esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 System Calibration
#### Camera-to-Workpiece Distance Estimation  
After calibration, the distance to the object was calculated using a single photograph. Thus, the concept of the given solution was the image analysis resulting from the object moving away from the point for which it defined the focus, how to use a single camera to figure out the distance to an object, where the focal distance (\(f\)) and height (\(h\)) and distance the distance between the object and the lens known as (\(d\)). \(b\) was the height, while \(m\) was the distance between the camera and \(a\) and \(b\), which was named the reflection of height. Figure 8 below shows the points between the camera distance and the object.  
\[\frac{a}{f}=\tan\theta_{1}=\frac{h}{d} \tag{10}\]  
\[\frac{b}{f}=\tan\theta_{2}=\frac{h}{d-m} \tag{11}\]  
By dividing Equations (10) and (11), they may represent the distance between the object and lens and calculate the pixel distance to figure out the length.  
\[\begin{array}{c}\Rightarrow\frac{a}{b}=\frac{\tan\theta_{1}}{\tan\theta_{2 }}=\frac{h}{d}\times\frac{d-m}{h}=1-\frac{m}{d};\\ \Rightarrow\frac{m}{d}=1-\frac{a}{b};\\ \Rightarrow d=\frac{m}{1-\frac{a}{b}}\end{array} \tag{12}\]
## 3 Materials and Methods  
### Datasets  
The datasets used to generate SESM in this investigation included both ground and RS data. For this study, relevant national and international institutions provided ground and RS data on soil erosion factors. Table 1 contains information about the data and sources.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Data** & **Scale/Resolution** & **Availability of Data** & **Data availability Statement/Source** & **Parameter Maps** \\ \hline Sentinel -2 & 10 m & Data openly available & The data supporting this study’s findings are openly available in [USGS] at [[https://eartheplorer.usgs.gov](https://eartheplorer.usgs.gov)]([https://eartheplorer.usgs.gov](https://eartheplorer.usgs.gov)) (accessed on 1 July 2022). The spatial resolution is 30 m. The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in [USGS] at & Land Use Land Cover \\ SRTM DEM & 30 m & Data openly available & [[https://eartheplorer.usgs.gov](https://eartheplorer.usgs.gov)]([https://eartheplorer.usgs.gov](https://eartheplorer.usgs.gov)) (accessed on 5 July 2022) & Elevation, Slope, Aspect, Curvature, and drainage \\  & & & Spatial resolution is 30 m. The data supporting this study’s findings are available in [UCSB] at [[https://www.chc.ucsb.edu](https://www.chc.ucsb.edu)]([https://www.chc.ucsb.edu](https://www.chc.ucsb.edu)) (accessed on 30 July 2022). The spatial resolution of CHIPRS is 0.05\({}^{\circ}\) & Rainfall maps (5.54 Km) and daily gridded. The data available from FAO and Soil Survey of Pakistan & Soil Texture Map \\ Soil Geology & 1:650,000 & ([PERSON] et al.) & Digitized from Geological Map of North Pakistan & Lithological Map \\ Sentinel 2 & 10 m & Data openly available & Data import to GEE using machine learning algorithm. & NDVI Map and soil \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Detailed satellite and ground data availability, statement, source, and purpose.  
Figure 1: Study area map of current research with soil erosion inventory.
## 4 Conclusions  
In this study, PLS models of geographical origin discrimination using hyperspectral fluorescence imaging were developed. A pre-treatment was applied to improve the model accuracy and minimize discrimination errors due to spectral overlap. In addition, the effect of the HSI pixel dimensions on the models was evaluated to determine the geographical origins of the South Korean and Chinese rice samples. Various HSI pixel dimensions were implemented in the PLS models, and the optimal pixel dimensions (over \(7\) mm \(\times\) 7 mm) were determined. Moreover, the PLS models that applied a pre-treatment, such as a baseline pre-treatment, maximum normalization, smoothing, and Savizky-Golay first-order and second-order derivatives revealed a discrimination accuracy of \(98.89\%\), independently.  
These results are considered noteworthy because the hyperspectral fluorescence image spectrum can be applied to effectively and accurately discriminate the geographical origin of rice. Nevertheless, comprehensive studies should be developed to obtain more accurate and extensive methods, because only South Korean and Chinese rice can be discriminated in the results of this study.  
