# Eco-Friendly Preservation of Pharaonic Wooden Artifacts using Natural Green Products
## 4 Discussion
A mixture of _Eucalyptus canalduelensis_ and _Eucalyptus tereticornis_ methanolic leaf extracts was found to be effective against wood decay fungi [36]. The antifungal activities of _Eucalyptus_ species (e.g., _E. trophylla, E. grandis, E. camaldulensis_, and _E. citridona_) are due to citronellal and citronellol [59]. Moreover, [PERSON] et al. [60] recorded the antifungal activity of _Lawsonia inermis_ extracts against four cellulolytic wood fungi. Thyme, geranium, and cinnamon were the most effective essential oils against the fourteen highly deterioration-causing fungal species. [PERSON] et al. [61] also revealed that the antimicrobial activity of EOs was a result of the synergistic action of all chemical constituents, not just one constituent. The fungal inhibition by EOs may indicate that the effective ingredients of oil-initiated sugar polymerization may lead to microbial death. Both the affinity for sugar to polymerize into polysaccharides and the decreased degrees of fungal respiration might be causal reasons for the reduction in microbial progress [62]. The disruption of the microbial cell membrane and the precipitation of cellular proteins are connected to the antimicrobial activity of the phenolic compounds in thymme oil [63]. [PERSON] et al. [13] found that thymol, which is a phenolic monoterepenoid structure in thymme oil, caused a significant decrease in the vitality of fungal mycelia grown on wood treated with Eos, and could be considered as a possible alternative to the synthetic biocides used currently. The antifungal activity of thymme oil as an alternative preservative for an archaeological Egyptian Coptic cellulosic object was also found by [PERSON] et al. [64]. The main components of geranium oil were citronellol (19.4%) and geraniol (36.8%). They could damage the membrane integrity, inhibited germ tube induction, and the microbial cell cycle [65]. Various low molecular weight proteins or peptides with fungicidal activity have been found in different plants and are involved as germicides [66]. The basis of the essential oils' antimicrobial efficiency was the particularly lipophilic manner and low molecular weight of terpen/terpenoids, which block fungal propagation and sporulation causing cell mortality [8]. Cinnamon oil (_Cinnamoun cassia_, MIC: 0.5-1 uL/mL) was third in the antifungal effectiveness ranking. Its major chemical constituents were eugenol (28.5%), cryophyllene (16.3%), cinnamaldehyde (14.2%), and the acetic acid cinnamyl ester (12.8%). [PERSON] [67] concluded that the antimicrobial activity of cinnamon oil may be related to its main antimicrobial components (cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and linalool), which inhibited amino acid decarboxylase, and which interfere with the production of amylases and proteases, causing the lysis of microbial cells and the deterioration of their cell walls. [PERSON] et al. [68] found that the main active ingredients in _Cinnamoun cassia_ were trans-cinnamaldehyde, citral, trans-geraniol and carvacrol. Cinnamaldehyde, the main component of cinnamon oil, suppressed the growth of the brown rot fungus that was isolated from wood and stone artefacts [69]. Eugenol and cinnamaldehyde were found to be potential wood preservatives for the treatment of timber [70] with a greater effect on the growth of both white and brown rot fungi (wood decay fungi) compared with the other components of cinnamon oil [71]. The main components of lemongrass oil with antimicrobial effects such as fungal sporulation prevention are cineole, citral, geraniol, linalool, and menthol [72]. [PERSON] al. [73] found that D-limonene (25.3%), spathulenol (14.7%), and \(\alpha\)-curcumene (8%) were the main components of _Lemon verbena_ oil, which had antimicrobial activities. Lemongrass oil has been shown to be effective in preventing the colonization of fungi (_Aspergillus niger_, _Chaetonium globosum_, _Coniophora puteana_, _Penicillium commune_, and _Trametes versicolor_) on samples of hardwood and softwood by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [34].