# Review of GIS-Based Applications for Mining: Planning, Operation, and Environmental Management
## 5 Environmental Management Using GISs
### Mine Operation Environment Management
Relative collapse risk can be evaluated by considering seven influence factors simultaneously (i.e., overall slope gradient, slope height, surface flows, excavation plan, tension crack, fault, waterbody). In addition, the weight of each factor can be determined using fuzzy membership functions and the AHP. This model could be used in conjunction with the GIS database to assess the risk of slope collapse for the entire slope instability. The application of the model to the Pasir open-pit coal mine in Indonesia confirmed that it could be an effective tool for analyzing the risk of slope failure when establishing a slope management solution. [PERSON] et al. [56] conducted a study of flood and gully erosion problems at the Pasir open-pit coal mine in Indonesia. First, GIS was used to obtain quantitative information regarding the hydrological characteristics of the surface drainage system from a DEM. Based on the analysis results of the drainage system, raster-based spatial analysis was performed to distinguish the bench slopes with concentrated surface drainage flows and calculate the ratio of the amount of incoming water to the size of the temporary storage pond [56]. Finally, the bench slopes that are vulnerable to gully erosion were identified and an optimal design for pump placement to reduce the risk of flooding during heavy rain was proposed. Figure 13 shows the rated value map derived from the surface flow accumulation in the study area. [PERSON] et al. [57] researched the detection and visualization of changes in acid mine lakes using time-series satellite image data from GIS that provided a variety of details on a year-to-year basis regarding the regional scale of the land and changes in water bodies. The data received from the remote-sensing satellites were used to verify the developed monitoring system, and various acid mine areas of 9 km\({}^{2}\) were selected for the case study. GIS software was used to analyze satellite images as a time series and convert the boundaries of the acid mine lakes into a vector data format. Then, the changes in the area and perimeter of the acid mine lakes were calculated and presented through tables and graphics. In addition, thematic maps of the changes in the acid mine lakes were created. Case studies indicated that the number of mine lakes increased, creating environmental risks due to their increased hydrochemical properties and area. [PERSON] et al. [58] created detailed maps of representative samples of current larger-scale mines around the world and determined whether a generalization can be made regarding mine areas based on factors that influence their extent. In this study, commodities primarily produced by the mines were selected for comparative analysis and site mapping. At this time, the main focus was on open pits, infrastructure areas of mining sites, waste rock dumps, water storage ponds, and tailings storage facilities. Then, additional site characteristics were compiled. Finally, multiple regression analysis was used to assess the possible relationships between the extent of mining features and potential explanatory variables. As a result, the analyzed mines showed considerable diversity in their extent and configurations, and the effects of the distribution of the ores and surrounding topography on the arrangement of the features around the mines were determined. In addition, the most conservative regression models accounted for \(\approx 40\%-75\%\) of the variability in the extent of the various mining features, except for water storage ponds. The results of this study could be used to determine the demand for land in current and future mining developments.