esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Towards Sustainable Water Use in Two University Student Residences: A Case Study
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Location and Characteristics of the Residences  
The two residences under study are located in the city of Braganca (northeastern Portugal), which has 22,685 inhabitants [34] and experiences a continental climate with Mediterranean influences. The precipitation pattern is irregular, with most rainfall occurring between October and April, and an annual average of approximately 700 mm [35]. Water consumption in Braganca is high by Portuguese standards, averaging around 10,294 m\({}^{3}\)/day, with 80% used for domestic activities and the remaining 20% for industrial activities and local commerce. The per capita domestic consumption was estimated by ERSAR [8] at 260 L/inhabitant/day.  
The university student residences, which opened in 2012, are located outside the campus in the city center. Each building consists of three floors. Residence I (male residence)features 12 bedrooms, including twin and triple rooms; 10 sanitary facilities; a kitchen with a dining hall; a laundry room; and a communal leisure area, accommodating up to 16 residents. Residence II (female residence) has ten bedrooms, including twin and triple rooms; 12 sanitary facilities; a kitchen with a dining hall; a laundry room; and a communal leisure area, and can accommodate up to 25 residents. The roof area of Residence I is 184.14 m\({}^{2}\), while Residence II has a roof area of 278.71 m\({}^{2}\), both covered with ceramic tile roofs. The number and types of water devices in both residences are detailed in Table 1. During the research period in 2023, each residence had 6 users. Despite having low occupancy rates, both buildings exhibited the highest average annual water consumption of around 300 m\({}^{3}\) and electricity usage of 47,781 kWh in Residence I and 60,317 kWh in Residence II. Since they were single-gender residences, it was possible to compare the effect of gender on water demand. Water consumption and energy usage with showers and kitchen taps were also estimated for maximum residence occupancy.
# Quantification and Analysis of Carrier-to-Interference Ratio in High-Throughput Satellite Systems
## 7 Conclusions  
In view of the booming trend of multi-beam HTS, the necessity of precise quantification and analysis of the CIR concerning the co-channel interference caused by frequency reuse is first discussed in this paper. Starting from the different mechanisms of uplink and downlink interference, the quantification methods of uplink and downlink interferences are discussed and the closed-form expressions are given. Furthermore, the influencing factors and selection strategies are summarized. The proposed quantification method and Monte Carlo selection strategy are verified through simulation.  
For the system of 19 beams with 4-color reuse (single-polarization), it can be seen from the simulation results that different frequency plans have significant effects on the cumulative distribution function of the CIR of each beam and the variance in the CIR of all beams. The larger the minimum spacing between the beams at the same frequency (maximizing the minimum spacing at the same frequency), the better the system's CIR performance. Therefore, we can follow the idea to explore better frequency plans.  
Moreover, based on the simulation analysis of the CIR under different PSD, the variation in user downlink CIR values with PSD is uncertain, and we give a detailed analysis of the causes. Furthermore, we derive the importance of our work in satellite operations. It can provide the operators with prediction of beams' CIR after power allocation and help them to find a possible allocation scheme, guaranteeing the level of beams' CIR.  
Conceptualization, Z.D. and P.Q.; formal analysis, Z.D. and L.Y.; funding acquisition, Y.Z. and C.Z.; investigation, Z.D. and P.Q.; methodology, Z.D. and L.Y.; software, Z.D. and C.Z.; validation, Y.Z. and C.Z.; writing--original draft, Z.D.; writing--review and editing, K.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported by the pre-research project on Civil Aerospace Technologies, grant number D010203.  
No new data were created or analyzed in this study. Data sharing is not applicable to this article.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analysis, or interpretation of the data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.
