esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Bit Rate Adaptation Using Linear Quadratic Optimization for Mobile Video Streaming
###### Abstract  
Video streaming application such as Youtube is one of the most popular mobile applications. To adjust the quality of video for available network bandwidth, a streaming server provides multiple representations of video of which bit rate has different bandwidth requirements. A streaming client utilizes an adaptive bit rate (ABR) scheme to select a proper representation that the network can support. However, in mobile environments, incorrect decisions of an ABR scheme often cause playback stalls that significantly degrade the quality of user experience, which can easily happen due to network dynamics. In this work, we propose a control theory (Linear Quadratic Optimization)-based ABR scheme to enhance the quality of experience in mobile video streaming. Our simulation study shows that our proposed ABR scheme successfully mitigates and shortens playback stalls while preserving the similar quality of streaming video compared to the state-of-the-art ABR schemes.  
dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP; adaptive bit rate scheme; control theory +
Footnote †: journal: Applied  
16 November 202021 December 2  
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Related work is reviewed in Section 2. Section 3 provides the background context for our work. We present our approach in Section 4. Section 6 evaluates the performance of our controller with simulations. Future work is discussed in Section 7 and we conclude in Section 8.
## 5 Proposed Taxonomy of the Attacks, DDoS Attacks, and DDoS Detection Approaches on CC
### Taxonomy of DDoS Attacks on CC
#### 5.2.5 HTTP Flood  
The application layer is vital for CC since the CSPs deliver many essential services to their users using application layer protocols, such as HTTP. HTTP is the primary application layer protocol used by web servers. Since CC usually hosts many web application servers, a massive number of HTTP requests can easily overwhelm web services. An example of an application layer attack is an HTTP flood. In an HTTP flood, the attackers may send enormous volumes of malicious HTTP requests to the victims to exhaust the resources and services running in the cloud and cause an EDoS attack, which is explained in Section 5.1.  
A client, via a web browser or terminal, \"talks\" to a VM or web application server by sending a POST or GET request. The client uses POST queries to access dynamic resources, while GET requests retrieve static information like images. The two main categories of HTTP flood attacks are HTTP-POST and HTTP-GET. Attackers could overwhelm a targeted site or VM with HTTP-GET requests using valid packets without reflection or spoofing. Because many requests are sent to the web application server, and the VM generates many more responses than the zombie army receives, this attack is achievable by small botnets [19].  
In this situation, an attacker sends an HTTP-GET request to the target application to test its availability. If the attacker receives an acknowledgment from the target application, the attacker transmits new HTTP-GET requests successively without waiting for acknowledgments. Since the web application server does not filter HTTP-GET requests to check if they are legitimate or not [55], it will continue accepting and processing the requests. Figure 8 illustrates the HTTP-GET flood attack mechanism.  
Table 5 summarizes five different DDoS attacks on CC: SYN flood, UDP flood, ping of death, ICMP flood, and HTTP flood. These attacks mostly impacted layers 3, 4, or 7 of the open systems interconnection (OSI) model, impacting VM's resource consumption and bandwidth utilization and causing a buffer overflow. Table 6 summarizes various attacks, their target areas, attack tools, and their impact, while Table 7 lists the existing DDoS attack datasets since 1995.  
Figure 7: ICMP flood attack.
