# Antioxidant Production in _Dunaliella_
## 2 Antioxidants
### Commercial Applications of Antioxidant Enzymes
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Antioxidants**} & **Applications** & **Ref** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{SOD} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Added to cosmetic products to protect against skin damage} \\ \cline{3-4}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Protect against lipid peroxidation, heat, and cold stress in poultry production} \\ \cline{3-4}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{As a therapeutic agent for treatment of inflammatory disorders} & [49; 52; 60; 63; 64] \\ \cline{3-4}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Normal cells protector during radiotherapy for cancer patients} \\ \cline{3-4}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Eliminate excessive H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) in the textile industry, pulp, and paper industry} \\ \multirow{4}{*}{CAT} & \multirow{2}{*}{CAT} & used for bleaching fibres and pulp, and as a bactericidal disinfect in food processing and in the pharmaceutical industry \\ \cline{3-4}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{In aesthetics (mask treatment) to increase cellular oxygenation in the upper layers of facial epidermis} \\ \cline{3-4}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Reducing the risk of diabetes mellitus} \\ \cline{3-4}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{GPX} & Immune system booster & [42; 66] \\ \cline{2-4}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{GST} & Protective role against neurogenerative diseases & [66; 67] \\ \cline{3-4}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Decreases the risk of tumours of the head and neck, oral, cavity and colon} & \\ \cline{3-4}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Glutathione} & Anti-wrinkle formation, and as a modifier of skin smoothness & [68] \\ \cline{3-4}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{As a food preservative and bread improper, protective activity against heart} \\ \multirow{4}{*}{Vitamins} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{As diseases, reduced the risk of colorectal adenomas and prostate cancer,} \\ \cline{3-4}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{reduction of thyroid hormone levels} \\ \cline{3-4}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{As cancer preventive agents, protection against type 2 diabetes Functional} \\ \cline{3-4}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{food additive} & [74; 75; 76; 77] \\ \cline{3-4}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Carotenoid} & Anticancer agents, additive to cosmetics and multivitamin preparation \\ \cline{3-4}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Food colouring agent, pro-vitamin A in food and animal feed} \\ \cline{3-4}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{PUFA} & Prevention of heart and inflammatory diseases & [79; 80] \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Synthetic} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{BHA} & Extending the shelf life of vegetable oil, frying oil, animal feed, cereals, chewing gum, potato flakes and cosmetic products & [81; 82; 83] \\ \cline{3-4}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{BHT} & Increasing the shelf life of animal fats, chewing gum, animal feed, \\ \cline{3-4}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{vegatable oils} & [82; 83] \\ \cline{3-4}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{TBHQ} & Used as preservative for enhancing storage stability of vegetable oils, \\ \cline{3-4}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{TBHQ} & margarine, fish oil, fried foods, essential oils, nuts, edible animal fats, \\ \cline{3-4}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{butterfat, and packed fried foods} \\ \cline{3-4}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Propyl gallate} & As an antioxidant agent in foods and vegetable oil & [82] \\ \cline{3-4}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{BHA = butylated hydroxyl anisole; TBHQ = tert-butylhydroquinone; BHT = butylated hydroxyl toluene} \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Commercial uses of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant. legislation on the use of synthetic food additives, and the carcinogenic nature of some synthetic antioxidants [85; 86; 87; 88] have shifted the attention to finding antioxidants from natural sources that are pharmacologically potent and have low or no toxicity.