## 9 Limitations
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{142.3 pt} p{284.5 pt}} \hline \hline
**Type** & **Summary** \\ \hline Scalability and Performance & Integrating big data and blockchain faces scalability issues due to large datasets and high transaction volumes. Blockchain networks, particularly those using proof-of-work (PoW), have limited transaction throughput and high latency, which can slow down data processing. Solutions like sharding and layer-two protocols are being developed to improve scalability and performance. \\ \hline Data Privacy and Security & Blockchain enhances data security but poses privacy concerns due to its transparency. Ensuring data confidentiality in sectors like healthcare and finance is challenging. Techniques like zero-knowledge proofs and homomorphic encryption are being explored to balance privacy and transparency. \\ \hline Interoperability and Integration & Integrating blockchain with existing big data systems presents interoperability challenges, requiring seamless technical compatibility and alignment of data formats and protocols. Efforts are underway to develop standardized protocols and middleware solutions to facilitate integration and interoperability between blockchain networks and traditional systems. \\ \hline Regulatory and Compliance Issues & The evolving regulatory landscape for blockchain and big data presents challenges in compliance with data protection laws. Blockchain’s immutable nature conflicts with regulations requiring data modification or deletion. Hybrid blockchain models and regulatory sandboxes are being explored to ensure compliance while leveraging blockchain technology. \\ \hline Cost and Resource Allocation & Implementing blockchain and big data solutions is costly, requiring significant investment in hardware, software, and skilled personnel. Energy consumption, particularly in PoW systems, is a major concern. Transitioning to energy-efficient consensus mechanisms and using cloud-based blockchain services can help manage costs and resources. \\ \hline Governance and Consensus & Effective governance and consensus mechanisms are crucial for decentralized decision-making. Ensuring inclusivity, transparency, and efficiency while preventing power concentration is challenging. Innovative governance models like decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) and research into consensus algorithms aim to improve decision-making processes and network stability. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: A summary of challenges in integrating big data and blockchain for decentralized decision-making. technologies. Additionally, compliance with various international regulations regarding data storage, processing, and transfer can pose significant challenges. Lastly, human and organizational factors can also limit the effectiveness of blockchain and big data integration. Resistance to change, a lack of technical expertise, and the need for comprehensive training programs can pose significant barriers to adoption. Additionally, organizational inertia and the challenge of aligning new technologies with existing workflows and processes can impact the overall success of implementation efforts.