# Dynamic Load Modelling within Combined Transport Trains during Transportation on a Railway Ferry
## 1 Introduction
Earlier, on 26 September 1954, during Typhoon Maria (Japan), five ferry ships of the Seikan N.R. company were lost, in chronological order: Hidaka Maru, Kitami Maru, No. 11 Seikan Maru, Tokachi Maru, and Toya Maru. The first four of them are railway ships, which were able to take on board 44 railway wagons [17]. The reason for the accidents of ferry ships is also the unreliable fastening of wagons on the decks. For example, on 8 September 1966, in the Skagerrak Strait (Norway), due to damage to the cargo gate, the Norwegian ferry Skagerrak lost its stability and turned over on board [18]. Therefore, the issues of transportation of railway vehicles by sea require special attention, as they concern both operational safety and environmental aspects. A study on dynamic load of the load-bearing structure of the wagon body during transportations on a railway ferry was given in [19; 20]. There was a mathematical model describing the fluctuations of a wagon during the transportation on a railway ferry, taking into account the rigid interaction relative to the deck. The mathematical modelling results were confirmed by computer modelling. However,the issue of container dynamic load within combined transport trains during transportation on a railway ferry was not addressed in these works. Analysis of the load-bearing structure of the new-generation flat wagon was carried out in [21]. The paper presents the results of static calculations prepared in accordance with relevant standards for this type of construction. Structural features of a long base flat wagon were covered in [22]. The special feature of the wagon was the absence of a spinal beam along the length of the frame. The results of strength calculations of the flat wagon load-bearing structure were given, which were realized in an ANSYS finite element software. It is important to note that these structures of flat wagons did not provide for the stability of containers when transported on a railway ferry. Forces acting on wagons during their transportation on a railway ferry by sea were determined in [23]. Investigations were carried out on an open top wagon loaded with bulk cargo. The defining of container load within combined transport trains during transportation on railway ferries has not been paid attention to up to now. Stress-strain state of a container body, while lifting it by a crane and dragging, was analyzed in [24]. Definition of strength indicators was carried out in the APM Machine package. Experimental research of strength was conducted with the help of electrical strain gauging method. Peculiarities of building a container for fruit and vegetable produce transportation were highlighted in [25]. The article included requirements for a container body, provided its suggested structure, as well as illustrated strength calculations on the basis of the finite element method. Significantly, the study of container dynamic load has not been conducted in the works mentioned above, but the definition of strength indicators has been carried out, taking into account normative values of loads. Dynamic load of a container under operational load modes was determined in [26]. The obtained values of dynamic loads were taken into account during container strength calculations in an ANSYS environment. Peculiarities of floor strength calculations for a 40-feet container conducted in Abaqus/CAE v 6.1 complex were outlined in [27]. Recommendations were offered in terms of safe operation of this type of container. Measures aimed at reduction of the container dynamic load during combined transportation have not been offered in the works considered above. The methodology for determining the forces acting on a wagon during transportation by a railway ferry is presented in [28]. A brief outline of the development of ferry services is provided. The technology of fixing wagons on the decks of railway ferries is considered. The main forces acting on the wagon during the ferry rolling are determined.