## 5 Primary Environmental Effects Induced by the 30 October 2020, Mw = 7.0, Samos Earthquake
### Permanent Surface Deformation
#### 5.1.3 Permanent Surface Deformation in the Southeastern Part of Samos  
* Uplift at the Pythagoreio area  
The area of Pythagoreio is located 29 km southeast of the earthquake's epicenter (Figures 7 and 12). It is situated in the hanging-wall of the WNW-ESE-striking and S-dipping active normal Pythagoreio fault (Figure 7). Moreover, the area is also ruptured by NE-SW-striking and SE-dipping inactive faults. The Pythagoreio fault affects the lower non-clastic series of sediments of the Mytilinii basin, comprising marls, marly limestones, travertines, and sandy marls. Further to the west, this active normal fault juxtaposes the Neogene sediments of the Mytilinii basin in the football against the Quaternary deposits of the hanging-wall, including scree and talus cones along the fault and alluvial deposits at larger distances from the fault. The permanent surface deformation of the Pythagoreio area was detected at the western and the northern part of the homonymous bay. The western uplifted site is the dock of the Pythagoreio port, which is located at the southern part of the town (Figure 7)  
Figure 12: (**a**) Uplift of \(\sim\)20 cm was detected on a dock in the Pythagoreio area. (**b**) Uplift from 15 to 20 cm was also imprinted on nearshore rocks close to the dock in Pythagoreio. The amount of uplift attributed to the 2020 Samos earthquake was observed below the white stripe and is pointed to with red arrows. (**c**,**d**) Uplift detected on a concrete dock in the Psili Ammos area. and more specifically between the port park and the port parking lot (Figure 7). The dock is composed of shaped boulders, which are covered by concrete on the top of the dock. The detected permanent coseismic uplift was imprinted on the shaped boulders of the dock and was measured as ~20 cm (Figure 12a). In the northern part of the bay, the coseismic uplift was detected on nearshore rocks (Figure 12b) consisting of traverting limestones of the lower series of the Mytilini basin [4]. The uplift varied from 15 to 20 cm in various parts of this coastal area (Figure 12b). * \(\bullet\)  Uplift at the Psili Ammos area The Psili Ammos beach is located at a distance of ~7 km to the east of the Pythagoreio site and 30 km from the epicenter (Figure 7). The coastal area is composed of sand and sand dunes, while the wider area is comprised of formations of the Vourliotes cover [4]. The area has been affected by numerous inactive faults either striking WNW-ESE and dipping to the south or striking NW-SE and dipping to the SW [4,7]. However, the main fault in this area, that bounds the occurrence of alluvial deposits in its eastern part, is the Vathy-Psili Ammos fault (Figure 7). This 11-km-long, NW-SE-striking and SW-dipping normal fault disrupts the metamorphic rocks of the Vourliotes nappe and extends from Psili Ammos in its southern end to the eastern part of Vathy bay in its northern end. This fault is characterized by an impressive surface offset mainly in the area of Paleokastro-Psili Ammos. According to the neotectonic study conducted by [7], this fault formed the Paleokastro basin during the Neogene-Quaternary. As regards the permanent surface deformation in the Psili Ammos area, uplift was detected at a small dock along the Psili Ammos beach. The dock was built up with concrete, resulting in higher preservation potential of the uplift than the sand deposits along the coast. The uplift variation was measured to be around 15 cm (Figure 12c,d). * \(\bullet\)  Uplift in the Potokaki area The area of Potokaki is located 28 km southeast of the earthquake's epicenter and 2 km to the west of the Pythagoreio uplift site (Figure 7). From the neotectonic point of view, it is located in the southeastern part of the Mytilini basin. Its coastal zone is composed of coastal marine deposits, which include sands, dunes, and alluvial deposits that comprise clayey-sandy material, loam, sand, pebbles, and gravels. Northwards, Neogene sediments are also observed as a part of the sedimentary fill of the Mytilini basin.