esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## Appendix A Appendix
### MODIS Products  
MODIS is a key instrument aboard the satellites Terra (which crosses the equator in the morning) and Aqua (which crosses the equator in the afternoon). Terra MODIS and Aqua MODIS sample the entirety of Earth's surface in a 2330-km swath, providing near-global daily coverage. MODIS acquires data in 36 spectral bands from 0.4 to 14.4 um at three spatial resolutions: 250 m (bands 1 and 2), 500 m (band 3-7), and 1,000 m (band 8-36). It covers visible, near-infrared, shortwave infrared, and thermal-IR regions in the electro-magnetic spectrum [6, 38, 42].  
Many MODIS products at different spatial and temporal scales have been released on an official website. They are freely downloadable and have been widely used in many studies. MODIS NDVI, EVI, leaf area index (LAI), fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FAPAR), and GPP were used in this study. NDVI and EVI were extracted from MOD13A2, with 1 km spatial resolution and a 16-day composite. LAI and FAPAR, with a 500 m spatial resolution and 8-day composite, were extracted from MOD15A2H. GPP were extracted from MOD17A2H at a spatial resolution of 500 m and 8-day composite. All data were downloaded from [[https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov](https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov)]([https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov](https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov)).
## 6 Discussion  
In summary, we propose a low-complexity JCSCR that simplifies removal of modulation-phase-repetition operations and jointly compensates for estimation errors to reduce the system complexity and improve the transmission capability of the CFSO communication transmission system. With the same atmospheric turbulence states and estimated symbol blocks, simulations and experiments verified that our proposed scheme achieves lower complexity, higher noise tolerance capability, and higher receiver sensitivity than does the traditional 4 th-PD-VV scheme under QPSK-modulated signals. In addition, the information capacity of the system can be further enhanced using high-order QAM-format signals. CFSO systems with high-order QAM-format signals are also in urgent need of low-complexity, efficient carrier recovery schemes. Studying how to optimize the existing QAM carrier recovery algorithm and demonstrate its feasibility in CFSO communication systems is what we want to work on in the future.
# Seasonal Shifts and Smart Stats: Improving Biodrying in Waste Management
## 5 Discussion
### Process Optimization Opportunities  
The consistent underperformance relative to the 30% target efficiency, coupled with the observed seasonal variations, highlights several opportunities for process optimization, as follows:  
**Seasonal adjustments**: Implementing adaptive control strategies that account for seasonal variations in temperature and humidity could help to maintain a more consistent performance year-round. This can include adjustments to the biodrying times, as suggested by some studies [4; 40], or mixing fresh waste with landfilled waste, as suggested by the study of [PERSON] et al. [41]. The study tested different ratios, identifying a 1:1 mixture as the most effective, achieving a moisture reduction of 9-29.1%.  
**Waste characterization**: Given the potential influence of waste characteristics on drying efficiency, more detailed characterization of incoming waste streams could provide valuable insights for process optimization. This approach is supported by [PERSON] et al. [14], who emphasized the importance of waste properties in biodrying outcomes.  
**Advanced process control**: The implementation of more sophisticated control strategies, such as those suggested by [PERSON] et al. [16], could help to reduce variability and improve overall efficiency. This might include real-time monitoring and adjustment of aeration rates based on temperature and moisture content data.  
**Optimized loading**: The positive correlation between waste volume and drying efficiency suggests that optimizing the loading of bioboxes could improve overall performance. However, this must be balanced against practical constraints and safety considerations.
# A Study on the Impact of DPF Failure on Diesel Vehicles Emissions of Particulate Matter
###### Abstract  
A diesel particulate filter (DPF) is an after-treatment device designed to capture and store exhaust particulate matter emitted by diesel vehicles. DPFs are damaged owing to complex reasons, such as regeneration processes and loads generated during driving. While DPFs can be damaged, they can also be manipulated, especially DPFs with hollow damage. In such cases, the filtration performance deteriorates significantly, and excessive amounts of smoke and ash are emitted during driving, resulting in environmental pollution. In this study, DPF damage types were observed using the CR X-ray imaging technique without removing the DPF. In addition, it was experimentally determined that the five types of DPF shapes (normal, crack, melt, plug, and hollow) caused increases in the particle number (PN) and smoke concentration. Experiments were conducted in the Korea Diesel 147 (KD-147) vehicle driving mode, and the PN and smoke concentration were measured using a nanoparticle emission tester 3795 (NPET-3795-HC) and opacimeter (OPA-102). The experiment was conducted 10 times for each type of DPF damage. As a result of the experiment, no significant difference was found between the normal DPF and crack-damaged DPF in terms of smoke emission, but there was a definite difference in the smoke concentration relative to the other DPF damage types. DPF of all damage types satisfied Korea's smoke concentration regulation. In addition, the PN emission characteristics differed clearly in terms of the values measured for each damage type, and, unlike the smoke concentration characteristics, there was a clear difference in the PN emission characteristics of various DPF damage types. In addition, the PN concentration tended to increase in the rapid acceleration section of the KD-147 vehicle driving mode for all DPF damage types.  