Figure 8: (**a**) PLS image and (**b**) binary image of geographical origin discrimination between the South Korean and Chinese rice samples using the Savitzky–Golay first-order derivative at pixel dimensions of \(30\) mm \(\times\) 30 mm.  
Figure 7: Steps of the PLS image algorithm for geographical origin discrimination of white rice.  
In future studies, a rice geographical origin discrimination model will be developed for various other geographical origins, such as Thailand, Vietnam, and the United States. In addition, in this study, quality factors such as moisture and protein content were not used as major factors in discriminate the geographical origin of rice because generally the contents of the quality factors were different for each variety of rice. In a future study, we plan to conduct a study to identify by integrating the part, which is the component of rice and the discriminant the geographical origin of rice.  
[PERSON]-[PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] conceived the structure of the paper and wrote the original paper with all authors contributing to the subsequent version. [PERSON]-[PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] analyzed the data; [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] performed the experiments; [PERSON], [PERSON]-[PERSON] and [PERSON] collected the references and contributed to the design of experiments. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea [Research Program for Agricultural Science & Technology Development, Project No. PJ0135032020]; and Kangwon National University, Republic of Korea [2019 Research grant of Kangwon National University, 520190071].  
The authors would like to thank [PERSON] of the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA for preparing the samples.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Applications
### Biomedical Applications and Public Health  
The photoactivity of titania nanoparticles has also been recently investigated for applications in medicine. The most popular uses exploit the ability of nanostructured titania to generate ROS upon light irradiation, as these species can be employed for photodynamic therapy, but also for the inactivation of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics [219]. Another area that is gaining momentum is the development of active coatings and films for food packaging [220]. To this end, the antimicrobial activity phototriggered by nanostructured titania can be boosted upon the inclusion of silver or copper species, for applications that go beyond food packaging, including also active textiles and self-cleaning fabrics [221].  
Titania nanotubes are being investigated as vehicles for local drug delivery, especially if functionalized to promote osteogenesis at the bone-implant interface, as recently reviewed [222]. Given the widespread use of titanium implants, the possibility to use nanotopography to modify their surface to render it bioactive is particularly attractive. To this end, the usefulness of a variety of potential designs, including titania nanotube arrays loaded with antibiotics (Figure 10), has been recently discussed as a potential strategy to address localized infections [223].
# Electronic Beam Steering Metamaterial Antenna with Dual-Tuned Mode of Liquid Crystal Material
## 1 Introduction  
Over the past decade, liquid crystal (LC) has been introduced into the microwave and millimeter wave domain from optical and has experienced mushroom growth [1; 2; 3]. As a fire-new type of tunable anisotropic material, it attracts extensive attention over the superiority of its small size, light weight, low cost, wide application frequency range and easy conformity [4; 5; 6]. Up to now, LC has been comprehensively employed on tunable phase shifters [7], filters [8], resonators [9], antennas [10] and other microwave devices [11; 12; 13].  
The composite right/left-handed (CRLH) transmission line is an artificial material which features unique electromagnetic properties that are unavailable in nature. Metamaterial antennas with an incorporated CRLH transmission line are capable of continuous beam steering from backfire to endfire, including broadside [14; 15; 16]. To date, CRLH metamaterial antennas have been extensively applied in smart antenna, satellite communication and high-resolution radar to promote the system performance [17; 18; 19]. Moreover, electronic beam-steering CRLH metamaterial antennas integrated tunable components or materials have the ability to beam steer in a fixed frequency and increase the frequency reuse ratio and the spectrum utilization [20; 21; 22]. Familiar modulation methods, including varactor [23], ferrite [24], BST [25], MEMS [26] and mechanical tuning, are broadly applied in microwave and millimeter wave components. Compared with the forenamed tuning methods, LC features a wide application frequency range, convenient feeding and continuous linear tuning [27; 28]. However, tunable microwave devices based on LC suffer from the singular tunable mode and the restricted tunable scope [29; 30]. There has been little agreementon how to fix these challenges [31; 32; 33]. Leaky wave antenna is a typical kind of beam-steering antenna. Due to its advantages of low profile, low cost and miniaturization, it has also become of great interest in recent years [34; 35]. However, the traditional leaky wave antenna finds it difficult to break through the Bragg resonance effect; in consequence, it has trouble achieving broadside radiation. In addition, beam-steering antennas are good candidates for satellite communication to increase the channel capacity significantly and improve communication quality due to the beam-steering characteristics. Therefore, this paper focuses on the Ku band beam scanning antenna in the downlink band of satellite communication, combined with the dual-tuned scheme of LC material, to provide more possibilities for the application of the metamaterial antenna in satellite communication.  
