esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Advances and Future Perspective on Detection Technology of Human Norovirus
## 3 Future Perspectives  
Accurate and rapid detection technology is the main method to control the outbreak of HuNoVs before effective antiviral drugs or vaccines are developed. Development of good pretreatment methods for complex samples is the first important approach because it can significantly affect the accuracy and sensitivity of the detection method. At present, RT-qPCR is a reliable and common technology for detecting HuNoVs. The challenges are primarily focused on processing samples from different sources, distinguishing infectious and non-infectious viruses and the accurate assessment of the disease outbreaks. The immune colloidal gold test strip is a rapid detection method, which has simple operation and low cost. However, improving the detection sensitivity and extending the validity period are the keys to promoting this technology for further use. Biosensors are a promising detection technology. Future research must focus on finding highly selective and active biometric components and optimising fixation technology. Furthermore, good signal amplification methods should be explored to reduce the detection limit. In the future, methods for the optimization of the concentration of viral particles from food or environmental matrices need to be improved, because the viral contamination in these matrices is generally low. Meanwhile, the development of detection technology will focus on the improvement of the existing technology and exploration of new interdisciplinary methods.  
Conceptualization, N.W. and Q.L.; validation, G.P., S.R. and P.L.; writing-original draft preparation, N.W. and Q.L.; writing-review and editing, G.P., S.R. and Z.G.; supervision, Z.G.; funding acquisition, P.L. and Q.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 31972165) and Shanghai Institute of Technology (grant number 39110N203038-A07).  
**Informed Consent Statement**: Not applicable.  
Figure 5: Schematic diagram of the alloyed QD-MB bioprobe for detection of norovirus RNA.
# Use of SMAP Soil Moisture and Fitting Methods in Improving GPM Estimation in Near Real Time
## 4 Results
### Performance Assessment
#### 4.2.1 Statistics  
To demonstrate the improvement from the original GPM to the corrected products, we calculate the performance scores (R, RMSE, and BIAS) for eight products: GPM, SMP, GPM-Linear, GPM-Nonlinear, GPM-CDF, SMP-Linear, SMP-Nonlinear, and SMP-CDF. The summary statistics of their spatial distribution are shown in Table 2. Similar to Table 1, we calculated the percentile for each performance score on every grid cell to provide an estimate of their frequency distribution in space. The spatial distribution of RMSE and BIAS in the seven correction methods are shown in Figures 3 and 4. For R, the differences among different products are small. GPM shows a good performance with a median R value of 0.49. Although the GPM-Nonlinear correction performs best (with a R of 0.32 for 10 th percentile, 0.51 for median and 0.66 for 90 th percentile), the improvement is rather small. Except for GPM-CDF, other products have the same median values of R as GPM does. Similar to the median, 10 th and 90 th percentiles also have almost the same values among different products. For RMSE, GPM has a wide range with the median of 5.25 mm/day, as shown in Table 2. All correction methods change RMSE, and the SMP-Linear method performs best of the seven methods. The RMSE values of GPM are less than 4 mm/day in most areas of western China, and exceed 10 mm/day in most areas of eastern China, as shown in Figure 3a. This regional contrast may result from differences in the magnitude of annual total rainfall between western and eastern China. Figures 1 and 3a share a similar spatial pattern, indicating that RMSE tends to increase with precipitation. Figure 3b-h clearly demonstrate areas of performance resulting from the seven different correction methods. The SM corrected algorithm leads to substantial improvements in southeast China, eastern coastal areas and the corner of the northwest region. The RMSE values are decreased by more than 20% in most of the southeast and east coast, and this decrease is up to 60% in some regions. The results are mixed in the northeast, where the RMSE values are decreased by 20-60% in some areas and increased by up to 80% in other areas. SMP is less effective elsewhere, especially in the northwest. Applying the linear or nonlinear fitting correction to GPM leads to spatially more extensive improvement compared with SMP. However, the median of RMSE for the linear (5.04 mm/day) or nonlinear (4.64 mm/day) correction are larger than that for SMP (4.32 mm/day). The corrections by SM, linear, and nonlinear methods improve GPM in most areas in eastern China, whereas they degrade GPM in many areas of western China, as shown in Figure 3b-e. Combining the linear or nonlinear
# A Novel LOS Decision Technique Reflecting 3D DTED for Modeling an Electronic Warfare Environment
## 2 Terrain File Formats and Line-of-Sight (LOS) Algorithms  
To determine if a signal is on an LOS path, actual 3D terrain data is necessary. All LOS decision algorithms make judgments based on specific terrain data. In this study, we used a digital terrain elevation data (DTED) format because it is one of the most frequently used terrain data formats. DTED uses a grid-post terrain data format, which has height information corresponding to each two-dimensional coordinate plane grid, as shown in Figure 2. The DTED data is standard digital data representing the altitude above sea level, and it was first developed for aerial radar simulation and prediction in the 1970s. Earth elevation was measured based on EGM96 [11; 12].  
