esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Deformations of FRP-Concrete Composite Beam: Experiment and Numerical Analysis
## 2 Test Program
### Material Properties  
The beam specimens were poured in two batches using the same mix proportions. Together with the beams, 100 mm cubes were produced to determine the strength of the concrete. The composition of the concrete (for a cubic meter) is the following: 356 kg of cement CEM I 42.5 R, 163 l of water, 177 kg of limestone powder, 890 kg of 0/4 mm sand, and 801 kg of 4/16 mm crushed aggregates; 1.97% (by the cement weight) of the superplasticiser _Mapei Dynamon XTend_ and 3.5 kg of the admixture SCP 1000 Optimizer. The concrete also included 4.2 kg of the _Durus EasyFinish_ synthetic macro-fibres and 0.6 kg of the Crackstop M Ultra synthetic micro-fibres. The fibres were used to avoid a brittle failure of the concrete [12]. The strength of the concrete was estimated using the compression test results of the 100 mm cubes. It was equal to 57.7 MPa at the beams testing day.  
Figure 1 shows the cross-sections of the beam samples. The slab-like shape of the specimens was developed in [23] to form multiple cracks in the pure bending zone of relatively small samples. A \(100\times 200\times 1000\) concrete prism and \(10\times 80\times 1000\) pultruded GFRP profile comprise the composite section (Figure 1a). The modulus of elasticity (= 58.1 GPa) and strength (= 350 MPa) of the polymer profile were determined experimentally applying the uniaxial tensile load along the direction of the glass filaments.  
The GFRP profile was adhesively bonded to the tensile surface of the beam using the two-component epoxy resin MapeWrap 11. The mechanical parameters of the adhesive were determined according to ASTM D 3039 standard. The moulds of the bone-shaped specimens were produced of polylactic acid (PLA) using a 3D printing technique. Figure 2 shows the mould production, test apparatus and geometry of the tensile specimen. The modulus of elasticity and tensile strength of the adhesive was found equal to 7.47 GPa and 15 MPa.  
Beams _B1_ and _B2_ were reinforced with three 8 mm steel bars (Figure 1b). Hot-rolled deformed bars were used. Three bar samples were tested using a universal testing machine to obtain the modulus of elasticity and yield strength, which was found equal to 196 GPa and 560 MPa.  
Figure 1: Cross-sections of the beams: (**a**) glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP)–concrete specimen and (**b**) reinforced concrete (RC) sample.  
Figure 2: Tensile test of epoxy adhesive: mould production, test apparatus and specimens before and after the testing.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Measurement Procedure  
A number of points (P1, P2, etc.) were defined on each road. On the map (see Figure 1), each point is labeled as P, followed by the point number and country abbreviation (for example, point 1 in Bulgaria is labeled as P1 BG). The measurement system was set up to measure the electric field strength (in the frequency range of 0.03 GHz to 8.2 GHz for the \(x\)-, \(y\)-, and \(z\)-axis) between each of the two points, i.e., in one road sector, as shown in Table 2. During the measurements, the car kept a steady speed of 110 km/h (on motorways and main roads) and 50 km/h (in towns and villages). The results of each measurement (for example, between points P1 AT-P2 AT or P2 AT-P3 AT) together with the GPS coordinates of each point were stored in separate data sets. The total distance over which the measurements were carried out was more than 1900 km.  
All measurements were taken, for one year, between April 2022 and April 2023, using the same car. During all measurements, the E-field probe was mounted on the car's back seat on Styrofoam at the height of the passenger's neck (at a distance of 50 cm from the car's roof and 40 cm from the nearest window. Only a driver and a passenger (operator of the measurement equipment in the front right seat) were in the car cabin. Moreover, during the measurements, the mobile phones of the driver and passenger were shut down so as to not contribute to the data. In addition, the car's infotainment system (including built-in Bluetooth) was turned off.  
Table 2 presents the driving distance (in km) on each road sector (between two points) in each country.  
