## 3 Results
### Performance Evaluation with Increasing Number of Nodes  
This paper also investigates the performance of each CH and routing selection algorithm with an increasing number of sensor nodes ranging from 100 to 1000 nodes for both static and dynamic scenarios. The researchers use the same fitness function presented in Equation (12) as the unified performance metric that integrates the four components metrics, namely delay, distance, trust, and energy. A Lagrange interpolation polynomial is then developed using Equation (13), which relates the number of sensor nodes to the overall performance of each algorithm. The type of wireless communication technology also varied to illustrate how well the different algorithms performed using different wireless communication technologies. Tables 3-10 tabulate the unified metric that was calculated using the Lagrange interpolation polynomial across different wireless technologies and different algorithms for both static and dynamic sensor node setups. It can be observed that the proposed CWGO algorithm consistently obtained the highest unified metric against other algorithms for each WSN configuration. For instance, in the static nodes setup, the highest fitness value was obtained: 1.857010 for LoRa, 1.918319 for Wi-Fi, 1.39495 for Zigbee, and 1.841392 for BLE. While for the dynamic node setup, the proposed CWGO still showed its superiority against the other four algorithms, as it obtained the highest fitness value of 1.88861 for LoRa, 1.962191 for Wi-Fi, 1.305493 for Zigbee, and 1.8676 for BLE. Figure 5: Lagrange polynomial plot of each algorithm at 100 dynamic sensor nodes: (**a**) plot using LoRa technology; (**b**) plot using Wi-Fi technology; (**c**) plot using Zigbee technology; (**d**) plot using Bluetooth low energy technology. Figure 6: Lagrange polynomial plot of each algorithm at 1000 dynamic sensor nodes: (**a**) plot using LoRa technology; (**b**) plot using Wi-Fi technology; (**c**) plot using Zigbee technology; (**d**) plot using Bluetooth low energy technology. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Number of** & \multirow{2}{*}{**EECHIGOWO**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**DUCISCA**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**DE-SEP**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**E-CERP**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Proposed**} \\
**Sensor Nodes** & & & & & \\ \hline
100 & 1.058142 & 1.187094 & 1.37696 & 1.663009 & 1.918319 \\ \hline
200 & 0.961377 & 1.06743 & 1.456871 & 1.737297 & 1.915923 \\ \hline
300 & 1.019475 & 1.246388 & 1.439662 & 1.692321 & 1.894772 \\ \hline
400 & 1.094013 & 1.171898 & 1.323396 & 1.709505 & 1.855184 \\ \hline
500 & 0.950436 & 1.260213 & 1.42596 & 1.682926 & 1.828962 \\ \hline
600 & 0.693115 & 0.888402 & 1.28584 & 1.68924 & 1.867463 \\ \hline
700 & 0.625663 & 0.881736 & 1.353209 & 1.673023 & 1.841342 \\ \hline
800 & 1.100234 & 1.175227 & 1.436513 & 1.702083 & 1.867656 \\ \hline
900 & 0.539643 & 1.122186 & 1.432111 & 1.631167 & 1.820818 \\ \hline
1000 & 0.974614 & 1.11313 & 1.507938 & 1.694352 & 1.87379 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Unified fitness table for Wi-Fi with static nodes. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Number of** & \multirow{2}{*}{**EECHIGOWO**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**DUCISCA**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**DE-SEP**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**E-CERP**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Proposed**} \\
**Sensor Nodes** & & & & & \\ \hline
100 & 0.868638 & 0.934589 & 1.087994 & 1.388729 & 1.668023 \\ \hline
200 & 0.882495 & 1.051989 & 1.231873 & 1.516992 & 1.660873 \\ \hline
300 & 0.735453 & 0.999764 & 1.198011 & 1.496727 & 1.659858 \\ \hline
400 & 0.264741 & 0.794149 & 1.228907 & 1.456350 & 1.663382 \\ \hline
500 & 0.869429 & 1.163625 & 1.388859 & 1.637992 & 1.805647 \\ \hline
600 & 1.011312 & 1.120711 & 1.268510 & 1.639834 & 1.818944 \\ \hline
700 & 1.046406 & 1.244517 & 1.394943 & 1.615182 & 1.821575 \\ \hline
800 & 1.137700 & 1.243303 & 1.410109 & 1.621443 & 1.768320 \\ \hline
900 & 0.547656 & 1.210099 & 1.367186 & 1.576743 & 1.816044 \\ \hline
1000 & 0.77/984 & 1.279889 & 1.452959 & 1.650118 & 1.857010 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}