esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Operational Technology Networks Specifics
### Operational Technology Hierarchy Model
L4 is used to provide scheduling and provisioning of other local services (e.g., printing, web server, or domain controller), so it is the Plant operational level. This layer can also contain a historian mirror and a remote access server. In general, Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) are software solutions that actively improve the quality and efficiency of manufacturing processes. The L5 layer focuses on enterprise applications and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). However, the L4 and L5 layers are very intertwined. This model can also be supplemented with a layer that vertically connects all the layers. This concept is referred to as NAMUR Open Architecture (NOA) [8]. The aim is to enable secure, flexible, and efficient interconnection of OT with IT without compromising the functioning of critical process control systems. This may involve the collection of data from additional sensors located on the equipment. Where these devices cannot directly compromise the process itself (there is no direct connection between the sensors and the OT infrastructure), there is a one-way data flow from OT to IT. For completeness, it should be noted that the term OT refers to hardware and software that directly monitors and controls physical equipment, processes and events in an industrial environment. OT includes Industrial Control Systems (ICS), which are specifically designed to control and automate industrial processes. ICS includes a variety of systems, including SCADA or DCS. OT networks have different requirements compared to IT networks. This is due to the nature of these networks and, in particular, their purpose. In the development of these networks, it is necessary to use up-to-date approaches such as ML and NN techniques, both for the detection of security incidents (traffic classification) and for the recognition and identification of the industrial protocols used. The convergence of IT and OT networks is putting pressure on the security of these networks, but it is always necessary to consider the appropriateness of individual measures in such a way that the functionality of the OT networks themselves is not compromised. The use of ML and NN techniques has the potential to enhance the security of OT networks and, in particular, can be used in such a way that they do not cause additional load to these networks. If used appropriately, a non-invasive way of using the available data can be achieved.
# Recent Advancements in Anaerobic Digestion and Gasification Technology
## 6 Feedback for Anaerobic Digestion
### Agricultural Waste (AW)  
Agricultural wastes are widely used due to their availability, and they include animal waste and lignocellulosic biomass in the form of residue from crops and forest and energy crops. However, the authors chose to focus on animal waste as a major feedstock for biogas production. This is driven by its availability, biodegradability, and global usage as compared with others [39]. These animal wastes are characterized by high nutrient content and organic matter concentration, neutral pH, different microbes, etc. Hence, they produce a lower rate of biogas production because of their pre-digestibility by the animal intestine. The conversion of animal waste using anaerobic digestion provides benefits such as effective waste management techniques and sustainable biogas energy generation. Mostly, animal wastes, such those from pigs, goats, sheep, cattle, and poultry, are widely studied as viable substrates to produce biogas. Regarding characteristics of the animal  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Composition of Nutrient** & **Methane Yield (m\({}^{3}\)/kgVS)** & **Methane Composition (\%)** \\ \hline Carbohydrate & 0.42 & 50 \\ Protein & 0.50 & 50 \\ Lipids & 1.01 & 70 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Reported studies on nutritional composition for AD with methane yield and composition [37,38].  
wastes, parameters such as total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), pH, and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N) play a vital role in the enhancement of biogas yield using animal waste. To this effect, the recommended ranges of these parameters for the different types of animal waste are summarised in Table 3.  
From Table 3, it can be observed that different animal wastes have different parameter conditions (TS, VS, pH, and C/N ratio). The discrepancies in the physiochemical characteristics of these animal wastes can be attributed to their origin, the difference in their diet, variation in digestion, and intestinal micro-organism [48]. Depending on the pH, the buffering capacity protects the process of digestion against acidification linked with high total solids. Furthermore, animal waste with the required pH provides a suitable environment for the optimum functioning of the microorganism during anaerobic digestion. Total solids are responsible for the contribution of water towards the growth of microorganisms, thereby facilitating the dissolution and transport of nutrients. As the amount of water decreases or increases, it reduces the activities of microorganisms because of the total solids [49].
# Analysis of the New Thomson Scattering Diagnostic System on WEST [PERSON]
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Criteria
#### 2.2.1 Operation Criteria  
The optical system, including the mirror, is the key component of the diagnostic. The perpendicular displacement of the optical surface shall not be higher than 40 \(\upmu\)m (peak-to-peak). Moreover, the tilt shall be studied in depth to check it is lower than 6 arcmin [8]. At the mirror location, the directional deformation in the vertical axis should not be higher than 6 mm.  
