esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# FASTSET: A Fast Data Structure for the Representation of Sets of Integers
## 2 Implementation  
A FASTSET is implemented by two integer arrays, of size \(N+1\) and \(N\), which we call elem[ ] and pos[ ], respectively. The array elem[ ] contains the elements of \(S\), in no particular order, consecutively between the positions \(1\) and \(|S|\), while elem[0] stores the value of \(|S|\). The array pos[ ] has the function of specifying, for each \(i\in\{0,\ldots,N-1\}\), if \(i\
otin S\) or \(i\in S\), and, in the latter case, it tells the position occupied by \(i\) within elem[ ]. More specifically, \(\forall i\in\{0,\ldots,N-1\}\)  
\[\texttt{pos}[i]=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}0&\text{if }i\
otin S\\ j\,(>0)&\text{if }i\in S\text{ and }\texttt{elem}[j]=i\end{array}\right.\]  
The main idea in order to achieve optimal time performance is remarkably simple. Our goal is to achieve both the benefits of a PFA, in which listing all elements is optimal (i.e., it is \(O(|S|)\)) but accessing the individual elements, for removal and membership tests is slow (i.e., it is \(O(|S|)\), and of a bitmap implementation where accessing the individual elements is optimal (i.e., it has cost \(O(1)\)) but listing all elements is slow (i.e., it is \(O(N)\)). To this end, in our implementation we use the array elem[ ] as a PFA, and the array pos[ ] as a bitmap. Moreover, not only pos[ ] is a bitmap, but it provides a way to update the partially filled array elem[ ] after each deletion in time \(O(1)\) rather than \(O(|S|)\).  
We will now describe how the set operations can be implemented with the complexity stated in Table 1. The implementation is quite straightforward. We will use a pseudocode, similar to \(\mathsf{C}\). In particular, our functions will have as parameters _pointers_ to FASTSETs, in order to avoid passing the entire data structures.
# Railway Wireless Communications Channel Characterization
## 5 Characterization Scenarios
Because of its high mobility, there are three main problems with handover: unstable signal quality, group handover, and high-frequency handover [27]. Moreover, EM disturbances are present in railway environments, not only in GSM-R as Section 1 introduced but also in other technologies such as LTE-R. One of these EM disturbances is the arcing between the pantograph and the catenary that produces a considerable EM interference in the LTE-R (in 400 MHz frequency band), resulting in transmission errors as [28] states. As [29] states as well, the susceptibility of LTE communication when faced with EM interferences (catenary-pantograph sparks) present onboard trains is not constant and depends on the LTE communication channel bandwidth. Because of the already mentioned different situations in railways, the communication performance is affected.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Mechanical and Magnetic Properties of SC Ni-Mn-Ga Cube
#### 3.2.2 Magnetic Properties  
The magnetization-magnetic field (\(M\)-\(H\)) curve of the \(\{100\}_{\text{p}}\) SC Ni-Mn-Ga cube is shown in Figure 6. An illustration indicating the relationship between the crystal direction and the applied magnetic field (\(H\)-field) is also inserted into Figure 6. Similar to the compression examination, the \(H\)-field was applied along the direction of the \(x\)-axis. Small arrows with numbers adjacent to them represent the scanning sequence of the \(H\)-field; hence, three one-way scans, including two forward scans and one reverse scan, were conducted at RT under ambient condition. It is found that there is a sudden \"jump\" of the \(M\)-\(H\) curve, which was also discerned in the literature [39], indicating the initiation of the MVR (as indicated by an arrow in Figure 6) at approximately 2.5 kOe. Moreover, the \(H\)-field for the initiation of the MVR and the saturation of magnetization at around 7 kOe are similar to those reported in the literature [39]. However, no sudden jump of the magnetization can be found in the second and third scans, since the martensite variants were all oriented in the first scan (i.e., initial scan curve). An \(H\)-field in the orthogonal direction should be applied for the reverse twin motions; hence, a disappearance of the  
Figure 5: The stress–strain (\(S\)-\(S\)) curve of the \(\{100\}_{\text{p}}\) SC Ni-Mn-Ga cube via a compression test at RT. An illustration is shown in the plot to reveal the compression direction. (The vertical dotted lines and the horizontal double arrow line indicate the range from start to finish of the stress-induced martensite variant reorientations.).  
sudden jump is found in the second and third scans. This phenomenon is also the same as those reported in the literature [39].  
