esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Diffuse-Field Equalisation of Binaural Ambisonic Rendering
## 5 Discussion  
The results showed that binaural Ambisonic rendering with DFE produced an overall improvement in high-frequency reproduction over standard binaural Ambisonic rendering when compared to direct HRIR rendering, as well as improved timbral consistency between different orders of Ambisonics. However, results were not hugely significant, indicating that even with DFE, binaural Ambisonic reproduction still varies considerably in timbre between orders and between direct HRIR rendering.  
Results for the 1 st and 5 th-order configurations were more substantial than 3 rd-order, which is likely due to the greater variation in diffuse-field responses for the 1 st and 5 th-order configurations, and at frequencies with more perceptual importance (see again Figure 4). Thus for these two configurations, equalisation produced a more significant improvement.  
Results were shown to vary with sound source location, something that was evident in both the perceptual spectral difference calculations across the sphere and the results of the listening tests. However, no trends between the influence of DFE and specific sound source location attributes (such as increasing elevation or increasing lateralisation) were found. A possible general explanation for the directional variation in influence of DFE is that different sound source locations produce HRTFs that emphasise or cut different frequencies, and a boost or cut to a specific frequency band (i.e. from the diffuse-field equalisation) will therefore affect certain locations more than others.
# Multi-Layer QoE Learning System Implemented by Fiberhost
## 5 Implementation of Unsupervised Learning  
In TV services, the CX is reflected by a multi-path approach, shown in Figure 9. The core of the AX component is the incoming call center line and interaction between customer service team and the client that usually makes a complaint or has a number of questions with regard to the service. The DX part is implemented through two parallel paths. One is based on subjective opinions about the evaluation of the TV service obtained through a questionnaire directed to a customer calling the inbound hotline, or a single-page application that runs on the STB. The customer is asked six questions contained in Table 3 rated on a scale of 1 to 5, where 5 is the most positive feeling and 1 is the most negative feeling.  
In the second DX track, a subjective QoE rating is calculated based on the data collected from the STBs. The logs cover the level of video streams played, time spent on the selected stream, frequency of video quality changes, and the metrics related to stalls, i.e., the frequency and their duration per decoder. The analysis also includes additional errors specific to the overall system implementation which could affect user perception. It includes data related to API errors or system errors that generate messages displayed during playback. After appropriate filtering and analysis of the features, a QoE evaluation is performed on the basis of unsupervised learning models based on continuous clustering, as described in [24]. The SCI, SCTI, STCSI and VSBCT parameters are calculated and mapped to scores from 1 to 5, where 5 is the highest level of QoE. The QoE value is estimated due to the lack of actual evaluation obtained from the customer at this stage. The QoE per set-top box estimation should be aggregated into QoE per account ratings due to the fact that one customer may have multiple STB devices as part of a multiroom service. Aggregation will also allow the estimated rating to be mapped to the rating obtained from the survey in the parallel DX path. Combining the actual rating from the customer and the estimated one will allow the model to be improved for estimation to better represent the QoE within that particular service. Unfortunately, there is no way to collect the survey-based data from every customer, and for this reason either an unsupervised learning model can be better suited or a supervised learning model can be created after collecting as many responses as possible.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l} \hline \hline
**Question** \\ \hline How do you rate the quality of video today? \\ How do you perceive the level of image quality on the service? \\ How much do image stalls affect your satisfaction with the service? \\ How much do video quality changes affect your satisfaction? \\ How much does the delay in starting playback affect your satisfaction? \\ How would you rate the overall performance of the service? \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: QoE survey.
## 4 Protection and Security of the Acquisition System  
The follow up and the maintenance of the experimental setup were also two very important questions to which a great interest has been paid. This concerns the transmission/reception devices and the electrical energy.  
Regarding the high frequency (HF) transmission/reception device, there were three aspects:  
* Lightning protection: on the building a lightning rod was considered essential to be installed. The choice was made to install a lightning conductor with a radius of 30 m all around the LA.M.E laboratory building.
* Verification and reinforcement, or even extension of the mast, installed in 2018, to ensure a good performance of the high frequency transmission/reception system even in strong winds.