This dataset is used in many military system applications that require terrain elevation information. DTED is accompanied by a level that is designated according to the resolution. Levels are divided into levels 0, 1, and 2, with a higher number indicating higher resolution. The horizontal and vertical resolutions are approximately 900, 90, and 30 m, in levels 0, 1, and 2, respectively. Moreover, data with higher resolution are available in high-resolution terrain information (HRTI) data, which was constructed through the Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD) program in the United States. The HRTI data are often designated as levels 3 to 5, and are defined in [13].  
Figure 1: Electronic warfare scenario.  
The algorithm introduced in this study is applicable to all grid-post terrain types, and to obtain accurate results, a high-level dataset is necessary. However, these data are usually not open to the public in most cases because they contain data that is important for national security. Therefore, the performance of the proposed algorithm was confirmed by using level 0, which is available in the global dataset. Figure 3a shows the areas of 51T, 52T, 51S, and 52S in the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate system, which corresponds to the vicinity of the Korean Peninsula. Figure 3b shows the magnified view of the terrain marked in the red box with the actual terrain information, which is obtained from the DTED level 0.
# Intrusion Detection Model Based on Improved Transformer
###### Abstract  
This paper proposes an enhanced Transformer-based intrusion detection model to tackle the challenges of lengthy training time, inaccurate detection of overlapping classes, and poor performance in multi-class classification of current intrusion detection models. Specifically, the proposed model includes the following: (i) A data processing strategy that initially reduces the data dimension using a stacked auto-encoder to speed up training. In addition, a novel under-sampling method based on the KNN principle is introduced, along with the Borderline-SMOTE over-sampling method, for hybrid data sampling that balances the dataset while addressing the issue of low detection accuracy in overlapping data classes. (ii) An improved position encoding method for the Transformer model that effectively learns the dependencies between features by embedding the position information of features, resulting in better classification accuracy. (iii) A two-stage learning strategy in which the model first performs rough binary prediction (determining whether it is an illegal intrusion) and then inputs the prediction value and original features together for further multi-class prediction (predicting the intrusion category), addressing the issue of low accuracy in multi-class classification. Experimental results on the official NSL-KDD test set demonstrate that the proposed model achieves an accuracy of 88.7% and an \(F1\)-_score_ of 88.2% in binary classification and an accuracy of 84.1% and an \(F1\)-_score_ of 83.8% in multi-class classification. Compared to existing intrusion detection models, our model exhibits higher accuracy and \(F1\)-_score_ and trains faster than other models.  
