# Developing a Virtual World for an Open-House Event: A Metaverse Approach
## 3 Methods
### PENS and SUS Measures  
PENS and SUS are well-defined questionnaires, with a formula to interpret the result. PENS offers five aspects from the dataset, i.e., competency, autonomy, relatedness, presence/immersion, and intuitive controls. Each of the aspect values is calculated by averaging the selected items among the 21 PENS items. Some items must be inverted before computation. As a result, the five aspects of PENS (competency, autonomy, relatedness, presence/immersion, and intuitive controls) are 5.98, 5.89, 5.10, 5.19, and 5.94, respectively, based on 79 participants (PENS-N79), as summarised in Table 8.  
The participants' competency score, according to PENS-N79, is 5.98, indicating their confidence using the platform. This corresponds to the qualitative measures of CII-18 and  
Figure 16: Heat-map plots of the correlation matrix from the independent (CII-N124) and the intersection (CII-N43) results. (**a**) A heat-map plot of the correlation matrix for the CII questionnaire with N = 124. (**b**) A heat-map plot of the correlation matrix for the CII questionnaire with N = 43.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**PENS Aspects** & **PENS-N79** & **PENS-N43** \\ \hline Competency & 5.98 & 6.04 \\ Autonomy & 5.89 & 5.82 \\ Relatedness & 5.10 & 5.13 \\ Presence/immersion & 5.19 & 5.13 \\ Intuitive Controls & 5.94 & 5.98 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 8: The results of player experience of need satisfaction (PENS).  
CII-20 reported in Section 4.2. The autonomy score is 5.89, which ranks third and is an indicator of the platform's overall attractiveness and freedom. The qualitative measures for autonomy are separated into two perspectives: the platform's elements and activities. The feedback suggests that the platform's graphics rendering is great and the avatar customisation is good, but could be improved by more options. In terms of activities, users want more minigames and more opportunities for social interaction. This relates to the relatedness score of 5.10, which is the lowest of the five and reflects the platform's limited opportunities for inter-participant interaction. The presence/immersion score is 5.19, the second lowest, as confirmed by the platform's limited active activities. The intuitive control score of 5.94 shows the participants' confidence in using the platform naturally, as most are familiar with the standard controls. Based on these results and [PERSON]'s research [60], fantasy/role-playing participants have greater actual-ought disparity than those with idealised or realistic avatars. The development team plans to improve player engagement by expanding avatar customisation options and creating NPCs that are relevant to the platform's content in the next iteration.  
The system usability scale, SUS, was calculated as 62.47 from 74 participants (SUS-N74), as shown in Table 9. A score of 62.47 can be interpreted as a moderate level of perceived usability. This score suggests that users have a positive overall impression of the system's ease of use and usefulness, but there may be room for improvement in certain areas. This is confirmed by the previous results from PENS-N79 competency and intuitive control scores.  
The results of the player experience of need satisfaction (PENS) assessment for participants who completed all three measures (PENS-N43) are shown in Table 8. On average, the scores are consistent, with minimal differences. The system usability scale (SUS) score for this group of participants is 59.27, as shown in Table 9 (SUS-N43), which is also within a similar range of perceived usability.  
It is possible that the lower SUS score for the SUS-N43 group compared to the SUS-N74 group may be due to the fact that these participants had more time to explore the platform in depth and found some flaws in the platform. In conclusion, these results suggest that the platform's usability is consistent for all participants, regardless of the amount of time they spend using it.