esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
In a number of subsequent biochemical transformations, the phosphorylated DHA is transformed into other compounds (such as fructose-1,6-diphosphate, glucose-6-phosphate) and used for biomass production [14] (Figure 1). Dihydroxyacetone is presently applied in the food and pharmaceutical sectors, but it still finds new applications in other branches of industry [15]. It may play a beneficial role in the treatment of hypotension and cardiogenic shock by restoring blood volume and cellular respiration. Figure 1: A scheme of two pathways of glycerol metabolism in bacteria cells depending on pH. The newest findings suggest the promising therapeutic potential of DHA against poisoning by aluminum phosphide, which is a pesticide widely used to protect agricultural products from pests [16]. This compound releases phosphine gas upon contact with water, moisture, or gastric acids, and ensures 70-100% lethality [16]. DHA is also the main active compound in all types of self-tanning cosme [17; 18; 19]. Gluconcetobacter oxydans ATCC 621 (_G. oxydans_) belongs to the _Acetobacteriaceae_ family, and is capable of oxidizing glycerol to DHA in a reaction catalyzed by GlyDH. It has been demonstrated that GlyDH strongly adheres to the cytoplasmic membrane of this bacteria cell [20; 21; 22]. The enzymatic activity of GlyDH changes depending on conditions (for example temperature, pH, aeration). Staying bound with the membrane ensures its higher enzymatic activity. Purification of GlyDH was demonstrated to strongly decrease its activity and stability. The optimal temperature for GlyDH ranges from 23 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and optimal pH from 7.0 to 7.5 [22; 23; 24]. Glycerol is a renewable feedstock in biorefineries to synthesize fuel, chemicals, and energy [25]. There is a constant and unmet need to develop new methods that can be implemented on the industrial scale. The goal of this study was to evaluate the possibility of converting waste glycerol to DHA depending on the initial concentration of the substrate and the type of biocatalysts used. The novelty of the presented method is the possibility of utilization of waste glycerol into valuable, industrially used dihydroxyacetone. Replacement of whole cells of _G. oxydans_ by cell extract provides many benefits for the proposed method. For example, it enables the matching of optimal factors for GlyDH (not for whole cells) and enables elimination of the inhibition effect at high substrate or product concentrations, which can be observed with reactions using whole cells. Moreover, the immobilization of biocatalysts allows them to be easily separated from the reaction mixture, which can facilitate the acquisition of the final product from the reaction medium.
## 3 Geometric Error Measurement Algorithm
### 6-DOF Geometric Error Identification  
The proposed 6-DOF geometric error measurement algorithm, excluding the influence of the set-up errors of the reflector standard fixture, is depicted as follows: Before the 6-DOF geometric errors at the different angular positions of the rotary table are identified, the expected positions of the \(m\)-th reflector at the \(i\)-th measurement point, which are considered as influences on the set-up errors, are established. It is important to note that the expected positions of the reflector are calculated according to Equation (2) and the kinematic error model presented in our previous works [7,19]. Therefore, according to the kinematic error model and HTMs, the relationship between the expected and real positions of the \(m\)-th reflector at the \(i\)-th measurement point is formulated with Equation (7):  
