esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
In a study on the effect of various flow velocities ranging from 0-5 m/sec on gas hydrate formation, it is found that higher velocity results in faster hydrate plugging in the pipeline [9]. Moreover, investigation on the effect of various flow regimes, such as slug flow, bubble flow, and annular flow in multiphase flows has been carried out [10]. Kinetic gas hydrate inhibition study on the low-cost surfactants, trichlorofluomethane (CC1\({}_{3}\)F) in water-in-oil emulsions has been conducted [11]. Recently, due to the increase in simulation and software capabilities, the research has become more valiant, and the prediction of gas hydrates by theoretical modeling has increased. A prediction model has been developed to evaluate the particle deposition on the pipeline walls due to gas hydrate formation by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) [12]. Various researchers also studied the emulsion pipelines with different water cuts, to experimentally find the phase behavior conditions of gas hydrates in multiphase pipelines. Generally, water cut is defined as the ratio of produced water compared to the volume of the total produced fluids in a well. In work on gas hydrate formation in the crude oil emulsion system with 50%-80% water cuts variations with the mixed gas system of methane, ethane, and propane, it has been found that at a 50% water cut, the gas hydrate formation was high when compared to an 80% water cut [13]. The formation and dissociation of gas hydrate formations in multiphase systems with fuel oils like diesel have also been conducted [14]. Hydrodynamic models are also developed to predict the gas hydrate formation in multiphase pipelines, which paved the way for a detailed study in deep-sea multiphase pipelines [15]. The research about the methane hydrate formation in oil dispersed mediums by experiments and simulation has furthermore drawn attention [16]. Research on gas hydrate formation in multiphase pipelines with gas dominant or oil dominant systems containingblack oil or crude oil has later been carries out vividly, to estimate the real-time subsea conditions and kinetics of gas hydrates [17]. So, these days, the gas dominant multiphase pipelines with the presence of crude oil and different water cuts are trending in research [18; 19]. In this work, gas hydrate formation and dissociation studies have been performed on the gasoline + CO\({}_{2}\) + water and crude oil + CO\({}_{2}\) + water system in the pressure range of 2.5-3.5 MPa, with the fixed water cut or the amount of water taken in the system being 15% of the volume using gas hydrate rocking cell equipment.
## 3 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Fracture Toughness of Coal
#### 3.1.1 Variations in Fracture Toughness with Immersion Time in Mine Water  
According to Figure 4a, for the Crack-arrester type coal sample, the fracture toughness without immersion is 7.67 MPa\(\cdot\)mm\({}^{1/2}\), which decreases by 35.15% to 4.98 MPa\(\cdot\)mm\({}^{1/2}\) after immersion for 30 days. The fracture toughness after immersion for 60 days is measured at 3.43 MPa\(\cdot\)mm\({}^{1/2}\). As the immersion time increases to 120 days, the fracture toughness decreases to 2.92 MPa\(\cdot\)mm\({}^{1/2}\), reflecting a decrease of 62.00% compared to the non-immersed condition and a 15.03% decrease relative to the 60-day immersion period. Based on Figure 4b,c, the fracture toughness of the Crack-splitter and Crack-divider coal samples without immersion is recorded as 5.80 MPa\(\cdot\)mm\({}^{1/2}\) and 10.26 MPa\(\cdot\)mm\({}^{1/2}\), respectively. After a 30-day immersion period, the fracture toughness values are 2.28 MPa\(\cdot\)mm\({}^{1/2}\) and 5.92 MPa\(\cdot\)mm\({}^{1/2}\), indicating significant decreases of 60.67% and 42.24% compared to the non-immersed conditions. When the immersion time is extended to 120 days, the Crack-splitter and Crack-divider coal samples exhibit decreases of 67.13% and 56.48%, respectively, when compared to the non-immersed samples. However, relative to the 60-day immersion duration, the fracture toughness decreases by only 5.32% and 11.97%, respectively, indicating a smaller magnitude of decrease. Overall, the trends in fracture toughness among the three types of samples are similar. The average of all data is taken to plot a curve, as illustrated in Figure 4d, and the curve is fitted to determine the relationship between fracture toughness and time.  
