## 3 Results and Discussion
### Sterol Content in Olive Oils
This can be explained by the fact that cycloartenol is the first cyclic triterpenoid precursor in phytosterol biosynthesis and serves as a substrate in the initial methylation step, leading to the production of larger amounts of 24-methylenedcycloartenol [20]. The conventional extra virgin olive oils nos. 7 and 9 had the highest \(\beta\)-sitosterol content, while the lowest level was observed in the organic oil sample no. 2. However, no statistically significant differences (\(p>0.05\)) were found in \(\beta\)-sitosterol content between organic and conventional cultivation methods. In contrast, statistically significant differences (\(p<0.05\)) were found for campesterol, indicating that the traditional cultivation method influenced its concentration in the oils. The organic oils, except sample no. 2, had the highest levels of 24-methylene-cycloartenol, while the lowest levels of this compound were found in the conventional oils, particularly in sample no. 7. The highest \(\Delta\)5-avenasterol content was found in organic sample no. 2 and conventional sample no. 7, while the lowest was in conventional sample no. 8. No statistically significant differences (\(p<0.05\)) that depended on the cultivation method were observed in \(\Delta\)5-avenasterol and 24-methylenedcycloartenol contents, suggesting that the type of cultivation had no significant impact on the concentration of these sterols in the oils. Similar observations were made by [PERSON] et al. [21], who reported that \(\beta\)-sitosterol had the highest share in all conventional extra virgin olive oils, ranging from 66.5% to 86.5%. \(\Delta\)5-avenasterol was the second most prevalent compound, accounting for 5.7% to 22.4%. In contrast to the present study, [PERSON] et al. in 2014 [21] reported a lower proportion of campesterol, ranging from 2.25% to 3.54%. These findings were confirmed by [PERSON] et al. [22], who indicated that the most characteristic sterols in extra virgin olive oil, in decreasing order of content, were \(\beta\)-sitosterol (71.21-88.69%), \(\Delta\)5-avenasterol (2.74-21.30%), and campesterol (1.52-3.68%), while clerosterol had the lowest concentration (0.83-1.16%). According to [PERSON] et al. [18], the \(\beta\)-sitosterol content in olive oils from organic cultivation ranged from 828.8 to 877.7 mg/kg, \(\Delta\)5-avenasterol content from 49.3 to 84.2 mg/kg, and campesterol content from 24.4 to 34.0 mg/kg. In contrast, [PERSON] et al. [19] reported \(\beta\)-sitosterol content in conventional olive oils ranging from 800 to as high as 1874 mg/kg, with campesterol levels between 29.4 and 55.0 mg/kg. \(\Delta\)5-avenasterol was not measured in that particular study. However, [PERSON] et al. [23] conducted sterol analysis in conventionally cultivated olive oils and confirmed \(\beta\)-sitosterol levels between 736.8 and 898.3 mg/kg, \(\Delta\)5-avenasterol levels between 64.9 and 236.4 mg/kg, and campesterol levels between 18.9 and 31.9 mg/kg. Acid Value (%), Peroxide Value (mEq \(O_{2}\)/kg), and Extinction Coefficients \(K_{268}\), \(K_{232}\), and \(\Delta\)K of Olive Olive  
All analyzed olive oil samples exhibited acid values below the threshold established by the Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2022/2104 of 29 July 2022, which sets the maximum permissible acidity at \(\leq\)0.8% [12]. Similar findings were reported by [PERSON] et al. [24] and [PERSON] et al. [25], where no exceedance of the acid value limit was observed in either conventional (0.15-0.75%) or organic (0.24-0.35%) olive oils. Likewise, [PERSON] et al. [26] found no violation of this limit in conventional oils, with acid values ranging from 0.2 to 0.3%. [PERSON] et al. [27] also analyzed conventional olive oils with acid values ranging from 0.19 to 0.47%. According to the results presented in Table 3, the lowest acid values were recorded in the conventional oil sample no. 7 (0.26%) and the organic oil sample no. 1 (0.28%). Conversely, the highest values were observed in conventional oils no. 6 (0.54%) and no. 8 (0.56%).