esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Experiment and Results Analysis
### Discussion  
According to DL theory, the method for efficient image semantic segmentation using DCNN is deeply studied. This is mainly achieved by optimizing DCNN for efficient semantic segmentation of images and applying it to vehicle visual sensors to improve its recognition performance for urban scenes, thereby promoting the development of urban traffic. In the experiment of feature semantic segmentation using the Cityscapes dataset, ESNet has the highest Cla and Cat accuracy compared with other networks and is at a high level in indicators such as forward inference time and inference speed. At the same time, the training of the model requires the fewest parameters. Moreover, the IOU of ESNet in extracting static objects, moving objects, and small targets is basically at a high level in each network, and some projects are better than all other networks, which also show the advantages proposed by ESNet. It mainly studies the semantic segmentation of multi-class objects in complex urban environments. In experiments using the CamVid dataset, ESNet achieves the highest mIOU index compared to the other four existing semantic segmentation networks. Except for the Cityscapes dataset, the network still maintains competitive performance. In particular, whether using the Cityscapes dataset or the CamVid dataset, the semantic segmentation effect of the ESNet on small objects such as traffic signs is better than all other networks participating in the comparative experiments. This indicates that ESNet has a better semantic segmentation effect for small objects in the urban environment.  
To sum up, ESNet has shown excellent results in both the accuracy and computational efficiency of semantic segmentation. Tested on different urban datasets, ESNet performs well on the task of semantic segmentation with various urban feature elements compared to other similar networks. The limitations of the research include the following two points: (1) Although DCNN is deeply optimized for efficient image semantic segmentation, it has not been practically applied; thus, there is a lack of evaluation results in practical traffic applications. (2) The reference factors for the optimization of semantic segmentation are not comprehensive enough; thus, more comprehensive optimization of this technology is needed in future research.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Combustion Analyzing  
Based on the TG and DTG profiles presented in Figure 4 and Table 5, the following comprehensive conclusions are drawn. The high volatile content of biomass fuels notably lowers the ignition temperature of the mixed fuel. This effect is particularly pronounced in sample C + JM2, with a temperature reduction of 54 \({}^{\circ}\)C, triggering the combustion reaction earlier and exhibiting an accelerated pyrolysis rate. The incorporation of biomass fuel significantly lowers the burnout temperature of the blended fuel by approximately 62 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 93 \({}^{\circ}\)C, thereby reducing unburned particles and promoting more efficient combustion. Additionally, the peak combustion rate temperature of the mixed fuel is slightly increased, enabling more intense combustion at higher temperatures and maximizing heat release. The average combustion rate of the mixed fuel increased by 0.52% to 2.28%. which enhances overall combustion efficiency. The TG curve indicates that the combustion process mainly consists of two stages: volatile matter release in the low-temperature region and fixed carbon combustion in the high-temperature region. Compared to single pulverized coal fuel, the blended fuel demonstrates a lower residual carbon content, especially in C+JM, signifying enhanced burnout performance, which contributes to improved thermal efficiency. Furthermore, as shown by the DTG curve, compared to coal, the mixed fuel exhibits a narrower peak width during combustion, indicating a more concentrated combustion process. This observation further confirms that the incorporation of biomass fuels can markedly enhance the combustion characteristics of coal.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Sample**} & \(\mathbf{T_{i}}\) & \(\mathbf{T_{f}}\) & \(\mathbf{T_{p}}\) & **(dw/dt)\({}_{\text{max}}\)** & \(\mathbf{\tilde{V}}\) \\ \cline{2-6}  & \({}^{\circ}\mathbf{C}\) & \({}^{\circ}\mathbf{C}\) & \({}^{\circ}\mathbf{C}\) & **\%/min** & **\%/min** \\ \hline Coal & 420 & 724 & 534 & 17.8 & 4.93 \\ C+DG1 & 397 & 640 & 535 & 13.3 & 5.73 \\ C+DG2 & 386 & 631 & 534 & 13.2 & 6.31 \\ C+YMX1 & 416 & 642 & 544 & 13.2 & 7.21 \\ C+YMX2 & 389 & 647 & 543 & 13 & 6.40 \\ C+JM1 & 417 & 638 & 539 & 13.4 & 7.36 \\ C+JM2 & 366 & 662 & 526 & 13.8 & 5.45 \\ C+SY1 & 390 & 656 & 534 & 13.2 & 5.96 \\ C+SY2 & 415 & 643 & 545 & 12.6 & 6.92 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: The combustion characteristic index of mixed fuel under different substitution ratios.
