esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
Previous studies assumed a normal distribution pattern, but this approach extracts the stochastic characteristics of traffic demand predictions more accurately at a certain time scale. The structure of the paper is as follows:  
In Section 2, we introduce the detailed process of quantile regression, laying the foundation for method improvement, data calculation, and verification in the following sections. In Section 3, we provide a brief description of neural network theory. Subsequently, we combine the neural network and quantile regression models as the research method for this paper and use this approach to predict the probabilistic traffic demand in the aviation sector. In Section 4, we introduce the method principle of kernel density estimation. Through the analysis of the expression of this method, we can obtain the probability density function and probability density graph of the future airway sector traffic demand. Section 5 summarizes the content covered in Sections 2-4 and provides a detailed introduction to the application process of the three models mentioned above in the method presented in this paper. A clearer understanding of the method process will contribute to a better comprehension of the research ideas presented in Section 6. In Section 6, we select air traffic flow data (based on empirical research in the central and southern regions of China) for a specific period. The neural network regression model is employed for prediction, and the quantiles of the predicted data are then substituted into the kernel density estimation model to obtain the probability density curve of traffic demand change. The validity of the method is verified through error analysis. Section 7 discusses the value of the method proposed in this paper. The method is applied to the empirical study of air traffic flow in central and southern China, and the predicted value of the highest probability point, obtained through probability density integration, is compared with the prediction result of the traditional BP neural network.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Advanced Analysis of the Geometric Layout  
The algorithm for the automatic cant calculation presented above is sensitive to the measurement uncertainties. During the analyses, numerous tests involving the filtering of the measurement signal in the wave number domain were carried out. This enabled a reduction of standard errors in the determination of the track axis coordinates associated with the signal oscillation around its actual position.  
In order to calculate the design parameters of the track in horizontal plane and cant variability, a theoretical model based on known and common utilizing types of curves needs to be constructed [31]. For this purpose, SATTRACK program algorithms were used and modified [12]. Based on the roughly corrected coordinates of the measured track axis, basic geometric parameters are determined by dividing the track into sections of constant and variable curvatures. The analyzed route is then described using parametric equations and its basic characteristic parameters are determined, inter alia:  
* Straight line azimuths,
* Route intersection angles,
* Curve radii,
* Transition curve lengths,
* Model of curvature distribution on the transition curve lengths.  
Based on the route described in this way, coordinates of characteristic points are calculated, e.g.,:
* System of polygon vertices,
* Circle centres,
* Points of tangency between the geometric layout elements.  
It is assumed that on a straight section and on the circular part of the curve, the curvature is constant and has a value of \(\kappa=0\) for the straight section and \(\kappa=\frac{1}{R}\) on the circular part of the curve. On transition curves, the curvature is variable and described using the following relationship:  
\[\kappa(l)=\frac{1}{R}\cdot g(l) \tag{21}\]  
and for a point located on the length of a transition curve:  
\[m_{cor(i)}=\frac{-1}{m_{h(Str)}}\pm\tan\Bigl{(}\Theta_{(i)}\Bigr{)} \tag{26}\]  
where \(\Theta\)--the angle of the tangent to the transition curve arc at a point distant by a certain length from its start. For the clothoid, function \(\Theta(l)\) takes on the following values:  
\[\Theta(l)=\frac{l^{2}}{2\cdot L\cdot R} \tag{27}\]  
where:  
\(l\): - The location (distance from the start) of the point on the transition curve [m], \(g(l)\): - Function of variable l, depending on the transition curve type, \(L\): - Transition curve length [m], \(TS\): - The start of the transition curve (Transition--straight), \(O\): - Circle centre.  
After performing the calculations, each measured pair of coordinates is assigned additional parameters:  
\(\bullet\): Curvature, \(\bullet\): Shift direction, \(\bullet\): Velocity, \(\bullet\): Acceleration, \(\bullet\): Calculated cart value.  
