## 3 Results  
### Four Fundamental Residential Area Layouts  
The planning and design of the residential area layouts were determined based on a comprehensive consideration of factors, such as land use conditions, space environment, users, layout methods, and group combinations [90]. After the satellite image recognition, this study selected four representative residential areas in Wuhan, as shown in Table 1 and Figure 2.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Residential Area Layouts** & **Points Layout** & **Parallel Layout** & **Center-Around Layout** & **Mixed Layout** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Feature} & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Features \\ \end{tabular} } & \begin{tabular}{c} Refers to the layout of \\ single-yard houses, \\ multi-storey point-type \\ and high-rise tower \\ buildings, with public \\ buildings, central green \\ spaces, etc., surrounding \\ them \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Panel building units are \\ arranged in rows \\ according to a certain \\ orientation (generally \\ north-south orientation) \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} The building volume is \\ arranged along the street \\ or courtyard, forming a \\ closed or semi-enclosed \\ inner courtyard space \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Combination of three basic \\ forms or combinations of \\ deformations \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Representative Residential areas} & \begin{tabular}{c} Guangdong Lanting \\ Shenghui is located in \\ Haranyag District, Wuhan \\ 114.23\({}^{\circ}\) E and 30.52\({}^{\circ}\) N. It \\ was completed in 2016 \\ and has a total area of \\ 43,128.08 m\({}^{2}\). \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Lu Zong Garden, located \\ in Wuchang District, \\ Wuhan City, 114.32\({}^{\circ}\) E and 30.52\({}^{\circ}\) N, was built in 2001, \\ with a total area of \\ 40,315.29 m\({}^{2}\). \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Xinhua Homes, located in \\ Hankou District, Wuhan, \\ located in Qaokou \\ District, Wuhan, \\ blast in 2005, with a \\ total area of \\ 61,867.51 m\({}^{2}\). \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Hankou Spring-Xingyuan, \\ located in Qaokou \\ District, Wuhan, \\ blast in 2015, with a \\ total area of \\ 61,867.51 m\({}^{2}\). \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Spatial layout characteristics of four different residential areas.  
Equation (17) calculates the NVP of each spatial layout with the different downward winds (Figure 2). When the wind direction was northerly, the center-around layout and points layout NVPs were higher at 0.34 and 0.26, respectively, and the NVP of the parallel and mixed were low at 0.18 and 0.11, respectively (Figure 3). When the wind direction was northeast, the center-around layout had the highest NVP, at 0.13; the mixed and parallel had the next highest NVPs, both of which were 0.08, and the point layout was 0.07. When the wind direction was easterly, the NVP of the point and center-around layouts were still in the top two positions, at 0.10 and 0.09, respectively; the parallel and mixed NVPs were lower, with both at 0.06. When the wind direction was southeast, the NVPs of the point  
Figure 2: Spatial layout of four representative residential areas: (**a**) points layout, (**b**) parallel layout, (**c**) center-around layout, (**d**) mixed layout; the density of ventilation corridors, and the NVP of each wind downward (N: north wind; E: east wind, SE: southeast wind, NE: northeast wind).  
layout, center-around layout, parallel layout, and mixed layout were 0.05, 0.04, 0.03, and 0.02, respectively. The total NVPs of the mixed and parallel layouts were 0.27 and 0.35, respectively, and set as NVP I and NVP II, respectively, and the total NVP of the point layout was significantly higher than that of the mixed and the parallel layouts, which were both 0.48, which was set to NVP III. The center-around layout had the highest total NVP of 0.60 and was set to NVP IV.