esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Technical and Operational Challenges
### Limited Customization for Complex Workflows  
Low-code platforms excel in standardizing repetitive tasks but struggle to accommodate highly specialized or computationally intensive workflows. For example, in aerospace systems requiring real-time fault tolerance, prebuilt components often lack the granularity to model safety-critical algorithms, necessitating hybrid architectures that combine low-code interfaces with manually coded safety layers. Similarly, semiconductor manufacturers report limitations in using low-code tools for advanced defect detection in wafer fabrication, where proprietary machine learning models demand custom integrations beyond standard AI modules.  
Academic studies highlight this tension between flexibility and simplicity. [PERSON] et al. [55] note that while platforms like App Builder automate test generation for embedded systems, they fail to address edge cases requiring dynamic parameter adjustments, forcing developers to revert to traditional coding for critical subsystems. This aligns with observations in automotive industries, where low-code-driven predictive maintenance systems often require supplemental scripting to handle heterogeneous sensor data formats.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### The Synthesis of PDVB-Based POPs with Dual Functional Cononomers  
Two functional comonomers, HEMA and VBC (or styrene), with different thermal compatibility with the dispersion solvent were used to tune the pore structure, bulk density, and particle morphology. The pore structure of the prepared PDVB-based POPs with dual functional comonomers could be controllable by tuning the HEMA/VBC/DVB molar ratio. Three samples of POPs (Samples 12, 13, and 14) were synthesized in different HEMA/VBC/DVB molar ratios, and three types of nitrogen isotherms were obtained as seen in Figure 4. When the functional comonomer VBC was in a relatively high molar ratio, the comonomer systems are inhomogeneous in ethanol dispersion solvent due to the bad solubility of VBC, so Sample 12 wasn't synthesized in dispersion polymerization, but in suspension polymerization, and nonporous isotherm was obtained with relatively high bulk density 0.33 g/cm\({}^{3}\). By decreasing the VBC molar ratio, the HEMA/VBC/DVB systems could be homogeneously dispersed in ethanol, and porous isotherms were obtained in Samples 13 and 14.  
Comparing Sample 13 with Sample 14 prepared in dispersion polymerization, we could see that the PDVB-based POPs with dual functional comonomers HEMA and VBC have a similar pore structure with characteristic peaks (around 1.3, 2.2, and 3.8 nm right shift compared with S3/S4 of 3.6 nm in this peak) in their pore-size-distribution curves as, in the HEMA-functionalized PDVB, the HEMA content or VBC added in ethanol could be used to tune the abundance in triple peaks of pore distribution. From Figure 5, when decreasing the overall content of HEMA (cross-linking degree in the prepared POPs increased actually), the abundance in the micropores and narrow mesopores (roughly 1-5 nm) increases. The SSA and PV witness a rapid increase from Sample 13 with SSA of 210 m\({}^{2}\)/g, PV of 0.244 cm\({}^{3}\)/g to Sample 14 with SSA of 380 m\({}^{2}\)/g, PV of 0.400 cm\({}^{3}\)/g. Another important role that the dual functional comonomers played is that this dual functional comonomer system could adjust the bulk density and morphology of prepared POPs. As seen in Table 1, the bulk density of Sample 13 had a relatively high bulk density of 0.28 cm\({}^{3}\)/g, which is hard to obtain using a HEMA/DVB comonomer system given no other template agent was added. We will discuss the morphology of the prepared POPs in detail later.  
Figure 4: N\({}_{2}\) sorption isotherms of POPs synthesized with different HEMA/VBC/DVB molar ratio.
# Reliable Integrity Preservation Analysis of Video Contents with Support of Blockchain Systems
## 4 Evaluation
### Hardware and Blockchain Platform Dependency
For example, when the proposed scheme employs IoT-oriented blockchain platforms implemented with Raspberry Pi devices [38; 39; 40], the storing time and searching time of the scheme may be increased due to their relatively low hardware and network performance, while the required operation fee depends on the operation fee policy of platform designer or operator. These IoT-oriented blockchain platforms provide many benefits, such as smaller size of generated blocks, lower energy consumption and lower implementation costs. However these benefits do not affect the performance of the proposed scheme. So comparative evaluation about other benefits and drawbacks of the employed blockchain platform, except storing time, searching time, and the required operation fee, is beyond the scope of this study.
