esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract  
An underwater universal filtered multicarrier (UFMC)-based voice transmission scheme is proposed using a 512-point inverse discrete Fourier transform, utilizing 10 sub-bands, and that each had 20 subcarriers. In this proposed UFMC method, the adaptive modulation technologies with 4 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), 16-QAM, and low-density parity-check (LDPC) channel coding were integrated. Additionally, the bit error rate (BER), transmission power weighting, the ratios of power-saving, and underwater voice transmission performance with perfect channel estimation (PCE), and 5% and 10% channel estimation errors (CEEs) were investigated. The underwater voice transmission had a BER quality of service \(10^{-3}\). Simulation results showed that the PCE outperformed 5% and 10% CEEs, under 4-QAM, with gains of 0.5 and 0.9 dB, respectively, and a BER of \(4\times 10^{-4}\). The PCE outperformed 5% and 10% CEEs, under 16-QAM, with gains of 0.5 and 2.4 dB, respectively, and a BER of \(8.5\times 10^{-4}\). The proposed UFMC scheme can be applied to underwater voice transmission with a BER below \(10^{-3}\) The proposed system showed a superior capability to contend with additive white Gaussian noise, underwater multipath channel fading, and CEEs.  
universal filtered multicarrier (UFMC); underwater; voice; low-density parity-check (LDPC)  
**Clitution:** [PERSON], C.-F. UFMC-Based Underwater Voice Transmission Scheme with LDPC Codes. _Appl. Sci._**2021**, _11_, 1818. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/app11041818](https://doi.org/10.3390/app11041818)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/app11041818](https://doi.org/10.3390/app11041818))  
**Keywords:** universal filtered multicarrier (UFMC); underwater; voice; low-density parity-check (LDPC)
# A Review of the Vibration Arthography Technique Applied to the Knee Diagnostics
## 1 Introduction
He also promoted the use of auscultation for diagnosing OA. Later on, progressive technological advances led to the use of microphones instead, thus reducing the subjectivity of stethoscopes. However, microphones also showed some drawbacks because they have a limited frequency response in the audible range and their sensitivity is reduced by artifacts such as skin friction and ambient noise [9]. Due to these limitations, the use of accelerometers in the late 20 th century has overcome the problem of background noise because of their sensitivity to vibration at the point of measurement only [7]. Previous studies have demonstrated the potential of VAG to diagnose knee disorders. The aim of this review is to give a summary of the current state of knowledge of the vibration arthrography technique applied on the knee joint. It is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the experimental setup, which consists of undergoing a range of flexion and extension cycles while sitting on a high chair. Section 3 discusses the post-processing of recorded signals with the aim of extracting meaningful parameters. This chapter describes \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Technique** & **Advantages** & **Limitations** \\ \hline X-Ray imaging & Inexpensive Fast & Indirect measurements because structures such as cartilage do not appear \\ \hline Arthroscopy & Gold standard Low-risk assessment & Non-suitable for repeated assessment: invasive and requires anaesthesia (incisions made to the knee) \\ \hline Ultrasound & Real-time imaging Low cost soft tissues and structures detected & Limited by the sound’s properties: ultrasounds cannot penetrate bones, some parts of the knee are hidden from sight \\ \hline MRI & 3D imaging, accurate quantitative measurements of articular cartilage morphology & Expensive Complex Long acquisition times \\  & Enables the detection of cartilage, menisci, ligaments, etc. & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Comparison of the currently used diagnostic techniques for knee inspection. several approaches recently used for such signal processing. Their limitations are also mentioned. Finally, Section 4 presents how the extracted parameters were employed to classify normal and abnormal knee joints.
## 4 Discussion
### Optimal Fractional Order for Quality Prediction  
Our results indicate that the optimal FOD order varies for different tea quality indices. For amino acids (AAs), the model with an FOD order of 0.7 produced the best model performance, with the test set R\({}^{2}\) increasing from 0.73 to about 0.80 and the RMSE decreasing accordingly. In contrast, tea polyphenols (TPs) achieved optimal results at an FOD order of 0.1, which modestly improved the R\({}^{2}\) from 0.40 to 0.42. These differences likely arise from the inherent spectral characteristics of AAs and TPs. AAs exhibit more distinct absorption features that benefit from moderate differentiation, while the smoother spectral profile of TPs requires minimal processing to avoid excessive noise amplification. FOD offers clear advantages. Unlike MSC and SNV--which apply linear corrections to remove scatter effects--FOD lets us tune the derivative order continuously between 0 and 1 [32,33]. This flexibility both sharpens subtle absorption peaks and limits noise amplification. As a result, FOD-CARS-PLSR delivers a higher R\({}^{2}\) and lower RMSE than MSC-CARS-PLSR or SNV-CARS-PLSR on fresh leaves. By targeting specific orders, FOD adapts to each compound's spectral signature in a way that simple corrections cannot [34,35].
