## 3 Data Analysis
### Two-Factor ANOVA on Controller Situational Awareness Related Indicators
#### 3.2.1 Analysis of Controllers' Eye Movement Characteristics  
The eye movements of air traffic controllers are intricately associated with cognitive functions, since their behavior offers immediate insights into aviation traffic management. This research used a two-factor analysis, with the independent variables being the controllers' tiredness levels and their credentials. The dependent variables comprised seven eye movement metrics obtained via the Tobii Pro eye tracker: average blink count (ABC), fixation counts (FC), total fixation times (TFT), average fixation times (AFT), total saccade times (TST), average saccade count (ASC), and average pupil diameter (APD). The mean of three repeated measurements of eye movement metrics for each subject in the same condition was taken to reduce random error. Normality of the indices was verified by the Shapiro-Wilk test (all \(p>0.05\)). Therefore, we may employ a two-way ANOVA. The variance study primarily examined the impact of controller qualifications and tiredness levels on different eye movement characteristics. Specific values are shown in Table 3.  
We conducted a two-way ANOVA on the ABC data, which revealed significant main effects for both tiredness state (F = 18.830, \(p=0.00\)) and controller qualifications (F = 36.838, \(p=0.00\)). We identified a significant interaction impact between the tiredness state and controller qualifications (F = 5.541, \(p=0.029\)). The impact of the controller qualities on the ABC parameter was clearly visible. The data revealed that while the tiredness levels of the remote tower controllers fluctuated, the average blink count markedly rose for both seasoned and novice controllers. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Norm** & **Condition** & F & \(p\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{ABC} & Fatigue state & 18.830 & 0.00 \\  & Controller qualifications & 36.838 & 0.00 \\  & Both Interaction & 5.54 & 0.029 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{FC} & Fatigue state & 44.025 & 0.00 \\  & Controller qualifications & 0.381 & 0.544 \\  & Both Interaction & 0.253 & 0.620 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{TFT} & Fatigue state & 0.4896 & 0.00 \\  & Controller qualifications & 10.843 & 0.004 \\  & Both Interaction & 2.300 & 0.145 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{AFT} & Fatigue state & 19.856 & 0.00 \\  & Controller qualifications & 38.992 & 0.00 \\  & Both Interaction & 0.006 & 0.941 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{TST} & Fatigue state & 10.468 & 0.004 \\  & Controller qualifications & 1.649 & 0.241 \\  & Both Interaction & 0.657 & 0.427 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{ASC} & Fatigue state & 2.192 & 0.154 \\  & Controller qualifications & 0.906 & 0.353 \\  & Both Interaction & 4.690 & 0.043 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{APD} & Fatigue state & 142.717 & 0.00 \\  & Controller qualifications & 0.867 & 0.363 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Both Interaction & 0.841 & 0.370 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Two-factor ANOVA for eye movement characteristics. This indicates that tiredness affects eye movement patterns, possibly impairing situational awareness and overall effectiveness in air traffic control jobs. We performed a two-way ANOVA on the fixation counts (FC) data, which showed a significant main impact of tiredness state (F = 44.025, \(p\) = 0.00), but the influence of controller qualifications (F = 0.381, \(p\) = 0.544) on the FC parameter was not significant. Furthermore, we observed no significant interaction between tiredness state and controller qualifications (F = 0.253, \(p\) = 0.620). The influence of the fatigue state on the FC parameter was significant. The findings demonstrate that both experienced and trainee air traffic controllers exhibited a declining trend in fixation points corresponding to variations in tiredness levels. A two-way ANOVA on total fixation times (TFT) showed that tiredness state (F = 4.896, \(p\) = 0.00) and controller qualifications (F = 10.843, \(p\) = 0.004) had important main effects. We observed no significant interaction between fatigue state and controller qualifications for the TFT parameter (F = 2.300, \(p\) = 0.145).