## 2 Experimental Section
### Description of the \"COMMODORE\" Solution
#### 2.1.3 Antenna Design  
As highlighted earlier, the existing literature presents several approaches for transmitting data from nodes to a database. These methods include wired solutions [27], short-range wireless options like Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) [28], and the establishment of local wireless sensor networks (WSNs). To address the limitations of wired and short-range wireless  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**No.** & **Electrode Pair** & **Spacing (mm)** & **Cell Constant (cm\({}^{-1}\))** \\ \hline
1 & E1–E2 & 5 & 1.08 \\
2 & E2–E3 & 7 & 1.203 \\
3 & E3–E4 & 15 & 1.418 \\
4 & E4–E5 & 19 & 1.591 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Spacing between different electrode pairs of the sensor.  
methods, which require on-site personnel for data collection, we propose a long-range wireless solution. The long-range solution has the added benefit of eliminating the need for a local gateway, as seen in WSN approaches. This study introduces a practical in-concrete embedded Narrow-Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) [29] solution that operates within the LTE network infrastructure, thus avoiding the need for additional on-site installations. To enable the NB-IoT connection from the embedded antenna to the LTE base station, we investigated the electromagnetic properties of concrete that influence the antenna's performance. The importance of an optimized communication link is to optimize the battery lifetime of the device. Despite only sending a maximum of 32 kB per day, communication requires a significant part of finite energy. To make sure that the monitoring continues for a useful length of time, this link must be optimized. Prior research on in-concrete embedded antennas primarily consists of theoretical explorations [30; 31; 32] or less mature solutions [33; 34; 35]. The goal in this paper is to optimize a communication link by designing an in-concrete embedded antenna that is (1) robust against the changes in the concrete dielectric parameter in time, and (2) achieves a range of 100 m using the NB-IoT technology on the LTE band B20 (800 MHz). This way, we achieve a robust communication link from the node inside the concrete structure to the base station located at the cell tower.
## 3 Results
### On-Site Tests
A layered elastic model has been modelled to compute stresses, strains and deflections caused by surface load at any point in the pavement structure. According to the layered elastic theory [42], the model assumed that each pavement structural layer was homogeneous, isotropic, and linearly elastic. Table 12 lists the geometrical properties of the pavements modelled with the software Elmod(r) 6.1.75 [41]. Top layers are composed of tested binders percolated into D40-70 granular bottom layers. The subgrade is the natural material underneath the test fields. Tables 13-15 list the elastic moduli obtained from back analysis respectively for test field with B3, M1 and M4 materials. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline
**Time (h)** & **3** & **6** & **24** & **72** & **168** & **672** \\ \hline E\({}_{1,\text{B3}}\) (MPa) & 1193 & 1398 & 2797 & 2070 & 2607 & 3336 \\ E\({}_{2,\text{B3}}\) (MPa) & 450 & 450 & 450 & 450 & 450 & 450 \\ E\({}_{\text{sub}}\) (MPa) & 350 & 340 & 323 & 322 & 301 & 350 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 13: Elastic moduli of test field with B3. Figure 15: The HWD machine over the M4-treated area. In the test fields 1 and 2, the values of the bottom layers elastic modulus (E\({}_{2,\text{B3}}\) and E\({}_{2,\text{M1}}\)) were the same, equal to 450 MPa. This value of E\({}_{2}\) has been calculated before laying the top materials B3 and M1, and it has been assumed as constant during the subsequent analysis. This choice avoided anomalous back calculation results due to the small tests areas (10 m\({}^{2}\) each). Indeed, under ordinary conditions, the HWD tests are performed on areas larger than those prepared in this study, therefore the wave transmission in the study differs from usual. The most important differences involve the lower layers, whose elastic moduli are deduced from the responses of the geophones most distant from the loading plate. In this case, the response of the most distant geophones is also the most affected by side effects. On the other hand, this assumption has not been possible due to the technical characteristics of the third test field. M4 is a percolated material, thus the thicknesses and mechanical properties of layers are not defined and constant as those of test fields with materials B3 and M1. Figure 16 shows the evolution of the elastic modulus of top layers paved with M1, M4 and B3. Figure 16 highlights the mechanical performance of B3 are not comparable with those obtained using the ordinary cement concrete (M1) and the cementitious mortar M4. M4 has the most rapid rate of increase of elastic modulus: its E value is about constant after 1 day. On the contrary, for M1 the increase of the elastic modulus is slower, but its elastic modulus is comparable to that of M4 at 7 days and is growing until at least 28 days, when the difference is appreciable (38.6 GPa for M1 versus 28.4 GPa for M4).
