###### Abstract
Secondly, most studies have focused solely on the impact of ESV within individual ecosystem units, overlooking the fact that different units have varying capacities to provide ecosystem services. These discrepancies directly or indirectly influence the formation and provision of ESs. Thirdly, ecosystems, while beneficial to human well-being, also produce negative effects, known as ecosystem dis-services (EDSs) [46,47]. EDSs can originate from natural landscapes as well as human activities, including pollen sensitization [46], air pollution [48], and carbon emissions [49], etc. Although the definition of EDSs remains debated in academic circles, their existence is generally acknowledged [47]. However, most previous scholars assessing ESV did not incorporate an EDS value into the evaluation system or neglected the costs associated with ESs. This omission limits the accuracy of value assessments and undermines the scientificity and feasibility of land-use planning and relevant environmental protection policies. The above analysis illustrates that the spatio-temporal evolution of land use and its ecological impacts have emerged as prominent and pressing issues in current research, both regionally and globally. Given the heterogeneity of ecosystems [50,51], and the complexity inherent in ecosystem services valuation, it is imperative to conduct coefficient corrections tailored to the specific circumstances of each region when assessing ESV. Moreover, to enhance the accuracy of evaluation results, it is essential to incorporate factors such as the ability to pay, willingness to pay, and the value of ecosystem dis-services into the ecosystem services value (ESV) evaluation system. Furthermore, hilly and mountainous areas exhibit a more intricate geological structure and a higher degree of landmass fragmentation, rendering their eco-environments susceptible to significant human-induced disturbances [25]. Additionally, these regions are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change [52], introducing further uncertainties into ecosystem services dynamics. Coastal cities, historically pioneers in the development of the marine economy due to their abundant natural and economic resources, now face new challenges in land-use planning and management as they pursue sustainable development. Consequently, exploring the land-use evolution in coastal cities is particularly pertinent [53, 54, 55]. As a key component of Southeast China's Economic Zone, Ningde City in Fujian Province boasts rich biodiversity resources and occupies a crucial position in the ecological security pattern of Southeast China. However, in recent years, urbanization and industrialization have led to a significant expansion of built-up land in Ningde City, resulting in the depletion of resources, including cultivated land, and exacerbating the conflict between economic development and eco-environmental protection [56]. Despite these challenges, studies on the relationship between LUTs and ESV in Ningde City remain scarce. Therefore, it is imperative to monitor and analyze these changes, exploring the spatio-temporal variations in LUTs and their impact on ESV. Accordingly, this study initially analyzed the spatio-temporal variations in land use in Ningde City, China, utilizing the geo-informatic Tupu method. Building upon this analysis, we developed an evaluation model to assess the net ESV and investigate its influence on LUTs. The findings of this study not only provide scientific data for land-use management and regional eco-compensation but also serve as a reference for evaluating the net ESV in other countries/regions.