolic tangent; contrast enhancement
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Analysis of Natural Samples  
The presented protocol has been introduced to real river water samples to evaluate the feasibility of the method. The water samples were collected from different zones in the river Nile, filtrated, and then transferred to a 50 mL centrifuge tube to do the CPE procedure. Meanwhile, the spiked river water was also determined. The results in Table 4 display that the recoveries of metal ions were in the range of 95.6%-101.0%.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Foreign Ions** & **Interferent/Pb(II) Ratio** \\ \hline Na\({}^{+}\), K\({}^{+}\), NH\({}_{4}\)\({}^{+}\) & 5000 \\ Co\({}^{2+}\), Ni\({}^{2+}\) & 3000 \\ Ca\({}^{2+}\), Mg\({}^{2+}\) & 4000 \\ Mn\({}^{2+}\) & 2000 \\ Cd\({}^{2+}\) & 2000 \\ Zn\({}^{2+}\) & 1000 \\ Fe\({}^{2+}\) & 800 \\ Cu\({}^{2+}\) & 500 \\ Hg\({}^{2+}\) & 700 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Tolerance limit of foreign ions.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Parameter** & **Analytical Feature** \\ \hline Enrichment factor & 50 \\ Limit of detection (ng/mL) & 4 \\ Regression equation & Y = 0.0198 C + 0.0360 \\ Correlation coefficient (\(r^{2}\)) & 0.9981 \\ Linear range (ng/mL) & 7–250 \\ \%RSD & 1.9 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Analytical characteristics of CPE method using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) technique.
## 1 Introduction
It is based on the different use of the output signals of the summation layer of the modified version of the Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN), the outputs of which form a complete system of events;
* we have improved the hybrid PNN-SVM system by additional modeling the relationships between all attributes of the extended dataset by PNN summation layer outputs based on the Ito decomposition;
* we have developed a smart web service for Ti-based alloy's quality evaluation for medical implant manufacturing which is based on different options for preprocessing a given dataset using the outputs of a PNN's summation layer with subsequent analysis of the obtained dataset by the SVM classifier. The practical significance of each of the above scientific results obtained during this study, as well as the possibility of their further use, can be described as follows:  
* The modified variant of realization of a PNN provides an increase in classification accuracy compared to the basic variant of realization of this ANN. In addition, the use of the neural network's summation layer outputs provides the possibility of further use of the obtained set of probabilities belonging to each class of the task to replace the initial inputs of the problem (reduce dimension) or expand the attributes of the initial dataset to build comprehensive diagnostic systems;
* advanced hybrid PNN-SVM system provides a significant increase in classification accuracy compared to both existing and single models, which form it when solving the task of predicting the properties of the material for the manufacture of biocompatible titanium implants for various applications;* designed smart web-service of Ti-based alloy's quality evaluation for medical implant manufacturing implements three different data mining options based on PNN-SVM classifier and provides flexibility, high accuracy, and high speed, which significantly reduces human, material, and time resources when solving the stated problem. The structure of the paper is as follows: in Section 2, an overview and critical analysis of existing approaches are conducted. Section 3 is devoted to a detailed description of the improved hybrid PNN-SVM system, algorithms for its training and application, and the developed smart web service. Section 4 presents the results of experimental studies on the accuracy of all hybrid systems implemented in the smart web service to solve the stated task. The fifth section compares the improved system's results with existing ones and describes its advantages and disadvantages.
## 4 Use Case
### Digital Twin  
Finally, it is necessary to connect the real process with the virtual one in order to create the digital twin and feed it with real-time information. For this purpose, the virtual reality controller communicates with the cell control system to receive information related to the movements of the humans, the robots, the parts, the trays, etc.:  
* Manufacturing orders. They are directly transmitted to the digital twin at the beginning of the assembly process.
* Operators. Their positions are controlled by the safety system, thus they are transmitted to the digital twin.
* Robots. The control system is executing predetermined (previously programmed) movements which are communicated to the digital twin.
* Inspection results. The control system receives the results of the part and batch inspections; thus they can be communicated and replicated in the digital twin.
* Conveyor belt. The PLC which controls the movement of the conveyor is connected to the cell control system. It captures the data from the presence sensors, the speed, etc. This information is transmitted to the digital twin.
