esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Enhancing Visual Data Security: A Novel FSM-Based Image Encryption and Decryption Methodology
## 4 Results and Discussion  
### Image Encryption and Decryption  
The experimental procedure for image encryption was conducted using four distinct images: Lenna, Mandrill, Peppers, and Airplane. Each of these images possesses a resolution of 512 \(\times\) 512 pixels and was sourced from the University of Southern California's Signaland Image Processing Institute's database, accessible at [[https://sipi.usc.edu/database/](https://sipi.usc.edu/database/)]([https://sipi.usc.edu/database/](https://sipi.usc.edu/database/)) (accessed on 20 May 2024). This selection of images encompasses a diverse range of visual content, facilitating a comprehensive assessment of the encryption methodology's efficacy across various image characteristics. Figure 3 illustrates the proficiency of the proposed algorithm in producing cipher images that resemble noise, thereby demonstrating the algorithm's encryption effectiveness.  
The design of the encryption process is predicated on achieving both confusion and diffusion within a single iteration of each round. This is accomplished by ensuring that a minimal alteration (a single bit change) to the secret key results in the generation of distinct round keys, which in turn precipitates a comprehensive diffusion of the effect across the entirety of the encrypted image. Consequently, an inspection of the cipher images yields no discernible or valid information. As depicted in Figure 3, the cipher images are devoid of any meaningful content, underscoring the effectiveness of the encryption. Furthermore, the images are successfully restored to their original state through the decryption process, validating the invertible nature of the proposed encryption technique.
## 1 Introduction
Studies show that they can be promising for replacing conventional wound dressing materials because of their remarkable biocompatibility, biodegradability, and good physicochemical properties [15]. The common biopolymers for wound dressing applications are proteins, collagen, gelatin, silk fibroin, alginate, hyaluronic acid, chitosan, and fucoidan poly-N-acetyl glucosamine [20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25]. Chitosan and alginate have intrinsic antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties [26; 27; 28; 29; 30]. The improvement of dressings using nanotechnology has been inspired by the lack of adequate physicochemical properties and specific biological responses of classical materials for wound treatment [31]. Nanotechnology consists of manipulating materials at nanoscale levels and is widely employed in various fields of medicine, engineering, and electronics [32]. It can be a strategy to promote wound healing by intervening in the healing phases [31]. Essential oils (EOs) such as monoterenes and sesquiterpenes are low-molecular-weight secondary metabolites from plants. Because of flavor, aroma, and antimicrobial properties, they are used in various fields such as agriculture [33], medicine [34; 35], wound healing [14; 36], cosmetics [37; 38], pharmaceuticals, tissue engineering to develop skin scaffolds [39; 40; 41; 42; 43], and the food packaging industry [44; 45; 46; 47; 48; 49; 50; 51]. Depending on the functional groups, the EOs may be more or less hydrophobic in nature, which must be taken into account when incorporating them into a specific polymer matrix. Successful formulation can be demonstrated by various standard techniques such as FTIR, UV-vis, \({}^{1}\)HNMR, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) [47; 48]. With regard to wound healing and medical applications, secondary compounds have traditionally been used in folk medicine for wound treatment. Data suggest that 8% worldwide still use herbal remedies as natural medicine [52]. Antimicrobial action is a current focus in wound dressing and biomedical devices in general. The antimicrobial wound dressing can be intrinsic, with the dressing material itself, or can be engineered with antimicrobial molecules by adding an antibiotic agent to a polymer backbone or in the form of nanoparticles or chemicals linked to a polymer surface [52; 53]. Many studies and reviews have reported on active wound dressings manufactured using antimicrobial and antibiotic metal nanoparticles. However, recently, researchers have paid attention to active natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agents from plants. Therefore, in this review, we overview the recent studies related to incorporating essential oils as active secondary compounds in biopolymer-based formulations using nanotechnology and its influence on the wound-healing process (Figure 2).
## 4 Results and Discussions
### Carbon Emission and Cost Results  
The resulting embodied carbon emissions and manufacturing costs per cubic meter (m\({}^{3}\)) for the control mix design and the four sustainable mix designs are highlighted in Figure 5. The gross emissions and costs refer to the total carbon emissions and production costs associated with producing 1 m\({}^{3}\) of each mix design, while the net emissions and costs represent the amounts after subtracting the avoided landfill emissions and costs due to the use of waste materials in the mix.  
According to the results, there is a 0.7% to 2% increase in carbon emissions caused by the additional energy consumption involved in processing textile and cardboard fibres. However, when considering the avoided landfill carbon emissions and costs, all the new sustainable mix designs demonstrate reductions in both cost and carbon emissions. The greatest reduction is seen in the KFT and MKT samples, with carbon emission reductions of 3.38%, while the lowest reduction is observed in the T2.5 samples at 1.57%.  
