## 1 Introduction  
The demand for high-speed communication continues to grow, spurring technological innovations to boost efficiency and performance. Wireless communication outperforms wired communication because wireless communication is easier to set up and allows for ubiquitous data transmission without wires. Such innovations have proven crucial in the development of mobile networks. Radio frequencies (RFs) systems are gradually depleting their resources, necessitating the usage of a higher frequency range to boost data speed. Many researchers have been working on the millimeter-wave band to produce the fifth generation of mobile communications (5G), which has the potential to deliver a high data rate (1-10 Gbps). However, it is vital to highlight that the increased frequency can potentially have negative health consequences. Visible light communication (VLC), light fidelity (LiFi), and optical camera communication (OCC) are new feasible candidates that could replace radio frequency communication. The advantages of VLC/LiFi/OCC compared with RF communication can be described as follows: If we provided the dimming and non-flicker technologies, light waves would have no harmful impact on human health. Ref. [1] shows that optical modulation frequencies up to 200 Hz can be considered without damaging human eyes. Visible light waves have a bandwidth more than 1000 times that of radio waves. Furthermore, visible light exists in light infrastructures on smart houses, hospitals, and automobiles, lowering the cost of adopting VLC/LiFi/OCC systems compared to the radio frequency systems. Consequently, many businesses are devoting a significant portion of their budgets to studying this unique technology. IEEE 802.15 tutorials [2] provide an overview of the OWCtechnology. The adoption of a wide range of protocol complexity and the peculiarity of OWC was also available in [2]. The IEEE 802.15.7 a Task Group (TG7 a) has divided the system into two categories:  
* High rate OCC for IoT applications with four modulation schemes [3] considering mobility environment. * High rate OCC for vehicular application with three modulation schemes [3] considering high mobility environment. Contrasting VLC and Li-Fi systems, which use photodiodes to receive data, optical camera communication uses a camera as the detector. Refs. [4; 5] show that the OCC system performance depends on the camera type. Global-shutter and rolling-shutter cameras are two types of cameras for this arrangement on the market. The camera frame rate, which decides whether the sampling rate meets the Nyquist sampling requirement, is the primary determinant of OCC performance with the global shutter camera. The rolling-shutter camera sampling rate is determined by both the camera frame rate and the camera's rolling rate. OFDM (orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing) is a communication modulation technique for encoding digital data on multiple carrier frequencies. It is a useful approach in high data rate communication systems since the bandwidth is partitioned into orthogonal sub-carriers to reduce the distortion affected by inter-symbol interference (ISI). The sub-carriers in an OFDM system can overlap with other sub-carriers by utilizing the Fourier transform method without impacting signal performance. The cyclic-prefix was appended to compensate for the distortion to the OFDM symbol. The camera on-off keying (C-OOK) system was introduced in paper [6], which can maintain a high data rate. IEEE 802.15.7-2018 standardized this method as well. On the other hand, the C-OOK system has several disadvantages, such as a high bit error rate (BER) and a short communication distance. In 2019, we suggested 2-D OFDM (2-dimention OFDM) based on screen code OCC in [7]. 2D-OFDM focuses on using asynchronous-quick-link (A-QL) code to collect the 2D-OFDM signal. The transmission distance of 2D-OFDM is a disadvantage, as it only operates reliably at 3 m [7].