esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Case Study
### Heart Rate Measurements  
Heart rate data were analysed when the emotions of each participant were captured. This experiment relied on images of renovation projects, illustrations, diagrams and alternative matrices as emotional stimulus sources to elicit certain emotions. Participants were in a room in front of a computer monitor and the survey was conducted from 8 a.m. to 1 p.m. During the task, HR was recorded via a smartwatch system (see Figure 8).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Participant} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\mathbf{1}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\mathbf{2}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\mathbf{3}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\mathbf{4}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\mathbf{5}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\mathbf{6}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\mathbf{7}\)} &  
Specifically, the task required participants to make certain decisions about situations they were shown, which had offers they could accept or reject. In addition, the participants were told that the proposed solutions relate to the following different contexts: economic aspects, simplicity of the construction process, the durability of materials, warranty period, aesthetic appearance, etc.  
Figure 8: Sample of the HR segments in Mi Fit of the subjects were collected using a smart bracelet: (a) participant No. 1, (b) participant No. (2), (c) participant No. 3.  
Along with changes in emotional mood, cardiac activity changes, can also be extracted and used as signals of various emotions. Figure 9 shows several typical parameters used to extract features.  
Parameters (1) and (3) show HR amplitude changes. Parameter (2) shows that HR follows an increasing scale over time, Parameter (4) shows the slope of the HR change, and Parameter (5) indicates the duration during which the HR data remain without changes.  
The experiment proved that when a participant's emotions change (happiness, sadness and a neutral state), their heart rate should reflect their mood accordingly. Statistical analysis showed that the rise in heart rate was significant when participants felt positive emotions, whereas negative emotions cause the heart rate to decrease. Statistical analysis also showed that emotions can be recognised and monitored in real-time using affordable, wearable devices. This method was fast, easy and simple to use on a wide range of portable devices available in the market. When smart bracelets are used for emotion recognition, it is suggested to first show the user standard neutral stimulation videos to obtain neutral mood heart rate data as a baseline to eliminate personalised differences.
# Neurorotrophic Factors in Glaucoma and Innovative Delivery Systems
## 2 Neuroprotection: Insights on Biochemical Pathways and Treatment Opportunities
### Neurotrophic Factors Rationale for Use in Glaucoma Treatment and Preliminary Results
#### 2.1.3 Glial Cell-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor  
In the recent years, members of other neurotrophic factor families including glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) have been shown to regulate survival, development, and function in the nervous system by activating tyrosine kinases. GDNF is a neuroprotective agent related to the TGF-\(\beta\) family of cytokines, involved in the growth, differentiation, maintenance, and regeneration of different neuronal populations, including mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons and locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons [81; 82].  
Both the GDNF family receptor-\(\alpha\) (GFR\(\alpha\)) and transmembrane Ret receptor tyrosine kinase are expressed on embryonic chick RGGs as well as on amacrine and horizontal cells [83]. Intravitreal injection of GDNF demonstrated to promote RGC survival after transection of the optic nerve in rats [84; 85]. In addition, in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that GDNF may represent an effective therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative diseases of the retina including retinitis pigmentosa and diabetic retinopathy [86; 87].  
CNTF is a member of neuroopoietic cytokine family which was demonstrated to be effective in promoting cell survival and differentiation of multiple types of peripheral and central neurons and glial cell populations [88]. Nevertheless, phase I clinical trials in ALS showed that systemic delivery of CNTF induced severe side effects, which limited the dosage and ultimately the efficacy of the drug [89; 90]. CNTF and related tripartite receptor complex were shown to be expressed at the level of the RPE, photoreceptors, outer plexiform layer (OPL), internal nuclear layer (INL), internal plexiform layer (IPL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), and nerve fiber layer (NFL), as well as in the optic nerve head in humans and animals, enabling paracrine as well as autocrine signaling [91; 92]. The expression of CNTF, as evaluated after optic nerve section in animals, was observed to increase one week after injury, peak at two weeks, and drop to control levels at four weeks [93]. Conversely, retinal expression of CNTF declined in advanced stages of experimental IOP elevation in animals [94]. Previous research demonstrated that intravitreally injected CNTF enhanced RGCs survival after nerve transection [95; 96]. Intravitreal administration of a single dose of CNTF at concentration of 2 \(\mu\)g/2 \(\mu\)L reduced RGC loss from approximately 22% to 5% after four weeks in animal model of glaucoma [7]. Neuroprotective effects of CNTF were proposed to be exerted through an increase in the phosphorylated STAT3 protein in the ganglion cell and inner nuclear layer of the retina, with activation of JAK-STAT pathway (Figure 2) [7]. In addition, CNTF levels were found to be reduced than expected in the aqueous humor and tears of patients with glaucoma [97].
