## 4 Discussion  
### Contribution of ES and Global Issues  
According to the study, Millenium Ecosystem Assessment [1] inferred that 15 of 24 ecosystem services had degraded globally. Anthropogenic activities are the main reason  
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for 60% of the deterioration of provisioning ecosystem services [1, 94; 95; 96]. On a global scale, we projected the impact of LULC on ecosystem services and concluded that changes in LULC can deteriorate the ES [97].  
[PERSON] et al. [29] infer that trade-off and/or synergies do take place between regulation ecosystem services and other ESs, considering this the main determinant to access the ecological changes [35]. In the global scenario of the past five decades, due to an increase in the population, demand, and usage of water, intensive agricultural produce, industrialization, and economic growth, [PERSON]. [98] pinpoints that the use of water has tripled. Studies conducted by [14, 99; 100; 101] prove that there is a significant role played by LULC on the water yield. A trade-off relationship between ES was found by [PERSON] et al. [102] between provision ES and soil conservation. The study conducted by [PERSON] et al. [103] found that there is a significant connection between carbon storage and soil sediment retention in an urban watershed and river basins. However, it was also proved that the synergies and trade-offs occur in different scenarios [104]. Hence, a study analyzing various ESs is vital to urban management, planning, and policy decision making [28, 105].  
Literature proves that there is a direct relationship between the carbon and soil-based ESs [106; 107; 108]; [PERSON] et al. [109] proved the existence of a positive correlation between aboveground carbon storage with water regulation and supply. However, knowledge related to the potential of the coastal belt to regulate climate change and emission levels due to different anthropogenic activities is not available. Nevertheless, it is critical to access the influence of carbon sequestration on climate changes by different LULC on susceptible areas that are sensitive to changing processes. Many research scholars have studied the influence of LULC on carbon stock and climatic changes [110]. Following this study, we find [111] established the relationship between precipitation variation and LULC and its influence on ES  
The study of soil erosion has caught the attention of researchers recently, and studies have been conducted globally on various scales [112]. The study conducted by [PERSON] et al. [113] showed the result of ecosystem services hampered due to soil erosion, desertification, etc. Additionally, due to the presence of spatial heterogeneity, [PERSON]. [114] explains the importance of soil-related study at various scale dynamics. This helps us to understand the effect of soil and its trade-off and/or synergies at various scales, as demonstrated by [115].  
The major issue found globally today, as summarized by [116; 117; 118; 119], shows that ES have been critically impacted due to the intense interaction between the ecosystem and humans at a regional scale, and this has to be looked after with immediate effect. This is also important according to the study [120], which found that the relationship between ES is spatially heterogeneous. Some researchers have studied the LULC change on a smaller scale can transform into synergy in spatiotemporal distribution at a larger scale [121; 122; 123]. [PERSON] et al. [104] stated that studies at the future level at a regional scale should be designed to improve various scenarios in a detailed way to cater to the local situation and policy planning. Researchers such [82, 124; 125] found that there was a significant influence of climatic factors on the ES variations. Therefore, [PERSON]. [126; 127] suggest that the effective planning management strategy is to incorporate ES bundles and hotspots in the decision-making process.