Transformer; intrusion detection; auto-encoder; NSL-KDD; deep learning Article
# Disaster-Resilient Optical Network Survivability: A Comprehensive Survey
## Acronyms  
\begin{tabular}{l l} ASR & Availability Satisfaction Ratio \\ ATM & Asynchronous Transfer Mode \\ BTS & Base Transceiver Station \\ CASPaR & Congestion Avoidance Shortest Path Routing \\ cTGGD & Compensated Total Geographical Graph Diversity \\ DAL & Distributed Lightpath Allocation \\ DLBSPP & Dynamic Load Balancing Shared Path Protection \\ DRG & Distinct Risk Groups \\ DWDM & Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing \\ EMP & Electromagnetic Pulse \\ FTBCP & Fault Tolerance Method Based on Cheapest Paths \\ GeoDivRP & Geodiverse Routing Protocol \\ GIS & Geographic Information System \\ GMPLS & Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching \\ HCA & Hybrid Connection Algorithm \\ ICT & Information Communication Technology \\ ILP & Integer Linear Programming \\ IP Layer & Internet Protocol Layer \\ ISIS & Intermediate System to Intermediate System \\ LC-DAL & Least-Congested Distributed Lightpath Allocation \\ MILP & Mixed Integer Linear Programming \\ MPLS & Multi-Protocol Label Switching \\ OSPF & Open Shortest Path First \\ OXCs & Optical Cross-Connects \\ PCE & Path Computation Element \\ PDP & Packet Delivery Probability \\ QoS & Quality of Service \\ QoT & Quality of Transmission \\ RECODIS & Resilient Communication services protecting end-user applications from Disaster-based \\ RWA & Routing and Wavelength Assignment \\ SDH & Synchronous Digital Hierarchy \\ SDON & Software-Defined Optical Networking \\ SFPP & Short Full Path Protection \\ SLA & Service Level Agreement \\ SONET & Synchronous Optical Network \\ SPPP & Shortest Path Pair Protection \\ STAR & Self-Tuned Adaptive Routing \\ WDM & Wavelength Division Multiplexing \\ WMD & Weapon of Mass Destruction \\ WRT & Wavelength Returning \\ \end{tabular}
## Diode-Pumped High Energy and High Average Power All-Solid-State Picosecond Amplifier Systems  
**[PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 2, [PERSON] 1,*, [PERSON] 3, [PERSON] 4 and [PERSON] 1,3,* 1**  
Beijing National Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, the Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, No. 8, 3 rd South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, 105 West Third Ring Road North, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, 266 Xinglong Section of Xifeng Road, Xi'an 710126, Shanxi, China; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
School of Science, China University of Mining & Technology, Ding No. 11 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.H.W.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.Y.W.); Tel./Fax: +86-10-8264-9328 (Z.H.W.); +86-10-8264-8115 (Z.Y.W.). Academic Editor: [PERSON]  
_Received: 12 September 2015 / Accepted: 26 November 2015 / Published: 4 December 2015_  
**Abstract:** We present our research on the high energy picosecond laser operating at a repetition rate of 1 kHz and the high average power picosecond laser running at 100 kHz based on bulk Nd-doped crystals. With diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) hybrid amplifiers consisting of a picosecond oscillator, a regenerative amplifier, end-pumped single-pass amplifiers, and a side-pumped amplifier, an output energy of 64.8 mJ at a repetition rate of 1 kHz was achieved. An average power of 37.5 W at a repetition rate of 100 kHz pumped by continuous wave laser diodes was obtained. Compact, stable and high power DPSS laser amplifier systems with good beam qualities are excellent picosecond sources for high power optical parametric chirped pulse amplification (OPCPA) and high-efficiency laser processing.  
**Keywords:** diode-pumped solid state laser; picosecond laser; amplifier
## 1 Introduction
synthesized a new hexyl bithiophene containing an efficient asymmetric D-A-A-type small donor molecule, fabricated with a PC\({}_{60}\)BM acceptor for BHJ-OSCs and achieved promising results with Voc values of \(\sim\)0.71 V, a Jsc of \(\sim\)12.56 mA/cm\({}^{2}\), a fill factor (FF) of \(\sim\)0.42 with a resulting PCE of \(\sim\)3.75% [35]. In this report, we have designed a new asymmetric planar D-\(\pi\)-A type small organic molecule, 2-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-3-(5\"-hexyl-[2,2':5',2\"-terthiophene]-5-yl) acrylonitrile, named as H3T-4-FOP. Herein, the presence of fluorine atom in H3T-4-FOP plays a significant role in molecular energy level alignment and enhancement of the ICT effect due to its high electronegativity and intramolecular hydrogen bonding. The attachment of parallel alkyl side-chain on the thiophene molecular backbone ensures good solution-processibility, molecular packing and improved charge transport properties. In our work, the H3T-4-FOP: PC\({}_{61}\)BM (1:2, _w/w_) active layer achieved a reasonable PCE of \(\sim\)4.38%, Voc of \(\sim\)0.782 V, Jsc of \(\sim\)11.18 mA/cm\({}^{2}\) and fill factor (FF) of 50% under an illumination of AM 1.5 G, 100 mW/cm\({}^{2}\).
## 4 Discussion  
In this paper, an in-house, low-cost heat pipe manufacturing method was developed and thoroughly described. This method allowed for the piece production of 210 heat pipes. This batch is shown in Figure 19. The cost-efficiency of this method makes it perfect for cooling applications, especially in developing countries. The validation of the heat pipes showed promising results, and it is believed that utilization of more sophisticated methods and tools would even further improve their performance.  
