# Connection-Aware Digital Twin for Mobile Adhoc Networks in the 5G Era
## 4 Experimental Results
### Discussion  
The overall results demonstrate successful outcomes for both the computational complexity and QoS predictions of the DT, even when varying the availability of the Internet connection in the topology. In the first and third scenarios, FOT and DOT, the communication between the 5G-MANET and the DT is stable, achieving low-latency transmissions. This is primarily due to the availability of the Internet for each individual node, enabling real-time transmission of network events. Additionally, the movement of nodes does not directly affect the accuracy of the DT. As a result, the DT proves to be a suitable monitoring tool when Internet access is available for all nodes in the topology, regardless of their mobility model. However, the lack of 5G access can lead to a reduction in performance. In the case of the partially-online topologies, the movement of nodes becomes a significant variable that impacts the performance of the DT. For the FPOT scenario, the lack of 5G access in certain nodes necessitates the use of the context-aware routing protocol, which employs a distance-based strategy to keep the DT updated. In this topology, the fixed mobility of the nodes leads to high success in communications between the network and the DT, resulting in high accuracy between the actual QoS values and those estimated. Consequently, the proposed routing protocol can be considered a booster for the DT in \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline
**Metric** & **FPOT** & **DPOT** \\ \hline Number of control messages & 6 messages & 582 messages \\ \hline Number of Data Messages Delivered & 720 messages & 419 messages \\ \hline Messages copies & 130 copies & 443 copies \\ \hline Data + Control & 854 transmissions & 1444 transmissions \\ \hline Overall Overhead & 15.7\% & 70.95\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Performance stats of control communications of the routing protocol. challenging contexts. However, the lack of Internet becomes more challenging when the physical network's topology is not fixed but dynamic. The DPOT scenario represents a context where only one node is connected to the Internet, while the others are disconnected. Additionally, the nodes are not fixed but move randomly throughout the scenario, leading to random connections. As a result, this testing context becomes the most challenging for the DT, with a reduced percentage of delivered control data and resulting deviations. Nevertheless, the differences between the actual results and the calculated ones are not critical and can be reasonably accepted by the user. Regarding energy consumption, the nodes exhibit generally high levels of power usage, especially considering the duration of the network's execution. These results highlight the intensity of both local and remote communications, as well as the challenging variations in signal strength. However, these outcomes also suggest potential improvements in the application's resource management, specifically in optimizing the use of communication interfaces to conserve energy. The execution of the DT involves intensive CPU usage from two main components: the MQTT Broker and The ONE Simulator. In the case of the MQTT Broker, CPU usage is very low and stable, showing no significant impact from input variations. For The ONE Simulator, CPU usage is higher but similarly stable. Since input variations do not significantly affect the required CPU percentage, it can be concluded that report generation is the most demanding component. As a result, the proposed proof-of-concept provides a solid approach to implementing the architecture detailed in this work. The results demonstrate how the DT is reliable for online contexts, including dynamic topologies, and for partially-online scenarios. The lack of Internet access in dynamic MANETs leads to a loss in the accuracy of the proposal, though this is acceptable depending on the application's scope. Finally, energy consumption remains manageable for nodes during short execution periods.