esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# An Accuracy-Aware Energy-Efficient Multipath Routing Algorithm for WSNs
###### Abstract  
In the fields of industrial production or safety monitoring, wireless sensor networks are often content with unreliable and time-varying channels that are susceptible to interference. Consequently, ensuring both transmission reliability and data accuracy has garnered substantial attention in recent years. Although multipath routing-based schemes can provide transmission reliability for wireless sensor networks, achieving high data accuracy simultaneously remains challenging. To address this issue, an Energy-efficient Multipath Routing algorithm balancing data Accuracy and transmission Reliability (EMRAR) is proposed to balance the reliability and accuracy of data transmission. The multipath routing problem is formulated into a multi-objective programming problem aimed at optimizing both reliability and power consumption while adhering to data accuracy constraints. To obtain the solution of the multi-objective programming, an adaptive artificial immune algorithm is employed, in which the antibody initialization method, antibody incentive calculation method, and immune operation are improved, especially for the multipath routing scheme. Simulation results show that the EMRAR algorithm effectively balances data accuracy and transmission reliability while also saving energy when compared to existing algorithms.  
artificial immune algorithm; data accuracy; energy-efficient; multipath routing; wireless sensor networks +
Footnote †: journal: Sensors
## 3 Semantic Mapping via Segmentation  
We now introduce our approach to solve the problem of creating semantic maps of relevance for the navigation of service ground robots in indoor environments. While RGB-D cameras allow one to exploit color images together with depth information to classify objects, we limit ourselves to depth information only and challenge ourselves further by looking at point-clouds with low-density. Specifically, we are interested in studying how sensors with low resolution, e.g., 3D LiDARs, can be used to identify different objects in an indoor scenario. As reported in Table 1, state-of-the-art 3D LiDARs have a significantly lower density in comparison with RGB-D cameras within a similar FoV. However, by looking at how the point-cloud is perceived, we offer a way to recognize the physical structure of different objects. Therefore, we introduce several segmentation methods along which point-clouds can be processed and unique, distinctive features can be extracted. Through this approach, we avoid complex processing tasks performed in classical deep learning approaches, which still should be trained for the specific objects to be detected. In addition, by applying these techniques to low-density point-clouds, our solution can offer higher privacy as personal and private details are not visible to the sensor. Finally, by operating on point-clouds, our methods can be applied to 3D LiDARs as well as RGB-D cameras, or any other sensor providing the same type of measurement.  
As depicted in Figure 2, we propose different types of segmentation methods to detect different objects, focusing on their physical characteristics. Then, several of these methods could be executed in parallel with different configurations, enlarge the classes of objects to detect. For clarity of presentation, we introduce each segmentation method with its application to the detection of one specific object of interest in our indoor scenario. In particular, we are interested in detecting humans as well as objects like chairs and doors that could affect the ability of the robot to perform its service tasks, e.g., by navigating socially respecting proxemics rules or using the semantic information to search for humans or interact with them. In general, however, the same object can be detected by using different segmentation methods (alone or also in combination) if properly configured.  
In the remaining discussion, we assume that the information about the robot position is available together with a traversable map of the environment, like the one we computed in our previous work [22]. As mentioned before, the segmentation is performed on low-density point-clouds provided, e.g., by a 3D LiDAR. The output of our method is then a semantic map composed of the positions within the geometric map of all the objects detected, together with their labeling.