A novel dual-tuned mode of LC material is raised up and implemented on reconfigurable CRLH metamaterial antenna to achieve more flexible steering of the beam. In Section 2, the dual-tuned mode is illustrated and explained in detail. Section 3 describes the design, simulation and analysis of the dual-tuned beam-steering CRLH metamaterial antenna based on LC. Finally, the conclusion is summarized.
## 3 Semi-Analytical Echo Model of Airborne SAR Altimeters
### Multilooking  
The reflection power is obtained through the triple convolution in (13), where the expressions of \(FSIR(t_{r},k)\) are provided in (31). To obtain multilook waveforms, delay compensation can be applied to the DDM [19]. The range of each beam \(n\) needs to be offset for a particular range bin in order to correspond to the same across-track position for all beams [24]. After compensation, the range indicated for each scatterer over its entire illumination history is equal to its minimum range. The delay of each beam \(\delta_{r}(n)\) is obtained by the difference between the modulus of the position vector \(r_{n}=\sqrt{\hbar^{2}+y_{n}^{2}}\) and the minimum height between the surface and the platform, as follows:  
\[\delta_{r}(n)=r_{n}(1/\sin\theta_{n}-1),\]  
\[\cos\theta_{n}=\frac{\lambda f_{n}}{2v_{c}\cos\mu}+\frac{h_{0}\tan\mu}{r_{n}}, \tag{32}\]  
where the minimum height \(h_{0}\) can be obtained by tracking algorithm. Then, the final multilook waveform can be obtained through the reflected power after delay compensation, as follows:  
\[s(t)=\sum_{n=1}^{N}P(t-2\delta_{r}(n)/c,f_{n}). \tag{33}\]  
The traditional method for delay compensation in SAR altimetry, as described in [19], typically employs nearest neighbor interpolation in the range domain. In this paper, a novel delay compensation method for SAR altimeters with vertical movement is proposed. The proposed method utilizes sinc interpolation, as depicted in Algorithm 1, to optimally handle non-integer delays and maintain the frequency characteristics of the signal. The resulting multilook waveform is tracked according to the maximum value to find the range gate. We compare the tracked waveform to the proposed theoretical echo model in order to determine the parameter value exhibiting the highest similarity through the corresponding re-tracking algorithm detailed in Section 4.  
```
0: range \(r\), Doppler frequency \(f_{d}\), The reflected power \(P_{I}(r,f_{d})\), minimum height \(h_{0}\)
1: resolution of the along-track \(dy=v\cos\mu NPRI\);
2:\(\text{ylimit}=\lambda f_{d,\text{max}}r_{\text{max}}/2v\cos\mu\);
3:\(y_{n}=-\text{ylimit}+h\tan\mu\) : \(dy:\text{ylimit}+h\tan\mu\);
4:for each \(i\) in \(r\)do
5:\(f_{n}\) according to (9);
6:\(P(r,f_{n})=Interpolation(f_{d},P(r,f_{d}),f_{n})\);
7:endfor
8:\(r_{n}=\sqrt{r\cdot r+\left(y_{n}\cdot y_{n}\right)^{\mathsf{T}}}\)
9:for each \(n\) in \(y_{n}\)do
10:\(P(r_{n},f_{n})=Interpolation(r,P(r,f_{n}),r_{n})\);
11:endfor
12: The reflected power after delay compensation \(P(r_{n},f_{n})\)
```  
**Algorithm 1** Delay Compensation for Airborne SAR altimetry
# EOR: An Enhanced Object Registration Method for Visual Images and High-Definition Maps
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Spatial Distribution Factors  
The proposed SDF encompasses feature occupancy, feature GDOP, and longitudinal differences of relevant objects in both the visual images and the HD map. By analyzing the distribution and relative importance of features in the scene, SDF offers a comprehensive understanding of the spatial layout and coverage. This subsection presents the definition of 2D SDF from visual segmented images and 3D SDF from HD map objects, with a focus on lane markings, poles, and traffic signs. While their direct impact on registration will be further explored in the experiments section.
