# Towards a Flexible Smart Factory with a Dynamic Resource Orchestration
## 6 Conclusions
**The lack of a standardised topology for capabilities is one of the biggest challenges** when considering the need for interoperability and generosity of the production processes proposed by the Orchestrator. Any potential change in the factory resource is highly dependable on the definition and classification of capabilities--offered and requested--which may lead to wide discrepancies among each other. There is no possibility to recognise or decompose even analogous capabilities without the great work of specialised human workers, i.e., interoperability engineers, as none of the standardised capability topologies exists to date. Additionally, the modelling and introduction of various resources--when entering the shop floor--as well as their corresponding communication protocols, are highly dependable on the customisation carried out by human workers or specialised software agents. The further development and breakthroughs from the working groups that are shaping the I4.0 in Europe--UA Companion Specifications from OPC UA Foundation [34], as well as the Asset Administration Shell from 'Plattform Industrie 4.0' [20]--are eagerly anticipated. **Formal modelling tools are highly helpful** and were approved by the experts working in the factory (Plant manager; Process and Quality engineers). On one hand, generic modelling was one of the assets strongly influencing the beforehand organisation of the complete shop floor. Formal modelling--enabled by our Model-Driven approach and DSMLs used--is important, as diagrams are not only structured drawings but also include essential semantics. When such formally made models are available, certain algorithms can be used to reason about the structure and infer the semantics of the modelled processes and resources. This enabled much easier creation of KB and later running of automated matching and scheduling algorithms, thus partially answering the RQ2. On the other hand, the tooling facilitated vast possibilities for engineers to edit and customise the digital descriptions that are a part of the Orchestrator. The in-tool-provided layering of the models is expected to greatly improve the modelling and adaptation of other production processes--especially those similar to previously addressed ones. The evaluation of the Process Modeller is presented in detail in [12]. The tool was evaluated by process engineers, software developers, researchers and students, who strongly confirmed tool functional suitability, usability, reliability, expressiveness and productivity. The participants also brought several suggestions on what may be improved in the language or modelling tool, thus providing essential information for the continuance of the research. Additional evaluations with the emphasis on modelling methods and tools are currently underway and will be part of future research. **All the resources can be modelled and orchestrated in uniform terms,** including robots, machines, and human operators. This is a confirmation of satisfying the RQ1, in addition to the work evaluated in [12]. By semantically equalising human workers and other types of resources, a much wider application of the Orchestrator than the narrow domain of 'workerless' factories is enabled. Any system that includes human workers fully adapted to I4.0 can serve as a transitional system when switching from a fully manual to a fully autonomous production. However, in addition to that, fully adapted Operator 4.0 may yet prove to be a key resource in the SF due to its versatility. Human operators in the given example were augmented by smart mobile devices, therefore being classified as Operator 4.0, although there was still a possibility to consider non-augmented workers in the process. This worker would be classified as Operator 3.0 and would perform predefined tasks out of the constant feedback loop in communication with the Orchestrator. The development of different aspects of human worker models following the concepts of Operator 4.0 will still be a part of this research.