esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper, a two-stage algorithm based on a Genetic Algorithm (GA) and a quasi-physical approach based on a virtual force system (CSO-VF) is proposed for solving component assignment and layout optimization. The multi-container satellite module layout problem was detailed in order to evaluate the performance of the proposed two-stage algorithm in comparison with previous published results. The GA upper stage responsible for the assignation task was configured using an analysis of the objective function inertia equations. The CSO-VF was employed as a lower stage to solve the layout of the components within the four assigned surfaces. This algorithm based on a quasi-physical approach provides constraint-handling abilities thanks to its dedicated virtual-forces system and operators.  
The proposed two-stage algorithm outperforms the previously published results in terms of success rate, convergence accuracy and best layout obtained in less objective function evaluations. The analysis of the equations and the aforementioned strengths of the CSO-VF algorithm allowed to find both a satisfying assignment scheme and layouts.  
Further studies will focus extending the virtual-force system of the CSO-VF algorithm in order to inherently deal with multi-container configurations. Moreover, it would be interesting to apply the proposed approach to other application cases.  
Conceptualization: J.G., M.B., R.W., A.T. and N.M.; Methodology: J.G., M.B., R.W. and A.T.; Software: J.G., M.B., R.W. and A.T.; Validation: [PERSON], M.B., R.W. and A.T.; Formal analysis: [PERSON], M.B., R.W. and A.T.; Resources, [PERSON], M.B., R.W. and A.T.; data curation, [PERSON], M.B., R.W. and A.T.; writing--original draft preparation, [PERSON], M.B., R.W. and A.T.; writing--review and editing, [PERSON], M.B., R.W., A.T. and N.M.; visualization, [PERSON], M.B., R.W., A.T. and N.M.; supervision, [PERSON], R.W. and A.T.; project administration, M.B. and N.M.; funding acquisition, M.B., R.W. and N.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work is part of a PhD thesis cofunded by INRIA, Franceand ONERA, France.  
Data Availability StatementData will be made available on reasonable request.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis  
In the IR-spectrum of GNP, bands corresponding to stretching vibrations of CH group at 2853 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 2920 cm\({}^{-1}\) could be observed (see Figure 1). The bands at 3444 cm\({}^{-1}\), at 1649 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 1109 cm\({}^{-1}\) are due to stretching vibrations of the -OH, C=O and C-O adsorption groups. Overall, these bands, which are typical of non-functionalized materials [34], indicate that GNPs contain defects.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**No.** & **Sample Index** & **PLA Content (wt\%)** & **MWCNT Content (wt\%)** & **GNP Content (wt\%)** \\ \hline
1 & 1.5 GNP/PLA & 98.5 & - & 1.5 \\
2 & 3 GNP/PLA & 97 & - & 3 \\
3 & 6 GNP/PLA & 94 & - & 6 \\
4 & 9 GNP/PLA & 91 & - & 9 \\
5 & 1.5 MWCNT/PLA & 98.5 & 1.5 & - \\
6 & 3 MWCNT/PLA & 97 & 3 & - \\
7 & 6 MWCNT/PLA & 94 & 6 & - \\
8 & 9 MWCNT/PLA & 91 & 9 & - \\
9 & PLA & 100 & - & - \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: List of PLA-based nanocomposites.  
The IR spectrum of carbon nanotubes (Figure 2), showed intense bands corresponding to stretching vibrations of -OH, C=O and C-O, together with new bands corresponding to carboxyl groups (-COOH): v(C=O) at 1741 cm\({}^{-1}\) and C=O bond at 1028 cm\({}^{-1}\), indicating a MWCNTs surface functionalization. These typical bands, with slight variations in wavelength, can be found for carbon nanotube oxidized in different ways [35].
# Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Ground Deformation Due to 2018 Lombok Earthquake Series
## 5 Conclusions  
Lombok Island, Indonesia is located between the Back Arc Trust in the north and an active subduction zone of the Java trench. This tectonic setting leads to continuous exposure of this island to earthquakes. Recent shallow and great magnitude of earthquake series occurred in 2018. The first 6.4 Mw foreshock hit on 29 July 2018, followed by 7.0 Mw mainshock on 5 August 2018, then 6.2 Mw Aftershock on 9 August 2018, and finished by an earthquake of 6.9 Mw on 19 August 2018. This study discusses the displacement following each principal earthquake at the northern part of Lombok Island based on the DInSAR technique. The interferograms allow to describe the pattern of displacement. The spatial distribution of vertical displacement in raster format helps to measure the value of uplift and subsidence in meters. The highest uplift reaches 0.713 m at northern shore due to the 7.0 Mw earthquake on 5 August 2018, while the deepest subsidence is measured \(-0.338\) m at the northwestern shore following the earthquake of 6.2 Mw on 9 August 2018. Dominant deformation at the northern area of Lombok Island indicates movement of Back Arc Trust in the north of the island. Insight from this study would be important to local authorities to evaluate existing earthquake's impacts and prepare the mitigation strategies to face earthquake induced ground displacement.  
Conceptualization, S.B.W., D.S.H. and N.M.F.; methodology, S.B.W. and Y.I.; resources, Y.I., A.F.S.P., S.H.S.; writing--original draft preparation, S.B.W.; writing--review and editing, I.W.N., S.B.W.; funding acquisition, D.S.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research is partially funded by the Indonesian Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education under the World Class University (WCU) Program, managed by Institut Teknologi Bandung. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: Data sharing is not applicable to this article. This research was conducted at GIS Laboratory, Department of Geographic Information Science, Faculty of geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada. European Space Agency was very supportive by providing Sentinel 1 imagery. We also thank the anonymous reviewers and the editors for their precious time to provide valuable comments. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Statistical Hypothesis Testing  
The objective of the main statistical hypothesis testing was to assess the influence of the shell stiffness on the impact performance of the helmets against head injuries. For that reason, the helmet models were classified into two groups (soft and hard shell groups) depending on the result of the penetration test. As aforementioned, 10 out of the 20 penetration tested helmets were selected for the impact performance comparison. Within the selected group, four helmet models were grouped into the hard shell group, while the remaining six helmet models were included in the soft shell group. Both groups had helmets of three different sizes. The hard shell group was composed of two helmets that were tested with the 535 headform, one with the 575 and one with the 605. The soft shell group was composed of two helmets tested with the 535 headform, two with the 575, and two with the 605.  
The peak resultant linear acceleration (PLA) and the head injury criterion (HIC) measured at the center of gravity of the headform were the selected metrics to determine the impact performance of the helmets because they are the usual parameters included in helmet standards to assess head protection [5].  
Since three different headform sizes were used in this study, a preliminary statistical hypothesis testing was carried out to rule out any possible influence of the headform size on the PLA or HIC variables. A non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis H test with a significance level of 0.05 was performed to analyze whether the size of the headform (three different sizes) was significantly related to the values of either PLA or HIC. The Kruskal-Wallis test is an extension of the two sample hypotheses testing to more than two independent  
Figure 3: Impact absorption test set-up.  
samples and it replaces the ANOVA test when sample sizes are small. The results of this analysis are included in the Appendix A.  
After ensuring the independence of the PLA and HIC variables from the helmet size, we carried out the main statistical analysis for the comparison of the impact performance between the two shell groups. A non-parametric test, the Mann-Whitney \(U\) test for independent samples with a significance level of 0.05, was used for this analysis due to the limited sample size. Statistical analyses were performed using the Real Statistics Resource Pack add-in in Excel (Excel 2016, Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA).