# A New Computational Method for Arabic Calligraphy Style Representation and Classification
## 4 Proposed Method
### Feature Extraction
#### 4.2.4 Text Thickness (Tth)  
Stroke thickness plays an important role in defining the style. Some styles use a flat pen, whereas some others use a pointed one. In some styles, calligraphers alter the thickness while writing (via pushing down the pen or the opposite), whereas in others, the thickness is always preserved. Modeling such a feature in form of a descriptor will help the machine to understand more specificities of each style. Text thickness (Tth) descriptor codifies the appearance frequency of different line thicknesses in a text image. To extract this descriptor, we employ both the skeleton and edge image. To find the thickness level at a pixel of the skeleton, we calculate the distance between the two points on a perpendicular line that passes through p.
## 3 Results
### Pain Reduction  
Pain relief was one of the most consistently reported outcomes across the studies, with varying degrees of effectiveness depending on the intervention type. The study by [PERSON] et al. (2019) [47] demonstrated that patients who engaged in trunk stabilization exercises alongside pelvic strengthening reported significantly greater pain reductions compared to those who performed pelvic strengthening alone. This effect was particularly evident at the eight-week follow-up, suggesting that core stability plays a crucial role in reducing discomfort associated with FAIS. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. (2021) [19] found that a progressive strengthening and functional training program led to greater pain relief than a control group that followed a standardized stretching and physical activity program, emphasizing the importance of targeted resistance training and neuromuscular re-education in pain management.  
[PERSON] et al. (2018) [5] compared pain relief outcomes between physiotherapy and arthroscopic surgery and found no significant difference between the two groups at the two-year follow-up. Both groups experienced sustained reductions in pain, reinforcing the idea that conservative treatment can be equally effective as surgery in long-term pain management. However, [PERSON] et al. (2021) [29] reported that, at the twelve-month follow-up, patients who underwent arthroscopic surgery had greater reductions in pain compared to those who received physiotherapy alone. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. (2019) [48] observed that, while both surgical and physiotherapy groups experienced pain relief, the surgical group demonstrated greater improvements, particularly in activities that involved hip flexion.  
These findings suggest that conservative rehabilitation, particularly when incorporating core stabilization and progressive strengthening, is effective in managing pain. While  
Figure 1: Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses 2020 (PRISMA) flow-diagram.  
surgery may provide superior short-term pain relief, long-term differences between surgical and non-surgical approaches are minimal.
## 4 Case Analysis
### Case Analysis of Closing Angle Regulation Scheme Based on Probability Density Prediction
The voltage results at both ends of the corresponding line to be closed under different wind-power output scenarios are shown in Table 8.  
According to the data in Table 8, in the division of wind-power output probability scenarios, the closing angle limit under each scenario does not exceed 20\({}^{\circ}\). To further consider the extremes of wind-power output, when the wind-power output is not within the predicted range and there is a large fluctuation, Table 8 gives the node voltage results when the wind-power output is 50 MW and 150 MW, respectively. The data show that the phase angle difference between the nodes at both ends is still within the set range and does not exceed the limit, the proposed regulatory scheme can better deal with the closing angle fluctuation caused by the uncertainty of wind-power output.
