esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 7 Future Directions  
Despite growing interest in nicotinamide and pyridoxine as modulators of muscle aging, several critical gaps remain in our understanding of their mechanisms, optimal applications, and long-term outcomes. Addressing these gaps will require coordinated advances in basic science, clinical research, and precision nutrition. One major challenge is the limited availability of robust, long-term clinical data assessing the effects of B3 and B6 supplementation on sarcopenia-related outcomes such as muscle mass, strength, physical performance, and regenerative capacity. Most existing trials are short in duration, focus on surrogate markers, and often exclude vulnerable populations such as the frail elderly or individuals with multimorbidity. Future randomized controlled trials (RCTs) should prioritize longer follow-up periods, diverse populations, and clinically meaningful endpoints, including biomarkers of NAD\({}^{+}\) metabolism (e.g., NMN and NAMPT), inflammation (e.g., CRP and IL-6), and muscle regeneration (e.g., circulating myokines and MuSC activity). Additionally, the mechanistic basis for vitamin-exercise-diet interactions needs to be explored in greater detail. For example, how do different forms of vitamin B3 (e.g., NR vs. NMN) modulate muscle adaptation to resistance or endurance training? Does the timing of B6 intake influence amino acid signaling and muscle protein synthesis post-exercise? These questions can be addressed through integrative approaches combining omics technologies, satellite cell tracing, and metabolic flux analysis in animal models and humans. Another underexplored area is the potential of nicotinamide and pyridoxine to modify the muscle stem cell niche and delay the onset of cellular senescence. Investigating whether these vitamins impact SASP (sensecence-associated secretory phenotype), epigenetic remodeling, or stem cell exhaustion could unveil new therapeutic opportunities. This is especially relevant in the context of inflammaging, where low-grade inflammation perpetuates tissue damage and impairs regeneration. From a translational perspective, the development of precision nutrition tools--including wearable sensors, machine learning algorithms, and digital dietary assessments--may enable more accurate tracking of nutrient status and facilitate individualized supplementation plans. Integration with molecular biomarkers could help identify responders vs. non-responders and refine dosing regimens based on metabolic and genetic profiles. Finally, public health strategies should consider how nicotinamide and pyridoxine can be incorporated into aging-focused dietary guidelines, functional food innovation, and rehabilitation protocols. Education campaigns targeting older adults, caregivers, and clinicians could promote safe and effective use of these vitamins as part of comprehensive sarcopenia prevention programs.
## 4 Experiments and Analysis
### Experimental Environment and Parameter Configuration  
Server system configuration: The server system used is Linux version 3.10.514.el7.x86_64; The CPU processor is an Intel Core i7-6700 [EMAIL_ADDRESS] GHz * 8; The GPU processor is a Nvidia Tesla P100-PCIE.  
Transformer model parameter settings: The learning rate of the Adam W optimizer is set to 0.0001, \(\beta_{1}=0.9\), \(\beta_{2}=0.999\), \(\epsilon=1\times 10^{-8}\), and \(\lambda=0.02\); The \(\Pi_{\text{t}}\) of learning rate adjustment strategies use a Warm Up strategy of Transformers, with warm_step = 3000; The Word vector dimension Embedding_dim = 256, the number of feedforward neural network layers is 2048, the number of heads for multi head attention is set to 8, and dropout_rate = 0.2; The batch size batch_size = 120; The maximum sentence length max_length = 100; The number of layers for both encoders and decoders is 6.  
After a series of pre-processing, the remaining 625,697 sentence pairs in the Mongolian Chinese parallel corpus were randomly shuffled and divided into different datasets, as depicted in Table 2:
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Organic Acids and Mineral Elements  
The desiccated rocket leaf tissues were ground and used for organic acid and macro-element profile analysis. Organic acids (malic and citric) and mineral elements such as nitrate, chloride, potassium, calcium, sodium, ammonium, magnesium and phosphorus were separated and quantified by ion chromatography (ICS-3000, Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) coupled to a conductivity detector. An IonPac CG12A (4 \(\times\) 250 mm, Dionex, Corporation) guard column and IonPac CS12A (4 \(\times\) 250 mm, Dionex, Corporation) analytical column were used for the K, Ca, Na, NH\({}_{4}\)\({}^{+}\), and Mg analysis; for NO\({}_{3}\)\({}^{-}\), Cl\({}^{-}\), P, and organic acids determination, an IonPac AG11-HC guard (4 \(\times\) 50 mm) column and IonPac AS11-HC analytical column (4 \(\times\) 250 mm) were adopted.  
