esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# MIMO Radio Frequency Identification: A Brief Survey
## 5 Discussion  
This paper is an attempt to briefly review the literature related to MIMO RFID systems including academic journals and conference proceedings from the past decade. In doing so, we provide a general outline of the various domains being targeted in the past and present research. With saturation in the traditional RFID systems research and the great potential of multi-antenna systems, more researchers will shift in favor of empirical and theoretical studies in MIMO RFID systems. As explained in the previous sections, the recent MIMO RFID research carried out in the past decade can be divided into three main categories: estimation, anti-collision, and security. The main challenges addressed in the literature were (a) reducing reader to reader interference, (b) bit error rate and capacity improvement through spatial multiplexing, (c) minimizing channel estimation error, (d) collision recovery, and (e) improved security against eavesdropping and relay attacks. While in some papers, authors have developed theoretical frameworks, the work is still in its early phases and further methods and modeling tools need to be designed for evaluating various aspects MIMO RFID systems. It was observed that very few efforts have been undertaken to study the performance improvements of multi-antenna tag designs, which can help improve the sensitivity and range compared to a single antenna tag at the cost of higher cost and power requirements [68]. Similarly, dual-frequency tags (operating both in UHF and GHz band) have only been studied for MIMO RFID systems in [28] and needs to be further evaluated for the enhanced power level allowances in the GHz band. Majority of the articles we reviewed were related to the anti-collision algorithm designs and bulk reading scenarios as this is an area where MIMO RFID systems can improve the gains manyfold. Several algorithms have proposed for improving tag reading times and accuracy. Though many efforts have been carried out to address security issues in RFID systems [69; 70; 71], further research needs to be conducted in the MIMO context as multiple antenna systems become more prevalent. There are almost no studies on the cost impacts of multi-antenna systems and specific application scenarios where spatial multiplexing can provide higher gains over traditional RFID systems.
# Improving Medical Image Quality Using a Super-Resolution Technique with Attention Mechanism
## 4 Experimental Results
### Diagnostic Accuracy in Related Studies  
Deep learning-based super-resolution techniques have been shown to be effective in diagnosing diseases such as melanoma, lung cancer, and breast cancer. For example, the study by [PERSON] et al. (multimodal-boost) demonstrated that integrating multi-attention mechanisms with wavelet transform significantly improved image quality across various medical imaging modalities. This enhancement contributed to the restoration of fine details, such as lesion texture and boundary features, thereby increasing diagnostic accuracy in experimental settings [26]. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. employed a multi-head convolutional attention mechanism to improve the super-resolution performance of CT and MRI images. By utilizing multiple kernel sizes, they effectively captured spatial and channel-wise attention, leading to significant improvements in PSNR and SSIM metrics compared to conventional methods. Their study emphasized how restored high-frequency textures in lesion areas could directly enhance diagnostic accuracy [27].
## 5 Applications
### Metal Hybrids SC  
GR is proving to be an incredibly useful material in creating narrow-band SCs and spin-polarized half SCs. This is because the SC phase is substantially different from the metal phase, opening up the possibility of making SC metal hybrids on a single monolayer, using GR for both transistors and interconnecting metals in very-large-scale integration fabrication [154]. What's more, GR's excellent mechanical properties are a significant advantage in preventing mechanical failure that can result from repeated thermal expansion [115] and contraction that occurs with current technology. Because GR is a single sheet, chemical treatment can be performed as a final step in the fabrication process without the limited penetration that would occur with three-dimensional materials.
