esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Links between the Chemistry and Biochemistry and Toxicology of CTXs  
### Lipophilicity of CTXs  
Known CTXs comprise 50 to 62 contiguous carbons, which are organized into 12-14 ether-fused rings that confer moderate lipophilicity and high chemical and thermal stability. The following facts have confirmed this first theoretical approach. Consistent with the chemistry, CTXs are soluble in aqueous acetone, acetonitrile, and methanol, but not in hexane, as originally determined by [PERSON] in the late 1960s [53; 133]. This behavior is reminiscent of aflat solubility [134; 135]. Interestingly, in 1977, [PERSON] [136] reported that the skin, fat, and bones of toxic moray _Gymnothorax funebris_ caught in the Pacific Ocean were non-toxic. In a separate study, _G. funebris_ specimens caught in the French West Indies (F.W.I) were shown to be ciguatoxic in flesh and other tissues, but not in fat (1 unit for flesh; \(\times 7\) for viscera, and \(\times 45\) for liver) [91]. This suggests that the ciguatoxins (P-CTXs and C-CTXs) found in _G. funebris_, which are not hexane-soluble, were not effectively soluble in the high fat content of _G. funebris_ flesh and therefore did not accumulate in fats. The ciguatoxin concentration was the highest in the liver, which has a relatively low fat content compared to other tissues, either for Caribbean or Pacific fishes [36].  
Lipophilicity has also been estimated from the partition coefficient of P-CTX-1 between ethyl acetate and a HEPES-buffered Ringer solution in a 1:1 ratio at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C, which was \(>\)2, confirming that P-CTX-1 is a mid-lipophilic compound that can cross cellular membranes [137]. In line with this observation, P-CTXs were extracted from pooled mouse brains following IP (intraperitoneal) injection of LR, and from the brains of cats that were intoxicated after ingestion of ciguatoxic fish [62]. This finding correlates with the ability of CTXs to reach nerves and neurons to cause persistent, quasi-irreversible activation of voltage-gated sodium channels that increases neuronal excitability and neurotransmitter release, impairs synaptic vesicle recycling, and causes cell swelling [94; 138; 139; 140; 141; 142]. Given their structural similarities, it is not surprising that the binding of CTXs overlaps with the brevetoxin binding site (site 5) on sodium channels [143; 144; 122; 138].  
The excitotoxicity and neurodegenerative effects of CTXs in mice can last several months after exposure to P-CTX-1 [145], as can the neurosensory [146] and neuropsychological effects, including depression, anxiety, and memory disturbances [147; 2; 148]. C-CTXs and P-CTXs have similar but sufficiently distinct structures and potency differences in mice that are within 10-fold less for Caribbean ciguatoxins. Molecular modelling has suggested that an asymmetry exists in binding within the sodium channels, but this finding requires experimental validation [149].
## 5 Key Enablers
### Software-Defined Controllers for Edge Cloud
#### 5.3.4 SDN Controller for Inter Edge Communication and Bulk Transfers  
The demand for online services in various industries has led to a significant increase in the size and number of data centers. According to a report, the number of hyperscale data centers has tripled since 2013, reaching over 500 in 2019 [1]. Cloud providers often build their data centers in remote locations that are close to their global customers in order to improve the performance of their services. For example, as of 2019, Google, Amazon, Facebook, and Microsoft all had data centers operating in multiple regions and cities around the world. The vast network of data centers that these companies operate allows them to support thousands of services, such as web hosting, email, and file storage, as well as streaming services for music, video, and other types of media. However, the global nature of these operations also puts pressure on the wide-area networks (WANs), often tens of terabytes to petabytes in size, between data centers, which must meet high standards for availability, performance, and consistency [48; 68].  
Cloud providers that operate their own wide-area networks (WANs) to connect to remote data centers often have fixed-term WAN resources and costs that they need to manage effectively. The objectives of inter-DC bulk data transfer are fairness, maximizing resource utilization, and minimizing transfer time and costs. In order to achieve these goals, industry communities such as Google, Microsoft, and Facebook have adopted SDN controllers to operate their inter-DC WANs. Figure 11 shows a simplified architecture of an SDN-based control system for inter-DC bulk transfer.  
