esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 6 Numerical Illustrative Examples  
### Benchmark Functions  
The proposed MABC-Powell method is tested in the optimization solutions of six well-known benchmark functions and compared with the standard ABC algorithm to verify its performance. The details of these benchmark functions are listed in Table 1. In the numerical experiment, the two algorithms are independently run 50 times for each benchmark function. The common parameter settings of the two algorithms are consistent (\(MCN=1000\), \(SN=80\), \(limit=300\)). In MABC-Powell, the number of neighbors \(N\) is set to 5; the parameters \(\delta\) and \(m\) are set respectively to 150 and 5 in the nonlinear decaying factor; and the number of cycles to launch [PERSON]'s method \(T\) is set to 60. The computing hardware of the numerical experiment was a desktop with 3.2 GHz Dual-core Processor and 12 GB RAM, and the software environment was Windows 10 platform.  
Figure 4: The whole flowchart of the proposed method.  
Table 2 shows the experimental results (mean, maximum, and minimum) of the standard ABC and MABC-Powell algorithms for the six benchmark functions with dimension equal to 30. It can be seen that, compared with the standard ABC algorithm, the MABC-Powell algorithm proposed in this paper has better solution accuracy. Figure 5 shows convergence lines for the six benchmark functions obtained with standard ABC and MABC-Powell. It can be seen that, compared with the standard ABC algorithm, the MABC-Powell algorithm has a better convergence rate and solution accuracy. Therefore, MABC-Powell becomes an attractive method for the identification of flutter derivatives. It should be pointed out that since the new algorithm adds an. additional Powell operator, it takes a little more time for the same iteration step. For the Sphere function, 50 times were calculated with MABC-Powell and Standard ABC, respectively, 100 iterations per time, with an average computational time of 1.207 s and 0.215 s per time, respectively. This increase in computation cost is worth it because the computational accuracy is greatly improved.
###### Abstract  
High-Pressure Processing (HPPP) and Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) processing technologies are being used increasingly on a commercial basis, with high-quality labelled fruit juices being one of the most important promotion strategies. Quality-related enzymes, which might still be active after HPP and PEF pasteurization, can cause undesirable aroma changes during storage. This study investigated volatile changes during the shelf life of PEF (15.5 kV/cm and specific energy of 158 kJ/L), HPP (600 MPa for 3 min), and thermally (72 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 15 s) pasteurized Jazz apple juices--up to five weeks. To have an increased insight into the volatile changes, an integrated instrumental (GC-MS) and data analysis (chemometrics) approach was implemented. Immediately after pasteurization, PEF processing resulted a better retention of odor-active volatiles, such as (_E_)-2-hexenal and hexyl acetate, whereas thermal processing lowered their amount. During refrigerated storage, these volatiles have gradually decreased in all processed juices. By the end of storage, the amount of these aroma relevant volatiles appears to still be higher in PEF and HPP pasteurized juices compared to their conventional counterparts. This study demonstrated the potential of advanced chemometric approaches to obtain increased insight into complex shelf life changes.  
