# Evaluating the Metabolomic Profile and Anti-Pathogenic Properties of _Cannabis_ Species
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Antibacterial Activity of Cannabis  
Generally, the antibacterial activities of _Cannabis_ against various resistant bacterial pathogens have been extensively studied, particularly against human pathogens [97]. Despite the substantial investigations undertaken about antibacterial activities, most research studies focused on the response of the same pathogenic bacteria such as _Bacillus_ or _Staphococcus_[98; 99]. In addition, while inflorescence has been empirically confirmed to contain the highest concentration of active compounds, surprisingly, most studies assessing the antibacterial properties of _Cannabis_ leaves and seeds receive much more attention when preparing extracts for their antibacterial properties [100]. The chemical characteristics of many of these active compounds, such as THC, CBD, CBN, cannabivarin (CBV), tetrahydro-cannabivarin (THV), and many other compounds such as fatty acids, have been reported to exert membrane disruption on bacterial species [101]). While most studies outlined the efficacy of active compounds against several clinically relevant bacterial strains, mechanisms of membrane disruption and the potential application of these active compounds as a therapeutic against certain pathogenic bacteria is not clear nor documented [102]. Although many of these active compounds have been shown to be effective antibacterial agents, little is known about the possibility of their synergistic relationships with antibiotics against bacterial infections. Therefore, the aspect of therapeutic design such as the utilization of co-therapies whose efficacy is conferred through synergistic relationships between two  
Figure 4: Chemical structure of (**A**) triterpenoids friedelin, (**B**) epifriedelanol, (**C**) sterols \(\beta\)-sitosterol, (**D**) stigmasterol, and (**E**) campesterol present in the _Cannabis_ roots. or more therapeutic agents holds promising results in the development of innovative antibacterial agents [103]. Many extracts of various _Cannabis_ parts, such as roots and leaves, have also been extensively researched for their antibacterial properties. [PERSON] et al. [16] conducted an in vitro research study and discovered that _C. indica_ (leaves, stems, and seeds extracts) possess strong anti-bacterial activity against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains such as _S. aureus_, _Bacillus cereus_, _E. coli_, _Klebsiella pneumoniae_, _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_, and _Proteus mirabilis_. In addition, there is a growing body of evidence indicating that multiple cannabinoids administered at 2 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro mL}\) are potent inhibitors of _S. aureus_ biofilm formation, with cannabigerol (CBG) at 4 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g/mL}\) seemingly able to disperse preformed biofilms and rapidly kill persister cells [104]. Moreover, phytocannabinoids such as cannabichromenic acid (CBCA) have proven to exert potent antibacterial activity against clinical strains of _Enterobacter faecalis_ and both methicillin-resistant and sensitive strains of _S. aureus_[105]. Another study by [PERSON] et al. [106] investigated the antimicrobial properties of \"hashish\" against common hospital-associated bacterial strains and found that _Cannabis_ extract exerted the greatest antimicrobial effects on _S. aureus_ 25923, with an inhibition zone of 14 mm, followed by MRSA, _E. coli_ and _Klebsiella pneumoniae_ with values of 12, 10, and 7 mm, respectively. On the other hand, essential oils of many plants have been shown to contain a wide series of secondary metabolites that can inhibit or slow the growth of pathogenic bacteria [107]. Some previous research studies reported a strong antibacterial activity exerted by seed oil (21-28 mm) against _Bacillus subtilis_ and _S. aureus_ and moderate activity (15 mm) against _E. coli_ and _P. aeruginosa_ (16 mm) [18]. Recently, when the efficacy of the essential oils from _Cannabis_, especially the Futura variety, was evaluated as an antimicrobial agent, it showed promising results.