## 5 Discussion
### Main Trends and Concerns
: _What are the critical steps and conditions required for the successful implementation of a business model in logistics?_  
As mentioned in the theoretical background of this paper, the most critical steps and conditions for the effective operation of business models in logistics are (1) business model innovation, (2) digital transformation, (3) Quality 4.0, (4) human resources management practices, and (5) Logistics 4.0. The key points about how Industry 4.0 affects business model innovation in logistics are mainly about the digitization of supply chains, which in turn enables companies to address new customer demands, challenges on the supply side, and expectations for improved efficiency. This includes putting sensors on everything, building networks everywhere, automating everything, and analyzing everything to significantly improve performance and customer satisfaction [95]. On top of that, the online trend of recent years has led to increased service expectations combined with a much stronger distribution of orders. There is also a very clear trend towards further personalization and customization that is driving strong growth and constant change in a business's portfolio. In addition to the need to adapt, supply chains also have the opportunity to reach the next horizon of operational efficiency, take advantage of emerging digital supply chain business models, and integrate their business into the new digital supply chain. Moreover, the application of Industry 4.0 technologies in logistics is not only about survival in today's competitive market but also about prosperity through the improvement of logistics performance. It requires companies to rethink their business models and adapt to the changing landscape [96]. Digital transformation is playing a dominant role in reshaping industrial logistics. The rapid advancement of digital technologies has fundamentally changed the competitive dynamics of the logistics industry, forcing logistics service providers (LSPs) to go digital. This includes using digital platforms to integrate businesses and create single interfaces for contracts and customer service. The main digital innovation that is strongly observed in the industry is the development of autonomous vehicles, where the largest logistics companies such as DHL and UPS are investing in research to develop autonomous delivery vehicles [97]. They see it as a way to reduce costs and increase efficiency by automating parcel delivery. Another important example of digital innovation is automation. By automating tasks, internal operations can save manual labor and lower logistics costs. It allows more time for the logistics team to find ways to optimize workflows using automation [98]. These innovative actions and the shift to the digital age are transforming the logistics industry, making it more flexible. Companies can now manage supply chain operations more efficiently with elastic logistics [99]. Quality 4.0 is indeed a critical aspect of the Industry 4.0 revolution, especially in the field of logistics. It represents the application of digital technologies to improve quality management systems, making them more efficient and effective. This transformation can lead to improved product quality, reduced defects, and increased customer satisfaction. A primary role in this is played by IoT devices that can monitor and collect data on product quality in real time, enabling immediate feedback and rapid response to any issues [100]. In addition, advanced data analytics and machine learning algorithms can predict quality issues before they occur, enabling proactive quality control. Ultimately, cloud-based quality management systems enable seamless integration and real-time collaboration across an organization, and automating quality controls can lead to increased efficiency and consistency in maintaining high-quality standards. By embracing Quality 4.0, logistics companies can not only improve existing quality processes but also innovate new ways to ensure quality in their products and services.