## 3 Results and Discussion
### Simulated Vehicle Experiments
#### 3.1.3 Percent Residual Activity on Simulated Vehicle Tires  
Figure 12 shows the average percent residual of Sr-85 contaminated particles that remained on simulated vehicle tires after each experiment, including the NSCs and surfaces stabilized with CaCl\({}_{2}\), Phos-Chek MVP-Fx, and Soil\({}_{2}\)O. Table 6 shows the \(p\)-values from the \(t\)-tests performed on the data. The \(p\)-values indicate the probability that the groupings of data were from the same population, i.e., statistically similar.  
Figure 11: Percent Transfer of Sr-85 Contaminated Particles for Vehicle Experiments.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Surfaces** & **Stab. Tech.** & **CaCl\({}_{2}\)** & **MVP-Fx** & **Soil\({}_{2}\)O** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Asphalt} & Control & \textless{}0.0001 & \textless{}0.0001 & 0.0444 \\ \cline{2-4}  & CaCl\({}_{2}\) & 0.0802 & 0.0160 \\ \cline{2-4}  & MVP-Fx & & 0.0065 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Concrete} & Control & 0.0139 & 0.0072 & 0.2285 \\ \cline{2-4}  & CaCl\({}_{2}\) & 0.8527 & 0.0281 \\ \cline{2-4}  & MVP-Fx & & 0.0073 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Sand} & Control & 0.0070 & 0.0055 & 0.0759 \\ \cline{2-4}  & CaCl\({}_{2}\) & 0.9631 & 0.0411 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & MVP-Fx & & 0.0277 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Statistical results (\(p\)-values) for simulated vehicle experiments percent transfer. Gray shading indicates a significant difference (\(p\) < 0.05).  
The potential for residual, indicated by the control %Res, was highest for the sand surface, followed by asphalt and concrete. Interpreting the efficacy values in the figure in combination with the _p_-values from the table reveals the following for specific surfaces.  
_Asphalt._ CaCl\({}_{2}\) (4 \(\pm\) 2 %Res) and MVP-Fx (0.5 \(\pm\) 0.4 %Res) resulted in significantly decreased %Res compared to the NSC (9 \(\pm\) 1 %T), while Soil\({}_{2}\)O (9 \(\pm\) 7 %Res) did not. MVP-Fx (0.5 \(\pm\) 0.4 %Res) demonstrated significantly lower %R than CaCl\({}_{2}\) (4 \(\pm\) 2 %Res), and both of those produced less %Res than Soil\({}_{2}\)O (9 \(\pm\) 7 %Res). However, the difference between MVP-Fx and Soil\({}_{2}\)O was not statistically significant (likely due to the relatively high variability of the Soil\({}_{2}\)O result).  
_Concrete._ Only CaCl\({}_{2}\) (0.8 \(\pm\) 0.9 %Res) resulted in significantly decreased %Res compared to the NSC (3 \(\pm\) 1 %Res), while MVP-Fx (2 \(\pm\) 1 %Res) and Soil\({}_{2}\)O (2 \(\pm\) 1 %Res) did not. CaCl\({}_{2}\) (0.8 \(\pm\) 0.9 %Res) resulted in significantly lower %Res compared to both MVP-Fx (2 \(\pm\) 0.7 %Res) and Soil\({}_{2}\)O (2 \(\pm\) 0.5 %Res), which were not statistically different.  
_Sand._ CaCl\({}_{2}\) (5 \(\pm\) 3 %Res), MVP-Fx (2 \(\pm\) 1 %Res), and Soil\({}_{2}\)O (11 \(\pm\) 4 %Res) resulted in significantly decreased %Res compared to the NSC (20 \(\pm\) 2 %Res). MVP-Fx (2 \(\pm\) 1 %Res) demonstrated significantly lower %Res than Soil\({}_{2}\)O (11 \(\pm\) 4 %Res) but was not significantly different from CaCl\({}_{2}\) (5 \(\pm\) 3 %Res). CaCl\({}_{2}\) (5 \(\pm\) 3 %Res) and Soil\({}_{2}\)O (11 \(\pm\) 4 %Res) generated %Res that were not significantly different from one another.