## 2 The V2G Technology with Energy Resource  
With the increase in the electric vehicles fleet in some countries, the utilities and agencies responsible for the operation of the electric system are faced with the increasing consumption of electricity, which led to the need to expand its production. According to the report \"Studies on the 10-year Energy Expansion Plan 2030\" by the Energy Research Company (EPE--Portuguese acronym), until 2030, the difference between the energy load results for the upper and lower scenarios reaches a 16 GW average, or about 29 hydraulic GW (the equivalent of two Itaipu power plants, including the Brazilian and Paraguayan capacities). This has been generating a great deal of stress on the management of the national interconnected system, serving as support for incentives in storage technologies [8]. For example, considering that the users charge their electric vehicles precisely during peak hours of energy consumption--between 17:00 and 19:00--it means the demand for energy at this time will increase. As the demand for electricity at peak times is already a problem for the electrical system, that increase can derive complications. This leads to the need for reinforcements in the system to prevent overloading and even an increase in the tariffs due to the higher production cost. This unexpected consumption can be problematic for the electrical system operation and thus lead to failures in the supply of electrical energy, resulting in an acceleration of the generation expansion process [9]. There is a demand to create a technology to smooth spikes in consumption (peak shaving) and store the electricity generated by alternative sources, besides maintaining a more balanced energy consumption curve throughout the day. This is when the V2G technology emerges, as shown in Figure 1. This technology is based on turning an electric vehicle into a source of energy that would plug into the grid to take advantage of the battery present in these electric vehicles to store and thus discharge the electricity into the electrical grid when necessary. For operationalizing this conceptual framework, an array of daily investigations were undertaken, encompassing diverse tariff stratifications contingent upon temporal utilization patterns. These distinct tariff tiers are intricately linked to discrete diurnal intervals and their concomitant power origination modalities, including those harnessed through the deployment of photovoltaic arrays seamlessly integrated within residential consumer environs. Additionally, the integration of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology has been envisaged to facilitate bidirectional energy exchange. This entails the injection of surplus vehicular-derived energy into the overarching distribution grid during periods of elevated demand, juxtaposed with the judicious consumption of grid-derived energy during epochs of diminished electrical requisition. This strategic energy management paradigm correlates with temporal fluctuations in energy pricing, optimizing expenditure through consumption during troughs in demand and the corresponding abatement in energy prices. A predominant thrust of ongoing scholarly inquiries is fixated upon the evaluative metrics of this technological stratagem, which encompasses not only performance evaluations, but also the discernible mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, the assessment pertains to the transformative impact on extant electrical infrastructure, with pronounced emphasis on network ameliorations. Concurrently, analytical focus extends to the consequences of intelligent charging paradigms, typified by the V2G framework, whereby perceptible enhancements in systemic operations are manifest (refer to Table 1). Note that, amidst these salient advancements, an urgent research lacuna persists regarding the broader ramifications in societal and ecological structures.