esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Infrared Spectroscopy  
Infrared spectra were measured for each of the AESO-DBI and AESO-EC mixtures. A representative spectrum for AESO-DBI (1:1) is shown in Figure 2; the spectrum was not significantly different at lower levels of DBI. Pure AESO has a C=C stretch at 1635 cm\({}^{-1}\), and pure DBI has a C=C stretch at 1642 cm\({}^{-1}\); neither of these is apparent in the spectrum of the copolymer, indicating high degree of polymerization of the C=C functionality. The broad, strong C=O stretching frequencies centered around 1729 cm\({}^{-1}\) are apparent, characteristic of fatty ester functionality in the triglyceride backbone as well as acrylate and itaconate ester moieties. Corresponding C-O stretches are observed at 1162 and 1062 cm\({}^{-1}\).  
Figure 2: Infrared spectrum of AESO-DBI (1:1) thermoset.  
In contrast, the AESO-EC spectra showed evidence of unreacted starting material. Pure EC has a C=C stretch at 1639 cm\({}^{-1}\) and the copolymer shows a distinct peak at 1637 cm\({}^{-1}\) (Figure 3). Peaks seen at 981 and 836 cm\({}^{-1}\) are also consistent with pure EC. Other signals are consistent with polymerized AESO as discussed above.
# GAN-Based Map Generation Technique of Aerial Image Using Residual Blocks and Canny Edge Detector
## 1 Introduction
The proposed method is specifically structured to preserve critical details, such as road networks and building boundaries, during the transformation of aerial images into map formats. To achieve this, we introduce Residual Blocks into the generator network and employ a loss function based on the Canny edge detector to enhance edge detail preservation. In this approach, the Canny edge detector incorporates convolution operations to implement the Non-Maximum Suppression (NMS) process, enabling faster and more accurate convergence compared to traditional algorithms. Residual Blocks mitigate information loss and suppress unnecessary noise during the GAN training process, while the Canny edge detector effectively extracts and reinforces essential edge features like roads and building boundaries. Together, these components enable the proposed model to address the detail preservation challenges encountered by existing methods and improve the performance of map generation. The primary objective of this research is to generate high-quality map data from aerial images, enhancing practical utility for urban planning, infrastructure management, and disaster response. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated through a series of experiments and performance comparisons with existing approaches to demonstrate its superiority and real-world applicability. Through this study, we aim to contribute to the advancement of high-quality map generation technology and its potential impact across various application domains. The structure of this paper is as follows: Section 2 reviews existing research on image-to-image translation and presents the theoretical background and analysis of the proposed method. Section 3 details the design of the proposed GAN-based network structure and the specific implementation of the loss function. Section 4 validates the performance of the proposed method through various experiments and compares the results with existing methodologies. Finally, Section 5 concludes with a summary of the key findings and discusses future research directions. Through this study, we aim to advance high-qualitymap generation technology and demonstrate its practical applicability in diverse real-world scenarios.
# Navigation Map Construction Based on Semantic Segmentation and Multi-Submap Integration
## 6 Discussion
### Example Application  
As mentioned earlier, the sparse feature maps generated by SLAM systems are unsuitable for path planning, and we propose a method to construct navigation maps capable of real-time operation in real-world environments. To highlight our contribution and showcase its practical potential, we present a demonstration application. We implement an A\({}^{*}\)[37] path-planning algorithm as an example of autonomous navigation for a self-built AGV. A detailed discussion of the vehicle's motion control algorithm is beyond the scope of this paper, and here, we focus on its path planning and navigation using the constructed map.  
Figure 14 presents the interactive interface of the navigation system, comprising three windows. From left to right, these windows display the vehicle's front view, sparse map points, and an occupancy grid map. The map window displays the vehicle's real-time position and orientation, along with yellow dots indicating its movement trajectory. Additionally, users can interact with the map window by zooming in and out using the mouse scroll wheel. Each green point on the map is clickable. Users can double-click the right mouse button to select a starting point and an intermediate point. A path is then planned based on these two points, as illustrated in Figure 15. The white trajectory represents the output of the path-planning algorithm. Subsequently, the vehicle follows the planned trajectory to reach its destination.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Method**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Performance Comparison Based on RMSE**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**RMSE (m)**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & **Scene 1** & **Scene 2** & **Scene 3** & **Scene 4** & **Scene 5** & **Total** \\ \hline CroCo-Stereo [34] & 0.285 & 0.314 & 0.296 & 0.311 & 0.330 & 0.307 \\ ACVNet [35] & 0.455 & 0.398 & 0.427 & 0.379 & 0.443 & 0.420 \\ PCVNet [36] & 0.650 & 0.673 & 0.612 & 0.675 & 0.710 & 0.637 \\ CREStereo [27] & 0.472 & 0.411 & 0.521 & 0.439 & 0.490 & 0.467 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: The comparison of the root mean square error (RMSE).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Method** & CroCo-Stereo & ACVNet & PCVNet & CREStereo & Ours (FCN) \\ \hline
**Time (ms)** & 2151 & 693 & 101 & 1361 & **96** \\ \hline
**GPU memory (GB)** & 2.85 & 3.2 & 1.21 & 1.26 & **1.1** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: The comparison of efficiency and speed.