## 4 Conclusions  
The performance of the traditional wavelets-based fusion algorithms is to create ringing distortions in the fused image due to a lack of directional selectivity and shift-invariance. The proposed methodology utilizes the benefits of a hybrid method approach for the image fusion process. The hybrid method contains LP for decomposition, DTCWT for image fusion, and MPCA for feature extraction. The advantages of the proposed fused image are having better image quality and extracting relevant information from the source images with good directionality, a high degree of shift-invariance using hybrid approach with MPCA, due to this achieving better visual quality. Several pairs of multifocus images are used to assess the performance of the proposed method. Through the experiments conducted on standard test pairs of multifocus images, it was found that the proposed method has shown superior performance in most of the cases as compared to other methods in terms of quantitative parameters and in terms of visual quality, it has shown superior performance to that of other methods. Therefore, the proposed work is validated with many data sets to meet these goals by evaluating quantitative measures like _E(F)_, _AG_, _SD_, _SSIM_, \(Q^{AB/F}\), etc. It is evident from the results that the proposed method produces better visual perception, better clarity, and less distortion. In this work, the proposed technique is used to fuse only grayscale images. Moreover, the application of the proposed method to other areas, such as medical image processing, infrared-visible image processing should be part of future exploration.  
Conceptualization, C.R.M., K.C., A.O.I. and N.Z.J.; Methodology, C.R.M., N.Z.J., R.K.R., K.S.S. and K.C.; Coding, C.R.M., A.A.O.I. and K.C.; Validation, N.Z.J., R.K.R., K.S.S., A.A. and C.R.M.; Investigation, R.K.R., K.C. and N.Z.J.; Resources, C.R.M., K.C. and A.O.I.; Writing--original draft preparation, C.R.M., K.C. and R.K.R.; Writing--review and editing, C.R.M., K.S.S., A.A. and K.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through Large Groups. (Project under grant number (RGP2/111/43)).  
Not applicable.  
Data can be available on request.  
We acknowledge thanks to the Center for Smart Society 5.0 CSS5, Taylor's University, Malaysia.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Combined Effect of Ferrous Ion and Biochar on Cadmium and Arsenic Accumulation in Rice
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Pot Experiments  
The amendments were consisted of BC and/or Fe(II). The treatments were as follows: (1) Control, untreated soil (9 kg dry weight); (2) BC, alone applied 1% (w/w, dry weight soil) biochar per pot, (3)1 BC-1 Fe(II), applied 0.5% biochar and 0.5% ferrous sulfate per pot; (4) 3 BC-1 Fe(II), applied 0.75% biochar and 0.25% ferrous sulfate per pot; (5) 5 BC-1 Fe(II), applied 0.83% biochar and 0.17% ferrous sulfate per pot. The amendments were mixed with soil and placed in each pot. Basic fertilizer was applied at 54.0 g N(CO(NH\({}_{2}\))\({}_{2}\)), 3.6 g P(Ca(H\({}_{2}\)PO\({}_{4}\))\({}_{2}\)\(\cdot\)H\({}_{2}\)O), and 2.9 g K(KCI) of each pot, and each treatment was repeated three times.  
The treated soil was submerged (2-3 cm above the soil surface) with deionized water for a week and randomly arranged in a greenhouse. The rice seeds were sterilized with 30% H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) for 10 min, then rinsed with deionized water and soaked for 24 h. Rice seeds were germinated in pots filled with vermiculite in a greenhouse until five leaves seeding out, and then three rice seedlings, with uniform sizes were transplanted into each pot on 30 August 2015. Effective filler numbers of each treatment contained 3 sub-samples on the tillering stage (16 October 2015), and each sub-sample effective filler numbers were measured for three tested plants in each pot. Plants were reaped on 19 November 2015.  
