# Dual Partial Reversible Data Hiding Using Enhanced Hamming Code
## 4 Experimental Results and Discussions
Overall, our proposed method provides a near-optimal embedding ratio while maintaining computational efficiency, making it a strong candidate for practical reversible data hiding applications where both high capacity and low complexity are required. Note: The embedding ratio (ER) is constant at 1.50 across all tested images. This is a deterministic result of the proposed scheme, with a standard deviation of 0.00. This consistency reflects the deterministic nature of the proposed embedding mechanism and demonstrates its robustness across diverse image contents. Table 3 presents a comparative analysis of the embedding capacity (bpp) and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) across existing reversible data hiding methods, including those proposed by [PERSON] et al. (2007) [13], [PERSON] et al. (2013) [14], [PERSON] & [PERSON] (2013) [15], [PERSON] et al. (2015) [16], [PERSON] et al. (2015) [17], and [PERSON] et al. (2018) [21], alongside our proposed approach. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Images** & **[PERSON] et al. [15]** & **[PERSON] et al. [20]** & **[PERSON] et al. [24]** & **[PERSON] et al. [22]** & **[PERSON] et al. [23]** & **[PERSON] et al. [21]** & **Proposed** \\ \hline Elaine & 1.09 & 1.00 & 1.07 & 1.14 & 1.56 & 0.21 & 1.50 \\ Pepper & 1.09 & 1.00 & 1.07 & 1.14 & 1.56 & 0.21 & 1.50 \\ Airplane & 1.09 & 1.00 & 1.07 & 1.14 & 1.56 & 0.21 & 1.50 \\ Boat & 1.09 & 1.00 & 1.07 & 1.14 & 1.56 & 0.21 & 1.50 \\ Goldhill & 1.09 & 1.00 & 1.07 & 1.14 & 1.56 & 0.21 & 1.50 \\ Couple & 1.09 & 1.00 & 1.07 & 1.14 & 1.56 & 0.21 & 1.50 \\ Baboon & 1.09 & 1.00 & 1.07 & 1.14 & 1.56 & 0.21 & 1.50 \\ Zelda & 1.09 & 1.00 & 1.07 & 1.14 & 1.56 & 0.21 & 1.50 \\ Barbara & 1.09 & 1.00 & 1.07 & 1.14 & 1.56 & 0.21 & 1.50 \\ Average & 1.09 & 1.00 & 1.07 & 1.14 & 1.56 & 0.21 & 1.50 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Comparison of maximum embedding ratio with different methods. Among the evaluated methods, the highest embedding rate is achieved by [PERSON] et al. (2013) [14] with 1.53 bpp, followed closely by our proposed method, which attains 1.50 bpp. In contrast, the method by [PERSON] et al. (2018) [21] exhibits the lowest embedding rate, limited to 0.21 bpp. Notably, [PERSON] et al. (2015) [16] and [PERSON] et al. (2018) [21] achieve the highest PSNR values, exceeding 52 dB, albeit at the cost of significantly lower embedding rates. This trend suggests an inherent tradeoff between embedding capacity and image quality, where methods optimizing for PSNR often exhibit lower data-hiding capability. Our proposed scheme effectively balances embedding capacity and image quality, achieving a competitive 48-49 dB PSNR while maintaining a high embedding rate. Compared to other methods with similar embedding rates, such as that of [PERSON] et al. (2013) [14], our approach demonstrates superior PSNR performance, indicating reduced distortion in the stego images. This suggests that the proposed method offers an optimal tradeoff between embedding rate and visual fidelity, making it a strong candidate for practical reversible data hiding applications. The proposed method shows a fixed embedding rate of 1.50 bpp across all images, resulting in a standard deviation of 0.00. In addition, the PSNR values exhibit only minor variations (standard deviation \(\leq\) 0.06 dB), confirming our method's consistent visual quality across different images. Figure 5a presents a comparative analysis of the average PSNR of stego image #1 across different reversible data hiding methods. The embedding rate (ER) of the proposed method is measured at 1.5 bpp. Among the evaluated techniques, the method proposed by [PERSON] et al. (2021) [23] is also capable of embedding up to 1.5 bpp, although achieving a PSNR approximately 1-2 dB higher than the proposed method. Overall, except for the method of [PERSON] et al. (2019) [22], all evaluated techniques maintain a marked image quality above 48 dB even at embedding rates exceeding 1.5 bpp, demonstrating a balance between high embedding capacity and imperceptibility.