# Improving the Resilience of High-Speed Rail Systems from a Configuration Perspective
## 2 Literature Review
### Configuration Analysis on Resilience Improvement  
Configuration analysis is widely used in the fields of politics, historical sociology, supply chain management, and infrastructure planning because it can handle complexity by exploring different pathways that generate the same outcome [59; 60]. Based on the holistic theory, the configuration analysis approach considers a case to be a whole composed of cause conditions, and therefore pays attention to the complex causal relationship between the conditions configurations and the outcome [61].  
Several studies have conducted configuration analysis on resilience using qualitative comparative analysis (QCA). [PERSON] et al. (2017) illustrated how QCA can be applied in the discipline of geography through a case study of area-level health resilience [59]. [PERSON] et al. (2017) used fsQCA to identify the combinations of factors that may serve as necessary/sufficient conditions for resilient recovery outcomes [62]. [PERSON] et al. (2022) compared structural equation models (SEM) and QCA to analyze the possible influence of worries about COVID-19, resilience, and emotional symptomatology towards life satisfaction [63]. [PERSON] et al. (2022) adopted a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to assess psychological traits that are likely to result in resilient entrepreneurial behavior in tourism [64]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2022) conducted a qualitative comparative analysis of resilience strategy for United States cities [60]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2021) employed fsQCA to find that firms' attention to social issues and CEO duality might be associated with a higher degree of firm resilience [65]. [PERSON] et al. (2022) used partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and fsQCA to examine the role of ecological hotel engagement as a pathway to sustainable practices via scouting entrepreneurial  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Category** & **Variables** & **Sources** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{HSR system ontology-related variables} & Technology system (TS) & [55; 56] \\  & Quality control (QC) & [36; 40] \\  & Equipment operation and maintenance (EM) & [41; 42] \\  & Organization structure (OS) & [43; 57] \\  & Organization efficiency (OE) & [24; 46] \\  & System operation and maintenance (SO) & [25; 47] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Resilience attribute-related variables} & Disturbance warning (DW) & [4; 58] \\  & Persistence ability (PA) & [4; 49] \\ \cline{1-1}  & Function restoration (FR) & [4; 23] \\ \cline{1-1}  & Adaptability and transformability (AT) & [4; 54] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Driving variables of resilience improvement of HSR system.  
resilience [66]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2022) used fsQCA to explore corporate social responsibility configurations for project-based organizations in enhancing organizational resilience [67].  
However, these studies mainly focus on the resilience of entrepreneurial behavior, health, organizations, and cities. The literature regarding variable configuration of HSR system resilience improvement is relative limited. An HSR system is a composite and integrated system, affected by various variables simultaneously. Solely focusing on one single variable may fail to improve HSR system resilience holistically. This paper explored the improvement of HSR system resilience using a configuration analysis tool, providing a holistic perspective for system resilience literature.