In terms of net production cost reductions, the MKT samples recorded the highest percentage reduction at 4.94%, whereas the SFKF2.5 samples showed the lowest cost percentage reduction at 0.21%. The KFT samples achieved a net production cost reduction of 2.56%. Furthermore, the KFT samples showed the best comparable results to the control mix designs in terms of compressive and tensile strength.  
Figure 5: Embodied carbon emissions and production costs of 1 m\({}^{3}\) of concrete.  
Considering all three factors, strength, carbon emissions, and production costs, the KFT sample provided the most sustainable mix design. Therefore, it was selected for trial pours in the two case studies. Further optimization studies could focus on identifying the best kraft fibre and textile composite composition to maximize carbon and cost savings without compromising strength requirements.
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper, we proposed an energy-efficient node mobility algorithm through timely transmission of solicitation in the RPL network. Furthermore, we analyzed the proposed algorithm through a comparative experiment with existing algorithms. To relocate a mobile node and select a new parent node, the proposed algorithm required fewer messages for selecting a new parent node than the existing algorithms. However, due to the random speed and direction of a mobile node, packet loss occurred because the mobile node could not accurately match the time interval for selecting the parent node. Nevertheless, the result showed that the proposed algorithm has better performance than the existing algorithms.  
The nodes that comprise an LLN must consume energy in an efficient manner. Energy consumption is closely related to the lifetime of LLN-based services. The problem of energy consumption is an important issue that must be resolved for most mobile nodes that operate on batteries. The proposed algorithm is more energy efficient than the existing algorithms because it uses fewer messages to select the parent node than the existing algorithms. Moreover, the proposed algorithm selects a parent using a dynamic time interval that varies with the speed and direction of motion of mobile node. This reduces the time spent by the mobile node in selecting a new parent node at its new location after movement. If the time required for parent node selection is reduced, the duration of network participation of the mobile node increases correspondingly, allowing for a more stable service.  
In the presented algorithm, when the time interval for a new parent selection expires during the movement of a mobile node, the mobile node should be located on the boundary of distance that the packets of the parent node can reach. However, as the presented algorithm is applied to a real environment with a variety of factors such as the number of subscribers per router, frequency interference/reflection/attenuation, ping-pong effect, near/far problem, and so on, the mobile node may be not located on the boundary. Therefore, we will improve the proposed energy-efficient node mobility algorithm to find the exact time interval considering real environmental factors in future work. Moreover, we plan to extend our research from LLN environments to LPWA (Low Power Wide Area) environments, focusing on stable and energy-efficient methods for supporting mobile node-based services.  
This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (No. NRF-2015R1D1A1A01060236).  
[PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] contributed to the main idea of this paper; [PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived and designed the experiments; [PERSON] performed the experiments; [PERSON] and [PERSON] analyzed the data; [PERSON] and [PERSON] wrote the paper.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Experiments and Discussions
### Time Retrieval Efficiency
 \tag{1}\]  
Suppose that Point \(P\) (124.083164\({}^{\circ}\) E, 28.104374\({}^{\circ}\) N) is the ship's distressed location, the rescue time is set to 0.5 h, and the effective rescue distance based on Table 2 is 7 km. The corresponding Google S2 coding level based on Table 4 is 10, corresponding to a hexadecimal grid code of 34566d. It is necessary to compare and analyze the time retrieval efficiency of the traditional Euclidean distance-based query method and Google S2 grid coding-based query method when considering different numbers of ships in the current sea area. The query method based on the traditional Euclidean distance first needs to calculate the distance between the ship in distress and all the ships in the current database, and then, based on the effective rescue distance, determine the set of ships in the current sea area that can provide rescue. Finally, according to the distances between the ship in distress and the available ship in the current sea area for rescue, the set of ships needs to be sorted. As shown in Table 6, when the number of ship position records in the current sea area is \(1\times 10^{2}\), \(1\times 10^{3}\), \(1\times 10^{4}\), \(1\times 10^{5}\), \(1\times 10^{6}\), the time taken to calculate the actual geospatial distances between the ship in distress and the other ships in the current sea area are 0.0101, 0.0573, 0.5111, 5.0309, and 55.2705 s. Based on the adequate rescue time and the effective rescue distance, the time spent on screening the set of ships available for rescue in the current sea area is 0.0040, 0.0359, 0.3609, 3.6078, and 39.1666 s. Based on the proximity to the ship in distress, the time spent on sorting the set of ships available for rescue in the current sea area is 0.0002, 0.0144, 1.9463, 213.9144, and 25,008.8553 s. The total time taken is 0.0143, 0.1076, 2.8183, 222.5531, and 25,103.2924 s, respectively. As shown in Figure 6, it can be found that, due to the approximation of the calculation time of the Euclidean distance of a single ship, the calculation elapsed time and screening elapsed time show a linear growth trend with the increase of the data volume as the number of ship positions in the sea area increases. However, its sorting elapsed time shows an exponential growth, which further causes the increase of its total elapsed time. The query method based on Google S2 grid code first needs to convert the grid code of the ships in the current sea area to the corresponding level, then filter the set of ships available for rescue in the current sea area based on the adequate rescue time and the effective rescue distance, and then finally use the method of \"Alternating Grid Sorting Based on Neighborhoods and Different Coding Levels\" to sort the set of ships available for rescue in the current sea area according to the proximity to the ships in distress. As shown in Table 6, under the simulative situations of the different magnitude of ship position datasets (\(1\times 10^{2}\), \(1\times 10^{3}\), \(1\times 10^{4}\), \(1\times 10^{5}\) and \(1\times 10^{6}\)), the time taken to determine
## 4 Modelling & Simulation Results
### Shutdown System Study
30 cm (bottom right) were moved with the reflector away from the core. This exercise was performed for all 4 cases defined in Figure 5.  