## 1 Introduction
The flow dimension for the radial flow is exactly two, and this fixed flow dimension value also indicates that the geometric configuration of the stratum is assumed to be homogeneous. Practically, the geometric configuration of a stratum is unknown if no further in situ investigation is applied. For porous media, such an assumption may give good results because the material is relatively uniform; for heterogeneous fractured bedrocks, the assumption may give poor results. If the flow dimension cannot be identified correctly, there will be a large error for the accuracy of measured hydraulic conductivity [26]. To solve this problem, [PERSON] [23] developed a generalized radial flow (GRF) model for an arbitrary flow dimension that can fit the real geometric configuration. In the early time, the primary application of the GRF model focused on hydraulic test data interpretation for obtaining hydrogeological parameters. Later, a few studies [27; 28; 29] utilized the concept of fractional flow dimensions to investigate possible fracture geometry in dolomites through analyses of hydraulic test data. Such a concept is still unexplored in other lithologies. Moreover, validations for interpretations of fracture network systems using flow dimensions are not systematically proposed yet. In response to the insufficiency of previous studies and cost-effective issues of field tests, it remains enticing to reanalyze double-packer hydraulic test data by focusing on the exploration of fracture network systems. The research aimed to unravel fracture network patterns around a borehole for establishing a hydrogeological site descriptive model. A total of 262 existing double-packer hydraulic test data collected from the project entitled \"Ground-water Resources Investigation Program for Mountainous Region of Taiwan\" [30; 31] with [PERSON]'s generalized radial flow model were analyzed, to obtain the flow dimension of each packer test, which reflects several characteristics of the fracture system, including heterogeneity, fracture density, and fracture network connectivity. After analyzing these hydraulic test data from 104 boreholes located in Central and Southern Taiwan, the spatial distribution of the geologic structure and aquifer hydraulic properties for each borehole were recognized. The above outcomes were successfully confirmed by five hydrogeological indices proposed by this study, namely rock-quality designation (RQD), fracture aperture (FA), fracture density (FD), hydraulic conductivity (K), and fracture/matrix permeability ratio (Kf/Km). Finally, relationships between flow dimension and depth, flow dimension and lithology, and Kf/Km ratio and lithology were discussed, to support other hydrogeological applications in engineering practice.
# Impact of Nitric Oxide on the Surface Properties of Selected Polymers
###### Abstract  
The change in the surface properties of polymer materials used in an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) device due to nitric oxide (NO) treatment was characterized by zeta-potential and dynamic contact-angle measurements. FTIR-ATR was used to determine the stability of these effects during liquid contact. Polymethyl pentene (PMP), methyl methacrylate acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (MABS), and polyurethane (PU) were investigated. The polymer materials were treated with NO (1000 ppm) for 17 h. The samples for FTIR-ATR measurements were submerged in water or physiological sodium chloride solution for 120 and 240 h after the end of the gas treatment. PMP showed no changes at all. MABS showed decreased contact-angles and increased contact-angle hysteresis. In contrast, PU showed decreased contact-angles and a shift in its zeta-potential curve, indicating a more hydrophilic and acidic surface. The FTIR-ATR measurements showed a slight decrease in the signal intensities after liquid contact. The results indicated an improvement in the liquid contact properties of MABS and the PU due to increased surface hydrophilicity caused mainly by the adsorbed nitric acid (HNO\({}_{3}\)) molecules formed by the NO treatment. The results presented in this paper point towards a simple and complication-free method of introducing NO into an ECMO circuit.  
FTIR-ATR; zeta-potential; dynamic contact-angle; surface properties; ECMO +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
# Nucleofection as an Efficient Method for Alpha TC1-6 Cell Line Transfection
###### Abstract  
An efficient transfection is a crucial step for the introduction of epigenetic modification in host cells, and there is a need for an optimized transfection process for individual model systems separately. Mouse pancreatic aTC1-6 cells, which act as an attractive model system for epigenetic cell reprogramming and diabetes treatment, were transiently transfected with two different transfection methods: the chemical method with polyethyleneenimine (PEI) and nucleofection as a physical transfection method. Flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy examination of GFP expression showed that transfection efficiency was affected by the size of plasmids using both transfection methods. Subsequently, the Cas9 mRNA expression confirmed successful transfection with EpiCRISPR plasmid, whereas the cell physiology remained unchanged. The adjusted nucleofection protocol for aTC1-6 cells transfected with an EpiCRISPR mix of plasmids reached 71.1% of GFP-positive transfected cells on the fifth post-transfection day and proved to be much more efficient than the 3.8% GFP-positive PEI transfected cells. Modifying the protocol, we finally specify CM-156 program and SF 4D-Nucleofector X Solutions for Amaxa(tm) nucleofection as a method of choice for alpha TC1-6 cell line transfection.  