# Compton Scattering Imaging of Liquid Water in Porous Carbon-Based Materials
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Imaging Liquid Water in GDL Material  
In order to visualize the liquid water distribution in the GDL material, the difference in the images between the dry and wet samples has been examined for the cross-sectional Image 5. Here we assume that the both images are already normalized since the data-accumulation time is the same. As shown in Figure 6c, the difference image (Wet - Dry) successfully shows penetrating liquid water. The areas defined by the yellow lines correspond to the pore spaces in the dry sample (Dry), indicating that liquid water penetrates into the GDL material along the carbon fiber and carbon composite. In addition, the difference image reveals the negative contributions on the region of the carbon fiber and carbon composite, showing possible interactions between the GDL material and liquid water. The details need to be elucidated by further studies.  
Figure 7 shows the distribution of the liquid water in cross-sections 5-7 (upper figures), together with that of the carbon fiber and carbon composite (lower figures). One can notice that the water droplets shrink as it separates from the upper surface of the GDL material.  
Figure 5: Cross-sectional images of wet GDL material. Incident X-rays come along the \(y\) direction and the Compton scattered X-rays toward the \(z\) direction are detected by a 2D X-ray detector through a 50 μm pinhole.
# High Speed Decoding for High-Rate and Short-Length Reed-Muller Code Using Auto-Decoder
## 3 PAD  
To improve the BER performance of the RM decoder using a single AD, we present a PAD composed of multiple ADs. We call an AD in a PAD a constituent auto-decoder (CAD). To illustrate the structure of a PAD, we set the number of CADs in the PAD to five, as shown in Figure 6, where the output layers of all CADs are simply added at the merge layer with \(n=2^{m}\) nodes. Each CAD has the same structure, except for the different number of nodes at the first, second, and third hidden layers, as described in Table 6, where the first and the third hidden layers have the same number of nodes; thus, we find the symmetry structure of the PAD based on the second hidden layer or middle layer. As in the case of the AD, the activation functions for the hidden and output layers of CADs in the PAD are exponential linear unit (ELU) and tanh functions, respectively [20,21]. The PAD is followed by the FC layer, and the hyperparameters for the decoder model using PAD are the same as in the case of the AD. Figure 7 shows the BER performance for \(\mathfrak{R}(1,4)\) and \(\mathfrak{R}(2,4)\) using the conventional FHT decoder, and the proposed decoder model denoted as PAD-\(i\), where \(i\) CADs are used. The specifications of the computer and the conditions for the BER calculation in Figure 7 for PAD are the same as those used in Figure 5 for the AD. Figure 7a shows the BER for \(\mathfrak{R}(1,4)\) in the range from 0 to 6 dB with 1 dB steps, and (b) in the range of 1.5 dB to 2.5 dB, which provides a better discrimination between different cases where no significant difference can be observed in terms of BER. However, PAD-2 shows the best performance. Figure 7c shows the BER for \(\mathfrak{R}(2,4)\) in the range from 0 to 6 dB with a 1 dB step, and (d) in the range of 1.5 dB to 2.5 dB for better observation. PAD-3 demonstrates the best performance, but there is no significant improvement as we increase the number of CADs in PAD. The comparison of decoding process times and the number of parameters for \(\mathfrak{R}(1,4)\) and \(\mathfrak{R}(2,4)\) using FHT and PADs is described in Table 7, where the higher the number of CADs in PAD, the higher the number of parameters and the complexity, and the longer the decoding process time. In \(\mathfrak{R}(1,4)\), the number of parameters of PAD-1 and PAD-5 are about 10-fold different, but the decoding time is only about 1.3-fold different. This is because the computation of CADs is performed in parallel.  
Figure 5: BER of RM decoding with FHT and AD.  
Figure 6: Structure of PAD with 5 CADs.  
Figure 7: BER of RM decoding with FHT and PADs.
