esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Contribution Rate Modeling Framework
### Analysis of the Causes and Threats
When the submarine's cathodic protection device is operational, it enhances the shaft frequency electric field. The shaft frequency electric field generated by the submarine can propagate over long distances and decays slowly, making it an important source of magnetic fields for submarine detection. Thirdly, hydrodynamic disturbances caused by large underwater targets during movement lead to the separation of a significant number of sodium positive ions and chloride negative ions in high-salinity seawater, producing wake magnetic fields [20]. During maneuvering, the submarine's speed, acceleration, and pitch angle affect the Debye effect magnetic field. When the submarine maneuvers, the changes in speed, acceleration, and pitch angle result in corresponding changes in the Debye effect magnetic field. These three types of magnetic fields are closely related to the submarine's state of movement, with their propagation characteristics influenced by factors such as the submarine's speed and rotational speed. Additionally, changes in the detection position also affect the magnitude of these three magnetic fields. For instance, when detecting in the direction of the submarine's stern, the wake magnetic field is relatively larger, whereas when detecting radially to the submarine, the shaft frequency magnetic field is more prominent. Furthermore, with advancements in magnetic detection technology, numerous detection methods and modes have emerged, which are also significant influencing factors. Therefore, the analysis of magnetic stealth threats in submarines is a complex multi-factor problem that cannot be assessed solely from a single characteristic dimension. It requires a comprehensive consideration of factors such as the submarine's own characteristics, signal characteristics, adversarial detection technology, and the marine environment to evaluate the different causes of ELF magnetic fields in submarines. The analysis of causes and threats serves as the foundation for the application of the contribution rate assessment, providing specific decision factors and a hierarchical structure for the application of the AHP, ensuring that this method can be effectively applied to this problem.
## 3 Result and Discussion
### Improvement of Prediction Performance by Data Augmentation
#### 3.2.1 Without Bone Density  
Figure 6 shows the results of a three-fold cross validation using a mixed dataset of artificial and cadaveric bones without introducing bone density. As shown in Figure 6a, the regression performance was dramatically improved compared to the dataset obtained in the previous L-RFA evaluation using artificial bone, as shown in Figures 3-5. The average coefficient of determination for the three-fold cross validation was \(R^{2}\) = 0.697, yielding an MSE of 0.208. The four explanatory variables utilized were peak frequency (1000-5000 Hz), skewness (500-1000 Hz), frequency center of gravity (1000-5000 Hz), and variance (500-1000 Hz). The variables selected in this LASSO were a combination of the explanatory variables used in the two types of analyses: the simulated bone data-only teacher dataset shown in Figure 3; and the teaching dataset restricted to the peak frequency range of the cadaveric bones shown in Figure 5. This suggests that explanatory variables that are more representative of cadaveric bone validation data may have been utilized with the teaching data from the artificial bone dataset as a substrate. As shown in Figure 6b, the Bland-Altman plot describes the prediction results for the artificial and cadaveric bones separately, and the cadaveric bone data showed a rightward proportional error, indicating the need for a correction for the prior error, as shown in Figure 4b.
###### Abstract
It was found to be specific not only to the amplitude and period of motion [4; 8; 11; 29] but also to the parameters of the beam delivery system [6; 10; 31]. In the present study, the facility-specific interplay effect in spot-scanning proton therapy (SSPT) was evaluated in terms of the dose distortion and irradiation time for different beam delivery modalities. FB irradiation with and without rescanning, DIBH irradiation, and respiratory-gated irradiation were included in this study. A 4D water phantom with a moving radiochromic film was used to measure two-dimensional (2D) dose distributions. The mean dose in and outside the PTV, dose homogeneity in the PTV, and gamma index with 3%/3 mm and 3%/2 mm criteria were calculated to quantify the interplay effect for each beam delivery modality.
###### Abstract
However, only a limited number of studies have examined patient satisfaction in the context of implant therapy, let alone under settings of immediate loading versus conventional loading, and even fewer have considered longer observation periods, yielding conflicting outcomes. [PERSON] et al., reported that immediately loaded two-unsplinted-implant-supported overdentures, retained by ball attachments, improved the oral health-related quality of life and self-assessment of dentures by the patients up to 5 years post-implant surgery; however, this was a pre-post test [19]. Similarly, a report by [PERSON] et al. revealed that a mandibular single and two immediately loaded implant overdenture improved the OHRQoL among elderly edentulous Malaysian participants at both 1 month of immediate loading and 1 year of recall [20]. A literature review has highlighted the lack of significant differences in quality of life between immediate loading and conventional loading of mandibular overdentures [14]. To the best of our knowledge, no comprehensive investigations have yet been conducted regarding the long-term patient-reported outcomes of two-implant overdentures with magnetic attachments, specifically comparing immediately loaded versus conventionally loaded protocols. These evaluations would encompass changes in patient satisfaction, OHRQoL (using OHIP), and patient perceptions of the effects of denture treatment (using PDA). Hence, the objective of this study was to compare patient satisfaction and patient-reported outcomes concerning mandibular overdenture assisted by two immediately or conventionally loaded implants with magnetic attachments during the 5-year follow-up. The null hypothesis posited that no significant difference exists in patient-reported outcomes between immediately loaded and conventionally loaded 2-IOD with magnetic attachment.
