## 1 Introduction and Related Works  
As the global population ages, diseases affecting the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and nervous systems are becoming increasingly prevalent. Lifestyle factors such as elevated stress levels, unhealthy dietary habits, and reduced physical activity further exacerbate these health concerns. Musculoskeletal disorders significantly impact a large portion of the global population, leading to 20 an increasing demand for implantable medical devices designed to improve patient's quality of life. Consequently, research in this field is crucial for advancing clinical practice and enhancing treatment options. The incidence of musculoskeletal and cardiovascular diseases is rising both globally and in Slovakia, primarily due to increased life expectancy and various lifestyle and environmental factors. This trend underscores the urgent need for medical advancements to address the growing burden of chronic illnesses. In Slovakia, the population aged 70 and above has grown significantly, reaching 174,000 in 2016. The average life expectancy increased to 76.9 years by 2020, and the adult obesity rate reached 19% in 2019 [1; 2]. Chronic conditions such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis severely impact individuals' quality of life. Additionally, traffic accidents pose a significant public health concern, with the World Health Organization (WHO) estimating 1.3 million fatalities and 20-50 million non-fatal injuries worldwide by 2025 [3]. Addressing these challenges is essential to improving the well-being of affected individuals. In response to these medical needs, biomaterial research has gained considerable attention. Scientists focus on developing advanced materials with improved properties, cost-effectiveness, and enhanced biocompatibility. The integration of new biomaterials into medical practice has the potential to significantly reduce the complications associated with traditional implantable devices [4; 5]. Interest lies in biomaterials with reactive and sensory capabilities, which can improve patient outcomes. Developing biocompatible biomedical materials involves interdisciplinary collaboration among material scientists, biomedical engineers, medical doctors, biotechnologists, and biologists. This multidisciplinary approach aims to enhance the feasibility of production while improving patients' living conditions [6; 7]. Due to their essential properties, austenitic stainless steels (ASSs) are among the most widely used materials for orthopedic applications. Their mechanical strength and corrosion resistance make them suitable for long-term implantation in the human body. These steels exhibit high corrosion resistance and non-magnetic characteristics, making them ideal for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques. Common biomedical grades, such as AISI 316L (American Iron and Steel Institute) and ASTM F55 (American Society for Testing and Materials), typically contain 17-20% Cr, 12-15% Ni, and 2-3% Mo. The presence of molybdenum enhances corrosion resistance, while chromium contributes to passivation. ASSs cannot be hardened through heat treatment but can be mechanically strengthened via cold deformation techniques [8; 9; 10]. Although they exhibit reduced resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC), pitting, and intergranular corrosion, they offer superior resistance to bodily fluid-induced corrosion and demonstrate excellent biocompatibility. Their strength, flexibility, and ease of shaping make them ideal for orthopedic implants such as hip, knee, and joint replacements, where durability and resistance to repetitive mechanical loads are essential. Despite their favorable properties, austenitic steels are not without limitations. Long-term performance in physiological conditions remains a key concern, as mechanical stress and environmental exposure can affect their durability [11; 12]. Prolonged use can lead to material wear, potentially releasing metal particles into the surrounding tissues, which may cause inflammation, bone loss, and implant failure.