esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Protecting Private Communications in Cyber-Physical Systems through Physical Unclonable Functions
## 2 State of the Art: Physical Unclonable Functions and Encryption in CPS
* Non-electronic PUFs [28] include all functions based on non-electric phenomena, although some electrical components are employed to create challenges or collect responses. These technologies are the oldest techniques in PUFs and are usually based on optical effects. Optical fibers, lasers, etc., present random and uncontrollable behaviors that may be employed to create a PUF. However, these mechanisms are expensive, complex, and require a very precise manipulation. These conditions do not fit CPS requirements, in general. * Electronic PUFs [29] are those based on electric analog signals suffering random effects. For example, random and unclonable changes in the voltage threshold of solid-state devices such as diodes or transistors. These changes create a personal behavior for each device. The main problem of these PUFs is they may be difficult to measure. * Intrinsic PUFs [25] are those that naturally arise when manufacturing a system, whose main function is usually different. For example, in logic circuits, time required by signals to go through different paths is slightly different and depends on the manufacturing conditions of each specific circuit (a type of PUF known as an 'arbitrary PUF'). 'Ring oscillator PUF' is also another example of intrinsic PUF. Different applications for PUFs have been described, including security applications. PUFs have been employed into two basic schemes: key generators and authentication mechanisms. The oldest PUF proposals are related to RFID systems, which include key generators based on PUFs [30]. Some hardware-supported algorithms also include PUFs to increase its entropy [31; 32]; and PUF-based random number generators with high randomness levels have been also reported [33; 34]. Authorization mechanisms [35] are based on challenge-response tables, which are employed to compare responses to authorization queries. The proposed encryption mechanism in this work considers an encryption scheme with an electronic PUF embedded in a key generator, because of its low-cost character and reduced dimensions. Besides, only simple manufacturing processes are required to implement the proposed solution, which perfectly fits the characteristics of CPS.
## 1 Introduction
dioxide laser treatment [22], hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching [1], ion beam etching (IBE) [23] or the combination of HF etching, subsequent precision polishing and final ion beam etching [24; 25]. In the first case, an increase in LIDT is mainly due to surface relaxation via laser melting whereas the application of etching techniques allows the removal of polishing compounds, metal impurities and subsurface damages [26]. The latter issue can efficiently be addressed with the aid of plasmas. As shown by _[PERSON]_ and co-workers, the removal of near-surface layers--and subsurface damage, respectively--with a thickness in the range from 50 to 200 nm via etching by argon radio frequency plasma in vacuum allows a significant increase in LIDT of fused silica surfaces by a factor of 8.4 [27]. Moreover, _[PERSON]_ and co-workers have successfully applied oxygen plasmas for reducing the number of micro surface defects on zirconium dioxide films. Thanks to such surface healing, the LIDT was increased by a factor of 1.45 (from 15.9 J/cm\({}^{2}\) to 23.1 J/cm\({}^{2}\)) [28] due to the reduction in absorption of incoming laser irradiation. However, further work by the authors on hafnium dioxide films showed that oxygen plasma treatment may also not impact the LIDT if subsurface nanoscale absorber defects are not affected or removed by the plasma [29]. A special type of absorber defects contributing to a decrease in LIDT are surface-adherent carbonaceous compounds as mentioned above. In this context, atmospheric pressure plasmas have turned out to be suitable and powerful tools for surface cleaning [18; 30; 31; 32]. Most recently, it was shown that the use of direct dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasmas at atmospheric pressure using argon as process gas allows an increase in LIDT of super-polished sapphire window surfaces by a factor of 1.5 (from 7.84 J/cm\({}^{2}\) to 11.89 J/cm\({}^{2}\)) [16]. This effect is not due to surface etching or material removal but selective removal of surface-adherent contaminants by plasma species. Against this background, the impact of such plasma treatment on zinc crown glass samples was investigated in the present work. Moreover, special attention was also paid to the influence of process parameters applied during sample preparation, namely the particular polishing suspension concentration.
## 5 Conclusions  
In this study, a network for automatic LV segmentation from cardiac MR images is proposed, providing an effective solution that allows physicians to diagnose CVDs. The proposed method extensively experimented on cardiac MR image data from 145 subjects, and the DM and JC reached 0.908 and 0.834, respectively, on the MICCAI2018 test set. The proposed module and loss function both improve the segmentation accuracy, as verified by ablation experiments. The method also outperforms the current mainstream methods in the comparison experiments suggesting that it can be considered an effective automatic LV segmentation task that will reduce the workload of radiologists during clinical diagnosis. In future research, more possibilities for Transformer application to medical image segmentation networks will be explored to provide a better technique for LV segmentation.  
