## 3 Results and Discussion
### GIS Application
#### 3.1.1 Case Scenario 1: No Detection of Leakage Location(s)
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline
**DMA** & **D1** & **D2** & **D3** & **D4** & **D5** & **D6** & **D7** & **D8** & **D9** & **D10** & **D11** & **D12** & **D13** & **D14** & **D15** & **D16** \\ \hline Al Rahmanya-1 & 4.07 & 3.87 & 2.56 & 4.2 & 3.96 & 3.76 & 4 & 3.43 & 2.93 & 3.12 & 3.13 & 3.23 & 2.84 & 1.99 & 3.65 & 3.81 \\ \hline Al Rahmanya-3 & 3.7 & 3.41 & 2.18 & 3.7 & 3.58 & 3.23 & 3.39 & 2.73 & 2.92 & 2.31 & 2.41 & 2.33 & 3.03 & 2.61 & 2.8 & 2.98 \\ \hline Industrial Area-4 & 1.07 & 1.01 & 0.99 & 0.97 & 1.05 & 1.04 & 1.03 & 1.05 & 1.07 & 1.1 & 1.13 & 1.07 & 1.09 & 1.07 & 1.05 & 1.02 \\ \hline Barashi & 3.31 & 1.73 & 1.93 & 2.64 & 2.2 & 1.35 & 1.89 & 2.09 & 2.48 & 2.04 & 1.38 & 1.44 & 1.09 & 0.89 & 1.05 & 1.17 \\ \hline Maysaloon & 1.07 & 1.07 & 1.03 & 0.95 & 1.03 & 1.04 & 1.02 & 1.07 & 1.14 & 1.21 & 1.12 & 1.08 & 1.15 & 1.09 & 1.07 & 1.08 \\ \hline Al Fayah & 0.89 & 0.86 & 0.88 & 0.89 & 0.9 & 0.87 & 0.87 & 0.85 & 0.93 & 0.94 & 0.89 & 0.93 & 0.9 & 0.9 & 0.87 \\ \hline Al Ghuwair & 0.87 & 0.87 & 0.84 & 0.76 & 0.83 & 0.86 & 0.85 & 0.88 & 0.93 & 0.94 & 0.85 & 0.84 & 0.9 & 0.86 & 0.84 & 0.85 \\ \hline Bu Tina & 0.69 & 0.68 & 0.68 & 0.63 & 0.67 & 0.69 & 0.68 & 0.7 & 0.72 & 0.68 & 0.67 & 0.71 & 0.69 & 0.68 & 0.67 \\ \hline Al Sabkha & 1.05 & 1.02 & 1.01 & 0.97 & 1.01 & 1.05 & 1.01 & 1.04 & 1.02 & 1.04 & 1.02 & 1.03 & 0.96 & 1.01 & 1.01 \\ \hline Al Ghaphia & 1.15 & 1.1 & 1.06 & 1.01 & 1.07 & 1.14 & 1.07 & 1.12 & 1.11 & 1.1 & 1.04 & 1.07 & 1.08 & 1 & 1.07 & 1.08 \\ \hline Al Nasserya & 0.9 & 0.8 & 0.82 & 0.8 & 1.07 & 1.08 & 0.79 & 0.84 & 0.84 & 0.89 & 0.88 & 0.83 & 0.87 & 0.83 & 0.81 & 0.81 \\ \hline Al Qadsia & 0.9 & 0.87 & 0.88 & 0.85 & 0.89 & 0.9 & 0.87 & 0.9 & 0.87 & 0.93 & 0.91 & 0.85 & 0.93 & 0.89 & 0.87 & 0.86 \\ \hline Industrial Area-6 & 0.67 & 0.66 & 0.5 & 0.3 & 0.55 & 0.64 & 0.67 & 0.7 & 0.79 & 0.56 & 0.32 & 0.5 & 0.49 & 0.47 & 0.48 & 0.83 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Pressure data provided by SEWA (first half of the month). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**DMA** & **D17** & **D18** & **D19** & **D20** & **D21** & **D22** & **D23** & **D24** & **D25** & **D26** & **D27** & **D28** & **D29** & **D30** & **D31** \\ \hline Al Rahmanya-1 & 3.85 & 3.72 & 2.61 & 3.97 & 3.97 & 3.93 & 3.78 & 3.63 & 3.73 & 3.59 & 3.69 & 3.82 & 3.91 & 2.84 & 4.1 \\ \hline Al Rahmanya-3 & 3.1 & 3.12 & 2.18 & 3.15 & 3.22 & 3.33 & 3.17 & 2.94 & 3.05 & 2.98 & 2.73 & 3.34 & 2.87 & 3.21 & 3.36 \\ \hline Industrial Area-4 & 0.98 & 0.99 & 0.92 & 0.96 & 0.98 & 0.91 & 0.86 & 0.88 & 0.84 & 0.85 & 0.89 & 0.89 & 0.98 & 1.09 & 1 \\ \hline Barashi & 0.93 & 1.12 & 1.25 & 1.32 & 2 & 1.6 & 1.68 & 1.26 & 1.29 & 1.57 & 1.76 & 1.95 & 1.77 & 1.64 & 1.42 \\ \hline Maysaloon & 1.05 & 1.01 & 1.03 & 1.04 & 1.04 & 1.01 & 1.02 & 1.01 & 0.97 & 0.98 & 0.97 & 0.95 & 0.98 & 0.96 & 0.95 \\ \hline Al Fayah & 0.83 & 0.84 & 0.84 & 0.87 & 0.85 & 0.82 & 0.83 & 0.86 & 0.81 & 0.83 & 0.88 & 0.82 & 0.86 & 0.88 & 0.87 \\ \hline Al Ghuwair & 0.82 & 0.76 & 0.79 & 0.83 & 0.84 & 0.8 & 0.8 & 0.99 & 0.72 & 0.76 & 0.75 & 0.77 & 0.8 & 0.79 & 0 Once buffering is complete, the software generates a new output feature class. In terms of the water quality parameter, there are 42 chlorine residual locations within the polygon generated. The low chlorine values were determined by finding any value lower than the average of the daily mean chlorine values. The locations of low chlorine values were determined using the 'near' function. Figure 8 focuses on the intersections of the model that generate a new output feature class. The output results for the locations without leakage events show that there are no regions with leakages. Therefore, this proves that this method works for any pressure or flow value, indicating that it can be applied in any situation. Figure 8: Intersection map. Figure 7: Buffering 2000 m from the location of the data.