An overview on the combined result for all cases is shown in Figure 7 for the 30 cm opening for all cases. The general tendency is for all 4 cases to be comparable. The 10 cm slice increases the shutdown margin by \(\sim\)50%, the 20 cm slice by \(\sim\)100%, and the 30 cm slice by slightly more than 150%. The gain, in the form of the shutdown margin, is slightly weaker in case 2, where the reference case (case 1 in Figure 5) has the strongest shutdown margin. Considering all the results shown, it is apparent that the removal of the bottom reflector has the potential to be used as a shutdown system, and the negative reactivity margin can be tailored to the demanded shutdown reactivity, which will have to be discussed and agreed on with the regulator at a more detailed design level. From a more technological view, the thickness of the layer to be moved should be as thin as possible. On the one hand, the whole design of the control system and the related moving parts will be more challenging with the increasing weight of the piece to be moved, which creates the demand for an as thin as possible layer. On the other hand, the core part to be moved will limit the opportunity for the insertion of the instrumentation, and the thicker the layer is, the less undisturbed core volume will be left at the top, which will be used for the investigation of the behavior of the homogeneous system. Thus, finally, the dimension of the layer used for the shutdown system will be a typical optimization problem to create a sufficient shutdown reactivity while limiting the disturbance on the experimental performance. Figure 6: Different cases for the investigation of the shutdown efficiency between only moving the reflector (left top) and moving the reflector with increasingly sized layers (10 cm top right, 20 cm bottom left, and 30 cm bottom right) of the core contained in a separated vessel.
# IoT-Based Intelligent Modeling of Smart Home Environment for Fire Prevention and Safety
## 4 IoT-Based Intelligent Modeling of Smart Home Environment for Fire Prevention and Safety
### Sensors  
The products derived from the fire are heat, smoke, gas, or infrared/ultraviolet radiations. The sensors can detect one or more of these phenomena. In our model, we used smoke, gas and heat sensors to detect changes in the above-mentioned aspects. The temperature sensors are mainly designed to detect changes in temperature. Temperature sensors are classified into two classes according to their operations, i.e., (i) rising rate of heat (ii) fixed temperature. The LM35  
Figure 5: Skeleton of IoT-based intelligent modeling of smart home for fire prevention.  
(Texas instrument, China) is a temperature sensor which is very efficient and highly calibrated. This sensor is used to detect the rise in temperature. It may have attributes such as less heating and low linear impedance. It can operate in the voltage range from 4 V to 30 V which is lower than 60 \(\mu\)A of drain current [38]. The smoke sensors are devices that can detect smoke from a fire. The smoke sensors are packed in a plastic cage varying in size and shape, but mostly disk-shaped, 25 mm thick, and 150 mm in diameter. MQ9 (Henan Hanwei Electronics Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, China) is a smoke sensor made of microaluminum oxide which is used to detect smoke in a room. In order to detect the smoke, this sensor combines the high sensitiveness of carbon monoxide and a layer of in oxide. It contains very sensitive components, work conditions, and measuring electrodes [39]. During a burning fire, the gases produced (e.g., carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and many others) are very hazardous. The devices which are used to detect gases like CO, CO\({}_{2}\), etc. are called gas detectors. These devices are used to identify toxic, combustible, flaming gases, and also depletion of oxygen. These devices can be grouped into different classes (infrared, photoionization, catalytic, semiconductors, oxidation, etc.). They are available in two primary forms: (i) portable devices (ii) fixed gas detectors. MH-Z19 NDIR (Zhengzhou Winsen Electronics Technology Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, China) is an infrared gas detector which is quite common. These sensors are tiny, have a long life, and work on the principle of non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) to detect the presence of carbon-dioxide in the air very efficiently.  
