## 1 Introduction  
Due to good transparency, annealed glass is often used in window panes and curtain wall systems in modern buildings. However, annealed glass is threatened by extreme loads such as impact and blast. Under these extreme conditions, sudden cracking, fragmentation, and even splashing of debris may occur due to the brittleness. For example, post-disaster reports of Hurricane Alicia (Houston, Tex., 1983), Hurricane Hugo (Carolinas, 1989), and Hurricane Andrew (Florida, 1992) cite windborne debris as a major contributor to glass damage [1]. In addition, in the Norway bomb attacks of 2011, shock waves from the explosion led to the damage of glass, and 209 out of the total 325 injuries were associated with glass laceration [2]. Even though the study of glass materials under dynamic loading is vital, there is no suitable constitutive model for numerical simulation yet. For this reason, it is necessary to analyze the causes of the destruction of glass windows under dynamic loading so as to find a more appropriate constitutive model to describe the process of damage. Annealed glass, which had undergone a slow cooling process, mainly consists of silicon dioxide. Due to the strong chemical bonds, glass can theoretically have a strength of dozens of gigapascals. However, because of several factors such as imperfections like scratches and bubbles, the actual strength of glass is far less than the theoretical strength. Moreover, due to the surface flaws, the tensile strength of glass is much less than the compressive strength. Table 1 shows that the compressive strength of glass is 7-20 times greater than the tensile strength. The experimental results [3] show that, under impact loading, the nucleation of the crack in the laminated glass plate is in the tension zone. For this reason, we need a more appropriate constitutive model to describe the tensile behavior of glass under dynamic loading. In the numerical simulation of glass response under dynamic loading, the elastic model is the most convenient owing to its computational efficiency. For instance, [PERSON] [7] analyzed the dynamic behavior of glass panes under blast loading with the elastic model that combines principal stress and principal strain as a failure criterion. Furthermore, the elastic model combined with Tuler-Butcher [8] failure criterion can also be seen in recent research, in which the time-dependent dynamic characteristic is considered. In addition, [PERSON] [9] applied the elastoplastic constitutive model to simulate the dynamic response of a glass windshield under impact loading. In their research, the plastic failure strain was studied. They drew a conclusion that the simulation results agreed well with the test when the plastic strain was set to be 0.001 or 0.0005. However, in Table 1 we can also find that the dynamic strength is obviously greater than the static strength. [PERSON] [5] and [PERSON] [6] pointed out that not only compressive strength, but also tensile strength is rate dependent. Tensile dynamic increment factors (DIF) of annealed glass with respect to strain rate were formulated by [PERSON] [6]. This implies that the linear elastic model with a single failure criterion are inappropriate in the simulation of failure of glass under the dynamic condition. At present, there are few relative studies on dynamic tensile constitutive of glass materials, especially considering strain rate effect. [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [10; 11] implemented the Taylor-Chen-Kuszmaul (TCK) model, which is a continuum damage model, to describe the behavior of oil shale under explosion loading conditions. By defining the relationship between volume strain and the number of microcracks, the TCK model describes the damage evolution process from a microscopic point of view. In [10], damage grows when the strain rate is greater than the maximum strain rate (\(\dot{\epsilon}_{\text{max}}\)). [PERSON] [12] proposed the modification that damage can grow with every strain rate.