# Password Managers--It's All about Trust and Transparency
## 4 Results
### Usability Test and Interview Study
#### 4.2.1 Results of the Usability Test (LastPass)
In contrast, the things disliked by users were \"lack of flexibility\", \"complexity and ambiguity\" and \"security concerns\", while non-users said \"design and not user friendly\", \"lack of flexibility\" and \"not familiar to people\". Again, no non-users mentioned anything related to security concerns, the same as users. In order to find the differences between 16 users and 14 non-users, a Mann Whitney test was used to analyse the means of three satisfaction questions and \(p\)-values (\(p<0.05\)). As shown in Table 10, user participants were more satisfied with the language used and their overall experience of LastPass than non-user participants, but the difference was not significant (U = 94.0, \(p=0.473\), N = 30). Users were more satisfied with the design and layout of LastPass compared to non-users, yet there was no significant difference between them (U = 91.0, \(p=0.400\), N = 30). The results show that there are similarities between users and non-users in the reporting of their experience of satisfaction. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{28.5 pt} p{28.5 pt} p{28.5 pt} p{28.5 pt}} \hline
**Questions** & **Mean of Users** & **Mean of Non-Users** & **U Value** & \(p\)**-Value (0.05)** \\ \hline I find it easy to create an account in a password manager. & 3.44 & 3.14 & 81.5 & 0.208 \\ \hline I find it easy to use a password manager & 2.56 & 2.14 & 84.0 & 0.257 \\ \hline It is difficult to install the browser extension of a password manager. (inverted) & 3.06 & 2.36 & 66.5 & 0.058 \\ \hline It is easy to store my online passwords in a password manager. & 2.94 & 2.79 & 99.0 & 0.608 \\ \hline I find it hard to change my online passwords in a password manager. (inverted) & 2.44 & 2.29 & 103.0 & 0.728 \\ \hline I find it easy to my access online passwords that are stored in a password manager. & 3.00 & 3.07 & 110.0 & 0.951 \\ \hline It is easy to use a password manager on multiple devices. & 2.50 & 2.00 & 90.0 & 0.377 \\ \hline It is hard to reset the master password. (inverted) & 2.88 & 2.21 & 74.0 & 0.120 \\ \hline It is easy to find and use random password generator. & 2.06 & 1.57 & 87.0 & 0.313 \\ \hline I find it difficult to recover my account if I forget my master password. (inverted) & 1.50 & 1.93 & 89.5 & 0.355 \\ \hline I think I would need help/support to be able to use a password manager. (inverted) & 2.06 & 1.43 & 78.0 & 0.166 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: The mean, Mann Whitney U value and \(p\)-value of each question for 16 users and 14 non-users (easy to use). Exact significance is displayed for this test [2*(1-tailed sig. )]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{28.5 pt} p{28.5 pt} p{28.5 pt}} \hline
**Code** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Sample of Comments**} \\ \hline Save passwords (users) & \(\bullet\) Saving password. \(\bullet\) Easy to store and save many passwords. \(\bullet\) Predict the password to memorise it on behalf of me. \(\bullet\) useful as it can store loads of accounts. \(\bullet\) Remember passwords \\ \hline Manage passwords (non-users) & \(\bullet\) Easy to manage my passwords \(\bullet\) Easier with only using master password and save time. \(\bullet\) Make life easy to use your online accounts. \\ \hline Security reason (users) & \(\bullet\) Multiple factor authentication. \(\bullet\) Security wise. \(\bullet\) It has more security to protect data. \\ \hline Auto-login (non-users) & \(\bullet\) Allowing me to autologin. \(\bullet\) Convenience in login to account. \(\bullet\) Autologin. \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Comments sample for the question “What do you like the most?”. * **Effectiveness: Participant completes tasks accurately and successfully. (Were there any participants who did not complete any tasks?). ** During the usability test, a few participants could not complete a specific task, so they skipped it. Only one non-user participant could not complete task 4 (use a random password generator).