## 7 Issues and Challenges
### DSM with SPV  
SPV energy conversion systems have been used for a long time since their discovery as a significantly cleaner energy source. Much of the maturity in semiconductor technology has allowed for vast improvements in the scope of SPV generation. The issues discussed below are the major difficulties in addressing stable grid operations with DSM.  
* These sources of generation, albeit easy to install, are not flexible to operate. This is because the reactive power necessary to complement the generated active power from SPV is not readily sourced and is difficult to integrate when upgrading the primary SPV generation sources.
* SPV generation necessitates the use of ESS to avoid drops in power delivery and the energy buffer as and when power is not readily available for generation.
* The installation safety measures need to be stepped up, as they are prone to damage from meteorological and physical factors such as hurricane winds and rust in the installation equipment. This presents a potential hazard, hindering the safety aspect of SPV installation.
* Maturity in SPV panel technology has vastly improved since its inception, but the technology has still not reached its peak maturity for the maximum extraction of available solar energy using existing power conversion and extraction techniques, viz., MPPT.
* The manufacturing and disposal of SPV equipment leave behind a very high carbon footprint, presenting a deterrent toward adoption owing to environmental concerns.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Code** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Year of** \\ **Implementation** \\ \end{tabular} & **Objective** \\ \hline IEEE 1547 & 2003 & To find a bridge between distributed generation and the electric network. \\ IEEE 1547.1 & 2005 & Specifies the test procedure for the interconnection. \\ IEEE 1547.4 & 2011 & Deals with the planning and operation of integration. \\ IEEE 1547.7 & 2013 & To standardize the DG integration system. \\ IEEE 1547.8 & 2014 & It identifies and expands the innovative design, process, and operational procedure to achieve flexibility. \\ IEEE 2030 & 2011 & Integration of information technology into the grid, the establishment of a framework of operation because of the prospects of a smart grid. \\ IEEE P2030.2 & 2015 & Integration of hybrid energy storage systems into the power flow in the network. \\ IEEE 2030.3 & 2015 & The test procedure for a single storage device in the power network. \\ IEEE 2030.7 & 2017 & Standards for microgrid energy management. \\ IEEE 802.1/ & 2003 & Interfaces the identifiers, which operate as the interconnecting modes and power control. Information exchange between the components. \\  & & Sets standards for abstract communication service interface (ACSI) as a paradigm \\ EEC 61850-7-2 & 2003 & used for vertical and horizontal communication for MC61850. \\ EEC 61970/ & 2013 & Sets standards based on information integration and the software framework of EMS \\
61968/62325 & & for DGs \\ IEEE 2030.8 & 2018 & Sets standards for microgrid energy management and control in a grid-tied or off-grid system. \\  & & Automation architecture requirement for utility subsystems, enabling communication and semantic interoperability among multi-vendor equipment, communication networking, and the communication front-end for the network. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Standards used for communication in DSM using DGs and ESS.