## 4 Discussion
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**DJ 45 cm**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{_p-Values_} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Flywheel**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{_p-Values_} \\ \cline{3-8}  & & **Pre** & **Post** & _(ES)_ & **Pre** & **Post** & _(ES)_ \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**RF**} & **Tc (ms)** & 22.8 \(\pm\) 5.9 & 22.3 \(\pm\) 4.6 & _0.827 (0.09)_ & 21.3 \(\pm\) 6.0 & 21.6 \(\pm\) 6.7 & _0.923 (0.04)_ \\  & **Td (ms)** & 22.5 \(\pm\) 2.2 & 22.3 \(\pm\) 2.5 & _0.839 (0.08)_ & 22.4 \(\pm\) 3.2 & 21.7 \(\pm\) 2.2 & _0.493 (0.28)_ \\  & **Dm (mm)** & 4.87 \(\pm\) 2.17 & 4.63 \(\pm\) 2.15 & _0.771 (0.11)_ & 4.39 \(\pm\) 1.97 & 4.57 \(\pm\) 2.18 & _0.835 (0.09)_ \\  & **Vc (mm\(\cdot\)ms\({}^{-1}\))** & 0.10 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 0.10 \(\pm\) 0.04 & _0.759 (0.12)_ & 0.10 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 0.10 \(\pm\) 0.04 & _0.790 (0.11)_ \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: _Cont._effects of two different FW EOL exercises used as CAs (i.e., FW squat vs. FW deadlift) on isokinetic quadriceps and hamstring eccentric and concentric torques in male amateur university athletes [18]. For both exercises, the intervention comprised three sets of six repetitions with a 2 min interval between sets and an inertial load of 0.029 kg\(\cdot\)m\({}^{2}\). Isokinetic testing was performed 5 min after the completion of the PAPE protocol, which induced significant and similar improvements in the eccentric torque of both muscles; however, no significant effects were observed for the concentric torque, in either muscle group. [PERSON] et al. [19] evaluated the impact of medium- vs. high-inertia FW squats used as CAs for the enhancement of horizontal jump, CMJ, and COD performance in physically active male subjects. For the medium-EOL squat, subjects used a combined load of one large disk (diameter = 0.285 m; mass = 1.9 kg; inertia = 0.02 kg\(\cdot\)m\({}^{2}\)) and one medium disk (diameter = 0.240 m; mass = 1.1 kg; inertia = 0.008 kg\(\cdot\)m\({}^{2}\)); for the high-EOL squat, subjects used one pro disk (diameter = 0.285 m; mass = 6.0 kg; inertia = 0.06 kg\(\cdot\)m\({}^{2}\)). The PAPE protocol consisted of three sets of six repetitions performed at maximal velocity, with 2 min of passive recovery between consecutive sets. All measured metrics (i.e., horizontal jump distance, CMJ height, and COD speed) showed similar improvements after both interventions, irrespective of the loading condition (i.e., medium- or high-EOL squat). According to the authors [19], the \"optimal time window\" for the PAPE responses from either medium- or high-EOL occurs between 3 and 6 min. The evidence for positive PAPE responses following the use of FW exercises as CAs in individuals with varied training backgrounds appears to be highly consistent, even when using different exercises or different inertia profiles [18; 19]. In their brief review of PAPE and FW EOL exercises, [PERSON] et al. [21] emphasize the crucial role played by the time interval between CAs and the expected performance responses. These authors [21] highlight that acute fatigue predominates in the initial phase of the recovery period (e.g., 30 s), while PAPE becomes more prominent in the latter (or second) phase (e.g., 3-6 min). As a third aspect, they also recommend that athletes complete multiple sets (e.g., \(\approx\)3 sets) of EOL exercises to allow for a stronger PAPE effect. Unfortunately, due to the highly congested training schedule and the regular warm-up procedures of the players, we had to opt for using only one set of FW squats (as well as for DJs). This constraint, as mentioned earlier, may have reduced the positive responses observed in previous research on this topic. It is worth noting that the lack of changes in muscle mechanical properties, as assessed by TMG, also aligns with our findings. TMG outputs (e.g., Tc, Td, Vc, and Dm) have been widely used to detect muscle fatigue or PAPE effects in athletes from various sports and training backgrounds (e.g., power athletes, endurance athletes, soccer players, resistance-trained individuals, etc.) [36; 47; 48].