## 4 Holistic Trash Collection System Architecture
### Benefits of Using QR-Based Waste Management Systems
#### 4.2.3 Recycling and Food Waste Treatment for a Circular Economy  
In our proposed holistic waste management system, there is a diversity of waste streams, including recyclable and non-recyclable materials. Recyclable materials, such as plastics, paper, glass, and metals, present opportunities for resource recovery and sustainable practices, emphasizing the importance of efficient sorting and recycling processes. In parallel, non-recyclable materials, such as styrofoam, ceramics, and composite materials, necessitate proper disposal methods to mitigate environmental impacts. Recyclable waste should be separated at the source, collected, and sent to recycling facilities, while non-recyclable waste should be disposed of in a landfill or incinerated using environmentally responsible methods. HTCS allows recyclable waste to be separated at the source, collected, and sent to recycling facilities, while non-recyclable waste is disposed of in a landfill or incinerated using environmentally responsible methods, considering the importance of a circular economy [44]. Food waste is characterized by its unique composition, including biodegradable materials, chemicals, and organic matter, making it a critical component of the overall waste stream. The impact of food waste on the environment, greenhouse gas emissions, and resource depletion is undeniable [45]. Our proposed HTCS enables more sustainable disposal methods and reduces contamination in landfills by separating food waste from other types of waste at the source (e.g., households and businesses) using dedicated food waste containers within bins for at-home garbage classification. Once food waste has been collected by a garbage truck, our system allows several ways to deal with it, depending on the local waste management practices and infrastructure. Landfill Disposal: In many areas, food waste is still sent to landfills along with other trash. However, this is often considered the least sustainable option as it contributes to methane gas emissions and takes up valuable landfill space [46]. Waste-to-Energy (WTE) Facilities: Some communities have waste-to-energy facilities that burn food waste and other organic materials to generate electricity or heat. This can help reduce the environmental impact of food waste disposal while producing energy. Composing: Food waste can be composed to create nutrient-rich soil amendments. Depending on the scale, this can be done at home in small compost bins or through larger municipal or commercial composting facilities. The resulting compost can be used in agriculture and landscaping [47]. Anaerobic Digestion: Anaerobic digestion is a biological process that breaks down organic waste, including food waste, in the absence of oxygen. It produces biogas, which can be used for energy production, and digestate, a nutrient-rich material that can be used as a soil conditioner. Industrial Processing: Some food waste, especially from commercial or industrial sources, may undergo specialized processing to extract valuable components or convert them into products like animal feed, biofuels, or chemicals. Animal Feed: In some cases, food waste can be processed and used as animal feed, provided it meets safety and regulatory requirements. This approach helps reduce waste while providing a source of nutrition for animals [48]. Food Waste Reduction: As a long-term strategy, reducing food waste at the source is the most effective way to minimize the need for food waste disposal. Encourage food producers, businesses, and consumers to adopt practices that reduce food waste generation. Bioconversion: Emerging technologies, such as black soldier fly larvae or other insects, can be used to convert food waste into protein-rich insect biomass, which can be used as animal feed or for other purposes [49]. The specific method chosen for dealing with collected food waste will depend on local regulations, available infrastructure, environmental considerations, and economic factors.