\[{}^{real}P(i,m)={}^{expectal}P(i,m)+d\widetilde{P}_{k,i}^{m}\quad k\in x,y,z, \tag{7}\]  
where \(d\widetilde{P}_{k,i}^{m}\) denotes the difference between the expected position and real position of the \(m\)-th reflector at the \(i\)-th measurement point in the \(x\), \(y\), and \(z\) directions. Similarly, since the magnitudes of the 6-DOF geometric errors of the rotary table are usually very small, the higher term of the 6-DOF geometric errors has only a small impact on the results. Therefore, by using a first-order Taylor series expansion method, the difference between the expected positions and real positions of the \(m\)-th reflector at the \(i\)-th measurement point in the \(x\), \(y\), and \(z\) directions can be expressed as follows:  
\[d\widetilde{P}_{k,i}^{m}=\left[\begin{array}{c}d\widetilde{P}_{x,i}^{1}\\ d\widetilde{P}_{x,i}^{1}\\ d\widetilde{P}_{z,i}^{1}\\ \vdots\\ d\widetilde{P}_{x,i}^{6}\\ d\widetilde{P}_{z,i}^{6}\\ \end{array}\right]_{3i}=A_{16\times 8}F_{t}\] \[=\left[\begin{array}{ccccc}0&z_{1}\cos\theta_{i}+y_{1}\sin \theta_{i}&z_{1}\sin\theta_{i}-y_{1}\cos\theta_{i}&1&0&0\\ -z_{1}\cos\theta_{i}-y_{1}\sin\theta_{i}&0&x_{1}&0&1&0\\ y_{1}\cos\theta_{i}-z_{1}\sin\theta_{i}&-x_{1}&0&0&0&1\\ \vdots&\vdots&\vdots&\vdots&\vdots&\vdots\\ 0&z_{6}\cos\theta_{i}+y_{6}\sin\theta_{i}&z_{6}\sin\theta_{i}-y_{6}\cos\theta_ {i}&1&0&0\\ -z_{6}\cos\theta_{i}-y_{6}\sin\theta_{i}&0&x_{6}&0&1&0\\ y_{6}\cos\theta_{i}-z_{6}\sin\theta_{i}&-x_{6}&0&0&0&1\end{array}\right]_{18 \times 6}\left[\begin{array}{c}\varepsilon_{xa}\\ \varepsilon_{ya}\\ \varepsilon_{za}\\ \delta_{xa}\\ \delta_{ya}\\ \delta_{za}\end{array}\right]\]  
where \(F_{t}\) represents the 6-DOF geometric errors of the rotary table. For increasing the measurement accuracy and decreasing the influence of uncertainties, the average \(Q(F_{t})\) of the squared residuals are minimized by using the least squares method, as shown in Equation (9):  
\[Q(F_{t})=\min_{F_{t}}\frac{1}{3m}\sum_{n=1}^{3m}R_{n}^{2}=\frac{1}{3m}\sum_{n= 1}^{3m}\left(d\widetilde{P}_{k,i}^{m}-AF_{t}\right)^{2}. \tag{9}\]
## 3 Pulsed Ion Beams (Protons and Carbon Ions): Laser-Driven Source Features
### Angular Divergence Control (Target as an Ion Optic)  
Quasi-exponential spectral profiles and large angular divergence represent significant technical challenges in laser-driven medical accelerator development. Mitigating beam line development issues attributed to the intrinsically large angular divergence and energy spread might require a combination of innovative ion collection optics with laser-plasma engineering.  
Various methods have been used to reduce the angular divergence. [PERSON] _et al._[62] and [PERSON] _et al._[63] were the first to experimentally demonstrate the ballistic focusing capability of curved target surfaces.  
In 2D PIC simulations [PERSON] _et al._[64] showed that \"bulged\" nanometer scale targets could generate higher energy protons (above 124 MeV) which is a factor of about two greater than TNSA results from thick foil targets. This is shown in Figure 13.  
This simulation indicates that with a laser intensity of 1.3 \(\times\) 10\({}^{20}\) W\(\cdot\)cm\({}^{-2}\) the maximum proton energy is more than 100 MeV (with a typically broad spectrum) with a conversion efficiency of 24%. If the proton energy scales as the laser intensity 1\({}^{1/2}\) then we could expect a proton spectrum with a maximum proton energy of \(\sim\)250 MeV at a laser intensity of order 10\({}^{21}\) W\(\cdot\)cm\({}^{-2}\).  
Figure 12: The dotted line shows the energy scaling of the accelerated protons as a function of the laser power on a snow target. All the other points below the line show the previous experimental results given in [59]. Reproduced from [59]. Copyright 2013, The American Physical Society.  