## 1 Introduction
However, manufacturers only include data for the red region of the spectrum in their fiber characteristics sheets, and measurements of basic transmission properties at other wavelengths are scarce. In this context, we aimed to explore the use of optical sources emitting in the wavelength range for which PMMA has minimum attenuation using a commercially available laser diode. In particular, we characterized three large-core PMMA fibers with different numerical apertures using a laser diode emitting at 520 nm. Measurements of received power, intensity distribution, frequency response and bit error rate (BER) for different fiber lengths provide a quantitative assessment of the potential of a fiber when working near the green light attenuation minimum, which is crucial in order to accurately estimate their applicability in different environments. Moreover, these measurements are indispensable to understanding POF behavior in order to postulate realistic models. The paper is organized as follows. The methodology is addressed in the first section, where the experimental protocols and the set-up that integrated several independent subsystems to obtain the different measurements are outlined. In the next section, the experimental results are shown for all fiber types and fiber lengths. Transmission parameters extracted from the measurements, received power, spatial distribution width, frequency bandwidth and bit rate for a fixed BER, are represented against fiber length to compare the performances of the different fibers using green light. In addition, frequency responses for green and red light obtained under the same experimental conditions are compared. Finally, the conclusions obtained from the analysis of our results are summarized.
## 2 Operation and Control
### Fault Detection and System Protection
#### 2.3.3 Fault Isolation and System Restoration  
Relating to state estimator, some authors propose a novel algorithm based on information through the PMUs, both at the subsystem level and at the level of coordination of the same. This appears in the work of [PERSON] et al. [63].  
As [PERSON] et al. [64] show, the significance of predicted and measured data in dynamic state estimation is affected by their confidence levels. The authors present a mixed-integer programming formulation of dynamic state estimation. As [PERSON] et al. [65] and [PERSON] et al. [66] show, the work compares the degree of accuracy of four estimators based on synchrophasors, and they are compared with an estimator based on the Fourier transform.  
The optimization of the PMU deployment is fundamental for good control and management of the SG, therefore, some works focus on this aspect ([PERSON] et al. [67]). In this sense, [PERSON] et al. [68]propose a new methodology to classify and identify faults in the distribution and transport lines, and the system is based on the Fourier transform.  
Low-frequency disturbances in the distribution network is a topic of interest, therefore, [PERSON] et al. [69] propose an application based on PMU, which reduces the search area of the problem. [PERSON] et al. [70] present a compact genetic algorithm (cGA) based on a field programmable gate array (FPGA) to achieve an efficient estimation of phasors.  
As [PERSON] et al. [71] show, SG will be based on WAMS, in order to monitor, analyze and evaluate the instabilities of the system. This communication architecture for control allows efficient and fast management.  
[PERSON] et al. [72] propose an intelligent wide area synchrophasor-based system (IWAS) for predicting and mitigating transient instabilities, the system is based on ANN. [PERSON] et al. [73] propose a communication link for a complex interconnected power grid, and proper spatial coordination based on geographical information system (GIS) to optimize one of the PMU locations as a main control station.  
[PERSON] et al. [74] present a low-cost device for the communication of synchrophasors. The device is supported by frequency modulation together with low-cost hardware, and the results are promising.  
To summarize, Table 3 shows all the work described in this section. In the rows are shown different areas (system protection, fault isolation and system restoration) while in the columns is shown the application rate on fault detection and system protection (restoration systems, improvement devices and WAMS-based wide area protection systems). As can be seen in the previous table, fault detection and system protection will use new restoration systems and intelligent fault detection systems; In addition, it will be necessary to develop new devices for quality control and protection systems that work with WAMS.
