## 4 Results
### Technological Transition and Service Adoption  
Across the analyzed years, there has likely been a technological shift. The decline of fixed telephony in favor of mobile services and the increasing importance of fixed internet, particularly broadband, reflect the changing priorities of households and businesses. Internet access has become a necessity for modern economic activity, with penetration rates directly tied to educational opportunities, business capabilities, and overall quality of life. States with higher GDPs may have been quicker to adopt fiber optic and broadband internet services, which significantly enhance both speed and reliability. Restricted TV services may exhibit a slower growth rate compared to internet access, as more households opt for internet-based streaming services, especially in wealthier states where high-speed internet is more readily available. Figure 11: Overview of the telecommunications penetration rates and GDP correlation for Mexican states in 2021–2022. Figure 12 illustrates the technology adoption trends in ten Mexican states--Baja California, Coahuila, Chihuahua, Ciudad de Mexico, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Estado de Mexico, Nuevo Leon, Sonora, and Veracruz--between 2018 and 2023. These states are selected due to their high GDP and economic development [37], making them critical points of analysis for understanding the telecommunications infrastructure in Mexico's most economically robust regions. The technologies analyzed include cable modem, DSL, fiber optic, and other technologies, with the figure displaying their percentage of penetration for each state over the selected years. The stacked bar plots in the figure offer a detailed breakdown of the evolution of telecommunications technologies across these top 10 states, with each bar representing a specific year from 2018 to 2023. The proportions of the various technologies are visually stacked, providing an intuitive understanding of how the technology landscape has shifted within each state. The analysis reveals several important trends:  
* Fiber optic growth: One of the most striking trends across nearly all states is the consistent increase in fiber optic adoption over time. States like Ciudad de Mexico and Nuevo Leon demonstrate significant progress in fiber optic adoption, with Ciudad de Mexico increasing its fiber optic penetration from 23% in 2018 to 44% in 2023, reflecting a strong investment in modern, high-speed internet infrastructure. This is a critical indicator of digital modernization, as fiber optic technology is essential for supporting the demands of high-speed internet necessary for economic growth and advanced digital services. * Decline of DSL and cable modem: There is a noticeable decline in DSL and cable modem penetration, particularly in states like Nuevo Leon, Sonora, and Veracruz. For example, Nuevo Leon sees a drop in cable modem usage from 45% in 2018 to 15% in 2023, signaling a shift toward more advanced technologies like fiber optic. The decline in DSL, especially in states like Estado de Mexico and Chihuahua, mirrors a nationwide move away from outdated technologies that cannot support the bandwidth demands of modern digital economies. * Technological diversity and disparity: The figure also highlights the technological diversity between states. While some states, such as Sonora and Nuevo Leon,  
Figure 12: Technology adoption trends in Mexico’s top 10 states by GDP (2018-2023), showing the shift from legacy systems like DSL and cable modem to increasing fiber optic penetration. have moved aggressively toward fiber optic infrastructure, others like Veracruz and Guanajuato still maintain higher percentages of DSL and cable modem technologies, though they are also transitioning. This technological disparity can reflect differences in regional investment and economic focus, with certain areas lagging in their ability to modernize their telecommunications infrastructure as rapidly as others.