## 2 Materials and Methods
### Data Collection and Processing  
Non-destructive, mid- to long-term microclimate monitoring is essential for evaluating hygrothermal behavior in building heritage, which allows for repeated, cost-effective testing without compromising historic materials. As porous materials (e.g., stone, brick, mortar, wood, and frescoes) are highly sensitive to environmental fluctuations and cyclic hygrothermal stress, accurate condition assessments are essential prior to any conservation and restoration decision-making process. This research applied microclimate monitoring across the 13 case studies over more than two years as short-term data may miss critical winter condensation or summer evaporation cycles. However, only one complete year of data (13 months for calculation purposes) per case study was selected for the purpose of this research. Appendix A shows the number and location of the data loggers and the monitoring campaign for each case study. In cases where data was missing due to probe malfunctions, no data reconstruction (interpolation methods) was performed to maintain the authenticity of the results and to accurately reflect the building's true behavior in response to outdoor microclimatic conditions. The selection criterion prioritized continuous and uninterrupted datasets, ensuring robust climatic representation despite variations in monitoring periods across sites. HOBO U12 Temp/RH and HOBO MX1101 Temp/RH data loggers were employed, meeting the accuracy standards of \(\pm 0.2\)\({}^{\circ}\)C for temperature and \(\pm 2.5\)% for relative humidity. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Type of** & **Name** & **Abbrev.** & **Location** & **Orientation** & **Context** & **Construction** & **Mechanical** & **Building** \\
**Space** & & & & & & **Date** & **[Y/N]** & **Material** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Inactive} & Semadeni & \multirow{3}{*}{P-SEM} & Poschiao, & \multirow{3}{*}{N-S} & Open field, & \multirow{3}{*}{19 th C.} & \multirow{3}{*}{N} & Stone \\  & Palace & & & & & semi-urban & & \\ Active & San Giacomo & & & & & urban & & \\ space & Church & & & & & urban & & \\  & Palazzo & & & & & & & \\ Inactive & Pievani (ex & & & & urban & & \\  & biblioteca) & & & & & & & \\ Inactive, & Museo & & & & & Semi- & & \\ under refur- & Etmografico & & & & & dense, & & \\ bishment & di Tirano & & & & semi-urban & & & \\  & Castello & & & & & & & \\  & Masegra & & & & & & & \\ Active & Xenodchio & & & & & & & \\ worship & di S. & & & & & & & \\ space & Perpetua & & & & & & & \\  & Basilica of & & & & & & & \\  & San Fedele & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\ Under & San Romerio & & & & & & & \\ restoration & Church & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\ Active & San Giorgio & & & & & & & \\ worship & San Giorgio & & & & & & \\ space & Church & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\ Active & San Giorgio & & & & & & & \\ space & Church & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\ Active & Sanit\({}^{\prime}\)Ignazio & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\ space & Church & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._The complete list of the data logger specifications along with their calibration is shown in Appendix B. For this study, a single representative data logger was selected from each of the 13 case studies based on the following criteria to ensure consistent and reliable microclimate monitoring (Table 2). * Minimal air infiltration;
* Shielded from direct sunlight;
* Reduced ground moisture influence: Located at a sufficient height;
* Distance from cooled surfaces: Positioned away from cold bridges or thermally conductive materials (e.g., metal fixtures) to avoid localized condensation bias;
* Central representative location: Situated in zones reflecting the broader microenvironment of the structure, rather than an edge or atypical conditions. All sensors are susceptible to an inherent margin of error; however, they can also lose accuracy over time due to factors such as improper use, exposure to harsh weather or damaging environments, or general sensor aging.