alpha TC1-6 cells; transfection; PEI; nucleofection; green fluorescent protein; EpiCRISPR
###### Abstract  
With the increasing demands for better transmission speed and robust quality of service (QoS), the capacity constrained backhaul gradually becomes a bottleneck in cooperative wireless networks, e.g., in the Internet of Things (IoT) scenario in joint processing mode of LTE-Advanced Pro. This paper focuses on resource allocation within capacity constrained backhaul in uplink cooperative wireless networks, where two base stations (BSs) equipped with single antennae serve multiple single-antennae users via multi-carrier transmission mode. In this work, we propose a novel cooperative transmission scheme based on compress-and-forward with user pairing to solve the joint mixed integer programming problem. To maximize the system capacity under the limited backhaul, we formulate the joint optimization problem of user sorting, subcarrier mapping and backhaul resource sharing among different pairs (subcarriers for users). A novel robust and efficient centralized algorithm based on alternating optimization strategy and perfect mapping is proposed. Simulations show that our novel method can improve the system capacity significantly under the constraint of the backhaul resource compared with the blind alternatives.  
Keywords:distributed compression; backhaul optimization; user pairing; uplink CoMP; virtual MIMO +
Footnote †: journal: Academic Editor: [PERSON]
# Solid-State Transformer-Based DC Power Distribution Network for Shipboard Applications
## 4 Simulation Results
### Effect of the Propulsion System Dynamics on the SST  
Scenario 2 simulates the dynamics occurring in the propulsion system due to the speed variation in the propulsion motors and its effect on each part of the SST, the DC-link voltages at different parts of the system, and the generator operation. The PV-battery system is disconnected in this scenario and the LVDC bus is connected to the LVDC side loads, which draw the full load power of 0.5 MW from the DAB converter. The effect of the propulsion motor dynamics on the primary and secondary voltage levels of the SST is illustrated in Figure 12. The 6-phase motor input speed is varied over time and, hence, the motor developed torque will also be varying. It is shown that the actual speed, \(N_{act}\), follows its reference speed, \(N_{ref}\), albeit with a delayed response owing to the high inertia of the motor. Accordingly, the powers at the HVDC side are controlled, in which the DAB power, \(P_{DAB}\), is around 0.5 MW, the power delivered to the propulsion drive system, \(P_{Motor}\), varies depending on the speed value, and then the GS_VSC power, \(P_{G}\), is the sum of the DAB power, \(P_{DAB}\), and the motor drive power, \(P_{Motor}\).  
The GS-VSR controller succeeds to restore the HVDC bus voltage, \(V_{HVDC}\), to the reference value, 10 kV. The main objective of the DAB converter is to regulate the LVDC bus voltage, \(V_{LVDC}\), at 650 V. It is clear that the LVDC bus voltage, \(V_{LVDC}\), is well regulated at the reference voltage despite the motor drive dynamics, with low voltage ripple.  
Figure 11: Six-phase motor operation waveforms. (**a**) presents the motor speed, torque, and powers. The employed machine is an asymmetrical six-phase with a spatial phase shift of 30\({}^{\circ}\) between the two three-phase winding sets, as shown in (**b**).