Therefore, according to the above-mentioned \(S\)-\(S\) curve (Figure 5) and the \(M\)-\(H\) curves (Figure 6), it can be summarized that the MVR of the SC Ni-Mn-Ga cube can be initiated by either applying a compressive field (Figure 5) or a magnetic field (Figure 6) externally. The compressive field and the magnetic field are around 1 MPa and 2.5 kOe, respectively. Again, their results for the twin motions are in good agreement with those in the literature.
# Free Space Detection Algorithm Using Object Tracking for Autonomous Vehicles
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Free Space Detection (FSD)
This means that there is an obstacle moving in the opposite direction to the vehicle. That is, it represents an obstacle in a lane opposite to the vehicle driving lane. When driving in this segment, the vehicle runs in the opposite direction, meaning that even if there is a free space between the vehicle and an obstacle, it is divided into an area where driving is impossible. In the pseudocode below (Algorithm 1), P denotes an obstacle, RS denotes the relative speed of the obstacle and the vehicle, VS denotes the speed of the vehicle, and Sp denotes the separation of free space. ```
for each obstacle P if P exist  calculation RS if\(\mathrm{RS}\geq 0\)  mark Sp as able to drive else if-VS < RS < 0  mark Sp as unable to drive else if RS < -VS  mark Sp as completely unable to drive else mark Sp as completely able to drive
```  
**Algorithm 1** Free Space Detection (P, RS, VS, Sp)
## 2 Modeling Power Network Based on Controllability Theories of Complex Networks
### Modeling Power System  
According to graph theories, a network is composed with a set of nodes and edges. There are two types of networks containing undirected or directed networks. A network is defined as a directed network if all the connection edges are directed; otherwise, it is undirected. For any directed networks, the information, signal or energy can be transferred from one node to another node via the edges through the network. As far as power systems are connected, the edge weights are usually defined as the reactance so that the shortest path can be translated into the shortest electrical distance, and some other research also used the admittance, which is proportional to the amount of power flowing through any line of the transmission network. However, for most real networks, the weight of each link is either unknown or is known only approximately and time-dependently. According to structural controllability, a system is structurally controllable if it is possible to choose the non-zero weights. Thus, structural controllability supplies a method to overcome inherently incomplete weight information. If a system satisfies [PERSON]'s structural controllability theorem, the weights are 1 or non-zero values which do not affect the structural controllability of the system. Thus, in this paper, if there is a directed connection form node \(i\) to node \(j\), then the value of \(\varrho_{i}\) is 1, which means the controllability of node \(i\) can be affected by node \(j\).  
A power system can be seen as a large complex network with a set of nodes and edges. Thus, the controllability just discussed can be appropriate for the power system. For any power system, the generators, loads, and bus bars are modeled as the nodes, and the connecting transmission lines are  
Figure 1: Framework to solve controllability.  
modeled as the lines or edges. Based on the power flow in the network, the power system should be modeled as a directed network. Furthermore, according to the Kirchhoff laws, the node-voltage method is a good way to analyze a large power system and is used to calculate the current through the power system. The direction of the power flow can be seen as fixed in any steady state [3]. Therefore, suppose \(G=(V\),\(E)\) is a power system with \(n\) nodes and \(k\) lines where \(V\) is the set of nodes and \(E\) is the adjacency matrix which define the connectivity of the network. If there is a power flow from node \(i\) to node \(j\), the value of \(e_{ji}\) is 1; otherwise, \(e_{ji}\) will be 0. Then, the obtained adjacency matrix can be used to calculate the controllability of the network.
## 5 Conclusions  
We developed a computer algorithm which enabled fully automated analysis of SHS number, size, cluster and shape. SHSs in the BE region were significantly shallower, more vertical, less eccentric, and more regular compared with SHS in the squamous region. BE with shallower, more regular subsurface SHS was more likely to achieve neosquamous epithelium after RFA. More eccentric pre-ablation SHSs in the squamous region were strongly correlated with higher reduction of post-ablation BE length for less elderly patients.  