The procedure of water management are as follows: maintain a 2 cm layer of water until the tillering stage, 3 cm layer of water at tillering stage, and then dried at the jointing stage, 3 cm layer of water at the blooming stage, 1 cm layer of water was maintained at the maturity stage, dried out for cleavage until 7 days before the harvest. A fixed vertical ruler was used for measuring the depth of layer water in the whole growth stage.  
Rhiosphere soil was collected during rice harvest, and each soil sample contained 3 sub-samples. The collected soil samples were air-dried and screened to <2 mm for pH, available Cd and As measurements. The plant tissues including root, straw, husk, and grain were collected. Each sample consisted of 3 subsamples. The rice tissues were thoroughly washed with ultrapure water (18.2 M\(\Omega\)-cm) eventually. The root and straw were dried at 105 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 1 h, and dried at 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 48 h in a dryer. Grain were dried at 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 48 h before being decorticated. The samples were powdered with a stainless steel grinder and passed through a 0.25 mm sieve before chemical analysis. All the plant tissues were crushed using a stainless steel mill and the powder stored in a silica gel dryer before chemical analysis.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Nutrient Fertiliser Replacement Value  
The NFRV quantifies the ability of BBF to replace mineral fertiliser in terms of nutrient supply to a crop [22; 23; 24] (Figure 1). The yield response curve method and the nutrient recovery method are two commonly used methods to assess the NFRV. In this study, the response yield curve method was used. This method first fits a yield curve based on the crop yields that correspond, in our case, to different mineral N or K fertiliser application rates. Secondly, the yields obtained from the treatments that received BBFs are also plotted in the graph. The NFRV can now be calculated by Equation (5):  
\[\text{NFRV}=\frac{\text{Y}_{2}-\text{Y}_{0}}{\text{Y}_{1}-\text{Y}_{0}} \tag{5}\]  
where, Y\({}_{0}\) is the yield obtained from the yield curve when no mineral fertiliser is applied, Y\({}_{1}\) is the yield obtained from the yield curve when a fixed amount of mineral fertiliser is applied, and Y\({}_{2}\) is the yield obtained from the treatment that received BBF. In a pot experiment with potato, the NFRV of the three BBFs was assessed. The fresh weight of the potato tubers was used to indicate the crop yield. A previous study mentioned that obtaining the NFRV based on the fresh or dry weight or the N uptake is valid although the value of NFRV of BBFs obtained by fresh or dry weight might be slightly higher [25]. To be able to draw a yield curve, 0%, 20%, 50%, 70%, and 100% of the  
Figure 1: Calculation of the nitrogen fertiliser replacement value (NFRV) using the response yield curve method (adapted from [24]). recommended amount of N or K was applied, which corresponds to 0 kg, 62 kg, 124 kg, 217 kg, and 310 kg N ha\({}^{-1}\), and for the K-treatments to 0 kg, 53 kg, 106 kg, 186 kg, and 265 kg K ha\({}^{-1}\) (Table 2). Mineral fertilisers CAN and KCl were used for these treatments as they are the most commonly used synthetic counterparts for the used BBFs. A deficit amount of BBF (40% of the recommended amount of N or K) was applied to test the difference in plant growth between plants that received mineral fertiliser and plants that received BBF. Other nutrients were kept at optimal conditions, which correspond to the fertilisation recommendation of consumption potatoes (Table 2). Tables 3 and 4 show the fertilisation scheme of the N (Table 3) and K treatments (Table 4). The pot experiment was carried out between May and September 2020. During the growing season, field conditions were mimicked by cultivating potatoes in a semi-open netting tunnel, letting the potatoes grow in a pot filled with the soil of the potato field, and applying fertiliser at two moments in time. The potatoes were planted in 12 L PVC pots with a 28 cm diameter. Each pot had three drainage holes at the bottom. The soil moisture content was kept constant at each pot. The soil moisture content at the start of the experiment was assessed by weighing 80 g of soil and drying it in the oven under 105 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 24 h. The moisture content of the soil of the potato field corresponded to 22% and of the K-poor soil to 10%. Secondly, the water holding capacity (WHC) of the soil was measured
# 5G-IPAKA: An Improved Primary Authentication and Key Agreement Protocol for 5G Networks
## 6 Discussion
### Performance of the 5G-IPAKA Protocol  
A comparative analysis between the 5G-IPAKA protocol and the recently improved 5G AKA protocols [23; 24; 26; 27] regarding the number of messages, the amount of calculation, and backward compatibility is shown in Table 2.  
