## 3 Results and Discussion
### Graprefruit Essential Oil Composition
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**No.**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Retention Time**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Molecular Weight**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Base Peak**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Molecular Formula**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Compound**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Area (\%)**} \\ \hline
1 & 8.07 & 136 & 93 & C\({}_{10}\)H\({}_{16}\) & \(\alpha\)-Pinene & 3.98 \\
2 & 8.33 & 136 & 93 & C\({}_{10}\)H\({}_{16}\) & Camphene & 0.44 \\
3 & 9.33 & 136 & 93 & C\({}_{10}\)H\({}_{16}\) & \(\beta\)-Pinene & 7.71 \\
4 & 10.37 & 128 & 83 & C\({}_{8}\)H\({}_{16}\)O & 1-Octanal & 3.40 \\
5 & 10.42 & 136 & 93 & C\({}_{10}\)H\({}_{16}\) & D-Limonene & 24.90 \\
6 & 12.32 & 136 & 93 & C\({}_{10}\)H\({}_{16}\) & \(\gamma\)-Terpinene & 7.52 \\
7 & 13.58 & 154 & 71 & C\({}_{10}\)H\({}_{18}\)O & Linalool & 1.10 \\
8 & 14.49 & 152 & 67 & C\({}_{10}\)H\({}_{16}\)O & _Trans_-Limonene oxide & 0.29 \\
9 & 14.91 & 154 & 69 & C\({}_{10}\)H\({}_{18}\)O & Citronellal & 0.61 \\
10 & 15.59 & 154 & 71 & C\({}_{10}\)H\({}_{18}\)O & Terpinen-4-ol & 0.26 \\
11 & 16.02 & 154 & 71 & C\({}_{10}\)H\({}_{18}\)O & \(\alpha\)-Terpineol & 0.81 \\
12 & 16.38 & 158 & 67 & C\({}_{10}\)H\({}_{22}\)O & Dihydro-citronello & 2.65 \\
13 & 16.85 & 152 & 109 & C\({}_{10}\)H\({}_{16}\)O & Caveol & 0.41 \\
14 & 17.12 & 184 & 69 & C\({}_{11}\)H\({}_{20}\)O\({}_{2}\) & Citronellal formate & 0.93 \\
15 & 17.38 & 152 & 69 & C\({}_{10}\)H\({}_{16}\)O & Neral & 0.36 \\
16 & 17.47 & 150 & 82 & C\({}_{10}\)H\({}_{14}\)O & Carvone & 0.15 \\
17 & 17.82 & 154 & 69 & C\({}_{10}\)H\({}_{18}\)O & Geraniol & 0.15 \\
18 & 18.19 & 152 & 69 & C\({}_{10}\)H\({}_{16}\)O & Geraniol (E-citral) & 1.69 \\
19 & 20.40 & 194 & 109 & C\({}_{12}\)H\({}_{18}\)O\({}_{2}\) & Carvyl acetate & 0.24 \\
20 & 20.86 & 204 & 161 & C\({}_{15}\)H\({}_{24}\) & \(\alpha\)-Copanee & 1.12 \\
21 & 21.10 & 196 & 69 & C\({}_{12}\)H\({}_{20}\)O\({}_{2}\) & Geranyl acetate & 0.88 \\
22 & 21.23 & 204 & 161 & C\({}_{15}\)H\({}_{24}\) & \(\beta\)-Copanee & 0.86 \\
23 & 21.99 & 204 & 93 & C\({}_{15}\)H\({}_{24}\) & _Trans_-carophyllene & 4.40 \\
24 & 22.80 & 204 & 93 & C\({}_{15}\)H\({}_{24}\) & \(\alpha\)-Humulene & 0.49 \\
25 & 23.47 & 204 & 161 & C\({}_{15}\)H\({}_{24}\) & Germacrene-D & 0.69 \\
26 & 23.86 & 204 & 121 & C\({}_{15}\)H\({}_{24}\) & Bicyclogemracene & 0.36 \\
27 & 24.51 & 204 & 161 & C\({}_{15}\)H\({}_{24}\) & \(\alpha\)-Amorphene & 2.78 \\
28 & 25.13 & 204 & 161 & C\({}_{15}\)H\({}_{24}\) & Elemol & 1.06 \\
29 & 25.88 & 220 & 93 & C\({}_{15}\)H\({}_{24}\)O & Caryophillene oxide & 0.30 \\
30 & 27.52 & 222 & 121 & C\({}_{15}\)H\({}_{26}\)O & \(\alpha\)-Cadinol & 0.32 \\
31 & 27.63 & 222 & 186 & C\({}_{15}\)H\({}_{26}\)O & Eudesm-7(11)en-4-ol & 0.63 \\
32 & 28.97 & 222 & 69 & C\({}_{15}\)H\({}_{26}\)O & Farnesol & 0.65 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Composition of essential oils from grapefruit peels. Figure 2: GC-MS chromatogram of the essential oil extracted from grapefruit (GF-EO). Other present compounds, such as nootkatone, are noteworthy, with nootkatone being the most important aromatic organic compound in EO extracted from GF peels [51]. This compound showed, in a mice model, an anti-inflammatory effect, mainly associated with the inhibition of IL1-\(\beta\) and TNF-\(\alpha\) production, possibly due to the inhibition of COX-2 activity and antagonism of the histamine receptor type 1 [52]. In addition, this compound showed other beneficial activities, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective [53]. Furthermore, the GF-EO and its bioactive properties have scented flavors [54], making them an excellent flavoring agent for different industries. For instance, the cosmetics industry uses EOs for manufacturing gels, shampoos, and creams; in the food industry, they are used as natural flavoring agents to replace the use of synthetic additives [55].