# Floor Heave Mechanism and Anti-Slide Piles Control Technology in Deep and Large-Span Chamber
## 3 Model Test Based on Digital Speckle Correlation Method
### Analysis of Test Results
#### 3.3.2 Analysis of Displacement Evolution Law  
The deformation of speckles in six horizontal sections (y = 150, y = 300, y = 450, y = 600, y = 750, and y = 900) in Figure 5 were extracted from the displacement nephograms in the Y direction at different times. The abscissa correspond to the starting and ending ranges of the horizontal sections.  
The deformation curves in Figure 5 show that the displacement of each horizontal section is continuous and the evolution laws of displacement are basically the same, which are as follows:  
* At the initial stage of loading, the displacement of each section is approximately a straight line and the value of each point is negative, which indicates that the overall vertical compression deformation occurs when the load is small, which is elastic and recoverable;
* With the increase in load, the deformation of each section appears as a zoning phenomenon, that is, in the intervals of (0,750) and (1750,2500) in the X direction, the deformation continues to develop along the Y-axis in a negative direction, and the greater the load, the greater the deformation; whereas in interval (750,1750), the deformation continues to develop along the Y-axis in the positive direction, and the greater the load, the greater the deformation;
* The deformation of the midpoint in interval (750,1750) is the largest, whereas the deformation on both sides of the midpoint is relatively small, which is consistent with the Hill-like deformation mode of central uplift.  
Figure 4: Vector graphs at different times.  
Comparing different horizontal sections in Figure 5, we found that the closer the section to the loading plate, the larger the deformation, and the farther the section s to the loading plate, the smaller the deformation. On the section y = 900, which was farthest away from the loading plate, the displacement changed little under different loads, but affected by the range of camera, the section with displacement 0 could not be captured. However, it could still be inferred that the range of deformation was limited; in other words, the range of the plastic zone was limited, which is consistent with the results of theoretical analysis. If the influence range of the plastic zone can be determined and the relationship between the width of the chamber and the influence range can be obtained, they can provide a reference for the scientific design of floor support.  
Figure 5: Deformation in different horizontal sections at different times.
# High-Accuracy Entanglement Detection via a Convolutional Neural Network with Noise Resistance
## 3 Results
### Demonstration of Robust Performance in the Presence of Noise  
To simulate the detection under the influence of noise, we apply the operations shown in Equations (5)-(8) to randomly generate density matrices after obtaining the labels by PPT criterion. Then, we conduct complete or incomplete measurements on the processed matrices and feed the resulting data into the trained model previously. Finally, we compare the output results with the standard labels while applying four types of noise models to the measured state and increasing the error rate \(\varepsilon\). The results under both complete and incomplete measurements are shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4, respectively.  
This classification model tends to classify more states as the same type of state (separable or entangled states) under high error rates, which will result in a decrease in the recall for one type of quantum state and an increase in another's precision at meantime, with the overall accuracy decreasing. The classification model gradually deteriorates under the influence of noise. When the error rate is not excessively high, the generalization of CNNs ensures our models' high resistance to noise impact. As shown in Figure 3, when conducting complete measurement, for depolarizing noise, dephasing noise, and amplitude damping noise, the accuracy only dropped by less than 2% even with an error rate \(\varepsilon\) of 20%.  
In Figure 4, for incomplete measurement with a raised error rate of 10%, the accuracy dropped by less than 5% under four types of noise influence. Due to measurement incompleteness, less information about the density matrices can be determined, resulting in lower resistance to noise compared to complete measurement.  
Figure 2: Results of entanglement detection without noise. The accuracy of both complete and incomplete measurements exceeded 97.5%, and the precision and recall exceeded 96%. Under 10,000 simulated measurements, the accuracy increased to over 99%, and both the precision and recall exceeded 98%. (**a**) Result of the complete measurement. (**b**) Result of the incomplete measurements obtained by 4 measurement operators.
# A Review of the Applications of OCT for Analysing Pharmaceutical Film Coatings
## 3 Pharmaceutical Film Coatings
### In-Line Measurement
Examples of acquired B-scans are shown in Figure 5. However, such a combined measurement would require an exorbitant initial capital investment and therefore a laboratory coating unit was custom-built around an existing TPI and a home-built SD-OCT system was used. By combining these two independent yet complementary modalities, it allowed the measurement of a coating thickness in the range from 20 \(\upmu\)m to greater than 280 \(\upmu\)m. However, OCT was only able to measure up to 200 \(\upmu\)m at an in-line setting due to coating material build-up on the OCT sensor head. The fact that the coating unit was constructed around the TPI also presented a rather unrealistic scenario for pharmaceutical manufacturing but shows an interesting platform for process investigation when consolidated with discerete element method (DEM) [41]. The coupling of numerical simulation techniques further allows one to better interpret the in-line measurements [42]. A summary of systems and their respective performances is presented in Table 1.  
