## 2 Sensing Field

Table 1: State of the art: some advanced optoelectronic sensors adaptable for industrial applications in Industry 5.0 scenario. \\begin{table}
\\begin{tabular}{p{42.7 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \\hline
**Optoelectronic Technologies** & **Topic** & **Description** & **Reference** & **Possible Implementation in Industry 5.0 Proposed in This Work** \\\\ \\hline \\multirow{9}{*}{Leakage and pollution} & Oil and gas leakage of from submerged structures & Estimation of the temperature of power lines. & [26; 27; 28] & Application of the proposed technology for production plants working with water or in liquids. \\\\ \\cline{2-5}  & Optical sensor detecting water pollution & Light-Emitting Diode (LED) source measuring turbidity [29] or an optical fiber transmitting- and recycling-system for oil spill applications [30] & [29; 30] & Simultaneous use of turbidity and liquid substance detection to extract features of complex liquid pollution (use of AI algorithm for extracting information). \\\\ \\cline{2-5}  & Exhaust gas pollution & Exhaust gas luminescence method (automotive sector) & [31] & Integration of the technology to automate quality control in engine production \\\\ \\cline{2-5}  & High voltage leakage currents & Current leakage in 500 kV transmission lines & [32; 33] & Optimization of electrical networks powering big industries linked to renewable energy sources (smart grid network balancing operations). \\\\ \\cline{2-5}  & & Fibre Bragg Grating Sensor monitoring pipeline leakage by the wavelength shift due to a variation in liquid or gas flows [34]; gas flow detection [35; 36]; liquid flow detection network systems [37; 38] & [34; 35; 36] & Integration of different technologies (capacitive based, electromagnetic, infrared thermography, acoustic or visual) optimizing flow detection and decreasing the leakage detection error. \\\\ \\hline \\multirow{9}{*}{Optoelectronic sensors in manufacturing} & Trajectory distortion in laser cutting operations & Measurement of mirror’s inclinations with high resolution & [39] & Application of reverse engineering methods to optimize automatically the laser cutting operations. \\\\ \\cline{2-5}  & Optical Sensors improving Industry 4.0 facilities & Fiberoptic sensing in Industry 4.0 & [40; 41] & Integration of automatic actuation following fiber optic sensing; adopting self-adaptive manufacturing processes by means of AI data processing. \\\\ \\cline{2-5}  & Laser and vision techniques & Quality control of wood surfaces by using Laser TriangulationMethod (LTM) & [42] & Automation of waste of wood by simultaneously processing information of infected areas and of processing defects. \\\\ \\cline{2-5}  & Optical inspection in Electronics & Check for defects in electronic devices (wafer defects, solder defects, etc.) & [43] & Automatic opticalinspection systems based on an image vision AI algorithm that classifies defects in electronic manufacturing. \\\\ \\hline \\multirow{9}{*}{Acusto-OptoFluidic (AOF) system} & Laser Direct-Writing (LDW) approach in additive manufacturing & [44] & Additive manufacturing control and actuation managed in real time by a powerful algorithm adjusting step-by-step precision and laser machine parameters (power, pulse signal delay, fluency, etc.) \\\\ \\cline  
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