## 3 Results
### Error Analysis
Therefore, the measured EFL in this study may be regarded as a valid measurement. For practical uses of this study, the accuracy of the measurements must be verified. Here, we discuss the possible sources of error during the EFL measurement and methods to improve this measurement. Figure 8 shows the magnified optical paths of the optical system near the first andsecond lenses. The height from the floor surface to the reference plane changes with changes in the incident angle of the optical system, as shown in Figure 8. This is the first source of error. Because the calculations performed with the measurements, tabulated in Table S3, used the same \(Y_{B}\) on the assumption that the reference point is the same in all cases, there was error in the height from the reference plane to the pattern, \(Y_{p}\), which caused error in the measured angles. In order to use \(Y_{B}\) in this calculation instead of the approximation, rays would need to be traced using the system simulation and the height would need to be calculated for each pattern. Since the angle of the pattern and the distance away from the center are set to the same value in the simulation, it would be very difficult to calculate the height corresponding to every ray. Another method for using an approximation of \(Y_{B}\), but with less error compared to the previous method, would be to increase \(X\), the distance between the optical system and the pattern. If \(X\) is greater than that used in the previous measurement, \(Y_{T}\) also increases when the same field angle is measured. Because the pattern height, \(Y_{p}\), is the difference between \(Y_{T}\) and \(Y_{B}\), the effect of \(Y_{B}\) on the calculation error of \(Y_{p}\) decreases as \(Y_{T}\) increases, thus reducing the error in the angle calculation. The second source of error is the inaccurate recognition of pixels. The reference for determining the cutoff point of a pattern in Figure 6 is the sudden change of the color component in a pixel. The \"G\" (green) color component is the only one needed because the pattern used in this study has green patterns on a black background. The accuracy of pattern recognition may be enhanced by providing clear contrast in the pattern shape. The third source of error is the tilt error between the measurable optical system and the pattern. In this case, the interval error of the pattern would cause an error in \(Y_{T}\). As a solution to this error, a mean value of four patterns was used, and this proved the feasibility of the measured system. Figure 8: Optical paths of the various rays in the omni-directional reflective optical system.
# Study on Water Inrush Characteristics of Hard Rock Tunnel Crossing Heterogeneous Faults
## 2 Geological Setting of Tiantai Mountain Tunnel  
A strategically significant position within China's G85 highway is occupied by the Tiantai Mountain Tunnel, encompassing a total length of 15.56 km. Presently, it ranks among the largest cross-sectional tunnels in Asia, characterized by a two-way configuration housing six lanes. With a maximum cross-sectional area of 156 m\({}^{2}\) and an average depth of 1117 m, this tunnel serves as an exemplar of the typical characteristics exhibited by deeply buried long-section mountain tunnels. In this paper, the chainage interval from K159 + 285 to K164 + 350 has been chosen for study.  
Due to its significant depth, the tunnel traverses through unweathered granite formations, which have an average thickness of up to 810 m. In areas unaffected by faults, unweathered granite has excellent self-stabilizing capabilities and very low permeability. Above the unweathered formations lies moderately weathered granite with an average thickness of 300 m. According to on-site drilling data, the moderately weathered formation has a Rock Quality Designation (RQD) value of 30, with well-developed joint fractures that provide conditions for groundwater recharge [34].
## 2 Model Design and Implementation  
A full description for the modeling design and implementation is shown in Figure 1. The modeling design starts with collection of the SEMG signal (electrical activity) from the bicep muscle by electrodes. After converting to a digital signal, we extract a smooth signal by removing noise by converting the SEMG signal from the time domain to the frequency domain by FFT to calculate the cutoff frequency and apply a digital filter [16]. We have experimentally determined this cutoff frequency after converting the SEMG signal to the frequency domain using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). We set the cutoff frequency to be 10 KHz.  
The smooth SEMG signal will target modeling using the ANN. The ANN will have two inputs perceptron: the first input is calculated from the torque in the third-class lever arm in the human body with load. The second input angle is calculated for every torque that causes rotation of the lower arm around the elbow joint.
## 4 Conclusions  
In this study, a three-axis passive WSVI was developed to significantly attenuate the dynamic launch loads transmitted to a small satellite. To achieve a high damping capability, the proposed WSVI applied two technical design concepts which are to use the superelasticity of the SMA material and the other is to apply multilayered thin plates with viscous lamina tapes on the SMA blades. The basic characteristics of the proposed WSVI were investigated using static load tests with SMA blades of various thicknesses. The vibration test results to validate the effectiveness of the design showed great launch-vibration isolation performance. From the sine-vibration test results, the highest acceleration response obtained from each of the \(x\)-, \(y\)-, and \(z\)-axes are reduced 76%, 76%, 52% compared with design load of 23 g. The results of random vibration test showed that the maximum acceleration from each of the \(x\)-, \(y\)-, and \(z\)-axes are reduced 92%, 92%, 90% compared with that of rigid mounted condition. Moreover, the structural safety of the WSVI was within the qualification level of the vibration test specifications.  