Figure 5: B-scans captured with SD-OCT at an in-line setting for a lab-scale tablet coating process showing the measured tablets with highlighted coating interfaces using segmentation algorithm as part of automated thickness quantification. The title of each OCT image indicates the mean calculated from the detected coating layer interfaces. The \(x\)-axis represents the width of the tablet measured and depends on the tablet movement speed. Adapted from [24].
# Experimental Investigation on Shear Behavior of Dune Sand Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams
## 4 Discussion
### Effect of Concrete Strength  
The normalized ultimate shear stress (\(v_{\text{u}}\)) versus the concrete strength is shown in Figure 8b. All the specimens of NRC deep beams in Figure 8 are shown with concrete strength as the variable, including: 12 sets from [PERSON] et al. [51], 26 sets from [PERSON] et al. [46], 12 sets from [PERSON] and [PERSON] [49] and 17 sets from [PERSON] et al. [50]. Shear stress increased gradually as concrete strength increased. The shear stress of the specimen with a concrete strength of 30 MPa was 4.19 MPa, while the shear stress of the specimen with a concrete strength of 40 and 50 MPa increased by 18.7% and 30.9%, respectively. In comparison to the increase in shear strength of NRC deep beams, the shear strength of DSRC deep beams increased to a lesser extent as concrete strength increased. This meant that the increase in concrete strength was greater than the increase in ultimate shear stress of dune sand RC deep beams. As shown in Table 3, DS admixture increased low-grade concrete strength slightly but had no effect on high-grade concrete strength. Before diagonal concrete cracks developed in the shear span section, the shear load capacity was mostly borne by the concrete in the whole section. As the load increased, diagonal cracks appeared in the shear span section, and the stress was redistributed in the beam. The shear mechanism was described as a strut and tie mechanism with compression concrete arch ribs and tension longitudinal reinforcement. Under these conditions, the concrete arch ribs in the abdomen of deep beams within the shear span section carried the majority of the shear load capacity of the shorter beam.
## 3 Explanation, Comparison, Discussion, and Extension
Therefore, \"a traditional Chinese anhemitonic pentatonic folk song\" is an approximate sufficient rather than a necessary condition for \"a bell-shaped anhemitonic pentatonic pitch histogram\". In short, in the context of this study, we do not conclude that \"traditional folk songs worldwide that do not use the Chinese anhemitonic pentatonic scale are improbable to have bell-shaped pitch histograms\". The unique characteristics of each country's folk songs need to be explored by researchers who grasp the cultures and materials involved. Another interesting observation worth discussing is that anhemitonic pentatonic folk songs from cultural groups other than Chinese (more precisely, Han Chinese) may also have a perfect or approximate bell-shaped pitch histogram. For example, some cultural groups in East Asia, such as Korean and Japanese, have their own unique folk song systems [32,33], like the Japanese heritonic _in_ scale. There are also Korean and Japanese folk songs using the anhemitonic pentatonic scale (called \(yo\) scale in Japan), some of which fit the bell shape ideally or to a great extent. Historical interactions between the neighboring countries and peoples might be a reason; however, it is highly controversial whether the pentatonic scales present in different cultures originated independently or through cultural exchange, which is not the topic of this work. Several examples are provided in Figure 9, including _Arirang_, _Doraji Tareyong_, and _Soran Bushi_, the representative pieces of traditional Korean and Japanese folk songs. The repetition of the pitch la\({}_{4}\) in Figure 9(3), exhibiting the rhythmic sense of the fishermen's net-pulling work songs (\"Dokkoisho\"), is eliminated in the merged pitch histogram to produce a bell shape, similar to Figure 4(2). Some folk songs of not-Han cultural groups within China are also anhemitonic pentatonic. For instance, the basic pitch histogram of the Oroqen folk song in Figure 9(4) conforms to the bell shape, i.e., \(DoBell=1\). Some traditional Japanese and Korean anhemitonic pentatonic songs do not perfectly fit the bell-shaped pattern, as Figure 10 exemplifies. However, as stated at the end of the previous paragraph, a comprehensive analysis of Japanese and Korean pentatonic songs is not the subject of this paper. Figure 8: The movable do solfge-based basic and merged pitch histograms for a Portuguese, a Japanese, and an English well-known traditional folk song, respectively, using the Gregorian scale where the basic pitch histograms conform to the bell shape (\(DoBell=1\)), with the languages of the original version in curved brackets and the countries of the origin in square brackets.