# PINE: Post-Quantum Based Incentive Technique for Non-Cooperating Nodes in Internet of Everything
## 3 Proposed Approach--PINE Protocol
### Protocol Design
#### 3.3.2 Operational Phase
* In Table 9 and Figure 12, the accuracy of the protocol is reduced as the session size increases due to the involvement of energy-spoofing non-cooperative \(NC_{j}\) nodes in the network. The reliability of the protocol stands at an overall accuracy of 100%, 92.5%, and 80% when considering a session size of 100, 200, and 300, respectively. Figure 11: Average residual energy vs. number of nodes. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Number of Nodes**} & **Average Residual** & **Average Residual** & **Average Residual** \\  & **Energy for Session** & **Energy for Session** \\  & **Size = 100** & **Size = 200** & **Size = 300** \\ \hline
10 & 4890.21 & 3950.81 & 2008.94 \\ \hline
20 & 3672.45 & 2229.99 & 1865.26 \\ \hline
30 & 2346.06 & 1623.84 & 1081.49 \\ \hline
40 & 1298.67 & 968.58 & 802.37 \\ \hline
50 & 922.55 & 840.6 & 479.39 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: Comparison between average residual energy and number of nodes. ## 5 Conclusions

In this paper, we have proposed a protocol called PINE that successfully implements lattice-based LWE message cryptography with the aim of solving network non-cooperation in an IoE environment. The proposed model addresses the data integrity, confidentiality, and network availability issues involved in the mobile computing environment and effectively works for at most 50 forwarding nodes with significant accuracy. Certainly, the number of nodes can be increased further by maintaining the necessary energy per device to avoid protocol failure during the operation. One of the exciting tasks involved in this research is the implementation of a geo-encrypted lattice LWE cryptography model [58]; another is addressing non-cooperative relay nodes when considering the network vulnerabilities at different instances of network operation. As far as previous studies and research are concerned, to the best of our knowledge no prior work has suggests a lattice-based LWE solution in a bi-directional relay network considering network non-cooperation, especially in a location-aware mobile IoE environment. In this paper, we have evaluated and analyzed the proposed approach considering various performance metrics, namely, the number of nodes, message size, execution time, memory consumption, average residual energy, percentage of selfish nodes, and blackhole nodes detection. The results show that our protocol is an effective and reliable solution which can minimize battery or energy discharge, memory processing requirements, and execution time in IoE devices under the discussed conditions. The limitations of the _PINE_ protocol are as follows:

* The protocol does not focus on optimal or minimum cost route selection; rather, the protocol focuses on selecting an optimal set of routes based on the energy status and incentives of the nodes in the stabilized network. Hence, the _PINE_ protocol is effective for longer communication sessions with multiple receivers in which it is desirable to increase security. For example, the model primarily identifies the next hop based on energy status and distance from the source node, whereas an additional method can be incorporated involving well-defined or verified/tested minimum cost routing-based sensor network protocols for the discussed procedure. This addition can significantly improve overall performance and decrease the latency in the network, as route selection is optimised through the consideration of reactive or proactive routing techniques. * The protocol abstains from addressing several different network attacks, including good-mouthing, bad-mouthing, and distributed denial of service (DDoS), etc., which aim to exhaust network resources and ultimately disturb network reliability and durability.