esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# On-Edge Deployment of Vision Transformers for Medical Diagnostics Using the Kvasir-Capsule Dataset
## 3 Proposed System Architecture
### Neural Network Architectures
#### 3.2.4 RepViT  
RepViT [32] aimed to enhance lightweight CNNs by utilizing the architectural design of ViTs. The layers in RepViT are reparametrizable, meaning the parameters are reconfig  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Model** & **Params** & **FLOPs** & **Input** & **Top1 Acc** & **T4 Inference** \\ \hline EfficientFormerV2S2 & 12.70 M & 1.27 G & 224 \(\times\) 224 & 0.820 & 573.90 qps \\ EfficientViT\_B0 & 3.41 M & 0.12 G & 224 \(\times\) 224 & 0.716 & 1581.76 qps \\ EfficientViT\_M4 & 8.80 M & 299 M & 224 \(\times\) 224 & 0.743 & 672.89 qps \\ MobileViT\_V2\_050 & 1.37 M & 0.47 G & 256 \(\times\) 256 & 0.702 & 718.34 qps \\ MobileViT\_V2\_100 & 4.90 M & 1.83 G & 256 \(\times\) 256 & 0.781 & 591.22 qps \\ MobileViT\_V2\_175 & 14.3 M & 5.52 G & 256 \(\times\) 256 & 0.808 & 412.76 qps \\ RepViT\_M11 & 8.29 M & 1.35 G & 224 \(\times\) 224 & 0.812 & 846.68 qps \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Summary of chosen models [33]. (Params: number of model parameters in millions (M). FLOPs: floating point operations per second. Input: model input shape. Top1 Acc: performance of model on ImageNet. T4 Inference: number of queries per second (qps) when testing on Tesla T4).  
tured during inference for better efficiency. This is key as it reduces the computational load on edge devices with limited computational resources. RepViT_M11 was chosen for this work as it provides a balance between size and latency compared to the other 4 versions of RepVit.
## 6 Results and Analysis  
Based on the various graph merging techniques as described in the previous section, we can produce rich concept graphs for the images with the merging of region graphs, removing redundancy in the nodes and edges. If we count the total number of graph elements generated from all region graphs of a single image, we obtain around 18.48 \(\pm\) 12.47 entities, 3.48 \(\pm\) 2.87 actions, 5.13 \(\pm\) 4.84 attributes, and 20.97 \(\pm\) 15.86 relations. However, if we count the same statistics after merging the graphs, we obtain around 10.96 \(\pm\) 6.06 entities, 1.94 \(\pm\) 1.30 actions, 2.81 \(\pm\) 2.11 attributes, and 16.23 \(\pm\) 10.57 relations. This is visually demonstrated in Figure 12.  
Figure 11: After combining the graphs generated from individual regions as shown in Figure 4, we obtain the holistic scene graph.  
Figure 12: A scatter plot showing the number of entities, attributes, actions, and relations, before and after merging regional graphs. Trends show a below-linear relation for most cases.  
Most related works rely on graph-based ground truths and, hence, do not provide a suitable ground for fair comparison. For that reason, we provide statistical and qualitative analyses to demonstrate the abilities and shortcomings of the proposed model.
## 5 Results and Discussion
### Effects of the Capsular Clustering and the Microapsule Size on the Crack Pattern  
The effects of the capsular clustering for specimens with microcapsule core/shell ratios of 1:1, 5:1, 10:1, and 15:1 on the crack pattern are shown in Figure 15, Figure 16, Figure 17, and Figure 18 respectively. It shows the effects of the capsular circumferential contact lengths ranging from Lcs 100% of the microcapsule circumference; i.e., same as microcapsule circumference (Lcs = 6.28 mm) to Lcs 25% of the microcapsule circumference (Lcs = 1.57 mm). Figure 15 illustrates that the specimens with a microcapsule core/shell ratio of 1:1 (the largest shell thickness), the propagating crack could not break the microcapsule shell even when the interfacial fracture properties have the same values as the concrete matrix, see Figure 15a-d, as the microcapsule is debonded from the concrete regardless of the Lcs ratio. Figure 16, Figure 17, and Figure 18 show that microcapsules with ratios of 5:1, 10:1, and 15:1 correspondingly have the same crack pattern. The microcapsule is completely fractured when the capsular circumferential contact length ratio is Lcs 100%, as illustrated in Figures 16a, 17a and 18a. An interesting crack pattern is generated when the capsular circumferential contact length ratio is Lcs 75%, as the propagating crack broke the microcapsule shell completely from one side and partially fractured and debonded the microcapsule from the other side, as illustrated in Figures 16b, 17b and 18b. When the capsular circumferential contact length ratio is Lcs 50%, the propagating crack breaks the microcapsule shell from only one side, and debonds it from the other side, due to an interfacial crack being generated, as illustrated in Figures 16c, 17c and 18c. The microcapsule is debonded from the concrete matrix when the Lcs percentage ranges from 0 to 25% of the microcapsule circumference, as shown in Figures 16d, 17d and 18d. This shows clearly that the capsular clustering and the proper microcapsule core/shell ratio have significant roles in determining whether the microcapsule will fracture or debond from the concrete matrix. Consequently, the higher the Lcs, the higher the probability of the microcapsule being fractured, and vice versa.
