## 3 SPA-Based Analysis of Safety Standard Assessments in Industrial and Trade Enterprises
### SPA Analysis of Safety Standard Assessment Results in Different Industries  
Industrial and trade enterprises encompass a variety of sectors, including metallurgy and eight others. This study focuses on five representative industrial enterprises: concrete mixing, electrical machinery, machinery manufacturing, textile, and pharmaceutical companies (labeled I to V, respectively). These enterprises were chosen to analyze the implementation of safety standardization using SPA. Table 9 displays the scores across the thirteen elements for these enterprises, offering insights into their safety standardization efforts. According to the weight linkage calculation, Equation (7), the linkage, set-pair potential, pessimistic potential, and optimistic potential of the enterprises numbered I to V can be computed by integrating the linkage and weight of each element of the industrial and trade safety standard. The results of these calculations are presented in Table 10.  
The degree of weight linkage decreases consistently from Enterprise I to Enterprise V, aligning precisely with the comprehensive assessment scores of the safety standards shown in Table 9. The set of potential values ranges between pessimistic and optimistic potentials, affirming the reliability and validity of the established five-dimensional linkage calculation model used to analyze safety standardization assessment results across various industries within industrial and trade enterprises. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Enterprise** & **Linkage Degree** & **Set-Pair Potential** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Level of** \\ **Set-Pairing Potential** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Pessimistic** \\ **Potential** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Optimistic** \\ **Potential** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline I & \(-\)0.47 & 0.046 & weak opposition potential & 0.032 & 0.471 \\ II & \(-\)0.64 & 0.039 & weak opposition potential & 0.029 & 0.393 \\ III & \(-\)0.69 & 0.038 & weak opposition potential & 0.028 & 0.399 \\ IV & \(-\)0.70 & 0.035 & weak opposition potential & 0.027 & 0.308 \\ V & \(-\)0.76 & 0.029 & weak opposition potential & 0.025 & 0.192 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 10: Five enterprises in different industries and their safety standardization assessment results for the set of analysis indicators. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Enterprise** & **Element 1** & **Element 2** & **Element 3** & **Element 4** & **Element 5** & **Element 6** & **Element 7** & **Element 8** & **Element 9** & **Element 10** & **Element 12** & **Element 3** & **Overall** \\ \hline I & 90.00 & 53.33 & 70.00 & 53.00 & 58.00 & 58.05 & 46.53 & 52.86 & 65.38 & 75.00 & 73.08 & 80.00 & 77.78 & 66.76 \\ \hline II & 90.00 & 53.33 &Based on the set-pair potential, all five of the different industrial and trade enterprises exhibit a \"weak opposite potential\". Despite achieving the third level of production safety standardization, these enterprises show a concerning trend towards worsening safety conditions, deepening the overall \"dangerous\" state. Referring to the analysis indicators in Table 10, Enterprise III has a lower degree of linkage and safety standard assessment score compared to Enterprise II but displays an opposite optimistic trend. Consequently, Enterprise III is poised to achieve better overall safety assessment results. Upon analyzing the element score rates of Enterprises II and III in Table 9, it becomes apparent that these rates differ significantly, particularly in Element 7 and Element 8. When examining the safety standard evaluation results within the same industry, Element 7's score rate shows a positive correlation with the enterprise's optimistic potential, even when other element scores are similar. However, between Enterprises II and III from different industries, Enterprise III exhibits a slightly higher score rate in Element 7 and a significantly higher rate in Element 8 compared to Enterprise II.