high-pressure processing; pulsed electric fields; apple juice; shelf life; volatile; chemometrics +
Footnote †: journal: Foods
# Investigation of OFDM-Based HS-PON Using Front-End LiFiSystem for 5G Networks
## 3 Results and Discussions
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Frequency** & **Gain** & **Noise Figure** & **Output SNR** & **Output OSNR** \\
**(THz)** & **(dB)** & **(dB)** & **(dB)** & **(dB)** \\ \hline
187.5 & 20.03 & 3.29 & 7.76 & 16.79 \\
187.6 & 20.01 & 3.26 & 7.73 & 16.74 \\
187.7 & 20 & 3.28 & 7.75 & 16.76 \\
187.8 & 20.05 & 3.24 & 7.76 & 16.79 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Performance evaluation of the model. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Ref.** & **Platform** & **Technique** & **Max.** & **Max.** & **Highest** & **LED/** & **Wavelength** \\  & & **Wireless Range** & **Distance** & **(km)** & **(Gbps)** & **LD** & **(nm)** \\ \hline
[31] & Experiment &
\begin{tabular}{c} OFDM using \\ hybrid laser \\ diode (LD)–LED \\ \end{tabular} & Not defined & Not used & 4.2 & LD, LED & 785, 808 \\
[32] & Experiment & \
\begin{tabular}{c} LED array \\ Multiple-input \\ multiple-output \\ with spatial \\ diversity, spatial \\ multiplexing, \\ and OFDM \\ VLC \\ Wavelength \\ division \\ multiplexing \\ \end{tabular} & 3 & Not used & \textless{}1 & LED &
\begin{tabular}{c} 460, 525, \\ 625 \\ \end{tabular} \\
[33] & Experiment &
\begin{tabular}{c} OFDM using \\ hybrid laser \\ diode (LD)–LED \\ \end{tabular} & 1 & Not used & 5.2 & LD & 520, 650 \\
[32] & Experiment &
\begin{tabular}{c} VLC \\ Wavelength \\ division \\ multiplexing \\ \end{tabular} & 0.15 & Not used & 1.25 & LD & 410 \\
[39] & Experiment & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Multi-input– \\ multiple-output \\ with spatial \\ diversity, spatial \\ multiplexing, \\ and OFDM \\ \end{tabular} & 1.6 & Not used & 15.73 & LED &
\begin{tabular}{c} 605, 567, \\ 490, \\ \end{tabular} \\
[40] & Simulation & OCDMA-OFDM & Not used & 142 & 40 & Not used & - \\
[41] & (OptiSystem) & WDM-FSO & Not used & 30 & 10 & Not used & - \\
[42] & Simulation & DWDM & Not used & 50 & 40 & Not used & - \\
[43] & Simulation & OFDM-PON & WTH FSO & Not used & 20 & 10 & Not used & - \\ Proposed & Simulation &
\begin{tabular}{c} Bidirectional HS- \\ PON/OFDM \\ with LiFi system \\ \end{tabular} & 20 & 100 & 50 & LED & 450 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Comparison analysis of proposed model with prior works. between the performance of the designed model and power dissipation/complexity in a hybrid high-speed/LiFi network application that transmits coherent technology. A four-wavelength HS-PON with a single LED LiFi system is incorporated with a 16-QAM OFDM scheme to achieve a better tradeoff between computation complexity and communication performance for 5G and beyond-5G networks [44; 45; 46].
## 4 Discussion
### The Limitations of This Study and Future Research Prospects  
The findings can provide a scientific basis for the development of offshore wind power, facilitate the establishment of reasonable wind power planning, optimize resource utilization, and promote the coordinated development of the economy and the environment. However, some things could be improved in this study. For future research prospects, efforts should be directed toward improving the temporal and spatial resolution of satellite-derived wind data to enhance the accuracy of comparisons with reanalysis datasets. Implementing advanced parameterization schemes and incorporating more comprehensive atmospheric parameters into the simulations may provide a more holistic analysis. Moreover, investigating the impacts of various satellite instruments on the wind speed retrieval process could provide valuable insights for further refinement. When selecting the optimal parameterization scheme for the WRF simulation, we only used observational data from a single station for the selection process and verified the chosen scheme using data from three meteorological stations. Since the number of marine meteorological observation stations is limited, the representativeness of the results may be restricted. In order to establish a more accurate quantitative mapping relationship between satellite-retrieved surface wind speeds and high-altitude wind power density, future research could consider employing advanced techniques such as machine learning.  
To summarize, this study has significant implications for understanding the wind field characteristics of the Yellow Sea, the suitability of HY-2C and CFOSAT satellite-retrieved wind speeds in the region, and the relationship between satellite-retrieved surface wind speeds and high-altitude wind power density. Future research can enhance the theoretical support for offshore wind farm site selection and provide more accurate references for sustainable energy development by further refining the methodology and expanding the data sources.
