esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Characteristics of Ice Crystal Motion under Different Conditions
### Characteristics of Ice Crystal Motion with Different Diameters  
In order to investigate the collection coefficients of ice crystals with different diameters, the model chosen for calculation was NACA0012, with a chord length of 1.0 m. The inflow velocity was 120 m/s, the ambient pressure was 101,325 Pa, the angle of attack was 2\({}^{\circ}\), and ice crystal diameters were 20 \(\upmu\)m, 30 \(\upmu\)m, 40 \(\upmu\)m, 50 \(\upmu\)m, 80 \(\upmu\)m, 100 \(\upmu\)m, 150 \(\upmu\)m, 200 \(\upmu\)m, 500 \(\upmu\)m, 800 \(\upmu\)m, 1000 \(\upmu\)m, and 2000 \(\upmu\)m.  
It can be seen from the comparison results of the collection coefficient in Figure 12 that, with the increase of the diameter, the impact range of ice crystals became larger and the maximum value of the collection coefficient also increased. This was due to the fact that the effect of drag on the ice crystals was quadratic with the ice crystal diameter, while the volume force of the ice crystals was cubic with the ice crystal diameter. The calculated acceleration was related to the reciprocal of the ice crystal diameter. With the increase of diameter, the drag of the ice crystals became larger. However, the smaller the effect of drag on the ice crystal motion, the smaller the ice crystal deviation from the original motion trend, so the greater the collection coefficient. The ice crystals with large diameter kept their original motion trajectory, so more ice crystals were collected.  
It can be seen that after the ice crystal diameter exceeded 200 \(\upmu\)m, the value and range of the ice crystal collection coefficient were almost unchanged, and the maximum collection coefficient was close to 1. This was because, when the ice crystal diameter exceeds a certain range, the effect of drag on the ice crystal motion trajectories can be ignored, and the ice crystals hit the airfoil surface approximately in an straight line. At this time, a further increase of ice crystal diameter would not change this trend, resulting in a small change in the collection coefficient.
# Photocatalytic Cementitious Material for Eco-Efficient Construction--A Systematic Literature Review
## 2 Principles of Photocatalysis
### Bandgap and Band Edge Position  
As the recombination is an obviously destructive process for photocatalytic reaction, the efficiency of photocatalysis greatly relies on the competition between the electron transfer processes and recombination process [2]. The ability of a semiconductor to undergo photoinduced electron transfer to the adsorbed species is governed by the band energy levels of the semiconductor and the redox potential of the adsorbed species [28]. The band energy levels of the semiconductor and redox potential of the adsorbed molecule influence the photocatalytic process by controlling the charge transfer process of such surface photochemical reactions [3; 29]. For that reason, knowing the band edge positions of semiconductors and redox potential of the adsorbate is useful for indicating the thermodynamic limitations for the photoreactions that can be carried out with the charge carriers [30].  
The band energy positions of several semiconductors is illustrated in Figure 5[2]. In order to photo-reduce a chemical/adsorbed species, the conduction band position of the semiconductor has to be positioned above the relevant reduction level of the chemical species. In order to photo-oxidize a chemical species, the valence band position of the semiconductor has to be positioned below the relevant oxidation level of the chemical species. As illustrated in Figure 5, the bandgap of several semiconductor materials is in the range of 2.2-3.2 eV, corresponding to wavelength range from 564 to 388 nm. In photocatalysis, visible light photoactivation (>400 nm) is preferred by choosing low bandgap semiconductors. However, scientific investigations showed that the low bandgap semiconductors are subject to photocorrosion (oxidation of semiconductor) that results in loss of activity after a period of time [3]. In contrast, TiO\({}_{2}\) has been found to be chemically stable and resistant to photocorrosion and yet highly photoactive [2; 31].