# Design of Magnetic Concrete for Inductive Power Transfer System in Rail Applications
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Shielding Potential Analysis in Magnetic Concrete-Based IPT Systems  
Effective shielding is a critical component in IPT systems to minimize EMI and maintain the safety and reliability of railway operations. Passive shielding in IPT systems generally uses two primary methods: conductive materials and ferrite materials. Conductive materials, such as aluminum or copper, work by inducing eddy currents when exposed to a time-varying magnetic field. These eddy currents generate counter-magnetic fields that oppose the original magnetic field, reducing overall magnetic field penetration, as shown in Figure 8. Conductive shielding is lightweight and relatively easy to manufacture and implement; however, it can result in energy losses and heating due to the induced eddy currents.  
Ferrite materials offer high magnetic permeability and are effective at absorbing and redirecting magnetic flux lines, providing substantial attenuation of magnetic fields, as depicted in Figure 8b. This method is particularly effective at suppressing high-frequency EMI with minimal energy loss. However, ferrite materials are brittle and can be mechanically challenging to handle and install, especially in large-scale applications. Using ferrite material to make magnetic concrete resulted in a composite that combines the high magnetic permeability of ferrites with the mechanical robustness of concrete, making it well-suited for large scale railway applications where mechanical durability and ease of installation are essential.  
To study the shielding potential of magnetic concrete, the electromagnetic flux density distribution in two IPT system designs--one using traditional ferrite cores and the other incorporating a magnetic concrete slab--was analyzed using Ansys Maxwell software. The simulation setup involved several critical steps: First, 3D models of the IPT system were created, featuring couplers in two versions: one utilizing ferrite cores [2] and the other a magnetic concrete slab, as shown in Figure 6. The electromagnetic properties of the materials were defined, and appropriate boundary conditions were applied to simulate real-world operating environments, including the source current and operating frequency typical of railway applications.
# Design of a Novel Linear Shaped Charge and Factors Influencing its Penetration Performance
## 5 Parametric Influences on Penetration Performance
### Standoff Distance  
The standoff distance (S) is the distance between a BLSC and a target. It is also an important factor that influences the penetration performance of BLSCs. The efficiency of the BLSC is increased to a certain standoff distance, which is called the optimal standoff distance. With a 0.6 mm thick liner, COMP B, 2a\({}_{1}=50^{\circ}\) and 2a\({}_{2}=100^{\circ}\), and \(n=\) 0.5, the penetration performance of BLSCs is simulated with different S (S = 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 mm, respectively.)  
As can be seen from Figure 16, for the tested construction of the BLSCs, the greatest penetration depth is about 14.25 mm, and this is achieved at the standoff distance of 10 mm. It should be noted that there are two peaks on the penetration depth-standoff distance curves. However, there is not yet a  
Figure 15: Penetration depth of BLSCs with different ratios of small to all apex angles.  
full understanding about the formation of these two peaks. The possible reason is that the velocity gradient in the jet formed by the BLSCs is different from the one that is formed by the ordinary LSCs, and this leads to a different distribution pattern of penetration performance.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### HPLC-ESI-MS/MS Analysis  
The analysis of 36 bioactive compounds was conducted following a method previously described [22; 23; 24], with some modifications. Briefly, 2 \(\upmu\)L of filtered sample was injected in an Agilent 1290 Infinity series HPLC system linked to an Agilent Triple Quadrupole 6420 from Agilent Technology (Santa Clara, CA, USA), equipped with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source, able to operate in both negative and positive ionization modes. Data collection was performed using the MassHunter MS Optimizer software (Agilent). Chromatographic separation was achieved with a Synergi Polar-RP C\({}_{18}\) column (250 mm \(\times\) 4.6 mm, 4 \(\upmu\)m) provided by Phenomenex (Cheshire, UK), employing a mobile phase composed of (A) water and (B) methanol, each containing 0.1% formic acid, at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. The gradient elution schedule was developed as follows: 0-1 min, isocratic phase at 20% B; 1-25 min, linear increase from 20% to 85% B; 25-26 min, isocratic phase at 85% B; 26-32 min, return to 20% B, remaining for 8 min. The ESI source's drying gas was heated to 350 \({}^{\circ}\)C, with a nebulizer pressure at 55 psi, a capillary voltage of 4000 V and a gas flow rate maintained at 12,000 mL/min. Quantification was based on the integrated peak areas of the predominant product ions after detection through dynamic-multiple reaction monitoring mode. Specific ion transitions and mass spectrometry parameters for each compound are detailed in Table S1.
