esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Antibacterial Potential of the Samples  
The antimicrobial properties of natural plant extracts are gaining increasing attention in both the food industry and medicine, as they offer a potential alternative to synthetic preservatives and antibiotics. Certain volatiles and phenolics are the major contributors to the antimicrobial effect of plant materials [53]. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of 16 nutraceuticals against pathogenic strains of _Escherichia coli_ ATCC 8739, _Escherichia coli_ O157:H7, _Listeria imocua, Enterococcus faecalis_, and _Enterobacter cloacae_. Results are summarized in Table 5. In general, extracts of herbs and fruit powders had some effect, in contrast to products of cereal grasses, vegetables, and aquatic sources. Acerola and moringa extracts exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against all tested bacteria, particularly against the _E. coli_ strains. Thus, it is recommended that researchers should conduct further experiments to optimize methods in order to ensure the most efficient extraction of antimicrobial compounds. In the case of acerola powder, the total phenolic content was also exceptionally high, so it can be assumed that phenolics play a key role in the antibacterial effect of this product. Nevertheless, acerola is also reported to contain ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in the range of 1500-4500 mg/100 g, which is approximately 50-100 times higher than that of orange or lemon [54]. Ascorbic acid was proven to efficiently inhibit the growth of different Gram-positive (_Bacillus licheniformis_, _Staphylococcus aureus_, _Bacillus subtilis_) and Gram-negative bacteria (_Proteus mirabilis_, _Klebsiella pneumoniae_,  
Figure 3: Relative antioxidant capacity indexes of nutraceutical samples.  
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli) at an acidic pH [55]. Thus, it can be assumed that ascorbic acid plays a significant role in the exceptional antibacterial activity of acerola powder. In the case of moringa powder, several mechanisms play a role in the antibacterial activity, of which one of the most important is glucosinolate-isothiocyanate conversion. Other pathways include the presence of efflux pump inhibitors and high contents of certain phytochemical compounds, including carotenoids, tocopherols, flavonoids, sterols, and volatiles [56]. Based on our results, _E. coli_ strains were susceptible to several of the investigated nutraceuticalals. On the other hand, _Enterococcus faecalis_ and _Enterobacter cloace_ were affected only by the extracts of acerola and moringa.
## 3 Future Work
### Prosumer Relationships  
#### Provider-Consumer Relationship  
This section outlines the need for further research in this area of provider-consumer relationship in different settings. The systematic representation of the entities, actors, processes, actions, and associations within the energy system is beneficial to analyze the prosumers' behaviors and relationships further. The system models could enable designers and architects to examine new characteristics of the system and study the different associated challenges in advancing to a more resilient and flexible system [60].  
The study on provider-consumer relationship based on retrospective interviews may have had biased interviewees' reflections on their behaviors and decisions, hence, more suitable extensive methods such as participatory approaches could be investigated in the future [61]. Additional empirical studies could also be conducted in the future to examine the implications of various ownership and governance structures to prosumer relationships [62]. With these in-depth methods, we could further investigate the underlying prosumers' behaviors and motivations and gain a deeper understanding of prosumer relations [61].  
The interaction between compensation and retaliation appears to influence the prosumers' energy sharing behavior unfavorably and could also be an interesting area to further explore in the future [61].  
Based on the hypothesis that greater symbiotic integration directly correlates to greater sustainability, another area for future research would be to evaluate the degree of impact of symbiotic insertion and its effects on sustainability [71]. Furthermore, since reciprocity is a vital element in prosumer relationships, business models for co-production could also be an interesting topic of investigation [61].  
In the context of performance-based contract design, another area for future research would be to develop a framework for improved risk evaluation between the provider and the consumer when entering into new contracts [66]. The objective would be to fairly allocate the incentives and risks to guarantee a win-win situation for both parties. For example, further evaluation of the current incentive strategies implemented in China could be a future work and reviewed if similar policies for renewable energy industry could be adopted by other countries [68]. Moreover, research in understanding the impact of negotiations with powerful suppliers to obtain strong bargaining power in a challenging area of research.
# Energy-Aware Forwarding Strategies for Delay Tolerant Network Routing Protocols
## 2 Related Work
### Energy Efficiency of DTN Routing Protocols
Namely, forwarding decisions are designed to be energy efficient, but these forwarding decisions are not reflected by the energy available on each node. In our work, forwarding decisions consider available energy. There has also been little research done in energy-aware DTN routing protocols for mobile nodes that include the capability of energy harvesting and energy storage. Past work has assumed energy is a monotonically decreasing resource. The aim of this study is to propose a novel approach to enhance existing DTN routing protocols with the expectation for high packet delivery rates throughenergy-aware forwarding decisions based on instantaneous energy reserves. From the literature review mentioned above, there is a research gap in the area of energy-efficient DTN routing. We believe that DTN routing protocols can be modified to improve their performance when both available energy and future energy harvesting are considered.