Data from all measurements were processed and analyzed.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Country** & **Road Sector** & **Distance (km)** & **Total Distance (km)** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Austria} & P1 AT–P2 AT & 107.0 & \multirow{3}{*}{219.0} \\  & P2 AT–P3 AT & 112.0 & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Bulgaria} & P1 BG–P2 BG & 44.1 & \multirow{3}{*}{304.4} \\  & P2 BG–P3 BG & 84.3 & \\  & P3 BG–P4 BG & 179.0 & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Croatia} & P1 HR–P2 HR & 67.3 & \multirow{3}{*}{303.3} \\  & P2 HR–P3 HR & 236.0 & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Hungary} & P1 HU–P2 HU & 52.6 & \multirow{3}{*}{160.5} \\  & P2 HU–P3 HU & 58.7 & \\  & P3 HU–P4 HU & 49.2 & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Italy} & P1 IT–P2 IT & 8.3 & \multirow{3}{*}{377.4} \\  & P2 IT–P3 IT & 100.0 & \\ \cline{1-1}  & P3 IT–P4 IT & 69.7 & \\ \cline{1-1}  & P4 IT–P5 IT & 53.4 & \\ \cline{1-1}  & P5 IT–P1 SI & 146.0 & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Slovenia} & P1 SI–P2 SI & 58.6 & \multirow{3}{*}{391.9} \\  & P2 SI–P3 SI & 128.0 & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Republic of Serbia} & P1 RS–P2 RS & 28.8 & \multirow{3}{*}{391.9} \\  & P2 RS–P3 RS & 125.0 & \\ \cline{1-1}  & P3 RS–P4 RS & 36.9 & \\ \cline{1-1}  & P4 RS–P5 RS & 69.8 & \\ \cline{1-1}  & P5 RS–P6 RS & 50.3 & \\ \cline{1-1}  & P6 RS –P7 RS & 32.4 & \\ \cline{1-1}  & P7 RS–P8 RS & 48.7 & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Driving distance (in km) on each road sector (between two points) in each country.
# Numerical Study on Dynamic-Stall Characteristics of Finite Wing and Rotor
###### Abstract  
To study the three-dimensional effects on the dynamic-stall characteristics of a rotor blade, the unsteady flowfields of the finite wing and rotor were simulated under dynamic-stall conditions, respectively. Unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) equations coupled with a third-order Roe-MUSCL spatial discretization scheme were chosen as the governing equations to predict the three-dimensional flowfields. It is indicated from the simulated results of a finite wing that dynamic stall would be restricted near the wing tip due to the influence of the wing-tip vortex. By comparing the simulated results of the finite wing with the spanwise flow, it is indicated that the spanwise flow would arouse vortex accumulation. Consequently, the dynamic stall is restricted near the wing root and aggravated near the wing tip. By comparing the simulated results of a rotor in forward flight, it is indicated that the dynamic stall of the rotor would be inhibited due to the effects of the spanwise flow and Coriolis force. This work fills the gap regarding the insufficient three-dimensional dynamic stall of a helicopter rotor, and could be used to guide rotor airfoil shape design in the future.  
helicopter; rotor; unsteady aerodynamics; dynamic stall; RANS equations +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 4 Discussion of System Configuration and Performance Analysis
### Design Concept Circuit Development and Simulation
The virtual terminal of the ZigBee/GSM module enumerated abnormal temperatures and triggered SMS alerts activation commands for remedial control solutions. The SMS alerts are shown as \"Temp above threshold\" with the respective transmitted temperatures itemized in the order of T1 to T5. Every temperature indicated 31 \({}^{\circ}\)C. It should be noted that SMS alert displays only when there is an abnormal temperature threshold to prompt remedial action functions. ZigBee normal operation does not use GSM SMS alert. Figure 10: System abnormal condition below minimum settings. Figure 9: System normal operation temperatures 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
To guarantee sensors individual performance, Figure 12 illustrates a simulation analysis of mixed scenarios for temperature measurements outcome. The mixed condition simulation comprises of normal range and the two other abnormal conditions temperature thresholds. The simulation proposes to ascertain operational scenarios where there could be a malfunction of some thermal conditions' sensors and monitors, while others could still be active and functions within their normal state and work discriminately. Although the LCD monitors system status as abnormal, temperature indications were of mixed conditions indicating individual measurements. The virtual terminal window of ZigBee/GSM module shows measured temperature details of specific sensor performance, and an SMS alert notifications command accordingly. Temperature measures from mixed condition simulation were; T1 = 9 \({}^{\circ}\)C, T2 = 14 \({}^{\circ}\)C, T3 = 19 \({}^{\circ}\)C, T4 = 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and T5 = 31 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The measurements confirmed the algorithm configuration's ability to operate independently in respect of system interdependence functioning scheme. Additionally, it guarantees the design performance scheme and SMS alerts command activation devoid of system configuration malfunctions. Figure 11: System abnormal condition above maximum settings. Figure 12: Mixed conditions of normal and abnormal ranges.
