esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Task and Procedure  
The participants' task was to estimate the size and distance of stimuli in three separate environments. At the beginning of the study participants completed a demographic questionnaire. Then, they were introduced to the three VR environments. Three sets of two rectangular cuboids (set A, set B, and set C), one yellow one green, served as a target for both the distance and size estimation task. In each set, the two cuboids in different sizes were placed at two separated distances, near and far (see Figure 2). Near targets were placed 6 to 9 m from the participant. Far targets were placed 12 to 13 m from the participant. Figure 2 illustrates this. The stimuli were colored in yellow and green to allow them to stand out from the background and allow the participant to clearly distinguish between the two. We wanted to make participants rely solely on the spatial cues of the  
Figure 1: **(A)** Environment 1, a cityscape with maximum spatial cues. Familiar landmarks include the chair, trees, ballard, road, doors, and lamp posts. Visual cues denote a gravitational environment, such as the placement of objects on the ground and the horizon. Green and yellow rectangular cuboids are the stimuli for the distance and size estimation test. **(B)** Environment 2, a space space space with moderate spatial cues. Visual cues denote a gravitational environment include the horizon and the terrain on the ground. It did not contain familiar landmarks. The green and yellow rectangular cuboid is the stimuli for distance and size estimation test. **(C)** Experimental environment with minimum spatial cues. It did not contain visual cues nor familiar landmark. The green and yellow rectangular cuboid is the stimuli for the distance and size estimation test.  
environment when they perform the spatial tasks. The target objects should not serve as a spatial cue. Therefore, we used rectangular cuboids as stimuli as these would not have features that could bias participants. Additionally, studies, such as [PERSON] et al. (2018), showed that visual depth cues rendered in virtual environments may have a minor effect on participants' performance while completing a task.  
Prior to each experiment trial, participants completed two practice trials. The study employed a within-subject design. Each participant completed one of the cuboids sets (set A, set B, or set C) in each environmental condition (minimum, moderate, and maximum cues). The order of the environment and the cuboids sets were counterbalanced to avoid a learning effect (see Table 1). Participants first completed the distance estimation task, then the size estimation task.
## 2 Fundamentals of TEM Based on TDFEM
### Solution to a Forward Problem
#### 2.3.2 Boundary Condition Setting  
For the calculation of transient electromagnetic fields, the commonly used approximate boundary conditions are the Neumann boundary conditions, Dirichlet boundary conditions, perfect magnetic conductor, absorption boundary conditions, and perfect matching layer (PML). Notably, since Neumann boundary conditions, Dirichlet boundary conditions, and perfect magnetic (electric) conductor all assume that the electromagnetic field value at the boundary nodes is approximately 0, the ideal state of this type of boundary condition is that the calculation region is infinite. For a 3D FEM, this type of boundary condition is often inappropriate because of the constraints of the calculation efficiency and calculation region.  
Absorption boundary conditions are the best choice for simulating the propagation of electromagnetic fields in infinite space with limited computational areas and meshes. Because the complete absorption of an electromagnetic field is not realistic, an exact matching layer was proposed by [PERSON] to absorb electromagnetic waves that propagate outward [32]. Compared to conventional boundary conditions, a PML is equivalent to an area added outside the model that absorbs all the outgoing waves (ideally). This method is perfect for the FDTD truncation of electromagnetic waves; however, because the PML boundary conditions proposed by [PERSON] do not satisfy [PERSON]'s equation, it is difficult to discretize finite cells. An infinite cell is a unit that tends to be infinite geometrically and is the perfect complement to the finite cell for solving infinite-domain problems [33]. Therefore, combined with the infinite element method and finite element method, and with the advantages of the PML method, an infinite-element domain is added to the outer boundary of the model, through coordinate mapping, and the magnetic field propagation is simulated to an infinite distance. Because Astley mapping infinite elements can easily handle transient problems, we used the Astley infinite meta-domain method as the boundary condition in this paper [34; 35].  
Figure 3: The structural diagram of tetrahedral unit.