## 1 Introduction
In thermal plasmas, electrons and heavy particles are in thermal equilibrium, while in non-thermal plasma (NTP), electrons are hotter than ions and neutrons are at room temperature [12]. NTP can be used under vacuum or atmospheric conditions, using inert gases like argon (Ar) or helium (He), reactive gases such as oxygen (O\({}_{2}\)) or nitrogen (N\({}_{2}\)), or a mixture of two or more gases [13; 14]. Plasma treatments provide an effective and clean technology for surface activation without changing the materials' original structure and functional properties [15]. Previous studies have shown that NTP is efficient for cleaning/decontaminating and sterilizing instruments [16] and tooth whitening [17], and it seems to be a promising tool in combating dental biofilms [18]. Moreover, this technology has been shown to increase the wettability and hydrophilicity of different surfaces, such as dentin, enamel, and composites, improving their adhesive features or etching dental tubules, ensuring higher mechanical retention of root canal sealers [19]. To the best of our knowledge, to date, no systematic review has evaluated the influence of NTP on the adhesion between endodontic sealers and intraradicular dentin. Thus, this work aimed to assess, through a systematic review, the effect of NTP treatments on root canal sealers' adhesion to dentin.
## 2 Related Work
### Mouse Dynamics for User Authentication  
A number of research works have proven the general usefulness of mouse dynamics in the domain of user authentication. Some of these works have also turned to the use of machine learning as a promising approach to increasing the accuracy of mouse-movement-based authentication.  
In [12], the authors have provided a comprehensive study on the use of several different deep learning architectures, i.e., 1D-CNN (convolutional neural network), 2D-CNN, LSTM (long short-term memory) and a hybrid CNN-LSTM in biometric-based authentication systems deploying mouse dynamics data. In particular, the authors have combined convolutional layers with LSTM layers to build a hybrid neural network capable of modeling temporal sequences on a larger but fixed time scale. Another deep learning approach has been proposed in [13] to address the problem of biometric-based user authentication in systems with an insider threat. Specifically, to preserve the mouse movement features of each individual user, a unique mapping method was developed to map all the basic actions, such as move, click, drag, scroll and stay, into images. The obtained (images) dataset was then used to train seven-layer CNN classification models.  
An authentication system based on a weighted multi-classifier voting technique and deploying different mouse movement operations (such as movement direction and elapsed time) has been described in [14]. In [15], the authors have applied a semi-supervised learning method using a novel feature extraction technique for authentication via mouse dynamics. The authors of [16] have introduced a user authentication system comprising two components named 'enrollment', responsible for feature learning, and'verification', which performs the actual authentication. The authors have employed an FCN (fully convolutional neural network) for feature learning and an OCSVM (one-class support vector machine) for authentication.  
The use of the Random Forest algorithm for the purpose of user authentication has been studied in [17]. To predict/determine one's identity, this study suggests using approximately 1000 mouse actions (60 min of the user's active mouse movements on average) to train the model. The findings of this study imply that mouse dynamics should be considered as an additional security service in the systems, not a single verification indicator.  
In [18], the researchers have improved the results of user authentication based on mouse dynamics by replacing the raw coordinates with directional velocities. Finally, the effectiveness of using ensemble learning and frequency-domain representations of mouse dynamics for continuous authentication tasks have been studied in [19].
## 3 Methods
### Navigation Risk Assessment Model
#### 3.2.4 Shipping Routes Subdivision  
To provide a suitable risk analysis of specific shipping lanes in Bohai Sea and its surrounding waters, 107 main shipping routes officially recommended by the China Maritime Safety Administration in the study area [31] are considered in this paper (as shown in Figure 7). Next, the shipping routes are manually simplified (as shown in Figure 8a). Then, the Delaunay triangulation method is used to divide the navigation area into the main shipping routes. The main steps of this process are described as follows.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Name** & **Wind** & **Wave** & **Sea Fog** & **Currents** & **Water Depth** \\ \hline \(R_{z}\) & 2.97 & 3.24 & 4.46 & 3.95 & 4.02 \\ CRITIC & 0.14 & 0.17 & 0.36 & 0.17 & 0.14 \\ weights & 0.19 & 0.23 & 0.37 & 0.09 & 0.10 \\ Rank & 3 & 2 & 1 & 5 & 4 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Weights.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Wind** & **Wave** & **Sea Fog** & **Currents** & **Water Depth** \\ \hline Wind & \(1\) & 0.76 & \(-0.15\) & 0.23 & 0.19 \\ Wave & 0.76 & \(1\) & \(-0.17\) & 0.04 & 0.12 \\ Sea fog & \(-0.15\) & \(-0.17\) & \(1\) & \(-0.01\) & \(-0.12\) \\ Currents & 0.23 & 0.04 & \(-0.01\) & \(1\) & \(-0.21\) \\ Depth & 0.19 & 0.12 & \(-0.12\) & \(-0.21\) & \(1\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Correlation table of CRITIC-determined weights.  