Conceptualization, X.H.; methodology, Z.L. and X.H.; resources, Z.L. and X.H.; data curation, Z.L. and X.H.; writing--original draft preparation, X.H.; writing--review and editing, Z.L., X.H. and Y.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Methods** & **DM** & **JC** & **ACC** & **PPV** \\ \hline FCN & 0.873 & 0.778 & 0.972 & 0.878 \\ SegNet & 0.843 & 0.728 & 0.964 & 0.845 \\ U-Net & 0.887 & 0.800 & 0.975 & 0.887 \\ Conv-Deconv & 0.846 & 0.733 & 0.965 & 0.840 \\ Indices-JSQ & 0.870 & \(-\)\({}^{1}\) & \(-\) & \(-\) \\ Cardiac-DeepIED [41] & 0.890 & 0.801 & 0.976 & 0.891 \\
**Our Method** & **0.908** & **0.834** & **0.979** & **0.903** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{1}\)—Indicates that the results are not provided.  
\end{table}
Table 1: The comparison of the suggested method with several popular segmentation methods.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**UNet 3+** & **Transformer** & \(\mathcal{L}_{seg}\) & \(\mathcal{L}_{sdm}\) & **DM** \\ \hline ✓ & \(\times\) & ✓ & \(\times\) & 0.896 \\ ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & \(\times\) & 0.907 \\ ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & 0.908 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Ablation experiments of the model on the MICCAI 2018 test set.  
Funding: The APC was funded partly by the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China (Grant Nos. cstc2019 cyj-msxmX0487, cstc2021 cyj-msxmX0605). The APC was funded partly by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61971078, 61501070). The APC was funded partly by the Science and Technology Foundation of Chongqing Education Commission (Grant Nos. KJQN202001137, CQUT20181124). The APC was funded partly by the Scientific Research Foundation of Chongqing University of Technology (2020 ZDZ026).  
Not applicable.
# Threat Analysis and Risk Assessment (TARA) Analysis of an Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) System
## 2 Related Work  
Recent studies have focused on enhancing the safety and reliability of ADAS in vehicles. Notably, research has been conducted on the AEB system, a crucial safety feature designed to prevent or mitigate collisions. However, many of these studies lack alignment with ISO standards, limiting their applicability within standardized frameworks. In [PERSON] et al. [6] and [PERSON] et al. [7], the authors explore various aspects of AEB systems, including collision threat assessment models, actuator control mechanisms, and testing methodologies.  
One study presents an improved TTC model that incorporates relative acceleration, enhancing accuracy in predicting potential collisions, as discussed by [PERSON] et al. [6]. While this ETTC model addresses certain limitations in traditional TTC approaches--particularly in scenarios where the target vehicle is decelerating--it does not fully adhere to standardized testing and validation protocols as outlined by ISO standards.  
Additionally, [PERSON] et al. [8] investigate the integration of V2V communication with pedestrian autonomous emergency braking (PAEB) systems to overcome the limitations of onboard sensors and enhance pedestrian safety. Although the V2V-PAEB system enables vehicles to share information about detected pedestrians for a more comprehensive view of the surrounding environment, the study lacks the standardized protocols needed for sensor fusion and interoperability according to ISO guidelines.  
Finally, another study by [PERSON] et al. [6] proposes a real-time automatic test platform for AEB systems with a brake system in the loop. The study underscores the importance of rigorous testing for AEB systems, given the complexity of real-world traffic conditions. Nevertheless, the proposed platform does not fully incorporate the ISO-recommended HARA procedures, leaving room for further investigation into the alignment of such platforms with standardized safety requirements.  