Early experimental work by [PERSON] _et al._[65] with nm diamond like carbon foils at \(8\times 10^{19}\) W\(\cdot\)cm\({}^{-2}\) laser intensity have produced 5 MeV proton beams with a divergence as low as 2\({}^{\circ}\). This is about an order of magnitude below divergences typical of \(\upmu\)m targets and can therefore enhance proton fluences by about two orders of magnitude.  
Generation and focusing of accelerated protons with a cone-shaped or cylindrically shaped target (downstream of the initial curved surface which provides the protons) [PERSON] _et al._[66] has also been demonstrated. In this sophisticated target assembly a hot electron sheath establishes a dynamic radial electric field that focuses protons emerging from the curved foil target. In a proof-of-concept demonstrated channeling of protons through the cone tip and spot size reduction have been observed in a geometry relevant to fast ignition for inertial fusion.
## 3 Application of the Drazin Inverse
: _The solution to Equation (6) (or equivalently (1)) for \(x_{0}\in\mathbb{X}_{0}\) and \(u_{i}\in\mathbb{U}\) is given by_  
\[x_{i}=\Phi_{i}^{(\bar{E}^{D}\bar{A}_{a})}\bar{E}\bar{E}^{D}v+\sum_{k=0}^{i-1} \Phi_{i-k-1}^{(\bar{E}^{D}\bar{A}_{a})}\bar{E}^{D}Bu_{k}+(\bar{E}\bar{E}^{D}- \mathbb{I}_{n})\sum_{k=0}^{q-1}(\bar{E}\bar{A}^{D})^{k}\bar{A}^{D}\bar{B}\psi_ {i,k}, \tag{16}\]  
_where the vector \(v\in\mathbb{R}^{n}\) is arbitrary, \(q\) is the index of \(\bar{E}\) determined by (11) and_  
\[\Phi_{i+1}^{(\bar{E}^{D}\bar{A}_{a})}=\Phi_{i}^{(\bar{E}^{D}\bar{A}_{a})}\bar{ E}^{D}\bar{A}_{a}+\sum_{j=1}^{i}c_{j}\Phi_{i-j}^{(\bar{E}^{D}\bar{A}_{a})}, \quad\Phi_{0}^{(\bar{E}^{D}\bar{A}_{a})}=\mathbb{I}_{n}, \tag{17}\]  
\[\psi_{i,0} =u_{i}, \tag{18}\] \[\psi_{i,1} =\psi_{i+1,0}-\alpha\psi_{i,0}-\sum_{j=1}^{i}c_{j}\psi_{i-j,0}\] \[=u_{i+1}-\alpha u_{i}-\sum_{j=1}^{i}c_{j}u_{i-j},\] \[\psi_{i,2} =\psi_{i+1,1}-\alpha\psi_{i,1}-\sum_{j=1}^{i}c_{j}\psi_{i-j,1}\] \[=u_{i+2}-2\alpha u_{i+1}+\alpha^{2}u_{i}+2\alpha\sum_{j=1}^{i}c_{ j}u_{i-j}-\sum_{j=1}^{i+1}c_{i}u_{i-j+1}\] \[\quad-\sum_{j=1}^{i}c_{j}u_{i-j+1}+\sum_{j=1}^{i}c_{j}\sum_{l=1}^{ i-j}c_{l}u_{i-j-l}\] \[\quad\vdots\] \[\psi_{i,q-1} =\psi_{i+1,q-2}-\alpha\psi_{i,q-2}-\sum_{j=1}^{i}c_{j}\psi_{i-j,q- 2}.\]  
For any admissible \(u_{i}\in\mathbb{U}\) the consistent initial conditions should satisfy the equality  
\[\Phi_{i+1}^{(\bar{E}^{D}\bar{A}_{a})}=\Phi_{i}^{(\bar{E}^{D}\bar{A}_{a})}\bar{ E}^{D}\bar{A}_{a}+\sum_{j=1}^{i}c_{j}\Phi_{i-j}^{(\bar{E}^{D}\bar{A}_{a})}, \quad\Phi_{0}^{(\bar{E}^{D}\bar{A}_{a})}=\mathbb{I}_{n}, \tag{17}\]0  
which is obtained from (16) and (17) for \(i=0\), the vector \(v\in\mathbb{R}^{n}\) is arbitrary and \(\psi_{0,k}\in\mathbb{R}^{m}\) is given by (18). The solution (16) of (1) for \(x_{0}\in\mathbb{X}_{0}\) can be computed, substituting \(v=x_{0}\). Observe that the matrices (5) and their Drazin inverses appear in the solution (16) as products \(\bar{E}^{D}\), \(\bar{E}^{D}\bar{A}\), \(\bar{A}^{D}\bar{E}\), \(\bar{E}^{D}\bar{B}\), \(\bar{A}^{D}\bar{B}\). This is an important property since these products do not depend on the choice of the parameter \(c\), unlike the matrices \(\bar{E}\), \(\bar{A}\), \(\bar{B}\) themselves [7].
