## 1 Introduction  
Ships and crews operating in Arctic and Antarctic environments are exposed to a number of unique risks. The presence of sea ice and icebergs can impose additional loads on the hull, propulsion system, and appendages of a vessel. Cold temperatures, poor weather, and marine icing may reduce the effectiveness of components of the ship, ranging from deck machinery and emergency equipment to sea suctions. A relative lack of good charts, communication systems, and other navigational aids in the Polar regions, and the remoteness of these areas, makes rescue and clean-up operations difficult and costly. Arctic maritime operations are complex socio-technical systems [1; 2; 3; 4]. Not only are the vessels and crews exposed to risks, but the environment and local communities will be impacted by the consequences of shipping. In this regard, there are socio-economic aspects to Arctic shipping that should be appreciated. Holistic risk assessment frameworks and operational decision support tools should account for the needs and interests of the diverse stakeholders within these regions. The Polar Code [5], adopted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and entered into force in 2017, addresses many of the design and operational challenges associated with marine transportation in the Arctic and Antarctic. It provides guidance on ship design, construction, equipment, operations, training, search and rescue, and environmental protection. The Polar Code also provides the Polar Operational Limit Assessment Risk Indexing System (POLARIS), an operational decision support tool that provides guidance on the operational limits of a vessel as a function of the vessel's ice class and observed or forecasted ice conditions [6]. The Polar Code was created, in part, in response to recommendations from the Artic Council's 2009 Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment report [7; 8]. Recommendations include the need to enhance Arctic marine safety and the need to protect Arctic people and the environment. A recent study of the negative impacts of ship activity on Arctic marine mammals notes a lack of maritime guidance for the management of environmental impacts of Arctic shipping [9]. For example, operational decision-support tools should account for region-specific environmental vulnerabilities to oil spills [10]. The current POLARIS methodology accounts for the likelihood of a vessel to incur ice-induced damage, but it does not properly account for the potential consequences resulting from the ice-induced damage event. The operational limitations for a vessel in ice should be assessed based on a risk profile that incorporates life and environmental consequences. The risk-based design methods employed in the International Standard for Arctic Offshore Structures, 19906 [11] provide an approach to the treatment of life and environmental safety. A similar approach may be adapted for ships operating in ice environments. Such an approach would explicitly consider the number of persons on board (POB), the cargo being transported, regional aspects, and the operational exposure with respect to life-safety, environmental, and socio-economic consequences. It is noted that while significant progress has been made in developing probabilistic ice load models to link vessels' ice exposure, extreme ice loads, and ice class selection [12; 13; 14; 15; 16], design aspects are outside the scope of the operationally focused work presented here. The methodology presented in this paper draws from both the Polar Code and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 19906 to explore ways in which life-safety and environmental safety considerations employed in ISO 19906 for offshore structures can be applied to ice class ships operating in the Arctic and Antarctic regions. A new risk assessment framework is presented that augments the current POLARIS methodology to model consequences. The framework accounts for the likelihood of incurring ice-induced damage and the potential life-safety, environmental, and socio-economic consequences.