## 3 Results
### Temporal Analysis and Trend Analysis
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c|c c c c} \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Modified Mann–Kendall Trend test**} \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{**Zone 1**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**_P.Value_**} & **Tau** & **Sen’s Slope** \\ \cline{2-5}  & SPEI & \(5.05\times 10^{-2}\) & \(-2.84\times 10^{-3}\) & \(-9.91\times 10^{-5}\) \\ \cline{2-5}  & Duration & \(1.52\times 10^{-2}\) & \(9.09\times 10^{-2}\) & \(0.00\times 10^{0}\) \\ \cline{2-5}  & Severity & \(5.86\times 10^{-4}\) & \(-7.63\times 10^{-2}\) & \(-2.47\times 10^{-3}\) \\ \cline{2-5}  & Intensity & \(9.41\times 10^{-1}\) & \(-1.27\times 10^{-3}\) & \(-1.23\times 10^{-5}\) \\ \cline{2-5}  & Peak & \(1.92\times 10^{-1}\) & \(-2.15\times 10^{-2}\) & \(-2.73\times 10^{-4}\) \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{**Zone 2**} & SPEI & \(2.08\times 10^{-12}\) & \(1.12\times 10^{-1}\) & \(3.87\times 10^{-4}\) \\ \cline{2-5}  & Duration & \(4.72\times 10^{-2}\) & \(-1.16\times 10^{-1}\) & \(0.00\times 10^{0}\) \\ \cline{2-5}  & Severity & \(1.24\times 10^{-3}\) & \(1.57\times 10^{-1}\) & \(5.15\times 10^{-3}\) \\ \cline{2-5}  & Intensity & \(8.18\times 10^{-23}\) & \(1.63\times 10^{-1}\) & \(1.30\times 10^{-3}\) \\ \cline{2-5}  & Peak & \(1.15\times 10^{-30}\) & \(1.81\times 10^{-1}\) & \(2.23\times 10^{-3}\) \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{**Zone 3**} & SPEI & \(1.15\times 10^{-18}\) & \(1.54\times 10^{-1}\) & \(4.72\times 10^{-4}\) \\ \cline{2-5}  & Duration & \(1.86\times 10^{-1}\) & \(-5.77\times 10^{-2}\) & \(0.00\times 10^{0}\) \\ \cline{2-5}  & Severity & \(1.70\times 10^{-1}\) & \(5.04\times 10^{-2}\) & \(1.90\times 10^{-3}\) \\ \cline{2-5}  & Intensity & \(5.71\times 10^{-1}\) & \(-1.09\times 10^{-2}\) & \(-8.95\times 10^{-5}\) \\ \cline{2-5}  & Peak & \(9.24\times 10^{-1}\) & \(2.10\times 10^{-3}\) & \(2.49\times 10^{-3}\) \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{**Zone 4**} & SPEI & \(7.32\times 10^{-18}\) & \(-1.49\times 10^{-1}\) & \(-4.96\times 10^{-4}\) \\ \cline{2-5}  & Duration & \(1.44\times 10^{-1}\) & \(9.55\times 10^{-2}\) & \(0.00\times 10^{0}\) \\ \cline{2-5}  & Severity & \(1.34\times 10^{-3}\) & \(-1.64\times 10^{-1}\) & \(-7.73\times 10^{-3}\) \\ \cline{2-5}  & Intensity & \(8.20\times 10^{-14}\) & \(-2.63\times 10^{-1}\) & \(-2.26\times 10^{-3}\) \\ \cline{2-5}  & Peak & \(9.08\times 10^{-16}\) & \(-2.68\times 10^{-1}\) & \(-3.26\times 10^{-3}\) \\ \cline{2-5}  & SPEI & \(8.72\times 10^{-5}\) & \(-3.83\times 10^{-2}\) & \(-1.34\times 10^{-4}\) \\ \cline{2-5}  & Duration & \(8.84\times 10^{-1}\) & \(4.04\times 10^{-3}\) & \(0.00\times 10^{0}\) \\ \cline{2-5}  & Severity & \(3.91\times 10^{-1}\) & \(-2.25\times 10^{-2}\) & \(-5.12\times 10^{0}\) \\ \cline{2-5}  & Intensity & \(2.11\times 10^{-1}\) & \(-3.32\times 10^{-2}\) & \(-2.25\times 10^{-4}\) \\ \cline{2-5}  & Peak & \(9.63\times 10^{-4}\) & \(-7.86\times 10^{-2}\) & \(-7.26\times 10^{-4}\) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Modified Mann–Kendall trend test results. long-duration drought occurred for a total 11 months from August 1920 and lasted till June 1921. Zone 2 suffered four long-term droughs. One occurred in the early 1920s, two in the 1940s, and one in the early 1950s. Zone 3 had a long-term meteorological drought in the late 1910s. Zones 4 and 5 were struck with the greatest number of droughs (5) having a duration greater than 10 months. Zone 4 witnessed droughs in the late 1960s, early 1970s, late 1980s, late 1990s, and mid-2000s. The most intense drought, with an intensity of \(-\)1.29, was the one in the early 1970s, whereas the drought in the mid-2000s experienced the worst peak with a magnitude of \(-\)1.94. Zone 5, covering almost all of Sindh, experienced its first long-term drought at the start of the 1920s, which lasted a total of 12 months. The second drought, occurring in the late 1960s, lasted nearly two years with an intensity of \(-\)1.05. The longest, and the most severe, drought to have struck Pakistan as a whole was from 1999-2002.