# A New Look at the Stress State Across the Bohai Strait, China
## 4 Results
### Stress Regimes  
We estimated the stress regime for the Bohai Strait according to the Andersonian stress regime classification. Following this theory, the stress state can be classified as normal (\(S_{\rm v}>S_{\rm H}>S_{\rm h}\)), strike-slip (\(S_{\rm H}>S_{\rm v}>S_{\rm h}\)), and reverse (\(S_{\rm H}>S_{\rm h}>S_{\rm v}\)) faulting regimes [63]. The depth-dependent variation in horizontal stresses concerning the vertical stress (see Figure 8) reveals that the relationship between the principal stresses exhibits distinct types across all four boreholes. The relationship between the principal stresses in the PD borehole can be divided into \(S_{\rm H}>S_{\rm h}>S_{\rm v}\) at depths less than 220 m, \(S_{\rm H}>S_{\rm v}>S_{\rm h}\) at medium depths (250-390 m), and \(S_{\rm v}>S_{\rm H}>S_{\rm h}\) at depths below 410 m. It is argued that changes in stress regime in the PD site are attributed to the joints and fractures around and intersecting the borehole [22]. The GZ borehole exhibits \(S_{\rm H}>S_{\rm h}>S_{\rm v}\) at shallow depths (\(<\)235 m) and \(S_{\rm v}>S_{\rm H}>S_{\rm h}\) below 280 m depth. Stress variations in the GZ borehole are mainly controlled by regional tectonic stresses [23]. This finding aligns with current research showing normal faulting in the northern segment of the Jinzhou Fault Zone. In contrast, the XL and CD boreholes consistently show \(S_{\rm H}>S_{\rm h}>S_{\rm v}\) within the test depth, revealing a reverse faulting stress regime. The variation of stress regimes aligns well with the trend of the principal stresses and the characteristic parameters, but it is inconsistent with the regional feature (see Figure 8), which may be attributed to the data source.
# Kinematic and Workspace Analysis of RRU-3 RSS: A Novel 2T2R Parallel Manipulator
###### Abstract  
This paper presents a novel parallel manipulator capable of generating two translations (2T), inside a vertical plane, and two rotations (2R), about horizontal axes, which are required in aerospace, manufacturing and rehabilitation fields. These four degrees of freedom are reached by means of a unique RRU and three RSS kinematic chains connected to a rhomboid-shaped mobile platform. The kinematic analysis of the new manipulator is provided, which includes the resolution of the inverse position problem and the velocity equations relating to input and output variables. Additionally, a methodology is proposed for obtaining the workspace free of singularities, collisions and kinematic joint range limitation. This systematic methodology allows designers to identify the critical factors affecting the workspace and, thus, to rearrange the mechanical design accordingly for optimum path planning. We represent the workspace using its two-dimensional subspaces (i.e., translational and rotational workspace). The results are analyzed for different working modes of the manipulator to see its potential use in applications wherein 2T2R motion is necessary.  
parallel manipulator; kinematics; working modes; workspace; 2T2R
# Surface-Codes-Based Quantum Communication Networks
## 6 Operating the Proposed QCN by SDN Control  
The SDN has been introduced to separate the control plane and data plane, manage network services through abstraction of higher-level functionality, and implement new applications and algorithms efficiently [25; 26]. It has already been studied to enable the coexistence of classical and quantum communication channels [27]. To enhance the security of the software-defined optical networks, authors in [28] proposed a four-layer architecture composed of: application, control, QKD, and data layers. The SDN-based QCN architecture compatible with the proposed QCN should contain three layers only--namely, application layer, control layer, and QCN layer. Users will send their requests from the application layer with the help of northbound interface to the SDN controller. The SDN controller will allocate the QCN resources with the help of its global map through the southbound interface. The QCN layer can be composed of DWDM links and QCN nodes. Each QCN node should contain quantum transceivers, integrated on the same chip, together with a \(d\times d\) array of physical qubits. Any two nodes in QCN can communicate through either a dedicated SMF link or by \(d\) wavelength channels. To enable so, we could employ our recently proposed bidirectional optical space switch [29], to reconfigure the QCN. Other alternative optical switches can be used as well.  
Figure 10: Normalized SKR vs. number of stages \(N\) assuming that \(7\times 7\) surface code is used, and single link channel transmittance is \(T=0.85\).  
