esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Sorption Studies of EF on Rubber Plants and Marble  
The evaluation of EF sorption in imported rubber plants and marble was conducted in a 0.275 (0.5 \(\times\) 0.4 \(\times\) 1.3 m) m\({}^{3}\) fumigation chamber and 6.8 L desiccators, respectively. Loading ratios (\(w/v\)) of 5% rubber plants and 70% marble (cut to 20 cm piece) were selected on the basis of the currently used loading ratio for imported rubber plants and stone products during MB based commercial fumigation. For rubber plants, after sealing the fumigation chamber, 35 g/m\({}^{3}\) of EF was applied and held for 4 h at >15 \({}^{\circ}\)C. For marble, after sealing the desiccator, 35, 53, and 70 g/m\({}^{3}\) of EF were applied and held for 4 h at >15 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Concentrations of EF inside the desiccator or chamber were determined from gas samples collected at 0.1, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 h after EF application using a Shimadzu-GC 17A (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID) after separation on a DB5-MS Column (30 m \(\times\) 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25 \(\upmu\)m film thickness; J&W Scientific, Folsom, CA, USA). The oven temperature was maintained at 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The injector and detector temperatures were 250 and 280 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively. Helium was used as a carrier gas at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. The concentration of EF was calculated as the peak area against a series of external EF standards. Sorption was expressed as concentration loss ratio (C/C\({}_{0}\)) where C = EF concentration determined at one of the time intervals and C\({}_{0}\) = EF concentration at 0.1 h.
## 3 Simulation Analysis of the Theoretical Monitoring Model
### Force-Magnetic Coupling Theoretical Simulation  
Using MATLAB, based on Equation (9), a simulation analysis was performed on the force-magnetism relationship for lift-off heights of z = 5 mm, 10 mm, 20 mm, and 30 mm. This relationship describes the interaction between the tension of the steel strand and the magnetic induction density at different positions along the central line of the permanent magnet, as measured by a Hall probe. The corresponding force-magnetism relationship curves were plotted as shown in Figure 5.  
Figure 5 shows that, at different lift-off heights z, the tension P is negatively correlated with the magnetic induction strength \(B_{\mathrm{z}}\). Specifically, as the tensile force increases, the \(B_{\mathrm{z}}\) value gradually decreases. To further verify the reliability of this pattern, we carried out a more detailed investigation into the relationship between force and magnetic variations using indoor physical model tests.
## 1 Introduction and Scope  
Prevention of unexpected failures is a fundamental design objective in any engineering structure or system subjected to fatigue. Nevertheless, the complexity of modern structures and the interactivity among engineering systems, coupled with human fallibility, means that failure and its consequences can only be avoided according to statistical probabilities. Hence, occasional catastrophic failures will occur with some of them involving the loss of human lives. Within the last few decades, a dramatic advancement has been achieved in many of the necessary technologies to either avoid or mitigate the consequences of failure. This advancement is associated with ever-increasing performance objectives for materials, structures, and machines, and the increased complexity of engineered products and processes. Alongside this, catastrophic failure and its consequences are considered less tolerable in society as a whole; this ensures that efforts to prevent unexpected failures are now a cornerstone in modern engineering design and, simultaneously, a technological and scientific challenge. There is an increasing acknowledgement in the engineering community that the response to this challenge, that is, prevention of catastrophic failure, generally requires a systems approach and necessitates engagement of a large pool of multidisciplinary expertise and the deployment of tools for systems analysis. This multidisciplinary pool includes materials science, structural analysis, manufacturing technologies, quality control and evaluation, mathematics, physics, and probability and reliability. Furthermore, from the scientific point of view, there is also an increasing acknowledgement that addressing the complex engineering problems of today requires the use of concepts and approaches that can account for size and time scaling effects.  
The Special Issue embraces interdisciplinary work aimed at understanding and deploying physics of fatigue and failure techniques, advancing experimental and theoretical failure analysis, modeling of the structural response with respect to both local and global failures, and structural design that accounts for scale and time effects in preventing engineering failures.