Figure 17: Total mass of heat pipe with respect to heat pipes’ record numbers on a 2D histogram.  
Figure 18: Histogram of the total mass of heat pipes with a normal distribution curve.  
According to the analysis out of a total of 210 heat pipes, 189 heat pipes achieved an improvement factor of not less than 120%, and 20 heat pipes achieved an improvement factor of not less than 150%. The average melting enhancement coefficient \(\overline{E_{f}}\) for this batch was equal to 135% with a standard deviation equal to 12. Due to employing a low-thermal-conductivity material, namely PLA, as the material of the test thermal storage, no significant impact of HP location within the experimental module cells was found (see Figure 11).  
Technical parameters of those heat pipes, such as their mass and vacuum pressure inside, were checked and showed good consistency (Figures 5 and 16), and only minor geometrical corrections were made using a polishing machine to enable their further application. It is worth noting that the consistency of the technical parameters increased with the progress of the manufacturing process. The consistency increased due to skill improvement of the team member who manufactured the HPs over time.  
The next step in this research is to evaluate the HPs' performance under realistic working conditions, which is in heat recovery systems in electric car batteries using a modular liquid-based system. For this purpose, a prototype of a modular liquid-based heat recovery system was designed and manufactured in-house using FDM 3D printing technology. A research stand allowing for the charging and discharging of sixteen 7.2 V electric car batteries was also prepared.  
M.R.: Validation, investigation, data curation, visualization, writing--review and editing; M.F.: validation, investigation, data curation, visualization, methodology; P.S.: writing--original draft preparation, writing--review and editing; R.A.: conceptualization, methodology, supervision, project administration, funding acquisition, formal analysis. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
All data presented in the paper can be available upon contact with the authors.  
Figure 19: View of all 210 manufactured heat pipes.
## 1 Introduction
Three OD algorithms are used: iForest, OCSVM, and the recently proposed SDO algorithm, which is characterized by its low computing complexity. A summary of the key contributions of this paper in comparison to the existing literature is presented in the subsequent section on related work, Section 2. The structure of this paper is as follows: Section 2 describes the related work in this area and the advancements of this paper in comparison to the surveyed literature. Section 3 describes the overall methodology of the proposed approach including the OD algorithms used in the study, the threat model, the ML algorithm used for classification, and the evaluation metrics. Section 4 describes the two data sets used to evaluate the approach. Section 5 provides the results of the evaluation of the proposed approach on the UWBreal-signals described in Section 4. Finally, Section 6 provides the conclusions of this study and outlines future developments.
###### Abstract  
Cemented backfill represents a significant trend in mine filling methods; however, it often exhibits high brittleness and limited resistance to failure, which can restrict its practical application. This study investigates the mechanical properties and damage evolution of fiber-reinforced coal gangue cemented materials (CGCMs) at various curing times using uniaxial compressive tests, acoustic emission (AE) analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Specimens were created with different fillers, including carbon fibers (CFs), steel fibers (SFs), and carbon black (CB), and subjected to uniaxial compression until failure. Control specimens without fillers were also tested for comparison. The microstructure of the specimens was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The findings indicate that (1) the compressive strength of filler-reinforced CCGMs increases between 7 and 14 days of curing but decreases thereafter, with CB significantly improving early-age strength; (2) specimens reinforced with CFs and SFs exhibit significantly enhanced toughness in their post-cracking response; (3) AE events during specific stages can effectively identify the reinforcing effects of CFs and SFs; (4) the presence of fillers improves resistance to shear cracks, with CFs and SFs being more effective than CB; and (5) adding CB results in a denser and more stable hydration product structure, while CFs and SFs lead to a more porous structure with increased cracking.  
coal gangue cemented materials; additives; fibers; acoustic emission; comparison Article
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Instruments
#### 2.3.3 Distance Calculation  
Distance calculation concepts were based on the known play court dimension (Figure 3).  
Figure 3: Software analysis on player covered distance.  
