## 1 Introduction  
The mangrove ecosystem is a critical component of \"blue carbon\" due to its high productivity and low rate of decomposition of soil organic carbon, which makes it an effective carbon sink [1, 2]. Gross primary production (GPP) is a metric that measures the amount of carbon fixed through photosynthesis in an ecosystem over a specific time period [3]. It provides valuable information on the state of the ecosystem and plays a crucial role in regulating the global carbon cycle, which is the first step in conducting carbon dynamic research [4]. Recent studies have shown that mangrove ecosystems are becoming increasingly vulnerable to climate change [2, 5], with more frequent typhoons posing a significant threat [6, 7]. Typhoons, or hurricanes depending on where they occur, are collectively referred to as tropical cyclones (TCs). It is essential to improve our understanding of the impact of tropical cyclones on the mangrove ecosystem GPP and evaluate the recovery capacity. This will improve our comprehension of the interactions between mangrove ecosystems and regional climate change. Tropical cyclones (TCs), the most reported global disturbance, cause the largest areas of mangrove death [8; 9; 10; 11; 12] and directly impact the characteristics of biophysics and biochemistry of mangroves by damaging the mechanical structure [13] and thus reducing mangrove GPP and resilience [14; 15]. Research on the impact of TCs on mangroves primarily focuses on several aspects, including biodiversity, community composition, structural and hydrological characteristics, nutrient cycling, vegetation regeneration, and animal community succession [16; 17]. The impact of these TCs on mangrove ecosystems has both spatial and temporal dimensions. TCs primarily influence the stand structure and mechanical properties of mangroves through physical damage (e.g., stem breakage, uproot, and trees with internal structural damage or defoliation), then impacting the ecosystem functions [13; 18]. Numerous rich scientific findings have found that wind speed is the most significant factor causing damage [19]; the biological characteristics of trees [13; 18], such as age, height, crown size and shape, trunk size and shape, wood strength, and root system traits, impact their vulnerability as disaster carriers [18; 20]. Meanwhile, factors such as vegetation density, site conditions, and groundwater level influence the exposure of disaster carriers [21], and all three factors jointly determine the form and extent of TC damage to mangroves. In terms of spatial effects, studies [17; 22] mainly concentrate on the damage caused by TCs. The impact of TCs is the most severe near the eye of the storm and generally decreases as the distance from the eye path increases [23; 24]. Additionally, areas near open water are more affected than those in the leeward direction [23; 24], and the right side tends to be more impacted than the left in the Northern Hemisphere [25], and so on. For the temporal effect, research has mainly focused on the duration and extent of recovery. The recovery of mangrove ecosystems depends on the intensity and frequency of TCs [26; 27] and the properties of the ecosystem itself [19]. The recovery of mangroves is mainly the regrowth of surviving trees and the accelerated growth of existing understory species [17; 28]. The recovery of severely damaged plant communities, where both aboveground and underground components have been impacted, to their pre-disaster state is difficult [29], while plant communities that experienced only slight disturbance quickly recovered and retained the integrity of the original ecosystem [30]. The resilience of mangrove ecosystems to TCs is substantial, but the ability to recover varies among different tree species [20; 31; 32]. Moreover, the damage and recovery of mangroves attacked by TCs vary based on factors such as hydrogeomorphology [33], forest type, age structure [34], and the thickness of sediment left by storm surge [35].