# General Network Framework for Mixture Raman Spectrum Identification Based on Deep Learning
###### Abstract  
Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool for identifying substances, yet accurately analyzing mixtures remains challenging due to overlapping spectra. This study aimed to develop a deep learning-based framework to improve the identification of components in mixtures using Raman spectroscopy. We propose a three-branch feature fusion network that leverages spectral pairwise comparison and a multi-head self-attention mechanism to capture both local and global spectral features. To address limited data availability, traditional data augmentation techniques were combined with deep convolutional generative adversarial networks (DCGAN) to expand the dataset. Our framework significantly outperformed existing Raman spectroscopy-based methods in both qualitative and quantitative analyses. The model demonstrated superior accuracy compared to U-Net and ResNext, achieving higher detection accuracy for mixture components. This framework offers a promising solution for improving mixture identification in Raman spectroscopy, with potential applications in industries such as pharmaceuticals, food safety, and environmental monitoring.  
R +
Footnote †: journal: applied sciences  
1
Footnote 1: School of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310018, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.Z.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.W.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (K.D.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (H.W.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (H.S.)  
Footnote 2: Corresponding: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Raman spectroscopy; deep learning; feature fusion; attention mechanism; convolutional generative adversarial networks
## 4 Results and Discussions
### Time-Averaged Flame Response  
This section discusses the influence of excitation frequency and amplitude on the time-average distribution of the flame, which includes the flame length and the height of the COM. Figure 4 shows the time-averaged distribution of CH* chemiluminescence under different excitation conditions. The corresponding length of the flame (\(L_{f}\)) and height of the COM (\(P_{fy}\)) for different excitation frequencies and amplitudes are shown in Figure 5. The \(L_{f}\) and the \(P_{fy}\) are more sensitive to excitation amplitudes at relatively higher excitation frequencies. At frequencies of 10-20 Hz, \(L_{f}\) appears to be independent of excitation amplitudes, but the main heat release zone is more uniform at higher excitation amplitudes. For relatively large frequencies (50 Hz and 100 Hz), \(L_{f}\) shows a decreasing trend with increasing excitation amplitude, and it decreases as the frequency increases at the same excitation amplitude. The normalized flame length (\(L_{f}\)/D) decreases from 3.79 to 2.37 as the excitation amplitude increases from 0.10 to 0.50 at an excitation frequency of 100 Hz. Here, D = 0.037 m represents the air channel diameter.  
Figure 3: Measured flame describing function: (**a**) The evolution of the gain with excitation frequency at different excitation amplitudes; (**b**) The evolution of the phase-lag with excitation frequency at different excitation amplitudes.  
The \(St_{f}\) based on the flame length and the regenerated FDF with \(St_{f}\) are shown in Figure 6. The range of \(St_{f}\) is from 0.43 to 4.76. With low-frequency excitation, the \(St_{f}\) increases linearly with the excitation frequency. As the trend shows, the \(L_{f}\) decreases much more at relatively high frequencies and with larger excitation amplitudes, so the increasing slope of the \(St_{f}\) decreases as well. The \(St_{f}\) corresponding to the maximum gain is smaller than 0.50. When \(St_{f}\) > 3, the gain value is consistently below 0.25. The \(St_{f}\) corresponding to the first local peak and valley of the gain are around 0.7-0.9 and 1.2-1.5, respectively. The range of \(St_{f}\), which correspond to the local peak and valley of the gain, is consistent with [PERSON] et al.'s [48] results on a premixed flame. However, the control mechanism remains unclear. In the scenario where the acoustic eigenfrequency of the system is known, the \(St_{f}\) can be utilized as a design parameter to ensure the optimal deviation from the interval associated with higher gains.  
Figure 4: The time-averaged distributions of CH\({}^{*}\) chemiluminescence with different excitation frequencies and amplitudes.