# Multi-Source Data-Driven Terrestrial Multi-Algorithm Fusion Path Planning Technology
## 4 Experimental Design  
This experiment is designed to evaluate the path planning performance of a hybrid strategy that combines global path planning using the A* algorithm with local path optimization via deep Q-networks (DQN), in both static and dynamic environments. The proposed approach is compared against traditional single-algorithm methods in terms of path length, computational efficiency, and obstacle avoidance capability.
# Portable RGB-D Camera-Based System for Assessing Gait Impairment Progression in ATTRv Amyloidosis
###### Abstract  
Hereditary Amyloidosis associated with variant Transthyretin (ATTRv Amyloidosis) is a progressive and highly disabling neurological disorder that affects gait. Quantitative motion analysis is useful for assessing motor function, including gait, in diseases affecting movement. A single markerless RGB-D camera enables 3D full-body motion capture in a less expensive and intrusive, and more portable way than multi-camera marker-based systems. In this study, we examine whether a gait analysis system based on an RGB-D camera can be used to detect significant changes in the gait of ATTRv amyloidosis patients over time, when compared with a 12-camera system. We acquired 3D data provided by both systems from six ATTRv amyloidosis patients, while performing a simple gait task, once (T0) and 18 months later (T1). A direct comparison of systems has already been conducted. In this work, however, for each patient, we investigated if the RGB-D camera system detects statistically significant differences between the two different acquisitions in a similar way to the reference system, and whether it is reliable to use during patients' follow-up. The obtained results show that the differences detected between T0 and T1 for both systems follow the same tendency for 65% of the spatiotemporal gait parameters, and for 38% of the kinematic parameters (38%). The most reliable parameters were: stride duration/length, gait speed (and its variability), and arm/foot swing velocity, all with an almost perfect strength of agreement.  
gait analysis; Kinect; neurological disease; movement quantification; RGB-D camera; ATTRv amyloidosis
# Production of Sustainable Postbiotics from Sugarcane Straw for Potential Food Applications
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Postbiotic Extract Chemical Characterization
#### 2.4.3 Organic Acids, Sugars, and Short-Chain Fatty Acids Analysis by HPLC-RID  
The dry extract was previously dispersed in water at a concentration of 25 mg/mL and filtered with 0.45 um filter (Minisart; Sartorius stedim, Gottingen, Germany). Chromatographic analysis was performed with high-performance liquid chromatography, Agilent 1200 HPLC system with a refractive index (RID) detector (1260 Infinity II, Agilent Technologies; Santa Clara, CA, USA), and diode array detector (DAD) operating at 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Separation was performed in the Aminex HPX87 Pb column (BioRad, Hercules, CA, USA) with a mobile phase of 0.005 M of sulphuric acid at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min. Following centrifugation, the supernatants were filtered (0.22 um) and immediately analyzed by HPLC in duplicate [25]. Using their matching calibration curves, malic acid, lactate, acetate, butyrate, ethanol, xylose, mannose, galactose, glucose, arabinose, and fructose were identified and measured.
