###### Abstract  
Rapid urbanization in developing countries poses challenges such as rising crime rates and resource scarcity. Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) offer a promising solution to enhance public safety, but their integration requires addressing specific challenges. This study employs the Systems-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP) and System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) methodologies to identify potential hazards and requirements for integrating UAS into public safety systems in urban environments. The research objectives include identifying hazards and challenges, developing safety requirements and guidelines, and proposing strategies for efficient infrastructure investment. The proposed framework, based on STAMP/STPA, includes additional steps to consider early-stage systems and maintain stakeholder traceability. A risk matrix approach is utilized to prioritize risk mitigation measures for cost-effectiveness. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for policymakers and urban planners in developing countries seeking to harness the potential of UAS technology for enhancing public safety while addressing the unique challenges posed by rapid urbanization. unichannel aircraft systems; systems theoretic accident model and process; system theoretic process analysis; hazard analysis; safety +
Footnote †: journal: Medical  
and sensors for comprehensive evidence collection. Central to the UAS framework is the integration of Ground Control Stations (GCS) and sophisticated data links, facilitating a level of surveillance efficiency, rapidity, and scope previously unattainable [13; 14; 15]. These technological advances and their ease of use, flexibility, and relatively low cost are not only augmenting traditional law enforcement tactics but also pioneering new dimensions of urban public safety. This is evidenced by increased police deployment and significant satisfaction reported in police operations [16; 17; 18]. However, integrating UAS into urban public safety systems presents several challenges that need to be addressed to ensure their safe and effective operation. To facilitate the integration of UAS into urban airspaces, several initiatives have been launched. For example, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has developed the UAS Traffic Management (UTM) system [19], while the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) has introduced the U-space framework [20]. These projects aim to provide a comprehensive ecosystem for the safe and efficient operation of UAS in low-altitude urban airspaces, encompassing technologies, services, procedures, and regulations [21; 22]. While these initiatives provide a foundation for UAS integration into urban airspaces, they may not fully address the specific challenges and requirements of public safety applications. Public safety missions demand additional considerations such as privacy protection, public trust and transparency, data security, and accountability [23; 24; 25; 26; 27]. Moreover, specialized operations such as emergency response and hazardous area monitoring necessitate the involvement of various stakeholders and present unique operational challenges [28; 29; 30]. Therefore, a proactive risk analysis that reflects these distinct characteristics is essential for the successful integration of UAS into public safety systems. This study employs the STAMP/STPA to proactively identify potential hazards and requirements for integrating UAS into existing public safety systems amid rapid urbanization. STAMP/STPA, grounded in systems theory, adopts a holistic perspective, emphasizing the entire system's interactions within its environment [31]. It scrutinizes the control and feedback mechanisms between components to anticipate hazardous scenarios stemming from complex interactions, software anomalies, and human factors domains that are often overlooked by traditional methods [32; 33; 34].