The final step of the analysis is the restoration of the model course of the cart variability and the calculation of corrected track axis coordinates (based on Formulas 19-20). The operation principle of the calculation algorithm is presented in the diagram in Figure 5.
# Predicting Melting Points of Biofriendly Choline-Based Ionic Liquids with Molecular Dynamics
## 3 Results
### The Choice of Partial Charges  
Throughout the development of the melting point prediction method, the partial charge distribution was established as a key factor. It is often approximated in the MD studies, that the ionic charges are \(\pm 1\) e. Following this example, the CHELPG atomic charges were calculated for single ions in vacuum with DFT on PBE/Def2-SVP level. Using the obtained atomic charges, the determined melting point values were severely overestimated (Table 3). The melting point estimations improved for some cases when all CHELPG charges were scaled by a factor of 0.8 to account for the possibility of partial charge transfer [41].  
It is natural that lower charges lead to decrease in melting point, because the Coulombic interactions become weaker. However, arbitrarily reducing the partial charges is not justifiable and still led to overestimated melting point predictions. Partial charge transfer manifests itself in DFT calculations of large sets of ion pairs [30; 42; 43]. Yet, as previous studies have shown, larger associates are require to obtain more realistic ionic charges and partial charge distributions within ions [44; 45]. Thus, we calculated partial charges in IL clusters using the GFN2-xTB method and Hirshfeld partitioning scheme. These charges, when incorporated into the force fields, yielding more accurate melting point predictions in most of the cases (Table 3). The cluster geometries for the GFN2-xTB calculations were extracted from the workflow simulation trajectories obtained with CHELPG charges.  
Figure 5: The predicted melting point (\(T_{\text{M}}\)) dependence on temperature rate (\(v_{T}\)) for: (**A**) choline sulfonimides, (**B**) choline carboxylates (with one carboxyl group), (**C**) choline carboxylates (with two carboxyl groups) and (**D**) choline benzoates. Large markers at 0 K \(\cdot\) ns\({}^{-1}\) correspond to experimental values. Solid regression lines extrapolate between different temperature rates.
## 2 Islanding Detection Methods
### Remote Methods
#### 2.4.4 Transfer Trip Scheme  
In this method, all circuit breakers in the islanded region are monitored and connected to DGs via a central control unit. When the main grid is disconnected, the devices of the transfer trip determine which parts are islanding and send the required signal to trip the DGs circuit break [34]. In this method, full communication support is required, and the used common media can be radio communication, leased telephone lines, and modern communication, such as satellite communication, wireless networking, and Ethernet optic fiber. This is why the main disadvantage of this method is the design complication. However, the effectiveness of this method is extremely high with minimal NDZ and faster islanding detection.
## 2 Design and Analysis of the Device
### Material Selection  
The whole system had to be tested in a vacuum and at minimum 60 K, thus the materials chosen for each of the parts had to bear these extreme requirements.  
For the magnetic gear, SmCo was selected for the permanent magnets and mu-metal for the soft-magnetic parts. The housings were made of paramagnetic metallic alloys. SmCo magnets do not suffer spin reorientation transition at low temperatures like NdFeB ones do [51], therefore they are more stable at 60 K. Mu-metal have been selected because of their low power losses and machinability.  
Surrounding materials were selected after doing a trade-off between high thermal conduction, low electrical conduction, low magnetic permeability, similar thermal contractions, and adequate outgassing rates. The parts were done in aluminum 7075, stainless steel 304, and titanium alloys.
