## 3 Literature Review  
The broadest internationally recognized reference and best-known source associated with travel generation equations and rates worldwide is the Travel Generation Handbook published and regularly updated by the Institute of Transportation Engineers--ITE. Travel generation studies have been conducted since the 1960s in the US and Canada. The first edition of the ITE manual in 1976 made recommendations on the rates of generating travel for 50 land uses, which are the result of a survey of 500 traffic studies. In 2021, the ITE published the 11 th edition of the manual, which contains data on travel generation rates for over 170 land uses determined based on the results of 5000 studies. For the purposes of estimating trip generation, an independent variable is defined as a physical, measurable, and predictable unit that describes a research site. The most commonly used parameters in the ITE database are gross floor area available to visitors (GFA), gross leasable area (GLA), number of seats, number of employees and number of housing units. In addition to this handbook, in the US some individual countries and areas have established local trip generation rates based on perceived and systematized characteristics in their local communities, which are used when approving land development and land use change. So, for example, in the state of Texas, there is a Texas trip generation manual (2014) similar to the ITE manual but based on local Texas data. The results of the study [7] revealed that Texas trip generation rates were generally lower than comparable rates in The ITE handbook. Also, The ITE Travel Generation Manual has been criticized for overestimating vehicle traffic in its application in urban areas [8; 9; 10]. In connection with the same, research was carried out to adjust ITE estimates of vehicle traffic for urban units [11]. It is crucial for developing countries to have their own manual for local data [12], as using international data for local conditions can lead to errors in determining travel rates, as well as estimating the origin of travel [13]. Errors in travel rates and generation of travel result in the application of inadequate mitigation measures [14]. TRICS (Trip Rate Information Computer System) [15] is a national standard computerised travel generation analysis system for the UK and Ireland and is an integral and essential part of the traffic assessment process. First launched in 1989 by six counties of the South East of England, it has expanded through continuous investment and development into a comprehensive database to analyze the emergence of travel and is now maintained and managed by a team of TRICS Consortium Ltd. management and technical staff, based in Barnet, London. The system allows its users to establish potential levels of trip generation for their development scenarios using a series of database filtering processes. The TRICS database includes over 8000 traffic surveys covering 121 separate land use classifications. In addition to inbound and outbound traffic and multi-modal counting (covering a wide range of separate counting types and modes), TRICS site records include comprehensive descriptive details about the local and site environment, information about the size, composition, and functions of the site, and details about on-site and off-site parking. Most land uses have one to four variables, or parameters, that can be used to calculate travel rates. GFA, headcount, parking spaces, and site area apply extensively to a wide range of land uses when calculating travel or parking rates. The most common parameter fields in the TRICS database are GFA, parking spaces and site area [16]. The most important source relating to travel generation in Australia is The New South Wales Roads and Traffic Authority's 2002 Guide to the Development of Traffic Generation (RTA). The RTA database contains information on the travel rates of vehicles for 34 land uses divided into nine categories. The database was created in 1984 and was last updated in 2002.