# Networked Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Surveillance and Monitoring: A Survey
## 4 Wildlife Monitoring UAVs
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Applications** & **Species** & **References** \\ \cline{3-4}  & & Whale & [62; 63] \\ \cline{2-3} Health Monitoring & Ungulates & [64] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Forest & [65; 66; 67; 68] \\ \hline  & & Feral horse & [69] \\ \cline{2-3}  & & Penguin & [70] \\ \cline{2-3}  & & White-tailed deer & [71] \\ \cline{2-3}  & & Sumatran orangutan & [72] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Sea Lion & [73] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Sea turtles & [74] \\ \cline{2-3}  & & Shark & [75] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Koala & [76] \\ \hline  & & Sea turtles & [61] \\ \cline{2-3} Behaviour Research & & Whale & [77] \\ \cline{2-3}  & & Crocodiles & [78] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Salmon & [79] \\ \hline  & & Probocsis monkey & [80] \\ \cline{2-3} Habitats Investigation & Raptor & [81] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Waterbirds & [82] \\ \hline  & & Rhinoceros & [83] \\ \cline{2-3}  & & Elephant & [84; 85] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Summary of existing publications on wildlife-monitoring UAVs. detecting invisible hot spots and preventing secondary fires to collecting wildfire data at night, thermal imaging UAVs have become an important technology to improve the safety of firefighters and civilians. Elephants are important ecosystem engineers, helping to maintain the biodiversity of forests and grasslands. However, despite the international ban on ivory trade, 20,000 to 40,000 elephants die from poaching each year. The situation is so bad that African elephants, previously classified as \"vulnerable\" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), were promoted to the \"endangered\" list last month because studies have shown that the number of African forest elephants has declined in the past three decades by more than 86%. Conservation efforts to protect elephants are challenging due to their vast habitat range [84]. To combat the elephant-poaching problem, anti-poaching UAVs have been used by conservation organization and researchers [85]. With thermal imaging anti-poaching UAVs, poachers can be found both during the day and at night. Besides anti-poaching, UAVs can record and forward real-time videos to ground teams that are usually miles away, and they can even record videos for later analysis. All wildlife-monitoring results are shared with rangers and police. The use of anti-poaching UAVs has had a profound effect on detecting and stopping poachers [84]. Particularly, the authors in [84] proposed methods for identifying spatial distribution patterns of elephant-poaching incidents based on point pattern analyses in the Tsavo National Parks area in Kenya. The geospatial analyses on the physical environment were performed to create a risk map based on how land cover, water features, and roads correlate to poaching incidents. The UAV flight paths were also modelled based on UAVs flight characteristics and the horizontal view angle for a selected thermal camera. The authors in [84] found that poaching incidents were geographically clustered and followed a predictive (deterministic) process and were dominantly close to roads and water features. They conclude that a combination of GIS-based risk analysis and aerial surveillance enable conservation teams to improve the efficiency of their anti-poaching efforts with limited budgets.