## 1 Introduction
), can replace silica fume for impregnating lumber, plywood, particle board, wafer board, paper, fabric, and similar cellulosic materials as an intumescent fireproofing agent [31; 32]. When exposed to heat (between 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C) and/or a polymerization-inducing agent, such as an organic or inorganic acid, waterglass undergoes polycondensation, releasing water molecules and chemically solidifying the impregnating agent. To modify lumber's properties, a C\({}_{1-8}\) alcohol, ketone, ether, or combination thereof can be added, enhancing lipophilicity, reducing hardness, and improving flexibility, with these compounds effectively acting as superplasticizers. These modifiers react at hydroxyl (silanol) groups, forming lipophilic-Si-OR and -Si-R sites. Moreover, the silanol groups of the polymerized silica matrix can cross-link with functional groups on the surfaces of fibrous organic materials, creating chemical bonds between cellulose fibers and the solidified silica skeleton [32; 33]. An alternative to impregnation for fireproofing is coating, which can be used alone or in conjunction with impregnation. Applied to the surface of wood or other combustible materials, it serves as decoration, protects against pests and fungi, and in case of fire, delays flame spread, allowing for safer evacuation [34]. These coatings encompass fire-retardant paints and ceramic coatings [19; 35]. These eco-friendly methods provide alternatives to conventional chemical treatments, lessening environmental impact while boosting wood's fire resistance and other properties. Despite its limitations, wood remains a sustainable and eco-friendly building material, as it is renewable and replantable. In our preceding investigation [36], it was observed that the deposition of cement crystals within peat fibers exhibited a highly effective inhibition of material ignition. Even under prolonged exposure to heat from a blowtorch, material degradation occurred without ignition. Building upon this observation, the current study focuses on the cultivation of analogous microcrystals within wood grooves utilizing oil shale ash possessing a high lime content, supplemented with pozzolanic additives (silica fume). To enhance wood durability against organic pests such as fungi, bacteria, and insects, a solution of peat humates was introduced during the impregnation process, a method previously demonstrated to be effective in safeguarding peat-derived materials. This approach yields an environmentally friendly universal wood protection system devoid of conventional highly toxic substances. As we innovate to enhance wood's fire safety and durability, its significance in the construction sector is poised to grow. The primary challenge lies in devising an environ mentally friendly, non-toxic, and safe wood treatment approach. Previous methods have fallen short in providing comprehensive protection against various damaging factors. We propose that combining impregnation with humic solutions alongside the cultivation of cementitious microcrystals within wood fibers, as developed by our team, may offer a promising solution to address these objectives.