diesel particulate filter; particulate matter; smoke; CR X-ray; KD-147 test mode +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Analytical Figures of Merit
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**Detection Technique** & **Material or Sensing Element** & **Real Samples** & **Linear Range (uM) a** & **LOD (uM) a** & **Recoveries (\%)** & **Reference** \\ \hline Colorimetric (paper-based) & Asp-AuNPs & Blood plasma & 99.9–998.7 & 1.0 & 99.2–101.1 & [36] \\ Turbidimetry/ & AgCl/AgNPs & Blood plasma & 10–100 & 8.1 & 92–97 & [37] \\ Colorimetry & VS-CDs & Spiked blood plasma b & 5–200 & 0.3 & 98.6–111.5 & [38] \\ Fluorsecence & RhB–MnO2 NFs & Spiked blood plasma b & 0–15 & 0.14 & 89.3–116.3\% & [39] \\ Colorimetric & IrO2/rGO & 5 wt\% BSA, Blood & 0.1–50 & 0.04 & 99.2–122 & [40] \\  & nanocomposites & serum & & & \\ Visual/Colorimetric & \(\text{AuCl}_{4}\text{${}^{-}$}/\text{AuNP}\) & Whole blood, blood & 3–300 & 1.0 & 88.7–114 & [14] \\  & seeds/AuNPs & plasma & & & \\ Visual/Colorimetric & \(\text{AuCl}_{4}\text{${}^{-}$}\) CTAB & Urine, Blood plasma & 5–100 & 5 & This method \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* Asp-AuNPs: Aspartic-acid-modified gold nanoparticles (AuNPs); VS-CDs: Vinyl sulfone–carbon dots; RhB-MnO2 NFs: Rhodamine B–manganese dioxide nanoflakes; rGO: reduced graphene oxide. a Linear range and LODs may vary for individual biothiols. b Biothiols were determined after spiking of the known concentrations in the pretreated serum.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Comparison of the method with recent methods for the determination of biothiols.
## 6 Conclusions, Limitations, and Future Work
### Future Work  
Although our research lays the groundwork, further efforts are needed to achieve higher accuracy in position-independent HAR. Here are some promising avenues for future exploration:  
* Expanding data sources: Although this work focused on inertial sensors from wearable devices, future studies could incorporate data from environmental sensors like pressure, humidity, and even CCTV frames. This multi-modal approach could enhance the model's ability to recognize activities by leveraging contextual information beyond the user's body.
* Cross-domain generalizability: By incorporating data from diverse sources, we can assess the model's ability to adapt and perform well in different environments. This could lead to more robust and generalizable solutions.
* User-centered design: Future studies should involve qualitative user experience studies to ensure user acceptance and comfort. Gathering feedback from relevant patient populations and clinical experts will be crucial in informing the design of unobtrusive and user-friendly systems.  
These future directions hold the potential to significantly improve the accuracy, usability, and real-world applicability of position-independent HAR systems.  
Conceptualization, S.M. and A.J.; methodology, S.M.; software, A.J.; validation, A.J.; formal analysis, S.M.; investigation, S.M.; resources, A.J.; data curation, A.J.; writing--original draft preparation, S.M.; writing--review and editing, A.J.; visualization, S.M.; supervision, A.J.; project administration, A.J.; funding acquisition, S.M. and A.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Thailand Science Research and Innovation Fund; the University of Phayaao (Grant No. FF67-UoE-Sakorn); and King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok under Contract No. KMUTNB-67-KNOW-12.  
Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** All data are presented in the main text.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## Data and Methods
### Object Tracking  
To detect unique objects in consecutive frames, an additional mechanism is required that tracks the objects as long as they are visible to the camera frame. This mechanism should account for object occlusion that frequently occurs in driving scenarios. For example, Figure 1 shows three consecutive frames. In the first and third frames, there is a detection of a bin. An object tracking mechanism should be responsible for understanding that these two detections correspond to the same object and at the same time account for the brief object occlusion that is depicted in the second frame of Figure 1.  