This diagnostic operates in near infrared light; thus, the temperature of all components must stay lower than 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C as not to bias the measurements. To do so, all the endoscope components will be actively cooled by pressurized water (70-100 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 36 bar).  
The water temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of the diagnostic should be lower than 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The water pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of the diagnostic must be lower than 5.6 bar.  
The diagnostic is surrounded by vibratory components, such as pumps or the plasma itself. In order to avoid resonance, the natural frequencies of the structure must be higher than 20 Hz as well as far enough from the frequency of external components. The plasma oscillates at a frequency of 600 Hz, while two other diagnostics with vacuum pumps are close to the [PERSON] scattering diagnostic (frequencies to be avoided are 80, 450 and 833 Hz).
# An Improved NSGA-II-Based Method for Cutting Trajectory Planning of Boom-Type Roadheader
## 3 Simulations and Experiments  
### Simulation Verification  
Path points spaced at intervals of 10 were selected, with their joint space coordinates provided in Figure 12. The adjacency matrix for this path set was computed based on the joint space adjacency constraint model. Simulation settings: population size of 128, 500 iterations. By comparing path optimization outcomes under different mutation and crossover probabilities, and considering convergence, runtime, minimum distance, and turning cost, a crossover probability of 0.7 and a mutation probability of 0.6 were selected as the simulation parameters.
## 3 Results and Analysis
### Copper Film Structure on the Surface of Wood Veneer  
The XRD pattern of the copper film on the wood surface is shown in Figure 4. The diffraction peaks of Cu (111), Cu (200), and Cu (220) appeared gradually around 20, equal to 43.3\({}^{\circ}\), 50.4\({}^{\circ}\), and 74.1\({}^{\circ}\), and the intensity of the diffraction peaks gradually increased with the increase in sputtering time.  
Figure 3: XRD map of wood veneer under different treatments in the range of 10\({}^{\circ}\) to 40\({}^{\circ}\), (**a**) Ultrasonic treatment with water; (**b**) Magnetron sputtering for 50 s; (**c**) Magnetron sputtering for 150 s; (**d**) Magnetron sputtering for 10 min; (**e**) Magnetron sputtering for 15 min; (**f**) Magnetron sputtering for 15 min (200 \({}^{\circ}\)C).  
When the sputtering time is 50 s, there was no obvious characteristic diffraction peak of copper, which indicated that the copper film is in a microcrystalline or amorphous state. When the sputtering time is 150 s, the Cu (111) diffraction peak appears. When the sputtering time is 15 minutes, the diffraction peaks of Cu (111), Cu (200), and Cu (220) appear. The characteristic diffraction peak intensity of copper is higher, and the shape of the diffraction peak is sharper, which reflects a good crystallization state. With the increase in sputtering copper plating time, the characteristic diffraction peak intensity of copper is gradually enhanced, and the intensity of the Cu (111) crystal face diffraction peak is the most obvious. The copper film deposition on the surface of wood has the preferred orientation of the Cu (111) crystal face. Since the structure of metallic copper belongs to the face-centered cubic lattice structure, in the three crystal faces of the copper film, the Cu (111) crystal face has a large atomic areal density, and the surface energy of the crystal face is relatively small, which is beneficial to Cu (111) crystal face growth.