## 4 Band-Limited Channel  
In this section, we discuss and analyze the effects of the band-limited underwater optical channel. Due to the scattering and multi-reflection effects of the underwater environment, the channel is fading and frequency selective. Since LEDs are used as transmitters in the underwater optical wireless communication systems, the band-limited LED dominates the overall bandwidth of the systems. Usually, the 3-dB bandwidth of a white-color LED is limited only to a few tens of MHz. Thus, we assume that the overall bandwidth of the underwater optical wireless communication system is round 15 MHz [36].  
As shown in Figure 9, the LED can be modeled as a first order low-pass filter. Due to the low-pass characteristics, the SNR for each subcarrier is different. In addition, the phase distortion introduced by the band-limited channel can affect the modulated M-QAM data. Thus, a single-tap equalizer and a bitloading algorithm in the frequency domain can be applied to correct the phase distortion and maximize the total throughput. We assume that the channel response can be perfectly estimated; thus, the phase distortion can be totally eliminated. As shown in Figure 10, the single-tap equalizer is set after the FFT. Using a bitloading algorithm, the channel spectrum can be efficiently utilized.
# Quality Assessment of HDR/WCG Images Using HDR Uniform Color Spaces
## 4 Results
### Results Summary  
For all studied databases, HDR-VDP2 has generally high performances although it is not always on the top three metrics (cf. Appendix B). FSIM and MS-SSIM with appropriate perceptually uniform color space are often on par if not better than HDR-VDP2.  
Among all metrics, FSIM is the less sensitive metrics to the choice of color space assuming that this color space is perceptually uniform.  
The color extension of FSIM, namely FSIMc, does not improve the performances of FSIM even for our proposed database 4 Kdtb which focuses on chromatic distortions. Worst, the metrics becomes much more sensitive to the color space choice. We observe the same behavior for the color extension of PSNR-HMA, PSNR-HMAc, which decreases the performances of the metrics for any color spaces.  
When using the two non-uniform color space \(XYZ\) and \(Y^{\prime}Cr^{\prime}Cb^{\prime}\), the performances of all metrics drop significantly compared to the other color spaces for all the databases and especially for our proposed database 4 Kdtb, the [PERSON] et al. database and the [PERSON] et al. database. It emphasizes the importance of perceptually uniform color space for predicting the quality of HDR images.
# Key Issues on the Design of an Offshore Wind Farm Layout and Its Equivalent Model
## 1 Introduction  
Wind energy is recognized as an important renewable energy resource, whose development has mostly involved the construction of onshore and offshore wind farms. Worldwide installed wind generation capacity reached 600 GW in early 2019, of which 53.9 GW were added in 2018. A typical offshore wind farm may include hundreds or thousands of wind generators [1], spread over several to tens of kilometers. To maintain a minimum degree of reliability, many schemes are used to locate the wind turbines and design the internal electrical connection system [2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7]. Planners must use the best scheme for their purposes. The integration of large-scale wind generation capacity affects the operation of a power grid. The equivalent modeling of wind farms has become important for analyzing the active and reactive power output characteristics of such power grids [8; 9; 10; 11]. The precise modeling of the dynamic properties of a wind farm is the basis for integrating it into a power grid.  
This investigation summarizes numerous important issues concerning the optimal design of an offshore wind farm layout and the modeling of an equivalent offshore wind farm. These issues involve wake models, wind farm efficiency, collected system design, techniques for optimizing wind turbine locations and cable connections, wind farm reliability, the cost of development of an offshore wind farm, the equivalent model of a wind power plant, and the parameters of an equivalent wind farm.