## 3 Results and Discussion
### Monitoring the Volatile Compound Profiles in Seaweed Fermentation
#### 3.2.2 Laminaria
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Compounds**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Concentration (ug/L)**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & **Unfemented** & **BS** & **SC** & **LA** & **LB** & **LC** \\ \hline
**Ketones** & & & & & & \\ \hline
2-3-Butanedione & nd & 29.03 \(\pm\) 8.54 & nd & nd & nd & nd \\ \hline
1-Penten-3-one & 18.97 \(\pm\) 2.08 \({}^{\ast}\) & 8.65 \(\pm\) 0.78 \({}^{\ast}\) & 3.32 \(\pm\) 0.57 \({}^{\ast}\) & 7.03 \(\pm\) 1.33 \({}^{\ast}\) & 20.77 \(\pm\) 2.45 \({}^{\ast}\) & 22.18 \(\pm\) 0.84 \({}^{\ast}\) \\ \hline
3-Octanone & nd & 113.96 \(\pm\) 9.33 \({}^{\ast}\) & 215.13 \(\pm\) 7.16 \({}^{\ast}\) & 33.38 \(\pm\) 0.88 \({}^{\ast}\) & 53.68 \(\pm\) 1.83 \({}^{\ast}\) & 46.85 \(\pm\) 2.08 \({}^{\ast}\) \\ \hline
3-Hydroxy-2-butanone & nd & 672.20 \(\pm\) 35.20 & nd & nd & nd & nd \\ \hline
2-Octanone & nd & nd & 40.54 \(\pm\) 1.44 & nd & nd & nd \\ \hline
1-Octen-3-one & 254.73 \(\pm\) 4.42 \({}^{\rm hc}\) & 207.96 \(\pm\) 2.92 \({}^{\it d}\) & 87.66 \(\pm\) 0.70 \({}^{\ast}\) & 228.68 \(\pm\) 4.92 \({}^{\it d}\) & 277.10 \(\pm\) 11.00 \({}^{\it d}\) & 297.45 \(\pm\) 16.51 \({}^{\ast}\) \\ \hline
3-Octen-2-one & nd & nd & 11.49 \(\pm\) 0.77 & nd & nd & nd \\ \hline
3-Octendi-2-one & 9.86 \(\pm\) 0.22 \({}^{\it d}\) & 10.12 \(\pm\) 1.75 \({}^{\it d}\) & 21.77 \(\pm\) 1.03 \({}^{\ast}\) & 11.99 \(\pm\) 0.97 \({}^{\it d}\) & 13.29 \(\pm\) 0.85 \({}^{\it hc}\) & 15.54 \(\pm\) 0.66 \({}^{\it b}\) \\ \hline \(\beta\)-Ionone & 3.82 \(\pm\) 0.58 \({}^{\it c}\) & 3.71 \(\pm\) 0.21 \({}^{\ast}\) & 7.85 \(\pm\) 0.79 \({}^{\it b}\) & 11.78 \(\pm\) 1.25 \({}^{\ast}\) & 13.47 \(\pm\) 0.76 \({}^{\ast}\) & 12.77 \(\pm\) 0.25 \({}^{\ast}\) \\ \hline Total ketones & 278.38 \(\pm\) 7.98 \({}^{\it c}\) & 1048.63 \(\pm\) 37.34 \({}^{\ast}\) & 387.76 \(\pm\) 8.23 \({}^{\it b}\) & 285.83 \(\pm\) 6.33 \({}^{\it c}\) & 378.31 \(\pm\) 9.95 \({}^{\it b}\) & 394.79 \(\pm\) 23.44 \({}^{\it b}\) \\ \hline
**Aldehydes** & & & & & & \\ \hline
3-Methylbutanal & 2.56 \(\pm\) 0.05 \({}^{\it b}\) & nd & nd & 6.42 \(\pm\) 0.74 \({}^{\ast}\) & 1.90 \(\pm\) 0.08 \({}^{\it b}\) & 1.42 \(\pm\) 0.36 \({}^{\it b}\) \\ \hline
