## 4 Discussion  
Effective training for combat sports athletes, including judo athletes, should focus on enhancing speed-strength, endurance, technical-tactical skills, and volitional qualities [34; 35]. Sports performance is also shaped by specialized training programs rooted in physiological and biochemical research [36; 37; 38]. These insights help gauge current levels of endurance and speed-strength, identify intensity zones, and track physiological and biochemical shifts from specialized training. It is vital to adapt exercise intensity and recovery to each athlete's potential. Optimal sports performance arises from harmonizing these elements to reach peak fitness values. However, striving for peak performance can lead to adverse physiological changes, overloading the body and risking over-training [31]. Due to the demanding nature of judo, thorough psychophysical preparation is necessary, warranting research on functional and somatic variables influencing matches. Judo athletes require high speed-strength and strong respiratory/circulatory fitness [37]. While aerobic capacity (VO\({}_{2}\)max) predicts effective fighting, anaerobic endurance plays a crucial role in judo. Notably, Polish judokas' anaerobic endurance indicators serve as a model. Training should enhance tissue oxygenation mechanisms, aiding regeneration and thermoregulation, vital for effective fighting [39; 40]. This study's practical significance lies in aiding training staff and combat sports athletes in program construction. The anaerobic capacity among the studied judokas was notable, surpassing Polish representatives [41] and aligning with international standards [42]. Their aerobic endurance (VO\({}_{2}\)max) was 43.23 \(\pm\) 7.79 mL-kg\({}^{-1}\), lower than elite athletes [43; 44]. Judo competitions may occur in thermoneutral or elevated temperatures. Understanding physiological responses helps design optimal training programs, hydration strategies, and aids recovery [45]. In the context of studying the impact of physical exertion on the immune system, varying perspectives exist. General consensus suggests that intense exercise leads to transient immune system changes, while moderate exercise enhances immune function [46]. Athletes might experience greater immunosuppression than those with moderate physical activity. The interaction between exercise and the immune system could be linked to metabolic, hormonal, or physiological shifts. Athletes engaged in exercise under higher temperatures experience more pronounced immune and endocrine responses compared to room temperature [47]. The extent of this response depends on factors like exercise intensity, duration, and environmental conditions. For instance, post-marathon studies showed increased white blood cell (WBC) counts [48], and ultramarathon runners displayed elevated neutrophil counts and pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations [49]. In this research, significant increases in WBC counts were observed an hour after exercise. Following pulsating exercises at 21 \({}^{\circ}\)C, WBCs rose by 155%, and at 31 \({}^{\circ}\)C, by 191.8%. Correlations were found between WBC increase and myoglobin (Mb), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations [50]. Similar patterns were noted by [PERSON] et al. [51]. Muscle damage resulting from intense exercise, particularly with eccentric contractions or altered training, is common among athletes [52]. These damages affect the cell membrane, causing increased enzyme levels in the blood [52]. Exercise-induced micro-injuries manifest as muscle pain, reduced strength, and the increased release of muscle proteins (Mb) and enzymes (CK, LDH) into the bloodstream. LDH and Mb are reliable markers of muscle damage and stress from exercise [53]. Studies indicate that changes in these markers might peak within 24 h [54; 55]. The type, intensity, and duration of exercise affect the marker levels [56]. In this study, myoglobin concentration significantly increased post-exercise at both temperatures.