## 3 Results  
Ten T2 DM (5 males and 5 females) and ten healthy (3 males and 7 females) participants were included in this study (No drop-outs of patients). T2 DM patients were significantly older than thecontrol group (50.3 years \(\pm\) 3.1 years vs. 60.5 years \(\pm\) 1.2 years, \(p\) = 0.01). Anthropometric measurement showed no significant difference of body mass index (BMI) (T2 DM 24.1 \(\pm\) 1.0; controls 24.6 \(\pm\) 1.2) and waist circumference (T2 DM 33.4 \(\pm\) 1.3 inches; control 33.6 \(\pm\) 1.2 inches) (\(p\) > 0.05) (Table 1). Results from blood test of metabolic parameters and lipid profile at both baseline and at 8 weeks are shown in Table 2. FPG (122.6 mg/dL vs. 77 mg/dL, \(p\) < 0.05) and HbA1c in T2 DM (6.47% vs. 5.16%, \(p\) < 0.05) at 8 weeks were significantly higher than in controls as expected although the other lipid profile parameters (cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C and triglycerides) were not significantly different (Table 2). Data from bone histomorphometric analysis demonstrated that the collected data from both groups were normally distributed by using Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk test. After 8 weeks of placement, all micro-implants placed in both groups showed no sign of failure from both clinical evaluation and periapical radiograph; therefore, osseointegration occurred (Figure 5). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & **Participant** & **Gender** & **Age** & **BMI** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Waist** \\ **Circumference** \\ **(WC)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \cline{2-7}  & & \(n\) & **Male** & **Female** & **Mean \(\pm\) SE** & **Mean \(\pm\) SE** \\ \hline Group & Control & 10 & 3 & 7 & 50.3 \(\pm\) 3.1 (years) & 24.6 \(\pm\) 1.2 & 33.6 \(\pm\) 1.2 (inches) \\ T2 DM & 10 & 5 & 5 & 60.5 \(\pm\) 1.2 (years) & 24.1 \(\pm\) 1.0 & 33.4 \(\pm\) 1.3 (inches) \\ Total number & 20 & & & & \(p\) = 0.01 & \(p\) = 0.844 & \(p\) = 0.796 \\ Significance & & & & & & \(p\) = 0.05 & \(p\) = 0.05 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Comparison of anthropometry (BMI and waist circumference) between T2 DM group and control group. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline  & **Control (\(n\) = 10)** & **T2 DM (\(n\) = 10)** \\ \hline FPG at baseline & 80.4 \(\pm\) 8.9 (mg/dL) & 117.1 \(\pm\) 20.5 (mg/dL) * \\ FPG at 8 weeks & 77 \(\pm\) 6.4 (mg/dL) & 122.6 \(\pm\) 26.1 (mg/dL) * \\ HbA1c at baseline & 5.3 \(\pm\) 0.2 (\%) & 6.43 \(\pm\) 0.6 (\%) \\ HbA1c at 8 weeks & 5.1 \(\pm\) 0.1 (\%) & 6.47 \(\pm\) 0.6 (\%) * \\ Cholesterol at baseline & 222.1 \(\pm\) 43.7 (mg/dL) & 164.3 \(\pm\) 48.9 (mg/dL) \\ Cholesterol at 8 weeks & 213.1 \(\pm\) 51.8 (mg/dL) & 164.9 \(\pm\) 44.6 (mg/dL) \\ HDL-C at baseline & 61 \(\pm\) 16.1 (mg/dL) & 53.7 \(\pm\)17 (mg/dL) \\ HDL-C at 8 weeks & 60.7 \(\pm\) 17.8 (mg/dL) & 55.2 \(\pm\) 17.3 (mg/dL) \\ LDL-C at baseline & 136.3 \(\pm\) 42 (mg/dL) & 90.5 \(\pm\) 35.1 (mg/dL) \\ LDL-C at 8 weeks & 134.2 \(\pm\) 46.8 (mg/dL) & 87.1 \(\pm\) 37.3 (mg/dL) \\ Triglycerides at baseline & 124 \(\pm\) 96.6 (mg/dL) & 101 \(\pm\) 49.9 (mg/dL) \\ Triglycerides at 8 weeks & 91.4 \(\pm\) 40.5 (mg/dL) & 112.8 \(\pm\) 80.7 (mg/dL) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Comparison of lipid profile of control and T2 DM groups. Only fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and HbA1c showed significant difference (\(p\) < 0.05). The calculation of BIC from both groups showed that T2 DM had significantly lower BIC (30.73%) than its control counterpart (41.75%) (\(p\) = 0.01). Similarly, new bone formation in the implant chamber was reduced in the tested group (36.25%) compared to the healthy group (44.14%) (\(p\) = 0.028). The Pearson correlation indicated that higher FPG was closely related to higher HbA1c. Moreover, higher HbA1 was adversely related to lowered BIC and new bone formation on titanium implants surface indicating that the higher HbA1c, the lower bone formation around implants (Figures 6 and 7). However, other parameters including cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C and triglycerides did not show any correlation with BIC and new bone formation.