# Chatbot-Based Natural Language Interfaces for Data Visualisation: A Scoping Review
## 5 Discussion
### RQ3: How Do Chatbot-Based V-NLIs Enhance the User's Interaction with the Visualisation?
That is, screen-based chatbots allow the users to track their conversation history, while sound-based chatbots allow them to seamlessly and quickly interact when working together. Thus, we suggest investigating how chatbots integrate both speech and textual conversations to support users' collaborations during the visual analysis. In relation to complementary visual feedback, most of the reviewed V-NLIs provided the users with complementary visual feedback in the form of supplementary graphs and changes in the UI that provide information about chatbot responses. Nevertheless, there is still room for improvement. For instance, animated transitions [129] can help users to understand how changes in the visualisation settings are affecting the display and pop-up windows can show additional information or graphs. Additionally, the idea of visual narrative storytelling used in the reviewed form-based work [64] can be exploited in depth by chatbots helping users to summarise their data analysis findings. In line with this, it is important to take into account the lessons learned by the data analysis community during the last decade, such as the fact to avoid unbiased views of the explored data [130]. **Remark 7**. : _Visual narrative storytelling can be exploited in depth by chatbots helping users to summarise their data analysis findings, guaranteeing unbiased views of the explored data._  
Additionally, in most of the reviewed chatbot works, textual feedback is used to inform users about the success or failure of their intents. Among them, there are works in which the V-NLIs also provide textual answers to direct questions [69,82], and short explanations about visualisation [64]. The current progress in generating LLMs definitely expands the scope of this kind of feedback, being able to provide more detailed explanations generated by LLMs with enriched information, such as including external links to detailed information of some topic. Moreover, text generation LLM from images offered by ChatGPT-4 [122] could be exploited by training it on the specific task of generating more information about the visualisations (i.e., transfer learning). **Remark 8**. : _The current progress in generating LLMs definitely expands the scope of chatbots' feedback, being able to provide more detailed explanations with enriched information._  
Last but not least, an important aspect in the development of any interactive system is the evaluation under the perspective of the Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) (i.e., ease of use, perceived usefulness, understanding and learnability, user satisfaction). Indeed, this aspect was not deeply covered in the V-NLI reviewed works, unlike that performed in other application domains (smartphone interfaces [131,132], web [133]).
# Estimation of Thermal Diffusivity for Greenhouse Soil Temperature Simulation
###### Abstract  
In greenhouse energy balance models, the soil thermal parameters are important for evaluating the heat transfer between the greenhouse air and the soil. In this study, the soil thermal diffusivity was estimated from greenhouse soil temperature data using the amplitude, phase-shift, arctangent, logarithmic, and min-max methods. The results showed that the amplitude method and the min-max method performed well in estimating the soil thermal diffusivity. The obtained soil thermal diffusivity was input into a sinusoidal model to determine the greenhouse soil temperature at different soil depths. For greenhouse applications, the daily average soil temperature at different depths was predicted according to the temperature at the surface and the annual mean soil temperature. The model was validated using soil temperature data from summer and winter, when the greenhouse was cooled and heated, respectively.  
soil heat transfer; greenhouse; modeling; soil temperature; thermal diffusivity +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 6 Conclusions and Future Work
### Future Work  
Although the PCA-IWOA-XGBoost model developed in this study achieved high prediction accuracy (97.0%) on offline data, real-time data integration remains a key challenge for practical deployment. In the early stages of an earthquake, the input variables required by the model (e.g., magnitude, focal depth, intensity, population density) often face issues such as acquisition delays, unstable data quality, and inconsistent formats. For instance, critical factors like epicentral intensity and seismic fortification intensity are often difficult to obtain accurately in a short time, limiting the model's rapid application during the \"gold rescue period\". Additionally, the diversity of data sources and the lack of a unified interface increase the difficulty of system integration and automated implementation.  
