## 1 Introduction
Advances in materials, manufacturing, and topology optimization continue to drive the evolution of efficient, lightweight heatsinks, ensuring the reliability and performance of next-generation systems [2; 3; 5; 6]. Additive manufacturing (AM) is a rapid prototyping technique that fabricates complex components layer-by-layer from a 3D CAD model. Developed over several decades--with exponential advancements in recent years--AM is now crucial for part production in the Industrial Revolution 4.0 era [12; 13] and is particularly valued for producing geometrically complex structures. Selective laser melting (SLM), a prominent AM method, uses a high-intensity laser to selectively melt metal powder layers according to CAD data (Figure 1), resulting in nearly fully dense 3D-printed objects. This process, which builds parts from concept design through small series manufacturing [14; 15], offers the ability to produce components with complex geometries and mechanical properties comparable to bulk materials, while enabling the creation of lightweight mechanical elements [16]. SLM is gradually advancing toward mass production. Alongside AM's evolution, research has increasingly focused on print quality, dimensional accuracy, layer adhesion, and powder material properties. Studies have examined the influence of build orientation on microstructure [17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23] and investigated the mechanical and fatigue characteristics of SLM samples. AlSi10 Mg, one of the most researched alloys in SLM due to its high strength and low weight, has also been noted for its excellent castability, weldability, and low coefficient of thermal expansion [24; 25]. Critical aspects for further developing SLM--especially for medical applications--include optimizing process parameters such as surface roughness, porosity, and mechanical properties of 3D components [26]. It is also emphasized that an appropriate 3D printer setup is essential; if parameters like hatch spacing, laser power, or scanning speed produce too high a laser energy density, the powder may burn, and the process will fail [27]. These findings, widely disseminated in academic journals, are significant for advancing AM technology. Furthermore, components manufactured from AlSi10 Mg via SLM often exhibit hardness, ultimate tensile strength, elongation, and impact energy comparable to or exceeding those of cast materials, owing to their superior microstructure and optimal Si phase distribution [15]. AM processes are sometimes referred to as Layered Manufacturing [28] and show promise for producing functionally graded multi-material components. SLM encompasses several physical phenomena (Figure 2) and is characterized by numerous parameters: laser power, scanning speed, scan line spacing (hatch distance), layer thickness, scanning procedure, working atmosphere, powder bed temperature, and material-specific inputs [29]. Although these parameters collectively influence track creation, their interactions remain not fully understood. A scientific investigation into how each parameter modification affects the overall SLM process is essential [29]. Additionally, residual stress, often linked to both AM and subsequent machining, is associated with defect formation in printed parts [30; 31; 32], with further studies on defect characterization presented in [33; 34; 35]. Figure 1: SLM manufacturing device scheme.