## 3 Machinability of AM Ti6 Al4V Alloy
### Tool Geometry  
The cutting tool geometry refers to its dimensional design, which includes the rake angle, flank or clearance angle, and nose radius or cutting-edge radius. It was observed that the normal rake angle and normal flank angle of the cutting tool for WC CNMA432 were \(15^{\circ}\) and \(6^{\circ}\), respectively, selected to perform an orthogonal cutting on titanium alloy, with the tool's cutting-edge radius of 0.030 mm, a \(90^{\circ}\) cutting edge angle, and a \(0^{\circ}\) cutting edge inclination angle. The author used no cutting fluid [56]. It was deduced that the cutting material workpiece suffering from compression would deform plastically [53].  
Machining AM-based Ti6 Al4V parts typically requires specialized cutting tools due to the material's high strength and toughness. Improper selection of cutting parameters can lead to accelerated tool wear, increasing energy consumption during machining. Reducing energy consumption is a complex challenge that requires optimizing cutting parameters, utilizing advanced tool materials and coatings, adopting sustainable cutting environments, and incorporating advanced technologies. Combining these strategies can produce more energy-efficient machining processes with economic and environmental benefits. Upgrading to more energy-efficient machining equipment, such as CNC machines or high-speed machining centers, can significantly reduce energy consumption. These machines were designed to operate with minimal waste, which not only saves energy but also reduces emissions associated with the manufacturing of the equipment itself. Several studies [3; 15; 19; 20; 34; 36; 57] have explored various machining techniques, including milling, turning, drilling, and grinding, to improve surface roughness and tool wear, reduce energy consumption, and reduce mechanical damage caused by drilling operations.
## Appendix A Terms used in the derived equations of motion.  
### Perturbation Function between Shaft Input and Output  
One of the critical parameters governing the rotors system is a mixed and fluctuating mode characteristic of [PERSON]'s joint disturbance. Its analysis was needed to assess the influence of variations of the input variables (input angle, breathing crack, and fluid properties) on the response and guide the selection of the critical rotor parameters.  
Let the net displacement of the driven shaft be expressed as:  
\[\theta_{2}=(\theta_{1}+\psi_{1})-\mu(\theta_{1}+\psi_{1}) \tag{1}\]  
where \(\mu\) is a small perturbation parameter that depends on the input angular speed \(\theta\) and the torsional deflection angle \(\psi_{1}\). Consistent with the assumptions and considerations in Section 2.1., the kinematic relationship between the output \(\theta_{2}\) and input \(\theta_{1}\) is given by:  
\[\tan\theta_{2}=\cos\beta\tan\theta_{1} \tag{2}\]  
where \(\beta\) is the angle of inclination of the secondary shaft. Combining Equations (1) and (2) yields:  
\[\tan[(\theta_{1}+\psi_{1})-\mu(\theta_{1}+\psi_{1})]=\cos\beta\tan\theta_{1} \tag{3}\]  
and allowing for infinitesimal small-angle approximation on \(\mu(\theta+\psi_{1})\) leads to:  
\[\gamma\tan(\theta_{1}+\psi_{1})=\frac{\tan[(\theta_{1}+\psi_{1})-\mu(\theta_{ 1}+\psi_{1})]}{1+\mu(\theta_{1}+\psi_{1})\tan(\theta_{1}+\psi_{1})} \tag{4}\]  
Making \(\mu\) the subject in Equation (4) gives:  
\[\mu=\frac{(1-\gamma)\tan(\theta_{1}+\psi_{1})}{(\theta_{1}+\psi_{1})\big{(} \gamma\tan^{2}(\theta_{1}+\psi_{1})+1\big{)}} \tag{5}\]  
where \(\gamma=\cos\beta\), within a finite range of \((\theta+\psi_{1})\), the dependent product \(\mu(\theta+\psi_{1})\) will be finite, and periodically convergent, as shown in the figures below. In the presented model, governed by Equation (5), Figure 1 shows that when the angle between the two shafts is less than \(10^{\circ}\), there is not much fluctuation in perturbation function and the driveshaft speed cannot be assumed constant as shown in Figure 2.
