## 3 Materials and Methods
### Simulation Methodology  
When modeling the simulation, a feeder loss of 2 dB was considered for the AMS and MMS receivers; additionally, 3 dB polarization loss was considered. The altitude of the AMS aircraft was set as 10,000 m, which is a typical average altitude of an aircraft that flies in such areas. The interference from the ith active IMT-2020 BS or the jth active UE to the FS receiver can be calculated by the following equation [18; 19; 20]:  
\[I_{IMT}=P_{TX}+G_{IMT}+G_{MS}-L_{p}-L_{xpr}-L_{feed} \tag{1}\]  
where \(P_{TX}\) is the transmitted power of the IMT BS or UE, in dBm; \(G_{IMT}\) is the transmit antenna gain of the IMT BS or UE towards the victim receiver, in dBi; \(G_{MS}\) is the receiver antenna gain of the AMS/MMS towards the interfering station, in dBi; \(L_{p}\) is the propagation loss from the IMT transmitter to the AMS/MMS receiver, in dB; \(L_{xpr}\) is the polarization loss, in dB; and \(L_{feed}\) is feeder loss of AMS/MMS, in dB. Figure 7 shows 3D modelling of the aircraft or vessel being interfered while moving across the territorial waters border. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **System 1** & **System 2** \\  & **Shipborne** & **Shipborne** \\ \hline Tuning range & 4400–4940 & 4800–4990 \\ Power output & 39 & 46 \\ Bandwidth (3 dB) & 5.6/11.3/22.6 & 40/50/60/80/100 \\ Noise figure & 6 & 5 \\ Thermal noise level & \(-100.5\) to \(-94.5\) & \(-93\dots\)\(-89\) \\ Antenna type & Omnidirectional & Directional \\ Antenna gain & 6/4.2/2.5 & 15 \\
1 st sidelobe & N/A & N/A \\ Polarization & Vertical & Vertical \\ Antenna pattern & N/A & Rec ITU-R F.1336 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Characteristics of the maritime mobile systems used in the simulations. Figure 6: Antenna pattern of maritime receiver: (**a**) omnidirectional antenna of System 1 and (**b**) directional antenna of System 2. After the calculation interference from each IMT active station, the total I/N taking into account aggregate interference from IMT-2020 BS and UE can be calculated using the following equation [18; 19; 20]:  
\[\frac{I}{N}[\mathrm{dB}]=10 log_{10}\bigg{(}\mathrm{Pr}_{\mathrm{IMT}}\sum_{i}10^{ \frac{I_{IMT}(i)}{10}}\bigg{)}-(D+10 log(B)) \tag{2}\]  
where \(I_{IMT}\) the interference from ith active IMT BS or jth active UE to the FS receiver, respectively, in dBm; \(D\) is AMS/MMS receiver noise power density, in dBm/Hz; and \(B\) is AMS/MMS receiver channel bandwidth. No downlink power control scheme is applied at the base station and the transmission power per resource block (RB) is constant. For uplink, cell capacity in OFDMA-based systems is constrained by interference levels from other UEs, and in simulations, the UE power control algorithm was used as follows [20; 21]:  
\[P_{\mathrm{PUSCH}}(i)=\min\big{(}P_{\mathrm{CMAX}},\,10\log_{10}(M_{\mathrm{ PUSCH}}(i))+P_{\mathrm{O\_PUSCH}}(j)+\alpha(j)\cdot PL\big{)} \tag{3}\]  
where \(P_{\mathrm{PUSCH}}\) is transmit power of the terminal in dBm, \(P_{\mathrm{CMAX}}\) is maximum transmit power in dBm, \(M_{\mathrm{PUSCH}}\) is number of allocated RBs, \(P_{\mathrm{O\_PUSCH}}\) power per RB is the used target value in dBm, \(\alpha\) is a balancing factor for UEs with bad channels and UEs with good channels, and PL is path loss in dB for the UE from its serving BS. Figure 8 presents a simulation example of the 5G NR networks located in 5 cities for the AMS and MMS stations. Figure 7: Scenario for the victim receiver station is located at 12 nautical miles from the coastline: (**a**) aeronautical mobile station at 12 nautical miles from the coastline, and (**b**) maritime mobile station moves along the border of territorial waters. In simulations, four propagation models were used:  
* Recommendation ITU-R P.528 \"A propagation prediction method for aeronautical mobile and radionavigation services using the VHF, UHF and SHF bands\" with 20% percentage of time was used to estimate interference with the AMS receivers [22].