## 1 Introduction
### Ship Safety: Training in Social and Situational Systems
The evidence that was presented to the court showed disagreements between SCA pilots and its control center over whether the ship should enter the canal. [PERSON] suggested that the vessel should have been accompanied by at least two tugs suitable for the size of the vessel [73]. Thus, again, an unfortunate set of situational and social errors occurred. * 8. Maritime accidents due to drugs and alcohol. Drug abuse is a severe problem across the world and, in the marine industry, it can cause irreversible damage. If the crew members abuse psychoactive substances or alcohol, this can result in unpredictable behavior and lead to an accident. The Dutch-registered general cargo vessel, Ruyter, ran aground off the north coast of Rathlin Island in the UK. An investigation revealed that Ruyter ran aground because no action was taken to correct the deviation from the ship's intended track. According to the safety management system records, the shipowner should have arranged alcohol testing of the crew. However, the investigation found no evidence that alcohol testing was ever carried out on the vessel. Once again, we are confronted with problems inherent in social and situational systems as components of human error, resulting in navigational accidents [74]. * 9. Navigational accidents are indirectly linked to cargo-handling operations, which are integral to ship operations. One of the leading causes of crane accidents for loading and unloading marine cargoes is operator error. One known example happened when workers onshore were unloading aluminum bars from a ship using a crane. The workers were inexperienced in using a particular lifting system and needed to secure the load better. As the crane operator moved the load towards the quay, they struck the worker on the ground and killed him. A pattern of situational and social errors can be considered a cause of this accident [75]. * 10. Accidents in shipyards, where ship assembly and welding accidents are common, may spare workers' lives but limit their overall ability to work. Similarly, the continuous inhalation of toxic fumes also becomes another cause of shipyard accidents [76]. * 11. Marine accidents on dive support vessels. Suppose a dive support vessel is not fully operational and the crew is not adequately qualified. In this case, they cannot effectively supervise and direct the entire operation, which can lead to a severe accident. In one documented case, a large steel frame, known as a cursor, fell from a height of two meters, trapping the rigger and resulting in fatal crush injuries to his chest. Following an investigation, the company noted the following:
* The control system was not fully commissioned before its use. * The company's internal project management systems were not fully utilized. * Communications and reporting lines within the project team and with offshore and onshore management were neither fully utilized nor understood. * Design intentions and pre-commissioning requirements for the safe operation of the new equipment had not been adequately communicated to the work team. * There were no secondary means of securing the active cursor. * A decision was taken to work under the cursor. The hazard of working under a suspended load was not recognized as it was not a typical load suspended from a crane [77]. This again describes an unfortunate set of errors triggered by situational and social systems. 12. Accidents on barges occur mainly because of their specific design and maneuvering capabilities. These problems can be caused by the inexperience of the person at the barge's helm or by the improper use of mooring lines. Other causes involving severe injuries while working on board a barge include the following: * Explosions, suffocation, and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy caused by hazardous and noxious fumes and gases. * Crushing while bunkering or mooring with a tug. * Trips and falls due to cluttered decks and workspaces [78].