## 4 Discussion and Conclusions  
### Discussion  
Previous research on ecosystem service value has predominantly focused on specific administrative regions or natural river basins; however, this study addresses the ESV along the artificially excavated Grand Canal, shaped by ongoing human activities. Taking the regions along the Grand Canal as the study area, this study modified the equivalent factor coefficients proposed by [PERSON] et al. [6] to obtain the ESV coefficients adapted to the region along the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, and then investigated the spatial and temporal evolutionary characteristics of the region's EVs.  
Figure 4: Changes in EVs from 1991 to 2021.  
Figure 3: EVs from 1991 to 2021.  
The study revealed that from 1991 to 2021, the ESV along the Grand Canal generally followed a trend of initial increasing and then decreasing, which is closely associated with the acceleration of urbanization. This conclusion is similar to existing research results [7], where an increase in the level of urbanization typically leads to an initial increase and subsequent decrease in ESV. The urbanization process has a significant impact on the ESV, highlighting the importance of harmonious development between urban growth and the ecological environment in the 25 border counties in Yunnan Province, China. This study also indicates that changes in land use along the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal have a significant impact on the ecosystem service value. The changes in the areas of land use types are the direct causes of changes in ecosystem service value [23; 24], which has also been demonstrated in the Dongjiang River Basin and the main stream of the Yellow River [8; 11]. The study also has certain limitations, such as the subjective nature of the selection process of value equivalents per unit area. This is because there is currently no unified and widely accepted parameter system to guide the implementation of this process. In addition, the study area spans several provinces, and different provinces and cities vary in the management and governance of the Grand Canal. Lastly, the differences in the types and prices of food crops have a certain impact on the results of this study.  
The level of ecosystem services is intricately linked to human welfare and the pursuit of sustainable development, and they are instrumental in the resilience of ecological systems and environmental recovery. Consequently, forthcoming studies on the ecosystem service value along the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal might consider initiating discussions on the formulation of a cohesive set of parameters and governance benchmarks. Within the framework of standardized research protocols, such studies could delve into identifying the equilibrium between urbanization and ecosystem services, as well as the enduring sustainability of the ecosystem service value along the canal's corridor. This endeavor seeks to deepen the comprehension of the intricate nature of ecosystem service values and safeguard and augment these services with the ultimate goal of fostering regional sustainability.
## 3 Results
Figure 8: The threshold values for ROC analysis. Threshold values are defined by the risk level and its certainty. The highest prediction accuracy of 87.95% for diagnosing the malnutrition syndrome was achieved when a small risk level with 1.0 certainty was used as the threshold. As shown in Table 3 and Figure 9a, the accuracy of the proposed CDSS is much higher than the accuracy of the diagnoses of the resident geriatricians. The highest prediction accuracy of 87.95% for diagnosing the oropharyngeal dysphagia syndrome was achieved when a small risk level with 1.0 certainty was used as the threshold. The accuracy of the proposed CDSS is only 4.82% lower than the accuracy of the diagnoses of the resident geriatricians. The highest prediction accuracy of 90.36% for the diagnosis of eating disorders in dementia was achieved when a small risk level with 0.8 certainty was used as the threshold. The accuracy of the proposed CDSS is 3.61% higher than the accuracy of the diagnoses of the resident geriatricians. Although the difference in accuracy is not large, the sensitivity of resident geriatricians is very low (42.86%). This means that the CDSS has a much higher true positive prediction rate (ability to correctly identify the syndrome), while geriatricians are slightly better at detecting the absence of disorder. The highest prediction accuracy of 86.75% for the diagnosis of dehydration syndrome was achieved when a small risk level with 1.0 certainty was used as the threshold. The accuracy of the proposed CDSS is only 2.41% lower than the accuracy of the diagnoses of the resident geriatricians. The specificities are identical for both the CDSS and resident geriatricians. The study found that the accuracy of the CDSS compared to the gold standard (the diagnosis made by expert geriatricians) is quite high, ranging from 86.75% to 90.36%. Compared to the resident geriatricians, the CDSS is more accurate in diagnosing malnutrition and eating disorders in dementia (Figure 9a,c) and less accurate in diagnosing oropharyngeal dysphagia and dehydration (Figure 9b,d).