In proposed work, we used these three sensors for each sub-portion and set a threshold for these sensors. For the kitchen environment, we used different limits. The sensors sense the environment and collect data in raw form. If the sensed data is higher than a threshold, which is 6S, then the sensor reports the information as fire. This report goes to the sink which works as a processing unit that analyzes the report.
# Vehicle Interior Noise Prediction Based on Elman Neural Network
## 4 NVH Simulation Analysis
### Vibration and Noise Theory  
The noise transfer function (NTF) characterized the correlation between the structure and acoustic characteristics of the internal acoustic cavity. For its low-frequency response, the vehicle body was assumed to be a linear system. Given that the Fourier transform has certain conditional restrictions in its function, to address the vibration problem in a linear system, the ratio of the Laplace transform of the response to the excitation is often used in engineering to obtain the NTF.  
The Laplace transform of function \(x(t)\) is denoted by \(L[x(t)]\)  
\[L[x(t)]=\int_{0}^{\infty}x(t)e^{-st}dt \tag{1}\]  
where \(s\) is a complex variable, \(t\) is a time variable, and \(x(t)\) denote the mass vibration displacement. The differential equation under the action of any exciting force \(f(t)\) is:  
\[m\ddot{x}+c\dot{x}+kx=f(t) \tag{2}\]  
where \(m\) is mass, \(c\) is the damping coefficient and \(k\) is the stiffness coefficient. \(x\), \(\dot{x}\), and \(\dot{x}\) denote displacement, velocity and acceleration respectively [43]. The Laplace transform on the above formula is:  
\[(ms^{2}+cs+k)L[x(t)]=L[f(t)]+m\dot{x}(0)+(ms+c)x(0) \tag{3}\]  
where \(L[f(t)]\) is the Laplace transform of the exciting force function \(f(t)\), \(x(0)\) and \(\dot{x}(0)\) denote the initial displacement and initial velocity. By ignoring the homogeneous solution that decays with time, let \(x(0)=\dot{x}(0)=0\), and obtain the transfer function of the system as follows:  
\[G(s)=\frac{L[x(t)]}{L[f(t)]}=\frac{X(s)}{F(s)}=\frac{1}{ms^{2}+cs+k} \tag{4}\]  
Figure 7: Amount of intrusion at each point of the B-pillar inner panel.  
where \(X(s)\) and \(F(s)\) are derived from the Laplace transform of \(x(t)\) and \(f(t)\), both of which denote frequency. The noise transfer function is determined by the system characteristics and reflects the dynamic characteristics of the system.  
The sound wave was generated by the propagating vibration of the medium particle, whereas the vibration speed and displacement of the medium particle are physical quantities that describe the sound wave. After treating the main driver's right ear position as the output node, the acoustic-structure coupling model file was submitted to Optistruct to obtain the A-weighted sound pressure level of the target node in the vehicle.  
The left and right engine suspension noise transfer function curves are shown in Figures 8 and 9. The logarithm of the ratio between the effective value of sound pressure and the reference sound pressure was multiplied by 20 to obtain the sound pressure
# Sex-Based Differences in Bronchial Asthma: What Are the Mechanisms behind Them?
###### Abstract  
Sex-based differences in bronchial asthma can already be observed in childhood, at which time allergic atopic asthma is more frequently found in boys than in girls. In adulthood, higher prevalence of asthma is reported in women, especially for the more severe neutrophil subtype associated with obesity, which responds poorly to corticosteroids. Sex-based differences seem to be attributable to changing levels of estrogens, progesterone, and testosterone, which may exert mainly pro-inflammatory (estrogens, progesterone) or anti-inflammatory effects (testosterone). Sex steroids differentially influence lung immune responses, airway reactivity, and pulmonary circulation and may thereby contribute to the higher susceptibility of females to more serious complications resulting from inflammatory lung diseases compared to males. However, other factors, such as anatomical and physiological differences in the lungs, differences in genetically conditioned factors, obesity and lifestyle, smoking, exposure to environmental and occupational factors, chronic stress, etc., may also contribute to the sex-based differences in asthma. Elucidation of the mechanisms behind these differences may contribute to more appropriate personalized therapy for asthma. For the review, articles in the English language from the PubMed database were used.  
bronchial asthma; asthma endotypes; asthma phenotypes; sex hormones; sex-based differences; obesity; smoking; chronic stress; genetically determined factors +
Footnote †: journal:  
differences demonstrated in various animal models of airway inflammation and hyperreactivity resembling human asthma. For the review, articles in the English language from the PubMed database were used. The collected material highlighted the potential mechanisms responsible for the differences between males and females and gave rise to many questions about how these differences may influence the therapy given, how different the treatments given to women and men with asthma should be, and which preventive measures can be employed to improve the status of asthma patients.