\[y=0.0006x^{2}-0.1146x+7.7328 \tag{4}\]  
According to Figure 4d, the fracture toughness of non-immersed coal is measured at 7.91 MPa\(\cdot\)mm\({}^{1/2}\). The fracture toughness values for coal immersed in mine water for 30 days, 60 days, and 120 days are 4.39 MPa\(\cdot\)mm\({}^{1/2}\), 3.51 MPa\(\cdot\)mm\({}^{1/2}\), and 3.10 MPa\(\cdot\)mm\({}^{1/2}\), respectively, reflecting decreases of 44.45%, 55.68%, and 60.87% compared to non-immersed coal. This indicates that immersion in mine water significantly weakens the coal's resistance to fracture. After immersion for more than 30 days, the reduction in fracture toughness slows with increasing immersion time. [PERSON] et al. [34] immersed coal from the Daliuta Coal Mine in pure water for 16 days and found that this treatment softened the coal and reduced its compressive strength, which they attributed to the transformation of pore cracks into larger sizes.
## 2 Literature Review  
### Inventory Forecasting for Supply Chains  
To reduce waste in the supply chain and to lower costs, inventory forecasting and replenishment automation are important. However, replenishment automation remains very challenging because it is hard to predict sales and demand patterns in industries, and this requires a large amount of data. To eliminate waste, [PERSON] et al. [18] developed a neural network model and further used it in the discipline of inventory forecasting. On the other hand, business processes and decision-making practices usually determine the value of big data in supply chain management. [PERSON] et al. [19] conducted a research study focused on integrating AI technology with crucial decision points in the textile supply chain. The study explains how knowledge and conceptual ideas such as neural networks, genetic algorithms, and fuzzy set theory can be appropriately applied to a sustainable textile supply chain in the textile and apparel industry.  
To make sure of the normal operation of product supply, enterprises need to review and evaluate the key performance indicators (KPIs) of suppliers regularly. In response, the research by [PERSON] [20] mainly concentrated on recognizing and determining the assessment criteria for suppliers, in which relevant factors (e.g., price, delivery, quality assurance controls, management, financial conditions, capacity management, claims to handle controls, environmental conditions, available transportation modalities, technical support, etc.) need to be selected to critically evaluate the performance of suppliers. This is an important step in managing a pool of pre-qualified or preferred suppliers. Recently, [PERSON] [21] and [PERSON] [22] demonstrated the feasibility of artificial intelligence algorithms in the supply chain, notably inventory forecasting activity. This implies that additional supplier selection may need to include their technological abilities, which may influence the factors of inventory forecasting and delivery date [23].  
Supply chain risk management (SCRM) includes various strategies designed to identify, assess, and mitigate risk monitoring for contingencies that may have an impact (mainly adverse) on any part of the supply chain. [PERSON] et al. [24] defined the concepts of various risks and uncertainties of the supply chain. Globalization, supply chain complexity, product complexity, suppliers' selection, constant changes in demand and cost, human-made and natural disasters, and the bullwhip effect significantly increase the risks and uncertainties of the supply chain. To minimize the risks and uncertainties of the supply chain, firms may analyze the supply chain risks, design and implement robust supplier assessment, develop an information hub, and produce products of lower complexity.