## 6 Discussion
### Challenges
#### 6.2.3 Difficulties in Resource Management  
It has been challenging in blockchain networks to achieve efficient resource allocation and management of resources such as computational, storage, and communication. Consensus protocols should consider how to allocate these resources optimally during mining. However, efficient resource allocation during consensus has not been effectively studied in the existing literature. It is difficult to determine how to distribute the optimal resources needed for every network endpoint to operate the blockchain in a constrained capacity ecosystem like a knowledge-defined network. Furthermore, different users on the network may have different QoS requirements. Thus, it is challenging to provide access control for the resources using blockchain and to train machine learning models to cater to different users' QoS requirements while guaranteeing security and privacy.
# Characterization and Use of Char Produced from Pyrolysis of Post-Consumer Mixed Plastic Waste
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of the Operating Temperature on the Properties of the Produced Solids
#### 3.3.2 Chemical Composition  
Table 5 reports the chemical composition of the solid obtained from the pyrolysis of the plastic waste mixtures at the different temperatures tested.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{10}{c}{**Composition (\%)**} \\ \hline  & **SiO\({}_{\textbf{2}}\)** & **Al\({}_{\textbf{2}}\)O\({}_{\textbf{3}}\)** & **Fe\({}_{\textbf{2}}\)O\({}_{\textbf{3}}\)** & **MnO** & **MgO** & **CaO** & **Na\({}_{\textbf{2}}\)O** & **K\({}_{\textbf{2}}\)O** & **TiO\({}_{\textbf{2}}\)** & **P\({}_{\textbf{2}}\)O\({}_{\textbf{5}}\)** & **SO\({}_{\textbf{3}}\)** & \\ \hline
450 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 2.08 & 1.48 & 0.28 & 0.01 & 0.75 & 12.20 & 0.21 & 0.08 & 3.69 & 0.14 & 0.48 & \\ \hline
500 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 2.97 & 2.11 & 0.40 & 0.01 & 1.07 & 17.44 & 0.30 & 0.11 & 5.27 & 0.19 & 0.69 & \\ \hline
550 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 3.98 & 2.83 & 0.54 & 0.01 & 1.43 & 23.37 & 0.40 & 0.15 & 7.07 & 0.26 & 0.92 & \\ \hline  & \multicolumn{10}{c}{**Composition (ppm)**} \\ \hline  & **Sr** & **Ba** & **Sb** & **Zn** & **Ni** & **Br** & **Cu** & **Cr** & **Cl** & **Nb** & **Zr** & **Mo** & **Pb** \\ \hline
450 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 145 & 4556 & 57 & 1367 & 121 & 2328 & 76 & 377 & 6039 & 18 & 64 & 7 & 145 \\ \hline
500 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 207 & 6513 & 82 & 1955 & 173 & 3328 & 108 & 539 & 8632 & 26 & 92 & 10 & 207 \\ \hline
550 \({}^{\circ}\)CThe chemical analysis reveals that more than calcium oxide (CaO) is the major compound, followed by titanium dioxide (TiO\({}_{2}\)). Both CaO and TiO\({}_{2}\) are additives used in the manufacture of different types of plastics. In the case of CaO, it is used as a desiccant agent in the pellet and to improve the mechanical properties and appearance of the plastic, while TiO\({}_{2}\) is an additive widely used based on its use as a white pigment [47].
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Study Design  
This was a cross-sectional, prospective study conducted in five Polish (Bydgoszcz, Lodz, Olsztyn, Rzeszow, Wroclaw) and one Turkish (Ankara) dermatology clinics. Demographic data, anthropometric measurements, data on comorbidities including psoriasis arthritis (PsA), and current treatment as well as clinical characteristics of pruritus were introduced into a questionnaire, which has been used by our group in previous studies [6]. Patients above 16 years old, with the confirmed diagnosis of psoriasis, were considered in the analysis. The exclusions criteria encompassed systemic antiposoriatic treatment within 4 weeks before the assessment, topical antiposoriatic treatment within 2 weeks before the assessment, other concomitant dermatological or systemic disorders that might cause pruritus such as chronic uremia or cholestasis, and usage of medications that could influence the sensation of itch. Disease severity was measured with Body Surface Area (BSA) and Static Physician Global Assessment (sPGA) in all patients, as well as with the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) in patients with psoriasis vulgaris [7; 8]. Patients with palmoplantar plant psoriasis (PPPP) were assessed with Palmoplantar Pustulosis Severity Index (PPSI), while those suffering from generalized postural psoriasis (GPP) were evaluated according to Generalized Pustular Psoriasis Severity Index (GPPSI) [9; 10]. The maximal peak pruritus and the average pruritus intensity within the previous 3 days were evaluated with the 11-point Numerous Rating Scale (NRS\({}_{\text{max}}\), and NRS\({}_{\text{average}}\), respectively) from 0 (no pruritus) to 10 (worst imaginable pruritus) [11]. In addition, the 10-item Pruritus Severity Scale (10-PSS) was used as another method of measurement for pruritus intensity [12]. Regarding 10-PSS, the extension, intensity, and duration of pruritus episodes and their influence on concentration and psyche are evaluated, along with scratching as a result of pruritus. The maximal possible result is 20 points, which indicates the most severe itch. The Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) was applied to evaluate the impact of skin lesions on the patient's quality of life [13]. The DLQI scoring ranges from 0 to 30, with a higher score indicating a more impaired quality of life.