# Generation of High Resolution Vegetation Productivity from a Downscaling Method
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Study Area  
A case study was conducted in the areas near the middle of the Heihe River watershed in an arid and semi-arid area in North-western China (38\({}^{\circ}\)10\({}^{\prime}\)N\(\sim\)39\({}^{\circ}\)35\({}^{\prime}\)N and 99\({}^{\circ}\)57\({}^{\prime}\)E\(\sim\)101\({}^{\circ}\)46\({}^{\prime}\)E), and the location of the study area and land-use types are shown in Figure 1. Land-use types in the study area mainly include croplands, bare land, wetland, forest and grass. Crop lands are mainly distributed throughout the oasis of Zhangye in western areas, and the Gobi Desert constitutes the dominant land use types in the north-eastern areas. The topography of this area varies significantly from northeast to southwest, and can be divided into plains and mountains with elevations ranges from 1200 m to 5000 m. Bare lands are mainly located in the north-east, while the mountains are mainly distributed in the southwestern areas. This area has a temperate continental climate, with an average annual air temperature of about 6 \({}^{\circ}\)C-8 \({}^{\circ}\)C, an average annual precipitation about 100 mm\(\sim\)250 mm and an average annual pan evaporation about 1200 mm\(\sim\)1800 mm. Influenced by Asian monsoon, most rainfall occurs from May to September in the rainy season, and decreases from south to north. Maize is the main crop of the agricultural land in the oasis, and they are irrigated about once a month by canal irrigation.
# Influence of Blade Wrap Angle on the Hydrodynamic Radial Force of Single Blade Centrifugal Pump
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Influence of Blade Wrap Angle on the External Characteristic  
To analyze the effect of the wrap angle on the hydrodynamic radial force, five impellers were designed. The external characteristic curves of single blade centrifugal pumps with different blade wrap angles are shown in Figure 7. It can be seen from the figure that, as the blade wrap angle increases, the pump head tends to increase, and the \(H\)-\(Q\) curve becomes steeper, the pump efficiency increases gradually, but the high-efficiency area is narrowed. The \(P\)-\(Q\) curve becomes gentle with the increase of blade wrap angle. Generally, the head and efficiency of the single blade centrifugal pump are improved with the increase of blade wrap angle.  
The turbulent dissipation rate cloud diagram of single blade centrifugal pump with different blade wrap angles at designed flow conditions are shown in Figure 8. It can be seen from the figure that the turbulence dissipation rate of single blade centrifugal pumps with blade wrap angle less than 360\({}^{\circ}\) is significantly higher. For other impellers, the dissipation rate changes no longer significantly after the wrap angle reaches 360\({}^{\circ}\).  
Figure 6: Comparison of pressure distribution in model 1 at design flowrate.  
Figure 7: External characteristics of single blade centrifugal pump with different wrap angles.  
The turbulent dissipation losses in a single blade impeller with different blade wrap angles are shown in Figure 9a. It can be seen from the figure that the dissipation losses show a decreasing trend as the blade wrap angle increases, but after the wrap angle reaches 420\({}^{\circ}\), the loss of dissipation has increased. The friction loss of the single blade centrifugal impeller with different wrap angles is shown in Figure 9b. As can be seen from the figure, under the designed flow rate conditions, the flow of the impeller continuously improves with the increase of the blade wrap angle, so the friction losses decrease with the wrap angle increase. However, under high flow rate conditions, because the friction surface increases with the increase of the wrap angle under high flow velocity, the friction loss increases with the increase of the wrap angle. Therefore, the efficiency of the single blade centrifugal pumps, which have a large wrap angle, decreases at large flow conditions, and its \(Q\)-\(\eta\) curve in the high-efficiency area becomes narrow.
# Design and Analysis on Decoupling Techniques for MIMO Wireless Systems in 5G Applications
## 4 The Methods of Decoupling  
In recent years, many decoupling solutions have been proposed to make the MIMO systems either meet isolation requirements or improve the channel capacity, which can be initially divided into external decoupling techniques and internal decoupling techniques according to the decoupling principle.