## 3 Results
### A Case Study on Chromosome 15
We found that only the medians calculated for E were significantly different. Because the median of chromosome 15 was lower than the markers, we assumed that many proteins in that chromosome had a content of glutamate lower than the markers, and we wanted \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline
**Gene (Symbol)** & **ID Protein** & **Length** & **E** & **Q** & **E\%** & **Q\%** & **Cyto** & **References** \\ \hline CYP19A1 & CP19A\_HUMAN & 503 & 38 & 11 & 0.08 & 0.02 & 15q21.2 & [14; 15; 16] \\ DCDC2 & DCDC2\_HUMAN & 476 & 50 & 28 & 0.1 & 0.06 & 6p22 & [14; 15; 16; 17; 18] \\ DYX1C1 & DAFA4\_HUMAN & 420 & 49 & 18 & 0.12 & 0.04 & 15q21.1 & [15; 16; 17; 18] \\ CFAP36 & CFA36\_HUMAN & 342 & 56 & 21 & 0.16 & 0.06 & 2 & [19] \\ S100B & S100B\_HUMAN & 92 & 16 & 3 & 0.17 & 0.03 & 21 & [14; 16; 18] \\ MRPL19 & RM19\_HUMAN & 292 & 23 & 16 & 0.08 & 0.05 & 2p12 & [13; 16; 18] \\ GCFC2 & GCFC2\_HUMAN & 781 & 79 & 45 & 0.1 & 0.06 & 2 & [16] \\ FOXP2 & FOXP2\_HUMAN & 715 & 41 & 127 & 0.06 & 0.18 & 7q31.1 & [13; 14; 18] \\ ZNF280D & Z280D\_HUMAN & 979 & 73 & 40 & 0.08 & 0.04 & 15q21.3 & [20] \\ SLITRK2 & SLIK2\_HUMAN & 845 & 49 & 40 & 0.06 & 0.05 & Xq27.3 & [21] \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Median**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**49**} & **21** & **0.08** & **0.05** & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Median values of selected amino acids calculated in protein markers of dyslexia as absolute content or relative frequencies (% of the total). Cytogenetic location of markers is indicated (Cyto). Figure 3: The content of glutamate and glutamine of protein codified by chromosome 15 and markers of dyslexia. Box plots of values for proteins of each group. Bottoms and tops of the boxes are the 25 th and 75 th percentiles, respectively; the lines across the boxes are the median values, the ends of the whiskers represent minimum and maximum values. \({}^{*}p<0.05\). to verify where they are located. In other words, only for E could we expect variability among proteins throughout the chromosome. On the other hand, the medians for Q were similar, therefore, the majority of proteins in chromosome 15 would have values similar to the markers. For these reasons, we used E values for chromosome walking, with the threshold greater than the median of markers (49). The results of chromosome walking and surfing analysis are shown in Figure 4. The analysis of the peaks shows the regions where the proteins have the highest amount of E. The median value for walking content was 9; from Figure 4 it is evident that the regions were the walking content is higher than 9, for example in 10, fell within 4 peaks. Interestingly, the Locus DYX1 (genetic position 44,800,000-59,100,000) and the markers of dyslexia codified by the locus fall in the third peak found by chromosome walking. This finding validates the utility of scanning the content of AA in proteins following their translation order throughout the chromosomes. Moreover, the presence of peaks in some not yet explored regions of chromosome 15 suggests further investigation about dyslexia markers.
# Hybrid Self-Protected Fiber-FSO WDM-PON System with Fiber Breakage Prevention
## 4 Result and Discussion
(**b**) Obtained BER measurements of \(\lambda_{\text{B1D}}\) to \(\lambda_{\text{B4U}}\) via the same fiber path after 25 km fiber connection. Insets are the corresponding eye diagrams of eight selected wavelengths. deteriorate. Therefore, as long as the total length of the SMF in the PON system remains the same, the BER performance will be no different.
# A Real-Time Automated System for Dual-Aperture Common-Path Interferometer Phase-Shifting
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, we demonstrated the reliable operation of an automated DACPI system with real-time obtaining of the phase difference between the probe and reference windows. The phase extraction was achieved by a self-calibrated algorithm without the requirement of equally spaced displacements.  