Several candidate approaches are tested for the tracking task, such as DeepSort [39], Tracktor [40], and ByteTrack [41]. The latter achieves 78.1, the best evaluation result in terms of the MOTA metric [42] in MOT17 [43] benchmark dataset. This method accounts for temporarily occluded objects and utilizes low-confidence detections to generate object tracks. These low-confidence detections are associated with previous or following confident predictions of the same object in a video stream to form these tracks. For example, if an object is far from the camera or partially occluded then is assigned with a low confidence detection, but as it comes closer or its features are fully visible then the new high confident detections are associated with the lower ones and the object is still identified. Another important feature of this method is that it can run very fast, especially if object detection inference data are available.
## 3 Resource Scheduling Process Based on a Genetic Algorithm  
### Genetic Algorithm Flow  
Genetic algorithms are heuristic search algorithms, which have been widely used in various fields. They are primarily based on Darwinian evolution theory and Mendelian genetic theory. Such algorithms search for the optimal solution in the feasible space by forming a population and carrying out \"survival of the fittest\" iterations, simulating the natural law of survival of the fittest in nature.  
Obviously, when using conventional analytical and linear programming methods, it is difficult to solve the complex problem of satisfactory decision-making posed in Equation (19). Therefore, in this paper, we take advantage of the excellent global solution ability of genetic algorithms to design and solve for an optimal allocation scheme based on a genetic algorithm.  
The main flow of a solution based on the genetic algorithm is shown in Figure 3. According to basic genetic algorithm theory, the three main processes of searching for the optimal solution in the feasible region are gene selection, gene crossover, and gene mutation. Considering the practical problems studied, the gene coding, crossover method, mutation method, and fitness function are redesigned in this paper.
# A Graph-Based Approach for Modelling Quantum Circuits
## 4 Modelling the Unitary Circuit Model of Quantum Computation
### Supported Modelling Strategies  
The Node meta-class is the key to the modelling capabilities offered by the metamodel. Given its ability to have an internal structure, it can store any number of QuantumGates, each acting over a Qubit. It is therefore the way to logically group together all the gates that define a multi-qubit gate where needed. The metamodel allows the use of at least five modelling strategies, depending on the type of DAG being created (a line or a general DAG) and the way in which the Node meta-class is used. Graphical representations of these strategies are shown in the following section. It may help the reader to examine them to gain a better idea of each of the strategies described below:  
* Strategy \"swim-lane\": Nodes contain exactly one QuantumGate and the graph is organised as a set of lines that link the Nodes that contain gates operating over the same qubit. In the literature, the work [17] fits this strategy, as it defines a profile for the UML activity diagram.
* Strategy \"linear\": similar to the previous one, but the graph is now organised as a line that preserves the relative order of execution of the gates contained in the Nodes. To the best of our knowledge, no work in the literature follows this strategy.
* Strategy \"slice\": Nodes contain all the QuantumGates involved in a vertical slice of the quantum circuit (hence the name of the strategy), and the graph is organised as a line. The work described in [9] fits this strategy.
* Strategy \"mixed swim-lane\": Nodes contain only one logical operation, be it a single QuantumGate operating on one qubit or all the QuantumGates corresponding to a multi-qubit gate. The graph is organised as a set of lines connecting the Nodes that contain gates operating over the same qubit. As for this strategy, no work in the literature conforms to it.
* Strategy \"mixed linear\": like the previous one, but now the graph is organised as in the strategy \"linear\". To our knowledge, no work in the literature corresponds to it.  
In short, the Node provides the developer with the necessary flexibility to decide whether she/he wants to model the quantum circuit using only the gates that operate on a qubit, or to group in a Node all the gates that model a controlled gate, or in the most extreme case, all the gates that appear in a particular vertical section of the circuit.
###### Abstract  
Our limb prostheses aim to restore Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) for amputees, with the socket being a critical component of trans-tibial prostheses influencing both comfort and functionality. Despite technological advancements, challenges such as fit, weight, and durability remain. This study investigates an additive manufacturing method for Total Surface Bearing (TSB) sockets, leveraging CT scans to create a Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and finite element (FE) model. Biomechanical behavior under static loading conditions were analyzed using FE analysis and resistive-based pressure sensors. The study found consistent pressure distribution across the residual limb, with deviations of 8.53 kPa and 4.46 kPa between FE analysis and experimental measurements. Mean pressures of 44.6 kPa and 22.11 kPa were observed under Full Body Weight (FBW) and Half Body Weight (HBW) conditions, respectively. The FE analysis demonstrated a uniform stress distribution in the prosthetic socket, with a maximum stress of 0.15 MPa and a deformation of 0.008 mm, highlighting the effectiveness of this approach in enhancing socket design.  