# Integrating Classical Preprocessing into an Optical Encryption Scheme
## 3 Results
### Forward Security  
Following the motivation in Section 3.1, we want to show that our hybrid construction satisfies the forward security property on a bit-wise level. We let \(x_{i}^{t}\) represent a plaintext bit and \(y^{t}=\tilde{a_{1}^{t}},\ldots,\tilde{a_{\ell t}^{t}},y_{1+1}^{t},\ldots,y_{s} ^{t}\) represent the reconstructed ciphertext at time period \(t\) for \(t\in\mathbb{N}\). Let \(k^{1},\ldots,k^{t}\) represent the sequence of the secret keys. We assume after time \(t\) (when the ciphertext has been sent and the measurements without knowing \(k^{t}\) have been realized), \(k^{t}\) becomes public information. Even with knowledge of \(k^{1},\ldots,k^{t}\), the entropy of the random variable taking the value of a plaintext bit \(X_{i}^{t}\) is hardly reduced:  
If AlphaEta is \(\epsilon\)-secure in transmitting a single bit, \(\mathcal{C}\) a binary repetition code with odd length \(r\), and \(\mathcal{T}\) an \(\ell\)-restricted restricted AONT on \(\mathbb{F}_{2}^{s}\), then, the protocol in Figure 4 is \(\epsilon\)-forward secure according to Definition 4.  
Proof.: According to Bayes' Rule of entropy, for any random variables \(X,Y\),  
\[H(Y|X)=H(X|Y)-H(X)+H(Y). \tag{15}\]We will use capital letters to denote the random variables taking the values of the corresponding plaintext bits, reconstructed ciphertext and the keys. Hence, \(H(X^{t}_{i}|Y^{t},K^{1},\ldots,K^{t})\) is equal to  
\[\begin{array}{ll}&H(Y^{t},X^{t}_{i}|K^{1},\ldots,K^{t})-H(Y^{t}|K^{1},\ldots, K^{t})(\text{Coroll.})\\ =&H(K^{1},\ldots,K^{t}|Y^{t},X^{t}_{i})-H(K^{1},\ldots,K^{t})+\\ &H(Y^{t},X^{t}_{i})-H(Y^{t}|K^{1},\ldots,K^{t})\qquad\qquad\qquad\text{(Bayes' R.)}\\ =&H(Y^{t},X^{t}_{i})-H(Y^{t}|K^{1},\ldots,K^{t})\\ =&H(Y^{t})+H(X^{t}_{i}|Y^{t})-H(Y^{t}|K^{1},\ldots,K^{t})(\text{Chain R.})\\ =&H(Y^{t})+H(X^{t}_{i})-\epsilon-H(Y^{t}|K^{1},\ldots,K^{t})\quad\text{(Th. 2)}\\ \geq&H(Y^{t})+H(X^{t}_{i})-H(Y^{t})-\epsilon\\ =&H(X^{t}_{i})-\epsilon\end{array} \tag{16}\]  
Since the secret keys \(K^{1},\ldots,K^{t}\) have been revealed, \(H(K^{1},\ldots,K^{t}|Y^{t},X^{t}_{i})\) as well as \(H(K^{1},\ldots,K^{t})\) are zero. Hence, the third equality holds. In addition, the inequality holds since \(H(Y^{t}|K^{1},\ldots,K^{t})\leq H(Y^{t})\).
## 4 Experiments
### Implementation Details  
The proposed method in this paper was developed using the PyTorch 1.10 deep learning framework and executed on a computing platform featuring an NVIDIA(r) GeForce RTX3080 GPU. To ensure fairness, all experiments were conducted in the same environment, with each network trained using the same set of hyperparameters. Choosing the appropriate hyperparameters during the training process is essential for accelerating convergence and improving model performance. After thorough research and testing, a suitable set of hyperparameters was determined for the final model training, as shown in Table 2.
# Enhancing Resilience in Digital Twins: ASCON-Based Security Solutions for Industry 4.0
## 2 Literature Review
### Security Mechanisms Analysis from the Literature  
Securing the communication channels between Digital Twins and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) deployments is crucial, especially within the critical infrastructure of Industry 4.0. Various research efforts have been undertaken to explore different security mechanisms aimed at ensuring robust and efficient data communication. This subsection provides a comparative analysis of these security mechanisms, focusing on their practicality, resource efficiency, and deployment suitability.  
