## 5 End-to-End Solutions for M2M Communication
### Projects for End-to-End Connectivity  
The aim of this section is to present an overview of the most recent and relevant research funded projects for mHealth applications. Figure 7: Example of the monitoring and location tracking mHealth system architecture. **HEALTH@HOME (Health at Home)**[123] aims to provide an end-to-end solution for the remote monitoring of cardiovascular and respiratory patient parameters. The data are continuously gathered through an automatic processing system and are accessed by the responsible medical personnel. A typical client/server architecture is adopted, where the client side is a residential gateway located at the patient's home, able to collect data from the biomedical sensors through wireless Bluetooth links. The most significant measured signals are ECG, SpO2, weight, blood pressure, chest impedance, respiration and body posture. The measured data are sent through the gateway to a server located at the health service facilities that is integrated with the Hospital Information System. The gateway communicates with the server through ADSL as the primary transmission channel, or mobile broadband (_i.e._, GSM/GPRS/UMTS) as the secondary (backup) data channel. Alarms are sent by Short Message Service (SMS) directly to the physicians, the patients' relatives and their caregivers. The HTTPS protocol addresses the security issues in the communication between the gateway and the server through a certificate validation process. The proposed solution has been tested on 30 patients during monitoring periods of at least one month and has received positive feedback by both patients and medical personnel, as a reliable, user-friendly means of remote control and management of acute conditions. **HELP: Home-based Empowered Living for Parkinson Disease Patients**[124] targets at designing a health monitoring system able to control disease progression and to mitigate Parkinson Disease (PD) symptoms, thus improving the quality of life of affected elderly people. Although it provides an end to end solution that employs M2M communication for monitoring patients with PD, its aim is to design a control system for a subcutaneous infusion pump that administers the exact required drug dose according to the patients' level of activity without focusing in communication issues. This system is composed of the following components: (i) an intra-oral electronic drug delivery device with miniaturized, non-invasive and removable design; (ii) an external pump that delivers higher amounts of drug; (iii) a WBAN to gather information on the user environment to detect blockades; (iv) a telecommunication and services infrastructure to analyze and transfer data exchanged between the user and the automated system; and (v) a remote care unit for patient supervision. **CAALYX-MV: Complete Ambient Assisted Living Experiment--Market Validation**[125] goal is to provide an end to end solution that is focused on improving the elder's quality of life. The proposed solution is composed of: (i) a home system capable of monitoring and controlling social and health status of elder people and providing them with some tools and services to support their daily activities; (ii) a roaming system that comprises a smart textile shirt able to measure specific vital signs, detect falls and communicate emergencies; and (iii) a care system for the monitoring of individuals by family, caretakers and health services. All sensors in the WBAN are wearable, measure different parameters such as motion, blood pressure and heart rate, and communicate using Bluetooth links with a mobile phone. The sensory data are sent through standard low-cost networking equipment to a GPS-enabled smart phone (3G/UMTS) that runs a completely autonomous software application. The application continuously analyzes sensor data in order to identify problematic conditions and promptly alert the care system.