As a result of the experimental evaluation, it is demonstrated that the implementation of a real-time automatic system capable of transversely shifting a ruling to the optical axis in a dual-aperture common path interferometer is possible. The transverse displacement of the ruling generates a phase change between one interferogram and another, which the system is able to calculate using elements without requirement of extensive calibration. Additionally, the proposed system calculates the unwrapped phase and immediately displays it on a user-friendly platform, avoiding rework and increasing the precision compared to manually operated systems. From a set of 47 interferograms an average motor step phase difference of 2.483 rad was obtained, with a difference of 0.01 rad with respect to the theoretical value.  
The proposed automated system is a reliable option to improve the accuracy when calculating the phase difference by using low-cost elements and a homemade ruling translation.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived and designed the experiments; [PERSON] contributed with data analysis; [PERSON] designed the computational system to carry out the experiment; [PERSON] and [PERSON] performed the simulation; [PERSON] wrote the paper; [PERSON] reviewed the paper and [PERSON] edited the paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by Universidad Popular Autonoma del Estado de Puebla and Universidad Tecnologica de Puebla.  
Not applicable.  
We thank the Optomechatronics group UTPUE-CA-13 and Mechatronics Division of Universidad Tecnologica de Puebla. [PERSON] wants to thank to Fondo de Investigacion UPAEP 2020. [PERSON] was supported by CONACyT postgraduate scholarship grant 160540. LabView software was used under license granted for Universidad Tecnologica de Puebla.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Fractances with Tunable Factor's Order  
By the analysis of the experimental studies of fractances published in the last year, it emerges that the representations by means of equivalent circuits with passive integer order components are by far the most adopted ones. Ladder networks nested networks and tree networks are some of the most popular implementations.  
One of the main limitations of these implementations is the fixed characteristic of the equivalent circuit. In an experimental set-up, especially at a research stage, it would be highly desirable to easily change the characteristic of the fractance. Instead, the equivalent circuits have of course a fixed amplitude and a fixed fractor's order. If the experimenter wants to change fractor's order, he has to calculate again the equivalent circuit, and physically implement it again. In case of a ladder network with even 50 components, this may be considerably frustrating.  
Recently, some studies have been proposed in order to realize equivalent circuits of fractances with tunable amplitude [33]. However, these implementations again do not allow to change the fractor's order, that is the main characterizing parameter of the element.  
In this paper, we propose for the first time an implementation that allows changing in some ranges the fractor's order, without the need of substituting the implemented network. This is a relevant improvement by the experimental point of view since it allows realizing just one implementation in order to test circuits with different fractor's order. As example of practical implementation, a microwave filter is considered. Anyway, since the innovative contribution of the paper is the tunable fractance, the efficiency of the proposed method is discussed. The performance of the fractional order filter is not addressed since it has been already discussed in the literature and the tunable fractance does not imply an improvement of the performances.
## 2 Theoretical Analysis  
The configuration of the presented antenna is shown in Figure 2. It is rotationally symmetric and mainly composed of three parts. The first part is a tapered helix inside a tapered dielectric hollow as primary feeding for CP. The second part is a solid dielectric rod embedded with tapered printed loops to improve the directivity. The third part is a solid dielectric rod end to improve the whole radiation pattern.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Equipment Instrumental Analysis
#### 2.4.2 Confocal Raman Microscopy  
Measurements were performed using a WITec confocal Raman microscopy alpha300 R (WITec GmbH, Ulm, Germany) coupled to an Ultra-High-Throughput-Spectrometer UHTS300 for visible equipped with a back-illuminated, charge-coupled device (CCD) camera with a quantum efficiency \(>\)90% (500-700 nm). The chip dimensions of the camera were 1024 \(\times\) 127 pixels with pixel dimension of 26 \(\times\) 26 um\({}^{2}\). The excitation source was a diode laser with an emitting wavelength of 532 nm. Laser power was adjusted to 8 mW. Raman spectra were recorded with a 50\(\times\) objective (Epilpan Neofluear N.A. 0.8, Zeiss EC, Germany) in the range of 0 to 3600 cm\({}^{-1}\). A grating that covers the full Raman spectrum was used (600 g/mm). The data were processed using WITec Project Five 5.1 software (WITec GmbH, Ulm, Germany). Each sample was investigated by performing an x-z scan with a scan range of 90 \(\times\) 30 um\({}^{2}\), 140 \(\times\) 60 pixels (8400 spectra), and 1 ms/spectrum acquisition time. The spectra identification was performed by using WITec True Match Database Management software to compare the sample spectra obtained with the commercial database of polymers and polymer additives from ST Japan.
