# Enhancing Tactile Internet Reliability: AI-Driven Resilience in NG-EPON Networks  
[PERSON]  
1 Department of Computer Science, Universitas Klabat, Airmadidi 95371, Indonesia 11 Department of Computer Science, Universitas Klabat, Airmadidi 95371, Indonesia 11 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan; 11 Department of Computer Science, Universitas Klabat, Airmadidi 95371, Indonesia 11 Department of Computer Science, Universitas Klabat, Airmadidi 95371, Indonesia 11 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan; 11 Department of Computer Science, Universitas Klabat, Airmadidi 95371, Indonesia 11 Department of Computer Science, Universitas Klabat, Airmadidi 95371, Indonesia 11 Department of Computer  
In [5], they determined the QoS key performance indicator of the TI use cases. For example, the tele-operation scenario should have a latency below 1-10 ms and a reliability of 99.999%. In terms of M2M applications, such as self-driving cars and industrial automation, the required latency is 5-10 ms [6] and reliability is 99.999% (an average of less than 6 min downtime per year) [7]. These indicators show that the underlying network not only guarantees minimum latency but also ensures that the system is robust enough to have minimum reliability requirements. Currently, wired and wireless communications networks are rapidly evolving in terms of their architecture and capabilities to challenge latency-sensitive H2M/R applications. In wired networks, especially optical fiber, Passive Optical Networks (PONs) have continually evolved over the years. PONs now offer bandwidth capacity and functionality, delivering low-latency, high-bandwidth, and cost-efficient services to large numbers of users. Moreover, most urban areas near residential and industrial premises have now deployed optical fiber [8]. Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON) technology is among the best PON technologies due to its lower cost, high bandwidth, and readiness to support efficient Quality-of-Services (QoS). The current standard of EPON is the IEEE 802.3 ca, which was approved in 2020 as the next-generation EPON (NG-EPON), boosting the bandwidth of a single channel by a factor of 5 to 25 Gbps [9]. Moreover, the NG-EPON can have higher data rates by using channel bonding that can offer aggregated data rates of Nx25s Gbps. Consequently, a fully operating NG-EPON may deliver up to 50 Gbps for both upstream and downstream transmission [10]. Nevertheless, managing an NG-EPON that can handle the strict QoS from residential or industrial users is challenging. Industrial users usually have stringent QoS requirements, one of which is maintenance service [11]. This service includes ensuring that the network is fault-tolerant against any fiber fault. Any fiber cut or loss can significantly impact industrial systems, especially in terms of TI or H2M/R applications, which can involve life-and-death situations. In general, different types of anomalies can affect the performance of NG-EPON. Some fiber failures can occur due to mechanical faults, optical faults, or electrical faults. Since a single fiber link can connect to the residential, industrial, or enterprise networks, carrying a mixture of data from personal to public or even 911 or TI data, any fiber failures can have enormous impacts and need to be responded to immediately [12]. Moreover, failure in optical network communication can be categorized as soft or minor failures and severe failures. Severe failures lead to immediate service loss due to fiber cuts, bends, and other problems. Minor failures can degrade the transmission quality due to signal overlap, laser deflection, filter switching, noise, and other problems [13]. Therefore, the network operators must ensure reliable data communication for high-speed Internet. Failures to handle this can lead to significant financial and data loss for both network operators and customers.