## 2 Pulse-Compression Thermography (PuCT)
With the aim of mitigating the extent of the side-lobes, different strategies have been proposed in the literature, which differentiate depending on the coded excitation used, i.e., whether it is a frequency modulated chirp signal or a phase modulated one. In the former case, the use of window functions for smoothing the amplitude of the matched filter and/or the coded input signal, or the use of a tailored \(\psi(t)\) designed according to the Wiener filter theory, is highly beneficial [29; 30; 37; 42; 43; 44]. In the latter case, periodic excitation or a pair of twin sequences can be used [45]. In both cases, it can be demonstrated that the maximum SNR is obtained when \(\psi(t)=s(-t)\)[41], where \(s(-t)\) is the time-reversal of the input signal \(s(t)\). Further, it must be noted that a suitable coded signal for PuC is usually a bipolar one, having no DC component present, i.e., zero or close to zero mean, a good example being PuC-based ultrasonic inspections performed via piezo transducers [31; 44]. Conversely, the difficulty in realizing a bipolar heating source for IRT application leads to an actual excitation signal \(y_{TR}(t)\):  
\[y_{TR}(t)=h(t)*s(t)+h(t)*s_{SQ}(t)+e(t)=y(t)+y_{SQ}(t)+e(t). \tag{3}\]  
Comparing Equations (2) and (3), the contribution of \(y_{SQ}(t)\) from \(y(t)\) must be removed before applying the PuC algorithm. This can be done by using an optimized non-linear fitting function [29]. In this work, a Legendre pseudo-noise binary sequence was selected and employed as the coded signal \(s(t)\) modulating the LED system's heat emission. Legendre sequences are known for allowing an almost perfect reconstruction of the \(\delta(t)\) when used in cyclic convolution mode. The mathematical details of such sequences, as well as the pros of the cyclic convolution process, can be found in [PERSON] et al. [45] and [PERSON] et al. [46]. The various steps of the here-employed PuCT procedure are listed below, and graphically summarized in Figure 1 for two acquired pixels on thermogram, over a sound and a defected area, respectively. 1. The sample is excited via a periodic (two periods) Legendre sequence-modulated heating stimulus of order 31, each bit having a duration of 1 s, leading to an overall duration of the stimuli \(T\) = 62 s;
2. Thermograms are acquired for an overall time interval \(T\);
3. The step-heating removal procedure (Fitting) is applied pixelwise to the \(y_{TR}(t)=y_{SQ}(t)+y(t)\) of the acquired thermogram sequence for obtaining \(y(t)\);
4. The PuC algorithm is performed by convolving only the second period of \(y(t)\) with \(\psi(t)\), thus retrieving \(\overline{h}\big{(}j_{x},j_{y},t\big{)}\), as for Equation (2). Note that \(\psi(t)\) is just the time reversal of a single period of the periodic Legendre sequence.
# Context-Encoder-Based Image Inpainting for Ancient Chinese Silk
## 1 Introduction  
Ancient silk patterns, developed over centuries, are culturally significant visual symbols that embody aesthetic values and the diverse ethos of civilizations. Despite the extensive corpus of ancient silk artifacts, many suffer degradation from aging and mechanical damage. Currently, restoration is largely a manual process, reliant on skilled conservators with access to detailed pattern information and extensive experience. This reliance can lead to deviations from the original patterns owing to indistinct textures or misinterpretations. Additionally, the specialized nature of textile conservation and the lengthy training required limit the pool of qualified restorers. Therefore, advancing digital restoration technology is crucial for accurately reconstructing damaged ancient silk patterns, preserving their historical authenticity, and ensuring the continuation of silk heritage.  
Image inpainting [1] encompasses techniques for reconstructing missing corrupted regions in images using available information, which has had extensive applications in artifact restoration [2], image enhancement [3], and content removal [4]. Image inpainting algorithms are traditionally categorized into pixel-wise [5] and patch-based methodologies [6], as well as contemporary deep-learning-based approaches. Classical algorithms are adept at repairing small-scale damage, yet they falter with extensive deterioration owing to the limited high-level comprehension of image content and structure, often failing to generate semantically meaningful reconstructions. With the rise of deep learning technologies, researchers have made significant strides in integrating these models into computer vision tasks [7, 8], with notable success. Consequently, deep-learning-based image inpainting algorithms [9] have been developed, optimizing image reconstruction by incorporatingvarious constraints within deep neural network frameworks. These sophisticated models can learn advanced image features, thus ensuring structural and textural coherence of the restored images. Notably, Context-Encoder models have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in the image restoration domain [10].  