Despite novelties introduced by the discussed work, which provides valuable insights into the development, evaluation, and testing of safety-critical systems like AEB in vehicles, it is essential to note that these sources do not explicitly address cybersecurity aspects related to ADAS or the ISO 21434 standard. Therefore, further research and analysis are necessary to explore the cybersecurity implications of these systems and how they align with the requirements outlined in ISO 21434. The authors of this paper primarily chose these references to conduct a study on the AEB architecture, as shown by [PERSON] et al. [7] and the application of the TARA methodology for cybersecurity.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX) Analyses  
The sections were prepared for SEM and EDX observations using the same specimens for both approaches. The sections were dried in a graded ethanol series (50-100%) and then sputter-coated with 7 nm gold (Agar Automated Sputter-coater, Agar Scientific Ltd, Essex,UK). SEM imaging was performed at 30 kV under high-vacuum conditions (Hitachi SU8230 STEM, Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Two photomicrographs were recorded for each sample to thoroughly describe the tooth-restoration interface (the quality of dentin-resinous layer adaptation, the hybrid layer) and the material's structures. Images were analyzed by a single examiner (LBT) using a blinded protocol and measurements of the hybrid layers thickness and the lengths of resinous tags invagination into the dentin were done using ImageJ software. EDX spectra were acquired under the following conditions: 10 \(\mu\)A extraction current, 15 mm working distance, an Oxford Instruments EDS (X-MaxN 80) detector placed inside the sample chamber, and AZtec Software (Oxford Instruments, High Wycombe, UK). Measurements were done at the same magnifications of similar surfaces (three regions of interest - ROIs) for all samples: the healthy dental structures, the resin composite material, and the transition material between the healthy dental structure and the resin composite. Ten measurements for each material were averaged to provide a single mean value for each parameter for each specimen.
# Changes in Articulatory Contact Pressure as a Function of Vocal Loudness
###### Abstract
Nothing has been reported in the literature regarding how ACP might change under instruction to increase or decrease the loudness of speech. Loudness is a parameter that is often targeted in the therapeutic setting for various purposes. In some instances, the focus is to reduce habitual loudness (or at least to limit the use of loud speech) to avoid vocal fold tissue trauma [24]. In other situations, the goal is to increase vocal loudness and vocal effort. Increases in these parameters are emphasized in therapeutic approaches with individuals who have Parkinson's disease (PD), such as through the application of the Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT LOUD(r)) [25] or SPEAKOUT! [26]. The outcome data regarding the LSVT LOUD indicate that it is an effective means of increasing vocal loudness in this patient population [27; 28; 29]. Of relevance here, this therapy intervention has been shown to also create positive changes to articulation, such as increased vowel formant triangle area, perceived vowel goodness [25], increased articulator displacements and velocities [30], and improved speech intelligibility [29], in people with PD, highlighting the interaction between behaviors of the phonatory and oral articulatory systems. Such interaction has been noted for measures such as articulator movement velocity and the maximum distance moved in adults with typical [31; 32; 33; 34] and disordered speech [35; 36] as well as in children [37]. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of vocal loudness on the ACP of lingua-alveolar consonants. The four loudness conditions evaluated were self-determined habitual loudness (habitual), half as loud as habitual (soft), twice as loud as habitual (loud), and whispered speech (whisper). The hypothesis was that the ACP on the consonants would increase from soft, to habitual, to loud speech. Different individuals produce the whispered voice differently, at least in terms of glottal configuration and aerodynamics [38], and inter- and intra-individual variation has been large in some studies [39]. As such, there was not a firm hypothesis about where ACP during whispering would be relative to the other loudness conditions.
## 3 Comparison and Analysis of Acceleration Response Results  
The behavior characteristics of the model test method were compared with the numerical simulation method. Experiments and analysis values were compared and evaluated using acceleration-time history and spectral acceleration (SA). The experimental values were obtained from accelerometers installed at different depths in the center (or slope) of the laminar shear box of the 1 \(g\) shaking table test. The analysis value of DEEPSOIL was obtained at the same depth as the accelerometer buried in the 1 \(g\) shaking table test after modeling the semi-infinite ground having the property values of the experiment and performing 1D analysis. In ABAQUS, the ground model used in the shaking table test was modeled in the actual size and the boundary condition was set as the infinite boundary. Then, the analysis value in ABAQUS was obtained at the same location as the location where the accelerometer was buried in the 1 \(g\) shaking table test. The response spectrum plots the maximum response to seismic motions with different frequency components, and when the response variable is acceleration, it is called an acceleration response spectrum or spectral acceleration. Spectral acceleration is represented as the maximum response acceleration for a dynamic load with the vibration system of various periods. Using this characteristic, it is possible to confirm the amplification occurring in a frequency period other than the dynamic load used in the experiment. Therefore, using the response spectral acceleration, it is possible to confirm amplification characteristics that are not visible with the sine 8 and10 Hz wave used in this experiment.
