## 2 Literature Review
### Brief Considerations of I4.0  
Industries are the part of the economy that produces typically highly mechanized and automated material goods [16]. However, the concept of an industry can be traced back to the end of the eighteenth century, with the first industrial revolution (Industry 1.0), characterized by the introduction of mechanical manufacturing systems utilizing water and steam power [17; 18]. Almost one century later, in 1870, the electrification and labor division led to a second industrial revolution (Industry 2.0), evidenced by mass production and assembly lines that used electric power [17]. Following, the need to increase the efficiency of the production process led to the third industrial revolution (Industry 3.0) that was shaped by the introduction of electronic and ICT systems for automation [17], which represents the basis of all changes in the production paradigm. The continuous developments of ICT also led to the introduction of CPS, the core of the latest and current industrial revolution (Industry 4.0) (Figure 1).  
Ultimately, I4.0 aims to achieve process automation, digitalization [3], and computerization using instantaneous data. I4.0 can then be identified as a new industrial vision [19] focused on increasing productivity, high product customization capabilities [20], real-time alerts and interventions [21], innovative service models [22], dynamic product improvement, and, ultimately, new business models [17]. The integration of all these factors translates into an intelligent factory, the central object of this new industrial age [23]. In general terms, I4.0 follows six principles, which help to identify potential uses and provide a guide for implementing this concept in, for example, facilities. Following [PERSON] et al. [18], we present the following principles: interoperability, which is the capacity of two systems to communicate reciprocally; virtualization identified as the dematerialization of physical procedures and processes (e.g., sensors); decentralization that aims to enable machines with decision-making capabilities based on the interpretation of the collected data; real-time capacity, which is the ability to solve production errors in real-time through the development of advanced technologies and new processes; service orientation, where software is directed to deliver solutions as services that meet the needs and expectations of the customer; and modularity stands by the ease of coupling and decoupling production modules, following current demand and orders. Not surprisingly, not all authors agree with such principles. However, the most crucial aspect to retain is that I4.0 is an integrative value creation system [24] that brings disruptive changes to supply chains, business models, and business processes [25; 26]. The automotive industry, being one of the most critical industries globally, has also undergone a major transformation [27]. At the same time, the automotive industry integrates several automated, innovative, and technological systems (I4.0) [28], which contribute to cost reduction [29], as well as to increase quality, production, and customer satisfaction [30]. Therefore, the automotive industry influences a wide range of partner industries worldwide, as it plays a key role in the upstream and downstream supply chain [31], being itself a promoter of I4.0-oriented technologies.