# CSO Based Solution for Load Kickback Effect in Deregulated Power Systems
## 4 Results and Discussion  
The optimization has been done on two systems, the first being IEEE 30 bus system with 6 generating units, and the second being 75 bus Indian utility system with 15 generating units. The single diagram of the IEEE 30 bus and 75 bus Indian utility systems are given in Figures 3 and 4. The operator data for 30 bus system is given in Table 1 and the fuel and emission cost data is given in Table 2. The operator data for 75 buses Indian utility system is given in Table 3, and the fuel and emission cost data in Table 4.  
Figure 2: Proposed method flow chart. Figure 4: Single line diagram of 75 bus Indian test system. Figure 3: Single line diagram of IEEE 30 bus test system. The optimization algorithm has been implemented on both IEEE 30 bus and 75 bus Indian utility system, and the results have been obtained. The costs of 30 bus system for various cases involving demand response, kickback load, and controlled kickback load are discussed in Table 5. From the table, it can be seen that the profit is high while controlled kickback load is implemented. Same thing has been observed for 75 bus system shown in Table 5, where the various costs have been shown. Here too, it is observed that when controlled kickback load is implemented, there is high rise in profit. Even though the profit is more in a DR regulated environment, it is not taken into consideration, due to the kickback effect. The plots involving various costs and loads have been plotted. Figure 5 shows the plot for emission output versus time for cases involving DR, excluding DR, and with kickback load for 30 bus system. In Figure 5, the emission output for 30 bus system with kickback load hours and off-peak \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline
**Unit No.** & \(\alpha_{\mathbf{i}}\) & \(\beta_{\mathbf{i}}\) & \(\gamma_{\mathbf{i}}\) & \(\mathbf{a_{i}}\) & \(\mathbf{b_{i}}\) & \(\mathbf{c_{i}}\) \\ \hline
1 & 0.0036 & \(-\)0.81 & 24.3 & 1 & 1017.5 & 0 \\
2 & 0.0035 & \(-\)0.1 & 27.023 & 1.75 & 1725.5 & 0 \\
3 & 0.033 & \(-\)0.5 & 27.023 & 2 & 1957.75 & 0 \\
4 & 0.0034 & \(-\)0.3 & 22.07 & 2 & 2008.625 & 0 \\
5 & 0.038 & \(-\)0.81 & 24.3 & 2 & 1957.75 & 0 \\
6 & 0.033 & \(-\)0.5 & 27.023 & 2.25 & 2177.75 & 0 \\
7 & 0.0034 & \(-\)0.03 & 29.04 & 2.25 & 2219.375 & 0 \\
8 & 0.0039 & \(-\)0.02 & 29.03 & 2.25 & 2177.75 & 0 \\
9 & 0.003 & \(-\)0.2 & 27.05 & 1.5 & 1474 & 0 \\
10 & 0.0034 & \(-\)0.3 & 22.07 & 2.125 & 2118.375 & 0 \\
11 & 0.0034 & \(-\)0.25 & 23.01 & 2 & 2026 & 0 \\
12 & 0.0035 & \(-\)0.03 & 21.09 & 0.5 & 511.375 & 0 \\
13 & 0.0038 & \(-\)0.41 & 24.3 & 0.875 & 846.25 & 0 \\
14 & 0.0034 & \(-\)0.2 & 23.06 & 1.875 & 1863.75 & 0 \\
15 & 0.0036 & \(-\)0.1 & 29 & 1.25 & 1253.125 & 0 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Fuel and Emission Cost Data for Indian 75 Bus System. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline
**Unit No.** & \(\alpha_{\mathbf{i}}\) & \(\beta_{\mathbf{i}}\) & \(\gamma_{\mathbf{i}}\) & \(\mathbf{a_{i}}\) & \(\mathbf{b_{i}}\) & \(\mathbf{c_{i}}\) \\ \hline
1 & 0.0126 & \(-\)0.9 & 22.983 & 2.4375 & 1300 & 0 \\
2 & 0.02 & \(-\)0.1 & 25.313 & 11.375 & 1105 & 0 \\
3 & 0.027 & \(-\)0.01 & 25.505 & 40.625 & 650 & 0 \\
4 & 0.0291 & \(-\)0.005 & 24.9 & 5.421 & 2112.5 & 0 \\
5 & 0.029 & \(-\)0.004 & 24.7 & 16.25 & 1950 & 0 \\
6 & 0.0271 & \(-\)0.0055 & 25.3 & 16.25 & 1950 & 0 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Fuel and Emission Cost Data for IEEE 30 Bus System. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline
**Unit No.** & \(\alpha_{\mathbf{i}}\) & \(\beta_{\mathbf{i}}\) & \(\gamma_{\mathbf{i}}\) & \(\mathbf{a_{i}}\) & \(\mathbf{b_{i}}\) & \(\mathbf{c_{i}}\) \\ \hline
1 & 0.0126 & \(-\)0.9 & 22.983 & 2.4375 & 1300 & 0 \\
2 & 0.02 & \(-\)0.1 & 25.313 & 11.375 & 1105 & 0 \\
3 & 0.027 & \(-\)0.01 & 25.505 & 40.625 & 650 & 0 \\
4 & 0.0291 & \(-\)0.005 & 24.9 & 5.421 & 2112.5 & 0 \\
5 & 0.029 & \(-\)0.004 & 24.7 & 16.25 & 1950 & 0 \\
6 & 0.0271 & \(-\)0.0055 & 25.3 & 16.25 & 1950 & 0 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Operator Data for Indian 75 Bus System.