* Verification of the high frequency transmission/reception device installed on the ground, in the LA.M.E laboratory.  
Secondly, the other component of the follow up and the maintenance was the verification and monitoring of the secondary electrical power system. Indeed, it should be noted that power cuts are frequent in Burkina Faso, particularly in the city of Ouagadougou. These sudden interruptions, sometimes followed or preceded by sharp rises or falls in the level of the supply voltage, are very harmful to equipment, even fatal. It was therefore necessary to install a second energy source to ensure the continuous supply of the system. Therefore, a Photo Voltaic (PV) electrical generator as a secondary source was dimensioned and installed. This secondary source should work permanently in both dry and rainy seasons, thanks to the backup batteries of the PV system. On the other hand, regarding this point, it is necessary that the system collects the performance data of available power throughout the year, in dry or wet seasons, to be able to monitor that no interruption of energy has occurred.
## 1 Introduction  
Reinforced concrete (RC) has long been recognized as a construction material with excellent constructability, economic efficiency, fire resistance, and durability, but it naturally ages over time [1, 2]. In addition, the performance and usability of the material slowly deteriorate due to changes in the surrounding environment [1, 2, 3, 4].  
The service life of RC is generally determined by the degradation of the mechanical function due to concrete damage and the corrosion of rebars [5, 6]. While RC is particularly well suited for marine and harbor structures, the rebar in RC structures can be corroded due to the infiltration of the chlorides contained in seawater. Therefore, instead of conventional rebars, epoxy-coated steel bars have been used in RC structures exposed to such corrosive environments [7]. In addition, technologies to prevent the corrosion of rebars using fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have been developed and applied. Epoxy-coated steel bars allow easy structural design and construction because their mechanical behavior is the same as that of conventional rebar, but they are also susceptible to corrosion in bent sections of the bars [8, 9]. The corrosion that occurs in these vulnerable sections reduces the durability and mechanical functions of RC structures [10]. FRP rebars, on the other hand, have excellent durability because they are free from corrosion [11, 12]. However,there are limitations in the mechanical design and construction of FRP rebars because their tensile characteristics and elastic modulus are very different from those of conventional rebars. FRP rebars are relatively economical when fabricated with glass fibers, but they are still expensive compared to conventional rebars [13; 14]. The bond characteristic of GFRP bars in concrete is the most critical parameter for using the material in corrosion-free concrete structures. Unlike steel reinforcement, GFRP materials have anisotropic, non-homogeneous, and linear elastic properties, resulting in different force transfer mechanisms between reinforcement and concrete [15].  
In this study, hybrid rebars fabricated by covering conventional rebar with FRP materials are considered. FRP rebar can have increased durability under chloride-induced corrosion conditions, such as marine exposure, while maintaining the same mechanical properties as conventional rebars. Due to concerns about the degradation of the bonding properties with concrete materials, as in the case of epoxy-coated steel rebars, an experimental study on the bond properties of glass FRP (GFRP) hybrid rebars is reported.
# Production of Sustainable Postbiotics from Sugarcane Straw for Potential Food Applications
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Phenolic Compounds Profile
According to published reports, yeast can convert ferulic acid into some intermediates, such as the isomer dihydroferulic acid, in the first two hours of cultivation. This yeast can also produce benzeneacetic acid, \(2^{\prime}\),5\({}^{\prime}\)-dihydroxyacetophenone, 5-allyl-1-methoxy-2,3-dihydroxybenzene, 4-hydroxyphenylethanol, 4-vinylguaiacol, and phenylethyl alcohol [56]. Decarboxylases, the most well-known of which is phenyl acrylic acid decarboxylase, were demonstrated to promote the conversion of ferulic acid in _S. cerevisiae_[57]. Another significant class of phenolic chemicals that are prominently present in sugarcane are flavonoids. Among these, luteolin with glucose moieties and tricin with glucose, glucuronide, or neospheroside moieties were found. The luteolin and isovitexin derivatives were detected, but they were lower than the quantification limit. Tricin-7-O-glucose (\(m/z\) 491 [M \(-\) H]\({}^{-}\) (C\({}_{25}\)H\({}_{31}\)O\({}_{10}\))), tricin-7-O-rhammosyl-glucuronide (\(m/z\) 651 [M \(-\) H]\({}^{-}\) (C\({}_{29}\)H\({}_{31}\)O\({}_{17}\))) presented the higher content among all the flavones identified with 1.57 \(\pm\) 0.02 and 1.27 \(\pm\) 0.02 \(\upmu\)g/g dw, respectively. With only 2% of all detected phenolic compounds belonging to this class, the extract had the lowest representation of these compounds. Many studies claim that due to tricin's pharmacological efficiency, bioactive characteristics, and low toxicity, it has demonstrated its clinical utility over time [58]. Due to the qualities it possesses, such as anticancer capabilities [59; 60], antiobesity [61], antidiabetic [62], antioxidant [63; 64], anti-inflammatory [65; 66], and antiviral [67] tricin is regarded as a promising nutraceutical. The fermentation process led to a decrease in tricin-7-O-glucose from 1.57 to 0.75 \(\upmu\)g/g dw, and tricin-7-O-rhammosyl-glucuronide presented an increase of 8%.
