## 1 Introduction
Therefore, capture of released NO\({}_{x}\) is a viable and sustainable approach for relieving the burden of pollution in the habitable surrounding atmosphere, i.e., a problem that can be solved at ground level while preventing the unnecessary release of excess greenhouse gases into the upper atmosphere by forcing the immediate change to electric vehicles rather than transitioning smoothly through low carbon emitting diesel and methane (natural gas) ICEs directly to zero-carbon-emitting hydrogen-powered ICEs. Current EU regulatory demands for NO\({}_{2}\) are shown in Table 1, and exemplify the global trend for NO\({}_{x}\) reduction. However, the targets set by the EU are frequently breached. For example, take the distribution of excessively high NO\({}_{2}\) concentrations in the heart of London, England, as shown by the map in Figure 1.  
Due to its health impact, NO\({}_{2}\) as a pollutant cannot be ignored without economic disadvantage. A study conducted by the publicly funded Helmholtz Centre, Munich and a private company, IVU Umwelt GmbH ([PERSON] et al. ), used widely accepted statistical models to determine the number of premature deaths that could be attributed to NO\({}_{2}\)[4]. The report presents a nationwide estimation of the background nitrogen dioxide (NO\({}_{2}\)) exposure for the population in Germany. It provides a subsequent quantification of the related burden of disease leading to mortality and morbidity arising from the exposure. The study covers the period from 2007 to 2014, and the analysis was modelled on data from the German Environment Agency with measured NO\({}_{2}\) values provided by the federal government and federal states. Based on these data, the population distribution was divided into NO\({}_{2}\)-regional concentration classes. Calculated average population weighted NO\({}_{2}\) concentration classes were used to assess the burden of disease of all defined NO\({}_{2}\) specific health impacts, and time dependent development of exposure and resulting health effects were reported, including relevant uncertainties. Defining the relevant health outcomes was the greatest challenge in the work. The authors based their analysis on a systematic literature review and derived their considered outcomes to differentiate \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Pollutant**} & **Concentration** & **Averaging** & **Legal** & **Permitted Number of** \\  & **(ug\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-3}\))** & **Period** & **Requirement** & **Exceedances per Year** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Nitrogen dioxide \\ (NO\({}_{2}\)) \\ \end{tabular} } & 200 & 1 h & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Limit value to be \\ met as of 1.1.2010 \\ \end{tabular} & 18 \\ \cline{2-5}  & 40 & 1 year &
\begin{tabular}{c} Limit value to be \\ met as of 1.1.2010 * \\ \end{tabular} & n/a \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Under Directive 2008/50/EU, the Member State could apply for an extension of up to five years (i.e., based on the maximum up to 2015) in a specific zone. The request is subject to an assessment by the Commission. In such cases, within the time extension period, the limit value applied at the level of the limit value + maximum margin of tolerance (48 ug\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-3}\) for annual NO\({}_{2}\) limit value).  
\end{table} 
Table 1: European Union (EU) Directive Limits on Atmospheric NO\({}_{2}\) Concentration. between natural and cause-specific death, where cause-specific death included hospital admission suffering diabetes, hypertension, heart failure, myocardial infarction, stroke, ischemic heart disease, lung cancer, asthma, chronic bronchitis, COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), premature birth, and low birth weight. Strong evidence was found for long-term cardiovascular mortality. Short-term effects within the total natural mortality and respiratory mortality also showed strong correlation.