## 1 Introduction  
The livestock sector is considered an important agricultural subsector in Bangladesh, where manure disposal is a critical part of sustainable livestock production. About 432.38 million head of farm animals [1] produce a large volume of manure, which has a remarkable impact on air and water quality due to improper manure management [2, 3, 4]. In Bangladesh, livestock manure is stored solidly and is employed for the conventional fertilization of rural land, with little regard for environmental impacts [5]. A field survey by the Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI) revealed that approximately 91% of manure from small ruminants was typically stored as solid matter (Figure 1). In contrast, manure from large ruminants was utilized for composting (9-26%), in addition to solid storage (30-42%). In rural Bangladesh, only the manure of large animals was used as fuel material (37-43%). A small fraction of waste is converted into biogas through anaerobic digestion on a limited scale [6]. However, various policies, laws, and regulations aimed at environmental protection promote the conversion of waste into valuable resources in Bangladesh. The National Environment Policy of 2018 suggests introducing green technologies to upgrade the environment, using natural resources properly [7]. The National Agriculture Policy of 2013 and the National Livestock Development Policy of 2007 also supported waste recycling through safe and eco-friendly manure management [8]. Moreover, the overconsumption of natural gas for energy production poses a significant threat to sustainable development, making it essential to explore alternative energy sources such as biogas to address this challenge [9; 10; 11]. The previous studies related to the biogas potential in Bangladesh [12; 13] stated that livestock manure has the potential to produce biogas as a potent source of renewable energy and that digestate can be used as biofertilizer. Alternatively, livestock manure can be used as organic fertilizer via composite, which can lower the volume and weight of the original biowaste and reduce the viability of pathogens that benefit soil function and crop quality [14; 15]. Composing helps to bind nutrients effectively in organic forms and reduces the nuisance odor emissions and moisture content of livestock waste, resulting in a product that is more environmentally safe than raw manure applications [16; 17]. Therefore, livestock manure can serve as compost or energy, with composting and anaerobic digestion remaining as the two primary methods for recovering resources and energy from agricultural wastes [14]. In Bangladesh, bio-gasification and composting are the most important options due to the lack of energy sources in rural areas and the high demand for fertilizer for agricultural production. Figure 2 indicates that the uses of electricity and synthetic fertilizer show an increasing trend from 2001 to 2024 [18]. However, solely assessing manure potential for biogas or compost production in theory might not yield clear guidance for practical application. As the livestock production is scattered throughout the country, it is necessary to know which regions are more suitable for bioenergy or biofertilizer production. Therefore, to obtain information about which areas are appropriate for biogas and compost production from specific types of livestock manure, detailed spatial analysis, such as hot spot identification, was performed in this study for effective manure management. Firstly, mathematical equations are used to assess the indicators, such as livestock manure generation, biogas and compost potential, economic and environmental benefits, etc. Then, this study applied spatial analysis,  
Figure 1: Manure management practices in Bangladesh (Source: data collected from BLRI and analyzed in this study). such as symbology and hot spot analyses via ArcMap 10.8 software, to assess the spatial valorization of manure and visualize the findings of the research.