## 3 The Receiver Acquisition Chain and the Ad Hoc Back-End of the BIRALET Radar  
Since 2014 [26], SRT is employed in space situational awareness activities and consequently it has been equipped with a dedicated channel for space debris observations. This channel might have three main configurations on the basis of the utilized back-end. In fact, three back-ends based respectively on the spectrum analyzer, the Red Pitaya board and the new National Instrument USRP-2954R board (NI, Austin, TX, USA), are available [27]. Each configuration needs of a dedicated acquisition chain in order to carry the RF signal from the SRT feed to the back-end. With respect to the two previous back-ends (the spectrum analyzer and the Red Pitaya board) that performs only Doppler shift measurements, a new ad hoc back-end was necessary in order to permit also slant-range measurements. This characteristic represents a fundamental aspect for orbit determination processes because the combined use of Doppler and range measurement would grant both an increase in the object state estimate accuracy and a reduction in the estimate uncertainty [25].  
For this reason, an ad hoc architecture based on the National Instrument USRP-2954R board [28] has been developed for both the transmitting and the receiving system. Thanks to its high performances and its completeness in terms of kind of measurements that can perform (i.e., the Doppler shift and the slant-range, simultaneously), the new back-end replaced the old back-ends and it has become the main signal acquisition system of the BIRALET radar. The USRP-2954R board is a 10 MHz to 6 GHz Tunable RF Transceiver that contains a GPS-disciplined oscillator (GPSDO), which enables you to lock the internal clocks to a GPS reference signal, synchronize using GPS timing information, and query GPS location information [28]. The main features of the board in transmitting and receiving mode are reported in [28].  
The transmitter architecture of the TRF antenna and the kind of transmitting waveform is described in Section 3.1. The receiver architecture of the SRT dedicated back-end is described in Section 3.2.
# Evaluating Biosedimentation for Strength Improvement in Acidic Soil
###### Abstract  
Marine clay soils are problematic soils in the construction industry when they are subjected to construction loads. When these soils are loaded, they lose their structure. This leads to the soil being unable to withstand loads of any magnitude without exhibiting significant, permanent deformations. In order to stabilize the marine soil, new methods for soil improvement were built upon biogrouting by incorporating physical, biological and chemical treatments into the soil. However, the biggest challenge of this method is the bacteria migration through the soil medium. To overcome this issue, the electrokinetic phenomenon can be utilized alongside biogrouting to prevent the bacteria migration. In this regard, the present study applied electrobiogrouting stabilization to investigate the improvement of acidic marine clay soil with a pH of 3.69. To accomplish this, two large-scale physical models with dimensions of 500 \(\times\) 300 \(\times\) 1200 mm were fabricated to examine the influence of two different treated distances between the inlet and outlet--450 mm (D45) and 600 mm (D60)--on the stability of the treated soil. It was observed that the shear strength of the treated soil improved significantly. The shear strength at the D45 treated distance increased from 3.65 kPa (untreated soil) to 28.14 kPa (treated soil). However, the strength increased by increasing the treated distance. In addition, compressibility and soil electrical conductivity were reduced significantly, and the Atterberg limits were significantly enhanced from OH to OL. The reasons for the enhancement of treated soil were the formation of CaCO\({}_{3}\), which filled the soil voids, and that the water content was reduced. To address issues with marine clay soil, this study aims to minimize the high cost of a special foundation system and the use of non-environmentally friendly materials such as calcium-based binders, aside from the reduction of deformations caused by loading. The findings of this study can be used for acidic soils and the improvement of soil's geotechnical behavior in general.  
biomineralization; _Bacillus pasteurii_; marine clay; MICP; soil improvement; acidic soil; soil treatment +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# UAV-BS Site Planning Based on Circular Coverage Strategy
## 2 Background and Related Work
### UAV Aerial Base Station
#### 2.3.3 Research on UAV-BS Network Topology  
[PERSON] et al. proposed an adaptive dynamic programming method to design a UAV formation controller. By combining the event triggering mechanism with a neural network, the calculation and action amount of the multi-UAV system were reduced, thus reducing the communication overhead of the system. Meanwhile, combining the control accuracy of the continuous controller, the UAV can be effectively and accurately controlled [22]. [PERSON] et al. studied the automatic control of UAV landing in bad weather. By using the principle of \"flexible\" motion trajectory and the method of the dynamic inverse problem, they studied the control algorithm of the UAV terminal landing maneuver and controlled the target point [23]. [PERSON] et al. proposed a sliding mode active anti-jamming control scheme that utilizes a differential tracker and state extender controller design process and compensates the total disturbance of the system in real time in the controller, thereby improving the robustness and anti-jamming ability of the system [24]. [PERSON] et al. proposed a UAV cooperative positioning method based on the flight information of UAVs in different periods. By constructing a different number of beacon nodes together, the number of unknown variables to be solved for UAVs is reduced, and the accuracy and speed of the positioning optimization algorithm are effectively improved [25].  