## 3 Methods
### WRF Physical Parameterization Schemes
#### 3.1.2 Land Surface Scheme  
We selected four land surface schemes as candidates for optimal combination of physical parameterization schemes. They are the 5-layer thermal diffusion scheme (TD) [44], Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) [45], Noah scheme [46; 47], and Noah land surface model with multiple parameterization options (Noah-MP) scheme [48].  
The TD scheme [44] is the simplest in the land surface model, where only soil temperature is calculated in five soil layers with thicknesses of 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 cm. Soil temperature is computed using the force-restore method to solve the thermal diffusion equation. Soil moisture is determined using a season-dependent function of land use. It does not include representations of the soil moisture, vegetation, and snow processes.  
The RUC scheme [45] solves the heat diffusion and moisture transfer equations for nine layers from 0 to 300 cm, and it is well characterized by the soil temperature, soil moisture, and snow [49]. It comprises a thin layer covering the surface, including half of the first atmospheric layer and half of the topsoil layer, to adequately address energy budgets and embraces the part of canopy moisture and soil texture to account for vegetation impact on evaporation. This scheme represents different phases of the soil surface water, vegetation effects, and canopy water.  
The Noah scheme [46; 47] calculates soil temperature and soil moisture in four soil layers with thicknesses of 10, 30, 60, and 100 cm, including vegetation and snow processes. Soil temperature and moisture are computed using the soil thermal diffusion and hydrological equations, considering the surface energy and water budgets. In addition, it includes explicit physics for the vegetation and hydrological processes, i.e., evapotranspiration, canopy resistance, surface runoff, soil drainage, albedo, and urban canopy.  
The Noah-MP scheme [48] followed most of the Noah scheme with the revision to the overall frame. The revised physics includes the dynamic vegetation and its ecological processes and descriptions of the snow and underground water processing. The Noah-MP scheme can use multiple options for each physical parameterization. In this study, we adopted the default options of each physical parameterization sub-scheme in the WRF model.
# User Acceptance of Information Feed Advertising: A Hybrid Method Based on SEM and QCA
## 5 Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA)
#### 3.1.2 Adequacy analysis
Regardless of the consistency, users will accept the information feed advertising when they do not perceive advertising clustering. * Construct 4 indicates that information feed advertising is highly informative, consistent, accurate, and has advertising rewards. No matter how social it is, users will accept information feed advertising when they do not perceive advertising clustering. * Construct 5 indicates that information feed advertising is highly informative, accurate, and social, and there are advertising rewards. No matter how consistent, users will accept the information feed advertisement even though they have perceived the advertisement clustering. * Construct 6 means that information feed advertising has high consistency, low information, consistency, accuracy, and sociality. There is no advertising reward, and users have no perception of advertising clustering. They will have the willingness to accept information feed advertising. * Construct 7 indicates that the information feed advertising is highly informative and consistent, and its accuracy and sociality are low, and there is no advertising reward. Although users perceive advertising clustering, they will still be willing to accept information feed advertising. As a result, we can see that hypothesis 7 (H7) is established according to the fsQCA study. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**User Acceptance of Information Feed Advertising**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & **Construct 1** & **Construct 2** & **Construct 3** & **Construct 4** & **Construct 5** & **Construct 6** & **Construct 7** \\ \hline Consistency & @ & @ & @ & @ & @ & @ \\ Accuracy & @ & @ & @ & @ & @ & @ \\ Information & @ & @ & @ & @ & @ & @ \\ Sociality & @ & @ & @ & @ & @ & @ \\ Advertising Reward & @ & @ & @ & @ & @ & @ \\ Perceived Advertising & & @ & @ & @ & @ & @ \\ Clustering & & @ & @ & @ & @ & @ \\ Initial Coverage & & & @ & @ & @ & \\ Special Coverage & & & @ & @ & @ \\ Coherence & & & @ & @ & @ \\ \hline Overall Coverage & & & & & & \\ Overall Coherence & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* %: the antecedent variable needs not to exist in the construct. \(\oplus\): the existence of the antecedent variable does not affect the results. \(\oplus\): the antecedent variable is a marginal condition to the construct. \(\otimes\): the antecedent variable is a core condition to the construct.  
\end{table} 
Table 7: Results of adequacy analysis for seven constructs.