* Step 1: Merge and simplify the dense shipping routes;
* Step 2: Generate equally spaced route points along the simplified shipping routes;
* Step 3: Use the Delaunay triangulation method to generate a regional Tyson polygon network with route points as the source;
* Step 4: Merge polygons from the same source to form a route subdivision;
* Step 5: Trim the boundaries manually.  
A subdivided region is obtained after trimming, where the sea area is divided into different regions according to the shipping routes, as shown in Figure 8a-c. The black line segments in Figure 8a show the simplified shipping routes, and the green points are the route points generated at equal intervals along the routes. Figure 8b shows the Tyson polygon network generated by the route points, and Figure 8c shows the regional channel network after merging and trimming.  
By dividing the sea areas into different routes, a risk analysis can be clearly conducted on each specific route area. The mean risk value represents each route's region risk for every area, which is calculated as Equation (16):  
\[\overline{R_{d}}=\frac{R_{sum}^{d}}{A_{d}}, \tag{16}\]  
where \(\overline{R_{d}}\) represents the risk value of region \(d\), \(R_{sum}^{d}\) represents the total risk value of region \(d\), and \(A_{d}\) represents the area of region \(d\). By classifying the risks in each region of each route, the risks therein can be further analyzed. Section 4.4 describes the analysis results.  
Figure 7: Shipping route distribution.
# Metasurface Source Antenna Gain Improvement Using Simple Side Metal Structure
## 3 Design of Metallic Cross-Type Slot Transmitarray  
### Design of Metallic Cross-Type Slot Unit Cell  
In this study, the cross-slot elements that constitute the TA on a PCB board were designed using two approaches. One method involves drilling a cross-slot into a PCB board with both a metal sheet and dielectric structure. The second method involves drilling a cross-slot into a board composed solely of metal. For this study, the latter approach was employed: a cross-slot was drilled into a four-layer unit cell made entirely of copper, as shown in Figure 7. Air was placed between each layer, with no dielectric substrate used. The four layers of the metal plates form a single unit cell, with each plate featuring a cross-type slot.  
The copper used for the metal plates had a thickness of 0.6 mm, and the space between the plates was filled with air to allow for an electromagnetic interaction between the slots and the incident waves. The total width of each unit cell was 20 mm (0.6 \(\lambda\)), while the slot width (W) was 2 mm, and the slot length (Lslot) varied to control the transmission phase. By adjusting the length of Lslot, variations in the transmission phase were achieved. This flexibility allows for precise control of the transmission characteristics of the metasurface, as will be necessary when constructing the full unit cell array in the next section.  
The source antenna with a metallic side structure demonstrated maximum gain at 9 GHz, so the operating frequency of the metasurface was also targeted at 9 GHz. To match this requirement, the unit cells were fabricated from copper, and the detailed dimensions of  
Figure 6: Gain variation in patch antenna at 9 GHz due to SP structure addition, observed before and after SW application. (**a**) Without SW structure. (**b**) With SW structure.  
Figure 7: Four-layer metallic cross-type slot unit cell.  
the unit cells, including the width (W) of 20 mm (0.6 \(\lambda\)), are listed in Table 1. Each layer of the unit cell was 0.6 mm thick, and the total unit cell width matched the overall TA design.  
For simulation, a Floquet port was applied, with the boundary area set to 0.25 \(\lambda\) of the operating frequency. The transmission phase and transmission magnitude were observed using S-parameters. The transmittance response of the unit cells was obtained at 9 GHz, and as shown in Figure 8, the Lslot values ranged between 15.5 mm and 17.8 mm. The transmission magnitude was greater than 0.8, and a phase range of 412 degrees was achieved.