# A Survey of UV Filters Used in Sunscreen Cosmetics
###### Abstract
The combination of sunscreens with antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory agents may lower the risk of skin cancer or other skin damage (e.g., sunburn, erythema, inflammation). As such, it has been proposed that some natural products, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, anthocyanins or carotenoids, or seaweed and plant extracts, may also be used as skin care against UV radiation [24; 25]. More recently, contamination from sunscreen products has been found to pose a threat to coastal ecosystems, as they enter the marine environment through direct contact with beachgoers. High concentrations of benzophenone-3 (BP3) and 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), as well as TiO\({}_{2}\) and ZnO, in the surface microlayer were reported in the southern Mediterranean Sea during summer [26; 27; 28; 29]. It is believed that sunscreen ingredients may cause bleaching on coral reefs; to counter this, Hawaii, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Palau took precautionary measures in this regard and withdrew the use of preparations containing benzophenone-3 (BP3, oxybenzene) and ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC, octinoxate) [30; 31]. The aim of the study was to gain knowledge about the UV filters selected by manufacturers in sunscreen preparations for adults and for children. Learning about the current trends and frequency of use of photoprotective substances on the Polish market (part of the EU market) may be the opportunity to take a closer look at the safety of the most popular UV filters used in sunscreen preparations.
## 4 Attack Filtering Performance  
In this section, we investigate the attack filtering performance of the proposed scheme, by simulating a highway driving scenario. Figure 6 depicts the attack situation used in simulation. Vehicles are moving on a 4-lane highway at the same speed of 120 km/h. The headway distance between vehicles on the same lane is 33.3 m, or equivalently, a 1 s gap at the given speed. The whisper size is the sum of the whisper ID (2 bytes), the digest of the certificate (8 bytes) [1], and the list of received whisper IDs (at most 90 \(\times\) 2 bytes). The BSM size 80 bytes for the message and 125 bytes for the certificate, so it is 201 bytes. The whisper and BSM are transmitted as a WSMP message in IEEE 802.11 frame, and the lower layer overhead is an additional 80 bytes. In this paper, we assume that BSMs are transmitted at 10 Hz, and whispers at 7 Hz. Note that at such whispering rate, legitimate vehicles that fail to deliver some of the whispers due to the poor channel condition will succeed within seconds at most, and assert their neighborship without being suspected for long. The power of BSMs is 23 dBm, and whispers, 9 dBm. The path loss model is two-ray ground, and the fading model is Rician with \(k=3\). We perform the simulation using the Qualnet simulator, and the simulation configuration is summarized in Table 1. In the given situation, we consider the attack successful at a vehicle \(V\) if \(V\) hears \(BSM_{K}\) with a false position information (i.e., that of \(K^{\prime}\
eq K\)) and \(BSM_{K}\) passes \(V\)'s whisper test. Then, we count through simulation the number of vehicles that are successfully attacked for varying distances of attacker to the road, \(d_{K}\).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** & **Explanation** \\ \hline \(P_{W}\) & 9 dBm & Whisper Tx power \\ \(f_{W}\) & 7 Hz & Whisper frequency \\ \(L_{W}\) & \(\leq\)194 B & Whisper size \\ \(f_{B}\) & 10 Hz & BSM frequency \\ \(P_{B}\) & 23 dBm & BSM Tx power \\ \(L_{B}\) & 205 B & BSM size \\ \hline \(v\) & 120 km/h & Vehicle speed \\ \(d_{I}\) & 33.3 m & Headway distance \\ \hline Path loss & Two-ray ground & \\ Fading & Rician (\(K=3\)) & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Simulation parameters.  
Figure 6: Attack scenario.
## 7 Future Research Directions
### Architecture and the Selection of Technologies  
A future network supporting autonomous and remote-controlled machines, cars, aircraft and vessels will be three dimensional [11; 59]. There will be terrestrial, aerial, and satellite layers, each providing services to end users that may be systems or people. Possible future connections in the maritime domain in Figure 12 include high-altitude platforms and the use of drones for sensing and connectivity. Redundant systems are needed to ensure reliable operations, but harmonization and standardized interfaces are also important. More studies are needed to understand determine the best selections for the future. The 3 GPP-based integrated system might be the obvious choice but what are the most important redundant technologies to be used in autonomous vessels and how can seamless connectivity be ensured? Seamless routing in integrated networks is a challenge. In addition, even though the in-ship network will be mostly based on cables, it is important to analyze the applicability of wireless technologies for in-ship connections, including optical systems such as Li-Fi [60].
## 3 Control Algorithm Synthesis
### Preliminary  
Prescribe performance means that the tracking error \(e=x-x_{d}\) strictly evolves within an appropriately designed compact set. Meanwhile, the convergence rate should be no less than a given value and the maximum overshoot is smaller than a chosen bound. The control objective can be expressed using the following inequity:  
\[-\delta\varphi(t)<e<\overline{\delta}\varphi(t), \tag{21}\]  
Figure 3: Overall control structure.  
where \(\varphi(t)\) is the PPF, \(\overline{\delta}\) and \(\underline{\delta}\) are the positive design parameters for upper and lower bounds, respectively. In this paper, \(\varphi(t)\) is selected as the following positive and exponentially decreasing function:  
\[\varphi(t)=(\varphi_{0}-\varphi_{\infty})e^{-\sigma t}+\varphi_{\infty}, \tag{22}\]  
where \(\varphi_{0}\) and \(\varphi_{\infty}\) are design parameters that prescribe the initial and final boundaries for the tracking error, respectively. \(\sigma\) is the selected convergence rate.  
