## 4 Applications of _Chlorella vulgaris_ in Food, Feed, and Medicine
### Applications in Food
It offers a complete protein profile, including all essential amino acids, making it comparable in quality to conventional protein sources like soy and meat [4]. Due to its versatile form, _C. vulgaris_ is commonly available as powder and tablets, which are easily incorporated into a variety of food products such as smoothes, protein bars, health drinks, and snacks. These products cater to health-conscious consumers seeking nutrient-rich ingredients with additional health benefits [34; 120]. Furthermore, because of its high chlorophyll content, _C. vulgaris_ is used as a natural food colorant, providing food products with a vibrant green color that is appealing in the health food market. Chlorophyll also contributes antioxidant benefits, adding another layer of value to _Chlorella_-infused foods [25]. Beyond its use as a protein supplement, _C. vulgaris_ has a broad spectrum of nutritional and health benefits. Its rich composition of essential amino acids, vitamins (particularly B-complex vitamins and beta-carotene), and minerals (such as iron, magnesium, and calcium) supports nutritional fortification. For individuals suffering from nutrient deficiencies, particularly in regions where malnutrition is prevalent, _Chlorella_ supplementation can enhance dietary intake and improve overall health [102]. Its high content of bioactive compounds, such as polysaccharides and polyunsaturated fatty acids, contributes to its potential health benefits, including the enhancement of dietary intake and overall health improvement [3]. Studies show that food products enriched with _Chlorella_ can help lower cholesterol levels and improve blood sugar management, making it a valuable component in diets aimed at preventing cardiovascular diseases and managing conditions like diabetes [18]. For instance, a study found that daily consumption of _Chlorella_ led to reductions in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in mildly hypercholesterolemia adults [104]. Similarly, Fallah et al. [124] reported that _Chlorella_ intake resulted in decreased cholesterol levels in patients with hypercholesterolemiaemia, highlighting its antilipidemic properties [125]. The mechanisms behind these effects may involve the inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption and the enhancement of fecal steroid excretion, as suggested by several studies [65; 73; 126]. Other studies indicate that the consumption of _Chlorella_ can positively influence glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. For example, research by Sun et al. [96] evaluated the effects of _Chlorella__pyrenoidosa_ on diabetes management, suggesting its potential as a functional food for glycemic control. Furthermore, the presence of dietary fiber and bioactive compounds in _C. vulgaris_ may contribute to its anti-diabetic properties, as these components are known to modulate glucose absorption and metabolism [127]. In addition to its nutritional benefits, _C. vulgaris's_ antioxidant, antimicrobial, and detoxifying properties offer further advantages when incorporated into food products. The antioxidants present in this microalga, including chlorophyll, carotenoids, and polyphenols, help neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress in the body, which can lead to chronic diseases such as cancer and heart disease. These antioxidants also help preserve the food itself, extending its shelf life by preventing the oxidation of fats and oils, making _Chlorella_ an attractive natural preservative in processed foods [34]. Moreover, the antimicrobial properties of _C. vulgaris_ are beneficial in food preservation. The bioactive compounds in _C. vulgaris_, such as peptides and fatty acids, have been shown to inhibit the growth of harmful microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi, which contribute to food spoilage. By incorporating _C. vulgaris_ into food products, manufacturers can potentially reduce the reliance on synthetic preservatives, offering consumers more natural and cleaner-label products [21].