# Design and Implementation of a Multi-Band Active Radar Calibrator for SAR
###### Abstract  
Over the past decade, IECAS (Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences) has developed a set of L-, S-, C-, and X-band active radar calibrators that are deployed during the calibration campaigns for HJ1C synthetic aperture radar (SAR), Gaofen-3 SAR, and so on. In the near future, P-band and Ka-band spaceborne SARs will be launched. We found that it is not convenient to develop special active radar calibrators (ARCs) for a specific SAR or a specific frequency band SAR, and the acquired experience could help in the design and development of a multi-band ARC. This paper describes the design and implementation of a multi-band active radar calibrator which can operate in the L-, C-, X-, and Ka-bands. Moreover, laboratory measurements are performed to characterize the performance of the multi-band ARC, paying particular attention to the gain stability, the system transfer function, the gain flatness, and the linearity of the ARC receiver. Three such ARCs are developed, and to our knowledge, the multi-band ARC is the first of its kind in China or even in the world, and it can be used to implement the calibration campaigns of the Chinese Gaofen-3 SAR, Shenzhen-1 SAR, Luojia-2 SAR, and so on.  
multi-band; transponder; active radar calibrator; calibration; SAR +
Footnote †: journal: remote sensing  
Article
# Optimization of Cellular Automata Model for Moving Bottlenecks in Urban Roads
## 3 Simulation Setup and Result Analysis
### Analysis of the Impact of Heavy-Duty Vehicles on Traffic Flow
#### 3.2.2 The Impact of the Proportion of Heavy-Duty Vehicles on Traffic Flow  
From Figure 7, it can be observed that the average traffic flow rate per lane is maximized when the traffic stream consists solely of small cars, with the maximum flow rate being approximately 950 vehicles per hour (veh/h). Conversely, when the proportion of heavy-duty trucks is 0.4, the average traffic flow per lane is minimum, with a maximum flow rate of approximately 850 veh/h. As the input traffic density increases, the volume of traffic passing through the intersection also grows. At this point, the total number of vehicles on the road is increasing but has not yet exceeded the road's traffic capacity. When the traffic density reaches a certain level, the growth rate of traffic flow at the intersection gradually slows down and even exhibits a downward trend. This phenomenon is more pronounced in simulations where the proportion of heavy vehicles in the input traffic is higher. The larger the proportion of heavy vehicles, the sooner the traffic flow decline occurs. The reason for the above situation is that compared to small vehicles, heavy-duty vehicles occupy more cells and require more road space, resulting in lower driving flexibility. As the proportion and number of heavy-duty vehicles increase, the actual traffic capacity of the road decreases, forcing small vehicles to travel at lower speeds. The above analysis indicates that under the same traffic density, a larger proportion of heavy-duty vehicles in the traffic flow will lead to a decrease in the actual road capacity, which aligns with phenomena observed in actual road traffic.
# Experimental Study on Horizontal Pipeline Transportation Characteristics of Coarse Particle
###### Abstract  
In dredging operations, the efficient transportation of dredged materials presents a significant and intricate challenge. This study focuses on the motion and resistance characteristics of coarse-grained dredged materials during pipeline conveyance. A specialized simulation experiment platform was developed to investigate the horizontal pipeline transport of coarse-grained materials. The experimental design encompassed varying particle diameters, material volume concentrations, and mixed average flow rates to analyze the motion and resistance characteristics of these materials in horizontal pipelines. Three distinct particle beds were identified based on different coarse particle motion states. This study statistically analyzed the impact of the particle diameter and material volume concentration on the transport efficiency of coarse particle populations. The key findings indicate that the mixed mean flow rate significantly influences the transportation efficiency of coarse particle groups, whereas the particle diameter and material volume concentration have a minimal effect. Specifically, coarse particles with a diameter of 0.9 mm demonstrated optimal water flow following, and higher mixed mean flow rates correlated with increased transportation efficiency of the coarse particle group. The transition speed of the coarse particle group flow type was notably affected by the material volume concentration and particle diameter, exhibiting a linear relationship. Therefore, when the particle size of the dredged material increases or the concentration increases, the average flow rate of the mixture is appropriately increased to ensure that the flow pattern of the dredged material in the pipeline remains in a non-homogeneous suspended flow pattern, thereby improving the efficiency and stability of the transportation system. By optimizing the conveying characteristics of coarse-grained materials, the pipeline conveying efficiency can be improved and the risk of pipeline wear and clogging can be reduced, thus lowering engineering costs and energy consumption and promoting technological innovation in related industries. In addition, this research can enhance engineering safety, reduce resource waste and environmental pollution, promote sustainable development, and provide important theoretical support and practical guidance for emerging fields such as deep-sea mining and environmental engineering.  