Keywords:finite element (FE); prosthetics; total surface bearing (TSB); trans-tibial; additive manufacturing +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 3 Model Validation and Engineering Examples
### Results of the Decomposition of the Settlement Data for Sections 1-17
Compared with wavelet decomposition, VMD does not depend on the preset \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Decomposition Algorithm** & **EMD** & **CEEMDAN** & **WPT** & **VMD** \\ \hline MAE & 0.0033 & 0.0064 & 0.0024 & 0.1649 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Error results for different algorithms. mother wavelet function during the decomposition process and can flexibly adjust the decomposition result according to the signal characteristics, so it is more suitable for complex signal processing scenarios with strong nonstationarity. However, VMD also has certain challenges, such as the number of decomposition modes and the choice of penalty factor having a significant effect on the quality of decomposition, and the improper optimization of parameters may lead to under- or overdecomposition phenomena. Sample entropy (SE) is used to illustrate the complexity of a sequence [40]. The sample entropy of each subsequence is shown in Table 4. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Groups**} & \multicolumn{8}{c}{**Sample Entropy**} \\ \cline{2-9}  & **Original** & **IMF1** & **IMF2** & **IMF3** & **IMF4** & **IMF5** & **IMF6** \\ \hline EMD & 0.047 & 0.487 & 0.576 & 0.492 & 0.291 & 0.104 & 0.009 \\ CEEMDAN & 0.047 & 0.052 & 0.102 & 0.176 & 0.293 & 0.016 & – \\ WPT & 0.047 & 0.024 & 0.097 & 0.117 & 0.174 & – & – \\ SSA–VMD & 0.047 & 0.015 & 0.102 & 0.056 & 0.087 & 0.132 & 0.104 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: _IMF_ sample entropy of each decomposition algorithm. Figure 10: Decomposition results of EMD, CEEMAND, VMD, and WPT. Table 4 clearly shows that the entropy values of the main component samples processed by different decomposition algorithms are significantly lower than those of the original series, indicating that these decomposition algorithms are very effective at extracting the patterns of surface subsidence trends. Specifically, the principal components processed by the EMD algorithm have the lowest sample entropy values, which are significantly lower than the sample entropy values of the original sequences; however, the complexity of the remaining components is relatively high, indicating the effectiveness of EMD in noise reduction and the removal of high-frequency fluctuations, but it may have failed to fully optimize the complexity of all the components. In comparison, the overall complexity of each subcomponent obtained by the VMD algorithm is the lowest, indicating that VMD effectively suppresses unnecessary complexity while retaining useful information, thus demonstrating superior performance in the process of extracting surface settlement patterns. The comprehensive comparative analysis results show that the VMD algorithm can not only decompose the signal better but also provide more concise and effective regularity extraction when dealing with surface settlement data, which makes its application in this field more promising.
# Collision Frequency and Energy Transfer Rate in e-He Scattering
The parameter characterizing the non-ideality of the plasma is the coupling parameter:  
\[\Gamma=\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\epsilon_{0}ak_{B}T}. \tag{1}\]  
where \(e\) is the elementary charge, \(\epsilon_{0}\) is the permittivity of free space, \(k_{B}\) is the Boltzmann constant, \(a=\left(\frac{3}{4\pi n}\right)^{1/3}\), \(n\) is the plasma density and \(T\) is the temperature of the plasma. For ideal plasma, \(\Gamma\ll 1\). Even though in the diverter region the electron density is higher compared to the upper atmosphere; nevertheless, the coupling parameter remains low, i.e., \(\Gamma\ll 1\). This indicates that in this system the influence of collective effects can be neglected. Thus, electron-atom collisions in the diverter region, as well as in the upper atmosphere, are treated as two-body interactions with negligible screening effects of the plasma environment. In this context, we aim to address the limitations of previous approaches and provide new insights into electron-atom collision processes. The novelty of this study lies in the accurate determination of collision frequencies and energy transfer rates using the phase function method with an optical potential approach that accounts for static, polarization, and exchange effects. Unlike previous studies that often rely on constant or simplified cross-sections, our results demonstrate a distinct maximum in the collision frequency at approximately 5 eV, validated by experimental data. This feature, often overlooked in prior theoretical works, has significant implications for understanding energy transfer processes in plasma, particularly in the diverter regions of tokamaks. By improving the precision of these key parameters, our work advances the theoretical framework for modeling electron-atom collisions in low-temperature plasmas and their role in energy transport and equilibrium. The structure of this paper is as follows: Section 2 provides a detailed explanation of the methods used in calculating the collision frequency and energy transfer rate for electron-helium scattering. Section 3 presents the results of implementing the above methods. The final part contains conclusions.