To prepare the samples, 250 mg of leaf tissue powder suspended in ultrapure water (50 mL) (Milli-Q, Merck Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany) underwent three freeze-thaw cycles in liquid nitrogen and were then shaken in a water bath (ShakeTemp SW22, Julabo, Seelbach, Germany) at 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 10 min. The resulting mixture was processed according to a previously described procedure [25]. The macro-element and organic acid profiles were expressed in g kg\({}^{-1}\) d.w.
# A Forecast Model Applied to Monitor Crops Dynamics Using Vegetation Indices (NDVI)
## 2 Materials and Methodology Applied to the Forecast and Estimation Model
### Time Series Analysis: Estimation Models
To evaluate the goodness of fit of the different proposed models, we considered the \(\mathbb{R}^{2}\) determination coefficient and Akaike Criteria (AIC). To validate the proposed estimation models for forecasting purposes, we considered the Box Ljung Test, where the null hypothesis, H\({}_{0}\), is that data are independently distributed (i.e., the correlation in the population from which the sample is taken is 0, so that any observed correlation in the data results from randomness of the sampling process), and the alternate hypothesis, H\({}_{1}\), is that the model does show a lack of fit (i.e., data are not independently distributed and show serial correlation). When the p-values do not detect serial correlation at the chosen lags, this test does not reject the null hypothesis; thus, the time series are not autocorrelated [38; 39].
# Delving Deep into Reverse Engineering of UEFI Firmwares via Human Interface Infrastructure
## 5 Discussion
The BootGuard security mechanism is an important part of Intel's hardware trust architecture, and the leakage of its private key indicates that for certain models of devices, this major security mechanism can be bypassed. Moreover, the leaked materials also included UEFI firmware image signing keys. BootGuard is a crucial integrity protection mechanism in Intel's security system based on the hardware root of trust, which, together with the CPU microcode and CSME, forms the core security mechanisms of the Intel ecosystem. If BootGuard is successfully attacked, or if attackers obtain the BootGuard private key from OEM/ODM manufacturers, they can exploit UEFI implementation flaws, underlying configuration errors, and other vulnerabilities to bypass or counter nearly all known security mechanisms. These mechanisms include system defenses such as BWE/BLE, PRx hardware security mechanisms, SecureBoot, HCVI, PatchGuard, kASLR, KDEP, SMEP, SMAP, and other kernel security protection technologies, as well as various mainstream antivirus software and EDR/XDR systems, achieving persistent control over the device. UEFI is essentially a loader used to boot operating systems. An open ecosystem and more comprehensive functionality have allowed UEFI to replace the traditional BIOS. After nearly 20 years of development, UEFI has a vast amount of code, making it very difficult to understand. According to statistics, UEFI's share of the BIOS market started to decline annually after reaching 94%. CoreBoot has emerged from the Chromebook laptop market and has occupied a portion of the IoT market, always eyeing the server BIOS. Meanwhile, LinuxBoot has taken a different path, aggressively poaching from the server BIOS, and hopes to secure a foothold in the server market before descending to attack the PC, laptop, and IoT markets. Therefore, in addition to UEFI, there are many free, open-source loaders available such as coreboot, libreboot, linuxboot, and u-boot. When producing computers or servers, companies can choose the appropriate loader based on their needs to ensure that the product is sufficiently secure. Subsequent research will focus on how to use these open-source loaders to ensure system security and that passwords saved within these open-source loaders are stored inside a secure hardware enclave, if available, or by using state-of-the-art cryptography to prevent cracking.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### UV/Vis Spectroscopy  
The optical properties of the coatings containing different sol-gel silica materials were investigated by UV/Vis spectra. The results are depicted in Figure 4.  
Figure 4: Transmittance spectra of the PVC substrates: uncoated and coated with the sol–gel silica materials (TEOS/DMVES/OTES (**A**), TEOS/DMVES/HIDTMES (**B**)).  