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Birefringence  
In a highly birefringent PCF, there is a significant variation between propagation constants of the two orthogonally polarized modes [23]. Due to this difference, the coupling between x-polarized and y-polarized modes decreases significantly [23]. Under these circumstances, the state of polarization of incident light can be maintained along the PCF provided that the light is coupled to only one of the polarized modes [26; 27]. The birefringence is defined as [26; 27]  
\[B=n_{x}-n_{y} \tag{6}\]  
Figure 5: Confinement loss (CL) of PCF with circular-core and elliptical-core as a function of the number of air-hole rings at 1550 nm. The C-PCF parameters are: \(d/\Lambda=0.692\), \(d_{c}/\Lambda=0.876\) and \(\Lambda=0.867\)\(\upmu\)m, and E-PCF parameters are \(b/a=0.75\) and \(a=1\)\(\upmu\)m. The insets show the trend of CL for \(N\ >\) 2 (top inset) and \(N\ >\ 3\) (bottom inset).  
where \(n_{x}\) and \(n_{y}\) are the effective modal index values of the two orthogonal states of the fundamental guided mode in the PCF core. To investigate polarization dependent and birefringence characteristics of our proposed PCF, we first investigate the fundamental guided mode in the fiber core with circular and elliptical core structures. The fundamental guided modes at 1550 nm for a C-PCF with \(d/\Lambda=0.692\), \(d_{c}/\Lambda=0.876\) and \(\Lambda=0.867\)\(\upmu\)m, and E-PCF with \(b/a=0.75\) and \(a=1\)\(\upmu\)m are illustrated in Figure 6a,b, respectively.  
According to Figure 6, we expect to see a nearly equal coupling for x-polarized and y-polarized light in the case of circular-core. We investigate the effective modal index for x-polarized and y-polarized light and the values of birefringence for circular-core and elliptical-core PCFs in different excitation wavelengths ranging from 1.1 to 1.9 \(\upmu\)m in Figure 7.  
Figure 6: Intensity distribution of fundamental guided mode in (**a**) C-PCF with \(d/\Lambda=0.692\), \(d_{c}/\Lambda=0.876\) and \(\Lambda=0.867\)\(\upmu\)m, and (**b**) E-PCF with \(b/a=0.75\) and \(a=1\)\(\upmu\)m with a 1550 nm excitation.  
As seen in Figure 7, the elliptical-core PCF clearly shows a superior birefringence (more than three orders of magnitude larger than that of circular-core) due to structural asymmetry induced by the ellipse. The magnitude of birefringence in E-PCF at 1550 nm is nearly \(7\times 10^{-3}\), which is much larger than threshold value for high-birefringence fibers (\(1\times 10^{-4}\)). This fact clearly shows the ability of the proposed PCF to maintain the polarization of light, which can lead to different applications ranging from sensors to optical signal processing and optical communications.
# Green-Dyeing Processes of Plant and Animal Fibers Using Folium, an Ancient Natural Dye
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Analytical Techniques
#### 2.6.3 UV-Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectrophotometry with Optic Fibers (FORS)  
The FORS technique was employed to quantitatively evaluate the color fastness onto the textiles; the analysis was performed with an Avantes (Apeldoorn, The Netherlands) AvaSpec-ULS2048 XLUSB2 model spectrophotometer and an AvaLightHAL-S-IND tungsten halogen light source; the detector and light source were connected with fiber optic cables to a 1.5 mm diameter FCR-7 UV200-2-1,5 \(\times\) 100 probe. Incident and detecting angles were 45\({}^{\circ}\) from the surface normal, to exclude specular reflectance. The spectral range of the detector was 350-1100 nm. The best spectra resolution of the system, calculated as FWHM, was 2.4 nm. Diffuse reflectance spectra of the samples were referenced against the WS-2 reference tile, guaranteed to be reflective at 98% or more in the spectral range investigated. The investigated area on the sample was 1 mm in diameter. In all the measurements, the distance between probe and sample was 1 mm. To visualize the investigated area on the sample, the probe contained a USB endoscope. The instrumental parameters were set as follows, 10 ms integration time, 100 scans, for a total acquisition time of 1 s for each spectrum. The system was managed by means of AvaSoftTM 8 software running on Windows 7 TM. Three replicated FORS spectra were taken for each point of measurement; the spectra shown are the average of the three replicates. The precision was \(>\)5% on the reflectance % values. The uncertainty on the spectral features was \(\pm\)3 nm.