Conceptualization, Y.-H.P. and H.-U.O.; methodology, Y.-H.P. and H.-U.O.; software, Y.-H.P. and H.-U.O., formal analysis, Y.-H.P., S.-C.K. and H.-U.O.; validation, Y.-H.P., S.-C.K. and H.-U.O.; writing-original draft preparation, Y.-H.P.; writing-review and editing, H.-U.O.; supervision, H.-U.O.; funding acquisition K.-R.K. and H.-U.O.; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by Hanwha Systems (U-19-001).  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Test**} & **Excitation** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Status**} & **Corresponding Axis** & **Frequency Shift** \\  & **Axis** & & **1 st Eigenfrequency (Hz)** & **Difference (\%)** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Sine Vibration} & \(x\) & After & 28.8 & - \\ \cline{2-5}  & \multirow{2}{*}{\(y\)} & Before & 28.2 & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & After & 28.3 & 0.35 \\ \cline{3-5}  & \multirow{2}{*}{\(z\)} & Before & 34.2 & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & After & 34.5 & 0.87 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Random Vibration} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(y\)} & Before & 28.2 & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & After & 28.8 & 2.08 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-5}  & & Before & 27.9 & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-5}  & \multirow{2}{*}{\(z\)} & After & 26.8 & 3.9 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-5}  & & Before & 34.4 & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-5}  & & After & 34.7 & 0.86 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Results of the WSVI’s Low Level Sine Sweep (LLSS) Tests Conducted before and after the Launch-vibration Tests.  
+++ ==ERROR: No output for this page==
**Data Availability Statement:** The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.  
This research was supported by Hanwha Systems (U-19-001).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
++
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Comparison of Scratch Size Detected by CD Pick-Up Head, DVD Pick-Up Head and SM  
The output signals of 3 different scratches detected by CD and DVD pick-up heads are shown in Figures 7 and 8, respectively. The inset shows the magnified signal at the scratch point. The scratch size is referred to the scratch width which is later measured by SEM with magnification of 300,000\(\times\). It is seen that the widths of the 1 st scratch detected by the CD and DVD pick-up heads are \(\sim\)68.97 and \(\sim\)68.94 \(\upmu\)m, respectively, while those of the 2 nd scratch detected by the CD and DVD pickup heads are \(\sim\)110.35 and \(\sim\)110.30 \(\upmu\)m, respectively. The biggest scratch of the 3 rd one is measured by the CD pick-up in an order of 337.18 \(\upmu\)m size and the DVD pick-up head of 337.82 \(\upmu\)m size. These results are compared with SM and SEM measurements as shown in Table 2.  
Figure 8: Distance and amplitude measurements of 3 scratches detected by the DVD pick-up head.  
Figure 7: Distance and amplitude measurements of 3 scratches detected by the CD pick-up head.  
It is useful to observe the oscillation of signals detected by the CD and DVD pick-up heads to study the details of signal. It is seen in Figure 8 that signals of the DVD pick-up head are more sensitive than those of the CD pick-up head as shown in Figure 7. This shows that the DVD pick-up head can better detect details of the surface roughness than those of the CD pick-up head. It results in more accuracy of scratch width and characteristic.  
From Table 2, it is found that the results of CD and DVD pick-up heads tested on a rotating disk are better than those of a static SM test. The errors of about 17.39-25.40% are found satisfyingly for the DVD pick-up head and those of about 17.34-25.35% for the CD pick-up head as a scratch is under 100 \(\upmu\)m size. However, for the biggest scratch of the 3 rd one, it is clearly seen that newly invented CD/DVD pick-up heads provides an extraordinary promising result with just a few percentages of error.  
Therefore, by observation of 3 sizes of marked scratches, both CD/DVD pick-up heads show better scratch characteristic and simpler position locating than those of the SM for the \(<\)100 \(\upmu\)m scratch but for the \(>\)100 \(\upmu\)m scratch; CD/DVD pick-up heads show a remarkably result similarly to that of SEM.
