esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Computer-Aided Molecular Design (CAMD) of Coumarins for Potential Plant Protection Application
### Quantitative Estimation of Pesticide-Likeness Properties  
With progress in the parallel synthesis of large numbers of compounds, large chemical spaces have been created. This has conditioned the need for fast screening of leading compounds in both the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. However, many studies have shown that most leading compounds are unsuitable for further development into drug candidates due to their inappropriate absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET). Therefore, [PERSON] and co-workers published structural properties necessary for drug-like qualities of hit molecules [148]. The famous \"rule of 5\" proposes the prediction of poor absorption or permeation of a compound as a future active drug component if it has: more than 5 hydrogen-bond donors (HBD), 10 hydrogen-bond acceptors (HBA), the molecular weight (MW) is greater than 500, and the calculated Log P (CLogP) is greater than 5 (or MlogP 4.15). Compared to drugs, pesticides have significantly different ADME properties, therefore the,,drug-likeness\" properties were adapted to agrochemicals and changed to,,presticide-likeness\" properties. A pesticide-like compound should have the following characteristics: MW 435 Da; CLOGP 6; HBA 6; HBD 2; rotatable bonds (RB) 9; and aromatic bonds (AB) 17 [149]. The pesticide-likeness studies revealed that a decrease in MW is associated with the toxic reduction of the pesticide, while aromatic double bonds in the structure are associated with pesticide photostability [150,151]. The pesticide-likeness molecular descriptors of coumarinyl Schiff bases have shown that only two compounds have a satisfactory molecular weight. These two compounds are phenyl derivatives of 2-((4-methyl-2-oxo-2\(H\)-chromen-7-yl)oxy)acetohydrazide: (\(E\))-\(N^{\prime}\)-(4-(dimethylamino)benzylidene)-2-((4-methyl-2-oxo-2\(H\)-chromen-7-yl)oxy)acetohydrazide (MW = 366) and (\(E\))-\(N^{\prime}\)-(4-methoxybenzylidene)-2-((4-methyl-2-oxo-2\(H\)-chromen-7-yl)oxy)acetohydrazide (MW = 379). Interestingly, the molecular docking study has shown that only these two compounds bind directly to the active site of acetylcholinesterasease, and consequently, the derivative with the lowest molecular weight only exhibited nematicidal activity. However, their number of hydrogen-bond acceptors is higher than the recommended 6 due to additional oxygen and nitrogen atoms in their structure [36].  
There are several software programs available for estimating pesticide-like properties. Commercial software is ADMEWORKS (Version 7.9.1.02011) ModelBuilder (Fujitsu Kyushu Systems Limited, Krakow, Poland), and freely available on the web are ADMETlab 2.0 ([[https://admetmesh.scbdd.com/](https://admetmesh.scbdd.com/)]([https://admetmesh.scbdd.com/](https://admetmesh.scbdd.com/)) (accessed on 15 November 2022)), [152] and SwissADME ([[http://www.swissadme.ch/index.php](http://www.swissadme.ch/index.php)]([http://www.swissadme.ch/index.php](http://www.swissadme.ch/index.php)) (accessed on 15 November 2022)) [153].
## 4 Experiment and Results
### Calibration and Compensation Results  
The following steps were carried out: incident angle distortion calibration, ellipsometric compensation amount calibration, and defocus position curve calibration.  
Firstly, the defocused incident angle distortion was calibrated based on the Brewster angle calibration method described in Section 3.1. A thick \(K9\) glass plate sample with a refractive index of 1.1515 (with a Brewster angle of \(\theta_{B}=56.57^{\circ}\)) was selected as the calibration material. We used an electric positioning stage to obtain defocused BFP images with a 10 \(\upmu\)m interval at different defocus positions \(x_{i}\). The corresponding pixel radii of the Brewster angle \(R_{B}\) at different defocus positions were then extracted. After that, the mapping function of the Brewster angle radii of defocus positions was obtained using a polynomial fitting, as shown in Figure 7b. With the calibrated Brewster angle radius curve, defocus-resulted incident angle distortion could be corrected using Equation (6).  
