# Investigation of Element Migration from Aluminum Cooking Pots Using ICP-MS
## 3 Results and Discussion
### The Results of Elemental Analysis Using ICP-MS Technique for Food Simulants  
The elements that migrated to food simulants were analyzed using the ICP-MS technique. Food simulants were prepared following Regulation (EU) No 10/2011, where food simulant B, consisting of 3% (\(w/v\)) acetic acid, was prepared using the four types of aluminum pots. The tests applied to prepare food simulants are OM4 and OM5. OM4 represents the high-temperature application for all types of foods at temperatures up to 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Food simulants were subjected to 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 1 h for all types of aluminum pots used in this study. OM5 represents the high-temperature application for all types of foods,  
Figure 2: The elements migrated to the cooked food using different cooking pots: manufacturer (1) aluminum cooking pots (AC-5); manufacturer (2) aluminum cooking pots (AS-5); manufacturer (3) aluminum pressure cooker (ACP-5); and manufacturer (4) aluminum pressure cooker (APP-5). The experiments presented in this figure were carried out according to AC-5 cooking conditions. up to 121 \({}^{\circ}\)C, with food simulants subjected to 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 2 h for all types of aluminum pots used in this study. According to the standard, OM5 represents one of the worst-case conditions applied to all food simulants. The reference sample (R0) in Table 7 refers to the prepared food simulant as it is (water with 3% (\(w/v\)) acetic acid), without applying any cooking conditions. Table 7 presents the elements that migrated to food simulants from different types of aluminum pots under OM4 and OM5 test conditions. The values listed in Table 7 represent the averages of three trials conducted using the ICP-MS technique. Figure 3 illustrates the concentration of aluminum that migrated to the food simulant when OM4 and OM5 tests were applied using different cooking pots (manufacturer (1) aluminum cooking pots (AC-FS); manufacturer (2) aluminum cooking pots (AS-FS); manufacturer (3) aluminum pressure cooker (ACP-FS); and manufacturer (4) aluminum pressure cooker (APP-FS)). The suffix \"FS\" refers to the food simulant. Figure 3 shows that the aluminum (Al) concentration in the food after applying the OM4 test was higher than that in the reference sample (R0) but lower than that after applying the OM5 test for all types of aluminum cooking pots. The OM5 test involved high temperatures at 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C for two hours, and the heating time was found to have a significant effect on the concentration of aluminum in the food simulant. The food prepared using the aluminum pressure cooker (ACP-5) showed the highest amount of aluminum that migrated to the food simulant (249.6 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/g). Figure 4 displays the content of iron (Fe) that migrated to the food simulant when OM4 and OM5 tests were applied using different aluminum cooking pots. Fe migration significantly increased when applying the OM5 test compared to OM4 due to prolonged heating at 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The food simulant prepared with the ACP pressure cooker under OM5 test conditions revealed the highest Fe content (9.868 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/g). The concentration of the migrated toxic elements, namely As, Cd, and Pb, in the food simulant when applying the OM4 and OM5 tests using different aluminum cooking pots is shown in Table 7. Overall, the concentration of the migrated toxic elements was observed to increase in the food simulant prepared with all types of aluminum cooking pots under prolonged heating conditions (OM5 test). The concentration of toxic elements is minor, and the changes observed after applying OM4 and OM5 tests can be disregarded. The greatest attention should be given to the migration of aluminum, which showed an increased content when applying the OM5 test, and aluminum migration was further increased when using the aluminum pressure cooker. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{3}{*}{ \begin{tabular}{c} **Test** \\ **Number** \\ \end{tabular}  } & \multirow{3}{*}{