# Context-Aware Data Dissemination for ICN-Based Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
Since it is based on NDN, a pioneering work for the ICN paradigm, we call it Context-Aware Vehicular NDN (CA-VNDN). We reduce the number of broadcast Interest and Data packets as much as possible and maximize the successful data delivery ratio as much as possible, taking the influence of vehicle density and distribution into consideration during the data dissemination. Our contribution lies in the following aspects:  
* We propose a mechanism to reduce the number of Interest packets forwarded at the intermediate nodes while keeping the successful data delivery ratio at an acceptable level by limiting the number of nodes around the current forwarding node that broadcast the Interest packet further. This suppresses the potential broadcast storms caused by Interest packets. * We propose a packet-forwarding mechanism to reduce the number of hops that Interest packets are forwarded before reaching the data source, and \"reverse-path routing\" for Data packets by making use of the geo-position information of the vehicles and modifying the Pending InterestTable (PIT). This further reduces the number of Interest and Data packets and increases the accuracy of data delivery. * Context-aware algorithms are introduced in both the packet-forwarding and limitation mechanisms. The algorithms consider the environmental, network, and content contexts surrounding the vehicle in terms of the number and distribution of vehicles nearby. This context-awareness of the mechanisms maintains the high performance of data delivery irrespective of road conditions. * The proposed mechanisms are evaluated by implementing the mechanisms in an ns-3 based simulator and performing simulations for a representative scenario. We use models of data traffic and vehicular mobility based on real-world data to ensure realism when validating the proposed mechanism. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, related work is surveyed, particularly, that which is used for the comparison with our work are described. In Section 3, the context-aware packet-forwarding mechanism is elaborated, concentrating on the forwarding control algorithms and control tables. Following this, in Section 4, the simulation method and performance evaluation results are elaborated, and comparisons with several works are described. Finally, conclusions are made in Section 5.
# An Enhanced Adaptive Block Truncation Coding with Edge Quantization Scheme +
###### Abstract  
Recently, image compression using adaptive block truncation coding based on edge quantization (ABTC-EQ) was proposed by [PERSON] and [PERSON]. Their approach deals with an image for two types of blocks, edge blocks and non-edge blocks. Different from using the bi-clustering approach on all blocks in previous block truncation coding (BTC)-like schemes, ABTC-EQ adopts tri-clustering to tackle edge blocks. The compression ratio of ABTC-EQ is reduced, but the visual quality of the reconstructed image is significantly improved. However, it is observed that ABTC-EQ uses 2 bits to represent the index of three clusters in a block. We can only use an average of 5/3 bits by variable-length code to represent the index of each cluster. On the other hand, there are two observations on the quantization levels in a block. The first observation is that the difference between the two quantization values is often smaller than the quantization values themselves. The second observation is that more clusters may enhance the visual quality of the reconstructed image. Based on variable-length coding and the above observations, we design variants of ABTC-EQ to enhance the visual quality of the reconstructed image and compression ratio.  
block truncation coding; edge detection; Huffman code; k-means clustering; lossy compression Article  
An Enhanced Adaptive Block Truncation Coding with Edge Quantization Scheme +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Soft Phys.
## 5 Discussion
### Comparison with Existing Studies  
Our research is user-centric, focusing on the last-mile delivery process, and extends existing studies in the following ways: (1) It introduces user travel preferences in the selection of PLCs, providing a new perspective for locker location selection compared to previous studies based on cost-benefit analysis, as [PERSON] et al. deployed parcel lockers with the objective of profit maximization [7]. (2) Existing research has demonstrated that the deployment of PLCs, combined with user travel patterns, is conducive to improving accessibility. This study further incorporates this finding [18]. During the research process of behavioral preferences, by studying users' transportation modes and their behavioral hotspots in time and space, the selection of PLCs is optimized by considering users' travel patterns. (3) Previous studies have paid less attention to package characteristics, while  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Indicator** & **Model in This Paper** & **Greedy Algorithm** & **Static KDE** & **ST-DBSCAN** \\ \hline \hline
\begin{tabular}{c} Bypass distance reduction rate (\%) \\ Path matching degree \\ Time efficiency (minutes) \\ Load balancing degree (standard \\ deviation) \\ PLC utilization rate (\%) \\ \end{tabular} & 68.2 & 38.4 & 52.1 & 47.6 \\ \(85.3\) & 62.7 & 74.2 & 69.8 \\ \(85.3\) & 62.7 & 74.2 & 69.8 \\ \(85.3\) & 62.7 & 74.2 & 69.8 \\ \(85.3\) & 62.7 & 74.2 & 69.8 \\ \(85.3\) & 62.7 & 69.1 & 10.4 \\ \(85.3\) & 62.7 & 34.2 & 29.8 \\ \(85.3\) & 62.7 & 60.0 & 0.0023 & 0.0004 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Benchmark model performance comparison.  