## 3 Results  
### Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of WUE  
#### 3.1.1 Spatial Distribution of WUE  
The spatial distribution of the annual mean WUE in IM from 2001 to 2018 is shown in Figure 3a. The annual mean WUE was 1.39 g C m\({}^{-2}\) mm\({}^{-1}\), ranging within 0\(\rm-\)3.03 g C m\({}^{-2}\) mm\({}^{-1}\). The WUE increased from southwest to northeast. The WUE was high in the northeast of the study area where there was low air temperature, sufficient precipitation, and extensive forests. The WUE was low in the meadow in western Xilingol League where precipitation was relatively low. Figure 3b shows the dependence of the WUE on the vegetation types in the following decreasing order: swamp (2.21 g C m\({}^{-2}\) mm\({}^{-1}\)), forest (2.16 g C m\({}^{-2}\) mm\({}^{-1}\)), shrub (1.40 g C m\({}^{-2}\) mm\({}^{-1}\)), cultivated vegetation (1.27 g C m\({}^{-2}\) mm\({}^{-1}\)), and meadow (1.12 g C m\({}^{-2}\) mm\({}^{-1}\)).
## 4 Interaction with Orchestration Framework  
The proposed Orchestration Framework, whose high-level architecture is depicted in Figure 4, is based on the Vertical Slicer prototype in [31]. The Orchestration Framework aims at integrating and coordinating technology-specific platforms (e.g., ETSI Open Source MANO, SDN Controllers, O-RAN, etc.) to achieve the automated orchestration of E2E Network Slices, including the joint provisioning and configuration of heterogeneous resources, while considering the full chains of virtual functions associated with both mobile connectivity and application logic. The Vertical Slicer follows a service-driven approach: the high-level requirements provided by the Service Provider (e.g., number of expected UEs, Ultra-High Definition (UHD) streaming type) are dynamically mapped into performance requirements at the infrastructure layer in order to determine the characteristics of the E2E Network Slice in terms of mobile connectivity (e.g., downlink throughput) and the actual composition of the overall SFC (i.e., including network and application virtual functions) along with the dimension of its included components.  
In terms of E2E Network Slice modelling, the Vertical Slicer implements a Network Slice Template where each SFC is split into three different Network Slice Subnets which specify, respectively, the deployment characteristics for the RAN, the core, and the Vertical service. The proposed modelling enhances the 3 rd Generation Partnership Project (3 GPP) Network Slice Network Resource Model [32] by integrating the Vertical services' components. In addition, the Vertical Slicer also builds an overview of the needed connectivity services to be established over the transport network to fulfil the SFC.  
In the orchestration and provisioning of the needed resources, the Orchestration Framework encompasses the resource allocation algorithm proposed in this paper. Specifically, when the Orchestration Framework receives a request for instantiating a service, the automated translation mechanism implemented at the Vertical Slicer determines the performance requirements and the SFC to be orchestrated. Then, the Vertical Slicer triggersa Placement Service, which calls the proposed algorithm, and provides as inputs both the service requirements and the SFC. The Placement Service takes decisions about network paths to be established at the data-plane and the placement of the different components in the SFC. The result of the computation is returned to the Vertical Slicer, which proceeds with the orchestration and configuration of the needed resources, in particular, by triggering and coordinating the target technology-specific platforms: NFV/MEC Orchestrators for VNFs's LCM and SDN Controllers for the management and control of the data-plane. Once the service and the corresponding E2E Network Slice are properly instantiated and configured, the Vertical Slicer continues coordinating the overall LCM, interacting as needed with the technology-specific platforms for executing orchestration procedures.
## 4 Use of Spectroscopic Techniques for Monitoring Changes in Muscle Foods during Processing
### Fish and Other Seafoods
#### 4.1.2 Non-Thermal Treatments
Similar applications of these technologies include investigating the molecular state of water in mackerel fillets after treatment with in-package dielectric barrier discharge generated plasma [193] assessing mobility of water during storage salted sardines [194], and determination of fat content in fish [195].
## 2 Simulation Model
### Simulation Working Arrangement  
The parameter K represents the ratio of the half of the long side, a, to the half of the short side, b, in Figure 2, viz., K = a/b, which is a dimensionless number used to represent the change in size of the structure. In this study, K is in the range of 1 to 5, and the particular values 500 mm and 1000 mm are used for b. Furthermore, the explosive equivalents of 100 g, 200 g, 500 g, and 1000 g TNT are used. Table 2 gives the specific working conditions.  