## 3 Case Studies of Pilot and Full-Scale STRBs
### Industrial Sludge with High Nickel Content (Denmark)  
Feed sludge quality should be monitored on a regular basis to measure any potentially harmful pollutant levels. This is particularly important for heavy metals in order to prevent the residual sludge's application on agricultural lands if the national limits are exceeded, and the decision to dispose it to a landfill or incinerate it [45]. Excess heavy metal content could also negatively affect plant growth due to the phytotoxicity imposed on reeds, for example, by a nickel (Ni) content above 5 mg/kg ds.  
The STRB in Stenlille (Denmark) that received sludge with a high Ni content showed affected need plants (_Phragmites australis_) producing thin yellow new shoots (Figure 5) [53]. Figure 6 shows that the Ni content in the feed sludge was several times higher than the national Danish limit (i.e., 30 mg/kg ds; Table 1). The reed biomass at that STRB had a Ni concentration of 9.7 mg/kg ds, while the Ni content at 0-7, 7-14, and 14-21 cm depths in the residual sludge layer was 110, 150, and 80 mg/kg ds, respectively. Thus, in order to obtain good and green vegetation and, thus, a well-operating STRB, the Ni concentration in the feed sludge must be reduced either at the source or at the upstream WWTP. In the mentioned STRB (Figure 5), the industry responsible for the Ni contents in the wastewater was shut down in 2011; thus, plant coverage was re-established [53].  
Figure 4: Infiltration rate curves at the (**a**) Helsinge STRB (domestic sludge) and (**b**) Tinglev STRB (industrial sludge) in Denmark [53].
## 4 Parametric Study of SHSS Evaluation Methods
### Effect of Element Type  
Four types of elements were used in this study, as shown in Figure 6a-h. Generally, stresses are converged at a distance of 1.5\(t\) from the weld-toe, but here, this was not the case (Figure 8a-f). At the deck-toe, it was quite clear that solid parabolic elements (CH20) had the lowest stress results at these readout points (Figure 8a,b). The same was true for the rib-toe except for solid parabolic single elements (CH20E), as they had lower stress results at 0.9\(t\) and 1.4\(t\), as shown in Figure 8c,d. The solid linear elements (CH8) showed scattered stress results at these readout points for both the deck and the rib-toe. The stress results of solid linear single elements (CH8E) were identical to shell parabolic elements (CQ8) in the case of the deck-toe, whereas in the rib-toe, CH8E elements gave the highest stress results, similar to shell linear elements (CQ4). At the deck-toe, the CQ4 elements gave the highest stress results. Overall, shell elements (CQ8/4) had higher stress results as compared to solid elements (CH8/20 and CH8E/20E), and it was quite evident at the rib-toe (Figure 8f).  
The increase or the decrease in stresses at these reference points had a significant effect on SHSS results, especially where results relied on a single reference point (i.e., Haibach and Xiao and Yamada). For example, the 1-CH20 element had the lowest SHSS results while having the highest WTS for both the deck and the rib-toe in the SSE methods, because it had the lowest stresses at these readout points. The same 1-CH20 element had the highest SHSS for the ASME TTSL method, because this method linearizes the stress at the weld-toe and incorporates a part of highly non-linear WTS during linearization of stresses over the thickness of the plate (Figure 9a,b). Similarly, the 1/2-CH8 elements showed scattered SHSS results for all the evaluation methods, because they had scattered stress results at the readout points. Therefore, while applying these SHSS methods considering different element types, it is more important to analyse the stress results at the reference extrapolation points rather than focusing on high WTS results. Moreover, the computation time is an important factor to consider, e.g., the 1-CH20E element (44,14,778 nodes) had three times fewer nodes as compared to the 1-CH20 element (16,66,396 nodes) for the same simulated OSD model, Hence, it is better to use the 1-CH20E element for SHSS evaluation to save computation time and analysis cost. In general, shell elements (CQ8/4) had more consistent SHSS results as compared to solid elements (CH8/20 and CH8E/20E) for both cases (Figure 9a,b).  
Figure 8: (**a–f**) Principal stress variation in the deck and the rib-plate with weld-toe stresses (WTS) and SHSS at their respective weld-toes considering QSE and LSE 515 reference extrapolation points.