## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Tea Extracts on Micellization of \(\omega\)-3 FAs During In Vitro Digestion
Different letters indicate significant differences among groups (\(p<0.05\)). An asterisk (*) denotes significant differences between \(\omega\)-3 FAs alone and those combined with each sample (\(p<0.05\)). Figure 2: Trolox equivalent antioxidant activity (TEAC) of \(\omega\)-3 FAs with and without various tea extracts. Different letters indicate significant differences among groups (\(p<0.05\)). An asterisk (*) denotes significant differences between \(\omega\)-3 FAs alone and those combined with each sample (\(p<0.05\)). Effect of Tae Extracts on the Integrity of the Intestinal Epithelium During \(\omega\)-3 FAs Digestion in Caco-2 Cells  
The TEER values were measured from Caco-2 cells at intervals of 15, 45, 90, and 120 min in order to assess the effect of \(\omega\)-3 FAs with and without various tea extracts, on the integrity of intestinal epithelium after in vitro digestion, as depicted in Figure 4. The TEER values decreased to 90.17 \(\pm\) 7.36 at 15 min for \(\omega\)-3 FAs alone, but recovered to 99.53 \(\pm\) 9.48 by 120 min, with no significant differences being observed at any time point compared to the initial values (\(p\) > 0.05). There were no significant differences across all time points when \(\omega\)-3 FAs treated with GTE35 showed a slight increase in the TEER values to 103.89 \(\pm\) 2.54 at 15 min, followed by a decrease to 98.89 \(\pm\) 2.04 at 120 min, compared to the initial TEER values (\(p\) > 0.05). GTE65, NFGT100, and NFGT30 exhibited a similar pattern among the tea-treated groups. The TEER values for GTE65, NFGT100, and NFGT30 decreased to 90.51 \(\pm\) 3.98, 92.83 \(\pm\) 1.49, and 92.18 \(\pm\) 1.98, respectively, at 90 min. However, the TEER values increased to 96.69 \(\pm\) 6.29 for GTE65, 102.32 \(\pm\) 5.79 for NFGT100, and 96.20 \(\pm\) 0.99 for NFGT30 at 120 min. There were no significant differences compared to the initial values (\(p\) > 0.05) across all measured intervals. The TEER value decreased to 91.35 \(\pm\) 3.21 at 90 min, which shows a significant difference from the initial values (\(p\) < 0.05) for Adiphenon(tm). However, the values increased to 96.90 \(\pm\) 3.23 at 120 min, with no significant differences from the initial values (\(p\) > 0.05). There were no significant differences in the TEER values at 15 min between \(\omega\)-3 FAs alone and those combined with various tea extracts. The previous studies demonstrated that the intestinal epithelial barrier tended to maintain its optimal integrity in the absence of external stimuli, such as inflammation or oxidative stress, which leads to minimal changes in the TEER values [34; 35]. A study found that no significant changes in the TEER values were observed when quercetin was applied to stable small intestinal epithelial cells [34]. A similar finding was observed in the current study, which  
Figure 3: Zeta potential deviation of \(\omega\)-3 FAs with and without various tea extracts after in vitro digestion. The different letters indicate significant differences among groups (\(p\) < 0.05). An asterisk (*) denotes significant differences between the \(\omega\)-3 FAs alone and those combined with each sample (\(p\) < 0.05). indicates that co-treating \(\omega\)-3 FAs with various tea extracts did not have a noticeable impact on the TEER values.