# Secure and Lightweight Cloud-Assisted Video Reporting Protocol over 5G-Enabled Vehicular Networks
## 2 Related Work
### Security and Video Reporting in 5G Enabled Vehicular Network  
Security and privacy related topics in 5G cellular networks have mostly being dedicated to security threats of each of the distinct technology (SDN or NFV) [33; 34]. Among relevant works on security concerns over 5G cellular network, [PERSON] et al. [35] surveyed probable threats and attacks against the core modules of 5G cellular networks. The authors also confirmed the four conventional attractive targets in the 4G cellular network: user equipment (UE); access network; the mobile operator's core network; and external Internet Protocol networks. [PERSON] et al. [36] suggested that much effort should be paid on the physical layer of the 5G cellular network. The malicious users are likely to take advantage of the deficiencies of the wireless communication medium such as the poor signal reception quality. Some notable solutions proposed by the authors on the physical layer include artificial noise, confidential and antenna correlation. [PERSON] et al. [37] proposed a framework that analyzes the security requirements of the three scenarios of device to device (D2D) communications in LTE Advanced (LTE-A) networks. The first one includes the network-covered D2D communication without user applications, in which all the nodes in the proximity are under an LTE-A network coverage and the user applications do not need D2D communications. The following scenario is the network-covered D2D communication, where all the devices including the users' devices are covered by an LTE-A network. The last scenario is the network-absent D2D communication. For all these three types of D2D scenarios, conventional security attacks such as eavesdropping, impersonation attack and the corresponding countermeasure solutions were introduced [37].  
For vehicular environment, several researches have addressed potential security and privacy issues in VANETs [38; 39; 40; 41]. ITS based services such as navigation services received much attention for the last decade [22; 42]. Other protocols in the literature addressed multiple services in VANETs [43; 44; 45] for the VANETs integrated with cloud computing. However, all the afore-mentioned protocols are not based on HetNet architecture such as 5G-enabled vehicular network, where our protocol is built upon. Recently, researchers in [18; 19] introduced secure and privacy aware cloud-assisted video reporting service in 5G-Enabled vehicular network. However, as noted in Section 1, their protocols have some limitations. This, the design of a new secure and lightweight cloud-assisted video reporting protocol over 5G-enabled vehicular networks is required.
# Impacts of Integration of Wind Farms on Power System Transient Stability
## 4 Case Studies, Results and Discussion
### Effect of Installing Static Capacitors on System Transient Stability
#### 4.4.2 Result of Installing 4 Capacitors Along with Generation Buses  
As shown by the figure below by installing one more capacitor to generation bus 2, the stability of the system increases. From the generator speed curves in Figure 19, the first positive peak is delayed to 1.2 s compared with 0.8 s for Figure 17 with a magnitude of 1.007 p.u. during the disturbance and finally settles down after 8 s. With regard to the generator angles in Figure 20, the positive and negative peaks appeared at 1.2 s with maximal value as 0.35 radian which is much smaller than 0.5 radian in Figure 18, and all the generators are finally synchronized after 8 s. These comparisons show that by increasing the capacitor capacity, the system transient stability can be improved. This is because more capacitors can provide more reactive power to assist the system to endure the fault disturbances.  
Figure 17: Generator speeds for a system with 3 capacitors.  
Figure 18: Generator angles for a system with 3 capacitors.
## 1 Introduction
Composite material grids are tension-dominant structures, characterized by being lightweight, high-strength, and possessing excellent load bearing, damage resistance, and impact resistance capabilities. When applied in ultra-high-performance concrete composite panels, they can significantly enhance the performance of the panels. [PERSON] et al. [33; 34] placed three layers of basalt fiber grids at different locations within concrete composite materials and studied their compression, splitting, tension, and beam bending performance. [PERSON] et al. [35] designed and reported a novel FRP grid-reinforced UHPC composite panel, which is expected to exhibit superior durability and mechanical performance in harsh environments when optimized. Replacing steel structures with composite material grids and combining them with concrete is an effective solution to address the issue of poor corrosion resistance in steel-reinforced concrete. Currently, the application of composite material grids focuses primarily on soil reinforcement and external repair and strengthening of steel-reinforced concrete beams. Research on fully replacing steel cages or FRP rebars with composite material grid structures is still relatively rare. In light of this, this paper introduces a novel structure known as the basalt fiber grid concrete composite beam, abbreviated as the grid concrete beam. The construction of this structure involves the utilization of basalt fiber grid sheets as the primary material. These sheets are cut and joined together to produce a framework with a grid-like pattern. This design mitigates issues related to corrosion that arise after concrete cracking and problems such as delamination and slippage in the reinforcement and repair of FRP plates, fiber fabrics, and laminates due to adhesive aging. Four-point bending tests were performed to investigate the impact of the thickness of the internal grid framework sheets on the flexural capacity of concrete beams with different types of grating. A shear performance test was performed to analyze how the thickness of the lower grid sheet and the side grid sheets affect the shear-bearing capacity of this type of beam. The design technique and methodology for the composite grating concrete beam are provided in this paper. The grid concrete beam exhibits a lightweight design, remarkable strength, and exceptional durability, making it a highly promising material for use in engineering applications.
