## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Study Area  
As areas of study, we consider the effect of fire on the Brazilian Cerrado and Amazon biomes (Figures 1 and 2), which contain different ecological characteristics. These regions are subject to high fire incidence, despite the climatic and vegetation differences [25]. The land-cover/land-use data came from the Project for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Brazilian Biological Diversity (PROBIO) [26], which mapped Brazilian vegetation cover and its phytophysiognomies based on LANDSAT images for the year 2002 ([[http://mapas.mma.gov.br/](http://mapas.mma.gov.br/)]([http://mapas.mma.gov.br/](http://mapas.mma.gov.br/))). To update the PROBIO mapping for the base year 2016, we used data from the Project for the Satellite-Based Monitoring of Brazilian Biome Deforestation (PMDBBS) [27], which also uses Landsat images to update annual deforestation in each Brazilian biome ([[https://siscom.ibama.gov.br/](https://siscom.ibama.gov.br/)]([https://siscom.ibama.gov.br/](https://siscom.ibama.gov.br/))). The two areas have a typical pattern with overlapping of fully protected conservation units (severe land-use restrictions) and indigenous lands, generating a multi-managed environment. In this research, we divided the natural vegetation into preserved vegetation and altered vegetation in high fragmentation or selective cutting.  
The study area in the Amazonian biome is the Ji-Parana River Basin (JPRB) in the State of Rondonia, covering 12,200 km\({}^{2}\) (Figure 1). The annual average rainfall varies between 1400 and 2600 mm, with up to three months of drought, and the average temperature varies between 24 and 26 \({}^{\circ}\)C [28]. The fire pattern of the JPRB is the same as that observed in most of the Brazilian Amazon, with anthropic fires in the driest months, from August to October. The fire in this region occurs mainly in deforested areas, high vegetation fragmentation areas, and the area used for pasture maintenance [25].  
According to official data from PROBIO, the JPRB presents the following land-use/land cover classes: (a) savanna/forest transition; (b) altered savanna/forest transition; (c) Ombrophulous forest  
Figure 1: Ji-Paráná River Basin (JPRB): (a) location in Brazilian Amazon, and (b) land use/cover map.  
Figure 2: Araguaia National Park and Cantão State Park (ANP-CSP): (a) location in Brazilian Cerrado, and (b) land use/cover map.  
(mainly in conservation units and indigenous lands); (d) altered Ombrophilous forest; (e) anthropic use (pasture/livestock); (f) woody savanna; and (g) altered woody savanna (Figure 1b).  
The study area of the Cerrado biome includes the Araguaia National Park (ANP) (5555 km\({}^{2}\)) and the Cantao State Park (CSP) (1004 km\({}^{2}\)), belonging to the State of Tocantins (Figure 2). The annual average rainfall is 1700 mm and an average temperature of 26 \({}^{\circ}\)C precipitation is not evenly distributed during the year, presenting a period of up to 5 months of drought, usually from May to September [29].  
The ANP-CSP corresponds to the Cerrado biome's largest seasonally humid area, with a complex flooded plain system and high phytophysiognomic variability. The greatest accumulation of biomass occurs at the end of the wet period, between March and April, while the lowest biomass period occurs at the end of the dry period, in September [30]. Most anthropic fires concentrate at the end of the dry season, mainly reaching grassland areas to accelerate regrowth and serve as input for livestock that is the main activity in the region [31]. The ANP-CSP area shows the following classes: (a) seasonal forest; (b) pasture/livestock; (c) forested savanna; (d) altered forested savanna; (e) grassy-woody savanna; and (f) savanna parkland (Figure 1b).