## 4 Future Scope of BEs in Other Microbes
subtilis_ with an enhanced stability to secrete heterologous proteins only takes two rounds of editing to inactivate eight extracellular protease genes [55]. On the one hand, BEs are perfect for precise gene editing, with fewer indels than CRISPR/Cas9. On the other hand, the capability of BEs to produce in situ mutation provides a new method for microbial evolvement. In vivo evolution of proteins was successfully achieved by BEs [57], and was superior to in vitro protein evolution limited by hard heterologous expression. By mutating different sites of genes, the mutant libraries are obtained and can be selected for further analysis. Through this method, mutant stains with improved or decreased performance can be acquired and further used in industrial production and new drug strategies. For example, a _B.acillus_ mutant with an evolved Bacitracin-resistant protein (BceB) can be constructed as a bicitracin-producing cell factory [57]. In situ mutagenesis of a general transcription factor gene _SPT15_ gained 36 _S. cerevisiae_ mutant strains with sensitive or enhanced stress tolerance, which can be adaptable to various harsh industrial conditions [116]. The mutant libraries also provide large valuable information for future research. Moreover, CBE-mediated multiplex gene editing was developed into a Base Editor-Targeted and Template-free Expression Regulation (BETTER) method in _C. glutamicum_ and _B. subtilis_, generating large numbers of genetic combinations of diverse ribosome binding sites, 5\({}^{\prime}\) untranslated regions and promoters to improve xylose catabolism, glycerol catabolism, and lycopene biosynthesis [115]. A BE-mediated in vivo mutagenesis method was further engineered with different systems. Recently, various base deaminases (AID, rAPOBEC1, pmCDA1, and TadA*) were separately fused to T7 RNA polymerase (T7 RNAP), which specifically recognized a T7 promoter oriented towards the target sequence, to introduce random mutagenesis as an efficient strategy for continuous in vivo evolution of proteins and metabolic engineering [117; 118]. A random base editing (rBE) system was developed by fusing an unspecific single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)-binding protein with rAPOBEC1 in _S. cerevisiae_ to achieve genome-scale mutations, and it finally obtained a yeast cell factory resistant to 9% isobutanol [119]. Since the strategies above can be adapted in various organisms, it is possible to look forward to the further evolution of nonmodel microbes.
# Remote Monitoring of the Impact of Oil Spills on Vegetation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Limitations of This Study  
There are a few limitations to this study. One is that using only linear regression may not fully reveal the nonlinear relationship between the oil spill volume, the time gap after oil and the NDVI values for each vegetation. Secondly, there is a lack of soil and climatic data. However, the contributions of soil and climate on vegetation health were mitigated using pair-wise comparisons of spill and non-spill sites that are proximal to each other. Also, all the NDVI data were for the dry season (December and January), with similar weather conditions. Regarding the use of field data, that will be performed in future work.
# Measurement Uncertainty and Compliance Evaluation Applied to Natural Gas Moisture
###### Abstract
A conference paper illustrated that an online dew point analyzer operates within the lowest error range after a six-month recalibration period compared to other calibrated and reliable devices [11]. The National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom) presented a method to isolate and adjust the influence of background gas composition on trace moisture measurements by employing two distinct frequencies in a trace moisture analyzer that utilizes a ball surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor [12]. A recent study outlines approaches for increasing the quantity and ranges of reproducible values while enhancing the functionality of the state primary standard for relative humidity of gases, molar (volume) fraction of moisture, and dew/frost point temperature (DPT) as specified in GET 151-2014 [13]. Last year, Chinese researchers published an interesting study regarding an inter-digital conductance sensor designed to enhance electric field distribution for the precise measurement of uneven liquid film thickness in inclined gas-liquid two-phase flows. Through experimental validation, the sensor showcased improved effectiveness over conventional sensors [14]. For an accurate assessment of natural gas moisture, it is crucial to employ standardized methodologies, ensure regular calibration of measuring instruments, and consider the uncertainty associated with each process stage. This study evaluated the measurement uncertainty of natural gas moisture calculated from the dew point temperature and gauge pressure results using the algorithms implemented in the Portable Moisture Analyzer--PM880. An upper acceptance limit has been proposed to ensure that the moisture content in natural gas does not compromise the operational efficiency of gas pipelines. This limit is based on uncertainty data and employs the concept of guard bands to mitigate the risk of false conformity concerning moisture levels in natural gas.