This study delineates a systematic review of advancements in Context-Encoder-based restoration models, detailing an assembled dataset comprising 6996 ancient Chinese silk samples with a resolution of 256 \(\times\) 256 pixels. This research implements three distinct Context-Encoder-based models--LISK, MADF, and MEDFE--for restoring damaged patterns in ancient Chinese silks and provides a comprehensive assessment of the results. The efficacy and limitations of each model are critically evaluated and discussed. This study offers guidance and reference for further improvements and developments in ancient silk pattern restoration techniques based on the Context-Encoder model.
## 7 Summary and Outlook  
This manuscript presents the design of a self-insulating mechanical arm for live-line maintenance operations in confined cable tunnel environments. The mechanical arm features a novel self-insulating joint mechanism consisting of an internal universal joint support structure and an external flexible dielectric body, actuated by four insulated tension cables. The workspace is an oblate ellipsoid with minor and major axes measuring 1.25 m and 1.65 m, respectively, covering the concealed space in the cable tunnel, while the arm's quality is 4.7 kg. This innovative design physically separates the drive system from the mechanical arm's working components, offering significant advantages over conventional live-line mechanical arms.  
The maximum electric field intensity along the mechanical arm is 74.3 kV/m, significantly less than the air breakdown field threshold when the arm approaches the live-operating 220 kV power cable. The potential and electric field distributions demonstrates the compliance with self-insulation performance requirements. The self-insulating design significantly enhances insulation performance and reduces the arm mass in 220 kV power cable tunnel environments.  
While demonstrating these advancements, the current design shows certain limitations including relatively low torque utilization efficiency in the drive system and insufficient vibration resistance at the end-effector when subjected to disturbances. Future research will focus on improving these aspects through optimized drive mechanisms and enhanced vibration damping solutions.  
Conceptualization and methodology, [PERSON] ([PERSON]) and X.T.; formal analysis, investigation, resources, and writing--original draft preparation, J.C. ([PERSON]) and J.H.; review and editing and visualization, J.C. ([PERSON]) and X.T.; project administration and supervision, J.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the Science and Technology Project of the State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Company (J2024042).  
Not applicable.  
The data used in this study are publicly available, and sources are referred to in the text.  
Authors [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] are employed by the Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co., Ltd. The remaining author, [PERSON], declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
## 4 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Simulation Results
#### 4.2.2 Performance Comparison of Average Age of Information  
The Average Age of Information of platoons against their intra-platoon spacing and the total number of platoon members is interpreted in Figures 7 and 8. The time consumed for a successful transmission extends as the intra-platoon spacing widens for all the benchmark algorithms, as presented in Figure 7. As the spacing between the platoon broadens, the state of the channel between the Captain Vehicle and the Follower Vehicle fluctuates owing to the channel fading caused by the mobility of vehicles in the environment. Consequently, CV has to constantly focus on the intra-platoon mode of communication for retransmitting the CAM messages to the corresponding FVs, hence diffusing the focus on RSUs communication; thus, the average Age of Information intensifies. However, the proposed CMADDPG algorithm outperforms the benchmark algorithms by retaining a 5-10 ms average Age  
Figure 5: Convergence of rewards. \(P=7,V=5\), intra-platoon spacing \(=5\) m.  
Figure 6: Convergence of rewards. \(P=8,V=5\), intra-platoon spacing \(=5\) m.  
of Information span for \(P=7\) and \(V=5\) by also ensuring higher QoS. The MADDPG algorithm possesses similar behavior as the CMADDPG; yet, the proposed cascaded critics guarantee the AoI performance when the spacing between the platoons elongates above 25 m. In the time frame, as the platoon space widens to 30-35 m, the centralized DDPG and the decentralized MADDPG endure high interference to the neighboring platoons due to channel uncertainties and repeated transmission of CAM messages, illustrating a sudden leap in the plot, as shown in Figures 7 and 8. The decentralized way of execution also deteriorates the effective resource allocation to platoon members causing interference in the environment as the members' increases are conveyed as rapid changes in Figure 8.  