Figure 3: The TEM images of the sol–gel silica materials (TEOS/DMVES/OTES (**A**), TEOS/DMVES/HIDTMES (**B**)) (as powders).  
The transmittance of uncoated PVC substrate was about 89% at 600 nm. For the PVC substrate coated with the sol-gel silica material containing TEOS/DMVES/OTES (sample A), the transmission remained relatively unchanged at 600 nm compared with the uncoated PVC substrate, but increased (>90%) in the wavelength range of 650-780 nm.  
In the case of the PVC substrate coated with the sol-gel silica material containing TEOS/DMVES/HDTMES (sample B), the transmittance was 86% at 600 nm. Analyzing the UV/Vis spectrum of this coated PVC substrate, it can be seen that the transmittance was lower in the wavelength range of 650-780 nm, in comparison with the uncoated PVC substrate and PVC substrate coated with sample A. This may have been due to the condensation mechanism that became favorable. In this way, the networks were branched more locally, leading to narrow pore sizes and small pore volumes. Thus, dense networks were created, and the coating surface presented a low transparency [34].  
It was demonstrated that the transparency of the coating improved with nanoscale roughness [15]. Furthermore, it was shown that the refractive index of the coating must match the refractive index of the substrate as best as possible in order to obtain a coating with excellent transmittance [30].  
The clarity of films is an extremely desirable feature for various industrial applications (e.g., self-cleaning, solar panels, roof tiles, and agricultural applications) because it indicates good quality and contributes to the progressive visibility of the product [13].
# Analyzing the Performance of the S3 Object Storage API for HPC Workloads
## 1 Introduction
### Background and Related Work  
After the release of the Amazon S3 service in 2006, many works were published to assess the performance of this offering. Some of them [15; 16] focused only on the download performance of Amazon S3, most of them [15; 16; 17; 18; 19] never published or described the used benchmarks, others [15; 16; 20] are not able to assess S3 compatible storage. The Perfkit benchmarker from Google was used in [21] to compare the download performance of AWS S3 in comparison with Google Cloud Storage (GCS) and Microsoft Azure Storage. However, since the tests were accomplished in the cloud, the obtained results depend heavily on the VM machine type in use, hence, on the network limitation enforced by the cloud provider; adding to the confusion, and in contrast, [19] found in their tests, which were also run in the AWS cloud on different EC2 machines against the Amazon S3 implementation, that \"there is not much difference between the maximum read/write throughput across instances\".  
In [22], the performance of the S3 interface offered by some cloud providers is evaluated. However, the test scenario covered only the upload and download of a variable number of files. Access patterns of typical HPC applications, like the performance of the metadata handling, are not covered.  
[PERSON] et al. [23] investigated the overhead of the REST protocol when using Cloud services for HPC Storage and found that REST can be a viable, performant, and resource-efficient solution for accessing large files, but for small files, a lack of performance was noticed. However, the authors did not investigate the performance of a cloud storage system like S3 for HPC workloads.  
The benchmarks we found in the literature for the analysis of S3 performance do not provide a detailed latency profile, nor do they support parallel operations across nodes, which is a key characteristic of HPC applications. As such, the lack of published tools that cover HPC workloads pushed us to enhance two benchmarks already used for HPC procurement, namely IOR and MD-Workbench, by developing a module capable of assessing the performance of S3 compatible storage. The IO500 benchmark ([[https://io500.org](https://io500.org)]([https://io500.org](https://io500.org)) (accessed on 23 April 2021) simulates a variety of typical HPC workloads, including the bulk creation of output files from a parallel application, intensive I/O operations on a single file, and the post-processing of a subset of files. The IO500 uses the IOR and MDTest benchmarks under the hood, which comes with a legacy backend for S3 using the outdated aws4c [24] library that stores all data in a single bucket; as such, a file is one object that is assembled during write in the parallel job using multipart messages. However, since most recent S3 implementations do not support this procedure, the use of a most recent library is required. We also explore the performance of interactive operations on files using the MD-Workbench [13].
