# Multi-Sensor Photoelectric Fire Alarm Device Implementation for Early Fire Detection in Campsites
## 1 Introduction
Based on this finding, we propose a method that integrates real-time meteorological information to highlight areas with high likelihood of fire occurrence on a map. However, the potential active use of humidity sensors in fire detection has not yet been widely discussed. Various types of fire detectors, including photoelectric, fixed temperature, and rate-of-rise temperature detectors, are available on the market. According to the Korea Fire Industry Technology Institute [11], production figures for fire detectors between 10 May and 9 June 2023, included 22,000 rate-of-rise temperature detectors, 13,000 photoelectric detectors, and 7000 fixed temperature detectors. Photoelectric fire detectors rank second in production due to their rapid fire detection capability. Rapid fire detection is essential in confined spaces like camping sites, and we also considered cost to ensure wider adoption. Therefore, in this study, we focused on improving the cost-effectiveness of photoelectric fire detectors, which offer the benefit of fast fire detection. These detectors function by using a light-emitting element and a light-receiving sensor inside a dark chamber to detect smoke-induced light scattering. However, as [PERSON] [12] reported, fires release not only smoke but also heat, flames, and gases. The characteristic parameters of a fire include temperature, smoke concentration, and carbon monoxide. Chemical sensors respond more rapidly than smoke alarms. Therefore, combining multiple sensors in a fire alarm system can enhance the detection speed and accuracy. In this study, we analyzed regional temperature and humidity data obtained from the Fire Agency's national fire system [13] and the Meteorological Agency's disaster prevention system (Automatic Weather Station (AWS)) [14]. The objective was to explore the relationship between temperature, humidity, and the likelihood of fire occurrence, and to integrate these findings into the design and implementation of a photoelectric fire detector. A prototype fire alarm system was developed using a Raspberry Pi, DHT11, and a light sensor. Performance evaluations demonstrated that the prototype detected fires approximately 20% faster than existing photoelectric fire detectors on the market  
The primary contributions of this study are as follows:  
We propose an enhanced multi-sensor photoelectric fire detector that integrates temperature and humidity data into a traditional photoelectric fire alarm system. The proposed multi-sensor photoelectric fire detector represents a significant advancement in fire detection technology, with potential applications in various environments where temperature and humidity are crucial factors for fire risk, such as camping sites, small rooms, and semi-basements. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 reviews the current state of research on smoke detectors and distinguishes between visual and non-visual methods. Figure 3: Sensors used in fire alarms. This review establishes the direction of ongoing research and emphasizes the necessity and purpose of this study. Section 3 analyzes the influence of humidity and temperature on fire incidents and derives a multiple linear regression formula to develop an enhanced fire detection algorithm. The validity of the derived formula is verified by assessing its homoscedasticity, normality, and linearity. In addition, this section outlines the software framework of the fire detection system, describing the internal sensors and the prototype implementation process. In Section 4, experiments are conducted to empirically verify the performance of the fire detector in real-fire scenarios by analyzing the results of these tests and evaluating the variability of the detector's alarm threshold in response to humidity and temperature changes. Finally, Section 5 summarizes the findings and discusses future development needs.