## 6 Experimental Results and Evaluation
### Comparison with Manual Bug Classification  
The results of the overall comparison of automated bug classification with manual classification are given in Table 11. The accuracy and F1 measure values for automated bug classification outperform manual classification results performed by expert software engineers, given in Table 4.
## 3 Results
### Tewl  
The baseline TEWL values were compared between the intervention group and the control group. There was no difference between the baseline values in the control and intervention groups. As shown in Figure 1, TEWL peaked after irritation of the skin with SLS in both the control and intervention groups (41.7 \(\pm\) 17.1 vs. 42.2 \(\pm\) 14.6 g m\({}^{-2}\) h\({}^{-1}\), control and intervention). In subsequent measurements, TEWL values decreased until day 7 when they were approximated to the baseline values (19.4 \(\pm\) 3.7 vs. 18.4 \(\pm\) 4.83 g m\({}^{-2}\) h\({}^{-1}\), control and intervention). There was no significant difference in magnitude and speed of normalizing TEWL between the groups even with the use of the cream.  
Changes in TEWL over time were also compared between smokers and non-smokers for both the intervention and control groups. Baseline values for smokers and non-smokers were similar for both the control (18.0 \(\pm\) 6.8 vs. 19.0 \(\pm\) 5.8 g m\({}^{-2}\) h\({}^{-1}\), non-smokers and smokers) and intervention groups (18.6 \(\pm\) 4.9 vs. 18.5 \(\pm\) 4.3 g m\({}^{-2}\) h\({}^{-1}\), non-smokers and smokers). There was no significant difference in TEWL between smokers and non-smokers, neither in the control nor in the intervention group. TEWL values were comparable for both groups for all measurements made. In this study, smoking did not interfere with TEWL recovery after SLS irritation.  
Figure 1: TEWL over the study period represented as two separate curves. One for the control group and a second for the intervention group.
# Improvements of Computational Ghost Imaging by Using Sequenced Speckle
###### Abstract  
This study presents a computational ghost imaging (GI) scheme that utilizes sequenced random speckle pattern illumination. The primary objective is to develop a speckle pattern/sequence that improves computational time without compromising image quality. To achieve this, we modulate the sequence of speckle sizes and design experiments based on three sequence rules for ordering the random speckle patterns. Through theoretical analysis and experimental validation, we demonstrate that our proposed scheme achieves a significantly better contrast-to-noise rate (CNR) compared to traditional GI at a similar resolution. Notably, the sequential GI method outperforms conventional approaches by providing over 10 times faster computational speed in certain speckle composition groups. Furthermore, we identify the corresponding speckle sizes that yield superior image quality, which are found to be geometrically proportional to the reference object area. This innovative approach utilizing sequenced random speckle patterns demonstrates potential suitability for imaging objects with complex or unknown shapes. The findings of this study hold great promise for advancing the field of computational GI and pseudo-thermal GI, addressing the need for improved computational efficiency while maintaining high-quality imaging.  
computational ghost imaging; speckle pattern; contrast-to-noise rate; resolution +
Footnote †: journal:
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Total Electron Content from Global Ionosphere Maps  
Global ionospheric maps provide a huge amount of data [13]. We used IGSG combined product. GIM ISG includes TEC data with 2 h time resolution and 2.5\({}^{\circ}\)/5\({}^{\circ}\) resolutions in latitude/longitude. An example of GIM ISG is shown in Figure 3 (middle panel).  