With the adoption of SDN controllers, routing and forwarding decisions are performed centrally, which allows optimal solutions. Allocating appropriate transmission rates is also very important to improve the efficiency of bulk transfer. SDN controllers can make the transfer rate flexible and adaptable to network load and topology [48].  
Figure 11: High-level architecture of an SDN-based control system for bulk transfers [48; 69].
###### Abstract  
This paper focuses on the atmospheric dust transport effect on the changes in chlorophyll-A concentration in the Black Sea surface layer. In order to assess the input of nutrients with atmospheric precipitations at the Crimean coast of the Black Sea, the collected samples were analyzed for the content of inorganic nitrogen, phosphates, and silicon. The samples were taken into a wet-only sampler and into a permanently open, to assess the effect of dust on the nutrients concentration in dry depositions. Cases of multi-fold excess of the nutrients content in the open sampler collected precipitation over that in the wet-only sampler were identified. For such high concentration cases, the 7-day back-trajectories analyses was carried out using the model of the international network AERONET and the HYSPLIT model. The results of our research showed that the influx of nutrients with the atmospheric depositions can result in increasing of chlorophyll-A concentration in 11-36% in the surface layer of the Black Sea. After atmospheric depositions, concentration of phosphates in the surface layer can increase more than five times compared with the background concentration. The increase of silicon concentration can reach 30%. The influx of atmospheric precipitation containing significant amounts of nutrients into the bay can shifts the Redfield ratio compared with background value up to three times.  
nutrients; dust transport; precipitations; chlorophyll-A; Black Sea
## 8 Remediation Studies on the Efficacy of Cyclodextrin (CD) Molecules
The incorporation of carboxyl and methyl functional groups into cyclodextrin, which functions as an adsorbent, demonstrates considerable potential for the removal of both organic and inorganic pollutants from soil and aqueous samples. The presence of the carboxymethyl group on the external surface of cyclodextrin facilitates the formation of complexes with metal ions [10], thereby significantly enhancing its capacity to extract heavy metals from contaminated soils [48]. In mining and construction debris areas, where heavy-metal contamination is a major threat to public health and environmental integrity, carboxymethyl-\(\beta\)-cyclodextrintrin has demonstrated the capacity to neutralize toxic metals, enabling their elimination or encapsulation inside the soil and water bodies [10; 11; 22; 48]. [PERSON] conducted a comprehensive investigation into the properties of cyclodextrin-silica hybrid materials, documenting their efficacy in the extraction of various impurities from liquid matrices through adsorption and solid-phase extraction methodologies. The integration of cyclodextrin into silica substrates has been demonstrated to improve the accessibility of binding sites and to exhibit significant binding affinities for a wide range of contaminants, including metal ions, pesticides, and dyes. This enhancement allows cyclodextrin-silica hybrids to surpass the performance of traditional silica-based adsorbents [20]. Furthermore, cyclodextrin-based nanosponges demonstrate considerable potential in the field of water and soil remediation, owing to their capacity to form inclusion complexes with hydrophobic contaminants. The prospective applications of cyclodextrin-based nanosponges extend significantly beyond the current focus on pharmaceuticals and biomedical applications, encompassing areas such as water and soil remediation, catalysis, sensing technologies, and optoelectronics. These nanosponges can facilitate the elimination of several impurities from both aquatic and terrestrial environments, including heavy metals, dyes, pesticides, and pharmaceutical compounds [49; 50]. Although the World Health Organization (WHO) notes that \(\alpha\), \(\beta\), and \(\gamma\)-cyclodextrinrins and their derivatives are largely non-toxic, their encapsulation with heavy metals poses environmental risks [24; 25]. Two disposal methods for hazardous byproduct waste are recommended to address these concerns. First, incineration at high temperatures decomposes organic materials. It stabilizes metal ions in ash, which can be disposed of in hazardous waste landfills equipped with technologies to capture emitted volatile organic compounds. The second method, chemical treatment, uses techniques such as neutralization or oxidation-reduction to transform toxic waste into less hazardous substances. For non-volatile residues from incineration or treatment, secure landfilling is necessary,compliant with local regulations, and suitable for hazardous waste to prevent groundwater contamination [51].