## 2 Results and Discussion
### Sources and Influencing Factors of T/O Compounds in Freshwater Bodies of the World
#### 2.5.4 Organic Matter  
In various investigations, the association between odorants and organic matter has been examined using the following four primary indicators: UV\({}_{254}\), specific UV absorbance (SUVA), potassium permanganate index (COD), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). According to the research conducted by [PERSON] et al. (2019), it was observed that GSM and ION exhibit a negative correlation with UV\({}_{254}\) in Songhua Lake, China [22]. However, in Chaohu Lake, China, GSM, MIB, and ION were found to be unrelated to UV\({}_{254}\)[22]. Moreover, MIB demonstrated no correlation with UV\({}_{254}\) in Songhua Lake [22]. Concerning SUVA, GSM was found to have no correlation with it in both Songhua Lake and Chaohu Lake [22]. On the other hand, MIB showed a positive correlation with SUVA in seven landscape lakes in Beijing [45; 69] but no correlation in Songhua Lake, Chaohu Lake, or Taihu Lake in China [22]. ION displayed no correlation with SUVA in either Songhua Lake or Chaohu Lake [22]. Moving on to COD, GSM exhibited a positive correlation with it in Yuqiao Reservoir [74], while MIB demonstrated a positive correlation with COD in DECL in China (this study) and Yuqiao Reservoir [74]. In DECL in China, GSM, CYC, and ION were found to be unrelated to COD (this study). In terms of DOC, GSM displayed a negative correlation with it in Chaohu Lake [22] but no correlation in DECL in China (this study), Songhua Lake, or Taihu Lake [22]. MIB exhibited a positive correlation with DOC in DECL in China (this study), but a negative correlation in Songhua Lake and Chaohu Lake [22]. CYC and ION were unrelated to DOC in DECL in China, and ION showed no correlation with DOC in either Songhua Lake or Taihu Lake [22].
# Analysis of Dust Detection Algorithms Based on FY-4A Satellite Data
## 2 Study Area and Data
### Dataset
#### 2.2.3. Particulate Matter (PM) Data  
PM10 concentration data (Figure 1) were quality controlled according to the Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB3095-2012) [52] and is available on the national real-time urban air quality release platform of the National Environmental Monitoring Station of China ([[http://www.cnemc.cn/](http://www.cnemc.cn/)]([http://www.cnemc.cn/](http://www.cnemc.cn/)) (accessed on 16 April 2022)). Hourly PM10 concentration data from March to May 2021 were used in this study to show the validity of the dust detection methods.
# Multi-LEO Satellite Stereo Winds
## 4 Discussion
### Validation
#### 4.1.1 Clear-Sky Terrain Features
The nominal ground sample distance is 1 km, so the deregistration is no more than 1 pixel. Figure 10: Sequence of registration compensations, resolved Along Track (AT) and Cross Track (XT), for the overpasses of Antarctica that are shown in Figure 7. The differences between the oblique and nadir curves would be the relative registration between the oblique and nadir views. Figure 9: Ground-point retrieval statistics, after the second processing pass shows unbiased results for the same overpasses as shown in Figure 7. There is a small trend towards increasing retrieved wind standard error (error bars) from left to right, which is the direction in which the acquisition time \(\mid\Delta t\mid\) between SLSTR and MODIS decreases from 29 min on the left to 1 min on the right in steps of approximately 2 min.
# Dynamic Carrier-Sense Threshold Selection for Improving Spatial Reuse in Dense Wireless LANs
## 1 Introduction
The problem is that if nodes near the AP transmit aggressively, their throughput may improve, but edge nodes have less chance of transmitting on the channel. The channel share becomes unfair, and it may cause starvation to a large portion of nodes. While nodes at the center should transmit more aggressively to improve spatial reuse, transmissions from edge nodes should also be protected. We propose a medium access control protocol where each node dynamically selects CST to protect its own transmission as well as the on-going transmission. Specifically, a transmitter includes an advertised CST in the preamble of its packet. This advertised CST should be obeyed by the neighboring nodes to protect the packet of the transmitter. When a node receives a preamble, it considers both the advertised CST, and the CST required to protect its own transmission. The node can start transmission concurrently with the on-going transmission, only when it is confident that both packets will be successfully received by their respective receivers. In the next section, we describe existing efforts on improving system spectral efficiency of wireless LANs. In Section 3, we describe the proposed protocol in detail with example scenarios to illustrate its operation. In Section 4, we evaluate performance of the proposed protocol in terms of throughput and fairness, compared to other existing protocols. Finally, in Section 5, we conclude the paper with remarks for future work.
