## 4 Descriptive Analysis of Data
### ANOVA and Non-Parametric Tests
Clearly, since the _p_-value is way less than 0.05, the data does not seem to be normally distributed; therefore, ANOVA is not applicable in this case, instead, the non-parametric test of U-Mann-Whitney can be used here. The results of U-Mann-Whitney test are shown in Table 9b. Mann-Whitney test rejects the hypothesis of no difference in terms of the central tendency of the data, meaning that there is a significant difference between the answers of those who have experience with AI as compared to those who do not. This result can be clearly noticed in Figure 6, where higher frequencies can be observed for the \"Yes\" side as compared to the no side. This leads to the conclusion that AI has a significant effect on enhancing the safety protocols in aviation construction projects. The next subsequent tests demonstrated better normality results and hence, ANOVA can be valid. As for the effect of AI on eliminating human error, it can be tested using one-way ANOVA by considering the experience in AI and the level of human errors as  
Figure 6: The results of independent samples Mann–Whitney U test. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**(a)**} \\ \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Tests of Normality**} \\ \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Kolmogorov-Smirnov \({}^{\text{a}}\)**} \\ \hline
**Statistic** & **df** & **Sig. ** & **Statistic** & **df** & **Sig. ** \\ \hline \#7. AI technologies dramatically enhance safety protocols in UAE aviation construction projects. & 0.385 & 101 & 0.000 & 0.698 & 101 & 0.000 \\ \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Hypothesis Test Summary**} \\ \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Null Hypothesis**} \\ \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Null Hypothesis**} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{1} & The distribution of \#7. AI technologies dramatically enhance safety protocols in UAE aviation construction projects. is the same across categories of \#5. Experience with AI Applications/Techniques/Methods:. & \multirow{4}{*}{10.024} & \multirow{4}{*}{10.024} & \multirow{4}{*}{10.024} \\  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5} \multirow{4}{*}{1} & The distribution of \#7. AI technologies dramatically enhance safety protocols in UAE aviation construction projects. is the same across categories of \#5. Experience with AI Applications/Techniques/Methods:. & \multirow{4}{*}{10.024} & \multirow{4}{*}{10.024} \\  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5} \multirow{4}{*}{1} & Lilliefors Significance Correction, \({}^{\text{b}}\) The significance level is 0.050. \({}^{\text{c}}\) Asymptotic significance is displayed. & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5} \multirow{4}{*}{1} & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5} \cline{5-5} \multirow{4}{*}{1} & The distribution of \#7. AI technologies dramatically enhance safety protocols in UAE aviation construction projects. is the same across categories of \#5. Experience with AI Applications/Techniques/Methods:. & \multirow{4}{*}{10.024} & \multirow{4}{*}{10.024} \\  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5} \multirow{4}{*}{1} & Lilliefors Significance Correction, \({}^{\text{b}}\) The significance level is 0.050. \({}^{\text{c}}\) Asymptotic significance is displayed. & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5} \multirow{4}{*}{1} & The distribution of \#7. AI technologies dramatically enhance safety protocols in UAE aviation construction projects. is the same across categories of \#5. Experience with AI Applications/Techniques/Methods:. & \multirow{4}{*}{10.024} & \multirow{4}{*}{10.024} \\  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5} \multirow{4}{*}{1} & Lilliefors Significance Correction, \({}^{\text{b}}\) The significance level is 0.050. \({}^{\text{c}}\) Asymptotic significance is displayed. shown in Table 10. Again, since the \(p\)-value is less than 0.05, this indicates that a workplace that supports AI in safety inspections will have fewer human errors in construction projects. In terms of eliminating design flaws, AI seems to be a bit helpful in this aspect as given in Table 11, which demonstrates a \(p\)-value of 0.045.