## 3 Proposed Method
### Identification of Radical Technology Opportunities  
Many companies advocate RI, but they are not clear about the formation process of radical technology opportunities. Many innovative ideas are proposed without considering features of the radical innovation and the process of radical product development. Because of the lack of sufficient pre-condition constraints and clear goal guidance, most of the innovative ideas do not conform to firms' radical strategic goals and laws of the technology development. A complete technical system includes four subsystems: control subsystem (CS), driving subsystem (DS), transmission subsystem (TS) and execution subsystem (ES) [60]. In the development of technical systems, the speed of technical performance improvement and the growth of user requirements are not always synchronized; the technical performance development of some subsystems evolves ahead of the development of user requirements, while some are just the opposite. The unbalanced development of subsystems provides opportunities for RI. According to [PERSON]'s analysis of the discontinuity of the technological trajectory, the formation of radical technology opportunities can be divided into two situations: performance limit situation and performance lagging situation, as shown in Figure 3[33]. In order to facilitate the analysis of these two situations, taking ES as an example, four key stages are defined. These items are shown in Table 1. Details are as follows. Performance limit situation: In the initial state S of the technical system, the performance of all subsystems meets customer needs. Driven by market pull and technology push, technical system goes from state S to state S\({}_{n}\) through incremental development. In the state S\({}_{n}\), ES has developed to the performance limit, but CS-DS-TS have not reached the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**No.** & **Item** & **Meaning** \\ \hline
1 & S & Technical performance meets the customer needs \\
2 & S\({}_{n}\) & Technology reaches performance limit \\
3 & S\({}_{t}\) & Technical performance is restricted by other factors \\
4 & S\({}_{n+1}\) & A new state with a radical technology \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: List of Items for Technological Attributes. Figure 3: Analysis of radical technology opportunities. performance limit. The technical performance of all the subsystems in the state \(S_{n}\) is still able to meet the customer needs, or even in a state of performance ahead of the demands. However, in order to meet the rapid growth of user needs, establish technical advantages, create exciting needs of users, and form technical barriers to other firms and other factors, it is necessary for firms to carry out a new technology to replace the old one in ES. In other words, it is an opportunity for firms to develop radical technology. Through the application of new technologies, ES moves from state \(S_{n}\) to a new state \(S_{n+1}\), the technical performance of ES will be greatly improved, as shown in Figure 3a. Performance lagging situation: In the technical system from state \(S\) to state \(S_{t}\), the improvement of technical performance of CS-DS-TS is always faster than the growth of customer needs. In the state \(S_{t}\), the technical performance of CS-DS-TS is still able to meet the customer needs, or even in a state of performance ahead of the demands. However, in the state \(S_{t}\), the technical performance of ES has seriously lagged behind the customer needs because it is difficult to improve the performance of ES from state \(S\) to state \(S_{t}\) due to other additional conditions such as environmental protection and patent rights for a long time. If companies continue to improve the performance of ES, they need to spend huge investment and time. At this time, a new technology should be applied to ES to eliminate the current restrictions, and ES can go from \(S_{t}\) to a new state \(S_{n+1}\) without considering these constraints.