**Supplementary Materials:** The following are available online at [[http://www.mdpicom/2076-3417/8/12/2420/s1](http://www.mdpicom/2076-3417/8/12/2420/s1)]([http://www.mdpicom/2076-3417/8/12/2420/s1](http://www.mdpicom/2076-3417/8/12/2420/s1)). Table S1: Subgroup analysis for LGD patients (n = 18): Comparison of SHS characteristics over the 4 cm longitudinal segments in BE, Table S2: Subgroup analysis for HGD/IMC patients (n = 14): Comparison of SHS characteristics over the 4 cm longitudinal segments in BE, Table S3: Comparison of SHS characteristics over the 4 cm longitudinal segments between LGD and HGD/IMC, Table S4: Comparison of pre-RFA BE SHS between patients who did and did not have RFA treatment response on follow up for LGD patients., Table S5: Comparison of pre-RFA BE SHS between patients who did and did not have RFA treatment response on follow up for HGD/IMC patients, Table S6: Correlation between pre-ablation squamous SHS metrics and the relative change of maximum BE length after RFA in different pathology groups.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, H.M., J.G.F., H.C.L and Z.W.; methodology, Z.W.; software, Z.W.; validation, Z.W., H.C.L, O.O.A. and K.L; formal analysis, Z.W., H.C.L., O.O.A. and K.L; resources, H.M., H.C.L., M.F. and Q.H.; writing--original draft preparation, Z.W.; writing--review and editing, H.C.L., H.M. and J.G.F.; visualization, Z.W.; supervision, H.M. and J.G.F.; project administration, H.M. and J.G.F.; funding acquisition, H.M. and J.G.F.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by VA Boston Healthcare System, National Institutes of Health (R01-CA075289-19, RO1-CA178636-04 and R01-EY011289-30) and Air Force Office of Scientific Research contracts (FA9550-12-1-0551, FA9550-15-1-0473).  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Stability of a Compacted Sand Slope Model Subject to
###### Abstract  
Studying the stability of slopes is of great interest since it is associated to various geotechnical applications, e.g., access embankments and landslide mitigation. This paper describes the research conducted to determine the failure load applied at the top of excavations in sandy soils during the construction of deep digs without the use of retaining systems. An experimental program was performed to measure the failure load of ten laboratory-compacted sand slope models that were constructed using different slope angle values and different locations for the applied loading, which consisted of an imposed uniform rate of vertical displacement at the top of the slope. Then, a three-dimensional (3D) numerical model of the laboratory tests was developed to simulate the observed behavior during the experiments by the Plaxis 3D code. The Mohr-Coulomb (MC) and hardening soil (HS) models were used to describe the behavior of the compacted sand. The results showed that the 3D numerical simulations based on the MC model were able to predict the measured failure load within a relative difference of less than 11% for nine tested slope models, while the HS model was better in predicting the measured failure load (a relative difference of 3.5%) for only one experimental setup when the slope angle was equal to 35\({}^{\circ}\). Furthermore, analytical prediction of the failure load using the yield design theory (YDT) permitted the validation of the log-spiral curve describing the observed failure surface for the tested sand slope models.  
behavior; failure load; rigid foundation; sand; slope Article Stability of a Compacted Sand Slope Model Subject to  
Crest Load  
[PERSON]  
1 Laboratoire des Risques Dangeraux et Naturels, Faculte des Sciences de Tunis, Universite de Tunis El Manar, Foyer Universitaire, 20 Rue de Tolede, Tunis 2092, Tunisia; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.D.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.E.M.)  
2 Laboratoire d'Ingenierie Geotechnique et de Georisque LR14 ES03, Ecole Nationale d'Ingenieurs de Tunis, Universite de Tunis El Manar, BP 37 Le Belvedere, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (H.K.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (W.F.)  
