### Three-Dimensional Modeling Methods  
Over the past decades, 3D modeling has been a rapidly growing branch of geographic information science that is widely used in a variety of fields, including the reconstruction and visualization of cultural heritage, especially monuments and traditional settlements. Technological advances in computer graphics allow complex 3D objects to be modeled with high precision and accuracy. The 3D modeling methods are as follows [25]:  
1. Image-based rendering allows for a realistic visualization of 3D objects and scenes without the requirement to reconstruct a 3D model [26]. 2. Image-based modeling uses multi-image solutions that rely on establishing projective relations between a set of photographs of a single scene in order to extract control points for the 3D reconstruction. 3. Range-based modeling enables the acquisition of a dense 3D point cloud of an object's surface. Point cloud data processing is provided by a 3D model of the object [27]. 4. A combination of image-based and range modeling, especially for complex architectural features, leverages the advantages of each method, providing time-efficient, high-quality 3D modeling [28]. 5. Procedural modeling generates 3D building models using sets of rules. Procedural modeling software uses object geometry to generate 3D models in various fields, such as construction, simulation, the film industry, and video games. It allows for the cost-effective generation of realistic, complex 3D models of the urban environment, based on repeating architectural patterns of buildings [29]. In recent years, 3D modeling techniques have become increasingly prevalent in visualization, replacing traditional two-dimensional maps, photographs, and plans [30]. Numerous studies have focused on generating 3D models using 2D building outlines obtained from maps, photographs, and other cartographic sources, marking a significant evolution from 2D to 3D representations. When 3D modeling buildings that no longer exist, building heights are typically estimated using historical records or archival photographs [31; 32]. In addition to height, roof shape is another important feature used to characterize buildings [33]. For existing buildings, modern data can be applied, while for historical structures, researchers must rely on archival sources [34]. To achieve a more realistic appearance, textures are often applied to roofs and facades. These textures are either derived from existing databases or recreated based on knowledge of historical building materials and architectural details [10]. Because the process of reconstruction is highly complex, many publicly accessible 3D building models are simplified and lack fine details. They often appear as basic geometric structures with minimal roof detail and basic textures [31; 32; 33; 35]. Crucial architectural features such as windows and doors are frequently omitted [36]. For existing buildings, 3D reconstruction can also be performed through direct measurements in the field. This process typically involves generating 3D point clouds using laser scanning or photogrammetry. These point clouds require further processing to extract specific components of the building [37; 38]. However, due to the difficulty of processing point cloud data, many methods simplify or exclude complex building details. Facade reconstruction for existing structures primarily uses photogrammetric techniques that produce detailed point clouds and textured 3D models based on photographic data [39]. Despite this, most approaches require significant manual work both before and after the reconstruction process, which limits their effectiveness as fully automated solutions [37; 40]. However, this approach cannot be applied to historical buildings that no longer exist. This article focuses on image-based rendering methods.