Figure 8: Average Age of Information vs. total number of platoon members for \(P=7\), intra-platoon spacing \(=25\) m.  
Figure 7: Average Age of Information vs. intra-platoon spacing for \(P=7,V=5\).
# Mycoremediation as a Potentially Promising Technology: Current Status and Prospects--A Review
## 3 Bioremediation (In Situ and Ex Situ)
### In Situ Bioremediation
#### 3.2.1 Types of In Situ Bioremediation
* Phytoremediation  
Phytoremediation is the direct application of green plants and the accompanying microorganisms to maintain or lessen contamination in sediments, sludges, soils, surface water, or groundwater. To reduce the toxic effects of pollutants, this technique relies on using plant interactions (physical, biochemical, biological, chemical, and microbiological) in contaminated sites. It can be used as a replacement technology alongside conventional mechanical clean-up methods, which frequently demand high capital investments and consume much energy. Particularly favorable conditions for phytoremediation can be found in areas with low contaminant concentrations over significant clearing areas and at shallow depths. According to the pollutant type (elemental or organic), phytoremediation involves several mechanisms (extraction or accumulation, volatilization, stabilization, filtration, and degradation) [111]. Extraction, transformation, and sequestration are the main methods to remove elemental pollutants (toxic heavy metals and radionuclides).
## 2 Distributed Fair Rate Allocation Algorithm
### Signalling in the Coupled-Decompositions Method  
In distributed implementations such as the one proposed in this paper, signalling plays a crucial role. In the following, we review a complete iteration of the proposed method from the point of view of signalling and we represent it graphically in Figure 7. Let us assume that at the k-th iteration, all the nodes know the values of \(\lambda_{j}^{k}\) and use them to compute the dual subproblems. As a result, they locally obtain the values of \(y_{j}^{k}\) involving no signalling. Thereafter, in primal projection, the parent nodes must send their aggregated request \(y_{j,aq}^{k}\), _i.e._, the sum of the values \(y_{j}^{k}\) that belong to their subtree, possibly together with a list that includes allocation threshold values and absorbed rates, as discussed in Equations (17) and (18). Note that the size of the list scales linearly with the number of levels in the subtree. Once the request reaches the sink node, it allocates resources to the first level of the tree. In turn, the nodes at the first level allocate their resources to the nodes at the second level and so forth. When all the nodes have received the corresponding value \(\hat{y}_{j}^{k}\), they locally compute the primal subproblems and obtain the values \(\hat{\lambda}_{j}^{k}\). Finally, in order to compute the dual projection, the nodes send the values \(\hat{\lambda}_{j}^{k}\) to their parent nodes. Thereafter, the sink node computes \(\mu_{1}\) and broadcasts the value \(\lambda_{j}^{k+1}\) to their child nodes (note that all the child nodes receive the same value). In turn, the parent nodes compute their own value \(\mu_{j}\) and broadcast \(\lambda_{j}^{k+1}\) to their child nodes. This process is successively applied until all the nodes receive the updated value of the dual variable, which completes one iteration of the proposed CDM.  
Figure 6: Flowchart of the tasks performed by the sensor.
## 3 Results
### The Comparison of Expression of HGsT10 in the ESCC Patients with Other Types of EC  
The identified gene expression data were represented as a heatmap, which is the common method of visualizing gene expression data (Figure 4A). The heatmap combined with clustering methods includes the identified HGsT10 genes and 160 samples together in the gene expression pattern. The expression pattern is displayed in a grid, and each row represents a gene, and each column represents a sample. The color red represents upregulated genes, blue represents downregulated genes, and white represents an unchanged expression.  