A volleyball court is a rectangle of \(9\times 18\) meters. Thus, it was possible to define the transformation (also known as a perspective transform or homograph [16]), which maps any points from a camera's perspective into the \(9\times 18\) meter rectangle:  
\[s_{i}\left[\begin{array}{c}{x^{\prime}}_{i}\\ {y^{\prime}}_{i}\\ 1\end{array}\right]=H\left[\begin{array}{c}x_{i}\\ y_{i}\\ 1\end{array}\right] \tag{4}\]  
where \(H\) is an arbitrary \(3\times 3\) matrix. Finding \(H\) is achieved by minimizing the back-projection error [17]:  
\[\sum_{i}\left[\left({x^{\prime}}_{i}-\frac{h_{11}x_{i}+h_{12}x_{i}+h_{13}}{h_{ 31}x_{i}+h_{32}x_{i}+h_{33}}\right)^{2}+\left({y^{\prime}}_{i}-\frac{h_{21}x_{ i}+h_{22}x_{i}+h_{23}}{h_{31}x_{i}+h_{32}x_{i}+h_{33}}\right)^{2}\right] \tag{5}\]  
Achieving \(H\) permits the position to be determined in meters for all movie frames for any player,  
\[{x^{\prime}}_{i}=\frac{h_{11}x_{i}+h_{12}x_{i}+h_{13}}{h_{31}x_{i}+h_{32}x_{i}+ h_{33}},\ {y^{\prime}}_{i}=\frac{h_{21}x_{i}+h_{22}x_{i}+h_{23}}{h_{31}x_{i}+h_{32}x_{i}+ h_{33}} \tag{6}\]  
Finally, calculating the Euclidean distance between positions in two consecutive frames allows the total distance (\(d\)) of a player's move to be discovered. Jump frames are excluded from this calculation.  
\[d=\sum\
olimits_{i=1}^{n}\sqrt{\left(x_{i}-x_{i-1}\right)^{2}+\left(y_{i}-y_{ i-1}\right)^{2}} \tag{7}\]
# Approach for Tattoo Detection and Identification Based on YOLOv5 and Similarity Distance
## 4 The Experimental Investigation
### The Experiments Performed on the Influence of Data Augmentation Parameters
In this study, shear was applied horizontally and vertically in a range of \(\pm 15^{\circ}\). Shearing introduces distortions that can improve the model's ability to recognize objects from different perspectives;
* Blur. A blur filter was applied to the images, with a maximum blur of up to 2 pixels. Blur helps simulate real-world conditions where images may not be perfectly sharp. It can prevent the model from relying too heavily on fine details and encourage a more generalized understanding of the objects in the images. Collectively, these pre-processing and augmentation techniques aim to increase the robustness and ability of the model to handle tattoo detection in a wide range of real-world scenarios. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l c c c c} \hline \hline
**Augmentation** & **Augmentation Specifications** & **Precision** & **Recall** & **[EMAIL_ADDRESS]** & **[EMAIL_ADDRESS]:0.95** \\ \hline Flip & Horizontal and vertical & & & & \\ \hline Crop & 0\% minimum zoom and & & & & \\ \cline{2-6}  & 30\% maximum zoom & 0.881 & 0.71 & 0.793 & 0.584 \\ \hline Hue & Between \(-25^{\circ}\) and +25\({}^{\circ}\) & & & & \\ \hline Flue & Between \(-25^{\circ}\) and +25\({}^{\circ}\) & & & & \\ \hline Saturation & Between \(-30\)\% and +30\% & 0.796 & 0.733 & 0.763 & 0.533 \\ \hline Brightness & Between \(-25\)\% and +25\% & & & & \\ \hline Flip & Horizontal and vertical & & & & \\ \hline Crop & 0\% minimum zoom and & 0.827 & 0.726 & 0.81 & 0.532 \\ \cline{2-6}  & 30\% maximum zoom & & & & \\ \hline Rotation & Between \(-15^{\circ}\) and +15\({}^{\circ}\) & & & & \\ \cline{2-6}
90\({}^{\circ}\) Rotate &
\begin{tabular}{l} Clockwise, counterclockwise, and \\ upside down \\ \end{tabular} & 0.878 & 0.744 & 0.829 & 0.593 \\ \hline Shear & \(\pm 15^{\circ}\) horizontal and \(\pm 15^{\circ}\) vertical & & & & \\ \hline Blur & Up to 2 px & & & & \\ \hline Crop & 0\% minimum zoom and & & & & \\ \cline{2-6}  & 30\% maximum zoom & & & & \\ \hline Exposure & Between \(-15\)\% and +15\% & 0.8 & 0.756 & 0.784 & 0.586 \\ \hline Noise & Up to 1.49\% of pixels & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Result of the combined augmentation experiment.