## 3 Results
### Comparison of the Mapping Results of Different Methods  
Based on the results obtained from identifying the operational status of fishing vessel track points, calculations and mapping were performed to determine the distribution of fishing intensity, nuclear density, and hotspot spatial information. Figures 5 and 6 show that the spatial distributions of fishing vessel operations, as mapped by the three methods, exhibited striking similarities. The spatial distribution of fishing vessel operations revealed a distinct patchy pattern, primarily concentrated in proximity to the Omani EEZ domain. Notably, small patches with high fishing intensity were observed in the study area, particularly at the coordinates 64\({}^{\circ}\)12\({}^{\prime}\) E-64\({}^{\circ}\)42\({}^{\prime}\) E, 15\({}^{\circ}\)18\({}^{\prime}\)-15\({}^{\circ}\)24\({}^{\prime}\) N in 2021 and at the coordinates 63\({}^{\circ}\)18\({}^{\prime}\) E-63\({}^{\circ}\)24\({}^{\prime}\) E, 20\({}^{\circ}\)48\({}^{\prime}\)\({}^{\prime}\)-21\({}^{\circ}\) N and 62\({}^{\circ}\)30\({}^{\prime}\) E-62\({}^{\circ}\)36\({}^{\prime}\) E, 16\({}^{\circ}\)30\({}^{\prime}\)-16\({}^{\circ}\)42\({}^{\prime}\) N. The cumulative fishing operation time of vessels per unit area within these high-intensity patches generally ranged between 200 and 500 h. Large areas with null values were interspersed between these high-value patches. Furthermore, other operational areas displayed diverse distributions. Noteworthy examples include 62\({}^{\circ}\)54\({}^{\prime}\) E, 15\({}^{\circ}\)54\({}^{\prime}\)-16\({}^{\circ}\)42\({}^{\prime}\) N and 63\({}^{\circ}\)42\({}^{\prime}\) E, 19\({}^{\circ}\) N in 2021, as well as 61\({}^{\circ}\)6\({}^{\prime}\)-61\({}^{\circ}  
\(16^{\circ}18^{\prime}\)-\(16^{\circ}24^{\prime}\) N in 2022, with the cumulative fishing operation times per unit area primarily falling within a range of 200-300 h. Similarly to the high-intensity patches, null-value areas were prevalent between these regions. Most regions exhibited an operating time of less than 100 h, with an average length of operation ranging between 200 and 300 h. In many areas, the average length of operation was approximately 100 h or less. The spatial distribution patterns of purse seine fishing activities, as delineated by the three methods, exhibited notable distinctions (see Figures 5 and 6). All three methods indicated that the fishing activities in the Arabian Sea occurred within a range of 4\({}^{\circ}\)-8\({}^{\circ}\) in both latitude and longitude. However, for certain small patches, the maps derived from the fishing effort and kernel density analyses depict a slightly larger and more detailed area compared to the hotspot analyses. The edges of the fishing intensity maps exhibit relatively sharp contrasts, while the edges of the hotspot map images appear smoother. The fishing effort and kernel density methods effectively captured both the high-density and low-density areas of fishing vessel operations. In contrast, the hotspot spatial information extracted by the KDHSA primarily reflected boundary information without distinguishing between the high-density and low-density areas. Consequently, the KDHSA was deemed unsuitable for evaluating fishing pressure on the fishing grounds. Fishery fishing effort maps prove more adept at illustrating the distribution of high and low values, featuring fewer clustered blocks, albeit with clearer boundaries and finer distributions. Figure 7 shows the average spatial similarity indices of the fishery data and fishing intensity information at various spatial resolutions. The average spatial similarity indices  
Figure 5: Mapping results of light purse seine vessel distribution (Bo0 = 0, speed \(\leq\) 1.5 km) using FE, KDE, and KDHSA in 2021. Figure 6: Mapping results of light purse seine vessel distribution (Bo0 = 0, speed \(\leq\) 1.5 km) using FE, KDE, and KDHSA in 2022.  
consistently surpassed 0.7 when considering spatial accuracies greater than 0.2\({}^{\circ}\).