## 1 Introduction
### Review Methodology  
This study adopts a scoping literature review approach aimed at mapping the current state of research on the reuse of secondary materials--specifically cellulose residue, mining tailings, and metallurgy slags--in the construction sector. The objective is to identify the main applications, benefits, limitations, and knowledge gaps associated with the valorization of these industrial by-products in construction materials and processes. A structured literature search was conducted across major scientific databases, including Scopus and Web of Science, using combinations of keywords such as \"cellulose waste\", \"mining tailings\", \"metallurgical slags\", \"construction sector\", \"sustainable construction\", \"waste valorisation\", and \"circular economy\". Boolean operators (AND/OR) were applied to refine the queries and ensure the relevant coverage of interdisciplinary studies. The inclusion criteria prioritized peer-reviewed journal articles written in English, published between 2000 and 2024, and directly addressing the reuse of the selected secondary  
Figure 1: The construction industry in numbers ([30; 31; 32]). GHG: greenhouse gases; GDP: gross domestic product; CDW: construction and demolition waste. materials in construction applications. Studies were preferentially included if they met these criteria; however, a few relevant sources falling outside this scope were considered when they provided essential contextual or technical insights. After the initial screening of titles and abstracts, the eligible articles were selected for full-text review. The selected documents were then analyzed thematically to extract information on the types of materials used, processing methods, construction applications, performance characteristics (mechanical, thermal, acoustic, etc. ), environmental benefits, and regulatory considerations. The results of this review are presented in a structured manner, grouping the findings by material type (cellulose, tailings, slag) and application (e.g., composites, insulation, concrete, cement, road construction, ceramics), followed by a discussion of cross-cutting challenges and future opportunities. Rather than treating each waste stream in isolation, this review aims to highlight their respective strengths and challenges within a common framework of performance, applicability, and environmental relevance, thereby supporting a comparative understanding of their roles in sustainable construction. To improve methodological transparency, Boolean logic was applied to refine the search strategy using combinations of keywords tailored to each material stream and its relevant construction applications. Searches were conducted across Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using queries such as:  
- (\"cellulose fiber\" OR \"cellulose waste\") AND (\"insulation\" OR \"concrete\" OR \"mortar\" OR \"composites\" OR \"bio-based materials\") AND (\"construction\" OR \"building\" OR \"civil engineering\")
- (\"mine tailings\" OR \"mining waste\" OR \"iron tailings\" OR \"copper tailings\" OR \"phosphate tailings\") AND (\"geopolymer\" OR \"binder\" OR \"concrete\" OR \"paving blocks\" OR \"ceramics\") AND (\"construction\" OR \"building materials\" OR \"road base\")
- (\"steel slag\" OR \"blast furnace slag\" OR \"copper slag\" OR \"ferrochrome slag\" OR \"ferronickel slag\") AND (\"cement\" OR \"aggregate\" OR \"asphalt\" OR \"bricks\" OR \"concrete\") AND (\"construction\" OR \"infrastructure\" OR \"building sector\")  
Articles were included if they contributed substantively to at least one of the following dimensions: mechanical or durability performance, environmental assessment (e.g., life cycle analysis), regulatory context, or practical implementation in construction. Data extraction focused on parameters such as compressive and tensile strength, water absorption, environmental metrics (e.g., CO\({}_{2}\) reduction, embodied energy), and application-specific processing methods.