## 3 Results and Discussion
### MSW Management in Southeast Asia
Indonesia has set major policies, programs, strategies, and projects for MSW [42], and it has successfully implemented the concept of an MSW management system despite it currently being not well-implemented and enforced at all government levels. Twelve waste-to-energy plants are expected to be completed in 2022 and produce 234 megawatts (MW) of electricity [22]. However, there is still a lack of knowledge and skills at the technology, financial, and institutional levels with high investment costs and limited project support [42]. The target for biomass and waste policy in Indonesia is expected to achieve 810 MW by 2025 [15] and to contribute a 23% non-renewable energy share in the energy mix in 2025 [45]. The country has targeted the achievement of a 29-41% emission reduction by 2030 by means of the promotion of clean and renewable energy and energy conservation [41]. (d) Laos PDR  
Laos PDR has 6,802,023 residents, and its urban population was 39% in 2015 [12]. Along with the waste generation of 0.7 kg per capita per day [1], the total annual waste generation in 2015 amountedto 77,000 tons per year, and the collection efficiency was in the range of 40-70% [12; 42]. Regarding the MSW management system, the country has well-set environmentally sustainable city guidelines related to the future development of the MSW sector [42]. Incineration as a waste-to-energy technology option currently contributes 2% out of the total waste disposal methods. However, the country still lacks comprehensive policies, programs, equipment, and technology for MSW management, in addition to a limited awareness and behavior of people regarding the concept of sustainable cities/green cities [42]. Laos PDR is projected to achieve a 30% renewable energy share of total energy consumption by 2025, excluding hydropower [45], and 10% biofuel use in transport sectors by 2025 [41]. Malaysia  
Malaysia has 30,331,007 residents, and its urban population was 75% in 2015 [12]. Along with the waste generation of 1.52 kg per capita per day [1], the total annual waste generation in 2015 amounted to 10,680,000 tons per year, and the collection efficiency was above 70% [12; 42]. Coordination among relevant local, state, and federal agencies in the waste sector is a key prerequisite for effective waste management [42]. The incineration plant in Selangor has a capacity of 1000 tons per day or 8.9 MW of electricity generation, and, while in operation with 70% of its actual capacity, it can generate 5 MW of electricity [12]. The total capacity of operating landfill biogas plants registered under the feed-in-tariff (FiT) scheme from 2012 to 2018 was around 13.8 MW, and the planned capacity in three more new projects is about 11.7 MW [32]. Located in Tanah Merah, Negeri Sembilan, the first waste-to-energy plant project is planned to facilitate 1000 metric tons of solid waste daily and to produce 20-25 MW of electricity for powering 25,000 households [22]. However, the country lacks a strong understanding of waste composition, an adequate awareness of the 3 Rs (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) practice, and the budget for raising awareness programs [42]. The country will increase the capacity of renewables to 2.08 GW by 2020 [39] and 4 GW renewable energy in installed capacity by 2030, which excludes hydropower [45]. Additionally, the country has set a target to achieve a 35% GHG reduction by 2030 from the 2005 level--or up to 45% with international support [39]. Myanmar  
Myanmar has 53,897,154 residents, and its urban population was 34% in 2015 [12]. Along with the waste generation of 0.44 kg per capita per day [1], the total annual waste generation in 2015 amounted to 1,130,040 tons per year, but the collection efficiency remained below 50% [12; 42]. The recycling sector contributes 5% in Yangon City [13]. Despite the policies and programs set for MSW, the country has been weak in developing an action plan and projects [42].