## 3 Fe-MOF Synthesis
### Other Synthesis Methods of Fe-MOF  
In addition to the most commonly used synthesis methods for Fe-MOF synthesis described above, it is also known that other methods are relevant, such as spray drying synthesis, continuous flow synthesis and the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma method.  
Regarding the spray drying technique, it is characterized mainly by the fact that it is a simple and fast method, with a considerable reduction in the generation of waste [83] and also allows the recovery of the used solvent, so it is considered a very sustainable synthesis method. A noteworthy aspect of this synthesis method is the crucial parameter used to intrude the reagents into the reaction system [141]. In fact, this parameter can affect the morphology and the characteristics of the synthesized Fe-MOF. [PERSON] et al. [142] reported a 78% yield of Fe-BTC/MIL-100 synthesis by the optimization of this method and the integration of a continuous-flow reactor at the entrance of the spray-dryer to induce nucleation before spray-drying. In addition to improving the synthesis yield of Fe-MOF, they were the first to develop this technology, which they called continuous flow-assisted synthesis.  
Continuous flow synthesis is mainly used in the synthesis of functional nanomaterials and can be a tool for large-scale Fe-MOF synthesis [83]. Employing a continuous flow of reagents, which go through maintained pipes or coils, allows for rapid crystal formation as this nucleation is favored by a higher surface-to-volume ratio at the reaction temperature. [PERSON] et al. [143] synthesized MIL-100(Fe) by the microwave-assisted continuous flow method and achieved a production rate of 771.7 kg\(\cdot\)m\({}^{3}\)/d. In addition, this continuous produced Fe-MOF showed a better crystallzation and potency than the ones synthesised by batch process.  
Finally, the DBD plasma method is a novel MOF synthesis technique that is low-cost and is considered as environmentally sustainable [144]. This synthesis method is based on the electrical discharge between two electrodes separated by an insulating dielectric barrier. The procedure carried out in this synthesis method is depicted in Figure 5. [PERSON] et al. [145] were the first to report this synthesis route that provided several advantages such as the reduction in synthesis time and enhanced the adsorption properties of the catalyst. Since then (2019), only six papers have been published, based on Scopus databases about Fe-MOF synthesis with this method [144; 145; 146; 147; 148; 149]. Therefore, it is possible that in the not-too-distant future, this method will be used more frequently for the synthesis of Fe-MOF. In addition, the appearance of this method opens the door to possible new methods, which coexist with all the methods mentioned above.
## 2 Sliding Mode Control Design
### First Step: SBBC Mathematical Modeling  
Figure 1 corresponds to the SBBC topology with clamped diodes. This topology has two inductors \(L_{1}\) and \(L_{2}\) (it is assumed that \(L_{1}=L_{2}=L\)); four diodes \(D_{1},D_{2},D_{3}\) and \(D_{4}\); two power switches \(Q_{1}\) and \(Q_{2}\); and a capacitor \(C\). The AC source is denoted by \((v_{s}=V_{s}sin(wt))\), while the DC load is the resistor \(R\). \(L_{1},Q_{1}\) and \(D_{1}\) operate in the positive semi-cycle, while \(L_{2},Q_{2}\) and \(D_{2}\) operate in the negative semi-cycle. SBBC can be modeled as a boost converter for each semi-cycle and switches actuate with the control signal \((u)(u=1\) for closed switches and \(u=0\) for open switches). The mathematical model (Equations (1) and (2)) is obtained using Kirchhoff laws for both switching states. Equation (1) represents output voltage \((v_{o})\) dynamic (DC voltage) and Equation (2) describes the dynamic behavior of the AC current \((i_{s})\). For a detailed description concerning the operation principle, deduction of equations and non-minimum phase issues, the work of [PERSON] et al. [32] can be consulted.  