## 5 Conclusions  
Due to fact that electromagnetic radiation is purposely used in medical devices for treatment with target users' who are more susceptible to radiation, electromagnetic radiation hazards related to medical devices deserve more attention than those in the telecommunication sector. Computational modeling of electromagnetic radiation is the basis for the study on SAR using computer simulation, but its results are limited to the correctness of the theoretical model and boundary conditions; the electromagnetic experiment with an anthropomorphic phantom is an essential instrument for the experimental evaluation of SAR, but the electromagnetic experiment phantoms currently in use do not concern specific tissue and the spatial distribution of radiation with results merely reflecting the average electromagnetic exposure level of the human body. Therefore, they cannot satisfy the needs for the evaluation of medical device's (e.g., cardiac pacemaker, cochlear implant, etc.) electromagnetic field exposure when a specific area is concerned. To this end, an electromagnetic experiment phantom devoted to the evaluation of the electromagnetic exposure of both local organ and tissue, in addition to the whole body was proposed for the first time in this paper. Meanwhile, full-band electromagnetic parameters of different tissues were studied given that medical devices worked under full-band frequency to ensure the accuracy of the SAR measurement. The evaluation and summarization of electromagnetic radiation SAR of BAN medical devices were conducted on the basis of systematic and local electromagnetic experiments on a phantom for the first time. The results established that the electromagnetic radiation of partial equipment exceeded the allowed values specified by the WHO. Therefore, further studies are yet to be carried out in the medical circle to decide whether additional evaluation measures should be set up in this regard.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived and designed the experiments; [PERSON] and [PERSON] performed the experiments; [PERSON] and [PERSON] analyzed the data; [PERSON] wrote the paper.  
This research was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China, grant number 2016 YFC0103202.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Secure Physical Layer Network Coding versus Secure Network Coding +
## 4 Network with Three Source Nodes  
Finally, we study the network topology shown in Figure 4 that is composed of three source nodes, \(S_{1}\), \(S_{2}\), and \(S_{3}\); three intermediate nodes, \(I_{1}\), \(I_{2}\), and \(I_{3}\); and one destination node, \(D\). Its generalization was discussed as a multilayer network in the recent reference [23]. The goal of this network model is the secure transmission from the three source nodes to the destination node \(D\) when the source node \(S_{i}\) is required to send an element \(M_{i}\in\mathbb{F}_{q}\) to the destination node \(D\).  
Figure 3: Transmission time for four schemes when \(GT=1\) and the base of the logarithm is 2. The upper solid line (black) expresses the time \(\frac{2 GT}{2I(Y;A_{1}\oplus A_{2})_{\text{Regulation(2)}}-I(Y;A_{1},A_{2})_{ \text{Regulation(2)}}}+\frac{GT}{(Y;A_{1})_{\text{Regulation(6)}}}\) of the secure PLNC protocol given in Section 3.3.1. The upper dashed line (blue) expresses the time \(\frac{GT}{I(Y;A)_{\text{Regulation(6)}}}\) of the secure NC protocol given in Section 3.2 without the MAC channel. The lower dashed line (red) expresses the time \(\frac{2 GT}{I(Y;A)_{\text{Regulation(15)}}}+\frac{2 GT}{I(Y;A_{1},A_{2})_{\text{ Regulation(2)}}}\) of the secure NC protocol given in Section 3.2 with the MAC channel. The lower solid line (green) expresses the time \(\frac{2 GT}{I(Y;A_{1}\oplus A_{2})_{\text{Regulation(2)}}}+\frac{GT}{I(Y;A)_{ \text{Regulation(6)}}}\) of the secure PLNC protocol given in Section 3.3.2.
## 4 An Illustrative Design Example  
### Analysis Model  
The benchmark structure used in this study is a 10-story building proposed by the Japan Society for Seismic Isolation [42], the detailed information of which is shown in Figure 7 and Table 1.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Story** & **Mass \(m_{i}\) (\(\times 10^{3}\) kg)** & **Stiffness \(k_{i}\) (kN/m)** & **Height (m)** \\ \hline \(10\) & 875.4 & 158,550 & 4 \\ \(9\) & 649.5 & 180,110 & 4 \\ \(8\) & 656.2 & 220,250 & 4 \\ \(7\) & 660.2 & 244,790 & 4 \\ \(6\) & 667.2 & 291,890 & 4 \\ \(5\) & 670.1 & 306,160 & 4 \\ \(4\) & 675.7 & 328,260 & 4 \\ \(3\) & 680.0 & 383,020 & 4 \\ \(2\) & 681.6 & 383,550 & 4 \\ \(1\) & 699.9 & 279,960 & 6 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Characteristics of the benchmark building.  
Figure 6: Design flowchart.  
Figure 7: 10-story benchmark structure.  
