## 1 Introduction  
Permeable asphalt pavements, as part of sustainable drainage systems (SUDSs), have emerged as a topic of considerable interest in recent years [1; 2; 3; 4]. The main objectives of permeable pavement are to increase groundwater recharge, reduce surface runoff, treat stormwater, and prevent the pollution of receiving water bodies through surface runoff [5; 6; 7; 8; 9]. Permeable asphalt pavement refers to a new type of asphalt mixture surface layer materials with a porosity of about 20% after compaction, with drainage paths inside [10; 11]. The permeable structure is a \"framework-pore\" structure formed by interlocked large-size gravel [12; 13; 14; 15]. However, a limitation of the use of such mixtures is that they are affected by poor durability. Specifically, there is a strength durability issue and a permeability durability issue. The strength durability issue refers to the relatively low strength and low stiffness of the permeable pavement. Draindown, a separation of asphalt mastic from the course skeleton, can occur during storage or transport, which results in a thin binder coating that is inadequate to prevent particles from being dislodged by traffic. The thin binder film can also age rapidly, aggravating the raveling problem. Sometimes, the failure occurs when the pavement is only six to eight years old, and such a short life is difficult to accept. Furthermore, permeable asphalt pavement is prone to clogging by sediments over time, which slows the permeability rate [16; 17]. The clogging behavior is characterized by an increase in the quantity of sediments and particulate matter retained on the pavement surface [18]. The clogging behavior of permeable asphalt pavement is a very complex and random process, and the asphalt paving community has made a great effort to investigate the clogging phenomenon from the formation mechanism to prevention methods [19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25]. [PERSON] et al. proposed an \"end-of-life\" concept based on the long-term hydrological performance of permeable pavement systems in northern Spain. The research showed that, after 10 years of operation without maintenance, the bays constructed using porous mixtures were completely clogged, reaching the end of their operational life after nine years [26]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] investigated this mechanism through surface infiltration methods, the use of embedded sensors, and the development of modelling tools. The conclusion showed a relationship between surface infiltration rates and the age of the pavement and local climatic conditions, including rainfall intensity [27]. [PERSON] et al. conducted three different maintenance methods to restore the surface infiltration performance of the clogged permeable pavements. The research results indicated that the most effective maintenance treatment was determined to be a combination of hydro pressure washing and vacuuming to clean the permeable pavement surfaces [28]. In order to effectively improve the durability of permeable pavement, researchers all over the world have conducted a large number of fruitful studies [29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36]. In a previous study, in order to determine a promising solution to minimize environmental pollution by sinking the accumulation of waste materials and improve the strength durability of permeable pavement, a novel OGFC material, named COF-OGFC, using oil shale waste as a fine aggregate in OGFC, was designed to meet the requirements of sponge city construction in Siping City (Jilin province, China). The test results showed that the overall properties of COF-OGFC were about 30% better than those of a conventional asphalt mixture, and it could effectively reduce construction costs and environmental pollution by industrial waste [37; 38]. However, the permeability durability when using oil shale waste as a fine aggregate in OGFC in seasonal frozen regions is unclear.