## 3 Results
### Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA)  
Because of its inherent sensitivity and clear information on damping, DMTA is a good technique for the determination of the glass transition of polymeric materials. In addition, the elastic behavior of the biofilms was analyzed through the storage modulus. Figure 11 shows the storage modulus and the damping (tan \(\delta\)) curves for OW and GW biofilms at different grinding cycles. It was evident that the biofilms produced with 30 grinding cycles had a higher storage modulus (Figure 11a,b) than the biofilms produced with fewer grinding cycles. Both low and high temperatures proved this to be true. The result is consistent with tensile strength, see Section 3.3, as expected given that the stiffness of the biofilms increased when the particle size decreased. Strong interactions among the smaller particles brought on by an increase in the specific surface area are responsible for this. The effect was a more equal distribution of the particles throughout the biofilms. The storage modulus of the OW and GW biofilms at 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C were 1450 MPa and 1032 MPa, respectively. The outcome is in line with the tensile strength, as the OW biofilms showed better properties than GW biofilms and this could be due to the interactions among the particles during the gelling of the OW-based films upon addition of citric acid. The biofilms from our previous research exhibited a similar storage modulus [2]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sample** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Decomposition** \\ **Temperature at** \\ **10 wt.\% Loss (\({}^{\circ}\)C)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Onset** \\ **Temperature (\({}^{\circ}\)C)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Maximum** \\ **Decomposition (\({}^{\circ}\)C)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Second Derivative** \\ **Peak (\({}^{\circ}\)C)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Residue Mass at** \\ **550 \({}^{\circ}\)C (\%)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Orange waste & 175.94 & 155.88 & 237.66 & 348.31 & 27.35 \\ \hline GW & 148.19 & 135.26 & 175.42 & 303.64 & 20.74 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: TGA results for OW and GW biofilms. Figure 10: DSC analysis of OW and GW biofilms. Figure 11: DMTA analysis of biofilms: (a) storage modulus of OW, (b) storage modulus of CW, (c) tan \(\delta\) curves of OW, (d) tan \(\delta\) curves of CW. The peak in the tan \(\delta\) curve was taken as the biofilms' glass transition temperature, as it has the highest ratio of viscous response compared to elastic response under deformation conditions, indicating the relaxation in the biofilms. According to tan \(\delta\) curves (Figure 11c,d), the glass transition temperature of the biofilms was around 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The high sensitivity of DMA equipment and the sample size used are frequently regarded as responsible for glass transition temperatures that are higher than those of DSC. The glass transition temperature of the biofilms from our previous studies is comparable [2]. It is important to note that the number of grinding cycles had a minimum or no effect on glass transition temperature. Table 3 compares each experimental datum obtained in this work with the properties of other biofilms reported in the literature. The average tensile strength and elongation for biofilms produced with biodegradable waste in the literature were 20.4 MPa and 19.04%, respectively, while, in our study, the values were 17 MPa and 4.82%, respectively, for OW and 15.34 MPa and 3.35%, respectively, for GW. By comparing the obtained values, it can be seen that OW has physical properties closer to the average of biodegradable waste material, meaning that its use in packaging industries will be more efficient.