# The Long and Winding Road to Cardiac Regeneration
## 4 Biomaterials
### Synthetic Biomaterials
#### 4.1.1 Polyurethane (PUR)  
Originating from a class of synthetic polymers, polyurethane (PUR) exhibits unique physical features that make it suitable for various applications [191, 192].  
PUR possesses exceptional mechanical properties, such as high flexibility, elasticity, and durability, which closely resemble natural tissues. These characteristics allow PUR to mimic the mechanical behavior of cardiac tissue, providing a favorable environment for cell growth and function [193, 194].  
PUR has been shown to support cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Its biocompatibility promotes the attachment and growth of cardiac cells, facilitating the formation of functional tissue constructs. Additionally, PUR can be tailored to possess specific surface properties and bioactive molecules that further enhance cell interactions, promoting tissue integration and regeneration.  
In cardiac tissue engineering, PUR plays a crucial role in constructing biomimetic scaffolds. These scaffolds act as temporary frameworks that guide cell organization and tissue development [195]. By creating a three-dimensional structure with appropriate mechanical and biochemical cues, PUR scaffolds provide a supportive environment for cardiac cells to align, differentiate, and function as a cohesive tissue.  
Numerous studies have investigated the application of PUR in cardiac tissue engineering. Researchers have explored various fabrication techniques, such as electrospinning and 3D printing, to produce PUR-based scaffolds with controlled architecture and mechanical properties [196, 197]. Moreover, studies have focused on optimizing the surface properties of PUR to enhance cell-material interactions and promote the desired cellular responses [198].
# Potentiality of Rod-Type Chitosan Adsorbent Derived from Sewage Sludge
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Characteristics of Chitosan-Im immobilized Biosorbent  
Since activated sludge is composed of bacteria and protozoa, biosorbents made directly from the sludge may unintentionally contaminate water systems [15]. Immobilization technology can solve this problem. In this study, biosorbents were prepared by an immobilization technique using chitosan. In recent years, many studies have focused on immobilization with chitosan, but few studies have attempted to evaluate the immobilization performance. Immobilization performance was tested by analyzing the TOC released from the biosorbent during pretreatment with deionized water. As a result, the TOC released from the immobilized biosorbent was much lower than that of raw sludge. In addition, TN and TP, which are indicators of water pollution, were also found to be less eluted (Table 1), suggesting that immobilization can alter the properties of a biosorbent, including surface functional groups. In particular, functional groups on the surface often change after immobilization. To characterize the changes in functional groups, FTIR analysis was used to investigate raw sludge and chitosan-immobilized biosorbent (Figure S2). The spectra of raw sludge and chitosan-immobilized biosorbent showed many absorption peaks. A broad and strong band in the 3600-3200 cm\({}^{-1}\) region was associated with NH and OH stretching vibrations in the amine and hydroxyl groups [16]. Both spectra also showed absorption peaks at 1650 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 1750 cm\({}^{-1}\) relevant to the stretching band of the carboxyl double bond in the carboxyl functional group [17]. The phosphate group was also observed (1150 cm\({}^{-1}\) (=O stretching) and 1050 cm\({}^{-1}\) (POH stretching and/or POC stretching)) [18]. After the fixation of the sludge with chitosan, a slight change occurred in the FTIR spectrum. The band at 3378 cm\({}^{-1}\) was broadened due to the abundance of amine groups in chitosan. Amine groups play the most important role in anion removal by biosorption [19]. The FTIR results show that chitosan-immobilized biomass was expected to remove anions more effectively than raw biomass [20].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Biosorbent Type**} \\ \cline{2-3}  & **Raw Sludge** & **Sludge–Chitosan** \\ \hline
**TN (mg-N/L)** & 30.46 & 3.60 \\
**TP (mg-P/L)** & 11.63 & 1.28 \\
**TOC (mg-C/L)** & 26.66 & 5.02 \\
**TC (mg-C/L)** & 43.77 & 6.72 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Values of TN, TP, TOC, and TC released from raw sludge and sludge–chitosan (experimental condition: sample dosage 2 g/L, solution volume 200 mL, and elution time 12 h).