# Adaptive Energy Management in 5G Network Slicing: Requirements, Architecture, and Strategies
## 5 Evaluation
### Numerical Results  
#### 5.3.1 Simulation Setting  
For the implementation of OptTsNS, we used Matlab (Matlab R2017b) running on a machine with a 3.33 GHz \(\times\) 12 cores Intel Core i7 Extreme processor and 12 GB RAM. The algorithmic strategy leverages parallel processing, and up to three cores were used in the simulation of the case study. The evaluation of the optimal solution is given in terms of metrics \(AR\), \(E_{A_{U}}\), and \(P_{LACK}\). The results obtained are compared with a traditional scenario in which no management strategy is applied (i.e., when \(v_{k}^{i}=1\), \(q_{k,j}^{i}=1\), \(u_{k,j}^{i}=0\), \(\forall i\in L\), \(\forall j\in M\), \(\forall k\in N\)). The total execution time for the simulation was approximately 90 min.
# Remote Sensing in Urban Forestry:
## 1 Introduction
Over the past decade, the application of remote sensing in urban forestry, particularly the quantification of biophysical dimensions of urban forests and associated ecosystem services, has increased [43; 44; 47; 48], although its use is still comparatively modest for studying spatially and spectrally complex urban forest ecosystems [35; 49]. In this study, we aim to summarise recent applications of remote sensing in urban forestry from the perspective of three distinctive themes, i.e., multi-source, multi-temporal, and multi-scale (referring to studies conducted at different spatial scales) inputs. The state-of-art is evaluated on the basis of empirical studies from the past decade. In particular, we exemplify how highly detailed and replicable information on urban forests can be successfully derived from remotely sensed imagery over areas at various spatiotemporal scales, which significantly surpasses the capacities of traditional inventory or image analysis techniques [50]. Lastly, we discuss the potential of remote sensing to improve the reliability and accuracy of mapping urban forest structural, functional and configurational properties and dynamics, as well as of estimating a suite of ecosystem services.
###### Abstract  
Surface degradation of Ni-enriched layered cathode material Li[Ni\({}_{0.6}\)Mn\({}_{0.2}\)Co\({}_{0.2}\)]O\({}_{2}\) (NMC622) is the main reason that leads to large capacity decay during long-term cycling. In the frame of this research, an amorphous SiO\({}_{2}\) coating was applied onto the surface of the commercially available NMC622 powder by a wet coating process, through the condensation reaction of tetraethyl orthosilicate. The chemical composition of the coating layer was analyzed by inductively-coupled plasma. The morphology was studied by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Electrochemical properties, including cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic cycling, and rate capability measurements in a half-cell configuration, were tested to compare the electrochemical behavior of the non-coated and coated NMC622 materials. It is shown that the rate performance of the NMC622 materials is not affected by the coating layer. After 700 cycles in the range of 3.0-4.3 V at 2 C discharge, the cells with SiO\({}_{2}\)-coated NMC622 materials retained 80% of their initial capacity, which is higher than the uncoated ones (74%). Physicochemical characterizations, e.g., XRD and SEM, were performed post-mortem to reveal the stabilizing mechanism of the SiO\({}_{2}\)-coated NMC622 electrodes after long-term cycling. Based on these results, this is due to the shielding effect of the coating between the NMC622 particle surface and the liquid electrolyte, along with its scavenging effect on HF. SiO\({}_{2}\) coating is therefore a facile surface modification method that results in potentially significant enhancement of the cyclic stability of Ni-rich NMC materials.  
Keywords:lithium-ion battery; Ni-rich layered cathode material; SiO\({}_{2}\) coating; capacity retention +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters B
# Safety Control for Satellite Formation Flying via High-Order Control Barrier Functions
## 2 Problem Formulation and Preliminaries
### Dynamic Model of Satellite Formation
\right].\]  
Considering the control input of the accompanying satellite, the above equation can be described as  
\[\left[ \begin{array}{c}\ddot{x}\\ \ddot{y}\\ \ddot{z}\end{array} \right] = \left[ \begin{array}{c}2\omega\dot{y}\\ 3\omega^{2}y-2\omega\dot{x}\\ -\omega^{2}z\end{array} \right]+\left[ \begin{array}{c}\omega^{2}x\\ -2\omega^{2}y-r\omega^{2}\\ \omega^{2}z\end{array} \right] \tag{4}\] \[-\frac{\mu}{d^{3}}\left[ \begin{array}{c}x\\ y+r\\ z\end{array} \right]+\left[ \begin{array}{c}u_{1}\\ u_{3}\\ u_{5}\end{array} \right],\]  
where \(u_{1}\), \(u_{3}\), and \(u_{5}\) are the control input of the accompanying satellite, respectively. (Here, the subscripts of the control inputs are set as 1, 3, and 5 for facilitating the following descriptions). For satellite formation flying, one can design a simple PID controller to tune the position of the accompanying satellite. However, taking into account the physical dimensions of the accompanying satellite and the reference satellite, it is necessary to avoid collisions between the accompanying satellite and the reference satellite when the position of the accompanying satellite is driven to that of the reference satellite. The traditional PID control and even some intelligent control methods cannot satisfy such a requirement. To this end, a safety control scheme is devised in this paper. Before proceeding, the related preliminaries are first given.