However, it is difficult to design a controller using the inequity (21). The following monotonically increasing function is introduced to project the control domain from \(\left(-\underline{\delta},\ \overline{\delta}\right)\) to the entire real domain. \(T(\xi):\ \left(-\underline{\delta},\ \overline{\delta}\right)\ \to R\) is defined as  
\[\varepsilon=T(\xi)=\frac{1}{2}\ln\frac{\underline{\delta}+\xi}{\overline{ \delta}-\xi}, \tag{23}\]  
where \(\xi=\left(x-x_{d}\right)/\varphi\) denotes the normalized tracking error with respect to the corresponding PPF \(\varphi(t)\).  
**Lemma 1**.: _If a control scheme is able to guarantee the boundedness of the transformed error (23) (i.e., for \(\varepsilon\), there exists a positive constant \(\overline{\varepsilon}>0\), such that \(|\varepsilon|\leq\xi\)), then the tracking error of the corresponding state variable can be retained within its prescribed bound (21)._  
**Proof of Lemma 1.** Taking the inverse function of Equation (23), we can obtain  
\[\xi=T^{-1}(\varepsilon)=\frac{\overline{\delta}e^{2\varepsilon}-\underline{ \delta}}{e^{2\varepsilon}+1}. \tag{24}\]  
Because \(T(\xi)\) is monotonously increasing, it is easy to prove that \(T^{-1}(\varepsilon)\) is monotonously increasing as well. With the condition \(|\varepsilon|\leq\overline{\varepsilon}\), the following inequity can be obtained:  
\[-\underline{\delta}<\frac{\overline{\delta}-e^{2\overline{\delta}}\underline{ \delta}}{e^{2\overline{\varepsilon}}+1}\leq\xi=\frac{x-x_{d}}{\varphi(t)} \leq\frac{\overline{\delta}e^{2\overline{\varepsilon}}-\underline{\delta}}{e^ {2\overline{\varepsilon}}+1}<\overline{\delta}. \tag{25}\]  
Because \(\varphi(t)\) is positive, this inequity is equivalent to Equation (21). Thus, the constraint control problem is transformed into an equivalent \"unconstrained\" control problem.
## 2 Method
### Experimental Setup  
All the experiments took place in a classroom (Figure 2) at Wuhan University, which was equipped with tubular LED and LED panel sources for Experiment 1 (Exp.1) and Experiment 2 (Exp.2), respectively. Specifically, six classic LED tubes were installed at a height of 3 m for Exp.1, and nine commercially available LED panels were installed at the same height for Exp.2. An X-Rite i1 Pro2 spectrophotometer (measurement geometry: 45\({}^{\circ}\)/0\({}^{\circ}\); spectral range: 380-730 nm; wavelength step: 10 nm; measuring aperture: 3.5 mm) was used to measure the SPDs. Before each experiment, all the luminaires were switched on for at least 30 min to ensure they had stabilized. After that, an X-Rite i1 Pro2, which had been calibrated by measuring a calibration white tile, was placed on the measurement plane (2 m directly below the light sources) with a standard white tile in the geometry of 45\({}^{\circ}\)/0\({}^{\circ}\) to obtain SPDs. The SPDs of the six tubular LED sources showed some small variation, probably because they were not new. The nine LED panel sources were previously unused and had consistent SPDs, as shown in Figure 3.  
Figure 3: Relative spectral power distributions of the experimental light sources.  
Figure 2: The classroom used in the experiment with tubular LED (**left**) and LED panel (**right**) sources.  
The classroom is located on the ground floor of a four-story building and has an area of 101.2 m\({}^{2}\) (11.5 x 8.8 m). It can accommodate 36 students with partitions between each of the desks, ensuring that there was no interference amongst participants during the tests. The illuminance at the centre of each desk was measured with a Testo 540 illuminance meter (measurement range: 0-99,999 lux, measurement accuracy: \(\pm\)3%), as shown in Table 1. The measuring devices adopted in this study were recalibrated 15 days before the experiments. All the photometric and colorimetric parameters are based on measurements taken prior to the start of formal experiments. Figure 4 visualizes colour gamut properties of the experimental sources.