## 1 Introduction
[23] took into consideration the influence of the excavation method and support parameters, carried out indoor model tests, and conducted a systematic and in-depth study on the deformation and force characteristics of the surrounding rock and lining structure after excavation and support. In numerical simulation research, [PERSON] et al. [24], [PERSON] et al. [25], and [PERSON] et al. [26] combined numerical simulation with the real needs of a tunnel project to study the influence of lining method and important lining parameters on the overall safety of the tunnel. A proposed method for calculating the common bearing capacity is given. The interaction and force deformation characteristics of the tunnel's surrounding rock and lining structure were studied by [PERSON] et al. [27] and [PERSON] et al. [28] using finite element software. The accuracy of the numerical calculation method was confirmed by comparing it with theoretical analyses and on-site measurements. [PERSON] et al. [29] used finite difference software to study the mechanical model of the imperfect interface between the surrounding rock lining and its analytical method to improve the force mechanism of the contact interface and to propose a method of determining the common bearing capacity of the surrounding rock-lining system. [PERSON] et al. [30] investigated the damage and rupture mechanism of the shallow tunnel's lining using discrete element software and summarized the assessment process for the lining's impact on the tunnel's stability support. The stress and deformation properties of the surrounding rock and lining structure are currently the subject of much domestic and international research, yielding many novel findings. However, the following issues persist: lack of research on the tunnel's operation period results in an unclear evolution law for the stress and deformation of the surrounding rock and lining during long-term tunnel maintenance and makes it challenging to accurately predict operational diseases. Research on the stress and deformation characteristics of the surrounding rock and lining structure is primarily taken into consideration during the tunnel's construction. Because of this, it is difficult to forecast operational diseases, and it is uncertain how the surrounding rock and lining will change in terms of stress and deformation during long-term tunnel operation and maintenance. Theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and model test are the main methods to study the time-dependent characteristics of stress and deformation of tunnel surrounding rock and lining structure, among which, the physical model test can more accurately reflect the stress and deformation characteristics and can provide fundamental data support for clarifying the time-dependent evolution mechanism of stress and deformation. Given the pressing need for the long-term operation and maintenance safety of subterranean projects and tunnels, as well as the deficiencies in the current body of research, this study employs a physical model test method to investigate the time-dependent characteristics of stress and deformation of weak surrounding rock and lining structure in operational tunnels. Additionally, the study aims to clarify the time-dependent evolution mode of stress and deformation of surrounding rock and lining structure and analyze the impact of varying burial depths and lateral pressure coefficients on these parameters. The relevant results can offer theoretical references for determining the operational tunnels' long-term service state as well as for preventing and controlling disasters.