dredging engineering; horizontal pipeline hydraulic transport; kinematic properties; resistance properties; solid-liquid two-phase flow +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Experimental Evaluation of the Blackbody Radiation Shift in the Cesium Atomic Fountain Clock
###### Abstract  
The cesium atomic fountain clock is the world's most accurate microwave atomic clock. The uncertainty of blackbody radiation (BBR) shift accounts for an increasingly large percentage of the uncertainty associated with fountain clocks and has become a key factor in the performance of fountain clocks. The uncertainty of BBR shift can be reduced by improving the system environment temperature. This study examined the mechanism by which the BBR shift of the transition frequency between the two hyperfine energy levels of the \({}^{133}\)Cs ground state is generated and the calculation method for the BBR shift in the atomic fountain. Methods used to reduce the uncertainty of BBR shift were also examined. A fountain system structure with uniform temperature and good heat preservation was designed, and related technologies, such as that for measuring the temperature of the cesium fountain system, were studied. The results of 20 days of measurements, in combination with computer simulation results, showed that the temperature uncertainty of the atomic action zone is 0.12 \({}^{\circ}\)C and that the resulting uncertainty of BBR shift is 2.4 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-17}\).  
cesium atomic fountain clock; blackbody radiation shift; atomic flight zone +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 5 Conclusions  
A three-dimensional Coupled Eulerian Lagrangian model was developed using Abaqus/Explicit to simulate the FSW of 1 Cr11 Ni2W2 MoV heat-resistant martensitic stainless steel. All the three stages of the FSW process, i.e., plunge, dwell and traverse, were studied. The temperature distribution, plastic strain and weld appearance at different tool rotation rates were investigated. The following conclusions can be drawn:  
1. During the plunge and dwell stages, as there is no traverse motion, a uniform flash is formed at the outer tool edges. Compared to the plunge stage, the workpiece is more heated and plasticized after the dwell stage.
2. A basin-like shaped stir zone is created at the different tool rotation rates. However, the increase in the tool rotation rate to more than 350 rpm leads to an asymmetric stir zone around the weld centerline. The equivalent plastic strain is increased dramatically with an increase in the tool rotation.
3. The peak temperature is increased with an increase in the tool rotation. The peak temperature at 550 rpm reaches the austenite-to-delta ferrite transformation temperature. The HAZ width increases with an increase in the tool rotation. Moreover, the HAZ is divided into three zones according to the thermal cycles and the experimental macrostructure.  
Figure 15: Equivalent plastic strain and defects visualization at various welding conditions: (**a**) 250 rpm, (**b**) 350 rpm, (**c**) 450 rpm, (**d**) 550 rpm, and (**e**) 650 rpm.  
A fine weld surface roughness is achieved at low tool rotation, i.e., 250 and 350 rpm. The major flash is formed at the RS for all joints and increases with the tool rotation. At 650 rpm, a lack-of-fill defect is observed at the advancing side of the SZ.  
The processed zone shape, HAZs and weld appearance computed numerically at different tool rotations are in good agreement with the experimental results. Thus, the model is capable of studying various process parameters, such as low-temperature conditions, which are expected to reduce the HAZ width.  
Conceptualization and design of experiment, M.R. and H.L.; experiment, validation, and formal analysis, M.R.; project administration, H.L.; software, M.R. and M.M.Z.A.; writing--original draft preparation, M.R.; writing--review and editing, M.R., H.L. and M.M.Z.A.; supervision, H.L. and G.-J.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.