Figure 6: A defocus-effect correction example of the proposed BFP ellipsometry: (**a**) a defocus BFP image of SiO\({}_{2}\) film; (**b**) directly obtained ellipsometric parameters; (**c**) theoretical and measured value after incident angle calibration and compensation of the ellipsometric parameters; black lines represent the theoretical values and colorful lines represent the measured values after correction.  
Figure 7: Incident angle calibration experiment with a standard thick \(K9\) glass plate: (**a**) the calculated angle-resolved \(\overline{\Psi}\) and \(\overline{\Psi}_{\text{min}}\) corresponding to pixel radius \(R_{B}\); (**b**) the relationship between Brewster angle corresponding to pixel radius \(R_{B}\) of defocus position \(x_{i}\).  
Secondly, the defocused ellipsometric parameter errors, including \(\tan^{2}\delta\Psi\) and \(2\delta_{\Delta}\), were calibrated. A SiO\({}_{2}\) film sample with a thickness of 45 nm (nominal thickness) grown on a Si substrate was used for the calibration. An electric stage was used to simulate the defocus behaviors for BFP image acquisition within a \(\pm\) 85 \(\upmu\)m defocus range with an interval of 5 \(\upmu\)m (the range in the actual film manufacturing process was within \(\pm\)50 \(\upmu\)m near a roller). After calculating the experimental angular ellipsometric spectra at a defocus position using Equations (3) and (4), the ellipsometric compensation amount of \(\tan^{2}\delta\Psi\) and \(2\delta_{\Delta}\) at each incident angle was estimated through Equation (7). Repeating the compensation calibration at each defocus position resulted in a two-dimensional compensation map on a domain of \(x_{l}\)-\(\theta(R)\), which was finally interpolated for subsequent compensation measurement. Figure 8 shows the interpolated compensation maps of the ellipsometric parameters.  
Finally, the maximum radius \(R\), the frequency domain function value \(F\), and the energy density \(NM\) of the 37 defocused BFP images were calculated for real-time defocus position determination, as shown in Figure 4.
## 3 Results
### The PDC-RA Results  
The spatialized expression of PDC-RA values in the experimental area is shown in Figure 10b, and the bar charts after the quantitative expression are shown in Figure 11b. The PDC-RA values are different among residential areas. To further reveal the characteristics of each residential area, the basic building attributes of the residential area were collected from a real estate agency website, and these data included the total building area, makespan, and average building floors, as shown in Table 11. The following properties can be summarized. (1) The larger number of inhabitants was found in FuAnHuaYuan #B and LiRen Garden#1, where the populations were 2904 and 2888, respectively. By analyzing the basic building attributes, the building average floors in the residential areas were greater than 10, and the building area values were 105,389 m\({}^{2}\) and 365,801 m\({}^{2}\). Thus, FuAnHuaYuan #B was more densely populated than LiRen Garden#1. (2) The lower population was found in Versailles Estate, which was 376. The residential area is a high-end villa residential area with three floors and building area of 10,169 m\({}^{2}\). For verifying the validity of the Tencent LBS data and the implementation process of PDC-RA in this paper, the average building area per person was approximately 43 m\({}^{2}\) (excluding extreme values, i.e., FuAnHuaYuan #B, LiRen Garden#1, and Versailles Estate). The 2016 Jiangsu Statistical Yearbook records indicated that the housing area per person was 47 m\({}^{2}\). The two indicators are close to each other. Thus, the value aligns with the real situation, and further verifies the effectiveness of Tencent LBS data and the methods reported in this paper.  
Figure 6: Graduated color maps of various types of service facilities in residential areas.