## 4 Conclusions  
The corrosion characteristics of N80 steel exhibits notable differences when it is exposed to CO\({}_{2}\)-saturated formation water and when it is exposed to Sc-CO\({}_{2}\). The N80 steel immersed in the solution undergoes uniform corrosion, and the corrosion products exhibit a regular structure. Meanwhile, the samples exposed to Sc-CO\({}_{2}\) present corrosion products with spherical, needle-shaped, and lamellar structures. As time progresses, the corrosion rate of N80 steel exhibits fluctuating changes. These fluctuations can be attributed to variations in the compactness of the film resulting from corrosion and the penetration of ions, which have a notable influence on the process of corrosion.  
Within the range of temperatures from 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C, there is a decrease in the corrosion rate from 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C, subsequently experiencing a rise from 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C. This suggests that the film of corrosion products formed at elevated temperatures (i.e., 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C and above) does not offer sufficient protection for the steel in an environment rich in CO\({}_{2}\).  
Conceptualization, L.Z. and H.W.; methodology, K.M. and H.W.; software, Q.X. and M.G.; validation, M.G., Y.W. and X.F.; formal analysis, X.S.; writing--original draft preparation, H.W.; writing--review and editing, L.Z. and H.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Number 42172315 and U1967208) and the Science and Technology Plan Project of Sichuan Province (grant number 2022 YFSY0018).  
Figure 10: EIS spectra for N80 steel immersed in CO\({}_{2}\)-saturated formation water at varying temperatures and immersion times.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** This study did not involve humans.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** Author [PERSON] was employed by the company China National Uranium Co., Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
# Deploying CPU-Intensive Applications on MEC in NFV Systems: The Immersive Video Use Case
## Overall Architecture of the Proposed ME System
### The SGWLBO Data Plane  
In the ME system presented in this paper, the ME platform and data plane are both implemented in the SGWLBO VNF provided by Athonet. In particular, SGWLBO must carry out the non-trivial process of terminating GTP-U tunnels. In the literature, different approaches have been proposed for the appropriate handling of GTP-U data [27]. Among these, the \"Local Breakout at the SGW\" scheme is a new architecture for MEC, which enables users to reach, over the same Access Point Name (APN), both the ME apps and the operator's core site applications [27; 43].  
In this approach, the ME data plane is co-located and relies on the SGW functional block of the LTE network architecture [43]. Figure 7 provides a block scheme describing this approach, in which the distributed SGW is at the edge together with the ME platform.  
The traffic steering process uses the SGi-Local Break Out (SGi-LBO) interface, which allows for traffic separation and a 3 GPP-compliant level of security [27]. Such an interface corresponds to the instantiated LBO-vl5 VL shown in Figure 6, and discussed in the previous sub-section.  
The SGW-LBO approach offers mobile operators the possibility to steer consumer data traffic based on any combination of the below policy set:  
* APN and user identifier;* Application protocol;
* Destination IP address;
* Other IP flow filters, such as IP version and Differentiated Services Code Point marking.  
Using this approach, some basic functionalities, such as billing (as shown in Figure 7) or lawful interception capabilities [27], can straightforwardly be made available to telecom operators. This is a practical advantage of significant importance in real-life deployments, which could be not easily offered if other approaches, such as \"Bump in the wire\", are adopted. For a more detailed comparison of the different approaches to ME system deployment, interested readers can refer to Reference [27].