## 1 Introduction
However, in subsequent years, studies conducted in animal models and humans [15], showed that bromine causes a decrease in the concentration of total thyroxine (tf4) and triiodothyrene (tf3), thyrotropin (TSH) in serum, an increase in absolute/relative thyroid mass with morphological and histological changes and reduced iodide accumulation in the thyroid gland. Unfortunately, thyroid hormone disorders in critical developmental periods imply disorders in neurological development. Moreover, bromide has a direct neurotoxic effect, probably due to mimicking the neurotransmitter \(\gamma\)-aminobutyric acid (GABA gamma-aminobutyric-acid) [15; 16]. Bromide can also cause kidney and liver damage and respiratory diseases [17; 18]. Considering public health and the possible negative impact of bromine on the hormonal system and neurotoxicity [19], research interest in this element has increased in recent years. EFSA reviewed the opinions and scientific evidence on bromine in 2024. The EFSA Scientific Committee determined the TDI and Acute Reference Dose (ARfD) at 0.4 mg Br\({}^{-}\)/kg body mass/day for the general human population, including children, pregnant and breastfeeding women, but with sufficient iodine in the body. Furthermore, EFSA recommends that, to fully assess the risk, an assessment of exposure to bromide delivered to the human body via food should be carried out [15]. The bromine content in poultry meat depends on its concentration in feed and drinking water, as demonstrated by the study of [PERSON] et al. [20], In certain regions of Ukraine, bromine levels in these sources (between 2006 and 2020) exceeded safety thresholds. However, to date, there are no published studies assessing bromine content in goose meat--either raw or cooked--with consideration of skin presence. In recent years, consumer interest in waterflow meat (particularly goose and duck) has grown across various regions of the world. This trend may be attributed to both the scale and profitability of production, as well as to demographic factors, dietary patterns, and cultural preferences specific to individual countries [21; 22]. As of 2023, China is the leading producer and consumer of waterflow meat, with an annual output of 5.5 million tons, followed by France (203 thousand tons) and Myanmar (174 thousand tons). In per capita terms, the highest consumption of goose and duck meat was observed in Taiwan (6.12 kg/person), China (3.77 kg/person), and Myanmar (3.23 kg/person) [23]. China, Taiwan, and Egypt are the leading producers of goose meat, whereas Poland, Hungary, and Belgium are among the main exporting countries. The current study projects that global goose meat production will increase by 246.32% between 2023 and 2027, compared to the average production over the previous 62 years [23]. In Poland, approximately 90% of goose meat is produced from the White Koluda(r) goose, and most of it is exported to European Union countries. Despite this, goose and duck meat combined represent only 3.2% of Poland's poultry meat production, compared to chicken (81.6%) and turkey (15.3%). Between 2020 and 2022, the value of Polish goose meat exports increased significantly, from EUR 51 million to EUR 116 million--an almost 2.3-fold rise. According to data from the National Support Centre for Agriculture, Poland produced 1.11 million geese in 2023, and exported approximately 13.9 thousand tons, primarily to EU markets. The largest importer of Polish goose meat was Germany, which in 2023 purchased 9.4 thousand tons, valued at EUR 68 million. Smaller quantities were exported to Hong Kong, France, Italy, the Czech Republic, Austria, and the United Kingdom [24; 25]. Information on the trace element content in goose carcass parts, both with and without skin, may be relevant to consumers when making informed dietary choices. Few reports address the effect of cooking on the mineral content of goose meat. They mainly concern P, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, B, Se, but a few concern trace elements.