# Oceania's 5G Multi-Tier Fixed Wireless Access Link's Long-Term Resilience and Feasibility Analysis
## 3 5G Base Coverage Network Layout
### Path Loss Components of the 5G System and Link Budgets  
Path loss models describe the signal attenuation between a transmit and receive antenna as a function of propagation distance and other factors. Some models use many terrain profile characteristics to estimate signal attenuation, while others only take carrier frequency and distance into account. Other crucial factors include antenna height. It is common practice to forecast propagation conditions and choose the best sites for cellular base stations using topographical topography data. A basic propagation model, like [PERSON]'s model, is used to calculate path loss in a crude coverage calculation without considering the topography or terrain features in great detail. Such coverage graphs often display circular cell arrangements if no interference is present and omni-directional antennas are used. However, the actual cell arrangements greatly diverge from the idealized hexagonal or circular arrangement. Path loss is calculated during actual cell panning using the antenna data and terrain parameters. The strength of the received signals and the levels of interference define the range of each base station. Given all these propagation factors, mathematical techniques have been devised to calculate the likelihood of a signal outage. The link budget is more of a last-resort solution. The 5G communication step-by-step link budget analysis graphical presentation is shown in Figure 8.  
Figure 8: The end-to-end link budget analysis in DL for MRRU/mRUU shows the signal’s power gains and losses as it travels along the 5G channel from the RRU to the UE [56]. Received Signal Level at 5G receiver (dBm) = gNodeB transmit power (dBm) \(-\) 10*log\({}_{10}\)(subcarrier quantity) + gNodeB antenna gain (dBi) \(-\) gNodeB cable loss (dB) \(-\) Path loss (dB) \(-\) penetration loss (dB)\(-\) foliage loss (dB) \(-\) body block loss (dB) \(-\) interference margin (dB) \(-\) rain/ice margin (dB) \(-\) slow fadingmargin (dB) \(-\) body block loss (dB) + UE antenna gain (dB) \(-\) Thermal noise power (dBm) \(-\) UE noise figure (dB) \(-\) demodulation threshold SINR (dB). We employ a propagation model that is appropriate for 5G to determine the path loss (i.e., 3D propagation models, which provide us with nearly correct route loss and genuine user-received signal strength). We may obtain the distance, or, more precisely, the cell radius, of gNB using the formula. These aid in calculating the gNB footprint when site planning is taking place. \[\text{Path Loss}\ (PL)=28.0+22\log_{10}(d)+20\log_{10}(f_{c}) \tag{10}\]  
where distance and frequency represented by \(d,\ f_{c}\). As the SINR value is directly related to the amount of throughput we want to achieve at the cell edge, the reception sensitivity is mostly determined by the capacity needs (throughput). To comprehend and obtain cell edge values, it is crucial to define and calculate the cell radius. Based on measurement results from references as well as findings from the literature, path loss models for the various propagation situations have been created. The models can be used for various antenna heights and frequencies between 2 and 6 GHz. The 450 MHz to 6 GHz frequency range can be used to apply the rural path loss formula and the Phased Array System Toolbox. In Table 3, the path loss models have been compiled and each scenario's standard deviation for the shadow fading distribution, which is log-normal, is provided.