## 3 Results
### Balance, Fear of Falling, Gait, and Cognitive Function  
Balance was improved significantly for both groups between baseline and last assessment. Overall, balance was improved by 3 points on the mini-BESTest total score (from 19 to 22/28, F = 16.272, \(p\) < 0.001) with the greatest improvement shown during dynamic and anticipatory balance control tasks.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Characteristics at Baseline**} & **Group in Advance** & **Group in Parallel** & \multirow{2}{*}{_p-Value_} \\  & **Guidance (_n = 10_)** & & **Guidance (_n = 9_)** & \\ \hline Age (years) & 73.08 (6.05) & 75.67 (7.3) & 0.266 \\ \hline Height (cm) & 161.83 (7.09) & 160.25 (7.3) & 0.597 \\ \hline Weight (kg) & 80.33 (12.3) & 67.17 (10.7) & 0.011 \({}^{*}\) \\ \hline MMSE & 27.50 (1.2) & 28.17 (1.5) & 0.264 \\ \hline FES-I & 25.92 (6.06) & 24.17 (3.6) & 0.400 \\ \hline FGA & 23.92 (3.7) & 21.50 (3.2) & 0.105 \\ \hline mini-BESTest & 20.2 (2.90) & 18.5 (1.81) & 0.070 \\ \hline MoCA & 22.1 (2.1) & 21.9 (3.2) & 0.826 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Group characteristics at baseline.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} **Assessment-** \\ **Time/Scales** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{**0**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**6**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**13**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Ofference**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**0**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**13**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Difference**} \\  & & & & & & **between** & & **Baseline (0) and** \\  & & & & & **Week 13** & & & & **Week 13** \\ \hline mini–BESTest & 20.20 (2.936) & 21.80 (3.938) & 23.30 (2.791) & 3.1 (_p_ = 0.003)\({}^{*}\) & 18.50 (1.810) & 22.00 (1.852) & 21.63 (2.200) & 3.13 (_p_ = 0.022) \({}^{*}\) \\ \hline FGA & 24.10 (4.095) & 25.50 (2.369) & 25.70 (1.947) & 1.6 (_p_ = 0.100) & 22.50 (2.976) & 25.63 (1.302) & 26.13 (1.727) & 3.63 (_p_ = 0.014) \({}^{*}\) \\ \hline FES–I & 25.50 (5.740) & 24.00 (4.643) & 23.70 (6.290) & \(-1.8\) (_p_ = 0.255) & 24.44 (2.877) & 22.11 (4.076) & 20.89 (2.977) & \(-3.55\) (_p_ = 0.006) \({}^{*}\) \\ \hline MoCA & 21.90 (1.912) & 23.70 (2.869) & 25.10 (2.846) & 3.2 (_p_ = 0.002)\({}^{*}\) & 22.13 (3.091) & 23.13 (2.232) & 24.88 (2.475) & 2.75 (_p_ = 0.002) \({}^{*}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{*}\)_p \(\leq\) 0.05 statistically significant difference._  
\end{table}
Table 3: Group comparison between the three assessments—Mean and (Standard Deviation). In each group the last column presents the score differences (and the _p_-value) between the 1 st (at baseline) and 3 rd (at 13 th week of the program) assessment.  
The _gait_ performance also improved significant by 3 points on the FGA scale (from 23 to 26/30, F = 11.175, \(p<0.001\)) and the TUG reduced by 2.23 sec (\(p<0.05\)). In addition, the participants reported less fear of falling in the FES-I questionnaire (from 24 to 22/64, F = 4.611, \(p<0.05\)).  
The cognitive performance of the participants was improved, as indicated by a 3 point increase in the MoCA test scoring (from 22 to 25/30, F = 13.570, \(p<0.001\)). Figure 2 presents in detail the results of each assessment tool.  
Figure 2: Mean scores over time at the three assessments (baseline, week 6, and week 13), for the two groups (Group 1: left purple line, Group 2: right green line) regarding the measurements of (**A**) balance through the mini-BESTest scores, (**B**) gait through FGA performance and (**C**) TUG test, (**D**) fear of falling through the FES-I scores, and (**E**) cognitive function through the MoCA assessment. Improvements were observed over time (between the assessments) (\(p<0.001\)) but no statistically significant differences were revealed between the two groups (\(p>0.05\)).  
The timing of visual feedback and previous exercise verbal explanation did not have any significant main effect (\(p>0.05\)) on their assessed scores for the mini-BESTest: (F(1, 16) \(<\) 1, r = 0.23), FGA (F(1, 17) \(<\) 1, r = 0.08), FES-I: (F(1, 17) = 1, r = 0.24), or mental activities (F(1, 16) \(<\) 1, r = 0.05).