\[\frac{dv_{o}}{dt}=-\frac{v_{o}}{RC}+(1-u)\frac{i_{s}}{C} \tag{1}\]  
\[\frac{di_{s}}{dt}=\frac{v_{s}}{L}-(1-u)\frac{v_{o}}{L} \tag{2}\]
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Challenges
#### 4.2.3 Economic Challenges  
Out of 58 studies reviewed, 11 empirical studies concentrated on the economic challenges associated with the technologies used in digital payments. Economic, in this review context, means the management of financial matters for a community, business or family and the digital payment technology challenges include internal and external conflict, cost, government stability, corruption, tax and security implications, sustainability, inflation, or volatility, retaining cheques and demonetization (see Table 6). For instance, internal and external conflict poses a great economic imbalance, e.g., if there is political violence in a country, which negatively impacts governance. Similarly, external conflicts can be related to a risk faced by the incumbent government from foreign action, ranging from non-violent external pressure to violent external pressure [8]. Thus, the government or the digital payment regulators need to enhance their countries' data privacy and protection practices to reduce risks of data misuse. They should be able to gain the trust of both their citizens and other international communities for the digital payment technologies to function at optimum, which, in turn, contributes to the overall economy [8].  
Other issues related to digital payment technologies include the cost of using the technology. The digital payment apps should be affordable for users to use the system. For example, studies have shown that the use of a digital wallet is costing more than other forms of payment, e.g., cash payment, which posed challenges to consumers' sustainability [62]. Consumers prefer cash because, compared to digital wallets, it does not involve any significant cost. Therefore, to meet consumers' demand and to have a competitive edge over cash payment, digital wallets must be safe and secure at a very nominal cost or else a user may switch to cash at any time [62]. Apart from cost, there is also a challenge of digital payment technologies being transparent and traceable. For example, in India, small retail merchants are reluctant to use digital payment technologies because of potential tax implications. They choose cash payment over digital means as they do not want to record their transactions in the system to evade taxes later [14]. As a first full-fledged decentralized digital payment technology, the emergence of Bitcoin is considered revolutionary in financial markets. Nonetheless, Bitcoin is still examined as a speculative tool as it makes it difficult to resist inflation because of its highly volatile nature in terms of price [82].
###### Abstract  
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of concurrent dryland and sprint swimming interval training (SIT), and of SIT only, on swimmers' performance and biomechanical variables before, during, and following 6 weeks of training. Twenty-four swimmers (age: 16.5 \(\pm\) 2.9 years) were assigned to three groups of equal performance level and applied concurrent dryland and SIT three times per week, as follows: (i) maximum strength (three sets \(\times\) four repetitions, load 90% of one-repetition maximum) [1 RM]) prior to SIT (group: G-MS); (ii) muscular endurance (2 sets \(\times\) 20 repetitions, load 55% of 1 RM) prior to SIT (group: G-ME); and (iii) SIT only (consisting of 2 series of 4 \(\times\) 50 m sprints (group: G-CON)). Performance time, stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL), and stroke index (SI) were measured during 4 \(\times\) 50 m sprints. For pre- vs. post-performance time, SR, SL, and SI were similar between groups (\(p\) > 0.05). SR increased in G-MS and G-ME in week 6 vs. week 1 (\(p\) = 0.02), while SL and SI were similar between groups (\(p\) > 0.05). Concurrent dryland compared with sprint interval swimming training on the same day may progressively increase SR within a 6-week period, and all types of training improved front crawl efficiency following a mesocycle of training.  
dryland maximum strength; dryland muscular endurance; sprint swimming training; biomechanical variables +
Footnote †: journal:  
controversial findings have been reported for biomechanical variables from a combination of dryland training (80-90% of maximal load) with endurance training [10; 15; 16]. Previous findings indicated increments in SR and SL after 4 weeks [16] but not after 6 to 12 weeks [10; 15]. However, high-intensity swimming training applied during 4 weeks of intervention increased SR during maximal efforts of the 100 and 400 m front crawl [17]. It is possible that the biomechanical alterations observed during a training period depend on the swimmers' level as well as the characteristics of the training [18; 19].  
