## 6 Discussion and Conclusions  
This study elucidated eco-innovation policies in 17 Asian countries by policy instrument type and economic development stage. This study investigated three types of policy instruments: planning, regulatory, and economic. The selected countries had similarities and differences in arranging policy instruments for eco-innovation. Similarly, all 17 countries initiated planning instruments such as national plans for sustainable development or eco-innovation that included six sectors: environmental protection, waste management, renewable energy, green purchases/procurement, clean technology, and climate change. The national plans indicate that the 17 countries have a political desire to implement eco-innovation policies. The national plans include national strategies for environmental protection and green technologies in all target countries. All countries established and implemented strategies related to renewable energy and climate change, except for Brunei Darussalam. This result is similar to European cases. According to the review of ETAP roadmaps [8] (p. 61), European countries give technological priority to climate change mitigation and energy conservation/renewable energy generation in eco-innovation policies. The planning instruments indicate that governments introduce regulatory and economic instruments to accomplish policy objectives. It takes time to establish and implement legislation and financial schemes after initiating a national plan. Each country differently introduced regulatory and economic instruments for eco-innovation based on its own resources and capacities. In this study, institutional approaches were explained and linked to five development stages (1, 1-2, 2, 2-3, and 3). In the countries in stages 1 and 1-2 (transition countries from stages 1 to 2), eco-innovation policies are being developed as part of sustainable development visions and strategies. Lao PDR, Myanmar, and Brunei Darussalam did not establish specific national regulations and economic mechanisms for eco-innovation. For these countries, it is necessary to provide strategic consultation and supports for technological innovation in the early stage of eco-innovation as the first step toward ecological modernization [38]. The countries in stages 2 and 2-3 (transition countries from stage 2 to 3) established and implemented national visions and plans for eco-innovation and developed specific eco-innovation policy instruments. In particular, Malaysia, China, and Thailand initiated green \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
\begin{tabular}{c} **Economic** \\ **Stage** \\ \end{tabular} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Country**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Title of Economic Instruments**} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{1} & \multirow{4}{*}{Vietnam} & Vietnam Energy Efficiency and Cleaner Production (EECP) Financing Program (2010) \\  & & Feed-in-Tariff for Renewable Energy (2011) \\  & & Fiscal Incentives for Renewable Energy (2008) \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Lao PDR} & - \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{India} & Feed-in-Tariff scheme for renewable energy (2010) \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Pakistan} & Provincial Sustainable Development Funds (2011) \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Cambodia} & Cambodia Climate Change Alliance (CCCA) Trust Fund (2011) \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Banglades} & Clean Technology Fund (2008) \\  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Bangladesh Climate Change Resilience Fund (2010)} \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Myanmar} & - \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: _Cont._public procurement systems and FIT schemes for renewable energy. They are investing several sectors into eco-innovation while introducing national green markets. The countries in stage 3 promoted eco-innovation based on high economic and technological development. They established long-term plans related to eco-innovation and green economies. They adopted several policy instruments in multiple sectors to achieve eco-innovation.