## 1 Introduction  
An SMF is a type of magnetic field that does not change with time, as opposed to an alternating magnetic field, which oscillates in time [1]. It is created by a static charge distribution, such as a permanent magnet or a current-carrying wire [2]. The strength of a magnetic field is measured in teslas (T), with one tesla being equal to 1 newton per ampere-meter [3]. A magnetic field is a vector field, meaning that it has both magnitude and direction. The direction of the field is defined by the direction of the magnetic force on a positively charged particle moving through the field [4].  
The behaviour of materials in an SMF is described by their magnetic susceptibility, which is a measure of the degree to which a material can become magnetised in the presence of a magnetic field [5]. Materials with a positive magnetic susceptibility are attracted to a magnetic field, whereas those with a negative susceptibility are repelled. Materials with very high magnetic susceptibility, such as iron, can become strongly magnetised in the presence of a magnetic field [6].  
The motion of charged particles in an SMF is governed by the Lorentz force, which is the force experienced by a charged particle moving through a magnetic field [7]. The magnitude of the force is proportional to the magnitude of the charge, the velocity of the particle, and the strength of the magnetic field [8]. The direction of the force is perpendicular to both the velocity of the particle and the direction of the magnetic field [9]. The Lorentz force is responsible for many of the interesting phenomena observed in static magnetic fields. For example, charged particles in a magnetic field can be deflected from their original path, a phenomenon known as magnetic deflection [10]. This effect is used in particle accelerators to guide the paths of charged particles.  
The mechanism by which SMF affects OTM is not fully understood. However, it is believed that SMF influences the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in bone remodelling [11]. Bone remodelling is a complex process that involves the activity of various types of cells, such as osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes, which are responsible for the formation, resorption, and maintenance of bone tissue [12]. SMF has been shown to affect the differentiation and activity of these cells, leading to changes in bone mass and structure [13].  
SMF has been sparingly studied for its potential effects on human health, though not particularly in the field of orthodontics [14]. One of the main areas of research is the impact of SMF on OTM [15]. The orthodontic appliance with magnets attached induces SMF to stimulate the movement of teeth [15]. Several studies demonstrated that SMF can significantly enhance OTM, making it a promising tool for accelerating orthodontic treatments [16; 17; 18].  
There are several gaps in the literature pertaining to SMF usage in dentistry and specifically orthodontics. Most of the studies conducted on this topic are experimental and animal-based, and there is a lack of human-based studies [17; 18]. Therefore, the results obtained from animal-based studies may not necessarily translate to humans. Additionally, there is a need for more standardised protocols for SMF usage in orthodontics, as the duration, frequency, and intensity of SMF application vary significantly among studies. Furthermore, the mechanism by which SMF influences OTM is not yet fully understood, and the current theories are conflicting, to say the least. Moreover, there is a lack of studies investigating the long-term effects of SMF on OTM and overall oral health. Hence, the objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the impact of SMF on OTM. This study also aimed to determine the magnitude of the effect of SMF on OTM using the studies included in the analysis. Additionally, this study aimed to identify any gaps in the literature and provide recommendations for future research.