To address these challenges, future work will focus on the following directions:  
1. Develop a real-time data stream integration mechanism to connect with multi-source data platforms, including rapid earthquake reporting, remote sensing, and population mobility data.
2. Introduce methods for handling data uncertainty, to enhance the model's robustness to errors in early-stage data.
3. Develop a lightweight deployment framework to enable rapid implementation of the model on emergency platforms.
4. Explore end-to-end linkage mechanisms to promote deep integration of the model with earthquake emergency response systems.
5. Investigate hybrid modeling strategies incorporating dynamic feature fusion and physics-informed guidance to further enhance the model's generalizability and interpretability.  
These measures will help bridge the gap between the model research and practical application, enhancing the model's practical value and scalability.  
[PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] made equal contributions to this article by analyzing the data, and drafting and revising the manuscript. All authors contributed significantly to the interpretation of the results. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by Hebei Province Earthquake Science and Technology Spark Project (DZ2025081400001, DZ2024052200003), administered by the Hebei Earthquake Agency, with a funding amount of 23,000 RMB.  
The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
We would like to thank the reviewers for their comments and suggestions on the revision of this paper.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# A Survey on Congestion Control for RPL-Based Wireless Sensor Networks
## 4 Congestion Control Schemes for RPL
### Schemes Forwarding Packets via a Single Parent
#### 4.1.2 QU-RPL  
In [17], [PERSON] et al. propose a queue utilization based RPL (QU-RPL) to tackle the load balancing and congestion problem. In their preliminary study, they performed experiments using TinyRPL with OF0 in a real testbed. TinyRPL with OF0 uses a hop count and ETX as routing metrics. They observed that ETX may not be very high even for heavy traffic load if the link capacity is greater than the buffer capacity. They made a modification on TinyRPL so that queue utilization is considered for parent selection.  
To detect congestion, QU-RPL uses queue utilization (QU) factor. For each node \(k\), QU factor Q(\(k\)) is defined as follows.  
\[\text{Q}(k)=\frac{\text{\# of packets in queue of node $k$}}{\text{the total queue size of node $k$}} \tag{1}\]  
When parent node \(p_{k}\) is severely congested, Q(\(p_{k}\)) tends to be significantly greater than Q(\(k\)). In this case, it is desirable for node \(k\) not to be selected as a parent by its neighbors, because node \(k\) must forward all packets received from children nodes to parent \(p_{k}\). To this end, Q(\(k\)) is adjusted after selecting a parent \(p_{k}\) as follows.  
\[\text{Q}(k)=\max\{\text{Q}(p_{k})-\lambda,\,\text{Q}(k)\} \tag{2}\]  
where \(\lambda\) is a small positive QU reduction factor which makes Q(\(k\)) < Q(\(p_{k}\)). For example, if \(\lambda\) is 0.25, a congested node can trigger QU adjustment for up to three-hop children nodes. The routing metric for a parent candidate \(p_{k}\) is defined as follows.  
\[R_{QU}(p_{k})=h(p_{k})+1+ETX(k,p_{k})+\alpha*Q(p_{k}) \tag{3}\]  
where \(h(p_{k})\) is the hop count between node \(p_{k}\) and the LBR (LLN border router), \(ETX(k,p_{k})\) is ETX for the link between node \(k\) and node \(p_{k}\), and \(\alpha\) is a coefficient which controls the weight for QU factor. A parent candidate with the minimum routing metric is selected as the best alternative parent.  
QU-RPL allows a node to consider a parent change when both the stability condition and congestion condition are satisfied. The stability condition inherited from TinyRPL allows a node to change its parent only when the routing metric of its best parent candidate exceeds that of the current parent by a stability bound. The congestion condition is met when the congestion indicator exceeds the given threshold. As the congestion indicator, each node uses the maximum value among the QU factors of all the parent candidates that the node had in the recent past. If both conditions are satisfied, a parent change is made probabilistically in order to avoid the herding effect.  