3 Faculte de Genie Civil, Universite de Larbi Tebessi, Route de Constantine, Tebessa 12022, Algeria; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
4 Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]
## 7 Passive Optical Network
### WDM-PON Application  
The WDM-PON is an attractive scheme that enables the transmission of multiple wavelengths over an optical fiber infrastructure being shared by multiple operators instead of one wavelength. Consequently, due to the associated per wavelength capacity, WDM-PON can meet the huge bandwidth requirements for different broadband services desired by the subscribers. Additionally, it offers several appealing features like comparatively simpler network management and higher wavelength efficiency. The offered advantages help in supporting several applications and services than what can be achieved in the TDM-PON system. Besides, based on the WDM-PON architecture, all expected broadband services can be supported on a shared fiber network infrastructure.  
Moreover, WDM-PON can give effective support to some optical fiber-based access networks like FTTB, FTTH, and FTTC. Likewise, it is an attractive business solution that can give concurrent support to both small-scale and large-scale customers. Furthermore, due to its inherent huge bandwidth, the bandwidth requirements of different forms of BSs can be suitably accomplished [143; 144]. A high-capacity WDM-PON scheme can also be exploited to enables interconnection of the RUs with time-shared optical network edge nodes, as well as the BBUs [33]. Besides, its employment can facilitate network reach extension and help in the existing EPON solution transition. Based on this, the existing network investment can be kept while network scalability is being relatively enhanced [144].  
Furthermore, compared with the WDM scheme, UDWDM-PON presents a relatively denser wavelength grid. Besides, UDWDM-PON can support a substantial number of aggregated wavelengths per fiber. Based on the high wavelength aggregation, a larger number of DUs per feeder fiber can be accommodated effectively. Nevertheless, as a consequence of the predicted stringent transport network requirements by the 5G and beyond networks, the UDWDM scheme might not be able to offer practical support for the high-per-wavelength bit rates. For example, when sub-carriers are aggregated to support high-speed services, a relative amount of latency is introduced. Consequently, UDWDM scheme employment is encouraging in scenarios where there are ultra-dense BSs to be deployed and accessibility to the feeder fiber is inadequate. In addition, it is also applicable when the DUs demand a low-peak rate, but with a significant sustainable rate [8; 403]. As aforementioned in Section 7.3, both TDM-PON and WDM-PON can be exploited to achieve a hybrid WDM-TDM-PON scheme known as time and wavelength division multiplexed PON (TWDM-PON) architecture, which has been adopted for the NG-PON2 technology. It is remarkable that TWDM-PON is not only an effective solution for supporting both small-scale and large-scale subscribers, but it is also an attractive solution for different broadband applications and services [143].
# Dynamic Similitude Design Method of the Distorted Model on Variable Thickness Cantilever Plates
## 1 Introduction
[22] studied the scaling laws of distortion models for predicting the laminate plate's buckling and free vibration, deriving the scaling laws on different material and geometrical properties by using the governing equations of laminated plates and shells. Basically, dynamical similitude design of complex structures, especially the design of distorted models, still focus on the distortion of materials. However, due to the structure's complexity of the prototype, the study of geometrically distorted models is a real need. Most recently, [PERSON] and [PERSON] et al. [23; 24; 25] presented a series of methods in the design of geometrically distorted models of plates and shells. In their work, the sensitivity analysis was employed in deriving accurate distorted scaling laws to predict the dynamic characteristics of the prototype [26; 27]. In this study, in order to address the problem in designing a scaled model for a VT plate, a simplified ST plate, which has the same dynamic properties of the VT plate, is introduced. By using the transfer matrix method, the equivalent thickness of the corresponding thin plate is derived for each vibration modals. Then, a unified thickness of the Model Thin (MT) plate is selected and the corresponding scaling law is proposed such that the dynamic properties of the prototype VT plate can be predicted by using the MT plate. The manuscript is organized as follows. In Section 2, the distorted scaling law of thin walled plates is derived based on the governing equation. The simplified ST plate is then proposed in Section 3, where the transfer matrices of both ST plates and thin plates with the cantilever boundary condition are discussed, and the equivalent thicknesses of different vibration modals are computed. In Section 4, the scaled down model of the VT plate is designed with a unified thickness, and the corresponding scaling laws are derived to predict the dynamic properties of the prototype VT plate. A case study is also provided to validate the proposed design method and a general process of designing the MT plate is summarized. Finally, conclusions are presented in Section 5.