## 5 Conclusions  
This study proposed a simulation method to predict the operation performance, including indoor air environment and purification efficiency of the Chinese commercial kitchen exhaust fume (CCKEF) system. The simulation model was validated with measured data with a deviation within 10%. The validated model was used to predict the indoor air environment and purification efficiency of the exhaust system under different working conditions (simultaneous coefficient of stoves, stove surface temperature, make-up air parameters and exhaust air volumes) to understand the actual operation of the case CCKEF system and give suggestions for improvement. The main conclusions are as follows:  
1. The change in simultaneity coefficient of stoves affected the air velocity, temperature and pollutant concentration distribution of the cooking area near the cooking stoves. Compared with the surface temperature of stoves, the temperature of natural transfer air from adjacent rooms had a greater impact on the thermal environment of the cooking area, and high airflow from adjacent rooms may disturb the hood capture performance. In order to improve the indoor kitchen environment, air-conditioned air was suggested to be introduced into the kitchen in summer and winter;
2. The exhaust air volume had a significant influence on both the indoor air environment and purification efficiency. The measured air volume for the case CCKEF system, 65% of the rated air volume, was not the optimal operating air volume. The optimal operating air volume varied with the simultaneous coefficient of stoves, which was 80% and 100% of the rated air volume when the simultaneous coefficient of stoves was 0.2 and greater than 0.6, respectively;
3. On the premise of providing a comfortable indoor environment and eligible purification efficiency, the CCKEF system was suggested to be operated at the optimum airflow according to the simultaneous coefficient of stoves as the energy consumption of the system can be saved by 3.75% during the brunch cooking period.  
Conceptualization, N.D.; Data curation, A.Z., R.H. and C.S.; Formal analysis, A.Z.; Investigation, A.Z.; Methodology, A.Z.; Supervision, N.D.; Validation, A.Z.; Writing--original draft, A.Z.; Writing--review and editing, N.D., Z.L. and G.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The research was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2017 YFC0211502).  
Figure 15: The control of exhaust air volume under three scenarios.
## 2 RUL Prediction Methods
### Probability Density Function (PDF) of Remaining Life  
Assuming that the RUL prediction of the target aeroengine after model training at operating cycle \(T=\{t_{1},t_{2},\cdots,t_{k}\}\) is \(X=\big{\{}x_{t_{1}},x_{t_{2}},\cdots,x_{t_{k}}\big{\}}\), we can calculate its expected value and standard deviation as follows:  
\[\mu_{x_{t_{k}}}=\frac{1}{K}\sum_{i=1}^{K}x_{t_{i}}, \tag{9}\]  
\[\sigma_{x_{t_{k}}}=\Bigg{(}\frac{1}{K}\sum_{i=1}^{K}\big{(}x_{t_{i}}-\mu_{x_{t _{k}}}\big{)}^{2}\Bigg{)}^{\frac{1}{2}}, \tag{10}\]  
Under a Gaussian distribution, the PDF for the remaining engine life \(x_{t_{k}}\), with an expectation of \(\mu_{x_{t_{k}}}\) and a standard deviation of \(\sigma_{x_{t_{k}}}\) at time t of the current operating cycle, is:  
\[f\big{(}x_{t_{k}}\big{)}=\frac{1}{\sigma_{x_{t_{k}}}\sqrt{2\pi}}e^{-\frac{ \big{(}X-\mu_{x_{t_{k}}}\big{)}^{2}}{2\sigma_{x_{t_{k}}}^{2}}}, \tag{11}\]  
Figure 3: Bayesian flowchart for optimizing MLP parameters.  