The authors verified the performance of QU-RPL through experiments on a real testbed where 30 LLN endpoints and one LBR communicate with each other through IEEE 802.15.4 links. They used the default CSMA of TinyOS, and did not use a duty cycling mechanism. Experimental results show that compared to TinyRPL, QU-RPL significantly reduces the average queue loss ratio, thereby enhancing the PRR significantly for most of the nodes.
# SIFT-Based Depth Estimation for Accurate 3D Reconstruction in Cultural Heritage Preservation
## 1 Introduction  
Human history can be traced through the study of cultural heritage [1, 2, 3]. Unfortunately, much of tangible cultural heritage deteriorates over time due to environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and exposure to the environment [4, 5, 6]. The restoration of these national treasures is essential for archaeological and historical studies. Preservation efforts include various methods, such as storing artifacts in museums, documenting them in archives, and restoring damaged pieces through expert craftsmanship [7, 8, 9]. In Thailand, some sculptures and artifacts are preserved in national museums under controlled conditions. However, additional techniques are needed to ensure their long-term preservation [10, 11, 12, 13]. One effective solution is the transformation of physical artifacts into 3D digital models using 3D reconstruction methods, such as 3D laser scanning, Kinect cameras, and manual reconstruction by professional artists [14, 15, 16, 17, 18]. Although 3D reconstruction methods exhibit positive advantages, there are still some disadvantages to consider. A 3D laser scanner is very expensive and not practical for use in a narrow space. A Kinect camera or depth camera is only suitable for capturing a small 3D object, while the camera range has limitations. Manual reconstruction using commercial 3D software by the artistis time-consuming, and some Thai artists are not computer literate. Table 1 shows the equipment used for 3D measurement and information collection in the preservation of 3D cultural heritage. Measuring artifacts by hand, performed by professional artists, is a conventional approach. However, this method carries a significant risk of damaging fragile artifacts since direct contact is required. Using a Kinect camera is an alternative solution, as it captures depth information using infrared technology. However, the limitations of this method are the range of the field of view for both horizontal and vertical scenes being limited to 60-70 degrees and the operative measure to 2.4 m (from the camera to the object). Measuring artifacts using a 3D laser scanner seems to be the most powerful technique, since the sophisticated equipment provides the most accurate data and geometric information for generating a 3D model of the artifact. However, the high cost of 3D laser scanners
## 5 Results and Discussion
### Deformation Measurement of the Liner
#### 5.2.1 Strain Measurements Using FBG Sensors  
The measurement data obtained using FBG sensors were recorded while pumping in and releasing air from the liner. The locations of the sensors on the surface of the liner are described in Table 1 and presented in Figure 7. The results were recorded using 11 sensors. The results of deformation measurements during the tests are presented in Figure 11.  
In Figure 11a there is visible slow loading of the liner with pressured air, which ended after 220 s. After this, air was slowly released until 440 s of experiment time. A non-constant pressure rate was caused by manual control of the inlet valve.  
After the air was released, in Figure 11a, one can observe the occurrence of a delay in the liner's return to its initial deformation state. This means that the value of its internal pressure regained the value of the atmospheric pressure, despite the fact that the non-zero deformations of the material were still visible. The effect could be observed for as long as two minutes after releasing the air. Figure 11b (strain-pressure plot) shows mechanical hysteresis, which is typical for a visco-elastic material, such as HDPE.  
Figure 10: View of a liner’s inlet with air chain located near the boss.  
To present the point-wise deformation state of the liner, deformation values registered by each sensor at 1 bar pressure are shown in Table 2.  
In the case of sensors located on the cylindrical part of the liner, sensors CC1 and CC3, which were placed symmetrically to CC2, showed a 25% difference in circumferential strain. Because of the geometry, their values should be the same, but the most likely difference was caused by variations in the thickness of the walls. This hypothesis was validated using FEA based on post-mortem measurement of the wall thickness. A similar trend was visible for sensors placed in the longitudinal direction (LC1 and LC3). One side of the liner was deformed 50% more in the longitudinal direction. The highest deformation in the longitudinal direction was shown for sensor LD1, which was placed on the dome.  
