# Space Efficiency of Tall Buildings in Singapore
## 2 Literature Survey  
Numerous studies have explored various aspects and settings related to building space utilization, offering valuable techniques and insights. For example, Ref. [49] investigated wooden apartments in Finland, revealing spatial efficiency rates between 78% and 88% and highlighting the potential of wooden construction for space optimization. Expanding this research, Refs. [50; 51; 52] examined skyscarers for different uses across various regions, finding a strong correlation between building height and spatial efficiency. Additionally, Ref. [53] analyzed non-traditional office towers and demonstrated that conical shapes were the most space-efficient, underlining the importance of innovative architectural designs in maximizing space. Other studies have focused on the influence of regulatory and design standards on spatial efficiency. Ref. [54] examined residential projects in Kabul, showing that deviations from building codes and inadequate architectural design significantly reduced spatial efficiency, underscoring the critical role of regulations in space utilization. Ref. [55] explored the impact of new technologies on space use in housing, while [56] highlighted the importance of building placement, finding that corner locations improved land-use efficiency in Sudanese residential areas. Further research by [57] focused on the advantages of efficient space management in hotel buildings. In terms of structural systems, Ref. [58] emphasized the importance of load-bearing structures in prismatic high-rises, demonstrating how structural elements play a crucial role in optimizing space. Ref. [59] proposed involving stakeholders during the design phase to improve space utilization, advocating for a collaborative approach to architectural planning. The increasing role of technology in design was explored by [60], who examined the impact of digital tools on interior space planning, noting that digitalization is becoming increasingly important in optimizing space. Additional studies have examined various other factors influencing spatial efficiency. [PERSON]. [61] assessed the effects of lease spans and building corner designs on space use, while [62] explored the convergence of sustainability and space utilization. In [63], the authors evaluated space use in office buildings, emphasizing the significance of load-bearingelements and core configurations in optimizing space, and [64] discussed the economic benefits of efficient space utilization. Lastly, [PERSON]. [65] focused on space optimization in mixed-use high-rises, highlighting the need for effective load-bearing designs. Collectively, these studies underscore the multi-layered structure of space utilization, focusing on architectural design, technological advancements, regulatory frameworks, and structural elements. Despite these valuable contributions, there remains a notable gap in research on spatial efficiency in Singapore high-rises, which this article addresses by systematically analyzing data from 63 cases. Smart building technologies play a crucial role in improving the efficiency of modern infrastructure by integrating interconnected systems and devices [66]. These systems include traditional components like HVAC, lighting, and electrical networks, along with advanced technologies such as sensors, controllers, and energy storage solutions. Together, they enable real-time data collection and communication, optimizing building performance. Smart buildings can adjust energy use based on demand and occupancy, using energy meters, storage systems, and sensors to manage lighting, temperature, and air quality. These functions not only enhance energy efficiency but also improve occupant comfort, sustainability, and cost savings. Research into smart building technologies has advanced significantly in areas such as communication [67], computing [68], and control systems [69]. However, the implementation of these smart functions has often been fragmented, with systems developed and installed as isolated applications [70].