The above research has not only continuously broken through the technical bottleneck, but also emphasizes the important role of UAV-BSs in the future communication network. Therefore, this paper also takes UAV-BSs as its research object, analyzes its problems in site planning and auxiliary communication, and thus contributes to making some progress.
# Concert Halls as Nearly Adaptive Spaces
## 2 Main Adaptive Factors for Room Acoustic Quality in Concert Halls
### Occupancy  
In concert halls, the audience area generally represents the most important absorption surface of the room [16]. Therefore, the definition of seating absorption, in the presence and absence of people, becomes one of the main problems in acoustic-architectural design, with the aim of minimizing the differences between the two conditions. In the literature [16], the database describing audience absorption is relevant [21], in which the seats are divided into three macro categories: \"slightly padded\" (SP), \"medium padded\" (MP), \"very padded\" (VP).  
The difference between the sound absorption values of unoccupied armchairs and those with people tends to grow with increasing frequency for medium and highly padded seats. If the armchairs are heavily padded, the difference is reduced to around 10%. Only in the most recent concert halls can padded seats minimize the differences between the sound field of the occupied room and that of the empty room because it is possible to measure their sound absorption coefficients in a reverberant room in the design phase before their installation in the hall [22].  
Figure 2: Santa Cecilia Hall (Rome): plenum construction phase, with completed diffusers’ installation (colored red).  
Generally, the influence of seat upholstery is particularly pronounced in concert halls, meaning that all the other surfaces in the hall are reflective. A simplification can be assumed, for which these other surfaces are considered with only one absorption coefficient in octave bands, known as the \"residual absorption coefficient\". This coefficient represents the total absorption of all walls, ceilings, balcony faces, etc., except for the floor covered by the seats [16].  
If differences between the acoustic absorption of armchairs and that of people are not minimized, the occupancy ratio (number of spectators/audience seats) OCA must be specified in the derivative of Equation (1), including both the acoustic absorption of armchairs and that of people.  
The A term is better specified as follows:  
\[\text{A}=\sum_{\text{i}}^{\text{n}}\alpha_{\text{i}}\text{S}_{\text{i}}+ \text{OC}_{\text{A}}\alpha_{\text{p}}\text{S}_{\text{s}}+(1-\text{OC}_{\text{A }})\alpha_{\text{s}}\text{S}_{\text{s}} \tag{3}\]  
where \(\alpha_{\text{i}}\) is the residual absorption coefficient in octave bands of the surface i, from 125 Hz to 4 kHz, referred to as the reflecting surfaces \(\text{S}_{\text{i}}\) of the hall.  
OC\({}_{\text{A}}\) is the occupancy ratio (number of spectators/audience capacity).  
S\({}_{\text{s}}\) is the audience surface [m\({}^{2}\)].  
\(\alpha_{\text{p}}\) is the absorption coefficient of the people [21].  
\(\alpha_{\text{s}}\) is the absorption coefficient of the empty seats at a given frequency.
# Optimization of Multimodal Discrete Network Design Problems Based on Super Networks
## 3 Formulating the Multimodal Discrete Network Design Problem
### The Generalized Cost Formula  
Many factors affect the impedance of links in the multimodal networks. In this paper, the impact of travel time, monetary cost, and comfort are mainly considered. Among them, travel time includes walking time, driving time, and waiting time. Monetary cost can be divided into two types: mileage-based fare (such as the car mode) and route-based fare (such as the bus and rail transit mode).  