In addition to conventional modules, the application layer should also have modules to provide security management services. On the other hand, the control layer, in addition to controlling the QCN layer, should provide allocation of resources as well as provide services for multiple applications. To deal with time-varying channel conditions over heterogeneous links, we can adapt the channel configuration based on both application requirements and link conditions.
## 5 Results
### Anomaly Detection Results for Optimal Sequence Length  
We conducted an investigation of the performance of binary classifiers, given a sequence length of five log templates and feature extraction vector of length 100. Table 2 provides a summary of evaluation metrics as a result of experiments on the BGL dataset. Each evaluation metric score is an arithmetic average of the values obtained during the cross-validation process.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Classifier** & **PR AUC** & **ROC AUC** & **Precision** & **Recall** & **F1-Score** \\ \hline GNB & 0.7366 & 0.9682 & 0.4226 & 0.9472 & 0.5805 \\ DT & 0.9833 & 0.9910 & 0.9637 & 0.9879 & 0.9757 \\ XB & 0.9937 & 0.9937 & 0.9549 & 0.9974 & 0.9757 \\ RF & 0.9969 & 0.9933 & 0.9986 & 0.9890 & 0.9937 \\ AB & 0.9926 & 0.9939 & 0.9587 & 0.9859 & 0.9721 \\ MLP & 0.9981 & 0.9945 & 0.9942 & 0.9942 & 0.9942 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Classification results for various classifiers.  
Figure 5: Evaluation metrics for various window lengths.  
Clearly, the MLP classifier achieved the best overall performance, with an F1-score of over 99.4%. Other binary classifiers, with the exception of GNB, scored slightly lower, but still with very good evaluation metrics. All of them obtained an F1-score above 97%. Nevertheless, the XB algorithm recognized the highest number of malicious logs (99.74%), and RF was the most precise algorithm (99.86% of the predicted positives were true positives).  
The GNB algorithm performed worst on the task of classifying anomalous template sequences. This algorithm assumes strong independence between features. However, the relationships between logs in the sequence (features) are important in the system log anomaly detection process, and apparently, the GNB classifier is not able to discover them.
## 4 Case Study  
### Selection of Research Location  
This study focuses on two intersections in Zhengzhou, China: the intersection of Longhu Inner Ring Road and Longyuan West 3 rd Street, and the intersection of Longhu Inner Ring Road and Longyuan West 4 th Street. These intersections are integral to the No. 1 self-driving-bus line in Zhengzhou's East District, and they have been equipped with facilities to accommodate self-driving buses. Figure 3 depicts an information map of the intersections. The minimum green time and maximum green time are set according to the default signal-timing scheme of the intersection. During the model training process, the minimum and maximum green times will be dynamically adjusted within this range, but will not fall below or exceed the maximum value. It is worth noting that the signal timings at both intersections are identical.
# Study on Water Inrush Characteristics of Hard Rock Tunnel Crossing Heterogeneous Faults
## 4 Model Setup  
The one-way section of the tunnel has a diameter of 12 m. Based on previous studies on boundary effects, the distance between the boundary of the affected area and the center of the tunnel section is three times the section diameter [22]. Assuming symmetry of the longitudinal section of the tunnel, only half of the numerical model needs to be built, with dimensions of 180 m \(\times\) 80 m \(\times\) 50 m. The F6 fault has a dip angle of approximately 75\({}^{\circ}\), with a fault damage zone width of around 60 m and a fault core width of 2 m. In the model, all elements are divided into hexahedral solid elements with 8 nodes each, resulting in a total of 12,883,900 elements.  
The Tiantai Mountain Tunnel has an average burial depth of 1000 m. Ground stress measurements indicate that the values of \(\sigma_{x}\), \(\sigma_{y}\), and \(\sigma_{z}\) are 15 MPa, 20 MPa, and 18 MPa, respectively. Taking into account the overall control effect of the fault core on the fluid domain within the fault zone [45], the boundary for the origin term is defined at the fault core. Based on the annual average underground runoff measured at the Fengzhou station, the source term is set at 0.005 m\({}^{3}\)/s. This study disregards the influence of the tunnel lining and solely focuses on the evolution of fault water inrush characteristics. After excavation, the cave wall and the tunnel face were provided with a permeable boundary. The numerical model is shown in Figure 4.  
