## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Dielectric Properties of Cirrhinus microlepis Tissues  
The dielectric properties of _Cirrhinus microlepis_ tissues, including scales, skin, and muscle, were analyzed in terms of their dielectric constant (\(\varepsilon^{\prime}\)) and dielectric loss (\(\varepsilon^{\prime\prime}\)) over a frequency range of 1.0-3.0 GHz. The results, as depicted in Figure 5a,b, reveal distinct frequency-dependent trends and highlight the differences among tissue types as well as the effect of salt addition on these properties. The dielectric constant of all tissue types, as shown in Figure 5a, decreases with increasing frequency, a characteristic behavior of biological tissues. This trend arises from the reduced ability of dipolar molecules in the tissues to align with an alternating electromagnetic field at higher frequencies [3], as described by Equation (1). The decline is more pronounced at lower frequencies, while, beyond 2 GHz, the values tend to stabilize. Among the three tissue types, fish scales (represented by the red line with upward-facing triangles) exhibit the highest dielectric constant across the frequency range. This behavior is likely due to the unique structure and composition of scales, which may include mineral content that enhances their dielectric response under electromagnetic fields. In contrast, fish skin (represented by the black line with upward-facing triangles) displays slightly lower dielectric constant values than scales. This suggests that the skin tissue has a lower polarization capacity, potentially due to differences in its water content or structural rigidity. Fish muscle (represented by the blue line with upward-facing triangles) has the lowest dielectric constant across the frequency range, likely because of its lower water content or reduced ionic mobility, which limits its capacity for polarization when exposed to an alternating electromagnetic field. Similarly, the dielectric loss of all tissue types, as depicted in Figure 5b, decreases with increasing frequency. This trend is typical of biological tissues, as ionic conduction and dipolar relaxation mechanisms diminish at higher frequencies. The most significant decline occurs within the lower frequency range (1.0-2.0 GHz), with the values stabilizing beyond 2 GHz. Among the tissues, fish muscle exhibits the highest dielectric loss across the entire frequency range (blue line with upward-facing triangles), indicating its higher water content and ionic conductivity, which contribute to greater energy dissipation under electromagnetic fields. This aligns with the specific absorption rate (SAR) in Equation (3), which explains the relationship between tissue conductivity and energy absorption efficiency. For dielectric heating applications, dielectric loss (\(\varepsilon^{\prime\prime}\)) is the primary parameter as it directly determines the energy dissipated as heat within the material when exposed to an electromagnetic field. A higher dielectric loss indicates greater heating efficiency, making it critical for evaluating a material's suitability. In this study, fish muscle, with the highest dielectric loss, is the most effective tissue for dielectric heating due to its ability to absorb and convert electromagnetic energy into heat. While the dielectric constant (\(\varepsilon^{\prime}\)) reflects a material's capacity to store electromagnetic energy, it does not contribute directly to heat generation, making dielectric loss the focus for ensuring effective and efficient heating. Based on these findings, fish muscle will heat and cook the fastest among the tissues, followed by fish scales and fish skin, as it exhibits the highest capacity for energy dissipation. Based on the measured results, dielectric heating may not effectively target liver flukes, which are concentrated around the fish scales. Since muscle exhibits the highest dielectric loss, it heats and cooks faster than the scales, potentially leaving parasites untreated.