## Reconfigurable Routing Protocol for Free Space Optical Sensor Networks  
**[PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 1 and [PERSON] 1,2,***  
1 Department of Computer Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea;  
E-Mails: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (R.X.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (W.-H.Y.)  
2 Smart Grid Research Center, Jeonju 561-756, Korea  
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS];  
Tel.: +82-63-270-2413; Fax: +82-63-270-2394.  
_Received: 21 February 2012; in revised form: 23 March 2012 / Accepted: 31 March 2012 / Published: 13 April 2012_  
**Abstract:** Recently, free space optical sensor networks (FSOSNs), which are based on free space optics (FSO) instead of radio frequency (RF), have gained increasing visibility over traditional wireless sensor networks (WSNs) due to their advantages such as larger capacity, higher security, and lower cost. However, the performance of FSOSNs is restricted to the requirement of a direct line-of-sight (LOS) path between a sender and a receiver pair. Once a node dies of energy depletion, the network would probably suffer from a dramatic decrease of connectivity, resulting in a huge loss of data packets. Thus, this paper proposes a reconfigurable routing protocol (RRP) to overcome this problem by dynamically reconfiguring the network virtual topology. The RRP works in three phases: (1) virtual topology construction, (2) routing establishment, and (3) reconfigurable routing. When data transmission begins, the data packets are first routed through the shortest hop paths. Then a reconfiguration is initiated by the node whose residual energy falls below a threshold. Nodes affected by this dying node are classified into two types, namely maintenance nodes and adjustment nodes, and they are reconfigured according to the types. An energy model is designed to evaluate the performance of RRP through OPNET simulation. Our simulation results indicate that the RRP achieves better performance compared with the simple-link protocol and a direct reconfiguration scheme in terms of connectivity, network lifetime, packet delivery ratio and the number of living nodes.  
**Keywords:** routing; reconfiguration; free space optical sensor networks (FSOSNs)
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Determination of the Antioxidant Capacity via DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-I-picrylhydrazyl) Assay  
The DPPH test is a widely used classical method for determining the antioxidant capacity of various extracts. The analysis was conducted following the method outlined by [PERSON] et al. [37], with minor modifications. For each sample, five alcoholic extracts of varying concentrations (0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/mL) were prepared using 70% ethyl alcohol. In the present study, 0.5 mL of each alcoholic extract was taken and mixed with 2.5 mL of 0.3 mM DPPH solution in ethanol (Calbiochem(r), EMD Millipore Corp., Billerica, MA, USA, lot: D00174004). The samples were left in the dark at room temperature for 30 min, and the absorbance was measured at 518 nm using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Analytic Jena Specord 205, Jena, Germany). A control sample was also prepared, replacing the extract with 70% ethyl alcohol. A positive control of ascorbic acid 0.16 mg/mL in 70% (\(v/v\)) ethanol was used. The ascorbic acid was purchased from Lach-Ner Company (Neratovice, Czech Republic). The radical scavenging activity (RSA) of the extract was calculated using Equation (6):  
\[\text{RSA (\%)}=(\text{A control}-\text{A sample})/(\text{A control})\times 100 \tag{6}\]  
where RSA represents the radical scavenging activity of the extract in percent, A control represents the absorbance of the control sample, and A sample represents the absorbance of the sample measured at 518 nm. The antioxidant capacity of the extracts was measured according to their IC50 value and compared with that of ascorbic acid.
## 3 Limitation of TACE and Necessity of Curative TACE
### Necessity of Curative TACE  
TACE is recognized as a palliative treatment option for HCC; however, it is reported that a complete response (CR) after the initial TACE is the most robust predictor of long-term survival [20]. In other words, ineffective TACE may shorten a patient's lifespan. TACE loads hypoxic and chemotherapeutic stress on HCC, and some surviving tumors frequently change to more aggressive and TACE-resistant tumor tissues, such as sarcomatus appearances or mixed hepatocholangiocellular phenotypes [21; 22]. Hypoxia induced by TACE also stimulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production by the residual tumor cells, which can promote the tumor progression following TACE [23; 24]. Furthermore, some surviving tumors can be nourished by the portal venous system if the arterial branches are markedly attenuated by TACE and extrahepatic collaterals cannot develop [25]. These suggest that ineffective TACE can also produce uncontrollable tumors. In our recent analysis, the incidences of intrahepatic distant recurrence (IDR) of HCC in patients with local tumor progression (LTP) were significantly higher than in patients without LTP (\(p=0.0004\)) [26]. This indicates that some IDR may be associated with LTP: metastases may be from locally progressed tumors or may be from newly developed tumors promoted mainly by high expression of VEGF production from the viable tumor cells. In addition, TACE damages the liver and bile ducts [8; 27; 28] (Figure 2). Therefore, it is important to perform curative TACE when the tumor is localized and controllable.  