# Trustworthy AI and Federated Learning for Intrusion Detection in 6G-Connected Smart Buildings
## 7 Trustworthy AI Solution for Intrusion Detection in Smart Buildings  
The key goals considered during the design of the proposed decentralized ML-IDS are data privacy, AI trustworthiness, and security. Smart building data, such as network and sensor data, are sensitive and can reveal complex patterns [65]. FL is adopted to preserve data privacy by design, enabling collaborative ML development without data sharing. Additionally, as smart buildings are critical, human-centered applications, AI solutions must be trustworthy, functioning as intended and delivering interpretable results.
## 4 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Results and Analysis of Fault Diagnosis Under Variable Working Conditions Using Transfer Learning  
To verify the effectiveness of the proposed RB-RECJ method for fault diagnosis, the model was compared with the MS-1 DCNN method in [6] and the DCMADA method in [30], with experiments conducted across 12 transfer learning tasks. For each transfer learning task, five experiments were conducted, and the accuracy rates were averaged. The final accuracy pairs for the transfer learning tasks are shown in Figure 20.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Model** & **Accuracy Rate/\%** \\ \hline This paper & 99.6 \\ I-SKNet-ResNet & 98.7 \\ ResNet & 96.9 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Experimental comparison of attention mechanisms.  
Figure 19: Method comparison results.  
The vibrational signal time-domain feature extraction method, integrating the residual network and efficient channel attention mechanism, effectively extracts bearing state characteristics. The combination of JMMD and CORAL further reduces the distribution differences of signal characteristics across varying working conditions, improving the diagnostic model's adaptability. Transfer diagnostic experiments using the RB-RECJ method on datasets from different conditions achieved high identification accuracy across various condition transfer tasks. As shown in the table above, the diagnostic model proposed in this study achieves over 98% accuracy under each type of variable load condition, with an average accuracy of 99.5%, significantly surpassing the comparison method.
## Results
### Daily Drivers of Solar Induced Fluorescence
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Measurement**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Avocado \(p\) Values (R2)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Orange Jasmine \(p\) Values (R2)**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & \(\mathbf{SIF_{red}}\) & \(\mathbf{SIF_{FR}}\) & \(\mathbf{SIF_{red}}\) & \(\mathbf{SIF_{FR}}\) \\ \hline Leaf PAR & \textless{}0.001 (0.52) & \textless{}0.001 (0.65) & \textless{}0.001 (0.14) & \textless{}0.001 (0.35) \\ Global PAR & \textless{}0.001 (0.05) & \textless{}0.001 (0.14) & \textless{}0.001 (0.03) & \textless{}0.315 (\textless{}0.01) \\ ETR & \textless{}0.001 (0.33) & \textless{}0.001 (0.28) & \textless{}0.001 (0.14) & \textless{}0.001 (0.18) \\ YPSII & \textless{}0.001 (0.39) & \textless{}0.001 (0.32) & \textless{}0.001 (0.18) & \textless{}0.001 (0.23) \\ YNPQ & \textless{}0.001 (0.10) & \textless{}0.001 (0.07) & \textless{}0.001 (0.14) & \textless{}0.001 (0.17) \\ YNO & \textless{}0.001 (0.48) & \textless{}0.001 (0.35) & \textless{}0.001 (0.27) & \textless{}0.001 (0.24) \\ PRI & 0.003 (\textless{}0.01) & \textless{}0.914 (\textless{}0.01) & \textless{}0.001 (0.03) & \textless{}0.001 (0.05) \\ NDVI & \textless{}0.001 (0.03) & \textless{}0.202 (\textless{}0.01) & \textless{}0.610 (0.01) & \textless{}0.001 (\textless{}0.01) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Matrix table of \(p\) and R2 values for correlations between SIF (red and far-red (FR)) and LIFT photosynthetic (ETR, YYSII, YNPQ, YNO), PAR (leaf and global) and spectral (PRI and NDVI) measurements, from two different species of plants (avocado (\(n\) = 1266) or orange jasmine (\(n\) = 986)), with measurements performed every 3 min and averaged for 6 leaves of each species. For each correlation the \(p\) value is given followed by the R2 value in brackets; where insignificant, correlations are italicized. \(p\) values should be interpreted with caution due to pseudo-replication of measurements (3 min apart).