# A High-Resolution SAR Focusing Experiment Based on GF-3 Staring Data
## 2 Focusing Experiment Based on GF-3 Staring Data
### Stop-And-Go Approximation  
In the traditional airborne or low-orbit spaceborne SAR imaging algorithm, it is usually assumed that the radar does not move during the transmission of the pulse signal and the reception of the corresponding echo reflected from scatters (i.e., the stop-and-go approximation). Under this approximation, both the signal model and complexity of the imaging algorithm are greatly simplified. However, the approximation will introduce two adverse effects on image quality, especially in a high-resolution SAR system.  
The first effect is that there will be a range-dependent azimuth shift in the focused image. In this staring experiment, between a pulse signal transmission and its reception, the satellite moves about 45 m. This shift can be compensated using a linear azimuth phase ramp \(\Phi_{\rm sg1}\) in range-Doppler domain after the range cell migration correction [22; 24].  
\[\Phi_{\rm sg1}(f_{a},\,\,\tau)=\exp\{j2\pi f_{a}(\tau-\tau_{\rm s})\} \tag{22}\]  
where \(f_{a}\) is the azimuth frequency vector, \(\tau\) is the range time vector, and \(\tau_{\rm s}\) is the time delay of receiving the first range signal.  
The second effect is that there will be a range-frequency-dependent azimuth shift in the echo signal. In the GF-3 case, the pulse duration is 45 us, and the satellite moves about 30 cm. The range-time and chirp frequency have a one-to-one relationship, and then, the azimuth phase has a different slope in a different range frequency. Fortunately, this kind of shift is space invariant in azimuth, and it can be compensated using \(\Phi_{sg2}\) in two-dimensional frequency domain.  
\[\Phi_{sg2}(f_{a},\,f_{\tau})=\exp\left\{j2\pi f_{a}\frac{f_{\tau}}{K_{\tau}} \right\},f_{\tau}\in\left[-\frac{f_{\rm s}}{2},\frac{f_{\rm s}}{2}\right] \tag{23}\]  
where \(f_{\tau}\) is the range frequency vector, \(K_{\tau}\) is chirp rate, and \(f_{\rm s}\) is range sampling frequency.
## 3 Experimental Setup
The flicker noise was generated by AC-powered SMPS. Additionally, we presented the waveform corresponding to 250 bits of the total length of the NRZ-OOK signal on the right in order to clearly show the effect of the flicker noise and the shape of the restored waveform using the proposed technique. As shown in the 250-bits waveform, it was found that the waveform was tilted by the flicker noise (upper figure in the right waveform). However, as shown in the lower waveform (point (C)), both high-frequency noise and flicker noise were reduced using the proposed technique. Figure 2: Experimental setup: Li-Fi link for the reduction of flicker noise. (**A**) Input NRZ-OOK waveform, (**B1**) Overall waveform of received signal, (**B2**) Received signal waveform of 250 bits (**C**) Recovered signal waveform after flicker noise reduction.
