# Establishing Reference Data for Electromyographic Activity in Gait: Age and Gender Variations
## 3 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Variable** & **Age Group** & **Mean (SD)** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **95\% Confidence Interval** \\ **(Lower–Upper Bound)** \\ \end{tabular} & \(p\)**-Value** \\ \hline \hline Maximum ankle dorsiflexion & Children & 1.28 (0.17) & 1.22–1.34 & \\ \cline{2-4} moment (N.m/kg) & Adults & 1.59 (0.17) & 1.55–1.64 & \textless{}0.001 \\ \hline Maximum ankle dorsiflexion & Children & 3.62 (0.86) & 3.32–3.91 & \\ \cline{2-4} power (W/kg) & Adults & 4.59 (0.95) & 4.34–4.83 & \textless{}0.001 \\ \hline Maximum ankle plantarflexion & Children & 0.76 (0.38) & 0.62–0.89 & \\ \cline{2-4} power (W/kg) & Adults & 0.95 (0.33) & 0.86–1.03 & \\ \hline Maximum knee flexion & Children & 0.48 (0.16) & 0.42–0.54 & \\ \cline{2-4} moment (N.m/kg) & Adults & 0.6 (0.2) & 0.55–0.65 & \\ \hline Maximum hip flexion (degree) & Children & 36.9 (6.3) & 34.7–39.1 & \\ \cline{2-4} maximum hip extension & Adults & 33.9 (5.4) & 32.5–35.3 & \\ \hline Maximum hip extension & Children & 0.88 (0.22) & 0.8–0.95 & \\ \cline{2-4} moment (N.m/kg) & Adults & 1.08 (0.27) & 1.01–1.15 & \textless{}0.001 \\ \hline Cadence (strides/min) & Children & 128.1 (10.2) & 124.6–131.6 & \\ \cline{2-4}  & Adults & 115.2 (8) & 113.2–117.3 & \textless{}0.001 \\ \hline Speed (m/s) & Children & 1.29 (0.15) & 1.23–1.34 & \\ \cline{2-4}  & Adults & 1.39 (0.13) & 1.35–1.42 & 0.001 \\ \hline Stride time (s) & Children & 0.94 (0.07) & 0.91–0.96 & \textless{}0.001 \\ \cline{2-4}  & Adults & 1.04 (0.07) & 1.02–1.06 & \textless{}0.001 \\ \hline Stride length (m) & Children & 1.21 (0.15) & 1.16–1.26 & \\ \cline{2-4}  & Adults & 1.45 (0.12) & 1.42–1.48 & \textless{}0.001 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Mean (SD) and statistical results for the effect of age on kinematic, kinetics, and ST parameters. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Variable** & **Gender Group** & **Mean (SD)** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **95\% Confidence Interval** \\ **(Lower–Upper Bound)** \\ \end{tabular} & \(p\)** Value** \\ \hline \hline Maximum ankle & Males & 18.4 (5.7) & 16.8–20.1 & \\ \cline{2-4} plantarflexion (degree) & Females & 21.5 (7.1) & 19.4–37.3 & 0.023 \\ \hline Maximum ankle dorsiflexion & Males & 4.03 (1) & 3.74–4.32 & \\ \cline{2-4} power (W/kg) & Females & 4.46 (1) & 4.1–4.75 & 0.041 \\ \hline Maximum hip flexion & Males & 33.6 (5.6) & 31.9–35.2 & \\ \cline{2-4} (degree) & Females & 36.6 (5.9) & 34.8–38.3 & 0.012 \\ \hline Maximum hip extension & Males & 0.97 (0.3) & 0.88–1.05 & \\ \cline{2-4} power (W/kg) & Females & 1.1 (0.33) & 1–1.2 & 0.042 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Mean (SD) and statistical results for the effect of gender on kinematic, kinetics, and spatiotemporal parameters. Comparison of the age-gender interaction effect on EMG features revealed significant differences in the mean EMG activity of the biceps femoris during both stance (\(p\) = 0.002) and swing (\(p\) < 0.001), as well as peak activity during swing (\(p\) < 0.001). The interaction effect on the semimembranosus during both stance (\(p\) = 0.006) and swing (\(p\) = 0.006) was also significant. In examining the averages, male children exhibited increased biceps femoris activity during the stance phase compared to female children (90.4 vs. 81.9), while in adults, females demonstrated greater biceps femoris activity than males (88.1 vs. 79.1). A similar pattern was observed for the semimembranosus during the stance phase, with greater activation according to EMG for male children than female children (85.1 vs. 76.2), but in adulthood, activity decreased in males (71.2), while it increased in females (78.6). During the swing phase, the mean and peak EMG activity of the biceps femoris decreased with growth in females, while in males it increased. A similar growth effect was observed for the semimembranosus in both genders. The effect size was calculated (Table 4) to perform a power analysis on the extracted EMG features that demonstrated a significant interaction effect.