## Materials and Methods
### Loss of Control Detection Model for Time Series  
Times series analysis for loss of control prediction was done to check if the predictive models '1' and '3' developed may also be applied successfully to detect in real-time the _loss of control_ events. The features of the models are related to RMS and peak values of the braking event that need to be computed in relation to a specified time interval. Thus, we have proceeded in the following way to define the corresponding features \(\text{F}_{\text{Max}}(\text{Xt})\), \(\text{F}_{\text{RMS}}(\text{Xt})\) and \(\text{F}_{\text{peak-to-RMS ratio}}(\text{Xt})\) at each \(t\) from the time series of the braking event. Rather than use the whole series, we selected intervals of the series. For the features related to maximum values of variables during the braking event, to consider the temporal dynamic behavior of the variables, we obtained \(\text{Max}_{\text{t}}(\text{Xt})\) computing the peak value of the last 40 ms (sliding window [t-40 ms,..., t]):  
\[F_{\text{Max}}(X_{t})=\text{Max}(\text{X}_{\text{t-4}},\,\text{X}_{\text{t-3 }},\,\text{X}_{\text{t-2}},\,\text{X}_{\text{t-1}},\,\text{X}_{\text{t}})\text { for a sampling rate of 10 ms.} \tag{3}\]  
For the RMS value at each instant \(t\), RMS was calculated using intervals of the series corresponding to the time window [tpreBrake, tpreBrake +1,..., t-1, t], where tpreBrake is the instant corresponding to 500 ms before the start of the first brake activation (tpreBrake = \(\text{B}_{\text{BrakeOnset - 500 ms}}\)).  
\[F_{\text{RMS}}(X_{t})\,=\,\sqrt{\frac{1}{N}\,\sum_{i=\text{\emph{prod}}}^{t} X_{i}^{2}} \tag{4}\]  
where N is number of samples in the time window [tpreBrake - t]  
\[F_{\text{\emph{peak to RMS ratio}}}(\text{Xt})\,=\,\frac{\text{F}_{\text{ Max}}(\text{Xt})}{\text{F}_{\text{RMS}}(\text{Xt})}. \tag{5}\]The two models were compared in terms of accuracy and capacity to detect the loss of control in the shortest time. A repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to compare the effect of the type of model on _detection time_, and related to that on the _PTW speed_ at which loss of control was detected.
# Development of Cybersecurity Technology and Algorithm Based on Quantum Computing
## 4 Transforming the Classical AES Algorithm into a Quantum-Gate-Based AES Algorithm
### Quantum Gate to Classical Logic Gate Association
#### 4.2.1 Classical AND Gate  
The classical AND gate is shown in Figure 7. The classical AND gate can be replaced with the Toffoli gate.  
The Toffoli gate is shown in Figure 8. The Toffoli gate is a gate in which two qubit states affect one qubit state. In Figure 8, the NOT operation is performed in the third line if both A and B are 11>.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Input**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Output**} \\ \cline{2-9}  & **A** & **B** & **C** & **A** & **B** & **A**\(\cdot\)**B** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{AND} & 0 & 0 & X & X & X & 0 \\  & 0 & 1 & X & X & X & 0 \\ (classical) & 1 & 0 & X & X & X & 0 \\  & 1 & 1 & X & X & X & 1 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Toffoli} & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\  & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ (quantum) & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: AND Gate vs. Toffoli Gate.  
Figure 8: Toffoli gate.  
Figure 6: Rcon table.  
Figure 7: Classical AND gate.
## 4 Discussion
### Limitations and Future Developments  
The present study has some limitations. While we included participants of both sexes and a relatively large age range (60-81 years), we excluded individuals who were affected by neurological, orthopedic, or mental diseases. Therefore, the conclusions of the study and the optimization parameters may not extend to younger/older population and/or to specific clinical populations. Another limitation is that we used a box of standardized height independently of the anthropometric characteristics of the individuals. This could lead to a different vertical distance to be covered from the sitting-to-standing position [23] and so to different mechanical work and muscle energy expenditure. Therefore, a musculoskeletal model for estimating muscle energy could be considered for future studies.