## 2 Conclusions and Future Perspective  
Halophytes offer an ecofriendly alternative to meet the food demand of growing populations by re-vegetating saline lands. They can be utilized as an excellent source of biofuel because they contribute to C balance and inhibit greenhouse gas emission problems. Their root exudates contain some metabolites that recruit beneficial microbes in the rhizosphere. Halophytes synthesize phenolics, flavonoids, and a plethora of bioactive compounds that exhibit antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The microbes associated with halophytes also produce a diverse group of bioactive secondary metabolites that modulate the growth and yield of crops under stress. Halophyte root pieces habilitating halotolerant bacteria may comprise a good source of biofertilizer or a carrier for biofertilizers. Halophytes are tools for understanding the salt tolerance mechanism of plants and for adapting agriculture to climate change. They can be used as cash crops for biosaline agriculture and also for rehabilitation of arid and semiarid regions. Halophytes also act as good phytoremediators for contaminated lands. The need is to have a deeper insight into the cross communication  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Halobacteria** & **Host Plant** & **Effect on Host Plant** & **Reference** \\ \hline _Alcaligenes faecalis_ SBN01 and & & Plant biomass increased at 600 mM NaCl, & [74] \\ SBN02 & & accumulation of Total Chl, and Carotenoid & \\ _Glutamicibacter halophytcola_ & Tomato seeds & At 200 mM NaCl, Root biomass increased, & [75] \\ _Bacillus pumilus_ FAB10 & & K+/Na+ ratio changed & \\ _Aneurithicallus ancurinylticus,_ & & & \\ _Parenihucallus_ sp. & _Phaseolus vulgaris_ & & \\ _Klebsiella_ sp. & _Avena sativa_ & & \\ _Bacillus taquilensis, Bacillus_ & & Rice & \\ _Aryabhattai_ & & & \\ _B. marisflavi, Zhihengliuella_ & & _Zea mays_ L. & 400 mM NaCl, high accumulation of proline & [80] \\ _flava_ and _H. nanhaiensis_ & & compared with the non-inoculated plants & \\ _S. chartreusis, S. tritolerans, and & & enhanced shoot and root dry biomass by & \\ _S. rochei_ & _Salicornia bigelovii_ & 32.3–56.5\% and 42.3–71.9\%, respectively, 69.1\% & [81] \\ _Alcaligenes_ sp. AF7 & & Rice & enhanced the fresh and dry biomass of rice at & [82] \\ _Halomonas_ sp. Exo1 & & Rice & enhanced germination index upto 83\%, & [83] \\ _P. plexoglossicida, B. flexus,_ & & & \\ _B. safensis_ & & _Bacopa monnieri_ & & \\ _Staphylococcus_ sp., & & & \\ _Halomonas, Bacillus_ & _Alfalfa_ & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Effect of halobacteria on the growth and physiology of some halophytes.  
between halophytes and microbe's secondary metabolites in rhizosphere to understand and decipher mechanism that inculcate biosaline agriculture.  
A.B. conceptualization, Editing, and supervision A. in write up validation. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Cognitive Software Defined Networking and Network Function Virtualization and Applications
## 2 Summary  
### Paper 1: Scheduling for Media Function Virtualization [3]  
This article discusses the problem of scheduling virtualized media functions (VMFs) in a media function virtualization (MFV) environment. MFV proposes the use of COTS hardware to run media processing for VMFs that can be connected in the form of VMF-FGs. The authors first formulate an instance of the VMF-FG scheduling problem as an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) model and prove its NP-completeness. They then propose a greedy algorithm based on Breadth-First Search (BFS) and Depth-First Search (DFS) graph traversals to solve the problem. The evaluation of the proposed algorithm shows that the end-to-end delay increases with the cycle time, and the end-to-end delay can be improved with VMF-FG decomposition, particularly for high-quality media formats. The results also show that the proposed algorithm performs well in resource utilisation, with the average number of cores used per node decreasing with higher quality media formats and increasing with VMF-FG decomposition.  
This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the scheduling problem in a media function virtualisation environment and presents a scalable solution.  
Future work will focus on implementing a media service in an MFV environment with VMF-FG scheduling.