# Potential Imaging Capability of Optical Coherence Tomography as Dental Optical Probe: A Mini-Review
## 4 Limitation of OCT and Future Clinical Application  
Some limitations should be considered when optimizing the capability of OCT in visualizing the subgingival area. Compensating for the ability to generate high-resolution, OCT has a limited tissue penetration depth (<3 mm), which is determined by the central wavelength and the numerical aperture of the collection optic [22; 39]. Therefore, to obtain an optimum image, a different wavelength should be tested for imaging the targeted oral tissue, such as alveolar bone or gingival structures [3]. Additionally, a certain level of operator skills to align the device, capture the image, and ensure an interpretable image may also be critical [40]. Despite the promising results, a controlled clinical trial investigating the clinical applicability of OCT to image the subgingival area has not been reported until recently. Therefore, clinical evidence is still lacking. Limited availability and usability for clinical experiments, portability, and high cost of OCT are the likely factors contributing to this issue.  
Nevertheless, the development of a handheld OCT system, especially for dental use, may improve the feasibility and reduce the initial cost in the future. A handheld OCT system can be beneficial for clinical trials and routine dental practice. Hence, it can attract many dental researchers to optimize its application. As a result, considering its potential, OCT may compliment other diagnostic imaging in dentistry and can improve diagnostic capability in daily practices. OCT technology may be applied to other imaging technologies, such as intraoral scanners [41] and dental radiography [42], resulting in a significant improvement in imaging performance. In particular, the integration of OCT technology into the existing oral scanner structure may enable optical impressions of abutment teeth that have been prepared in the subgingival. Such innovation will accelerate the current digitalization in dentistry. Finally, further developments in the dental field can transform OCT from an experimental tool to a standard diagnostic imaging modality for routine dental practices.
# Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface in Wireless-Powered Interference-Limited Communication Networks
## 1 Introduction
### Motivation and Contributions  
Motivated by this, the performance of RIS in a wireless-powered interference limited communication system is presented in this paper. In this system, an energy-constrained AP harvests energy from a dedicated multi-antenna PB and uses the energy to send its information to a destination limited-interference node via the RIS. The RIS link is subjected to generalised-\(K\) fading distribution while the PB and interferer links experience Nakagami-m fading distributions. To this end, the system end-to-end probability distribution function is obtained, through which the exact closed-form expressions of the system outage probability, average delay-tolerance throughput and average bit error rate are obtained. Additionally, a kind of symmetry can be deduced in the relationship between the analytical results and the simulated results, which proves the accuracy of the derived analytical expression. The main contributions of this study are summarised as follows:  
* A closed-form expression of the system end-to-end probability distribution function is derived,
* The exact closed-form expression for the system outage probability is obtained,* The analytical expression of the system average throughput under the delay-tolerant transmission mode is also derived,
* The exact closed-form expression for the system average bit error rate is obtained under the binary and coherent modulation scheme, and
* Related to [22], the co-channel interference system considered in this work utilizes wireless-powered communication technique.
# Development and Biomechanical Evaluation of a Back Exoskeleton to Support Lifting Tasks
## 3 Evaluation
### Data Collection and Analysis  
The data were captured using the provided Xsens Analyze software and ProEMG Software (2.1.3.6, Myon AG, Schwarzenberg, Switzerland, Win10) for the Myon320 system. To evaluate the exoskeleton's supportive function, the muscle activity of the m. erector spinae and m. semitendinosus, which plays a key role in lifting tasks, was analyzed. The EMG data were rectified, bandpass filtered (4 th order Butterworth filter; cut-off frequency, 20-220 Hz), and normalized to the peak value of the trial without the exoskeleton. In Xsens Analyze, start and end events were set in the kinematic data. The movement cycle began at 0% in a vertical body posture before grasping the object and ended at 100% in a vertical body posture after setting the weight down on the platform. The hip angle was analyzed in both the sagittal and frontal planes, and the knee angle was in the sagittal plane, as the exoskeleton primarily supports lifting movements involving forward and downward motion, which is likely to affect these degrees of freedom.  
The data were further processed using MATLAB (9.5.0.944444, R2018b, MathworksTm Inc., Natick, MA, USA, Win10). The kinematic and EMG data were cut from the start to the end of the events and time-normalized to 101 data points. The first and last repetitions are then removed, and the remaining repetitions are averaged. Therefore, 10 repetitions for each condition were included to calculate the mean trajectories of the hip in the sagittal plane.  
Following the biomechanical assessments, the exoskeleton design was evaluated in terms of subjective perception, user acceptance, and usability. Participants were invited to share their overall impressions, focusing on aspects such as the perceived effectiveness of lifting assistance, localized discomfort, and ease of size adjustment while wearing the system.