## 3 Path Loss Models
### UMa Path Loss Models  
The large-scale PL of an urban macro environment is measured using 5 GCM, 3 GPP, and METIS models. The PL model, PL expression, standard deviation, and various parameters like carrier frequency, distance, and antenna heights are listed in Table 3.
## 4 Conclusions  
According to the results obtained from the studies, the detection limit (LOD) of the electrode system designed in the antigen detection studies performed with HAP and subsequent copper-oxide-modified pencil graphite electrodes was determined as 5.08 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-10}\) g/mL, and the measurement limit (LOQ) was determined as 1.54 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-9}\) g/mL. As a result, the modified electrode system we designed provides a very precise measurement for the rapid detection of the NP of the SARS-CoV-2 virus at very low concentrations (even less than nanograms at 1 mL) with a pencil tip, which is a very easily accessible material. Including the incubation time of the modified electrodes with the sample (10 min) and the time taken to take two SWV measurements before and after incubation (1 min), the test takes 11 min in total. That is, the designed diagnostic method offers a fast and inexpensive method for detecting SARS-CoV-2 virus.  
Furthermore HAP-Cu PGE/SARS-CoV-2 antibody enables high detectability (LOD = 5.08 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-10}\) g/mL), quick testing (11.0 min), and cheap production costs ($1.50 per test). Effectively, our electrochemical detection method made it possible to speed up response time, advance the detection limits, and widen the linear range. Of all of them, we were the lowest cost. In addition, N proteins were used to provide high sensitivity for virus detection.  
With the further development and testing of the system we have created,, there will be a system that works for humanity. As such, people will be able to find out if they have SARS-CoV-2 at home alone without going anywhere. Since the system does not require professional help to use it, anyone can do it, and it is easy to use the system. It saves both time and prevents the spread of infection.  
Conceptualization, E.B.D.; methodology, R.E. and B.B.; validation, R.E., B.B. and E.B.D.; formal analysis, R.E.; investigation, R.E.; resources, R.E.; data curation, R.E.; writ-ing--original draft preparation, R.E.; writing--review and editing, B.B and E.B.D.; visualization, R.E.; su-pervision, E.B.D.; project administration, R.E., B.B., and E.B.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
Data are contained within the article. The data presented in this study can be requested from the authors.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Monitoring and Improving Aircraft Maintenance Processes Using IT Systems
## 4 Data Acquisition Tool--IT System Design
### The Idea of an IT System for Monitoring the Service Process  
The basis of the IT system for assessing serviceability is the operational data acquisition subsystem, the main component of which is mobile devices. System users and service technicians will use an application that collects relevant data and sends them to the database server (Figure 2).  
The mobile application designed as part of this thesis will be used to acquire data on the duration of individual technical tasks. The collected data will make it possible to generate probability distributions of the duration of individual technical tasks.  
The idea of the entire system is much broader, and this work only focuses on its selected fragment, i.e., a mobile application for data acquisition on service durations. Below are the assumptions for the entire serviceability assessment system:  
* Replacing paper registration documentation of aircraft with their digital version;
* Using a mobile device to record the activities performed during services;
* Collecting information enabling the performance of optimization analyses;
* Using the IT systems currently in use, extending them with the above-mentioned functionalities, e.g., the IT system Samanta.  
The Samanta system, developed by the Air Force Institute of Technology, has been in use within the Polish Armed Forces since the late 1990s. Over this period, the system has undergone continuous improvements. Samanta is a modular IT solution designed to support aircraft operations, enabling both real-time and periodic analysis of reliability, flight safety, operational status, and resource management. It collects, processes, and transmits data related to aircraft, components, airport equipment, part shortages, and personnel training [6].  
The diagram (Figure 3) below presents the concepts behind extending the Samanta IT system with additional functionalities. The extended Samanta IT system introduces advanced functionalities to enhance aircraft maintenance management. Key additions include the following:  
* A mobile application that replaces traditional AMCs, allowing the real-time recording of maintenance tasks and their durations, improving data accuracy, and reducing manual errors.
* Maintainability Analysis Module: This module processes task data to estimate maintainability functions, optimize service schedules, and verify their reliability through advanced analytical tools.
* Enhanced Integration: The system links maintenance data with operational documentation, ensuring synchronized and updated records.  