# Passive Solar Solutions for Buildings: Criteria and Guidelines for a Synergistic Design
## 2 Passive Solar Systems
### An Overview of the Common Solutions
The high structural loads and the low efficiency at medium-high latitudes due to the low horizontal irradiance represent the main disadvantages. Results from a field study of a roof pond report a reduction of the indoor temperature swing around 1/4 th [22]. The Barra-Costantini system is based on the collector loop configuration, but the warmed air flows inside a cavity in the ceiling and is finally released at the non-sun-facing rooms: this system guarantees a diffuse heat distribution and storage suitable for multistory buildings and is exploitable for building ventilation. The main disadvantage is the hard maintenance due to dust or condensation in the cavity. In temperate climates, this configuration can reach an annual heating energy saving percentage from 60 to 70%, but with a payback period of 25 years [23]. Collector loops are based on convective heat exchange: these systems are perfectly suitable for lightweight insulated structures as easily integrable by adding an external glazing to the south facade. Convective loops also contribute to indoor ventilation. Likewise, thermosyphon systems consists of solar-glazed collectors with a black metal absorber. The most common application of these kinds of strategies in buildings is ventilated facades: in summer, the ventilated air gap and the reflective covering reduce the heat entering in the building, decreasing the cooling demand, while in cold weather conditions, the air gap reduces heat losses through the envelope, guaranteeing high air conditioning related  
Figure 3: Water systems: (**a**) roof ponds winter mode (day and night), (**b**) roof ponds summer mode (day and night); sunspaces: (**c**) integrated, (**d**) attached, (**e**) attached ventilated, (**f**) sunporch. savings. The system can also exploit the chimney effect to set up natural ventilation that helps in heat and moisture removal. A sunspot layout is related to its use: as Figure 3 shows, integrated sunspaces act as large direct gain systems, while externally attached sunspaces work as indirect systems. A sunspot can be exploited to preheat external air [24], and works as a buffer zone. Although representing a possible additional living space is an advantage, the high construction cost and the compliance with local requirements limit sunspace implementation. The role of thermal storage is relevant: energy saving can be enhanced from 10-15% to 80% by adding a water-based storage system [15]. Achievable by installing windows or sheets in a south-facing balcony, sunorphes represent a simple and cheaper solution for existing buildings, thus a valid energy retrofit strategy [25]. Building orientation and shape are basic passive strategies that highly affect both the base building energy load and the performance of other passive solutions by defining solar exposure. When designing a new building, difference in heating demand from a regular-squared to an irregular building can account for about 50%, while proper site orientation can save up to 40% [26].
## 2 Results and Discussion
### FT-IR Spectroscopy  
IR spectroscopy was utilized to characterize the functional groups of the lignocellulosic fibers (cf. Figure 5). The broad peaks at 3387 cm\({}^{-1}\) were ascribed to the vibrational bands of the hydroxyl functional groups. According to the literature, the IR bands at 1624 and 1734 cm\({}^{-1}\) are associated with stretching of the C=C bonds of lignin and carbonyl vibrations of the acetyl/COOH groups of hemicellulose and pectin, respectively [32]. Also, asymmetric deformation of CH\({}_{3}\) and the C-H vibrations of lignin were observed at 1356 and 1430 cm\({}^{-1}\), respectively. A significant reduction in the intensity of the related vibrational bands near 1624 and 1734 cm\({}^{-1}\) was evident, which suggests decomposition of lignin and hemicellulose due to oxidation of FFs by the modified Fenton (F-T15) and alkali-modified Fenton (F-T15-ALK) processes. The intensity of the band at 1734 cm\({}^{-1}\) was lower compared to the intensity of the band near 1624 cm\({}^{-1}\) in the modified Fenton process. This can be related to oxidation treatments that are less efficient for the degradation of hemicellulose [33]. On the other hand, alkali-treated samples showed a significant reduction in the intensity of the band at 1734 cm\({}^{-1}\) because of the alkali treatment efficiency for the decomposition of hemicellulose content versus lignins.
# Spatial Perception Correntropy Matrix for Hyperspectral Image Classification
###### Abstract  
With the development of the hyperspectral imaging technique, hyperspectral image (HSI) classification is receiving more and more attention. However, due to high dimensionality, limited or unbalanced training samples, spectral variability, and mixing pixels, it is challenging to achieve satisfactory performance for HSI classification. In order to overcome these challenges, this paper proposes a feature extraction method called spatial perception correntropy matrix (SPCM), which makes use of spatial and spectral correlation simultaneously to improve the classification accuracy and robustness. Specifically, the dimension reduction is carried out firstly. Then, the spatial perception method is designed to select the local neighbour pixels. Thus, local spectral-spatial correlation is characterized by the correntropy matrix constructed using the selected neighbourhoods. Finally, SPCM representations are fed into the support vector machine for classification. The extensive experiments carried out on three widely used data sets have revealed that the proposed SPCM performs better than several state-of-the-art methods, especially when the training set is small.  
hyperspectral image classification; spatial perception; feature extraction; spectral-spatial feature; correntropy matrix +
Footnote †: journal: Applied  
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