# EMF Assessment Utilizing Low-Cost Mobile Applications
## 5 Conclusions  
This study presented an effective, low-cost method for mapping actual power flux density and, by extension, electric field strength in 4G mobile networks. The method required multiple identical smartphones--one per mobile operator--and an app capable of recording RSRP values from the main and up to three neighboring cells, along with the signal frequency. Using a worst-case conversion factor, the RSRP values were converted into power flux density and subsequently into electric field strength. Additionally, the study introduced a technique for identifying areas with low variability in received power over time by excluding high-traffic areas with dense concentrations of small cell antennas installed at low heights. This exclusion improved the accuracy of the calculations. While the method required a smartphone for each mobile operator, a predetermined conversion factor, and knowledge of small cell antenna density and road traffic to assess accuracy, its immediate applicability without the need for machine learning models, high computational power for computational electromagnetic simulations, or expensive frequency selective equipment offers a significant advantage. This makes it highly effective for quickly estimating actual electric field strength and mapping downlink exposure with ease. The main limitation of this method is that exposure to electric fields may be overestimated in some areas since we use the worst-case conversions factor, as mentioned above. However, even with this overestimation inherent in the electric field estimation of all areas, the method can still distinguish regions of interest for further investigation. Conceptualization, T.S., D.B. and J.W. ; methodology, T.S., D.B., S.D. and J.W. ; software, S.D. ; validation, T.S., D.B., A.M. and J.W. ; formal analysis, D.B., S.D. and A.M.; investigation, T.S., D.B., S.D. and J.W. ; resources, T.S., D.B. and A.M.; data curation, S.D. ; writing--original draft preparation, S.D. ; writing--review and editing, T.S., D.B. and J.W. ; visualization, S.D. and A.M.; supervision, T.S., D.B. and J.W. ; project administration, T.S., D.B. and A.M.; funding acquisition, T.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding for this research was provided by the European Union's Horizon Europe Framework Programme under Grant Agreement number 101057622 (SEAWave Project). Not applicable. * (17) Greece Wireless Frequency Bands and Carriers. Available online: [[https://www.frequencycheck.com/countries/greece](https://www.frequencycheck.com/countries/greece)]([https://www.frequencycheck.com/countries/greece](https://www.frequencycheck.com/countries/greece)) (accessed on 17 November 2024). * (18)_3 GPP TS 36.101 Version 15.9.0 Release 15_; LTE; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE) Radio Transmission and Reception. ETSI: Sophia-Antipolis, France, 2020. * (19) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Mapping the Exposure from Cellular Networks Using a Mobile App in an Urban Environment. In Proceedings of the 2024 Panhellenic Conference on Electronics & Telecommunications (PACET), Thessaloniki, Greece, 28-29 March 2024. [CrossRef]
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