Field sampling results indicate that the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of intact granite is \(\sigma_{c}\) = 158.35 MPa, while the tensile strength of intact granite is \(\sigma_{t}\) = 37.80 MPa. Determining the overall mechanical properties of the rock mass within the damage zone  
Figure 4: ABAQUS Numerical Model.  
remains a challenging task in rock mechanics [46], due to the rocks at the fault core being too fragmented to measure their uniaxial compressive strength directly. For consistency, [PERSON]'s Geological Strength Index (GSI) system was used to provide indirect estimates of rock mechanical properties in the damage zone and fault core. According to the GSI diagram, the GSI for the damage zone is 75, while the GSI for the fault core is 45. By referring to the relevant reference [46], the mechanical parameters can be calculated. Permeability coefficients have been selected based on references [47]. Table 1 provides a summary of the parameters required for the calculations.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Coagulation Experiment  
The coagulation process is an essential step in water treatment, aimed at removing suspended particles from the water to improve its quality. In this study, aluminum sulfate was used as a coagulant and synthetic turbid water samples were prepared in 1000 mL beakers. The dose of coagulant used in the experiment varied based on the level of turbidity. For low turbidity levels (30 mg/L), a dose of 1 mg/L as Al\({}^{3+}\) was used, while for high turbidity levels (100 mg/L), a dose of 2 mg/L as Al\({}^{3+}\) was used. At each level of water turbidity, 40 chironomid larvae were placed prior to the coagulation process, with 10 larvae assigned to each instar stage (Figure S2). The jar tests were conducted by rapidly mixing the contents of the beakers at 140 rpm for 1 min, followed by slow mixing at 40 rpm for 10 min [13]. Rapid mixing and slow mixing are two key stages in the coagulation process. The purpose of rapid mixing is to disperse the coagulant evenly throughout the water to initiate the coagulation process. During rapid mixing, the coagulant is added to the water and mixed rapidly to ensure that it is uniformly distributed. The purpose of slow mixing is to promote the formation of flocs by allowing the coagulated particles to come into contact and aggregate with each other. Slow mixing allows the coagulated particles to form larger and more settleable flocs, which can be removed more easily by sedimentation or filtration.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Parameter**} & **Value** \\ \hline pH & 6.7–7.3 \\ Turbidity (NTU) & 2.56–5.44 \\ Temperature (\({}^{\circ}\)C) & 24–26 \\ Hardness (mg/L) & 54–80 \\ Chlorine (mg/L) & \textless{}1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Raw water quality characteristics.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Stage**} & **Description** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Larvae Size Range**} \\ \cline{2-4}  & **Body Length (mm)** & **Head Width (mm)** \\ \hline Instr 1 & White to pinkish color & 0.83–1.68 & 0.09–0.12 \\ \hline Instr 2 & Pink color & 1.94–3.47 & 0.17–0.24 \\ \hline Instr 3 & Pink to reddish color & 3.52–6.67 & 0.23–0.37 \\ \hline Instr 4 & Bright red color & 6.38–14.19 & 0.39–0.58 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Pupae} & Bright red with evident thoracic horns. Swim actively before emergence & Almost similar to larvae stage 4 & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Adult} & \(\bullet\) & Male with plumose antenna and slender abdomen. & Body size of more than 1.5 cm & \\ \cline{1-1}  & \(\bullet\) & Female with simple antenna and broad abdomen & Body size of more than 1.5 cm & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Stage description and larvae size range.  
After the stirring process, the flocs were allowed to settle for ten minutes, and the activity of the chironomid larvae was observed to determine the efficiency of the coagulant to inactivate them from the synthetic turbid water samples [14]. The pH parameter during the coagulation process is around 7, and this condition is consistently maintained throughout the duration of the study.