Figure 2: Schematic representation of negative aspects of TACE. Abbreviations: VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.
# Research on Networking Protocols for Large-Scale Mobile Ultraviolet Communication Networks
## 2 LSM-UVCN  
LSM-UVCN is a strictly time-slot synchronized communication protocol. Nodes within the network adopt an omnidirectional communication mode and the on-off keying (OOK) modulation scheme, where light emission and non-emission are used to represent transmitted bits \"1\" and \"0\", respectively. When a node initiates data transmission, the remaining nodes implement a bit-by-bit forwarding relay mechanism. This mechanism ensures that all nodes in the network receive the identical bit signal from the source node at precisely the same moment.
## 3 Results
### Optimization of the Material Used
#### 3.3.2 Aluminium Alloy EN AW-6060 T6
Table 7 shows the thickness and weights of the frame and frame components using the original S235 JR steel, and the design solution using aluminium alloy and a modified structure. As it can be observed from Table 8, 45.4% of the weight of the frame was reduced, while maintaining the required strength, to 17.8 kg by the design modifications and replacement of the original S235 JR steel with EN AW-6060 T6 aluminium. The disadvantage of this solution is the significantly higher economic cost of the frame material than when using structural steel.
# Optimal Path Routing Protocol for Warning Messages Dissemination for Highway VANET
## 4 Optimal Path Discovery Phase
### Optimal Path Discovery
#### 4.2.3 Scenario 3  
In this instance, we take into consideration the scenario shown in Figure 4 with the following requirements for the source and destination nodes:  
* Source node C1: A is the rear node.
* Destination node C6: S is the front node.
* Source and destination nodes travel in opposite directions, toward each other.  
This scenario is similar to Scenario 1 in terms of the positions of the source and destination nodes. However, the situation changes entirely because the two nodes are located on opposing sides of the road and going in opposite directions. The direction component is still essential in addition to the distance between nodes. Assume initially that there are two paths to go to the destination node C6:S in the scenario shown in Figure 4. The first path is C1: A >> CH >> C2: CH >> C3: CH >> C6: CH >> S, and the second path includes C1: A >> CH >> C4: CH >> C5: CH >> C6: CH >> S. The current greedy and direction-based algorithms will choose Node C4: CH as \(Of\). based on fewer distances than Node C2: CH. However, in our suggested OPRP, Equation (7) is employed to establish the priority between nodes in NG\({}_{5}\) when \(H\) (\(S\), \(D\)) = 0 and the nodes are moving near one another. Therefore, Node C2: CH is preferred by OPRP as the \(Of\). Hence, the final path becomes C1: A >> CH >> C2: CH >> C6: CH >> S, as the destination Node C6: S and the source Node C1: A are traveling towards each other by the time WM reaches the C2: CH communication range.
## 5 Conclusions  
This study studied the pavement performance degradation laws of nano-TiO\({}_{2}\)/CaCO\({}_{3}\) and basalt fiber composite modified asphalt mixtures under freeze-thaw cycles. The improvement of modifiers on freeze-thaw resistance of asphalt mixture was studied by measuring mesoscopic voidage, stability, indirect tensile stiffness modulus, splitting strength, and uniaxial compression static and dynamic creep rate. The GM (1, 3) model was established to predict the pavement performance of the modified asphalt mixture. The following conclusions were obtained:  
* With the increasing freeze-thaw cycles, the mesoscopic void ratio of asphalt mixture increased, the stability, splitting tensile strength and indirect tensile stiffness modulus decreased. The properties of nano-TiO\({}_{2}\)/CaCO\({}_{3}\) and basalt fiber composite modified asphalt mixtures were better than other test groups before and after freeze-thaw cycles. Before freeze-thaw cycle, the stability, stiffness modulus and splitting tensile strength of NBAM group were 17%, 20% and 16% higher than those of AM group, and they are 67%, 41%, and 48% after 20 freeze-thaw cycles.
