## 2 Related Work
### Hardware Solutions for Decentralized Streaming  
Recent advancements in low-power edge hardware have enabled the practical deployment of decentralized video streaming systems across diverse computational environments. The heterogeneous nature of modern edge computing infrastructure presents both opportunities and challenges for P2P streaming deployments. To evaluate the practical viability of our proposed system, we consider three representative hardware platforms that span the performance spectrum commonly found in real-world deployments. High-performance edge devices, exemplified by the AMD Ryzen 7 8845H processor adopted in this experiment, offer robust computational capabilities suitable for demanding streaming scenarios with multiple concurrent connections and high-resolution video processing [49]. The 8845H features eight cores/16 threads operating at a base frequency of 3.8 GHz (boost up to 5.1 GHz), integrated Radeon 780M graphics with hardware-accelerated H.264/H.265 encoding and decoding capabilities, and support for up to 4K@60 fps video processing with dedicated media engines [50]. Its 45W TDP and advanced power management enable sustained high-performance operation while maintaining thermal efficiency, making it ideal for source nodes and high-traffic relay points. Mid-range platforms, such as the Intel N100, provide extraordinary performance-per-watt characteristics ideal for typical relay node deployments in resource-constrained environments [51]. The N100 operates at a 1.0 GHz base frequency (boost up to 3.4 GHz) with four cores/four threads, featuring Intel UHD Graphics with hardware acceleration for H.264/H.265 and AV1 codecs, capable of handling 1080p@60 fps or even higher video streams with only 6 W TDP. Its efficient architecture delivers approximately 15-20 Mbps video relay throughput while consuming minimal power, making it suitable for battery-powered or solar-powered edge deployments. Lower-end devices, represented by the Intel Celeron J1900, which is usually used in IoT devices, embedded computing, or things like network gateways and industrial controllers, demonstrate the system's ability to operate on legacy or cost-optimized hardware [52]. Despite its modest specifications (4 cores at 2.0 GHz base, 2.4 GHz burst, 10 W TDP), the J1900 can effectively handle standard-definition to 720p video relay tasks through software-based codec processing, achieving 5-8 Mbps throughput with optimized SRT parameter tuning. This capability extends deployment accessibility to embedded devices like smart screens, IoT gateways, and legacy computing infrastructure, ensuring broad network participation.  
The hardware-accelerated video processing capabilities across these platforms significantly reduce CPU utilization and power consumption compared with software-only implementations. Hardware decode acceleration reduces processing overhead by 60-80%, while dedicated media engines enable concurrent multi-stream processing [53]. This hardware diversity is crucial for practical P2P systems, where nodes with varying computational capabilities must collaborate effectively to maintain service quality. The proposed design is compatible with heterogeneous hardware and performs effectively even on low-end devices, as will be demonstrated in our experimental evaluation.