## 3 Results
### LSS Adoption in the Manufacturing of Chemicals
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Ref.** & **Year** & **Cit.** & **Findings** \\ \hline
[51] & 2022 & 0 & A monthly reduction of 15.3\% in chemical consumption and process capacity enhancement. \\
[52] & 2021 & 35 & Reduction in the chemicals (28\%) and energy (21\%) consumption in the system. \\
[53] & 2021 & 11 & Environmental capacity enhancement and achieving a higher level of green process performance. \\
[32] & 2019 & 13 & Demonstrated the effectiveness and relevance of LSS as a strategic tool for business survival in a chemical manufacturing company in South Africa. \\
[54] & 2016 & 1 & Chemical exposure and slip/trip/fall cases decreased. Reduction in illness and injuries. \\
[55] & 2016 & 8 & A proposition to successfully implement the LSSM in the pharmaceutical industry for the improvement in quality management and cleaner production. \\
[56] & 2015 & 2 & Potential improvement in criticality safety operation safety at a nuclear facility. Reduction in administrative and engineered requirements and mitigating human error factors. \\
[57] & 2015 & 11 & To improve competitiveness and quality by the integration of the theory of constraints and LSS in the manufacturing of chemicals. \\
[58] & 2014 & 0 & Enhancement of the performance of the product development process. \\
[59] & 2013 & 0 & Reduction in the production time by up to 54\%, elimination of all critical defects, increase in product performance from 17 to 90\%. \\
[60] & 2013 & 3 & contamination events, and avoid uncontrolled releases (National Laboratory Plutonium (Los Alamos, NM, USA)). \\
[61] & 2013 & 16 & Increase effectiveness in the air purifying respirator process, removing events, reducing costs, and decreasing cycle time. \\
[62] & 2013 & 1 & To improve safety awareness and minimize accidents, illnesses, and injuries. \\
[63] & 2011 & 0 & A mini-review of different methodologies for cleaning validation, including the adoption of \\  & & LSSM among others. \\
[64] & 2011 & 4 & A substantial reduction in ergonomic injuries, particularly those related to glovebox operations, e.g., laceration, etc. \\
[65] & 2011 & 18 & Improvement in operational safety by the potential reduction in glovebox glove events. \\
[66] & 2011 & 20 & Enhancement of efficiency, cost-effectiveness and formalization of glovebox operations by \\  & & reducing inefficiencies and wastes. \\
[67] & 2011 & 15 & Operational safety improvement. Reduction in ergonomic injuries and minimization of excessive \\  & & exposure to radiological sources related to breaches and failures in glovebox operations. \\
[68] & 2009 & 0 & Improvement in manufacturing performance and cost saving. \\
[69] & 2009 & 9 & Elimination of unnecessary steps, enhancing the efficiency of the production process, decreasing \\  & & cycles times, resource saving. \\
[70] & 2007 & 3 & A proposal to optimize people, assets, and processes. Operation efficiency improvement. \\
[71] & 2006 & 0 & A strategic tool for business survival; maximizing process flows and removing wasteful activities. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 10: Literature on the LSS application in the manufacturing of chemicals. may gain from its adoption (Table 10), it remains intriguing why the implementation of LSS in the chemical industry is not popular. This indicates the need for further exploration and investigation to understand the barriers, challenges, and factors influencing the adoption of LSS methodologies in this specific field.