* The uniaxial static and dynamic creep results showed that the high-temperature stability of nano-TiO\({}_{2}\)/CaCO\({}_{3}\) and basalt fiber composite modified asphalt mixtures after freeze-thaw was significantly improved compared with other test groups. Comparing the creep rate change before and after freeze-thaw cycles, the static creep rate of each type of asphalt mixture increased significantly. AM group increased by three times, while NBAM group increased by two times. The dynamic creep rate also increased after freeze-thaw cycles. The creep rate was negatively correlated with the dynamic stability.
* The GM (1, 3) model was used to predict various properties of modified asphalt mixture and the prediction results with high accurate were obtained. It indicated that GM (1, 3) model was suitable to predict the stability, indirect tensile stiffness modulus, and splitting tensile strength of the asphalt mixture under freeze-thaw cycles.  
Conceptualization, G.T.; formal analysis, Y.G., H.B. and Z.T.; investigation, Y.G.; data curation, H.B. and Z.T.; writing--original draft preparation, Z.T. and H.B.; writing--review and editing, Y.G. and Z.T.; project administration, Y.G. and Z.T.; funding acquisition, Y.G. and Z.T.  
This work was supported by the Transportation Technology Program of Jilin Province of China (Grant Nos. 2018 ZDGC-16 and 2018-1-9) and the Training Program for Outstanding Young Teachers of Jilin university.  
We would like to acknowledge the following people from Jilin University: Thank you to [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] for technical support in the testing procedure and data processing.  
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
## 3 Test Results and Analyses  
### The Effect of Corrosion Thickness on the Bearing Performance of the Pipes  
#### 3.1.1 Comparative Analysis of the Load-Bearing Performance of Corroded Pipes  
The plate load test results of specimens F-1, F-4, and F-9 are shown in Table 5, and the load-displacement curves of each specimen are shown in Figure 3. From Table 5, it can be seen that the cracking load of specimens F-4 and F-9 was reduced by 13.41% and 27.14% compared to specimen F-1, and the ultimate load was reduced by 14.45% and 35.00%, respectively. The test results show that with an increase in the corrosion wall thickness, the cracking load and ultimate load of the pipeline gradually decreased, and the greater the degree of corrosion was, the greater the reduction in the bearing capacity was. This is because, when the corrosion thickness is small, the thickness of the pipe sections is the thickness of the protective layer, which has little effect on the bearing capacity of the pipeline.  
From Figure 3, it can be seen that the load change rules of the three specimens (F-1, F-4, and F-7) are basically the same, and that there are three stages: (1) The elastic stage, which encompasses the initial loading to the crack load. The load increases rapidly at this stage, the deformation of the specimen is small, and cracks are generated. (2) The crack development stage, which extends from the cracking of the specimen until the ultimate load is reached. At this stage, the original cracks continue expanding, and the load continues to increase to the ultimate load under the support of the steel bar. (3) The third stage is the yielding stage. After reaching the ultimate load, the entire specimen no longer works.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Group** & **Crack Load D\({}_{\text{c}}\)/kN** & **Ultimate Load D\({}_{\text{u}}\)/kN** \\ \hline F-1 & 6.19 & 11.83 \\ F-4 & 5.36 & 10.12 \\ F-7 & 4.51 & 7.69 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Flat plate load test results of the corroded pipe sections.  
Figure 2: Position of the displacement measurement points.  
Reinforcement reaches the yielding stage, the load decreases slowly, and the deformation of the specimen keeps increasing, but the specimen is not fractured [16; 17].  
The ultimate load of specimen F-7 was lower and the rate of the load decrease at the yielding stage was higher. This is because the protective layer of the specimen was almost completely lost, and the corrosion thickness in some areas reached an effective protective layer thickness. During the late stage of loading, the reinforcements at the top, bottom, and arching lines of the pipes peeled off, and the supporting effect of the reinforcements was weakened, while the rate of the load value increase during the crack development stage was reduced substantially. With the increase in corrosion thickness, the specimens exhibited faster cracking and reached a smaller crack load displacement.
# Key Issues on Integrating 5G into Industrial Systems
## 3 Typical Applications in Industrial Systems  
Industrial applications can be divided into three categories: enterprise level, shop level, and field level. This classification corresponds to the hierarchy of industrial system communication networks: enterprise-level scenarios use intra-enterprise communication networks; shop-level ones use control networks; and field-level ones use control-layer communication networks. The existing 5G technology can replace the Ethernet communication protocol used in enterprise communication networks and control networks but cannot replace the field bus used in control-layer communication networks. Therefore, 5G can support industrial applications at the enterprise and shop levels but not at the field level. In order to promote better integration of 5G with industry, it is necessary to solve the problems and gaps with the application of 5G in field scenarios [28; 29; 30; 31]. Some examples of field-level PLC and shop-level Autonomous Guided Vehicles (AGV) applications are described below.