## 3 Adsorption of Model Compounds by Eggshell Biocomposite Adsorbents
### Temperature Effects and Thermodynamic Parameters
Kd is a representation of their mobility or partitioning and distribution properties between the solid and liquid phase, where a higher Kd indicates a greater distribution into the solid phase and vice versa [107]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Pollutants** & **Adsorbents** & **Adsorption** & \(q_{e}\) & **Equilibrium** & **Remarks** & **Ref.** \\  & & **Parameters** & **(mg/g)** & **Kinetic Models** & **Remarks** & **Ref.** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Cu\({}^{2+}\)} & \multirow{6}{*}{Co-grinding} & pH 5.61, Cu (II) & & & Ni\({}^{2+}\), Mn\({}^{2+}\), Zn\({}^{2+}\), & \\  & & was 0.001 mol/L, & & & Cd\({}^{2+}\) present & \\  & copper sulfate & CaCO\({}_{3}\)/Cu\({}^{2+}\) at & The removal is & & remained in \\  & solution with & 1:1, 100 min & 99.76\% & & solution at about \\  & & CaCO\({}_{3}\) & milling, 300 rpm, & & 94.7\%, 98.8, 75.2, & \\  & & 10\% milling balls & & & and 84.5\%, & \\  & & & & & respectively & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Cu\({}^{2+}\) from sulfate bearing} & Co-grinding & 300 mL, & 99\% Cu\({}^{2+}\) & & \\  & wastewater with & 300 mg/L, 200 g & removal with & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & CaCO\({}_{3}\); with & milling beads, & CaCO\({}_{3}\)/Cu\({}^{2+}\); & & [73] \\ \cline{1-1}  & & solutions of & 30 min, Ca/Cu\({}^{2+}\) & & 13\% with NO\({}_{3}\) –, & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Cu(NO\({}_{3}\))\({}_{2}\), CuCl\({}_{2}\) & was 1:1 & 33\% with Cl\({}^{-}\) & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Cu\({}^{2+}\), Mn\({}^{2+}\), Zn\({}^{2+}\), Ni\({}^{2+}\)} & \multirow{6}{*}{Mechanically} & 1 mM MSO\({}_{4}\) & Recovery of Cu\({}^{2+}\) & \\  & & solution, Ca/M\({}^{2+}\) & and Zn\({}^{2+}\) were & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & molar ratio is 1:1, & 99 and 53\% & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Zn\({}^{2+}\), Ni\({}^{2+}\) & activated CaCO\({}_{3}\) & 230 rpm, 100 min, & respectively & PSO & [38] \\ \cline{1-1}  & & 200 g & while Ni\({}^{2+}\) and & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & milling balls & Mn\({}^{2+}\) were & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & below 5\% & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: _Cont._ \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Adsorbate** & **Adsorbent** & **Adsorption** & **\(q_{e}\) (mg/g)** & **Equilibrium** & **Remarks** & **Ref.** \\  & **System** & **Parameters** & **(mg/g)** & **Kinetic Models** & **Remarks** & **Ref.** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{PO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{3-}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{CES} & 5 g, 2 mg/L, & & & \\  & & 100 mL, 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C, & 3.68 & Langmuir & 80\% removal with real wastewater & [56] \\  & & 100 rpm, 2 h & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{H\({}_{2}\)PO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{-}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{ESP, CES} & 25 mL, 100 mg/L, & & & Co-anion reduced the adsorption capacity of \\  & & pH 5, & & CES = 270.3 & Langmuir & both biosorbents thus: \\  & & 0.05 g, 24 h & & & Cl\({}^{-}\) \(\sim\) NO\({}_{3}\)\({}^{-}\) \(<\) SO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{2-}\) & \\  & & & & & \(<<\) HCO\({}_{3}\)\({}^{-}\) & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{CN\({}^{-}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{CES} & pH 7, 10 mL, & & & \\  & & 0.01 M & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Adsorption of ESP/composite for anions in wastewater systems.