## 2 Carbon Nanostructures as Templates for Titania Nanomorphologies
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Carbon** & **Nanocarbon** & **Distinctive** & **Specific** & **TiO\({}_{2}\)** & \\
**Nanostructure** & **Surface** & **Raman** & **Surface Area** & **Crystallite** & **Ref.** \\
**(CN)** & **Functionalization** & **Peaks (cm\({}^{-1}\))** & **(m\({}^{2}\) g\({}^{-1}\))** & **Size (nm)** & **Ref.** \\ \hline MWCNTs \({}^{5}\) & OH & 146, 396, 513, 637 (A) \({}^{1}\) & & & \\  & & 1331 and 1581 (CN) & 85–103 & 5–7 & [137] \\ \hline MWCNTs \({}^{5}\) & Oxidation & 146, 395, 515, 635 (A) \({}^{1}\) & & & \\  & & 1347 and 1582 (CN) & \(n.\)a. & \(n.\)a. & [138] \\ \hline MWCNTs \({}^{5}\) & Carboxyl plasma polymer & 144–149 (A) \({}^{1}\) & & & \\  & & 1340, 1580, 2685 (CN) & \(n.\)a. & \(n.\)a. & [139] \\ \hline CNT fibers & Oxidation & 147, 199, 395, 514, 636 (A) \({}^{1}\) & & & \\  & & 1344, 1578, 1620, 2681 (CN) & \(n.\)a. & \(<\) 10 & [141] \\ \hline MWCNTs-GO \({}^{10}\) & N-doping & 1350, 1580 (CN) & 135–417 & \(n.\)a. & [143] \\ \hline Graphene & \(n.\)a. & Anatase, D, G, 2D bands (CN) & 88–136 & 9–12 & [144] \\ \hline Graphene & Oxidation & 159, 636 (A) \({}^{1}\) & & & \\  & & 1333, 1698 (CN) & \(n.\)a. & 2 & [147] \\ \hline GO \({}^{10}\) & Magnetization & Anatase, D and G bands (CN) & 45 & 9–17 & [101] \\ \hline GO \({}^{10}\) & \(n.\)a. & 155 (A) \({}^{1}\), 1370 and 1600 (CN) & \(n.\)a. & 5 & [150] \\ \hline GO \({}^{10}\) & N-doping & 1340, 1590 (CN) & \(n.\)a. & 2 & [151] \\ \hline GO \({}^{10}\) & Oxidation & 145, 398, 517, 629 (A) \({}^{1}\) & & & \\  & & 1331, 1599 (CN) & \(n.\)a. & \(n.\)a. & [152] \\ \hline GO \({}^{10}\) & \(n.\)a. & 144, 515, 640 (A) & & & \\  & & 193, 244, 272, 321, 362, 434 (B) \({}^{11}\) & 459 & \(n.\)a. & [132] \\  & & 1357, 1600, 1670 (CN) & & & \\ \hline GO \({}^{10}\) & \(n.\)a. & 397, 518 (A) \({}^{1}\) & & & \\  & & 1350, 1570, 1620, 2600 (CN) & \(n.\)a. & 1.5 & [153] \\ \hline GO \({}^{10}\) & CS \({}^{12}\), PVA \({}^{13}\) (non-covalent) & 444, 608 (R) \({}^{7}\) & & & \\  & & 1351, 1601 (CN) & \(n.\)a. & \(n.\)a. & [154] \\ \hline GO \({}^{10}\) & Adenine & 147, 159, 402, 513, 635 (A) \({}^{1}\) & & & \\  & & 1354, 1576 (CN) & \(n.\)a. & 32 & [155] \\ \hline rGO \({}^{14}\) & Erbium (impregnation) & 458, 463, 616, 633 (A) \({}^{1}\) & & & \\  & & 1353, 1598 (CN) & 53 & 10 & [156] \\ \hline rGO \({}^{14}\) & \(n.\)a. & 145, 398, 517, 640 (A) \({}^{1}\) & & & \\  & & 1354, 1584 (CN) & 78 & \(n.\)a. & [157] \\ \hline rGO \({}^{14}\) & \(n.\)a. & 150, 394, 510, 629 (A) \({}^{1}\) & & & \\  & & D and G bands (CN) & 119 & 15 & [158] \\ \hline rGO \({}^{14}\) & \(n.\)a. & 319 and 515 (A) \({}^{1}\) & & & \\  & & 1330 and 1604 (CN) & 104 & 5 & [112] \\ \hline rGO \({}^{14}\) & ZnS & 150–153, 199, 639 (A) \({}^{1}\) & 441–460 & 15–24 & [161] \\ \hline rGO \({}^{14}\) & \(n.\)a. & Anatase, 1359, 2578 (CN) & 55 & 10 & [162] \\ \hline rGO \({}^{14}\) & \(n.\)a. & 144, 194, 395, 515, 636 (A) \({}^{1}\) & & & \\  & & 1457, 1601 (CN) & \(n.\)a. & 25 & [163] \\ \hline rGO \({}^{14}\) & \(n.\)a. & 145, 393, 638 (A) \({}^{1}\) \({}^{4}\) 45 (R) \({}^{7}\) & & & \\  & & 1323, 1570 (CN) & \(n.\)a. & 23–36 & [164] \\ \hline rGO \({}^{14}\) & \(n.\)a. & 126, 146 (B) \({}^{11}\) 452 (R) \({}^{7}\) & 51 & \(n.\)a. & [165] \\ \hline rGO \({}^{14}\) & P-doped cellulose & 600 (A) \({}^{1}\), 1350, 1580 (CN) & 344 & \(n.\)a. & [166] \\ \hline rGO \({}^{14}\) & Sm\({}_{2}\)MoO\({}_{6}\) & 1345, 1569 (CN) & \(n.\)a. & \(n.\)a. & [167] \\ \hline rGO \({}^{14}\) & \(n.\)a. & \(n.\)a. & 102 & 20–30 & [168] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: \(Cont.\)