## 1 Introduction
### Ship Safety: Training in Social and Situational Systems  
Training centers, universities, and schools related to maritime work teach the subject of Ship Safety, which is required by STCW and aims to provide knowledge of international and national regulations in which a ship's safety in various operating conditions has been addressed and to develop students' skills to apply them in hazardous conditions. The syllabus discusses the formal and process frameworks of the safety aspect, i.e., the regulations, organizations, processes, and procedures that are key to those in command of vessels and crews. However, a careful reading of post-accident reports shows that accidents are often caused not by a lack of knowledge of the regulations but by a lack of appropriate behavior. In one case, the commanding officer of the high-speed passenger ship, Express 1, undoubtedly knew the relevant rules, regulations, procedures, and laws. However, pressure from the shipowner--not explicitly stated, but hanging over the vessel in the form of a strict timetable--resulted in dealing with many issues simultaneously. This resulted in the commander being preoccupied with these activities instead of concentrating on navigation and steering in conditions of minimal visibility, leading to a collision with the Baltic Condor. The authors believe that both the captain and the second person at the helm of Express 1 would have been able to correctly apply radar noise reduction in calm conditions and consider the echo's potential position on the course dash. However, a flurry of tasks not directly related to steering in dense fog at very high speeds of more than 30 knots caused the echo of another craft on course to be overlooked, and a collision ensued [66]. When using any means of transport, accidents are inevitable and happen because of errors, with lasting consequences. Social and situational systems consider 12 types of effects of maritime accidents:  
1. Collision and resulting oil spill. At dawn on 7 October 2018, approximately 15 nautical miles north of Cap Corse, in international waters, the ro-ro vessel, Ulysse, bound for Rades (Tunis), struck the starboard side of the unloaded Cypriot-flagged container ship, CSL Virginia, at anchor. Shortly after the collision, bunker fuel leaked from the damaged tank into the sea. The following conclusions are drawn from the report: * The collision resulted from a lack of watchkeeping on the vessel \(m/v\) Ulysse and an unreasonable anchoring position by CSL Virginia. * On the \(m/v\) Ulysse, the lack of proper observation was due to the lack of involvement of the officer on watch, who was occupied with his mobile phone. He was sitting in front of an unusable radar, depriving himself of the opportunity to make observations and correctly assess the situation. Using a second operational radar would have given him all the information he needed to evaluate the situation. Moreover, the place where he was sitting was lowered, which did not allow him to see the horizon line correctly. Figure 3: Physical factors that affect a person during work on a ship. Source: own study based on [61]. COLERG procedures and regulations were not carried out on both vessels. The situational factor was the main component that caused the collision. There were other factors involved such as boredom, routine, and monotony associated with the length of periods at sea, which certainly affected the commitment of watch officers to their duties [67]. 2. Cruise ship incidents A blackout and loss of main engine power occurred on the cruise ship, Viking Sky, as it sailed towards Stavanger, Norway, in strong winds and very rough seas. According to maritime lawyer [PERSON], the focus of Viking Sky's accident report was whether the ship had any valid reason to sail during such bad weather conditions. In addition, Norwegian officials determined that low oil levels caused the engine to fail. Both social and situational factors led to the accident [68]. 3. Fires on vessels lead to navigation difficulties or even vessel loss.