In Table 2, the number of messages represents the number of messages among the \(UE\), the \(SN\), and the \(HN\). \(ECDH\) denotes the generation and verification of an elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) exchange. \(PED\) denotes the generation and verification of a public key encryption and decryption process. \(ED\) denotes the generation and verification of a symmetric key encryption and decryption process. \(F\) denotes the generation and verification of a key function, key derivation function, \(MAC\) function, or a hash function, which are grouped into one category because they require the same amount of calculation [27]. \(LRCS\) denotes the left circular shift and the right circular shift. \(XOR\) denotes the generation and verification of an XOR value.  
From Table 2, the number of messages in the 5G-IPAKA protocol is less than the 5G AKA protocol, although the amount of calculation is slightly higher than the 5G AKA protocol. The number of messages in the 5G-IPAKA protocol is less than the protocols in [23; 24], and the amount of calculation is also lower than the protocols in [23; 24] because they introduce multiple public key encryption and decryption processes. The number of messages in the 5G-IPAKA protocol is the same as the protocol in [26], although the amount of calculation is slightly higher than the protocol in [26]. The number of messages in the 5G-IPAKA protocol is more than in the protocol in [27], and the amount of calculation is also higher than the protocol in [27]. However, the protocol in [27] introduces a timestamp mechanism and must maintain the time synchronization among the \(UE\), the \(SN\), and the \(HN\), which is difficult. Hence, our proposed 5G-IPAKA protocol is efficient.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Protocols** & **The Number of Messages** & **The Amount of Calculation** & **Backward Compatibility** \\ \hline
5G AKA & 11 & 1_ECDH_+1_ED_+12F_+2 XOR & - \\
[23] & 11 & 4_PED_+1_ED_+10F_+2 XOR & No \\
[24] & 11 & 2_PED_+1_ECDH_+1_ED_+13_F_+1 XOR & No \\
[26] & 9 & 1_ECDH_+1_ED_+12F & No \\
[27] & 7 & 1_ED_+15F_+1 LRCS_+6 XOR & No \\
5G-IPAKA & 9 & 1_ECDH_+1_ED_+16F_+2 XOR & Yes \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: A comparative analysis between the 5G-IPAKA protocol and the recently improved 5G AKA protocols [23; 24; 26; 27] regarding the number of messages, the amount of calculation, and backward compatibility.  
Additionally, the protocols in [23; 24; 26; 27] destroy the structure of the messages instead of adding fields to the messages or extending fields in the messages, so they are not backward-compatible. Our proposed 5G-IPAKA protocol only extends \(K\) and adds some fields to the messages among the _UE_, the \(SN\), and the \(HN\), so it is forward compatible.
# Multi-Phase Adaptive Recoding: An Analogue of Partial Retransmission in Batched Network Coding +
### Paper Organization and Our Contributions
Although the throughput is not optimized, the multi-phase systematic recoding problem can be solved very efficiently; therefore, it can be adopted in systems where the number of recoded packets per phase cannot be precomputed in advance. The third contribution lies on the description of a baseline protocol that supports multi-phase recoding. The technical shortcoming of the existing protocols for BNC such as those in [72, 85, 86] is that they assume a certain sequential order of the batches to determine whether no more packets of a batch will be received in the future. This way, one can determine when the batch recoding process can be started. When it comes to the multi-phase scenario, instead of waiting for the completion of all phases of a batch  
Figure 3: An example of two-phase variation of systematic recoding. Each arrow corresponds to the flow of a packet. The crosses represent the lost packets. before transmitting the packets of another batch, one can interleave the phases of different batches to reduce the number of idling time intervals. However, the sequential order of the batches is then messed up. When the multi-phase variant of systematic recoding is enforced, the systematic recoded packet can be transmitted at any time, which induces more chaos to the sequential order. In other words, without a renovation on the existing protocols for BNC, multi-phase recoding cannot be realized. The purpose of our protocol design is to give a preliminary idea for real-world deployment of the multi-phase recoding strategy. In our design, the problem of deciding the number of recoded packets per batch per phase is separated from the protocol so that one can apply different multi-phase recoding schemes for comparison. With the help of this protocol, we evaluate the decoding time of multi-phase recoding and compare it with that of single-phase recoding. As a baseline workable solution, we derive the protocol from the minimal protocol for BNC [72] so that the simple (if not the simplest) structure is inherited. Further adjustment and improvement would be needed to adopt multi-phase recoding in a more complicated system.