Blockchain (smart contract) technology is widely employed in the existing literature to ensure privacy and security within the Digital Twin ecosystem. In studies such as those by [9; 10; 14; 15; 16; 17], proposals have been made for blockchain-based data transmission schemes to ensure data integrity. However, due to blockchain's inherent characteristics, the solutions based on this technology have limitations in providing data confidentiality. While these approaches enhance data integrity in distributed environments, their computationally demanding nature may impact their suitability for resource-constrained IoT devices.  
Privacy enhancement in the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has been addressed by three studies [7; 8; 13; 18] through techniques such as secret handshake schemes, group signatures, and differential privacy methods. These approaches, aimed at improving privacy, may require significant computational resources for cryptographic operations, posing challenges for resource-constrained IIoT devices.  
Additionally, security mechanisms focusing on access control and trust have been identified [6; 12; 13]. The initial study proposes the implementation of a centralized access control system employing XACML policies and tokens such as SAML and OAuth to govern access and ensure the security of communications. Another investigation introduces a secure data sharing scheme utilizing attribute-based access control. The third study recommends secure data exchange between Digital Twin and Industrial Internet of Things environments leveraging technologies such as Physical Unclonable Functions (PUF) and Trusted Platform Modules (TPM). While these approaches demonstrate resource efficiency, their economic viability may be constrained by the necessity for specialized hardware configurations and intricate key management.  
Lastly, we examined a distinctive study [11] centered on quantum communication and entanglement. This theoretical proposal may face feasibility challenges in the near term, given the nascent state of quantum technology development. Quantum communication offers the potential for highly efficient and robust security measures, albeit its practical implementation remains challenging due to the requirement for sophisticated hardware.
## 3 Developed Equipment and Experimental Setup
### FRF Test Using Developed Equipment
#### 3.2.1 FRF Results of Porcelain Impact  
First, analysis was carried out to determine whether the normal and damaged caps were distinguishable for the cristobalite material. The FRF of the normal specimen (C) produced four eigenmodes from 0 to 5 kHz and four eigenmodes from 5 to 10 kHz, as shown in Figure 4a,b. Similar waveforms appeared in other normal specimens, and it was confirmed that no peak other than those of the eight eigenmodes occurred. In the case of cap damage specimens (CD1 to CD3), a new eigenmode was generated below 2 kHz, and the second eigenmode was characterized by low frequency shift. However, the FRF waveform was mostly normal. Differences between the normal and damaged cap specimens have typically been identified by striking porcelain samples, but these minor changes can be difficult to replicate due to the characteristics of porcelain insulators in various manufacturing conditions, and the errors in field experiments. Therefore, the analysis was conducted by striking the cap to derive a clear difference between the normal condition and cap failure.
# A Flexible Localization Method of Multi-Constrained Free-Form Surface Based on the Profile Curves
###### Abstract  
The precision forming process is currently used for many difficult-to-cut parts such as aero-engine blades. However, satisfying the tolerance requirement of the forming accuracy is difficult. Thus, precision machining is used to ensure final accuracy of the part. The error of the near-net shape caused by the thermal process cannot be ignored in the machining process. If the cutting tool path is generated in terms of the design blade model, it would be too difficult to satisfy the material allowance and tolerance requirement of the design blade. In this paper, we propose a new flexible localization method to reconstruct a to-be-cut surface which improves the qualification rate. In this method, the tolerance and material allowance requirements are transformed into optimization constraints. Furthermore, the profile curves of the to-be-reconstructed blade surface are converted into the optimization variables. The material allowance distribution of the to-be-reconstructed surface needs to be as uniform as possible. Through this optimization, the profile curves of the blade surface at the specified height are obtained and used to evaluate the to-be-cut blade model. Finally, a typical compressor blade model is used to verify the proposed method. The results show that the approach can meet the tolerance requirements and ensure sufficient material allowance for the near-net shape blades.  
profile curve; tolerance; hybrid constraint; localization; optimization Article  
A Flexible Localization Method of Multi-Constrained Free-Form Surface Based on the Profile Curve  
1213  
This paper proposes a flexible localization method that ensures the non-uniform profile tolerance and uniform material allowance on the section profiles of blade. It is used to obtain an adequate to-be-cut surface as far as possible, even if the shape of the to-be-cut surface is different from the design surface. The near-shape blade billet is clamped on the machine tool and is measured by the on-machine measurement. The measured result representing the blade billet shape is introduced into localization optimization. After the optimization, a to-be-cut blade surface is obtained that is the used to generate the subsequent toolpath.