By calculating the effective inerter-mass ratios of a CBIS installed in the structure, the influence of the installation location and cross-layer installation method on the utilization efficiency of the CBIS is determined first. The effective inerter-mass ratios of the IICBISs and CICBISs (cross-two-layers and cross-three-layers) installed in all possible locations are illustrated in Figure 8a, respectively. In Figure 8a, the horizontal axis is the effective inerter-mass ratio normalized by \(\frac{m_{\phi}}{\
u\phi^{\dagger}\mathbf{M}_{\mathrm{P}_{1}}\phi}\), representing the utilization efficiency of the CBIS, and the vertical axis is the inerter installed location. Figure 8a shows that since the height of the bottom layer of the benchmark structure is higher than the other layers, the bottom displacement of the structure is more significant and results in the CBIS reaching the highest utilization efficiency when installed at the bottom. Except for the bottom and top layers, the efficiency of CBIS installed on other layers is similar. Comparing the CBISs installed on the same layer, we can conclude that the normalized inerter-mass ratios of the cross two-layer and cross three-layer-installed CBISs are at least 2.78 and 5.74 times larger than those of the IICBIS, respectively. Considering the possible number of layers that the CBIS can cross, the bottom layer, the second layer, and the third layer-installed CBISs are illustrated in Figure 8b. Note that with the increase in the number of crossed layers, the normalized inerter-mass ratio improves significantly, and the CBIS-installation crossing all layers has the highest utilization efficiency.
# Optimal Gliding Trajectories for Descent on Mars
## 2 Formulation of the Optimal Control Problem
### Kinematics and Dynamics of the System  
The state vector is represented by six nonlinear first-order differential equations, Equations (1)-(6). The origin of the inertial planetocentric reference system is on the center of an ideal spherical planet, with a homogeneous mass distribution and far from the influence of other bodies, such as moons and the Sun [1; 14], also assuming a non-rotational planet. The deduction of the equations of motion is far from the purpose of this research; however, for a detailed mathematical demonstration, we invite the reader to follow the references [1; 3; 4; 5; 6; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16].  
The kinematic equations describe the rate of change in the radius (\(R\)), longitude (\(\theta\)), and latitude (\(\varphi\)) as a function of the spaceplane velocity (\(V\)), flight path angle (\(\gamma\)), and azimuth. The three equations which describe the dynamics are a function of the aerodynamic forces of lift (\(l\)) and drag (\(d\)), the banking angle (\(\beta\)), the instantaneous mass of the spacecraft (\(m\)), and the acceleration of gravity as a function of the altitude (\(g\)).  
\[\dot{R}=Vsin\gamma, \tag{1}\]  
\[\dot{\theta}=\frac{V}{R}cos\gamma\bigg{(}\frac{sinA}{cos\varphi}\bigg{)}, \tag{2}\]  
\[\dot{\varphi}=\frac{V}{R}cos\gamma cosA, \tag{3}\]  
\[\dot{V}=\frac{d}{m}-gsin\gamma, \tag{4}\]  
\[\dot{\gamma}=\bigg{[}\bigg{(}\frac{l}{m}\frac{cos\beta}{Vcos\gamma}-\frac{g} {V}\bigg{)}+\frac{V}{R}\bigg{]}cos\gamma, \tag{5}\]  
\[\dot{A}=\frac{l}{m}\frac{sin\beta}{Vcos\gamma}-\frac{V}{R}cos\gamma tan\beta inA. \tag{6}\]
# RIS-Assisted Cooperative Time-Division Multiple Access
###### Abstract  
Reconfigurable intelligent surface-aided communication systems have been intensively investigated to improve capacity, coverage, and energy efficiency via optimal controlling of phase shifts for passive reflecting elements. However, there are few studies on cooperative transmission incorporating RIS in TDMA systems, because RIS reflects all the incident signals, and it inadvertently leads to a boost in interference signals. In this paper, we propose RIS-assisted cooperative time-division multiple access, in which the required SINR of all users is guaranteed as much as possible by opportunistic use of RIS for cooperative transmission. The proposed scheme's primary function is that some time slots, i.e., cooperative time slots, serve a pair of users, i.e., a strong- and a weak-channel-conditioned user, using RIS. To support this functionality, we propose scheduling for non-cooperative and cooperative time slots, user pairing for scheduled cooperative time slots, and transmit beamforming vector design for the pair of UEs in each cooperative time slot. The simulation and numerical results demonstrate that the proposed scheme guarantees QoS for all UE as much as possible and minimizes the remaining required capacity indicating the amount of capacity that was not achieved compared with the required capacity.  