# An AMR-Based Liquid Film Simulation with Surfactant Transport Using PLIC-HF Method
###### Abstract  
In this study, an AMR-PLIC-HF method is proposed and implemented by GPU parallel computing based on CUDA programming language and NVIDIA GPU. The present method improves the computation efficiency without compromising the accuracy and conservation of the volume. To satisfy the requirements of stencil points of the PLIC-HF method, an extended stencil computation method based on the tree-based AMR method is proposed and implemented. The Weakly Compressible Scheme (WCS) is used in the present work as a fluid solver. An evolving pressure projection method is adopted to suppress the oscillation induced by the reflection of acoustic waves. The Langmuir model is introduced into the solver to calculate surfactant transport and the Marangoni effect caused by the gradient of the interface concentration of the surfactant. The single vortex flow results verify the accuracy of the AMR-PLIC method. A single bubble rising problem with two different physical property settings is simulated. The results show good agreement with the results given by incompressible solvers. This verifies the accuracy of the two-phase flow solver including the AMR-PLIC-HF method and the WCS. The generation and rupture of liquid film by a single bubble freely rising to an interface is simulated by the present solver with a \(1024\times 2048\) AMR grid as the finest resolution. This simulation successfully calculates surfactant transport and the Marangoni effect.  
piece-wise linear interface calculation; volume of fluid; height function; adaptive mesh refinement; liquid film; surfactant transport; Marangoni effect +
Footnote †: journal: 2023, 13, 1955. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031955](https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031955)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031955](https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031955))
## 4 Non-Linear Numerical Modelling and Structural Analysis
The related force-displacement non-linear constitutive law has been derived according to [37] as explained in Section 2. The weight (and related mass) of the masonry infills have been considered within the numerical analyses as an additional permanent action on the RC frames. As for modeling of FPS devices for the base-isolated building, the link element with non-linear behavior denoted as \"Friction Pendulum\" has been adopted according to the SAP2000 [25] library. The non-linear mechanical response of the links for what concerns the in-plane displacements along X and Y degrees of freedom (i.e., DOFs) has been defined according to the parameters affecting the FPS behavior as explained in Section 2 (i.e., R, \(K_{1}\), \(K_{2}\), and \(\mu_{d}(t)\)). The vertical displacement DOF of the link representing the FPS has been modeled with linear elastic behavior active in compression only. The selection of the appropriate value of R is related to the achievement of a specific isolation period \(T_{is}\) of the building in line with Equation (1). With reference to Section 2, the stiffnesses \(K_{2}\) and \(K_{1}\) have been determined as a function of the axial load on the specific FPS isolator device. The friction coefficient in the dynamic regime as a function of time has been modeled in SAP2000 [25] according to [30; 31]. The related value has been determined in the function of the axial load applied on each device with reference to the empirical approach of [30]. The summary of the properties associated with the different FPS isolators is reported in Table 3 together with their disposition in-plane as shown in Figure 9. As reported in Figure 10, four different numerical models have been realized, differentiating between the fixed-base/base-isolated structure without masonry infills and the fixed-base/base-isolated structure with masonry infills.
## Data and Methods
### Data
#### 3.1.2 Mswep  
MSWEP is a recently developed product, specifically designed for global scale hydrological applications. The product is developed from a number of high quality input datasets that include gauge-based interpolated products (WorldClim, GHCN-D, GSOD, Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Unified and Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC)), remotely sensed products (Climate Prediction Center Morphing method (CMORPH), Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation using Moving Vector with Kalman filter (GSMaP-MVK), TMPA 3B42 RT and GridSat and reanalysis products (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) and Japanese 55-year Reanalysis (JRA-55). The main features of MSWEP include a bias correction of orographic effects and gauge undercatch inferred from globally available stream flow records. The MSWEP has been continuously updated to improve its performance at global and regional  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Region** & **Elevation (m)** & **Climate** & **Land Cover** \\ \hline
1 & 3001–6000 & Semi-arid & Grassland \\
2 & 0–600 & Humid & Cropland \\
3 & 601–1600 & Arid & Shrubland \\
4 & 0–600 & Extremely Arid & Cropland \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Description of the regional elevation, climate class and land cover of the four regions selected for comparison of GPPs and in-situ observations as shown in Figure 1b.  
scales [3]. In this study we used the MSWEP version 2.01 daily product, with a grid size resolution of 0.1 degrees [22; 23].