## 3 Results  
No significant differences were found between the groups as to age, weight, height, and BMI. The self-selected running speed for the non-injured group was an average of 10.4 km/h (individual subject speeds ranging from 9.8 to 11.5 km/h), and an average of 10.6 km/h (individual subject speeds ranging from 9.6 to 11.4 km/h) for the injured group. The GDI scores were comparable between the non-injured group (Nig) and the injured group (Ig) (\(p>0.05\)) for anterior/posterior pelvic tilt (\(p=0.175\)), hip flexion/extension (Left \(p=0.141\); Right \(p=0.130\)), and pelvis obliquity (Left \(p=0.500\); Right \(p=0.433\)) (Figure 2). Significant sagittal plane differences were observed when performing right knee flexion/extension (GDI-Nig 6.3, GDI-Ig 9.7; \(p=0.008\)) and left ankle dorsi/plantar flexion (GDI-Nig 5.0, GDI-Ig 9.3; \(p=0.000\)) and frontal plane differences were seen during left hip abduction/adduction (GDI-Nig 2.9, GDI-Ig 4.4; \(p=0.044\)). Rotational plane differences were observed during left pelvis internal/external rotation (GDI-Nig 1.9, GDI-Ig 3.3; \(p=0.003\)) and right (GDI-Nig 2.7, GDI-Ig 3.9; \(p=0.021\)), during left hip internal/external rotation (GDI-Nig 4.9, GDI-Ig 7.7; \(p=0.019\)) and right (GDI-Nig 5.0, GDI-Ig 7.7; \(p=0.008\)) and right internal/external foot rotation (GDI-Nig 5.2, GDI-Ig 10.6; \(p=0.000\)). The GPS score significantly differed between groups, both on the left and right side (GPS-Nig 5.5, GPS-Ig 7.1; \(p=0.003\); GPS-Nig 5.3, GPS-Ig 7.5; \(p=0.000\), respectively), furthermore, the overall  
Figure 1: An example of a VICON Motion System skeletal image of a runner from the injured group with marker placement (anterior superior iliac spine, sacrum, lateral thigh, lateral knee, lateral shank, lateral ankle, heel, and forefoot bilaterally). GPS also significantly differed (GPS-Nig 5.7, GPS-Ig 7.8; \(p\) = 0.000) (Table 2). Pelvis and lower limb kinematics are presented in Figure 3. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**GDI**} \\ \hline  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Non-Injured**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Injured [SD]**} \\  & & **[SD] (Degrees)** & **(Degrees)** & \(p\)**-Value** \\ \hline Hip flexion/extension & Left Right & 5.3 [1.9] & 6.8 [2.6] & 0.141 \\  & Right & 5.24 [1.2] & 6.5 [2.3] & 0.130 \\ \hline Knee flexion/extension & Left Right & 7.8 [2.4] & 9.5 [2.9] & 0.255 \\  & Right & 6.3 [2.9] & 9.7 [3.4] & 0.008 ** \\ \hline Ankle & Left & 5.0 [3.5] & 9.3 [2.9] & 0.000 ** \\ dorsi/plantar & Right & 7.9 [1.9] & 9.4 [3.4] & 0.181 \\ \hline flexion & Left & 2.2 [0.9] & 2.4 [1.0] & 0.500 \\ Pelvis up/down & Right & 2.2 [0.9] & 2.5 [1.1] & 0.433 \\ \hline Hip abduction/adduction & Left & 2.9 [1.0] & 4.4 [2.0] & 0.044 * \\  & Right & 3.1 [1.3] & 4 [2.0] & 0.229 \\ \hline Pelvis ante-rior/posterior & Overall & 4.9 [1.6] & 4.3 [2.8] & 0.175 \\ \hline Pelvic internal/external & Left Right & 1.9 [0.8] & 3.3 [1.4] & 0.003 \\  & Right & 2.7 [1.0] & 3.9 [1.7] & 0.021 \\ \hline Hip internal/external & Left & 4.9 [1.5] & 7.7 [3.7] & 0.019 * \\  & Right & 5.0 [2.6] & 7.7 [4.2] & 0.008 ** \\ \hline Foot internal/external & Left & 8.5 [3.1] & 8.1 [3.9] & 0.634 \\  & Right & 5. [1.8] & 10.6 [4.9] & 0.000 ** \\ \hline  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{GPS} \\ \hline  & Left & 5.5 [0.8] & 7.1 [1.6] & 0.003 ** \\  & Right & 5.3 [0.8] & 7.5 [1.6] & 0.000 ** \\  & Overall & 5.7 [0.8] & 7.8 [1.6] & 0.000 ** \\ \hline Gait deviation index (GDI), Gait Profile Score (GPS) * \(p\)\(\leq\) 0.05; ** \(p\)\(\leq\) 0.01; *** \(p\)\(\leq\) 0.001. & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Mean and standard deviation of GDI and GPS results of the injured and non-injured running groups (\(p\) < 0.05). Figure 2: Movement Analysis Profile: median and interquartile range (IQR) root mean square (RMS)  
difference from control mean. Injured runners: left in red, right in blue, overall in green. Non-injured runners in black.