## 3 Results  
### Persona Behaviors and Characteristics  
The demographics of the participants are shown in Table 3. There were relatively more female users among the user groups, other than the spinal-cord-injured users. The average ages of visually impaired, hearing impaired, spinal-cord-impaired, and elderly users were 41.6, 38.1, 33.6, and 73.1 years old, respectively. Approximately 77% of participants had acquired disabilities, while the participants with a congenital disability were 23%. In addition, two of the elderlies had acquired disabilities, namely hearing loss and brain lesion. The activeness of household work was over 5 out of 7 points for all user groups, other than the spinal-cord-impaired user group. The perceived ICT-ability of each user group was 5, 5.69, 5, and 3.93 for visually impaired, hearing impaired, spinal-cord-impaired, and elderly users, respectively. In terms of an assistive device, visually impaired users use a screen-reader and magnifier the most, while hearing-impaired users use hearing aids and cochlear implant devices. Spinal-cord impaired users were all equipped with wheelchairs, and elderly users used glasses and hearing aids.  
The number of accessibility issues found during the interview and observation sessions regarding the user groups is as shown in Table 4. All the accessibility issues were organized based on the five accessibility tasks and chronological product usage phases. The total number of issues from each user group was 89, 55, 92, and 59 for visually impaired, hearing impaired, spinal-cord impaired, and elderly users, respectively. For the visually impaired users, accessibility issues with monitoring tasks appeared the most, followed by recognize, perceive, operate, and reach tasks (see Table 4). For example, visually impaired users have a hard time monitoring the current position or status of home appliances and recognizing what they touched and were afraid to reach out or touch a surface with heat. The hearing-impaired users also showed a similar trend of monitoring tasks being the most frequent, followed by recognize, operate, reach, and perceive tasks (see Table 4). On the other hand, there were accessibility issues with reach tasks the most with spinal-cord impaired users, followed by operate, monitor, recognize, and perceive tasks (see Table 4). Finally, for the elderly users, the accessibility issues were comparably balanced among the  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Demographics**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Visually**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Hearing**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Spinal-Cord**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Elderly** **(n = 16)**} \\ \cline{3-3} \cline{5-6}  & & **Impaired** **(n = 14)** & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Age} & Average & 41.6 & 38.1 & 33.6 & 73.1 \\ \cline{2-6}  & Min & 24 & 25 & 20 & 67 \\ \cline{2-6}  & Max & 65 & 64 & 45 & 81 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Gender} & Female & 9 (64\%) & 8 (62\%) & 3 (33\%) & 11 (69\%) \\ \cline{2-6}  & Male & 5 (36\%) & 5 (38\%) & 6 (67\%) & 5 (31\%) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Disability} & Congenital & 5 (36\%) & 7 (54\%) & 0 (0\%) & 14 (0\%) \\ \cline{2-6}  & Acquired & 9 (64\%) & 6 (46\%) & 9 (100\%) & 2 (12.50\%) * \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Dependent sensations} & Visual & 8 (57\%) & 10 (77\%) & 9 (100\%) & - \\ \cline{2-6}  & Auditory & 11 (79\%) & 5 (38\%) & 6 (67\%) & - \\ \cline{2-6}  & Tactile & 11 (79\%) & 3 (23\%) & 4 (44\%) & - \\ \hline Household work activeness & 5.00 & 5.63 & 3.33 & 5.50 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Assistive Devices} & Screen reader, Magnifier & Hearing aids, Cochlear implant & Wheelchair & Glasses, Hearing aids \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* two elderlies acquired hearing loss and brain lesion.  
\end{table}
Table 3: Demographics of participants.  
four tasks except for the perceive task, while the operate task was the most frequent issue (see Table 4). Most of the comments from participants dealt with inaccessible issues.