# Exploiting Data Similarity to Improve SSD Read Performance
## 4 Design  
### Design Overview  
In order to address the issue of performance degradation caused by read access conflicts, we have redesigned the existing components of the Flash Translation Layer and propose a new approach called Data Similarity aware FTL (DS-FTL). The main idea behind DS-FTL is to evenly distribute the data with the same content across all channels, chips, and planes as quickly as possible, while also keeping track of the address mapping information. This allows multiple PPNs to be mapped to a single LPN, enabling data targeting a single LPN to be read from multiple PPNs. This approach helps avoid stalling due to busy channel or chip buses during read operations. To achieve this objective, DS-FTL introduces two novel techniques: the content-aware page allocation scheme and the multi-path read scheme, as illustrated in Figure 5. The content-aware page allocation scheme determines the physical address allocation by comparing the new coming data's content with the existing data resident inside the SSD. This scheme builds upon state-of-art page allocation schemes. The multi-path read scheme allows for data to be read from any idle channel or chip by looking up the mapping table if a LPN has multiple target PPNs.  
Based on the above principle, some design challenges are discussed in detail. The main issue includes:How to integrate the content similarity comparison into the existing write procedure inside SSD with less or negligible overhead.
2. How to utilize the physical page with the same content at different parallel units for read performance improvement, that is how to redesign the mapping management and IO scheduler inside SSD for multi-path read.
## 3 System Model
### PSO Model Review
#### 3.4.2 Fitness Calculation by MDTW  
In WiFi fingerprint positioning, the fitness function measures the distance between the \(RSS\) value of the particle and the \(RSS\) value of the reference point in the fingerprint database. The definition of fitness in WiFi positioning is provided in Formula (7).  
\[F=\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^{n}d\left(RSS_{current},\ RSS_{dbi}\right) \tag{7}\]  
where \(1/n\) is a normalization factor used to calculate the average value, n represents the number of \(RSS\) values in the database, \(d\left(RSS_{current},\ RSS_{dbi}\right)\) refers to distance between the \(i\)-th WiFi signal in the database and the current WiFi signal calculated using the MDTW algorithm [36], \(RSS_{current}\) refers to the current received \(RSS\) being evaluated during the optimization process, and \(RSS_{dbi}\) represents the \(RSS\) of the \(i\)-th signal in the database.
# A Systematic Literature Review of Reliable Provisioning for Virtual Network Function Chaining
## 3 Research Method
### Research Questions (RQ)
#### 3.1.1 RQ1  
What are the different strategies used for reliable service function chaining? What are the characteristics of those approaches?
# Development of a Low-Cost Automated Demand Response Controller for Home Energy Management
## 5 Conclusions  
We have implemented the VEN functions required for OpenADR on a Raspberry Pi and an automated demand response controller based on an Arduino. The developed VEN can communicate with a VTN, receive OpenADR Events, send commands to the demand response controller, and collect data from the demand response controller. The developed demand response controller can measure current/voltage, calculate real power, emit infrared control codes to old-installed air conditioners/appliances, and communicate data using PLC. Therefore, the developed system can easily accommodate old-installed air conditioners in homes and office buildings to participate in ADR programs. The cost of the system is also economical. The developed system has been tested under two conditions: participating in OpenADR for three different cooling/fanning duty cycles and not participating in OpenADR for two different AC temperature settings. In the testing for the condition without participating in OpenADR, an energy saving of is observed due to several factors: higher temperature setting of the air conditioning and lower outdoor/indoor temperatures. In the testing for the condition of participating in the OpenADR program, energy reductions of 46%, 28%, and 21% are found by simply adopting three different cooling/fanning duty cycles, 0.5, 0.67, and 0.75, respectively. When the number of users participating in the OpenADR program increases, the developed system can provide huge accumulated contributions, decreasing significant demand.  
