## 5 Experimental Validation  
To validate the analysis of the model design, experimental work was conducted for four types of solar insolation profiles and shading patterns. The proposed topology was run to a series of experimental works by investigating the performance of the conventional and proposed MPPT algorithms.  
To analyze the tracking speed, convergence time, and power oscillations against the shaded illumination levels, a series-connected PV module (Model Atlantis Energy Systems SS125 LM) was used to build the PV array in both the solar array simulator (SAS) and table  
Figure 14: Simulation results of the proposed VSI: (**a**) uniform weather; (**b**) shading pattern 1; (**c**) shading pattern 2; and (**d**) shading pattern 3.  
Figure 13: Simulation results of INC, P&O, and Coordinated PI-MPPT algorithms at shading pattern 3. are listed as: (**a**) shading 3; (**b**) power; (**c**) voltage; (**d**) current; and (**e**) duty cycle characteristics.  
modes of Agilent solar simulator. A low-power (213.33 W at STC) PV module was chosen because of a limitation in the power configuration of the simulator. A dSPACE board, MATLAB software, and the solar simulator were interfaced with the proposed topology to generate a PWM signal in controlling converter switch at 10 kHz frequency. The dSPACE controller was also used to sense current and voltage from the boost converter through the analog-to-digital (ADC) converter ports, triggering the waveforms. Figure 15 shows a scaled-down prototype of an experimental setup comprising a digital oscilloscope (LeCroy), DC power supply units, DC/DC boost converter, DSP dSPACE board, gate drives, sensors, filter circuits, solar simulator interface, and load. Furthermore, the hardware schematic and design parameters were analyzed through the experimental setup under uniform and shaded conditions. These results were then compared with PI-P&O and PI-INC algorithms. The conventional and proposed MPPT schemes were evaluated for shading pattern 1 (five modules per string in each series-connected panel at 1, 0.8, and 0.6 kW/m2), pattern 2 (five modules per string in each series-connected panel at 1, 0.5, and 0.2 kW/m2), and pattern 3 (five modules per string in each series-connected panel at 1, 0.1 and 0.3 kW/m2).  
A modular SAS (E4360A, Agilent Technologies) was used to obtain different levels of solar irradiance curves (uniform and partial shading patterns). Initially, uniform and partially shaded PV curves were transformed into comma-delimited value (CSV) files in a MATLAB Simulink environment. These CSV files comprised P-V and I-V curve values, which generated MPPs and GMPPs at the uniform, right, middle, and left sides of the waveforms. The files were uploaded and implemented in the solar simulator interfaced with a laptop to display the graphical user interface (GUI) on the screen. To operate the simulator, Keysight Connection Expert 2018 software and Web User Interface (WUI) were used to select and run the partial shading patterns and designed modules. The solar simulator supplies different power schemes produced from the partially shaded PV array to the input side of the boost converter. To sense the current and voltage from the PV output curves, two sensors (LV-25P and LA-25 NP) were used as the transducers in this experimental analysis. The dSPACE hardware board reads the sensed values of the voltage and current to implement the algorithms with the proper selection of gain parameters. To measure the current and voltage of the sensors in experimental analysis, the same value of the sampling time is used as in the simulation environment. Therefore, the input of the converter was connected to the output of the sensors.