## 4 Results  
### Results of the Research  
This section presents the results of the video watermarking system when the video compression rate is changed, which is represented by the CRF (constant rate factor) (Tables 7 and 8; Figure 5) and when changing the video BF (brightness factor) (Table 9; Figure 6). The impact of changing the video resolution will also be discussed (Tables 10 and 11; Figure 7). For the purpose of testing the effectiveness of the presented method, an embedded watermark in the form of the string \"QVERTS0123456789\" was adopted. The test-video fragment for the presentation of the method in this paper contained 30 frames of video footage of moving objects in the form of clouds visible in the image, and it was characterised by a gradual brightening, starting from a complete darkening of the image [46]. Example video frames are shown in Figure 5.  
Figure 5: Preview of ANN results: From top-left to bottom: original frame, encoded frame, decoded frame) for Frame 1, 6, 9, 20, and 30 and CRF 0. Figure 6: Preview of the brightness factor change for the 30 th frame: From top-left: BF 4, BF 3, BF 2, BF 1, BF 0, BF \(-\)1, BF \(-\)2, BF \(-\)3, and BF \(-\)4. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Frame \#**} & **CRF 7** & **CRF 7** & **CRF 7** & **CRF 7** & **CRF 7** & **CRF 7** & **CRF 7** & **CRF 7** & **CRF 7** & **CRF 7** \\  & **BF 5** & **BF 4** & **BF 3** & **BF 2** & **BF 1** & **BF \(-\)1** & **BF \(-\)2** & **BF \(-\)3** & **BF \(-\)4** & **BF \(-\)5** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{25} & S\(\cdot\) 1 & S\(\cdot\) 16 & S\(\cdot\)  
According to the results shown in Table 7, there is an apparent trend in the overall retrieval of the watermark from the individual video frames for the CRF in the range \(\langle 0;\ 16\rangle\). According to the results in the table for CRF values greater than 17, the recovered mark is partially degraded as the compression ratio value increases. Analysing the results in Table 8, there is a trend in the similarity of the original image to the encoded image, measured by MSE to 5 decimal places. In contrast with the well-known fact in steganography that it is easier to hide information in a brightened image, this method has no need to do so, because embedding a watermark slightly affects the original image, as shown in the results in the table. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Frame \#** & **1080 \(\times\) 1920** & **1940 \(\times\) 3584** & **2032 \(\times\) 3712** & **2160 \(\times\) 3840** & **2288 \(\times\) 3968** & **4320 \(\times\) 7680** & **4608 \(\times\) 8192** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{1} & S: 1 & S: 1 & S: 1 & S: 3 & S: 1 & S: 1 & S: 1 \\  & M: 1 & M: 1 & M: 1 & M: 3 & M: 1 & M: 1 & M: 1 \\  & S: 1 & S: 5 & S: 4 & S: 16 & S: 3 & S: 5 & S: 5 \\  & M: 1 & M: 5 & M: 5 & M: 16 & M: 4 & M: 4 & M: 5 \\  & S: 1 & S: 6 & S: 8 & S: 16 & S: 6 & S: 6 & S: 6 \\  & M: 1 & M: 5 & M: 5 & M: 16 & M: 5 & M: 6 & M: 6 \\  & S: 1 & S: 7 & S: 7 & S: 16 & S The effect of changing the brightness, both by brightening and darkening, is shown in Table 9. As the results of the brightness-change study show, the presented method shows better resistance to image brightening than to image darkening. Additionally, it is worth noting that, for a darkened image, changing the brightness of the image does not degrade the watermark to the extent that it cannot be recovered. However, for very dark backgrounds which are almost black or black, when the image brightness is changed, the watermark is lost in these areas. A preview of the brightness factor changes is shown in Figure 6, and a preview of the original frames is shown in Figure 5.  
Changing the resolution negatively affects the embedded watermark. The presentations of the results of the resolution changes in Tables 10 and 11 show the results for changes from the UHD resolution of the images to another resolution.