# Infection Control with Antimicrobial Solid-State ZnO Nanoparticles on Silk Fiborin Gauze
## 3 Results and Discussion
\begin{table}
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**Material** & **Size** & **Concentration** & **Gram + Antimicrobial Activity** & **Gram – Antimicrobial Activity** & **Cell Viability** \\ \hline SF/ZnO & 230 \(\pm\) 45 nm & 11.5\% wt assay, 72 h, 5. _aureus_ & 29.89 \(\pm\) 1.10\% (Live/dead h, _P. aeruginosa_) & 38.19 \(\pm\) 1.46\% (Live/dead assay, 72 h, _P. aeruginosa_) & \textgreater{}80, 90, 70\% after 24, 48 and 72 h \\ \hline PLGA/SF/ZnO [22] & 30–40 nm & 1\%, 2\%, 3\% (\(\text{r/e}\)) & 45.1\%, 87.5\%, 100\% (turbidity, _S. aureus_) & 30.54\%, 75.42\% (98.63\% (turbidity, _S. aureus_) & 1, 3, 7; cytotoxic at day 3 and 7; cytotoxic at day 3 \\  & & & (turbidity, 24 h, _S. aureus_) & Found ML = 39.06 \%(Live/dead h, _P. aeruginosa_) & 7 \\  & & & (turbidity, 24 h, _S. aureus_) & _E. coli_) & \\ \hline PVA/CS/ZnO [40] & 30 nm & 0.5\%, 1\% wt & 75\%, 85\% (OD, 24 h, _S. aureus_) & 70\%, 80\% (OD, 24 h, _E. coli_) & 74\%, >85\%, (24 h) 80\%, >80\% (48 h) \\ \hline Electrospun PVA/ZnO [41] & 50–150 nm & 500 \(\text{\SIUnitSymbolMicro m}\), MBC = 250 \(\text{\SIUnitSymbolMicro m}\), MBC = 250 \(\text{\SIUnitSymbolMicro m}\), MBC = 250 \(\text{\SIUnitSymbolMicro m}\)/24 h, _S. aureus_ & MIC = 62.5 \(\text{\SIUnitSymbolMicro m}\)/24 h, _E. coli_) & 82.8\%, 48 h (MTT assay, _HFF_) \\ \hline PVA/starch/ZnO [42] & \textless{100 nm} & 2.6\%, 3.2\%, 3.8\%, 4.4\% wt & Significant (agar diffusion assay, 48 h, _S. aureus_) & Significant (agar diffusion assay, 48 h, _S. aureus_) & N/A diffusion assay, 48 h, _S. coli_) & \\ \hline CS/ZnO [43] & 80 nm & 0.001\%, 0.0025\%, 0.005\%, 0.01\% & Significant for all but 0.001\% (still decreased h, _E. coli_) & Significant for all (colomy counting, 24 h, _E. coli_) & 0.01\% \textgreater{}80\% viability after 24, 48 and 72 h \\  & & & & Best with higher concentrations of ZnO NP (colomy counting, 24 h, _S. aureus_) & Others: toxicity after 24 h (\(\text{<}60\%\)) but good viability afterwards (\(\textgreater{}80\%\)) (cell staining, nHDF) \\ \hline Co-electrospun HA/SF-ZnO [33] & \textless{50 nm} & 6.5\%, 19.35\%, 32.26\% wt (A VERIFIER) & 116 \(\pm\) 1 abacteria (CFU, 24 h, _S. aureus_) & 267 \(\pm\) 2 abacteria (CFU, 24 h, _E. coli_) & \textgreater{}85\% for all, but 32.26\% wt 7 days, MTT assay, HaCalt \\ \hline PLA/ZnO [45] & 48 nm & 0.5, 1, 2\% & 86\%, 93\%, 98\% (colomy counting, 72 h, _S. aureus_) & 40\%, 57\% (colomy counting, 72 h, _E. coli_) & 79.6\% (ZnO 2\%wt, MTT assay, _Z. h_, HSD) & 72 h, HSD _S. aureus_, 72 h, HSD _S. coli_) & Assay, 72 h, HSD _S. coli_) & Assay, 72 h, HSD _S. coli_) & Assay, 72 h, HSD _S. coli_) & 72 h, HSD _S. coli_) & Assay, 72 h, HSD _S. coli_) \\ \hline PDLA/ZnO [46] & 6.36 \(\pm\) 2.08 nm & 1, 3, 5\% wt & 69.07 \(\pm\) 1.07\%, 69.01 \% (\textgreater{}1\) 36.92\%, 69.01 \% (\textgreater{}0\) 2.63\% (\textgreater{}0\) 24 h, _S. aureus_) & 8.12 \(\pm\) 2.249\%, 25.50 \% (\textgreater{}1\) 22.0\%, 97.07 \(\pm\) 2.63\% (\textgreater{}0\) 24 h, _E. coli_) & For all samples: 80\% day 1 and 3, \textgreater{}100\% day 5 and 7 (researnir, MC3I3-E1) \\ \hline PLA/PCL/TPS (thermoplastic starch)/ZnO [47] & 30–50 nm & 3\%, 5\% wt & 10 mm, 12 mm (inhibition zone, 24 h, _S. aureus_) & 8 mm, 9 mm (inhibition zone, 24 h, _S. aureus_) & 25\%, 15\%; cytotoxic (MTT assay, 24 h, _S. coli_) & 25\%, 15\%; cytotoxic (MTT assay, 24 h, _S. aureus_) & Assay, 24 h, _S. aureus_) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Comparative antibacterial effect of different biodegradable ZnO-coated mat. (80-100 nm) and the ionic form of zinc [65]. NP sizes ranging from 1 to 100 nm align with the dimensions of protein globules, DNA helixes, and cell membranes, facilitating easy entry into cells and organelles. Studies, such as those by [PERSON] et al. and [PERSON] et al., highlight that smaller NPs, around 6 nm or less, can penetrate the cell nucleus, while larger ones (10 or 16 nm) remain in the cytoplasm, revealing a size-dependent toxicity [66]. Below 2 nm, NPs induce apoptosis and cell necrosis [67].