# Review of GIS-Based Applications for Mining: Planning, Operation, and Environmental Management
## 5 Environmental Management Using GISs
### Mine Operation Environment Management  
Regarding mine operation environment management, research has been conducted on the prediction of blasting vibration and dust impact, evaluation of the slope stability in an open-pit mine, and analysis of the composition of the mine area. The studies discussed here utilized GIS functions, such as spatial database construction and mapping, geoprocessing, and drainage analysis. [PERSON] et al. [51] examined the impact of blast-induced ground vibrations on surrounding structures (e.g., highways, water pipes, railways, and residential areas) from a quarry mine in Vietnam. They investigated a total of 25 blasting events and recorded 83 observations, which were classified using the fuzzy C-means clustering (FCM) algorithm. On this basis, quantile regression neural network (QRNN) models were developed. The combination of FCM and QRNN models created a new hybrid model with which to predict blast-induced ground vibration. The developed model was found to have a higher accuracy when compared with other models, such as that from the US Bureau of Mines, random forest, QRNN (without clustering), and ANN. The proposed model can be used to control the blast-induced ground vibration and minimize its effects. [PERSON] et al. [52] developed an appraisal environmental system that addresses the main tasks of environmental impact assessment, such as environmental impact analysis, pollutant impact prediction, and the assessment of mitigation measures, through the use of scoping exercises (step 1) and technical assessments (step 2). Scoping assesses the qualitative impact using a knowledge-based system, while technical assessment evaluates quantitative impacts based on GIS, mathematical modeling, and evaluation. After constructing the mine model, the user can run a scoping system by importinginformation from both the user and mine model database to qualitatively assess the environmental impact of the operation. If there is a significant adverse impact at this stage, further quantitative investigations can be carried out using the technical assessment system. By applying the developed system, case studies were conducted for surface mining and quarrying projects, and the results are presented in several GIS images. [PERSON] et al. [53] proposed a new approach using simple kinematic analysis techniques and three-dimensional finite difference method stress models for deterministic stability analysis. This approach is applied to the study of open-fit quarry slopes based on the integrated use of two remote sensing techniques, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). These techniques supplement the data obtained from traditional engineering geology surveys. TLS was performed using a long-range laser scanner (up to 1 km range) with three different point clouds to avoid occlusions. Digital terrestrial photogrammetry was performed using a UAV system that overcomes problems related to elevation, steepness, and complex slope geometry. In addition, a kinematic analysis was carried out using GIS techniques. The developed approach helps to overcome the common problems of complex slope geometry encountered in kinematic slope analysis. [PERSON] et al. [54] used GIS software and modeling techniques to analyze slope failures in the Chuquicamata open-pit mine in Chile. They used several steps for the analysis, including initial data compilation and conversion, data validation, derivative data layer generation, and predictive modeling. In addition, the risk of slope failure was analyzed by comparing GIS-based predicted slope stability models with post-modeling slope failures. Consequently, the GIS-based modeling methods were found to be more effective at analyzing the risk of slope failure in an open-pit mine than conventional graphic-based drawing programs. [PERSON] et al. [55] developed and presented a GIS model that combines fuzzy theory and AHP to evaluate slope instability in open-pit coal mines.