# Lactoferrin Production: A Systematic Review of the Latest Analytical Methods
## 1 Introduction
### The Effects of Bovine Lactoferrin on the Human Body
Lf also binds to lipopolysaccharideaccharides (LPS) on the bacterial cell wall, decreasing the virulence, entry into human cells, and inducing apoptosis [54; 55]. Lf inhibited _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ bacterial biofilm production in cystic fibrosis (CF), with CF patients with lower Lf levels being less resistant to the chronic _P. aeruginosa_ lung infection [56]. Lf also significantly reduces the adhesion of _Streptococcus mutans_ to abiotic surfaces, the bacterium responsible for most dental caries [57]. The combination of Lf and lysozyme increases the antibacterial properties of both compounds [58]. Lf also displays antibacterial properties towards _Shigella_, _Salmonella_, and _Escherichia coli_[59]. Lf has the potential to improve intestinal health in mice with the combination of Lf and osteopontin used to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) [60]. Lf in combination with the antimicrobial peptide N6 improved the intestinal barrier and mucosal immunity and increased the height of small intestinal mucosal villi in enterotoxigenic _Escherichia coli_ (ETEC) infected mice, making Lf a promising therapeutic for treating bacterial enteritis [61]. Lf treatment of rat models of depression resulted in better enterocyte conjunction and lower levels of inflammatory factors, which caused metabolic balance in hippocampal tissue and mitigated depression-like behaviour [62]. Lf prevented _Salmonella_ biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces; thus, it is a potent agent for inhibiting drug-resistant _Salmonella_ serotypes [63]. If is also a neuroprotective agent, regulating iron uptake in neuronal tissue by modifying the activity of iron transporters and reducing oxidative stress [64]. If protects neurons from MPP+ mitochondrial toxin that induces damage in Parkinson's disease (PD) [65; 66]. Interaction with heparan sulphate proteoglycans (inflammatory mediators) is also being investigated [65]. In a study on patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), three months of Lf administration significantly improved disease markers such as acetylcholine, serum amyloid beta, and IL-6 [67]. Although researchers still do not understand the specific mechanism of Lf's positive impact on AD, its role in inflammation in the central nervous system is certain [68]. Research is ongoing regarding its effects on prions and hypoxia/ischemia [69; 70]. Lf can reduce the inflammatory response in lipopolysaccharide-induced and sepsis-induced acute lung injury models, possibly due to regulation of the PPAR-\(\gamma\) pathway [71; 72]. Lf shows neuroprotective potential. In studies on glycerol-induced rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury, Lf supplementation significantly improved renal function and decreased serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, albuminuria, and proteinuria. It decreased kidney injury markers and increased expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) [73], exhibiting similar properties in gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury. It suppressed ferrotposis, a non-apoptotic cell death process, indicating nephprotective properties [74]. Lf has been used as an ingredient in gels to promote skin wound healing. Lf/NZ2114/lithium magnesium silicate hydrogel reduced the inflammatory response, promoting wound healing with more hair follicles and healthy glands [75]. The hydrogel was effective when applied to post-operative wounds, showing great potential in wound management [76]. In vitro studies revealed that the mechanism involved fibroblasts and keratinocyte stimulation, re-epithelialisation, and collagen and hyaluronon synthesis [77]. Lf is effective in treating dental issues, and when applied topically, it effectively reduces symptoms of dentin hypersensitivity, such as pain and inflammation [78]. Bovine Lf-derived peptides can be used in treating alveolar bone destruction in periodontitis due to reducing TNF-\(\alpha\) expression, osteoprotegerin downregulation, and osteoclastogenesis reduction [79].