## 1 Introduction  
Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are integral to modern life, spanning frequencies from an extremely low frequency (ELF) to radiofrequency (RF) and beyond. Low-frequency EMF sources, such as power lines and household appliances, operate in the 50-60 Hz range, while high-frequency sources, like mobile phones and Wi-Fi, operate in the MHz to GHz range. The widespread use of these technologies has raised public concerns about potential health effects, leading to extensive research on EMFs' biological impacts. Several studies have examined the health effects of radiation from various sources, particularly focusing on mobile phone base stations and personal exposure in different environments. For example, [PERSON] et al. conducted a comprehensive review of the health effects of radiation from mobile phone base stations, summarizing the current literature and emphasizing the ongoing debate about potential health risks [1]. [PERSON] et al. compared personal radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure levels across different European countries and found that, while RF-EMF exposure levels were generally well below international limits, the highest exposure occurred inside transport vehicles such as trains, cars, and buses [2]. [PERSON] et al. characterized the general public's EMF exposure from 12 different radiofrequency sources, indicating that indoor exposure in office environments can be higher than outdoor exposure, with the highest total field exposure occurring in mobile scenarios such as inside trains or buses [3]. In the study by [PERSON] et al., residential radiofrequency exposure from antennas was assessed using personal exposure meters, revealing that Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) and digital communication system waves have higher exposure levels closer to antennas, peaking at specific distances due to their complex propagation characteristics, which underscores the importance of considering distance when evaluating RF exposure near base stations [4]. [PERSON] et al. examined radiation emissions from mobile phones used with both wireless and wired hands-free kits to assess compliance with safety standards, underscoring the need for ongoing evaluations of exposure limit compliance [5]. The study by [PERSON] and [PERSON] reviewed the effects of RF on human health, highlighting significant methodological challenges and gaps in existing research and emphasizing the need for more rigorous studies to understand better the long-term health implications of RF-EMF exposure [6]. The study by [PERSON] et al. finds that RF-EMF exposure from 5G small cells is well within the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) limits, with maximum exposure ratios of 0.15 for occupational exposure and 0.68 for the general public, while a significantly lower level of exposure is observed for non-users depending on the base station's activity and beam-forming capabilities [7]. The study by [PERSON] et al. reveals that in 5G mobile networks, EMF exposure from smartphones during uplink services is more dominant than that from radio base stations [8]. [PERSON] et al. showed that when user density significantly exceeds base station density, passive EMF exposure from other users' devices is comparable to active EMF exposure from both base stations and the user's device [9]. [PERSON] et al. found that 6 min measurements taken during peak traffic on working days may overestimate daily exposure levels and proposed an extrapolation factor to estimate average daily exposure from short-term data [10]. [PERSON] et al. demonstrated that indoor RF-EMF downlink exposure from distant outdoor cellular antennas can be modeled with a Gaussian distribution based on 1176 measurements in three buildings, all showing exposure levels well below 1% of ICNIRP reference levels [11]. Governments are increasingly adopting electric vehicles (EVs) in public transportation to address the challenges of declining fossil fuel resources and rising environmental pollution.