# Performance of 5G Trials for Industrial Automation
## 3 Trial Systems in the 5G-SMART Project  
The 5G standard specifies non-public networks (NPN) that can be deployed at enterprise locations to support industrial IoT services for industry users [12; 13; 14; 15]. In the 5G-SMART project, we carried out on-premises trial deployments of 5G NPNs in factory production halls at different industrial sites. In this article, we present the over-the-air (OTA) evaluation results from these industrial deployments. Our performance analysis focuses on the industrial use-case scenarios described in Section 2; the concrete implementation of the different use cases is ongoing work. Compared to a recently available measurement study on a campus network [16], our work focuses on both the mid-band (MB) and high-band (HB) performance of 5G networks with ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) features in real industrial deployment scenarios across different trial sites. Moreover, we focus on high percentile values in our latency analysis, which is  
Figure 1: High-level architecture of the use cases realized in Reutlingen, where the arrows indicate the traffic flow between the PLCs in the TSN/Industrial LAN over 5G use case and the AGV and its control application in the cloud-based mobile robotics use case. Source: Bosch. of key importance for mission-critical industrial IoT applications as opposed to average performance metrics. In total, there are six different 5G network deployments within the 5G-SMART project. These are briefly described below and are summarized in Table 2. The architectures and frequency bands for the different sites were selected to enable the evaluation of different deployment options. Aachen: As part of the 5G Industry Campus Europe [16] in Aachen, Germany, a 5G non-standalone (NSA) system has been deployed on a shopfloor with an area of 3000 m\({}^{2}\) at the Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology. In parallel to the 5G NSA system, a 5G Standalone (SA) system has also been built to investigate the integration of the use cases with both the 5G NSA and SA systems. The 5G RAN uses 100 MHz of bandwidth in the locally licensed mid-band Time-Division Duplex (TDD) spectrum at the 3.7-3.8 GHz spectrum (5G band n78). This trial system is based on commercial 5G network components and can be used with commercially available 5G terminal devices. In addition, a 5G prototype system operating in the high-band TDD spectrum at 28 GHz (5G band n261) has been installed in the shopfloor and includes pre-commercial and standard compliant URLLC functionality with a standalone core network. It targets some of the more demanding and future requirements of industrial IoT use cases, hereafter referred to as the URLLC testbed, and is depicted in Figure 2. The prototype system is not based on the commercial hardware and software but contains all of the relevant parts of the 5G protocol stack. Further details describing the 5G trial systems can be found in [10]. Kista: At the 5G-SMART trial site in Kista, Sweden, a 5G NSA system operating at 28 GHz (5G band n257) using 200 MHz of bandwidth is deployed within an Ericsson factory. In this trial system, the 5G-connected industrial robot use cases are investigated and demonstrated. The industrial robots are provided by ABB, and the use cases have been developed at an ABB facility in Vasteras, where a 5G NSA system operating on a test license at 3.7 GHz (5G band n78) has also been deployed. More details describing the 5G trial systems can be found in [9]. Reutlingen: Another 5G-SMART trial site is in Reutlingen, Germany, where a 5G SA system has been deployed in the clean room of a Bosch semiconductor production facility. The 5G system operates in the locally licensed spectrum at 3.7-3.8 GHz (5G band n78) using a bandwidth of 100 MHz. Further details on the 5G deployment can be found in [11]. We have carried out signal strength measurements in different factory halls, and all the deployment setups ensure excellent coverage in the factory halls even behind machine chambers and cabinets.