## 5 Case Study
### Research and Development of MTCP
#### 5.2.1 Mining Technology Collaboration Platform Management Side  
The mining technology collaboration platform management side is based on the business process management module, which processes and manages the business processes of geology, surveying and mining that are included in the mine's whole life cycle, including the definition, configuration, creation, initiation, to-do reminders, business processing, business flow, submission, approval and archiving of business processes; the external basic input data, such as the geology, surveying and mining, required for part of the business process in the business process flow process is input through the basic data input module; the information of user, function authority and data authority in the business process management module comes from the user management module; business processing on each business process node in the business process management module can realize two or more personnel from each participant, department and professional post through the free collaboration module to complete the business collaboration across time and space and multidisciplinary; the business process is created and initiated in the business process management module and is filed in technology achievement management module after the flow, approval and completion; in the process of the business process flow, the knowledge management module can be used to share and exchange the business technology knowledge. The relationship diagram of each module is shown in Figure 6. The technical framework of the mining technology collaboration platform management side adopts a multi-layered separation technology architecture, including the data layer, the data access layer, the business logic layer, the view layer. The data layer uses PostgreSQL database management system to store data; the data access layer accesses database through MyBatis; The logic layer uses the SpringBoot technology framework to process the business logic of each application; the view layer uses front-end technology architectures such as HTML, HTMLs, CSS3 and Vue to separate the front-end and back-end  
Figure 6: The composition and its relationship diagram of MTCP.  
code and display different application views for the user. The interface effect of the mining technology collaboration platform management side is shown in Section 5.3.
_Article_  
**External Robotic Arm vs. Upper Limb Exoskeleton:**  
**What Do Potential Users Need?**  
**[PERSON] 1,2**(r)**, [PERSON] 2**(r)**, [PERSON] 2, [PERSON] 3, [PERSON] 1,4**(r) and [PERSON] 2,5,*(r)  
1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (H.S.N.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.K.)  
2 Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (H.G.S.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.-H.L.)  
3 Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul 08826, Korea; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
4 Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea  
5 Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea  
* Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel. +82-2-2072-2619 check for updates  
Received: 22 April 2019; Accepted: 13 June 2019; Published: 17 June 2019  
**Featured Application: This study is an investigation of the practical demands of potential users of assistive rehabilitation robots from a survey performed in patients with functional upper limb impairments. While the development of simple and practical robots is becoming more important, this research will serve as a valuable reference in further developments.**  
**Abstract: Robotic devices that practically assist activities of daily living (ADL) are scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate practical demands of potential users of external robotic arms and upper limb exoskeletons for assistance in ADL. A survey was performed in rehabilitation clinics in individuals with functional impairments in the upper extremity, divided into unilateral (UIG, \(n=24\)) and bilateral impairment groups (BIG, \(n=24\)). Descriptive analyses were performed for current dependency, objective importance, and subjective necessity of the 18 ADLs by using a 5-point Likert scale. Overall, handling foods, dressing, and moving close items were highly necessary functions for both robot types. The UIG demonstrated a high demand for self-exercise using exoskeletons, whereas one-hand ADLs showed low necessity. In the UIG, the exoskeleton had significantly higher demands than the external robotic arm in washing face (\(p=0.005\)) and brushing teeth (\(p=0.007\)). The subjects in the BIG replied that cleaning desks and eating are highly necessary abilities for the external robotic arm; and transfer and wheelchair control, for exoskeletons. In the BIG, the exoskeleton showed significantly higher necessity than the external robotic arms in dressing (\(p=0.010\)), making phone calls (\(p=0.026\)), using a smartphone (\(p=0.011\)), and writing (\(p=0.005\)). The practical demands of potential users were affected by laterality and robot type. Further robot developments should involve essential functions based on the survey results to meet end-user needs.**  
**Keywords: brain-computer interfaces; robotics; exoskeleton; patient demand; activities of daily living**
# In Situ Experimental Study of the Friction of Sea Ice and Steel on Sea Ice
## 4 Discussion
### Effect of Air Temperature  
Temperature is one of the most important factors influencing ice friction [21; 25; 37]. In current study, Figure 11 shows that \(\mu_{\text{k}}\) at higher air temperature was greater than at lower air temperature. The similar observation was also reported by [PERSON] et al. [24]. One reason is that the ice hardness is dependent of temperature [43] and decreased with increasing temperature, especially near the melting point [21]. Therefore, higher temperature reduces the ice hardness, thus, increases the \(\mu_{\text{k}}\)[21; 43]. In particular, the objects in current study were sea ice, in which case the melt water layer at the interface was brine layer. At low air temperature, some brine is expelled out of sea ice and forms on the ice surface. The effective solid-solid contact area would be reduced due to the salt at the ice-substrate interface, which weakens the ice adhesion strength [45]. Hence, the salt might be another reason for the variation of \(\mu_{\text{k}}\) with air temperature.
