## 3 Results
### Effect of Perinatal BPA or BPA and Rsv on Elastic Preservation in Adult Offspring Mice  
The effect of BPA or BPA and Rsv on elastic preservation was analyzed as the number of elastic breaks in the tunica media. The morphometric analysis of the number of elastic lamina breaks revealed a significant increase in the BPA group (\(p\) < 0.05) when compared to the CN group. Rsv supplementation significantly reduced the number of elastic lamina breaks in the BPA-exposed male offspring mice from 4.7 \(\pm\) 2.6 to 2.7 \(\pm\) 1.2 (\(p\) = 0.04) and in female offspring mice, reduction occurred from 3.6 \(\pm\) 1.8 to 1.9 \(\pm\) 1.1 (\(p\) = 0.01) (Figure 3a-c). Figure 2: (**a–c**): The morphometric analysis of brachioccephalic artery intima-to-media thickness ratio in the control (CN), bisphenol A (BPA), and bisphenol A and resveratrol (BPA and Rsv) groups (**a**). The data are presented as the M \(\pm\) SEM (n = 10), * \(p\) < 0.05. The statistical test one-way ANOVA and [PERSON]’s multiple comparisons post hoc test were used. Representative photomicrographs displaying different stages of atherosclerosis in the brachiocphalic artery in the male (**b**) and female (**c**) offspring mice. Note the control (CN) group showing initial stage of foam cells laid, thickening the tunica intima with focal acellular areas above the media, while BPA-treated group presents an advanced atherosclerotic lesion with damaged cells, cholesterol clefts, and calcium deposits. Treatment with Rsv in BPA and Rsv group showing the initial stage of atherosclerosis lesion formation. (H&E staining; magnification: 200\(\times\); enclosed window magnification: 400\(\times\)). Effect of Perinatal BPA or BPA and Rsv on Heart Weight, LVW Thickness, and Fibrosis in Adult Offspring Mice  
The histo-morphometric analysis of cardiac muscle revealed a significant increase in the thickness of the LVW in the BPA-exposed group (male: \(p\) = 0.001; female: \(p\) = 0.0004) compared to the CN group. Rsv supplementation reduced the BPA exposure-induced increased left ventricular thickness in female (\(p\) = 0.001) and male (\(p\) = 0.002) offspring by 135 \(\upmu\)m and 131 \(\upmu\)m, respectively (Figure 4a-c). In addition, myocardial fibrosis was clearly evident in the BPA-exposed group. Treatment with Rsv significantly reduced the  
Figure 3: (**a–c**): The morphometric analysis of the number of elastic lamina breaks enumerated in the brachiocephalic artery of three experimental groups (**a**). Significant differences in elastin preservation (number of breaks) between the control (CN), bisphenol A (BPA), and bisphenol A and resveratrol (BPA and Rsv) groups. The data are presented as the M \(\pm\) SEM (n = 10). The statistical test one-way ANOVA and [PERSON]’s multiple comparisons post hoc test were used, * \(p\) < 0.05, ** \(p\) < 0.01. Representative images of elastin stain showing the breaks in the elastic laminae in male (**b**) and female (**c**) offspring mice in the control (CN), bisphenol A (BPA), and bisphenol A and resveratrol (BPA and Rsv) groups. (Verhoeff–[PERSON] elastin staining; magnification: 400\(\times\)). Yellow arrows indicate elastic lamina breaks. fibrosis in the BPA-exposed mice (Figure 5). Tables 1 and 2 show the heart weight and body weight ratios (HW/BW) of the CN, BPA, and BPA and Rsv groups. There was a significantly increased HW/BW ratio for the BPA-exposed group when compared to the CN group (\(p=0.02\)), while treatment with Rsv significantly reduced the HW/BW ratio (\(p=0.46\)). Effect of Perinatal BPA or BPA and Rsv on Hepatic Steatosis and Kidney Histopathology in Adult Offspring Mice  
Tables 1 and 2 show the liver weight and body weight ratio (LW/BW) and kidney weight and body weight ratio (KW/BW) of the CN, BPA, and BPA and Rsv groups. No significant differences in LW/BW and KW/BW among the experimental groups were observed. Light microscopy of the liver samples revealed the presence of steatosis in all three experimental groups.