# Application of Artificial Neural Networks to Ship Detection from X-Band Kompsat-5 Imagery
## 2 Test Data  
X-band Kompsat-5 SAR data with the HH single polarization of the standard mode was used in this study (Figure 1). The data was provided in the single look complex (SLC) Level 1A format, and the detailed information for the data is summarized in Table 1. As seen in Figure 1, ships on sea and artificial structures on the land are very bright due to the corner reflection effect in SAR imagery. Especially, the ghost phenomenon is very severe in the Kompsat-5 SAR image as seen Figure 1b, and the side-lobe effect is severe in the image as seen Figure 1a. The side-lobe effect is caused by the matched filtering when the SAR image compression is applied [24; 25]. The compression of the raw radar signal is represented as a sinc function, and the side lobes of the sinc function are relatively high. The ghost phenomena are caused by aliasing of the Doppler phase history of each target [26]. If the ghost phenomena occur in a SAR image, after-images of land objects having high backscattering coefficients appear in the ocean, and hence, the after-images can be misunderstood as ships because they are much brighter than the sea surface. Therefore, the side-lobe effect and ghost phenomena should be mitigated before detecting ship targets, because they degrade the quality of an image and are an obstacle to ship detection.  
The shuttle radar topography mission digital elevation model (SRTM DEM) with a spatial resolution of 30 m was used for this study [27]. A synthetic SAR image was simulated from the SRTM DEM and used to mask land area in the SAR image, in order to remove false alarms from the land area. However, some areas, such as fish farms, offshore bars and so on, were still left in the SAR image. The structures over the areas could bring out false detection, as shown in  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c|c} \hline
**Imaging Mode** & Standard (Strip) \\
**Polarization** & HH \\
**Incidence angle (deg.)** & 41.98 \\
**Azimuth pixel spacing (m)** & 1.75 \\
**Range pixel spacing (m)** & 1.29 \\
**Ground-range pixel spacing (m)** & 1.93 \\
**Azimuth processing bandwidth (Hz)** & 3100 \\
**Pulse repetition frequency (Hz)** & 4032 \\
**Orbit** & Ascending \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Kompsat-5 single look complex (SLC) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data information. HH: horizontal transmitting and horizontal receiving.  
Figure 1: Kompsat-5 single look complex (SLC) image used for this study. (**a–d**) indicate the sub-images magnified from the A to D boxes in the Kompsat-5 SLC image.  
Figure 1c,d. Therefore, we need to mitigate the false detection from the structures for a better ship detection precision.
# Analysis and Synthesis of Architectures for Automotive Battery Management Systems
## 3 Design of a Distributed BMS and Common BMS Functions
### HV-Contactors and Electrical Safety  
Furthermore, to protect the battery system against an overcharge and over discharge current, the BMS needs to switch the high voltage (HV) contactors and therefore to communicate to the junction box of an EV. Most EVs do have two of these HV contactors, one at the HV+ and one on the HV- side of the battery pack. In addition to protect the HV-system immediately after a crash, a pyro-fuse disconnects the circuit triggered by a crash sensor. At the ignition of the system, the HV-capacitor gets charged over a in-line pre-charge resistor to avoid high inrush currents. Another circuit is there to discharge the HV-capacitor when the HV-system is shut-down. Normally, the HV-capacitor is actively discharged over a small value resistor and a transistor (IGBT). In case this system is subject to an error, there is an additional large resistor in parallel to the HV-capacitor to make sure it can be discharged in every scenario in a passive way. This is an example of an existing redundancy in the electrical circuit of a HV-system to increase its safety. If the HV-capacitor is not discharged, electrical accidents can occur when working on the HV-system due to voltages above 60 V.
# Effect of Waste Engine Oil and Waste Cooking Oil on Performance Improvement of Aged Asphalt
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Viscosity  
Viscosity reflected the frictional resistance between the internal molecules of the asphalt during flow deformation. According to mixing and compaction temperature of the asphalt mixture, the rotational viscosity of asphalt at 135 \({}^{\circ}\)C was close related to the frictional resistance between the internal molecules of the asphalt. The effects of WEO and WCO on the viscosity of aged asphalt at 135 \({}^{\circ}\)C with different aging are shown in Figure 6. All viscosity values decreased as the WEO or WCO content increased.  