The perception of comfort varies with the travel time due to different transportation modes. Besides, we reserve some time to prevent emergencies. Consequently, the generalized cost of links is mainly composed of travel time, monetary cost, and comfort loss, risk reserve time, which is specifically quantized as:  
\[w^{k}_{ij}=\alpha T^{k}_{ij}+\beta P^{k}_{ij}+\gamma S^{k}_{ij}+\delta R^{k}_{ ij},\ \forall(i,j)\in A,k\in K \tag{1}\]  
where \(\alpha,\beta,\gamma,\delta\): the weight coefficients and we have \(\alpha+\beta+\gamma+\delta=1\), \(T\): the travel time cost, \(P\): the corresponding time cost converted from currency conversion, \(S\): the corresponding time cost converted from the loss of comfort and \(R\): the reserved time for risk.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Cell Experiments
#### 2.3.3 Fluorescence RONS and Catalase Level Analysis in Cells  
In this study, B16F10 cells were seeded on confocal dishes incubated under 5% CO\({}_{2}\) at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C until adherence and confluence were achieved. Before CAP treatment, the medium was removed. Then, transferred CAP was applied for 30 s. Fluorescent 4\({}^{\prime}\),6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) was used to stain cell nuclei. Cells were stained with 2\({}^{\prime}\),7\({}^{\prime}\)-dichlorodrofluorescein diacetate (H2 DCF-DA) [26] to detect the amount of intracellular RONS generated using an IX81 fluorescent microscope (Olympus) after treatment. The immunofluorescence was employed to examine the expression of catalase in L929 cells and B16F10 cells. The bioactivity of catalase was assessed with fluorescence. Cells were seeded into 96-well (10\({}^{4}\) cells/wells) until attachment and blocked by 1% of serum. For immunofluorescence staining, catalase primary antibodies conjugating fluorescein isothiamate diluted 1:39 in PBS were incubated with the cells for 1 h. The unbound antibodies were washed with PBS. Fluorescence emission measurements were determined through a fluorescence microplate reader (\(n=13\)).
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Composition of SLS Glass and ES  
Each of the precursor SLS glass and ES were chemically analyzed by using Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (WDXRF). The elemental analysis was measured in the oxide form as tabulated in Table 1. The chemical composition of the SLS glass waste in this research was similar to the SLS glass bottles. The ES used as a foaming agent mainly contained calcium carbonate (CaCO\({}_{3}\)). From Table 1, there was 95 wt \(\%\) account for the element of SiO\({}_{2}\), CaO and Na\({}_{2}\)O remarked the main constituents of the precursor glass. Meanwhile, the remaining percentage of other oxide elements were Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) and MgO from the total composition of the precursor glasses.  
ES powder undergoes TGA analysis to determine the weight loss decomposition of calcium carbonate, CaCO\({}_{3}\) to carbon dioxide, CO\({}_{2}\), and calcium oxide, CaO in the ratio 1:1. Figure 2 illustrates the TGA analysis of ES showed that the loss mass of calcium carbonate. The calcium carbonate starts to decompose about 6\(\%\) of mass at 680 \({}^{\circ}\)C of temperature at the first stage and the second stage, the mass loss of calcium carbonate was intensified by 41% to carbon dioxide, CO\({}_{2}\) and the other 53% was calcium oxide, CaO at 810 \({}^{\circ}\)C of temperature. The finding percentage mass loss of calcium oxide was agreed with XRF analysis as shown in Table 1. After 810 \({}^{\circ}\)C of temperature, there was no more decompose of calcium carbonate. The weight loss of carbonate relative to the temperature in this research is similar to the previous study which states that decompose temperature of eggshell in the range of 700-850 \({}^{\circ}\)C of temperature [14]. Therefore, 800 \({}^{\circ}\)C of temperature was selected as the sintering temperature in this research.