the properties of different items affect user convenience and the degree to which needs are met [7; 19; 25]. In this study, the selection process of PLCs, the characteristics of parcels (such as weight, volume, and urgency) are creatively combined with the kernel density estimation function to optimize the decision-making for locker selection. Therefore, the methodological framework proposed in this study not only improves the efficiency of PLC usage but also reduces the uneconomical behavior caused by users deviating from their regular paths, enhancing the accessibility of PLCs.
# Automatic Watershed Segmentation of Cancerous Lesions in Unsupervised Breast Histology Images
## 1 Introduction
Foreground and background markers are transformed from morphology-operated images which then are used to identify nuclei objects. Lastly, watershed segmentation was used to segment and maintain nuclei and their edges. In [21], ROIs are manually selected, and Gaussian filters are used to remove noise while enhancing image features. Consequently, the K-means clustering method was used to segment and identify the ROI. After ROI identification, image thresholding was performed to obtain nuclei regions, and morphological operations namely; opening and closing were used to remove unconnected pixel objects. Lastly, the watershed segmentation method was used to segment overlapping nuclei objects and highlight their edges. A global-local thresholding approach proposed by [22], distinguishes the foreground from the background on an image. This approach introduces overlapping nuclei objects from the extracted foreground pixels leading to over-segmentation. Binary masks were created from the overlapping objects for the foreground and background. A seed-controlled watershed segmentation technique was utilized on these masks to segment nuclei objects, highlight their edges, and remove unrelated parts. Our proposed segmentation method is similar to [13], which assists automatic segmentation of cancerous lesions in unsupervised BC histology images. Image pre-processing is handled through data augmentation, a staining normalization procedure, and morphology operations to isolate nuclei and distinguish foreground from background pixels on the image Region of Interest (ROI). The connected components analysis groups pixels with similar intensity values resulting in labeled binary masks. A recurrent deep-learning neural network uses these binary masks to separate overlapping nuclei and non-overlapping objects. Additionally, watershed filling within the recurrent neural network (RNN) is used to segment and maintain nuclei and their edges automatically thus making the entire process efficient computation-wise. Figure 1, shows a flow diagram of the proposed automatic watershed segmentation method.
# Suppression of Harmonic Current in Magnetic Bearing-Rotor System with Redundant Structure
###### Abstract  
The magnetic bearing-rotor system has the advantages of no mechanical friction and active vibration control. A magnetic bearing with redundant structures provides an effective method to apply fault-tolerant control to the magnetic bearing-rotor system. In this paper, in order to improve the robustness of a rotor suspended by a magnetic bearing with redundant structures, the harmonic current suppression approach is proposed. Firstly, the generation mechanism of harmonic current in the magnetic bearing-rotor system is analyzed. Secondly, on the basis of the current distribution theory of magnetic bearing with redundant structures, the linearization model of electromagnetic force is established. Then, the eight-pole symmetrical radial magnetic bearing is taken as the research object, and the control system model with a multi-excitation disturbance source is established under the condition of no coil failure. Lastly, considering the periodicity of disturbance signals, a repetitive controller that is suitable for magnetic bearing with redundant structures is proposed in this paper, Moreover, in order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy, we inserted the repetitive controller into the original controller applied to the magnetically levitated rotor with redundant structures, and the corresponding simulation was carried out. The results demonstrate that the repetitive control method proposed in this paper can effectively suppress the harmonic current and improve the suspension accuracy of the rotor supported by the magnetic bearing with redundant structures.  
magnetic bearings; redundant structures; harmonic current; repetitive control