Sensors on the dome--CD1 and CD2--were in the same position relative to the boss, but sensor CD1 was located very close to the defect (air bubble chain). It was observed that the deformations near the defect were 10% larger than in the case without any defect.  
Sensor CD4 was placed circumferentially on the dome and showed compression on the point on the dome. Further analyses in this paper show that this compression was caused by the liner's geometry.
###### Abstract  
Numerous conflicting objectives exist in the engineering field, and resolving these conflicts to reduce costs constitutes a problem that demands top-priority consideration. A model for tool wear and a multi-quadratic regression model for milling forces were developed to accurately predict the trends of wear on the rake face of the milling tool and the variations in milling forces. The influence of milling parameters (spindle speed, \(n\); feed rate, \(v_{\text{f}}\); axial milling depth, \(a_{\text{p}}\)) on both the wear of the rake face and milling force was analyzed by means of orthogonal experiments. The findings indicated that the impact of these parameters on the wear ranked in the following order: \(n>v_{\text{f}}>a_{\text{p}}\). In contrast, for milling force, \(F\), the ranking was \(a_{\text{p}}>v_{\text{f}}>n\). Utilizing MATLAB's genetic algorithm, an optimization procedure was conducted with multiple objectives including the wear of the rake face, milling force, and material removal rate; subsequently, a Pareto optimal solution set was generated for milling parameters based on practical processing requirements.  
multi-quadratic regression; milling parameters; orthogonal experiments; genetic algorithm; material removal rate; milling force; wear Article
## 7 Conclusions  
This paper presented an innovative strategy for space debris detection using multiple star trackers for space-based observations. It was demonstrated that the typical optical and electronic characteristics of current star trackers are sufficient for space debris detection. This paper demonstrated in detail the positioning method and the observability of space target debris by a multi-star tracker network. The method takes advantage of the high accuracy of star trackers to achieve observable positioning of space debris smaller than 10 cm. Through the study, the conclusion of space debris geocentric observation vector invariance was derived, and this conclusion was used as a breakthrough to solve the problem of efficient identification of multi-star tracker targets with the same orbit identification rate greater than 80%. Then, a positioning algorithm and an orbit determination algorithm were further proposed. The results of the algorithms in this paper are encouraging and the proposed method is sufficient to detect and position space debris. The recognition of targets in different orbit arcs is completed through the initial orbit parameters. The final positioning accuracy was better than 15 m, and the orbit determination accuracy was better than 1000 m at high orbit and better than 100 m at low orbit. This method has the potential to successfully determine the orbit of space debris, and this research result can provide a reference for the orbit identification of space debris as well as early warning and avoidance. The current engineering star tracker is only used as an attitude sensor application, and the combination of the measured data and simulation software can provide a reference for subsequent engineering applications. With the development of new star trackers with a  
Figure 16: The error curve of orbital parameters estimated by using different orbital arcs with the positioning error of 10 m low orbit \(a=7000\), \(e=0.002\), \(i=40\), \(\Omega=40\), \(w=70\), \(M=0\). (**a**) Orbital half-length diameter estimation error. (**b**) Orbital eccentricity estimation error. (**c**) Orbital inclination estimation error. (**d**) Longitude of ascending node estimation error. (**e**) Argument of perigee estimation error.  
small field of view and high limiting magnitude, further space debris positioning studies will be conducted with a real star map tracker.  
Conceptualization, F.W.; methodology, M.L. and H.Y.; software, M.L. and H.Y.; validation, M.L. and H.W.; writing--original draft preparation, M.L.; writing--review and editing, Y.S. and Y.P.; supervision, D.W. and Y.X.; funding acquisition, M.L. and D.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by National High Technology Research and Development Program of China 863 Program (No. Y512171800) and Youth Innovation Promotion Association (No. 118800011).  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.