# Mathematical Models for Named Data Networking Producer Mobility Techniques: A Review
## 2 NDN Architecture and Mobility Component
Interest packets will be distributed periodically in congested traffic conditions with delays. Nevertheless, this method is exclusively applicable to flooding scenarios in regard to maintaining the vitality of NDN forwarding interest packets. CBR improves scalability by partitioning the network into clusters, lowering the intricacy of routing decisions, and handling a larger amount of data traffic. This clustering method effectively manages more extensive networks, enhancing scalability in NDN systems. Note that CBR minimizes control traffic in the network by limiting routing decisions to specific clusters. The reduced amount of control traffic helps mitigate congestion problems, resulting in enhanced network performance as a whole while boosting the efficiency of data retrieval by employing cluster-based architectures. This strategy enhances resource utilization by routing queries inside clusters, decreasing latency, and enhancing bandwidth efficiency. Nevertheless, the initial establishment of clusters incurs additional costs in communication and coordination. This additional cost may negatively affect the network's effectiveness, especially during the initial setup stage, and must be handled cautiously. Hence, introducing or removing nodes in a cluster while keeping the membership dynamic adds more intricacy. The efficacy of CBR depends on resilient mechanisms for managing dynamic alterations in cluster membership while maintaining network stability as a whole. Consequently, load balancing is essential for distributingworkloads evenly across clusters, reducing congestion in certain areas and guaranteeing fair allocation of resources. The effectiveness of CBR relies on its capacity to efficiently disperse workload. Therefore, load-balancing techniques must be meticulously crafted and assessed. Clustering can create weaknesses, including the risk of targeted assaults on specific clusters. Thus, strong security measures are necessary to protect against potential risks, guaranteeing the reliability and privacy of data within and between clusters. A method for acquiring the necessary data has been implemented to enable NDN consumers to seek interest from the NDN network [6]. When a match is determined, an NDN router receives the name of the interest packet from the CS and then sends the contents back to the consumer. If there is no outcome, the router will store and enhance the packets of interest in the PIT using a forwarding method that relies on the routing and data planes. During the Pending Interest Table (PIT) stage, the NDN router initiates reverse-path procedures to retrieve the requested content. The NDN design enables customer mobility by ensuring that data packets are sent back along the path specified by the consumer interest packet. When the past and current locations coincide, the interest packet is either retransmitted from the NDN router cache or merged with previous interests without additional propagation. Correspondingly, NDN lacks any prior occurrence and fundamentally differs from the stateful data plane used in IP routing [65]. Producer mobility employs mapping-based methodologies within the NDN technology to deliver user-requested content based on location attributes [66]. This method is also employed in IP mobility technology to ascertain packet transport and consumer location. DNS servers and NDN broadcasts must detect name content based on the CN utilized. Interest packets are distributed to all user interfaces for NDN broadcast scenarios. If the broadcast function is inaccessible within the NDN network, the producer mobility will execute the latest location update and inform the closest DNS server. NDN possesses a broadcasting feature and can interface with wireless network technology. In the above case, when several users request identical data, a singular interest packet is distributed to all of them. Nevertheless, this approach prioritizes the DNS function to mitigate the broadcast problem.