Conceptualization, Y.-C.W. and C.-S.C.; methodology, Y.-C.W., C.-S.C. and W.-H.L.; software, C.-S.C. and W.-H.L.; validation, Y.-C.W. and C.-S.C.; formal analysis, Y.-C.W. and C.-S.C.; investigation, Y.-C.W., C.-S.C. and W.-H.L.; resources, Y.-C.W.; data curation, W.-H.L.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.-C.W.; writing--review and editing, Y.-C.W.; visualization, Y.-C.W. and W.-H.L.; supervision, Y.-C.W. and C.-S.C.; project administration, Y.-C.W.; funding acquisition, Y.-C.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, grant number 106-2221-E-239-019.  
Data Availability Statement:Data are unavailable due to privacy.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
## 5 Experiment and Analysis
### Comparative Analysis of Different Datasets in Different Models  
The experimental results are mainly divided into three groups. The first group presents the different evaluation metrics of imbalanced and balanced datasets on the CBA model. The second group compares the classification performance of the imbalanced dataset and the balanced dataset after using the SMOTE + Tomek Link mixed sampling method on the model proposed in this paper. The third group analyzes the multi-classification results of the balanced dataset on the model proposed in reference [13] and the model proposed in this paper. All the charts in the experimental results, based on the attention mechanism of the CNN-LSTM plunger pump fault diagnosis model, are uniformly represented by CLA (CNN-LSTM-Attention). The fault diagnosis model for plunger pumps based on dual-channel feature fusion is uniformly represented by CBA (CNN-BiGRU-Attention). The plunger pump fault diagnosis model based on SMOTE + Tomek Link mixed sampling and dual-channel feature fusion is uniformly represented by ST-CBA (SMOTE + Tomek Link).  
4.1 Different Evaluation Index Results of an Unbalanced Dataset and a Balanced Dataset on the CBA Model  
Below, different evaluation indexes of the CBA model and the ST-CBA model on multi-classification datasets are evaluated by referencing their recall rates, precision rates, and \(F1\)-scores.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Method** & **SMOTE + ENN** & **SMOTE + Tomek Link** \\ \hline Accuracy rate & 94.82\% & 96.93\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: An accuracy table of different sampling algorithms on dual-channel feature fusion model.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Real Situation**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Forecast Result (Q)**} \\ \cline{2-3}  & **Positive Example** & **Counter Example** \\ \hline Positive example & TP & FN \\ \hline Counter example & FP & TN \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: The confusion matrix.  
Tables 5 and 6 compare the experimental results of CBA and ST-CBA on multi-classification datasets, and it can be seen that ST-CBA has improved the evaluation indexes for each working condition. Below is a bar chart for a more intuitive comparison.  
The comparison of experimental results between CBA and ST-CBA on multi-classification datasets is shown in Figures 9-11. It can be seen that the classification performance of the CBA model is not ideal when using the original data as training data. After expanding the minority class samples through the SMOTE + Tomek Link algorithm, the different indicator values of the model have significantly increased, showing good accuracy. The specific indicator improvement rate is shown in Table 7.
## 2 Results and Discussion
### Characterization of Silica Particles
#### 2.1.3 Elemental Analysis of Bare and mPEG-Grafted Silica Particles  
Elemental analysis of mPEG-grafted and bare silica particles verified the surface modification. Table 1 shows the C, H, and N composition of bare and mPEG-grafted silica particles. Surface modification with mPEG resulted in higher C, H, and N weight percentages in comparison to bare silica particles where mPEG-5000 showed \(\sim\)2-fold higher wt % of C and H in comparison to mPEG-2000. This is also in good agreement with TGA analysis showing \(\sim\)2.5-fold difference in % weight loss between mPEG-2000 and -5000. Increase in the percentage of elemental C, H, and N of mPEG-grafted silica particles in comparison to bare silica is attributed to the successful surface functionalization of silica particles with mPEG ligands. It is worthy to note that bare silica shows \(\sim\)1% C, \(\sim\)0.5% H, and \(\sim\)0.07% N contents, where it is believed that the organic contamination associated with the sample handling during the measurements likely resulted in detection of carbon, hydrogen, and very limited nitrogen content. Similar organic contents of bare silica were reported elsewhere [37; 38].  
Figure 2: Thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis of mPEG-grafted and bare silica particles.
###### Abstract  
In this paper we present an experimental analysis of several modulation formats (pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-2), quaternary pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) and electrical duobinary (EDB)) for passive optical network (PON) applications at 25 Gbps bit rate in a C-band 10G-class directly modulated lasers (DML) and avalanche photodiode (APD) intensity modulation and direct detection (IM-DD) system over a single mode fiber (SMF) of up to 25 km, optimizing DML operations and demonstrating that PAM-2 is a promising choice. We also theoretically and experimentally analyzed the channel frequency response of DML and SMF affected by DML chirp and SMF chromatic dispersion.  
C-band; 10G-class DML; frequency response; chromatic dispersion; dispersion penalty; power fading; chirp +
Footnote †: journal: _photonics_