The baseline Samanta system focuses on broad operational data analysis and resource management. In contrast, the proposed extended system emphasizes the following:  
* Task-level data recording and real-time documentation;
* Predictive maintainability analysis for optimizing schedules;
* Mobile integration for efficient field operations.  
Figure 2: Scheme of the IT system for maintenance man-hour data acquisition.
## 3 Results
### Glacier Retreat in ASPA-128 (1979-2018)
#### 3.1.4 Period 4 (2007-2011)  
Between 2007 and 2011, the glaciated area in ASPA-128 was reduced by 1.35 km\({}^{2}\) (\(-\)0.43 km\({}^{2}\) land-terminating and \(-\)0.93 km\({}^{2}\) tidewater glaciers). The pace of the glacier retreat increased to an average of \(-\)0.08 km\({}^{2}\)/year for land-terminating glaciers and \(-\)0.14 km\({}^{2}\)/year for tidewater glaciers. These values are comparable to the 1989-2001 period ratios.  
In total, from 1979 to 2011, 5.7 km\({}^{2}\) of ice-covered areas became ice-free, which is 27.4% of the glaciated area in 1979 (Figures A2-A4). As a result of the glacier retreat between 1979-2011, some small glaciers disappeared almost completely (for example, the Thawing Glacier) and most of the nunataks at lower elevations (for example, Tarnica, Siodlo, The Tower, Bastion) are now connected to ice-free areas (Figure A5). Additionally, a few new nunataks have appeared. The analysis of archival materials showing the altitude of the glacier edges on nunataks allowed for an estimation of the decrease in ice surface height. Two nunataks were studied: the Siodlo (Baranowski Glacier) and Tarnica (Ecology Glacier) nunataks. Since 1979, the reduction in the ice level estimated from those nunataks was 15-20 m (0.5-0.7 m/year on average, Figure A5).
## 3 Results
### Supercontinuum in the Core and Cladding  
To demonstrate the differences in single-mode SC generation from that in the multimode generation, as well as show that an SC could be generated in the cladding modes (as opposed to the scenario where the continuum was generated in the core and scattered from the core-guided mode to the cladding), the pump light was first coupled into the core-guided mode. The resulting SC spatial pattern of the output can be observed in Figure 5 (inset). As is visible in the spectrally integrated pattern, most of the light generated inside the core-pumped case remained there. The red, dashed curve in Figure 5 shows the spectral power density of the core-guided SC generation when pumped just below the damage threshold for that configuration. The power limitation of this arrangement, as well as the cladding-pump arrangement, was determined by the coupling losses heating the end of the fiber, which would cause enough thermal expansion inside of the ceramic holder to fracture the fiber. It can be seen that the core-pumped intensity in the Raman continuum (generated in the  
Figure 4: Measured (markers), fitted (solid) and calculated (dashed lines) curves of the group delay in the ESF for a 0.461 m length of the fiber. FM, fundamental mode and CMi, arbitrarily labeled cladding mode.  
anomalous dispersion regime at wavelengths longer than the pump) is almost one order of magnitude greater than the SC generated on the shorter wavelength side of the pump.  
Figure 6a shows the spectrally integrated results of the spatially resolved SC output (under the same pumping conditions as Figures 2c and 5's green curve) after propagating to the end of a 5 m long piece of fiber. It is very interesting to note the encircled area of Figure 6a, which shows a location in the cladding which appears to strongly favor SC generation. Even under adjustment of the pump conditions, and therefore the superposition of cladding modes, the pump was coupled into this position and the fiber always demonstrated a high propensity for the generation of light in the visible spectrum.  
Figure 5: Output spectral power density from 5 m of ESF for the core-pumped SC (red solid curve) and cladding-pumped SC (blue dashed curve) when pumped with 7.5 W. Highest achievable SC output in the cladding modes with 22.5 W pump (green). Core-pumped spectrally integrated profile (inset). The pump was held at a constant 60 kHz repetition rate.  
Figure 6: The spatial profile of the output of SC generated inside the core: (**a**) Multispectral and filtered for the marked wavelengths (**b**–**h**). The encircled area of the picture in (a) shows a place where the air-hole glass size and spacing strongly enhance SC generation.