## 4 Results and Discussion
### Key Challenges and Proposed Solutions  
**Addressing Fragmented Data Systems with ERP and Industry 4.0 Technologies:** Fragmented data systems create inefficiencies and hinder decision-making across various industries. ERP systems and Industry 4.0 technologies offer effective solutions by integrating disparate systems and enabling real-time data access. The following case studies illustrate successful applications of these technologies:  
* **Mining Industry:** A uranium mining company achieved real-time operational visibility through the implementation of SAP ERP and Industry 4.0 technologies [82]. * **Regional Communities in Ukraine:** Transitioning to a cloud-based ERP system improved resource management by creating a unified digital information space [83]. * **Cement Factory:** IoT devices were integrated into legacy systems, showcasing the feasibility of modern technologies without the need for full system overhauls [84]. * **Manufacturing Information Management:** RDF was used to harmonize data sets and connect them to a global repository, offering a unified data view for various stakeholders [85]. These examples highlight how ERP and Industry 4.0 technologies address fragmented data systems. However, significant challenges remain, including high implementation costs, the need for organizational change, and the complexity of integrating legacy systems. **High Costs: Sectoral Financial Barriers and Solutions:** The adoption of sustainable technologies is often hindered by high initial costs, compounded by lack of technical expertise and insufficient policy support. These challenges limit widespread adoption, particularly in the following sectors:  
* **Construction Sector:*
* Professional fees for engineers and consultants, especially in precast construction, present major financial barriers [86]. Cost Perception: While some studies show sustainable buildings can have comparable costs to traditional ones, perceived high costs continue to deter adoption [87]. * **Agricultural Sector:*
* Technological Investments: Precision agriculture and automated irrigation systems require substantial financial investments, which remain inaccessible to many farmers [88]. * **Broader Economic Barriers:*
* Nigeria: A focus on short-term financial gains over long-term sustainability benefits has led to underinvestment in sustainable technologies [89]. While high costs are a major barrier, they are sometimes exaggerated. For instance, studies indicate that with effective planning, sustainable construction costs can align with traditional methods [87]. To overcome these financial challenges, supportive policies and financial incentives are essential for encouraging the adoption of sustainable technologies. Integrating Legacy Systems with Industry 4.0 Technologies: The integration of legacy systems with Industry 4.0 technologies presents notable technological challenges due to the complexity and diversity of existing systems. Key challenges and solutions include:  
* **Data Interoperability and Accessibility:** Legacy systems often utilize diverse data formats, complicating seamless integration. Solutions like the Asset Administration Shell (AAS) and protocols such as OPC UA enable data-driven interoperability [90]. * **Financial Constraints and Retrofitting:** For SMEs, replacing legacy systems entirely is often unaffordable. Retrofitting modern components into existing systems provides a cost-effective alternative, enabling participation in Industry 4.0 ecosystems [91]. * **Practical Applications and Case Studies:** Case studies demonstrate the feasibility of hybrid solutions. For example, integrating IoT devices into legacy systems at a cement factory allowed for modernization without requiring complete infrastructure replacement [92]. While these solutions offer promising pathways, challenges remain, including system complexity and the need for customized approaches. The financial constraints and reluctance to invest in new technologies further highlight the importance of flexible and scalable integration strategies.