# Intelligent Healthcare: Integration of Emerging Technologies and Internet of Things for Humanity
## 5 Proposed Architecture for IoT Healthcare Application  
Some conditions are significant and need to be treated promptly, such as cardiovascular diseases or conditions that occur in patients following dangerous accidents that affect their lives. Such situations require fast real-time action with minimal delay. In a general cloud environment, data are transmitted to the cloud, processed in the cloud, and receive a response, which takes a long time and involves considerable delays. To overcome or limit latency issues, we can use fog computing, which brings computing devices and storage resources closer to the edge of the network. Most current healthcare solutions use the cloud's decision-making environment. In recent years, many other proposed solutions have considered fog computing for healthcare applications where the time factor is of interest. Some architectures for existing solutions are shown in Table 6.  
According to our survey results, traditional three-layer architectures are presented for IoHT applications in [20; 83; 85; 86; 87; 88; 89; 90], including the sensor, fog, and cloud layers. The use of techniques to increase the security of identity management, user authentication [86; 88; 90; 91], or the application of emerging technologies in healthcare, such as AI, WBAN, big data, and blockchain [86], is recommended by the authors. The authors of [81; 91] use a four-layer architecture based on FC to support healthcare, namely the physical, boundary, fog, and cloud layers. _[PERSON] et al._[82] proposed a five-layer FC architecture for remote patient health monitoring that includes data acquisition, event classification, information mining, decision making, and cloud storage layers. Another study also proposed a five-layer computing architecture that includes sensing, transport, processing, application, and business layers [14]. Our survey results show that integrating various computing solutions with CC reduces service response time and realizes real-time smart healthcare applications. However, one limitation of the existing proposals is that there needs to be a fully integrated architecture framework for all existing solutions in the smart healthcare domain. In this study, we propose a fully integrated architectural framework for computing solutions for IoT-based healthcare applications to optimize service response time, compute costs, and realize real-time smart healthcare applications, as shown in Figure 9. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Research** & **Year** & **No. of Layers** & **Complexity** & **Reliability** & **Real-Time Support** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [14] & 2020 & 5 & Moderate & Moderate & Moderate \\ [PERSON] et al. [20] & 2022 & 3 & High & Low & Moderate \\ [PERSON] et al. [81] & 2017 & 4 & Moderate & Low & Moderate \\ [PERSON] et al. [82] & 2018 & 5 & High & Low & Moderate \\ [PERSON] et al. [83] & 2017 & 3 & Low & Low & Moderate \\ [PERSON] et al. [84] & 2017 & 2 & Low & Low & Low \\ [PERSON] et al. [85] & 2021 & 3 & Moderate & Moderate & Moderate \\ [PERSON] et al. [86] & 2021 & 3 & Low & Moderate & Low \\ [PERSON] et al. [87] & 2018 & 3 & Low & Moderate & Moderate \\ [PERSON] et al. [88] & 2019 & 3 & Moderate & Low & Moderate \\ [PERSON] et al. [89] & 2018 & 3 & Moderate & Low & Moderate \\ [PERSON] et al. [90] & 2020 & 3 & Moderate & Moderate & Moderate \\ [PERSON] et al. [91] & 2019 & 4 & Moderate & Moderate & Moderate \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: A comparison of the existing IoHT architectures. The proposed architecture includes four layers (the things layer, edge computing, fog computing, and cloud computing), where the things layer includes smart IoT devices, health sensors, actors, ambulances, etc. The main task of this class is to collect medical data and patient vitals in real time. The collected data are sent to local server nodes based on wired or wireless connections and communication technologies for EC. The edge nodes are deployed in the LANs of hospitals or patient treatment places.