## 2 Moon Raw Material Surveying Strategy
### Water Ice Deposits  
Another resource available on the Moon is water ice. Access to water for astronauts will be an important factor influencing the location of lunar bases. Water can be electrolyzed to give the components hydrogen and oxygen, i.e., components of rocket fuel (LOX, LH2). The oxygen obtained in this way can also be used for breathing by astronauts. However, the production of oxygen from water in the regolith is energetically profitable if the water content is above 2% [29]; otherwise, it may be much more effective to obtain it directly from the regolith, and what is more, the extraction of water from the ground may involve involves additional energy expenditure. Therefore, when looking for water ice deposits for oxygen production, one should look for those whose water content is at least above 2%. It should also be remembered that the reduced gravity on the Moon will affect the efficiency of the electrolysis process [30; 31]. Local specific environmental conditions occurring on various space objects will have a strong impact on various chemical and physical processes, which will be slightly different than in Earth's conditions. The temperature of the Moon's surface varies from +110 \({}^{\circ}\)C in the middle of the lunar day to \(-\)180 \({}^{\circ}\)C in the middle of the night. It would seem that water ice cannot exist on the Moon. However, in some craters, there are permanently shaded areas where the temperature is low and water ice may occur in such conditions. This is due to the lack of an atmosphere that would scatter light and equalize the temperature. Shadows on the Moon are very sharp, and you can be in a sunny area where the surface temperature during the day can be as high as +110 \({}^{\circ}\)C, only to move just a few meters further into the shadow zone and find yourself in an ultra-cold area. The presence of water ice has been found [32] even in permanently shadowed areas in craters at the north pole of Mercury, which is the planet closest to the Sun and whose surface temperature in sunny places can be as high as 427 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Water ice on the Moon has three sources of origin: (1) solar wind--hydrogen atoms are captured by the ground and recombine with oxygen atoms contained in it; (2) comets that hit the lunar surface; (3) volcanic. The origin of water ice affects the substances it contains. If water ice is of volcanic origin, it will also contain compounds released during a volcanic eruption. This is of great importance for the search for possible substances that may accompany water ice, but also for water treatment processes for astronauts and industrial operations. [PERSON] et al. [33] suggest that \(\sim\)41% of the total mass of H\({}_{2}\)O emitted in volcanic eruptions during the period (4-2 Ga) could have condensed in the form of ice in the polar regions, up to several hundred meters thick. Their simulations show that the South Pole has twice as much water ice as the North Pole and the southern sediments are thicker. The simulation also shows that large amounts (8.2 \(\times\) 10\({}^{15}\) kg) of volcanic water ice could have been sequestered at the poles. These are only predicted results based on numerical analysis and require empirical verification. A more conservative approach to estimating water ice deposits on the Moon is presented by NASA [34], which in its report on water resources on the Moon notes that there is great uncertainty in the estimated values and recommends taking certain steps to be able to estimate these deposits with greater accuracy. Research is being conducted around the world on more accurate methods for estimating water ice deposits, including the use of radar technology [35]. Regardless of the source of water ice, appropriate temperature conditions are necessary for it to survive longer. The temperature limit for the occurrence [36] (Figure 3A,B) of stable water ice is 110 K (\(-\)163.15 \({}^{\circ}\)C) [37]. Such low temperatures occur in permanently shaded regions (PSR--Permanently Shadowed Regions).