# The Car-Following Model and Its Applications in the V2X Environment: A Historical Review
## 3 Research on Car-Following Behavior in the V2X Environment
### Modelling the Car-Following Behavior
#### 3.2.7 Feedback Control Scheme
However, disturbance exists and is common in realistic transportation systems. In the CM model and its extended models, the control scheme will work when the object vehicle operates away from the steady state. Then, the deviation between the current operating state and the steady state is narrowed due to the control effects, and the system will return to the steady state. The traffic congestion is the main cause of the traffic congestion. fic congestion can be prevented or alleviated by one-by-one or cooperatively controlling all vehicles in the system. To sum up, in alleviating traffic jams and improving transportation efficiency, there is significance to research on extending or improving the CM model with the consideration of various sources of information and, especially, the characteristics of the driver applying the information in the V2X environment.
## 4 Numerical Applications
### Sensitive Analysis
#### 4.2.2 Effect of the Failure Rate of Generators  
Figure 9 shows the effect of the failure rate of conventional generators on the installed \(P_{dchmax}\) of energy storage, under a certain system reliability. The most immediate conclusion is that the choice of the energy storage system installation location can have a significant impact on the desired installed \(P_{dchmax}\). For the energy storage system, the highest \(P_{dchmax}\) can be up to nearly 15% higher than the lowest \(P_{dchmax}\)for the installed location. Furthermore, when the failure rate of conventional generators is determined, to achieve the certain system reliability, the installed \(P_{dch  
conventional generators under a certain system reliability is the same. The installed \(P_{dchmax}\) of energy storage at different locations increases with an increasing failure rate of conventional generators in the distribution network because the potential reliability risk increases with the increasing failure rate of conventional generators under a certain system reliability. As the peak load of energy storage shifts, the system reliability will be effectively improved by the energy storage, and the increasing installed \(P_{dchmax}\) of energy storage will compensate for the potential reliability risk of the distribution network.
# A Novel Protocol Using Captive Portals for FIDO2 Network Authentication +
## 3 Materials and Methods  
The main objective of this work was to design, develop and validate the integration of FIDO2 authentication with a captive portal, providing a usable system for network authentication. After the FIDO2 CAP protocol design, we developed a prototype. Firstly, we developed an authentication web server and, secondly, we integrated it with the OpenNDS captive-portal software. Also, for improving usability, our work involved a study of theexceptions issued by different operating systems, together with a user interface design. Finally, the result was validated with a compatibility test and a usability experiment with real users. This section describes the materials and methods used during all these phases of this work.
## 4 Experiment
### Data Collection  
Prior to each trial, meticulous calibration and time synchronization of the three 2D cameras and the VICON motion capture system were carried out. This calibration process aimed to obtain an accurate transformation matrix, aligning the VICON coordinate system with the camera coordinate system. The detailed process of camera calibration and time synchronization was discussed in Section 3.3. The images of the checkerboard were then used to acquire the optimized camera calibration matrix using Calib.io. The general workflow and experiment setup for the data collection process are demonstrated in Figure 3.  
The actual data collection process began after the completion and verification of the camera calibration process. Every experiment started with a collection of detailed information regarding general anatomical features such as age, body mass, height, and leg length, recorded for each participant, followed by the strategical placement of markers on all anatomical landmarks following the guidelines provided by the PIG full body model within the VICON system. These markers served as reference points for capturing precise movement and positioning data during the experiment.  
Once the preparation phase was complete, the participants were instructed to walk at their usual speed within the designated workspace of the VICON system. Each participant performed five distinct trials, with each trial lasting between 2 to 3 s. As a result, a vast collection of 23,741 different view images was acquired throughout the experiment. To ensure an unbiased and random distribution of data, a subset of 2224 images was randomly selected for the purpose of model validation. This validation subset served as an independent evaluation set, enabling the assessment of the model's performance on unseen data, as well as validating its ability to generalize effectively.  