## 5 Case Study
### Fitting of Improved Semi-Empirical Model Based on the Least Square Fitting Method
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Fitting Parameters** & **Value** & **Fitting Parameters** & **Value** \\ \hline \(\alpha\) & \(4.5750\times 10^{-4}\) & \(SOC_{0}\) & 37.2600 \\ \(\beta\) & \(0.9595\) & \(\lambda_{1}\) & 26.0100 \\ \(\gamma\) & \(2.2140\) & \(\lambda_{2}\) & 0.0103 \\ \(a\) & \(0.0355\) & \(\lambda_{3}\) & \(-0.4247\) \\ \(b\) & \(0.8489\) & \(\lambda_{4}\) & \(-38.9300\) \\ \(z\) & \(0.8121\) & \(\lambda_{5}\) & 33.4900 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Parameter fitting results of improved semi-empirical model based on the least square method. Figure 9: Three different \(\Delta SOCs^{\prime}\) battery capacity degradation models under DOD = 20%. In order to verify the feasibility of the improved semi-empirical modeling method proposed in this paper, Case 4 in Table 4 is used for analysis. The known \(\Delta\)_SOCs_ include [80, 100]%, [40, 60]%, [0, 20]%, [10, 90]%, and [0, 100]%, and the unknown \(\Delta\)_SOC_ is [20, 100]%. Based on the improved semi-empirical model of Equation (34), the comparison between the improved semi-empirical model and the original fitting curve under six \(\Delta\)_SOCs_ corresponding to the original data point is shown in the figure below. In Figure 10d is the fitting result of the unknown \(\Delta\)_SOC_, and the Figure 10a-f are the fitting results of the known \(\Delta\)_SOCs_. It can be seen that the improved semi-empirical modeling method performs well in both the known \(\Delta\)_SOCs_ and the unknown \(\Delta\)_SOC_, and it maintains a high degree of agreement with the original fitting curve. Similarly, the goodness of fit of the improved semi-empirical models under six working conditions can be calculated as follows. Combined with the results in Figure 10 and Table 7, we can see that the improved semi-empirical modeling method based on the least square method performs well under various working conditions. For the goodness of fit under all working conditions, \(R^{2}\) is greater than 0.999 and \(RMSE\) is less than 1.0 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\), indicating that the fitting accuracy of this method to the measured data is very high. In particular, for the unknown \(\Delta\)_SOC_, [20, 100]%, it also shows almost as high accuracy as for other conditions. The results indicate that the improved semi-empirical modeling method proposed in this paper can well predict and fit the capacity degradation of retired batteries under various working conditions. Figure 10: Comparison between improved semi-empirical model and original fitting model.
## 4 Parametric Study
### Effect of the EG Thickness  
The effects of the EG thickness (\(t\)) on the joint rotational stiffnesses in the two scenarios were investigated for when the joint is subject to a constant axial force of 1000 kN. The joint-rotation-angle-versus-sagging-moment relationships with different thicknesses of 0 mm, 2 mm, 4 mm and 6 mm are presented in Figure 15. The joint-rotation-angle-versus-hogging-moment relationships with different thicknesses of 0 mm, 2 mm, 4 mm and 6 mm are presented in Figure 16. According to Figures 15 and 16, in both the two scenarios, when the joint is subject to the same bending moment, the larger the EG thickness, the larger the joint rotation angle, and the smaller the rotational stiffness. Therefore, with increasing EG thickness, the effect of the EG on softening the joint rotational behavior tends to be more obvious in the two scenarios.  
Figure 14: Effect of \(N\) in hogging-moment scenario.  
Figure 15: Effect of \(t\) in sagging-moment scenario.
# A Method for Translating Automotive Body-Related CAN Messages Based on Labeled Bits
###### Abstract
Since CAN traffic contains body-state-related data such as lights, doors, and seat belts in addition to vehicle driving data, CAN messages describing these data were not effectively obtained. In order to accurately translate the CAN messages describing the body state, this paper proposes an innovative CAN message translation method based on labeled bits. This method uses different car states to tag each bit in CAN messages and filter them to get the candidate messages related to the body state. For the candidate messages, using strategic fuzzing and packet analysis techniques, the body event described in the CAN message can be translated, and the bits describing the event can be located. The contributions of this study can be summarized as follows:  
* The reverse method described in this paper labels each bit of the data field corresponding to each ID based on the vehicle state and applies the idea of fuzzy testing to the production of test messages. It effectively filters the messages unrelated to the car body and quickly locates the candidate messages with improved efficiency. * The innovative method proposed in this paper innovatively uses column AND bit-by-bit to locate useful bits, which improves the accuracy of the reverse method while reducing the number of dependent candidate messages. * The method proposed in this paper can be applied to most cars, regardless of the vehicle model and make. Since commercially available vehicles must be equipped with a standard CAN data interface, our method only uses this interface for data transmission and reception. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: In Section 2, we provide background knowledge and present related work. Section 3 details the steps taken to reverse CAN message based on tagged bits. Section 4 details experiments conducted on actual vehicles and analyze the accuracy, advantages, and efficiency of the approach used in this paper. The last section concludes the paper and gives some future prospects.
