## 2 Related Work  
### Augmented Reality in Manufacturing  
Augmented reality is developed from virtual reality (VR), VR technology can make users fully immersed in the virtual environment, while AR technology emphasizes the information enhancement of the real environment and focuses on the seamless combination of virtual objects and the real world [11]. The concept of AR was first proposed by Boeing in the early 1990s. They developed a head-mounted display system to enable engineers to use digital augmented reality diagrams superimposed on circuit boards to assemble complex wire bundles on circuit boards [12]. Since the concept of augmented reality was proposed, augmented reality technology has been a specific research field, and has been regarded as a powerful technical tool to improve efficiency in the manufacturing industry [13].  
[PERSON] [14] coined the term \"industrial augmented reality\" (IAR) to describe the application of augmented reality technology in industrial production, and identified product design, maintenance, mechanical assembly, and training as the key areas of IAR application.  
In recent years, augmented reality visualization technology for manufacturing has become a research hotspot in the field of intelligent manufacturing [15; 16]. Augmented reality technology is applied to factory layout planning [17], mechanical assembly tasks [18; 19], data visualization of factories [20], and remote support for maintenance operations and training [21]. [PERSON] et al. [22] proposed a novel authoring approach called \"minimal AR\", which can optimize the visual assets used in AR interfaces to convey work instructions in manufacturing. [PERSON] et al. proposed a projection-based augmented reality system for assembly guidance and monitoring [23]. [PERSON] et al. [24] developed a mobile Finite Element Analysis (AR-FEA)-based system for visualization of modal analysis results. With the system, finite-element analysis results can be viewed on the physical part, which offers designers and engineers a new way to visualize such simulation results. In recent years, the development of AR frameworks made AR application development widely accessible to developers without augmented reality background knowledge [25]. However, at present, most industrial AR applications are developed for specific application scenarios, which are difficult to develop and have a long development cycle, and lack universality.  
A key problem in AR application development is the creation of augmented reality display content. At present, there are some popular AR application development libraries, such as ARToolKit [26], ARToolKitPlus [27], and OSGART [28], which use OpenGL or OpenSceneGraph [29] display virtual animation on real markers in real time. However, these AR development libraries require developers to have rich programming skills, resulting in high development costs and lack of universality. In recent years, major companies have launched commercial AR development libraries, such as ARCore of Google and Vuforia of PTC, which allow developers to create AR applications in a few minutes, but require developers to have skilled software operation ability, and the created AR applications are only simple animation displays. To achieve complex AR interaction (such as mechanical assembly), developers need to have programming ability.  
To this end, we propose the QDARV. Compared with the above AR development tools, the main advantage of the QDARV development tool is that it does not rely on time-consuming and costly recompilation steps, and developers can quickly and efficiently create AR applications without a programming foundation. In addition, this tool provides disassembly and assembly animation configuration and virtual instrument configuration functions. Developers only need to configure AR registration parameters and generate intermediate script files to realize complex AR interactions such as mechanical assembly and instrument display.