# A Model for Working Environment Monitoring in Smart Manufacturing
## 1 Introduction  
The European Commission promotes industrial competitiveness through many initiatives. The goal of these initiatives is to empower workers and regions, and to have the best technologies for the smart and innovative industry of the future [1]. In fact, the European industrial structure is undergoing a transformation in the management of digital and other new technologies and new business models. Smart manufacturing systems (SMS) attempt to maximize productivity, agility, sustainability, and quality of manufacturing through intensive use of advanced contemporary technologies, especially information and communication technologies, along with intelligent software applications [2]. In the course of development, workplace innovations can be recognized as a change in business structure, human resource management, customer and supplier relationships, and as an improvementin the working environment [3]. The objective is an improvement of working conditions for employees, leading to overall business improvement and increased competitiveness. Sustainable smart manufacturing has been enabled with the integration of information and communication technology (ICT) in all segments of manufacturing. The new trend in Industry 4.0 is the development of smart and easy to change manufacturing systems that enable mass production and mass customization, and inspired by living systems and nature [4]. These systems are operated by human workers that enable the systems' efficient adaptation to disturbances and smooth running. New trends in Industry 4.0 put great demands on the workforce, who need to improve their organizational, communication, cognitive, and physical skills in order to work safely and efficiently in the new digitalized manufacturing. However, according to [PERSON] et al. [5], Industry 4.0 research is relatively new and mainly focused on technical and technological aspects, neglecting the human factor. Therefore, there is a need for additional research on the human factors and the conditions of their work within smart manufacturing environments, especially for workers in high-risk working conditions [6]. Continuous changes in working environments bring new challenges and several risks related to safety and health at work in the 21 st century. According to the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, these risks are roughly classified as physical, psychosocial, chemical, and biological. Based on the expert opinions collected through an expert survey [7], the most important physical risks relate to musculoskeletal disorders, noise, thermal risks, vibration, and radiation. Several chemical risks, or exposure to chemical materials in the work place lead to work-related diseases, whose number is much higher than the number of accidents at work. The number of deaths caused by cancers related to working conditions is very high in Europe [8]. These facts indicate the importance of forming safe and healthy working conditions for workers. Industry 4.0 brings new paradigm shifts in manufacturing, with an impact on the management of occupational health and safety (OHS) [9]. Adverse working conditions often occur in industrial environments, which require the monitoring of environmental parameters such as metallic dust, noise, and environmental temperature or heat, which may have negative effects on the health of manufacturing workers [10]. However, the development of industrialization has led to deplorable working conditions, with many risks for worker health and safety, and which requires better supervision and control of working environments and conditions. Working conditions, especially in production systems based on different technologies, should be monitored and controlled in order to protect workers. Contemporary working environments are constantly changing and becoming much more complex, which introduces new occupational hazards and many risk factors into the workplace.