## 5 Performance Evaluation
### Analysis for Guaranteed Lifetime  
We validated the performance of a pre-configured network lifetime using the fuzzy-based algorithm, discussed above, with four different measurement values of \(\alpha\). To see the significance of the pre-configured network lifetime, we compared four cases on a network with different parameter settings for each period of \(\alpha\). For each of these four cases, the pre-configured network lifetime \(\alpha\) is calculated _a priori_ and is plotted in Figure 5a,b. In the test instances, we _a priori_ determined four values of \(\alpha\in\) (2650 s, 3500 s, 6000 s, 2800 s) based on the parameter settings, such as ({Nodes = 100, Energy = 200 J}, {Nodes = 100, Energy = 250 J}, {Nodes = 150, Energy = 300 J}, {Nodes = 70, Energy = 300 J}), respectively. In all four test scenarios, the energy consumption and active time follow a uniform distribution toward the pre-configured lifetime, as shown in Figure 5a. The proposed fuzzy controller utilized the energy and sleep schedule among nodes in an efficient way and guaranteed all of the _a priori_ determined lifetimes. In each round, the fuzzy controller selects active nodes on defined inference rules to keep a level of energy balance among all sensor nodes in the network. The proposed fuzzy controller guarantees the first test case pre-configured lifetime \(\alpha\) = 2650 s at a rate of less than 90% of the total energy consumption, as shown in Figure 5a. Moreover, the proposed scheme compared four _a priori_ determined lifetimes \(\alpha\in\) (2500 s, 3500 s, 4000 s, 4500 s) on a network with the same parameter settings against the FML and EPGLT protocols in Figure 5b. The proposed fuzzy controller achieved the pre-configured lifetime at the rate of 55%, 77.77%, 89% and 100% total energy consumption, respectively. As shown in Figure 5b, the FML and EPGLT protocols did not consume their total energy; however, some of the nodes in the network drain out their energies at an early time due to unbalanced energy consumption. This fact brings the network lifetime to an end in both FML and EPGLT protocols. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline Sensing field dimensions & 400 \(\times\) 400 m \\ Number of sensor nodes & 100 \\ Node placement & Random \\ Initial energy of each node & 300 J \\ Sensing power & 0.350 W \\ Listening power & 0.320 W \\ Transmitting power & NTR = 0.550 W, ETR = 0.700 W \\ Receiving power & 0.400 W \\ Sleeping power & 0.001 W \\ Sensing frequency & 0.1 Hz \\ Radio transmission range & (60,130) m \\ Packet size & 50 bytes \\ Maximum rounds & 10 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Simulation parameters. NTR, normal transmission range. For the rest of the analysis, we set the pre-configured network lifetime at \(\alpha\) = 4000 s according to the application demand. The total energy consumption among active nodes in each round is illustrated in Figure 6a, where a sensor is transmitting packets to its neighbor relay node toward the sink. In each round, the proposed fuzzy model selects nodes among the active/sleep modes in an energy-efficient way to guarantee the required network lifetime \(\alpha\) = 4000 s. As shown in Figure 6a, our fuzzy scheme performs better and guarantees the pre-configured lifetime \(\alpha\) = 4000 s at the total cost of less than 100% of energy consumption. The fuzzy routing algorithm, FML, is directly dependent on the transmission radius of the sensor node to route data. Thus, each node is discovering more neighbors in its radius, which consumes more energy. Furthermore, as the transmission radii increase, more energy is required to discover the maximum number of neighbor nodes. On the other hand, EPGLT amalgamates the energy-aware routing with power-aware transmission to guarantee the pre-configured network lifetime. The drawback of both schemes is the unbalanced energy consumption after reaching the pre-configured lifetime. Figure 6b shows the effect of adjusting transmission range and active/sleep schedules on the number of alive nodes over time.