## 3 Results
### Ionospheric Behavior and GNSS Positioning Errors by Region
Equation (6) is used to obtain the 3D results. Then, the maximum 3D positioning error and 3D-RMS values (between 8 and 14 UT) for each station are indicated in Table 1. We note that the GNSS stations can be separated according to the percentage of maximum 3D positioning error and 3D-RMS, with respect to the maximum values of reference days. In the case of maximum 3D positioning error, four stations presented values below 0% (MARG, ALGO, CN00, and LMMF); eight 0-25% (KAGZ, IQAL, BLAS, BOAV, NYA1, SVTL, MAG0, and YAKT); seven GNSS stations were between 25 and 50%; three stations were 60-70% (GLS2, KUAQ, and SENU); and two stations > 100% (PIFL and TRO1). On the other hand, for 3D-RMS in a percentage, 1 station was < 0% (CN00); 11 stations were 0-25% (KAGZ, MARG, LEFN, BLAS, KAGA, GLS2, KUAQ, NYA1, SVTL, TIXI, and YAKT); 7 stations were 25-50% (KMOR, IQAL, ALGO, LMMF, CN57, PIFL, and MSBL); 3 stations were 75-100% (SENU, PICL, and BOAV); and 2 stations > 100% (TRO1 and MAG0). Figure 9 (left, middle panels) illustrates examples of GPS ROT and GPS ROTI variations along with all visible GPS satellites. On eclipse day, we can observe a \(\mid\)ROT \(\mid\)\(>\) 1.5 TEC/min in eight Pseudo Random Noises (PRN-4, 7, 8, 9, 14, 27, 28, 30). The \(\mid\)ROT \(\mid\) value was exceeded by 3-4 PRNs during the reference DoYs 159, 160, and 163. In contrast, the \(\mid\)ROT \(\mid\) was exceeded by seven PRNs on DoY 162 (see Figure 9 (left panels)). On DoY 161 between 10.66 and 17.39 UT (6.73 h), we could note 22 and 8 ROTI values \(>\)0.5 and \(>\)1 TECu/min, respectively (see Figure 9 (middle panels)). The ROTI peak was 1.9 TECu/min at 12.75 UT, estimated from the PRN-4. On this day, nine PRNs (PRN-4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 27, 28, 30) presented a moderate and/or strong ROTI activity. Regarding DoYs 159, 160, 162 and 163, we observed 12, 8, 20 and 6 values with moderate and/or strong ROTI activity. Then, this  
Figure 9: Ionospheric behavior and apparent position variation of the PIFL GNSS station. From top to bottom show DoYs 160–163. ROT (TECu/m) (**left panels**), ROTI (TECu/m) (**middle panels**), DF-GNSS PPP-AR (cm): East [cm] (blue line), North [cm] (red line), and Up [cm] (green line) (**right panels**). P1–P4 time on non-eclipse day (blue dashed lines), P1–P4 time on eclipse day (light blue bar), GE time (red dotted line). station showed strong TEC activity during each of the five DoYs. The ROTI value was higher on eclipse day 1.9 TECu/min at 12.76 UT (\(\sim\)25 min after P4 time). Figure 9 (right panels) show the apparent position variation of kinematic DF-GNSS PPP-AR mode in the East, North, and Up components for the PIFL GNSS station. These time series has been corrected for the common noise filter. On DoY 161, the apparent peak ground displacement in the East, North, and Up components were 18, 40, and 119.8 cm, respectively. Moreover, the maximum 3D positioning error \(\geqslant\)10 cm \(\sim\)9.80 UT by \(\sim\)3.30 h. The Up, North, and East components are ordered from highest to lowest errors. Then, positioning errors in the three components and their results were clear during the eclipse time window (after GE time), relative to the reference days.