# Development of Ti/Ni Nanolayered Structures to
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy  
FT-IR technique has used to detect and identify the nature of the functional groups and the interlayered anions of Ni-Ti-4 LDHs as shown in Figure 4. Figure 4 displays the spectra of Ni-Ti LDHs after reaction time 10 h and 19 h.  
The vibration of the hydroxyl groups of LDHs was observed at 3436 cm\({}^{-1}\) as a broad absorption band. The broadness of the OH band was due to existence of hydrogen bonds which was confirmed by observing weak bands at 2923 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 2852 cm\({}^{-1}\) for the OH stretching mode of the hydrogen bonds to the interlayered anions and water molecules [29]. Furthermore, the bending mode band of water molecules was observed at 1635 cm\({}^{-1}\)[29]. The insertion of cyanate and isocyanate anions into the Ni-Ti LDHs structure was verified by appearance of two bands. These two bands overlapped and centered at 2217 cm\({}^{-1}\)[29; 30; 31; 32]. As can be noted in Figure 4, traces of carbonate anions were also detected by a weak peak at 1459 cm\({}^{-1}\)[28]. This weak peak suggests that the IR absorption comes from the carbonates interacting weakly with LDH slabs or just adsorbed on the slab surface. The peak of Ti-OH lattice vibration in the precursor was observed at 669 cm\({}^{-1}\) while the Ni-OH lattice vibration was 457 cm\({}^{-1}\)[33; 34].  
The effect of the reaction time on the structure of Ni-Ti LDHs was investigated by the comparison between the spectra of the samples formed after 10 h and 19 h as shown in Figure 4. Figure 4a showed that the sample which was formed after 10 h has the main bands of LDHs structure. By increasing the reaction time, the bands of cyanate and isocyanate anions became sharper and stronger as shown in Figure 4b. It means that 10h is not enough for a complete formation of Ni-Ti LDHs agreeing with XRD results.
# Microwave Planar Resonant Solutions for Glucose Concentration Sensing: A Systematic Review
## 4 Insertion/Return Loss-Based Sensors
A circular SIW structure was used for measuring water-glucose solutions [119]. Physiological glucose concentrations in aqueous solutions were successfully tracked with a T-shaped microstrip line [140], with a quarter-wavelength stub connected to an interdigital capacitor structure in a microfluidic setup [141] (Figure 4b), and with a microstrip line resonator [86]. Figure 4: Examples of insertion/return loss-based sensors: (**a**) Coplanar interdigital capacitor sensor, reprinted from [129] with permission from Elsevier; (**b**) Quarter-wavelength stub connected to an interdigital capacitor structure for microfluidic measurements, reprinted from [141]. The review for this approach is summarized in Table 2 with the references ordered by operating resonant frequency and type of sample. The sensitivities in dB per mg/dL are given only for the cases in which measurements of physiological concentrations were shown. Data for some references had to be taken from the published plots and must be consequently considered as approximate. As before, the \(RS(G)\) value was computed from the available data for all the references in the table, considering the lowest \(\rho_{\rm g}\) for each one as reference.