As shown in Figure 9, different aged asphalts could reach the 135 \({}^{\circ}\)C viscosity of VA with different oil contents. The 5-h-aged asphalt recovered up to 98.3% of the VA's viscosity at 135 \({}^{\circ}\)C with 1% WEO content. With 2% WEO content, it reached 100.3% for the 7-h-aged asphalt. For 9-h-aged asphalt and 3%WEO content, the 135 \({}^{\circ}\)C viscosity reached 105.1%. For 11-h- and 13-h-aged asphalts with WEO content of 3%, 97.7% and 91.8% of the VA were recovered, respectively. However, for the asphalt aged 15 h with WEO content of 5%, the viscosity could only reach 96.8%. The improvement effect on viscosity decreased gradually with increased aged asphalt. The WCO displayed similar effects on asphalts viscosity with 5-h-, 7-h-, 9-h-, 11-h-, 13-h-, and 15-h-aged asphalts containing 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% WCO contents, recovering 93.1%, 97.3%, 104.1%, 101.7%, 98.3%, and 114.5%, respectively. Though more WEO or WCO could improve the frictional resistance of aged asphalt, excessive oil content would affect other properties of aged asphalt. If the viscosity of recycled asphalt becomes too high, the asphalt mixture would not be uniformly dispersed, segregation would then occur, which could adversely affects mixture performance. If the viscosity of recycled asphalt becomes too low, the asphalt roads would be prone to rutting. To satisfy the adhesion performance of recycled asphalt, the WEO or WCO dosage should be in a reasonable range.  
Figure 8: Effects of WEO and WCO on ductility of different aged asphalts at 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
Based on the physical test conclusions, WEO and WCO showed different effects on rejuvenation of aged asphalts. After a comprehensive analysis considering the regeneration effect of different aged asphalt, the proposed optimal ranges are shown in Tables 3 and 4.  
Figure 9: Effects of WEO and WCO on viscosity of different aged asphalt.  
From the above analysis, it could be observed that WEO or WCO could improve the different property index of aged asphalt. Generally, less WCO content could achieve the same regeneration effect when compared with WEO which ascertains that WCO was a better regenerative agent. According to the different aging time, aged asphalt could recover its basic physical performance with 1-5% WEO content and 1-4% WCO content (by mass of asphalt).
# Comparison of Cooling Different Parts in a High Pressure Ratio Centrifugal Compressor
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effects on the Polytropic Efficiency  
For comparing the efficiencies of turbo machines of differing pressure ratios, the isentropic efficiency can be misleading. For example, two compressors with the same flow quality, but different pressure ratios will have different efficiencies. [PERSON] et al. [PERSON] et al. (2014) discussed in details why isentropic efficiency is totally flawed for the compressors with heat transfer.  
The polytropic efficiency calculation in a compressor with heat transfer was discussed by [PERSON] (1955).  
\[\eta_{p}=\frac{H_{P}}{H_{02}-H_{01}+Q} \tag{6}\]  
where \(Q\) is the cooling power per mass flow rate.  
Figure 10 shows the polytropic efficiency of compressors with varied cooling power on different parts. The dashed line is the polytropic efficiency of the adiabatic compressor.  
Shroud cooling increases the compressor polytropic efficiency the most in all cooling powers. With the cooling power of 500 W, the compressor efficiency increases from 77.79% for the adiabatic condition to 78.11%. With increasing the cooling power, polytropic efficiency inclined faster for the shroud cooling compared with diffuser cooling and back plate cooling. Raising the cooling power from 500 W to 2400 W increases the efficiency up to 79.28%. With each 500 W of cooling power, the efficiency increases roughly about 0.3%.  
Back plate cooling and diffuser cooling have the same effect on the efficiency. By 500 W of cooling power applied on the diffuser or back plate, the efficiency increases to 77.94% compared to the adiabatic polytropic efficiency, which is 77.79%. Intensifying the cooling power from 500 W to 2400 W improves the efficiency from 77.94% to 78.53%. By each 500-W increase in cooling power at the back plate or diffuser, the efficiency improves about 0.118%.  
Figure 11 represents the streamlines in the compressor passage. As can be seen, the shroud cooling does not have a considerable effect on the streamlines.  
Figure 10: Effect of the cooling temperature on the polytropic efficiency.