2-Butenal & 55.74 \(\pm\) 0.89 \({}^{\it b}\) & 28.78 \(\pm\) 1.89 \({}^{\it d}\) & 24.42 \(\pm\) 3.09 \({}^{\it d}\) & 41.96 \(\pm\) 4.29 \({}^{\it b}\) & 67.56 \(\pm\) 3.39 \({}^{\it a}\) & 64.68 \(\pm\) 7.23 \({}^{\it a}\) \\ \hline Hexanal & 265.90 \(\pm\) 15.47 \({}^{\ast}\) & 95.22 \(\pm\) 3.50 \({}^{\it d}\) & 60.55 \(\pm\) 2.27 \({}^{\it d}\) & 112.22 \(\pm\) 10.99 \({}^{\it c}\) & 191.26 \(\pm\) 9.72 \({}^{\it b}\) & 162.73 \(\pm\) 13.50 \({}^{\it b}\) \\ \hline (E)-2-Pentenal & 18.89 \(\pm\) 1.92 \({}^{\it b}\) & 10.38 \(\pm\) 0.97 \({}^{\it c}\) & 10.02 \(\pm\) 0.35 \({}^{\it c}\) & 13.64 \(\pm\) 0.71 \({}^{\it b}\) & 21.36 \(\pm\) 1.84 \({}^{\it a}\) & 20.71 \(\pm\) 2.57 \({}^{\it a}\) \\ \hline Heptanal & 26.92 \(\pm\) 2.84 \({}^{\ast}\) & 11.99 \(\pm\) 1.57 \({}^{\it b}\) & 15.39 \(\pm\) 1.12 \({}^{\it b}\) & 11.45 \(\pm\) 0.74 \({}^{\it b}\) & 14.69 \(\pm\) 2.82 \({}^{\it b}\) & 13.66 \(\pm\) 1.70 \({}^{\it b}\) \\ \hline (E)-2-Hexenal & 29.48 \(\pm\) 0.83 \({}^{\ast}\) & 13.27 \(\pm\) 0.80 \({}^{\it c}\) & 10.22 \(\pm\) 0.19 \({}^{\it c}\) & 18.70 \(\pm\) 2.31 \({}^{\it b}\) & 28.88 \(\pm\) 0.91 \({}^{\it a}\) & 28.26 \(\pm\) 1.01 \({}^{\it a}\) \\ \hline (Z)-4-Heptanal & 10.94 \(\pm\) 2.58 \({}^{\ast}\) & 4.42 \(\pm\) 0.21 \({}^{\it b}\) & 4.40 \(\pm\) 0.06 \({}^{\it b}\) & 9.92 \(\pm\) 0.32 \({}^{\it a}\) & 11.78 \(\pm\) 1.72 \({}^{\ast}\) & 15.23 \(\pm\) 1.24 \({}^{\it a}\) \\ \hline Octanal & 40.10 \(\pm\) 1.26 \({}^{\it b}\) & nd & nd & 35.97 \(\pm\) 1.29 \({}^{\it b}\) & 60.53 \(\pm\) 3.28 \({}^{\it a}\) & 61.45 \(\pm\) 1.74 \({}^{\it a}\) \\ \hline (E)-2-Heptanal & 1179.00 \(\pm\) 45.48 \({}^{\ast}\) & 538.71 \(\pm\) 31.97 \({}^{\it d}\) & 429.48 \(\pm\) 7.48 \({}^{\it d}\) & 761.00 \(\pm\) 32.68 \({}^{\it c}\) & 931.45 \(\pm\) 7.23 \({}^{\it b}\) & 1053.81 \(\pm\) 37.85 \({}^{\it b}\) \\ \hline Nonanal & 20.36 \(\pm\) 0.86 \({}^{\it b}\) & 6.56 \(\pm\) 1.58 \({}^{\it d}\) & 21.16 \(\pm\) 1.58 \({}^{\ast}\) & 11.82 \(\pm\) 0.59 \({}^{\it c}\) & 16.55 \(\pm\) 0.46 \({}^{\it d}\) & 16.22 \(\pm\) 1.46 \({}^{\it b}\) \\ \hline Furfural & 65.36 \(Total ketones were increased after fermentation with BS, SC, LB, or LC (Table 2), with BS showing the most increases.