## 3 5G Technology Enablers for V2X Use Cases
### Security of 5G Networks: Secrecy Aspects of MIMO Antennas
#### 3.2.1 MIMO Antennas and 5G Security  
The antenna arrays used for Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) applications has developed intensively in the last years. The field of telecommunication has changing requirements in capacity, latency, scalability, and reliability, which are the main keywords of modern 5G networks. To fulfill these requirements, amongst other solutions, antenna arrays were introduced to tackle the attenuation of the millimeter waves (mmW), introduce better data rates and capacities, and improve the channel stability. The number of antenna elements also increased rapidly in recent years, from \(2\times 2\) and \(4\times 4\) to \(8\times 8\) systems and beyond [63,73]. In terms of security, the most important utilities of antenna arrays  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Property** & **Release 14/15 PC5** & **Release 16 PC5** & **802.11p** \\ \hline Modulation & SC-FDM & OFDM & OFDM \\ \hline Time synchronization & Tight synchronous & Tight synchronous & Loose asynchronous \\ \hline Transmission & Semi-persistent & Semi-persistent & \\ \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Transmission scheduling \\ \end{tabular} } & sensing of & sensing of & CSMA \\  & least-occupied & least-occupied & \\ \multirow{2}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} Transmission time \\ \end{tabular} } & resource & resource & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Line coding \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{1 ms} & \multirow{2}{*}{1 ms} & Depends on packet \\  & & & length (0.4 ms \\  & & typically) \\ \hline \hline Line coding & Turbo & Turbo & Convolutional \\ \hline Operation frequency & 5.9 GHz & 5.9 GHz & 5.9 GHz \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Comparison of RAN properties of the direct communication V2X technologiesinclude the beam-forming and channel estimation [56]. Multiple antennas in a system being fed in a specific way results in multiple beams or better single-beam properties that are scalable. Moreover, multiple antennas allow the characterization of the propagation channel, which can highly influence the data rate and channel capacity. These utilities raise security concerns that are different in nature from the usual PLS approaches; thus, they require additional attention:  
* The channel properties are prone to the reliability of the beam-forming method; thus, the users have to be tracked dynamically.
* Multiple users at the same location can lead to interference and decayed channel properties.
* Channel state information (CSI) depends on the system of the antennas, which can be disturbed by external antennas.
* CSI estimation requires demanding computations as the size of the antenna array increases.
## 4 Factors to Study in VANETs
### Channel Bandwidth  
In radio communications, bandwidth is the width of the frequency band used to transmit the data. Channel spacing is a term used in radio frequency planning that describes the frequency difference between adjacent allocations in a frequency plan.  
Wireless technologies such as the IEEE 802.11p Wireless Access for Vehicular Environment (WAVE) [24] enable peer-to-peer mobile communication among vehicles (V2V) and communication between vehicles and the infrastructure (V2I), and are expected to be widely adopted by the car industry in the next years. The 802.11p standard supports 10 MHz and 20 MHz bandwidths. Using a 10 MHz bandwidth, the supported data rates are 3, 4.5, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, and 27 Mbps, depending on the modulation and coding scheme considered.  
In vehicular safety communications, the efficiency of channel usage is important in managing the broadcast transmissions. The efficient channel usage helps to reduce the overall interference level and in turn impacts on the broadcast reception performance [25].  
Since vehicular information delivery systems support applications such as cooperative driving among cars on the road, traffic safety, or infotainment applications, we think that channel bandwidth requirements could change based on the selected application. For the specific case of Warning Message Dissemination mechanisms, the overall capacity of the channel can affect the effectiveness of warning dissemination schemes if the density of potential transmitters is high.