IGSG maps cover the whole period from 1998 to date. ISG TEC was compared with model results, and it was also implemented for single-frequency correction to compare with correction quality for other models.
## 2 Summary of the Special Issue Contents
### Study Case-Oleo-Pneumatic Landing Gear System Drop Impact Dynamics  
Oleo-pneumatic landing gear is a complex component and system that is usually designed in parallel with other components of an aircraft, such as the fuselage and wings. FEM is usually employed for modeling and analyzing this system, which might have a high impact on the structural aircraft dynamics.  
In [4], a new methodology is shown, in which four state variables are considered for the modeling and simulation of the oleo-pneumatic landing gear drop impact dynamics. The forces obtained during the drop were simulated on both horizontal and vertical axes. The well-known MATLAB software considered a set of intercommunicating routines, and it was used instead of FEM software for modeling and simulating the drop impact dynamics, and the numerical results were validated with experimental data. The advantages and limitations of these studies were discussed in this paper.  
Study Case-Analysis and Wind Tunnel Tests for the Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion (NDI) Control Methodology on a Tailless Aircraft  
In [5], the design and wind tunnel tests of the validation of a disturbance rejection dynamic inverse control for a tailless aircraft are presented. In this paper, nonlinear dynamic inversion (NDI)-based disturbance rejection control methodologies were designed, and then wind tunnel tests were used to validate the numerical methodologies' results.  
A nonlinear affine mathematical model was obtained numerically for the tailless aircraft model supported with a 3-DOF rig in the wind tunnel. A baseline NDI controller was designed to stabilize and control the aircraft attitude; this controller was further augmented with a disturbance observer, and became an NDI-DO controller, that was used to reject the lumped disturbances. The simulation has shown that the robustness of the NDI-DO augmented controller was higher than the robustness of the baseline NDI controller, and that the anti-windup (AW), modified disturbance observer recovered the control performance from the actuator saturation.  
Finally, wind tunnel tests were successfully conducted, and their experimental results validated the simulation results obtained by the NDI-DO control methodology; thus, the experimental results fitted the simulation results using the NDI-DO controller very well, which demonstrated a higher tracking and more robust performance than the NDI-PI (proportional integral) controller. However, the NDI-AW controller was not implemented and tested due to the absence of sensors for the actual surface deflections.
# A Look at the Importance of Chirality in Drug Activity: Some Significative Examples
## 2 Drugs Acting on the Cardiovascular System
### Antihypertensive Drugs  
#### 2.2.1 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors  
The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, including captopril (**9**), benzazepril (**10**), enalapril (**11**), moexipril, and imidapril, are chiral compounds. They present two stereogenic centers, thus, they may exist as two enantiomeric pairs of two diastereoisomers. (_S_)-Captopril was the first ACE inhibitor drug to be synthesized for hypertension therapy in the 1970s [62]. Benazepril is used for the treatment of congestive heart failure, hypertension, and chronic renal failure and it has also demonstrated a protective action that protects against doxorubicin cardiotoxicity [63]. Benazepril contains two stereogenic centers but is currently available as the single enantiomer (_S_,_S_) for the treatment of hypertension [64]. Enalapril is a well-tolerated, affordable, and widely used drug that has been suggested as a preventive therapy for arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathyopathy type 5 (ARVC5), the most aggressive form of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy in humans for which there is no therapy [65]. The (_S_)-enantiomer possesses the ACE inhibiting activity, while the (_R_)-enantiomer was less active [66].