# A Novel Context-Aware Reliable Routing Protocol and SVM Implementation in Vehicular Area Networks
###### Abstract  
The Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is an innovative technology that allows vehicles to connect with neighboring roadside structures to deliver intelligent transportation applications. To deliver safe communication among vehicles, a reliable routing approach is required. Due to the excessive mobility and frequent variation in network topology, establishing a reliable routing for VANETs takes a lot of work. In VANETs, transmission links are extremely susceptible to interruption; as a result, the routing efficiency of these constantly evolving networks requires special attention. To promote reliable routing in VANETs, we propose a novel context-aware reliable routing protocol that integrates k-means clustering and support vector machine (SVM) in this paper. The k-means clustering divides the routes into two clusters named GOOD and BAD. The cluster with high mean square error (MSE) is labelled as BAD, and the cluster with low MSE is labelled as GOOD. After training the routing data with SVM, the performance of each route from source to target is improved in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), throughput, and End to End Delay (E2E). The proposed protocol will achieve improved routing efficiency with these changes. vehicle ad-hoc networks; mean square error; k-means clustering; support vector machine; packet delivery ratio +
Footnote †: journal: _Mathematics_  
0000-0001-9991-4999-4999-4999-499  
and backbone network, infrastructure-based networks are also called infrastructure-to-infrastructure (I2I). These connections are shown in Figure 1. V2V allows vehicles to share data cooperatively. An additional wireless connection exists between the infrastructure and neighboring cars that can be used both ways (e.g., V2I and I2V). In this structure, the connection provides internet access and current data to vehicles [3]. In the literature, routing schemes for VANET have been extensively studied [4; 5; 6]. Routing protocols are divided into five groups based on how constructive, reactive, hybrid, adaptive, and context-aware they are. A route discovery request is sent to all the nodes in the whole network with the help of a proactive routing protocol. It increases control overhead, energy usage, and E2E delay. While in the reactive routing protocol, the discovery process is initiated by the source node, and it reaches only the intended destination. This method reduces control overhead but still requires the path discovery process to find a route for each new node [4]. The constructive and reactive approaches are combined in the hybrid routing protocol. Clusters are areas where the nodes in a hybrid network are clustered together. The clustering architecture improves network scalability by using constructive intra-cluster routing and reactive inter-cluster routing. As a result, VANET environment scalability is improved, and overhead control messages are reduced. Although clustering techniques reduce routing control overhead, regular cluster head (CH) elections increase the re-election process's control overhead [5]. Due to the interference and mobility, the adaptive routing protocol can deal with varying network topologies, node mobility, and complex wireless conditions. To address the problem of heavy congestion, context-aware routing integrates external information resources such as maps, location facilities, or even public transportation programs [6]. When developing a routing protocol, it is critical to consider the problems and characteristics of the infrastructure on which it will be used. Some challenges are the high mobility of nodes, dynamic changing topology, scalability, reliability, fault tolerance, energy consumption, uneven traffic density, neighborhood discovery, delay constraints, and real-time transmission [7]. In highly complex networks such as VANETs, reliability is the most difficult problem to solve. A valid route can become invalid after a brief period because vehicle communication breaks down frequently due to the high speed at which vehicles travel.