# PINE: Post-Quantum Based Incentive Technique for Non-Cooperating Nodes in Internet of Everything
## 3 Proposed Approach--PINE Protocol
### Protocol Design
#### 3.3.2 Operational Phase
* The results here were computed by considering the energy per node value as 20,000 J considering 50 forwarding nodes, excluding nodes \(R\) and \(S\), unlike in Section 4.1, where the energy per node value was considered as 10,000 J for at most 30 forwarding nodes. * In Table 6 and Figure 9, it can be observed that the number of forwarding nodes is directly proportional to the total execution time of the protocol for varying session size up to 300 when keeping a constant message size of 1000 characters. These results indicate a maximum execution time of \(\approx\)638.23 s or 10 min while communicating with 50 forwarding nodes in the IoE network. * In Table 7 and Figure 10, the results reveal that as the forwarding node increases, the memory consumption at each node increases for session size up to 300 to transmit 1000 characters. The protocol shows a maximum memory consumption of \(\approx\)145.67 MB for at most 50 forwarding nodes in the network. * In Table 8 and Figure 11, the results shows that the number of forwarding nodes is inversely proportional to the average residual energy in the network nodes. The protocol exhibits \(\approx\)479.39 J of average residual energy for 50 forwarding nodes. Figure 8: Average residual energy vs. message size. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Message Size**} & **Average Residual Energy for Number of Nodes** = **10** & **Average Residual Energy for Number of Nodes = 20** & **Average Residual Energy for Number of Nodes** = **30** \\ \hline
10 & 7390.96 ] & 5283.77 ] & 3339.76 ] \\ \hline
100 & 5569.38 ] & 3120.54 ] & 2208.64 ] \\ \hline
1000 & 1831.17 ] & 1153.90 ] & 851.33 ] \\ \hline
10,000 & 1056.86 ] & 560.03 ] & 210.91 ] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Comparison between average residual energy and message size. Figure 10: Memory consumption vs. number of nodes. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Number of Nodes**} & **Execution Time for** & **Execution Time for** & **Execution Time for** \\  & **Session Size = 100** & **Session Size = 200** & **Session Size = 300** \\ \hline
10 & 61.38 s & 109.63 s & 144.60 s \\ \hline
20 & 111.37 s & 141.28 s & 258.42 s \\ \hline
30 & 140.85 s & 251.47 s & 498.59 s \\ \hline
40 & 239.14 s & 455.19 s & 616.89 s \\ \hline
50 & 418.21 s & 585.97 s & 638.23 s \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Comparison between execution time and number of nodes. Figure 9: Execution time vs. number of nodes. ### Comparison of Selfish Node and Blackhole Detection with Number of Nodes

* This section presents interesting results obtained by comparing the effect of the number of forwarding nodes with the percentage of selfish nodes and blackhole nodes detected in the IoE network. These results were evaluated by keeping a constant message size of 1000 characters for a session size of up to 300 sessions. * Furthermore, these results consider 33% non-cooperative nodes, namely, selfish or blackhole nodes, to avoid providing network control to non-cooperative nodes, as this can disrupt the network stability, contrary to Sections 4.1 and 4.2, where all the nodes were assumed to be cooperative throughout the analysis. * It should be noted that in this analysis, the energy per node is considered as 20,000 J, as in Section 4.2. Furthermore, the main focus in this section is to identify selfish and blackhole nodes, rather than on execution time, memory consumption, or residual energy, as it was in Sections 4.1 and 4.2. Hence, this analysis stresses the protocol's capability. Certainly, the protocol can adapt to higher energy per node; however, for analysis, the energy value is considered to be a constant value, aiming to obtain the results in a more realistic way. Moreover, during the operation, if the protocol identifies any dead node, i.e., _Energy_ < 100 J, the protocol's accuracy is reduced due to low observed energy.