## 4 Technological Background and Experimental Setup
### Technological Background  
The research works in this field discuss methods to improve the hand function of stroke patients by usage of the affected hand expressed as Intensity of Hand Use (IHU)  
Figure 9: Multiuser therapy wearable architecture. A large number of users can use the wearable device and autonomously operate without the need for direct supervision and feedback from a therapist. The users can be anywhere and can even be traveling.  
and Duration of Hand Use (DHU) in daily tasks based on an accelerometer. IHU is related to hand movement intensity during the therapy and DHU is the total amount of time in which there is activity in one or both hands. It is shown that the IHU and DHU significantly improved hand functions with both uni-manual and bimanual tasks during the rehabilitation process. A Concise Arm and Hand Rehabilitation Approach in Stroke (CARAS), specifically designed for therapists on new treatment techniques for the restoration of arm-hand function and arm-hand skill performance in stroke patients, is presented in the research work [38]. They discuss three programs designed as part of CARAS based on severely, moderately, and mildly impaired hands of users. Program-1 is for the skill performance of the hands of users severely affected by stroke and whose hands became non-functional due to inactivity, spasticity, or stiffness. Program-2 and Program-3 are designed for moderately to mildly affected patients and encompasses high-intensity, task-oriented hand training, including gross motor grip tasks, passive and active fixation tasks, grasp and displace tasks, etc.  
Our approach is to integrate IoT technology with the hand therapy of stroke survivors with a simple wearable device with benefits for both therapists and users in terms of time and costs with good performance, particularly in developing and underdeveloped nations. The control parameters introduced earlier handle the intensity and duration of hand use. Intensity of hand use can be associated with the speed and angle control parameters. The count control parameter is used for the duration of hand use. Apart from the therapy related to intensity and duration of hand use, the users are also taught to perform grasping and gripping tasks, including holding various objects and performing actions such as drinking, eating, writing, etc.
# JANNet: A U-Shape Network with Jump Attention for Semantic Segmentation of Road Scenes
## 3 Results
### Experimental Evaluation
#### 3.5.3 Cityscape Dataset Results
The second set of images is an intersection scene, where there are some side-by-side vehicles in opposite directions, and the segmentation effect of each network on vehicle targets is good. Compared with other networks, JAUNet has a complete segmentation effect on rod-shaped objects and an advantageous effect on small targets such as pedestrians. The third and fourth groups of images are road scenes and several opposite vehicle targets, and we can pay attention to the processing of vehicle edges and rod-shaped objects. JAUNet has the best results. In the Figure 14, it can also be seen that JAUNet has mis-segmented some of the road markings as car targets, probably because JAUNet is more sensitive to small targets and the markings are not labelled. At the same time, JAUNet classifies the signage target shown as background in the label on the right as a wayfinding sign as well, while the rest of the network would classify the target as a building. This shows that JAUNet classification results seem to be closer to human perception in the classification of targets without labels. Figure 13: Cityscape MIoU. The fifth group of images is mainly roads. The segmentation of road edges by FCN is completely blurred. SegNet can recognize part of the edges but mistakenly segmented part of the sidewalks as roads. UNet and JAUNet can segment road edges better, but UNet has poor recognition of the right-side streetlights, and JAUNet with added attention mechanism can be well recognized. The segmentation details of the Cityscapes dataset are shown in Figure 15. The yellow boxes in the figure mark the parts of the segmentation results that are significantly different. In the detailed diagram, it is obvious to see the mis-segmentation of vehicles on the right side of the first set of images, and JAUNet has the best overall performance. At the same time, other networks classified part of the person target on the left into a car, while UNet can recognize person's outlines, and JAUNet tends to highlight small target person more. From the second row in the figure, it can be seen that, compared with the network shown, JAUNet can successfully segment the detailed information in the fine objects; in other words, the light pole of the streetlight is successfully recovered, mainly due to the multi-scale fusion of deep and shallow features by the JAM module in the network. Moreover, the results from the first, third, and fourth rows in the figure show that JAUNet is able to perform more accurately, such as the classification of large areas of foliage and ground, as well as the classification of walls and pavements, further demonstrating the enhanced effect of the JAM module for multi-scale information fusion. Compared with other models, JAUNet is able to segment not only objects with fine edges but also larger objects more accurately with significant segmentation effects, indicating that JAUNet has some enhancement in real-time semantic segmentation for different scales of objects.