## 1 Introduction
This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the multifaceted influences on CO2 emissions, with a particular focus on renewable energy consumption and environmental taxes. By examining these factors within the OECD context, the research seeks to enhance the understanding of how these variables interact and impact CO2 emissions. The findings are expected to inform policymakers on the most effective strategies for integrating renewable energy and environmental taxes to achieve significant and sustained reductions in carbon emissions. Therefore, this study aims to conduct a comprehensive examination of the impact of renewable energy consumption and environmental taxes on CO2 emissions in OECD countries from 1990 to 2022. Utilizing the cross-sectional autoregressive distributed lag approach, this research endeavors to capture the intricate short-term and long-term dynamics of these relationships. By incorporating control variables such as industrialization, urbanization, foreign direct investment, and economic growth, this study provides a nuanced analysis of the multifaceted factors influencing CO2 emissions. The primary objective is to elucidate the pivotal roles of renewable energy and environmental taxes in mitigating climate change and fostering environmental sustainability. This analysis aims to inform policymakers on devising effective strategies that reconcile economic growth, with the imperative to reduce carbon emissions. This research is poised to contribute significant insights to the policy discourse on sustainable development within the OECD framework, aligning with the thematic emphasis on promoting environmental sustainability through the integration of renewable energy systems and fiscal measures. By offering a detailed understanding of these dynamics, this study seeks to support the formulation of policies that ensure long-term sustainability and environmental resilience. Based on the comprehensive analysis presented in this study, several novel contributions significantly enhance the understanding of the impact of renewable energy consumption and environmental taxes on CO2 emissions in OECD countries. Firstly, this study reveals that renewable energy consumption markedly reduces CO2 emissions in both the short and the long term. This finding advances the work of [PERSON] et al. [7] and [PERSON] et al. [8], who primarily demonstrated long-term effects without extensively covering immediate impacts. This research underscores the dual benefits of renewable energy policies, highlighting their efficacy in achieving both rapid and sustained reductions in emissions. Secondly, this study offers a detailed analysis of environmental taxes, demonstrating their substantial role in emission reduction across various time horizons. This extends the findings of [PERSON] et al. [9] and [PERSON] et al. [10], who focused predominantly on long-term effects, by illustrating that environmental taxes are equally critical in the short term. This emphasizes the necessity of immediate policy interventions alongside long-term strategies to effectively mitigate emissions. Finally, this research uniquely integrates the effects of foreign direct investment on CO2 emissions, showing a significant negative relationship that facilitates green technology transfer. This finding builds on the insights of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [11] and [PERSON] [12], who explored the broader economic impacts of foreign direct investment but did not specifically link it to environmental outcomes. By emphasizing foreign direct investment's role in promoting cleaner industrial practices, this study provides a more comprehensive view of how international investments can drive environmental sustainability. These contributions not only deepen the existing knowledge base but also offer practical insights for policymakers.