When the standard deviation is larger, the peak is lower and the prediction uncertainty is reduced. Using the above formula, we can determine the PDF and mathematical expectation of the engine's remaining life at any operating cycle, enabling an accurate prediction of the RUL.
# A High-Quality Hybrid Mapping Model Based on Averaging Dense Sampling Parameters
## 4 Experiments
### Integrity Testing of the SWAD Method on the GAN Network  
Prior to the formal experiments, we conduct integrity testing on the SWAD optimization method to assess its feasibility and reliability. The integrity testing is performed using the MNIST datasets. We compare the performance of two conventional optimization methods, Stochastic Gradient Descent [44] (SGD) and Adaptive Moment Estimation [45] (Adam), with that of SWAD on the MNIST train set. Figure 5 presents the discriminator and generator loss based on three different optimization methods: Adam, SGD, and SWAD. Generated data is displayed every 10 epochs, with 16 samples randomly selected from the generated datasets. Over the course of 100 epochs, the SWAD method effectively reduces loss fluctuations, resulting in a steady decline. The SWAD method achieves a significantly lower discriminator loss and a slight decrease in generator loss, which performs exceptionally well on a GAN network. Generated data is displayed every 10 epochs, with 16 samples randomly selected from the generated datasets. Moreover, Figure 6 illustrates that by the 40 th epoch, discernible handwritten numbers can already be observed. This suggests that the SWAD method rapidly converges and produces clear images, greatly improving training efficiency and image quality. In summary, the SWAD optimization method demonstrates faster convergence and a better ability to identify the optimal solution in gradient descent. This results in shorter training time while maintaining the quality of generated images. The method has successfully passed the integrity test and can be further applied to CycleGAN in a multi-environment in subsequent experiments.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Hyperparameters** & **SGD**\({}^{1}\) & **Adam**\({}^{1}\) & **SWAD**\({}^{1}\) & **SWA**\({}^{2}\) & **PSWA**\({}^{2}\) & **SGD**\({}^{2}\) & **SWAD**\({}^{2}\) \\ \hline Learning rate & - & - & \(1\times 10^{-3}\) & \(1\times 10^{-4}\) & \(2\times 10^{-4}\) & \(2\times 10^{-4}\) & \(2\times 10^{-4}\) \\ Batch size & - & - & 64 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 \\ Number of epochs & - & - & 100 & 100 & 100 & 100 & 100 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Integrity testing phase. \({}^{2}\) Experiment phase.  
\end{table}
Table 2: Hyperparameters employed in SWAD and traditional methods.  
Figure 5: Loss reduction functions of various optimization methods under integrity testing. **(a)** The discriminator and generator loss of Adam. **(b)** The discriminator and generator loss of SGD. **(c)** The discriminator and generator loss of SWAD.
## 5 Experimental Results and Discussion
### Eye-Diagrams  
Figure 12 displays the typical eye-diagrams and amplitude histograms of PAM-6/8 signals with FFE/VNE at BTB and after 20 km SSMF transmission operating at different modes, respectively. The ROP was fixed at 1 dBm. For 20 km transmission scenario, the eyes in the first line could hardly be recognized (dashed circle), which suffered severe power fading with differential driven mode. Meanwhile, the eyes with FFE in the second, third, and fourth lines were faintly separated and became quite clear after applying VNE for nonlinear SSBI compensation. According to the amplitude histograms of PAM-8 signals, it can be confirmed that time skew had the best performance and amplitude mismatch was better than bias deviation after transmission. On the other hand, for the BTB scenario, the first line exhibited the clearest eyes with highest peaks in amplitude histograms. The eyes in the third lines had the lowest peak probability. Therefore, amplitude mismatch induced  
Figure 11: Measured BER versus time skew for **(a)** PAM-6 and **(b)** PAM-8 signals after 20 km SSMF transmission with differential driven mode. Measured ROP sensitivities with 20 ps for **(c)** PAM-6 and **(d)** PAM-8 signals after 20 km SSMF transmission and for **(e)** PAM-6 and **(f)** PAM-8 signals at BTB, respectively.  
the largest penalty at BTB, while bias deviation with single-arm driven mode had the smallest penalty compared to differential driven mode. Moreover, the similar results of PAM-6/8 signals indicated that the influence of imbalances indeed acted as a frequency transfer function, which holds for different modulation formats.