Only two patients were affected by cystic, mucinous, and serous neoplasm (CMSN); hence the study excluded the expression comparison of HGsT10 in CMSN. The gene MMP9 was more upregulated in squamous cell neoplasms (SCN) than adenomas and adenocarcinoma (AAC) with the lower quartile (Q1) = \(-\)0.444, upper quartile (Q3) = 0.871 and median = 0.219; MMP3 expressed highly in AAC with Q1 = \(-\)0.571, Q3 = 0.752 and median = 0.168; MMP1 expressed majorly in SCN with Q1 = \(-\)0.705, Q3 = 2.25, and median = 0.279; CXCL8 expression slightly increased in AAC with Q1 = \(-\)0.551, Q3 = 0.702, and median 0.137; SPP1 was highly expressed in SCN with Q1 = \(-\)0.279, Q3 = 1.10, and median = 0.470; PLAU expressed highly in SCN with Q1 = \(-\)1.44, Q3 = 2.36, and median = 0.487; MMP13 expression is highly observed in SCN with Q1 = 0.0822, Q3 = 1.28, and median 0.473; COL1A1 highly expresses in SCN with Q1 = \(-\)0.272, Q3 = 1.13, and median = 0.314; Likewise, COL1A2 was expressed highly in SCN with Q1 = \(-\)0.561, Q3 = 1.13, and median = 0.356; PLAUR expression was increased in AAC with Q1 = \(-\)0.477, Q3 = 1.08, and median = 0.532. It describes that genes MMP9, MMP1, SPP1, PLAU, MMP13, COL1A1, and COL1A2 expression might be increased in the advanced stage of ESCC tumor patients.
# Assessment of Drought Severity and Vulnerability in the Lam Phaniang River Basin, Thailand
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Analysis of Land Use Change  
The detailed results of the analysis of land use change were mainly focused on four different periods, i.e., 2021-2040, 2041-2060, 2061-2080, and 2081-2100. Regarding land use change detection, four classified land use patterns were compared with the 2015 data, in which the identification of changes \"-from, \"to\" information was performed based on a pixel-by-pixel basis between each of the two patterns (see Table 3). Referring to Table 3, the field crop and forested areas tended to decrease over every 20-year future time frame, while a large significant decrease was found by 296.3 km\({}^{2}\) and 115.5 km\({}^{2}\), respectively, for the period 2081-2100. This corresponds to the statement of the Office of Strategy Management [34] that there would be a decrease in the cultivation areas of field crops due to insufficient water resources to meet its demand within the Upper Northeastern Provincial Cluster 1 (Udon Thani, Loei, Nong Bua Lamphu, Nong Khai, and Bueng Kan Provinces). The 2016 data from reviewed literature (e.g., Office of the National Economic and Social Development Council [35]) also revealed a decrease in forest areas in Northeast Thailand due to expansion of agricultural activities. In contrast, perennial crops were found to increase over every 20-year future time span, and a significant increase was most markedly found during 2081-2100 by 335.5 km\({}^{2}\). These findings conform to the observation of [PERSON] et al. [36], who indicated that the land in Northeast Thailand under perennial rubber tree cultivation has grown rapidly in competition with cassava and rice.  
Figure 5: Average annual maximum and minimum temperatures (**a**,**b**), and average annual rainfall (**c**) under RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios.
## 1 Introduction
The color retinal images are segmented using Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) clustering and the segmented regions are classified into two disjoint classes - exudate and non- exudate patches - using a neural network [3, 21]. The comparative exudate classification using Support Vector Machines (SVM) and neural networks was also applied. They showed that SVM are more practical than the other approaches [23]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] used local contrast enhancement preprocessing and Improved FCM (IFCM) in Lux color space to segment candidate bright lesion areas. A hierarchical Support Vector Machines (SVM) classification structure was applied to classify bright non-lesion areas, exudates and cotton wool spots [24]. Many techniques have been performed for exudate detection, but they have limitations. Poor quality images affect the separation result of bright and dark lesions using thresholding and exudate feature extraction using the RRGS algorithm, while other classification techniques require intensive computing power for training and classification. Furthermore, based on experimental work report in the previous work, most of techniques mention above worked on images taken when the patient had dilated pupils. Good quality retinal images with large fields that are clear enough to show retinal detail are required to achieve good algorithm performance. Low quality images (non-uniform illumination, low contrast, blurred or faint images) do not give good results even when enhancement processes are included. The examination time and effect on the patient could be reduced if the automated system could succeed on non-dilated pupils.