Figure 6: [PERSON] experimental layout diagram.  
Figure 7: Comparison of numerical simulations with experimental results.  
In analogy to Figure 2, the distance from the explosive to bulkhead A is b, and the distance from the explosive to bulkhead B is a. When K = a/b = 1 > 0.838, the reflected shock waves on walls A and B will form Mach reflections before they reach the point (0, b). At point (0, b), the initial shock wave and the Mach reflected waves from walls A and B converge, forming a converging wave. When K > 1, the reflected waves from wall A also form Mach waves before they reach the point (0, b). However, for the reflected waves from wall B, the Mach reflection is formed when b/a \(\geq\) 0.838, i.e., when a/b \(\leq\) 1/0.838 = 1.193. Thus, when 1 \(\leq\) K \(\leq\) 1.193, the initial shock wave at point (0, b) and the Mach reflected waves from walls A and B converge to form a high-pressure region. When 1.193 \(<\) K, there is no Mach reflection on wall B. Therefore, the convergence at the point (0, b) is owing to the initial shock wave, the Mach reflection wave from wall A, and the regular reflection wave from wall B. The Mach wavefront gradually widens during its spread, as shown in Figure 8, thus a value exists for n. When K \(\geq\) n, the Mach reflection wave along wall A reaches point (0, b) first, while the initial shock wave superimposes with the Mach wave from wall A in its spread towards point (0, b) and spreads along the three-wave line to wall B without converging at the corner. The simulations in the next section were used to verify the above inference and determine the value of n.
## 1 Introduction  
Laser-direct writing (LDW) appears to represent a good alternative to traditional methods for the fabrication of flexible electronic devices. Compared to conventional approaches, this technique offers noncontact and maskless patterning with a resolution that can go down to a submicrometer scale, a localized reaction that makes it less possible to damage the substrate, compatibility with a wide range of materials, and simplified fabrication procedures by combining several process into a single step [1; 2; 3; 4]. These merits meet the requirements for flexible electronic manufactures and lead to many applications, such as conductive electrodes [5; 6], capacitors [7; 8; 9; 10], and sensors [2; 11; 12]. At the same time, the recent literature on laser-scribed electronics is dominated by the transmission and process of direct current (DC) or low-frequency signals. The application of the LDW technique to radio frequency (RF) devices is still underdeveloped due to the resistive nature of laser-scribed conductors. The higher resistivity of laser-scribed conductors than bulk metals can result in higher ohmic losses of the propagating RF signals [13]. Further, the conductor's non-negligible resistance results in the complex characteristic impedance of an RF functional structure. This resistance makes it harder to obtain an ideal impedance matching 50 \(\Omega\), which is considered the standard impedance for most RF devices and systems [14]. The impedance mismatch generally results in a reflection of RF signals, which restrains the signals propagating into or outside RF functional structures [13]. All these issues can distort the RF characteristics of RF circuits and may limit the application of the LDW technique to RF devices.  
Herein, we investigate the characteristics of laser-scribed microstrip (MS) transmission lines on flexible substrates. The microstrip line, a basic component of RF circles, has become popular not only because of its simple structure but also because it provides a wide range of characteristic impedances demanded by integrated RF circuits [14; 15]. Furthermore, the RF propagation of MS lines is of particular concern in today's chip-to-chip interconnects for high-speed electronic systems, where the attenuation associated with ohmic losses and the reflection associated with impendence mismatch in the strip conductors becomes a considerable parameter [14; 16]. We demonstrate that the transmission characteristics of MS lines are insensitive to the resistance of the laser-scripted conductors when the sheet resistance is not above 0.32 \(\Omega/\square\). On the other hand, further increasing the sheet resistance could result in considerable transmission loss and reflection. Benefiting from laser-induced sintering and melting, the transmission and reflection characteristics of the MS lines can be simply tuned by accommodating the resistance of the conductors with a variation of the laser power. This promotes flexible and low-cost manufacturing and may be beneficial for the device design.