beamforming; MIMO; RIS; TDMA +
Footnote †: journal:
# Image Resolution Enhancement of Highly Compressively Sensed CT/PET Signals
## 4 Compressively Sensed CT/PET Signals  
The shared objective of the main technique is to compress all the information coming from the submodalities. In this work, the scientist guarantees that PET's data volume could be compressed [3]. Radioactive substances that produce positrons are being multiplexed as often as possible to diminish the readout channels' numbers. Their output signals could be consolidated into a super-resolution PET image. This structure part goes for consolidating the super-resolution and compressive sensing in CT/PET hybrid scanners. The underlying detector turned out to have a sparse representation. Due to this feature, sparse-sense could be utilised for developing new multiplexing patterns. One key aspect of CS is generating relevant sensing matrices. Some various random procedures of generating random matrices satisfying the restricted isometry property may be applied. The method of formulating sensing matrices is a maximum likelihood framework. It has been proven [3] that the method of generating sensed matrices prompt to lower reconstruction error in a mean square sense than any other. The algorithm presented in this paper operates using a highly reduced number of channels leading to discretised domains of space and time, respectively. In this way, collecting PET input data are interpreted as compressively sensed PET signals. Every single readout could be interpreted as a linearly weighted sum of the photodetector pixels with weights expressed as \(c_{i,j}\) (see Figure 1). The sensor number is reduced in accordance with 4:1 subsampling factors. Using MR-PET joint sparsity as well as its common product features, the MR data sets based motion model parameters; we mayapply them to improve the PET image. Technically, the same super-resolution procedure is used, see Figure 2.
# Flooding Conceptual Review: Sustainability-Focalized Best Practices in Nigeria
## 5 Conceptual Framework
### Flood Prediction  
The prediction and forecast of floods depend greatly on the consistency of available meteorological data. The development of the hydrological operational multipurpose sub-programs (HOMs) has been a top achievement in its field. Improvements on the HOMs forecasting and information dissemination is ongoing. The potential benefits are immense for communities under its management. The network of instruments, digital data and other meteorological flood prediction devices can be employed, coupled with appropriate modelling to forecast real-time, onset and other features of phenomena in question [46; 47]. Development of hydrological forecasting systems has been installed in a number of countries and has resulted in a substantial saving of life and reduction of damage.  
Installation of similar systems, throughout Nigeria, would also reduce vulnerability to some areas and promote early evacuation when needed. However, problems have been identified in relation to evacuation procedures due to a lax resistant population that is overly exposed to flood events. [PERSON]'s [48] research observed a significant factor in the lack of response to an evacuation order in New South Wales, Australia, noting the effect of false alarms as a major factor that might make future evacuation more difficult if not impossible. In two studies, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [49] and [PERSON] and [PERSON] [50], looked at a number of developing countries including Nigeria, and found that limitation of infrastructure, absence of appropriate legal and policy framework and sometimes inadequate resources particularly render areas more vulnerable to the consequences of flooding and other natural disasters.
# Jamming Analysis between Non-Cooperative Mega-Constellations Based on Satellite Network Capacity
## 5 Conclusions  
In this work, we investigate the transmission rates of ISLs in mega-constellations under jamming from non-cooperative constellations and propose a novel satellite network capacity calculation method to evaluate the network capacity of mega-constellations when the transmission rates change dynamically. The experimental results illustrate that the jamming power, constellation scale and inclination of non-cooperative jamming constellations have a significant influence on mega-constellations' network capacities. The optimal jamming efficiency occurs when the constellation inclinations are close. It should be noted that the proposed method is also applicable to free space optical (FSO) communication. The difference is that the beamwidth of FSO is relatively narrow; thus, the MJR needs to be set at a smaller \(\theta_{\text{max}}\).  
Data curation, W.X.; Formal analysis, Y.Z.; Investigation, F.C.; Methodology, Y.Z.; Software, C.H.; Writing--original draft, Y.Z.; Writing--review and editing, W.X. and L.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 61901523.  
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.