To our knowledge, no study in swimming has examined the effects of concurrent dryland maximum strength or muscular endurance training and SIT applied on the same day on SR, SL, and SI during and after a training period. In addition, there is limited information available concerning the progression of swimmers' SR, SL, and SI during a training period when different concurrent training plans have been applied. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of concurrent dryland maximum strength and SIT, as well as muscular endurance and SIT, and SIT only, on swimmers' performance and biomechanical variables before, during, and following 6 weeks of training. We hypothesized that swimmers will improve their performance and biomechanical characteristics irrespective of the training combination.
## 7 Simulation Results
An interesting observation emerges with increasing relay-destination link distance: the BER discrepancy between  
Figure 10: Comparison of BER performance among THz–VLC, RF–VLC, and FSO–VLC with varying relay–destination link distances. Figure 9: Comparison of BER performance among THz–VLC, RF–VLC, and FSO–VLC. THz-VLC and the other systems notably diminishes under lower SNR conditions. This indicates that at extended distances, even under lower SNR conditions, THz-VLC has the potential to outperform RF-VLC and FSO-VLC. Furthermore, as shown in Figure 9, THz-VLC maintains its superiority over FSO-VLC and RF-VLC at higher SNR levels. This is because THz-VLC demonstrates resilience against the challenges posed by longer distances, even under lower SNR conditions, thereby narrowing the performance gap between THz-VLC and other systems. These results suggest that in scenarios where the VLC link distance is greater, incorporating THz into the system yields superior performance, even under lower SNR conditions, compared to integrating FSO or RF. Figure 11 compares the outage performance of the proposed THz-VLC system with the FSO-VLC system under varying pointing errors. Since RF does not experience pointing errors, the RF-VLC configuration is not included. Similar to the BER comparison, FSO-VLC performs better at lower SNRs, but the proposed THz-VLC system surpasses it at higher SNRs. This figure further highlights pointing error as a significant factor influencing system performance, with a lower pointing error contributing to improved system efficiency. Specifically, the system exhibits superior outage performance under the assumption of no pointing error. This indicates that maintaining precise alignment in the THz-VLC link is crucial for minimizing the likelihood of outages and ensuring reliable communication. A potential solution to this could be to dynamically optimize the position of the UAV to minimize pointing errors. Figure 12 illustrates the comparison of outage probability for the proposed system (THz-VLC) with FSO-VLC and RF-VLC across varying threshold SNRs (\(\gamma_{th}\)). A clear trend emerges wherein the outage probability increases with rising threshold SNRs for all configurations. This is expected because higher threshold SNRs set more stringent requirements for the minimum acceptable signal quality, making it harder to meet these criteria and thus increasing the likelihood of an outage. Notably, despite having the highest threshold SNR, the THz-VLC system exhibits superior performance compared to FSO-VLC and RF-VLC, even when those systems are operating at their lowest threshold SNRs. This suggests that the THz-VLC system is more resilient and capable of maintaining lower outage probabilities even under more  
Figure 11: Outage probability performance comparison with varying pointing errors in THz–VLC and FSO–VLC. challenging conditions. The superior performance of the THz-VLC system can be attributed to its higher bandwidth and data rate capabilities, which allow it to handle higher SNR thresholds more effectively than RF and FSO systems.
# On-Board Ship Detection in Micro-Nano Satellite Based on Deep Learning and COTS Component
## 4 The Composition of Ground Demonstration and Verification System
### Ground Handheld Terminal  
The ground handheld terminal mainly displays the processing results obtained by the on-board processing unit on the satellite. In the form of APP, the target patches and information outputted by the on-board processing unit are displayed on the handheld terminal to verify that the whole system is working properly. By receiving target patches and information, the user can further analyze the target's attributes and higher-level tasks, such as type classification, size measurement, and analysis of motion state.