## 4 Conclusions and Future Perspective  
Medicinal plants have been utilized as traditional therapies for several human diseases for thousands of years. In this study, we investigated _A. agallocha_ and _A. malacensis_ as possible bioactive substances from natural sources for different pharmacological efficacy for anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant with _in silico_ and in vitro experiments. Additionally, the _in silico_ study revealed that the major constituents of both plants have a significant binding affinity to the sites of the target proteins (_BCL-2_, _Bax_, _p53_, _Casp 3_, and _Casp 9_). Among them, Grewin has shown stable and favorable energies, causing strong  
Figure 11: _In vitro_, antioxidant enzymatic activity for _A. agallocha_ and _A. malacensis_ (**A**) _CAT_ (**B**) _GPx_ (**C**) _SOD_ (**D**) _GST_ on Hacat cells compared to non-treated control. Graph shows mean \(\pm\) SD values of four replicates. *** \(p\) \(<\) 0.001 shows considerable variations from control groups. Figure 12: Effects of _A. agallocha_ and _A. malacensis_ on mRNA expression levels of antioxidant related genes _SOD_, _GPx_, _CAT_ and _GST_ in Hacat cells. Compared with positive control (H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\)). binding with the target. Accordingly, the _in vitro_ study also observed that A.A and A.M are less toxic on RAW cells inhibiting NO production and intercellular ROS generation and suppressing the pro-inflammatory mediators such as (_COX-2, TNF-\(\alpha\), iNOS, IL-6,_ and _IL-8_). On the other hand, A.A and A.M extract effectively suppress oxidative stress by enhancing antioxidative gene expression (_SOD, CAT, GPx, GST_) in H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\)-induced Hacet cells. Interestingly, anti-cancer results revealed significant toxicity on cancer cells with upregulating of ROS levels that inhibited cell migration and apoptosis in cancerous cells. Accordingly, both plant extracts increased the gene expression of _p53, Bax, Casp 3, and Casp 9_, whereas _BCL-2_ was downregulated via the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. Our findings exposed the possibility of a future study to identify the potential therapeutic agents from _Aquilaria_ species for the development of herbal-based medicine for anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer after animal tests and clinical trials. Future perspective: Even though these species of plants are proven to have more medicinal properties and are precious to humankind, still this particular species is listed in the \"critically endangered category\", which should be carefully considered and conserved before it is completely extinct. The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app13106321/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app13106321/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app13106321/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app13106321/s1)), Table S1: predicted biological activity of Gmelofuran; Table S2: predicted biological activity of Agarol; Table S3: predicted biological activity of Aquillochin; Table S4: predicted biological activity of Agarospirol; Table S5: parameters evaluated for drug-likeness of Grewin and the control drug BDA-366; Table S6: parameters evaluated for absorption of Grewin and the control drug BDA-366; Table S7: parameters evaluated for distribution of Grewin and the control drug BDA-366; Table S8: parameters evaluated for the metabolism of Grewin and the control drug BDA-366; Table S9: parameters evaluated for excretion of Grewin and the control drug BDA-366; Table S10: parameters evaluated for toxicity of Grewin and the control drug BDA-366; Table S11: primer sequences used in qRT-PCR to analyze the expression of mRNA. Conceptualization, D.C.Y., D.U.Y. and S.-K.J. ; methodology, J.N., V.B., M.A., A.K.V., M.N.M., M.M., R.A.; software, J.N., M.M., V.B., M.N.M., A.K.V., R.A.; validation, E.J.R., D.C.Y. and R.M. ; formal analysis, J.N., R.M. and M.A. ; resources, D.C.Y., D.U.Y. and S.-K.J. ; data curation, E.J.R., J.N. and R.A.; writing--original draft preparation, J.N., E.J.R. and V.B.