## 2 Related Work  
An analysis of low-throughput networks [20] briefly analysed several technologies, including LoRaWAN, while [21] performed a comparison of LoRaWAN with RF mesh. These studies identify advanced modulation techniques as an effective measure to counter interference in LoRaWAN networks. However, Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) modulation technology [22] employed in LoRa has not entirely suppressed interference in LoRaWAN. A more in-depth theoretical analysis of the scalability of LoRaWAN was developed in [23] with [24] analysing the performance of the LoRaWAN 'Join' and observed a small probability of interference in the presence of a large number of uplink transmissions. The 'Join' is the process where authorised devices, hereafter referred to as'motes', come online on the network and where the mote and network generate encryption keys. An indoor deployment case study [25] conducted with a single gateway and a single mote showed that SNR values plummeted when an end-device was moved from the floor to basement. In [26], the authors investigated the performance of LoRaWAN for indoor industrial monitoring as an application of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). These authors compared the performance of LoRaWAN with IEEE 802.15.4 network protocol. LoRaWAN demonstrated good performance in terms of reliability and power consumption. In [27], authors evaluated the performance of LoRa for indoor IoT applications and concluded that for a closer distance to the gateway, a low Spreading Factor (SF) should be selected and high SF selected for a longer distances. Similarly, LoRa performance indoor environment was evaluated in [28]. The study results found packet delivery success rate at 96.7% but did not indicate reasons attributed to lost packets. A smart controller for heating ventilation and air conditioning using LoRa was developed in [29]. Authors considered reduction of human interference such as clothing insulation and air velocity in indoor propagation environment. Such interference sources were not necessary in this study because no humans lived in the building site. LoRa performance was compared with RSD RF communication [30], and results showed that LoRa outperforms short-range RF communication in terms of battery life and coverage range. In [31], the authors investigated the performance of LoRaWAN in the CBD of Melbourne, Australia, and reported that loss-free communication is limited to 200 m. Although interference from other radio channels is mentioned as one of the variables that affect LoRaWAN performance in a CBD, the study was limited to LoRaWAN performance evaluation in a high-density urban structures. In [2], authors evaluated the performance of LoRa in the outdoor environment. A recent study [17] focusing on LoRa and Sigfox in the city of Aalborg, Denmark, measured signal activity and power levels in the EU's 868 MHz ISM band. The activity of signals was measured and reported by the use of network scanner and spectrogram, respectively, for five distinct locations. The authors determined whether there was any interference in the measurement area and calculated interference probabilities for selected channels. However, the network scanner used to record the measurements could not capture real-time transient signals. The signal activity in the 868 MHz ISM band is different in parts of the world. The European Radiocommunications Committee (ERC) Recommendation 70-30 relating to the use of SRD [32], and Ofcom Interface Requirements 2030 (IR-2030) [33] specify the regulatory parameters; the DC, Tx, and usage of the ISM band in Europe and the United Kingdom (UK) respectively. The DC is maybe 0.1%, or 1% [34], and the Tx is 14 dBm for LoRa in the EU. The regulation offers an alternative to DC, the implementation of polite spectrum access techniques, a combination of Listen Before Talk (LBT) and Adaptive Frequency Agility (AFA). [PERSON] et al. [35] monitored the sub-GHz unlicensed frequency band in a German city. The study measured the spectrum occupancy in the 169 MHz, 433 MHz, and 868 MHz bands.