Figure 3: The general workflow and experiment setup for the data collection process (**a**) Data collection using VICON Motion Capture and three 2D cameras; (**b**) 2D images from different views; (**c**) 2D ground truth data from VICON system; (**d**) BPNET is trained with the collected data; and (**e**) BP inference outputs with 2D joint positions in 2D images.
# Voxel-Based Navigation: A Systematic Review of Techniques, Applications, and Challenges
## 5 Voxel-Based Navigation
### Indoor Navigation
[97] classified indoor spaces into Pedestrian Free Passable Space (P-Space), Conditional Passable Space (C-Space), and Non-Passable Space (N-Space) in voxel models, further subdividing C-Space according to pedestrian movement patterns (crawling, knee-hand crawling, stooping, or upright walking). This contributed to effectively identifying and extracting passable spaces for pedestrians in indoor evacuation simulations. Ref. [32] analyzed the passability of emergency exits in buildings, assessing the effectiveness of emergency exit routes and the overall safety of building evacuation plans. In summary, voxel-based representations bring numerous benefits for indoor path planning. The advantage of voxel models lies in their ability to accurately represent the three-dimensional spatial structure of buildings, containing detailed geometric and semantic information, thereby addressing the inadequacies of traditional flat maps in complex environments. Compared to other 3D navigation methods, voxel models offer greater expressiveness and can more precisely reflect the details of buildings, particularly in multi-story indoor spaces and complex scenarios. Unlike grid-based or point cloud-based 3D navigation methods, voxel models handle local spatial variations more effectively, reducing computational complexity and improving path-planning efficiency. Additionally, voxel models demonstrate greater flexibility and adaptability in dealing with complex situations such as emergency evacuations, significantly enhancing navigation effectiveness. Figure 9: 3D safe indoor routing for drones: (**a**) 3D buffer of obstacles. (**b**) A comparison between safe shortest path(the green dashed line) and safe least-cost path (the red line) avoiding 3D obstacles (from [20]).
# Distributed Interference-Aware Power Optimization for Multi-Task Over-the-Air Federated Learning
###### Abstract  
Over-the-air federated learning (Air-FL) has emerged as a promising paradigm that integrates communication and learning, which offers significant potential to enhance model training efficiency and optimize communication resource utilization. This paper addresses the challenge of interference management in multi-cell Air-FL systems, focusing on parallel multi-task scenarios where each cell independently executes distinct training tasks. We begin by analyzing the impact of aggregation errors on local model performance within each cell, aiming to minimize the cumulative optimality gap across all cells. To this end, we formulate an optimization framework that jointly optimizes device transmit power and denoising factors. Leveraging the Pareto boundary theory, we design a centralized optimization scheme that characterizes the trade-offs in system performance. Building upon this, we propose a distributed power control optimization scheme based on interference temperature (IT). This approach decomposes the globally coupled problem into locally solvable subproblems, thereby enabling each cell to adjust its transmit power independently using only local channel state information (CSI). To tackle the non-convexity inherent in these subproblems, we first transform them into convex problems and then develop an analytical solution framework grounded in Lagrangian duality theory. Coupled with a dynamic IT update mechanism, our method iteratively approximates the Pareto optimal boundary. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms  
To mitigate these challenges, over-the-air computation (AirComp) has been integrated with FL, giving rise to over-the-air federated learning (Air-FL) [8; 9]. AirComp leverages the superposition property of wireless multiple-access channels to aggregate data directly in the air, significantly reducing the communication latency and enhancing bandwidth efficiency [10; 11]. This synergy between communication and computation positions Air-FL as a promising paradigm for efficient model aggregation in wireless networks [12; 13].
