# A Perspective on Emerging Inter-Disciplinary Solutions for the Sustainable Management of Food Waste
## 1 Introduction
Composting and anaerobic digestion are generally preferred over other methods because both have the potential to provide beneficial soil transformation by enhancing the soil's physical, chemical, and microbiological properties [19]. This kind of transformation would positively impact the viability of sustainable food systems over a more extended period. The production of biogas from waste has attracted a variety of energy-efficient, resource-saving, and environmentally beneficial approaches; nevertheless, the majority of these approaches still face challenges in terms of their feasibility on a technical, economic, and social level [5]. Many such strategies focus on system stability and process efficiency for improved biogas yield while also optimizing several parameters such as foaming, NH\({}_{3}\) concentrations, co-digestion feasibility, digester designs, microbial community, and feedstock [23; 24; 25; 26; 27]. Owing to the significant contributions accomplished by different disciplines in addressing the issues of waste management, the current perspective comprehensively traverses disciplines of omics, bioengineering/bioprocessing, and nanotechnology by further advocating for an inter/multidisciplinary approach for waste management. Indeed,omics techniques have provided exceptional opportunities for exploring microbial communities (meta-omics), genes (transcriptomic), proteins (proteomics), and metabolites (metabolomics) by enhancing the efficiency of biogas production during the anaerobic digestion process. Next-generation sequencing, mass spectrometry, in silico modelling, microarrays, and other cutting-edge technologies are applied in omics to produce valuable biological data on microbes and their cellular activities, as well as on critical biomolecules involved in waste bioremediation [28; 29; 30]. Researchers are also unemittingly exploring the use of nanotechnology for efficient waste management [31; 32; 33]. Nanomaterials (<100 nm) with enhanced specificity, responsiveness for adsorption, redox reactions, and treatment efficacy are used in nanotechnology applications [34]. Moreover, the capability of nanotechnology to efficiently bypass numerous conventional treatment phases is essential for minimizing the amount of energy, operating costs, and treatment time required throughout the waste treatment process [34]. To a significant extent, the effectiveness and sustainability of nanotechnology in waste management is contingent on the choice of suitable nanomaterials, such as metal (mainly iron) and carbon-based nanomaterials. Additionally, bioengineering/bioprocess technologies are currently employed to address issues relating to waste management by specifically improving process design and operating conditions during anaerobic digestion [35]. For instance, in the context of bioengineering, there is a current interest in achieving high degradability through the use of dual digestion systems (anaerobic and aerobic thermophilic processes), which is considered novel in dealing with the management of various waste for an efficient circular economy [35]. Furthermore, machine learning techniques based on statistics and computational intelligence are currently used to identify functional patterns and models [36]. Machine learning has emerged as a ground-breaking and fascinating new technology for constructing models that can effectively assess and manage the performance of many anaerobic processes [37]. As a result of the advances in machine learning techniques, these may now be used to accurately forecast digester performance. Anaerobic digestion is a complicated yet effective renewable energy source and waste management technique that relies on the interplay of several operational and monitoring factors [38]. Fortunately, modern anaerobic digestion systems may be considerably improved by applying advanced data analysis, process optimization, and control techniques.