## 4 Discussion
### LLMs That Have Been Applied for Generating Answers to Questions Related to Orthodontics
Application and Performance of AI Based LLMs for Answering Queries Related to the Speciality of Orthodontics  
AI has gained huge popularity among healthcare professionals, as these sophisticated models have demonstrated commendable performance in various fields of dentistry [7]. In orthodontics, the AI models have performed exceptionally well when applied for detecting cephalometric landmarks, assessing the need for orthodontic tooth extractions, estimating skeletal maturity and age estimation, predicting post-operative orthodontic corrections, and assisting with treatment planning and clinical decision-making [22; 23]. These models have displayed performances which are equivalent to that of experienced orthodontists [47; 48]. With the recent advent of AI-based LLMs, especially ChatGPT Google Bard, and Copilot, there has been a significant increase in awareness among the AI users. These models can provide a wide range of information in real time, and furnish the users with most appropriate, current, and precise information. The GPT-3.5 language model serves as the foundation for the publicly available version of ChatGPT. In contrast, the more recent GPT-4 version is accessible only through the ChatGPT Plus premium subscription. Following this, Microsoft launched the Bing Chat AI chatbot, which is currently known as Copilot [30]. Copilot addresses several key issues frequently encountered in ChatGPT, such as having live internet access, offering footnotes with links to the sources of the information provided, and staying up to date on current events through internet connectivity [11]. Additionally, Google launched Gemini, formerly known as Bard, a generative artificial intelligence chatbot that accesses the internet in real-time to provide responses that reflect the most recent facts [27]. Recently, these LLMs have gained significant popularity among health professional students and patients. For example, they have already demonstrated a wide range of applications in the field of health sciences. These include identifying research topics, assisting with clinical and laboratory diagnosis, assisting with medical education, improving the sharing of knowledge among healthcare professionals, gathering medical knowledge, and facilitating medical consultation [49; 50]. ChatGPT received significant attention after achieving high accuracy when passing the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) and other prestigious medical university examinations [51; 52]. [PERSON] et al. [26] reported on the performance of the ChatGPT in answering questions and solving clinical scenarios related to interceptive orthodontics in terms of the accuracy and completeness of the responses. The results indicated that the LLM performance was good, achieving a accuracy rate of 46%for questions related to orthodontic clinical cases, and the completeness of the responses generated was correct in 54.3% of cases. Based on these findings, the authors concluded that ChatGPT displayed a performance which was insufficient to replace the specialists' intellectual work. Another study conducted by [PERSON] [25] examined the performance of ChatGPT-4 in terms of the accuracy, reliability, and quality of information generated on orthodontic topics, which included questions related to impacted amines, interceptive orthodontic treatment, and orthognathic surgery. The responses generated by the LLM to the questions were of good quality for all the topics, with 68.7% rated as good or very good by the experienced orthodontists. However, the authors cautioned against solely relying on the information from the LLM, as it was not 100% accurate and should not be considered as an alternative for a specialist opinion. [PERSON] et al. [27] reported on a study comparing the performance of two renowned LLMs, ChatGPT-3.5 and Google Bard, in terms of response accuracy, completeness, generation time, and response length when answering general orthodontic questions. The performance of these LLMs was assessed by five orthodontists.