## 5 Results
### Option Price for GBM Price Model
#### 5.2.3 Decision Frequency  
In this section, we look into the frequency of exercise time for each method. The \"frequency of exercise time\" in this context is the distribution of exercise time (time of stopping) for 10,000 paths (generated from the GBM model), based on a method (LSM or RL).  
Figure 3 shows the frequency of exercise time for the case where spot price \(S_{0}=36\), strike price \(K=40\), and volatility \(\sigma=0.2\) are used in GBM. For example, at time step 5, the number of paths, for which the option is exercised, is around 500 for both LSM and RL. That is, for around 500 out of 10,000 paths (5%), LSM and RL suggest exercising the option at step 5.  
Note that in Figure 3, the bars after time step 50 represent the paths where the option is not exercised at the expiry time step or before (i.e., the option is never exercised). Both LSM and RL suggest not exercising the option at the expiry time step or before for around 25% of paths, leading to zero payoff for those paths.  
LSM and RL lead to similar frequencies of exercise time in general, implying that RL can solve for a decision policy similar to LSM does.  
Figure 2: Plot of decision boundaries for BOPM, LSM, and RL. The underlying asset is modeled using GBM with parameters (S0 = 36, strike price = 40, volatility = 0.2).  
We consider another case with larger uncertainty in the underlying asset prices over time, by using spot price \(5_{0}=36\), strike price \(K=40\), and volatility \(\sigma=0.4\) in GBM. Figure 4 shows the resulting frequency of exercise time for each method. Compared to the case with volatility \(\sigma=0.2\) (Figure 3), the frequencies of exercise time (Figure 4) are different.  
Figure 4: Frequencies of exercise time for LSM and RL. \(S_{0}=36\), \(K=40\), and \(\sigma=0.4\) in GBM.  
Figure 3: Frequency of exercise time for LSM and RL. The underlying price model is GBM with \(S_{0}=36\), \(K=40\), and \(\sigma=0.2\).  
For the case with \(\sigma=0.4\) (Figure 4), RL leads to a different frequency of exercise time compared to LSM; especially for early time steps, RL does not suggest exercising the option before time step 24 for any path, whilst LSM suggests exercising the option before time step 24 for some paths. This behavior contrasts with Figure 3, where the RL and LSM methods exhibited similar frequencies of early exercises across all time steps.
## 4 Related Work
### Authentication and Cryptography  
Telecommunications networking, including 5G NR by 3 GPP, includes digital security protection mechanisms both for key establishment and the security functionality derivations based on that. In contrast to the research in Section 4.1, these digital security mechanisms are implemented after the RRC/radio channel establishment and after the core network is involved to verify the user registration. In 5G, the USIM described in Section 2.1 includes the core network's public key in advance, i.e., when it registers for the cellular service and before the user gets activated for receiving the connectivity service. These security functionalities relying on the established public key (as the root of digital security) include the standard cryptographic techniques, including Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange to agree on the symmetric keys, the use of the symmetric key for message authentication code (MAC) for source/transmitter and message authentications, the symmetric encryption for message confidentiality, and pseudo-random number generation for random TMSI and nonces. In addition to the digital credentials for authentication, e.g., the core network's public key, previous research has suggested physical-layer and radio-based authentication credentials against malicious users [31; 32; 33].  
Another threat model against base station security involves the attacker compromising or acting as the base station (as opposed to a user), hence acting as a malicious or rogue base station [34; 35; 36]. Previous research studied such malicious and rogue base station threats in the standardized cellular/telecommunications protocols, including attacks on the authentication and key agreement (AKA) [37], bidding-down to the less-secure 2G/3G protocol [38], and SMS phishing attacks [39; 40]. Despite the known threats of malicious and rogue base stations, the defense solutions have been relatively lacking although recent research has proposed secure bootstrapping with a newly encountered base station based on incorporating cryptographic techniques in the 5G/4G RRC phases [41; 42].