## 2 Fundamental Loss Model of PMSMs  
To optimize the efficiency of PMSMs, it is crucial to build an accurate and fast approach for motor loss calculation. The controlled electromagnetic loss of PMSMs can be divided into two parts: fundamental loss and harmonic loss. The fundamental loss consists of fundamental copper loss caused by the fundamental current in the stator armature windings and fundamental iron loss caused by fundamental flux linkages in the stator and rotor. Compared with the stator iron loss, the rotor iron loss at steady state is quite small and can be neglected. So the fundamental loss model of PMSMs in this paper only takes into account the stator armature copper loss and stator iron loss.
# Quantification of Optical Chirality in Cellulose Nanocrystal Films Prepared by Shear-Coating
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Elementary Polarization Properties from Normal Incidence Transmission Mueller Matrix  
In the previous section, the reflection of left-handed polarization and the transmission of right-handed polarization in shear-coated CNC films were proven by the sign of the \(m_{41}\) element of the measured Mueller matrices. However, the quantification of circular dichroism (\(CD\)), circular birefringence (\(CB\)), linear birefringence (\(LB\), \(LB^{\prime}\)), and linear dichroism (\(LD\), \(LD^{\prime}\)) requires of a more complete analysis. The fact that \(P_{\Delta}\approx 1\) in transmission, as shown in Figure 5, makes the use of an analytical expression to calculate the six elementary polarization properties from the experimental Mueller matrix possible [27]. The parameters \(LB\) (\(LD\)) and \(LB^{\prime}\) (\(LD^{\prime}\)) are the linear birefringence (dichroism) along the \(x\)-\(y\) and \(\pm 45^{\circ}\) axes, respectively. \(LB\) and \(LB^{\prime}\) are related to the linear retardance \(\delta\) as \(LB=\delta\text{cos}2\varphi\) and \(LB^{\prime}=\delta\text{sin}2\varphi\), where \(\varphi\) is the angle between the \(xy\) frame and the principal axes frame of the sample. \(LD\) and \(LD^{\prime}\) obey a similar relationship related to the diattenuation coefficient \(p\) (the main property of a linear polarizer). To eliminate such orientational dependence, the linear retardance and linear diattenuation can be derived via \(\delta=(LB^{2}+LB^{\prime 2})^{1/2}\) and \(p=(LD^{2}+LD^{\prime 2})^{1/2}\), respectively.  
Figure 6a shows that \(CD\) and \(CB\) are present for wavelengths below 500 nm. The linear retardance in Figure 6b is attributed to the alignment of some CNC in the direction of the applied shear during deposition. However, the values of \(\delta\) are one order of magnitude smaller than those obtained in the dip-coated birefringent CNC films by our group [17]. It can also be noticed that there is a very low linear diattenuation. Data represented with dashed curves in Figure 6 correspond to the analysis described in Section 3.4 below.
## 2 Vehicular Networking Wireless Technologies  
### ITS-G5  
ITS-G5 is a European standard for vehicular communications based on the IEEE-1609.x and IEEE-802.11p standards. IEEE-802.11p operates at 5.850 GHz to 5.9250 GHz with data rate support between 3 and 27 Mbps in a 10 MHz channel bandwidth, and between 6 and 54 Mbps in a 20 MHz channel bandwidth. ITS-G5 supports a range of up to 1000 m in different environments such as rural, urban, suburban and highways supporting maximum relative vehicle speeds of 110 km/h [5]. The bandwidth of ITS-G5 can be selected according to the need of VANET requirements, either 10 MHz or 20 MHz channel bandwidth. The ITS-G5 standard also has a feature exploiting the Geo-Networking protocol for V2V and V2I communications. The ITS-G5 and Geo-Networking are standardized by the ETSI. ITS-G5 is based on the Media Access Control (MAC) and Physical (PHY) of IEEE  
Figure 1: Heterogeneous vehicular networking test-track in Sodankylá, Finland  
802.11p, as part of IEEE-802.11-2016. ITS-G5 defines the PHY and MAC layers of Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) architecture that relies on carrier sensing multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). ITS-G5 supports the asynchronous ad hoc protocol--a counterpart of the LTE-V2X synchronous ad hoc protocol with fixed, predefined time intervals [6].