## 3 Proposed Algorithm for Energy-Efficient Node Mobility
### Scenarios Based on Mobile Node Movement  
3.1 Case of a Mobile Node Participating in LLN for the First Time, Selecting the Parent and Forming a DODAG  
In this section, we describe the case of a mobile node participating in an LLN for the first time. In Figure 5, because the mobile node does not currently have a parent node selected, it must quickly select a parent node, form a DODAG, and participate in the network. Therefore, the initial value of \(I_{MTP}\) is selected to be \(I_{min}\) in order to select the parent node rapidly. The mobile node receives DIO messages from neighboring router nodes for a duration of \(I_{min}\) after transmitting a DIS message. At this point, the ID and OF information of the neighboring router nodes is added to the PP column of the parent list table.  
The mobile node can measure the Doppler frequency upon receiving a DIO message. The speed of the mobile node is estimated based on Equation (2) and is used in dynamically adjusting \(I_{MTP}\)after the use of \(I_{min}\). After \(I_{min}\), the mobile node selects the node with the highest OF value among the neighboring router nodes with different IDs based on its PP information and transmits a DAO message to the newly-selected parent node, forming a DODAG. After the selection of the parent node, only the information of the selected parent is moved to the parent column, and this information is used in later steps. After selecting the parent node, \(I_{MTP}\) is dynamically allocated based on the speed of the mobile node and \(d_{e}\) in Figure 4, using Equation (7).
## 4 The Application of Edge Computing System  
Power systems, encompassing a wide range of components from energy transmission to distribution, are becoming increasingly intelligent with the integration of EC technologies. The increasing need for data processing and the growing complexity of traditional energy distribution networks have made these systems highly dependent on the capabilities of EC. This technology offers innovative solutions in various applications, including data transmission, monitoring and control, microgrid systems, smart meters, anomaly detection, state estimation, energy management, and fault location. This section will explore the applications of EC in power systems, emphasizing its potential advantages and its integration into modern energy grids.
# Control-Based 4D Printing: Adaptive 4D-Printed Systems
Controllable shape-changing 4D-printed systems have potential applications in tissue engineering to improve the functionality of the generated tissue [22; 23; 24]. Currently, an external mechanical stimuli, e.g., strain, is applied to the cells' seeded scaffold in a bioreactor. However, this could be achieved by 4D printing the scaffold, made from shape-memory polymers with intrinistically mechanical stimulus [22; 23; 24]. In chemotherapy, there is a high risk of inefficient treatment and a high risk of side effects when the drug is released in unintended organs and sites of the body [25]. Adaptive 4D-printed systems could be utilized in such scenarios to control the drug release to reach the intended site based on specific environmental circumstances [24]. Bandgapping a certain frequency region [26] and absorbing the energy of metastructures are also prospective applications of adaptive 4D-printed structures via control-based 4D printing [27]. Soft robotics is another interesting application where the adaptability of 4D printing can be utilized to print and control constructs for grasping, sorting and handling frail objects. Such systems could be used in regulating the fluids in microfluidics, as 4D-printed valves and pumps [28]. Figure 1: Some applications of the adaptive four-dimensional (4D)-printed systems. The images from top right to bottom are reproduced from [29] with the permission of the MDPI, [30] with the permission of the RMIT University Research Repository; Reproduced with permission from [31], Copyright Elsevier, 2015; [32] with the permission of the MDPI. This paper consists of four sections as follows: the introduction of adaptive 4D-printed systems and the various methods to incorporate control strategies into 4D printing is described in Section 2. It is followed by analysing the integration of 3D-printed sensors into 4D printing in Section 3. This section explores different types of sensors that could be used in control-based 4D printing to provide the proprioceptive and environmental feedback information. In Section 4, the adaptive 4D-printed systems design is explained. Section 5 concludes the paper by presenting the challenges and future opportunities of these systems.