## 3 Discussion
In eukaryotes, the genetic material in the nucleus is distinguishable into heterochromatin (condensed and inactive) and euchromatin (actively directing protein synthesis). MMW irradiation regimes may be affecting conformational changes on chromatin, which modulates the gene expression without causing genetic DNA damage. Such a mechanism can be analogous to the biochemical ON/OFF control of epigenetic regulation wherein specific biological molecules physically associate or dissociate with certain genetic sequences in the nucleus inresponse to external stimuli for either blocking or enhancing gene expression. In contrast, by involving a medium of radiation to enable non-biochemical control of genetic expression through conformational changes in the genome, MMW therapy can provide interesting applications of eliciting targeted biological responses for various purposes. Such effects are likely to be dose-dependent and potential applications of this technique will require characterization of the genomic conformational changes possible for different exposure conditions correspondent with their respective biological outcomes. Such a mechanism of action can also explain the ambiguous cell proliferation results after MMW treatment from the other studies described above in the introduction [12; 13; 14]. A biological cell is a compartmentalized structure separated from the surrounding environment by the lipid cell membrane containing transmembrane proteins. It has been reported that 65 GHz irradiation reduced the effects of factors on yeast cells due to the destabilization of intracellular water structure [28]. Under physiological conditions, yeast cells are reported to bear 65% water by composition with about 20-30% of the volume inhabited by cytosolic proteins that participate in the metabolic processes of the cells [29]. Biological functions at the cellular level are affected by proteins, and the functionality of proteins is, in turn, determined by their molecular structure. Proteins are polypeptide chains composed of sequentially joined amino acids folding into the lowest energy conformations in their physiological environment giving rise to three-dimensional structures. These structures are essential for the protein's biochemical interactions with other molecules, which manifests in biological functions. Changes in the cytosol environment can therefore translate into changing the properties of biomolecules like proteins by affecting their charge densities in space and time. Interactions of MMW irradiation with proteins in the cytosol could generate structural and/or functional changes, which subsequently affects cell functionality. Structurally, water is a physical participant during the folding of the polypeptide chain in protein folding through hydrophobic collapse [29]. Thus, water interacts with proteins to affect their dynamics. Conversely, changes in the chemical composition of the aqueous environment can alter the three-dimensional structure of proteins. Molecular Transfer Model (MTM) predicts conformational changes in protein structures when pH changes occur in the vicinity in solution using calculated partition functions of polypeptides [30]. Illustratively, nitrophorin 4 (NP4) is a protein that releases nitric oxide (NO) in a pH-sensitive manner. NP4 remains in a closed conformation and tightly binds NO at pH 5.5 [31]. At pH 7.5, deprotonation occurs, changing the conformation and releasing NO. Since MMW are classed as non-ionizing radiation with low 0.3-0.4 meV range of photon energies, their direct exposure is not expected to directly generate Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) by biochemical degradation unlike ionizing radiation therapies [2; 3], which involve higher photon energies and thereby provide only safety restricted applications. We conjecture that MMW elicits therapeutic effects and limit the adversities by the phenomenon of Structure Resonant Energy Transfer (SRET).