## 2 Literature Review
### The MBSE Approach as a Tool for Creating a Digital Representation of a System  
Considering the challenges outlined above related to the introduction of digital technologies in companies, it is important to apply a holistic approach that combines technical and organizational solutions. Systems engineering can help in this regard by providing a structured approach to the design, analysis, and management of complex systems that includes both technical and organizational aspects. From a systems engineering perspective, it is promising to consider a manufacturing enterprise as a complex technical system [15]. To manage complex technical systems, it is necessary to have clear, adequate system representations or specifications of components and their interrelationships, functions, and requirements [38]. Decision makers need a method for making better decisions than simply answering the question \"should I choose option A or B?\" [39]. One approach to describing components and their relationships, functions, and requirements is the MBSE approach. Particular attention should be paid to critical functional interactions between system components and system interfaces, and whether the system can be assembled, integrated, and tested with a minimum level of risk [40; 41]. The MBSE approach can be an effective tool for creating a digital representation of a system. The MBSE approach supports the product lifecycle, which makes it possible to successfully support the process of digital transformation for companies. There are examples of various enterprises around the world benefiting from this approach [42]. According to the International Council on Systems Engineering [43; 44], the MBSE approach is a formalized modeling application that supports system requirements, design, analysis, validation, and verification from the conceptual design stage to the development and implementation stages of the life cycle. Therefore, it can be chosen as a method to support digital adoption in companies that use a model-based approach to analyze and manage processes. This paper also posits that MBSE offers a holistic approach to systems engineering based on an evolving system model, including system definition, design, validation, and configuration management. Such a model serves as a \"single source of truth\" about an enterprise as a system of systems (SoS) or a complex technical system [45; 46] (these terms will be used synonymously hereafter). The effectiveness of MBSE stems from the fact that this approach supports the transition from design using highly specialized models (subsystems) to the formation of a single system model to support decision making in all life cycle stages. MBSE application methodologies allow one to view enterprises from the perspective of an SoS and understand how the various subsystems within the relevant SoS should interact. An important characteristic of MBSE is the possibility of forming an adequate ontology based on the system requirements, which can be used to unambiguously describe the relationships between different subsystems to support the life cycle of an SoS [21]. The most important task to be solved by MBSE is the involvement of a wider range of people in the creation of a single, comprehensive system model, which is used not only by technological subsystems but also by economic, logistical, judicial, legal, and other subsystems. This is a key factor for success in digital technologies. Therefore, MBSE deals with identifying the possibility of the occurrence of collisions and incorporating empirical points of view so that non-expert stakeholders can distinguish between patterns and make timely and meaningful decisions [46]. It is important to note that while MBSE is indeed a prevalent and well-regarded methodology for creating a digital description of complex technical systems, the field of systems engineering is vast and multifaceted [16].