## 3 Materials and Methods
### Method  
Within the scope of the study method, the accuracy of the Plaxis finite element model was ensured in the first stage. Then, the corner effect of the excavation pit dimensions was investigated using Plaxis 3D. Excavation pit dimensions were preferred to be rectangular in parametric studies. Conditions in which the walls of the entire excavation pit perimeter were also soil nailed walls were evaluated. The second phase of the parametric research on fixed excavation pit dimensions was initiated. At this stage, the effects of slope angle,  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline
**Soil Nailed** & **Soil Nail** & **Soil Nailed** & **Soil Nailed** & **Soil Nail** & **Soil Nail** & **Nail** \\
**Wall** & **Impact Area** & **Wall Angle \(\alpha\)** & **Angle** & **Length** & **Diameter** \\
**H (m)** & \(\mathbf{S_{h}\times S_{v}\ (m^{2})}\) & (\({}^{\circ}\)) & (\(\omega\) (\({}^{\circ}\)) & **L (m)** & **D (mm)** \\ \hline
10.0 & \(1.5\times 1.5\) & 85 & 15 & 12 & 105 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Geometric information of Tepe Shopping Mall project.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline
**Soil** & **Soil Model** & **Unit Volume** & **Friction** & **Cohesion** & \(\mathbf{E_{go}^{ref}}\) & \(\mathbf{E_{ood}^{ref}}\) & \(\mathbf{E_{un}^{ref}}\) & \(\mathbf{v_{ur}}\) & \(\mathbf{R_{inter}}\) \\
**Weight (kN/m\({}^{3}\))** & **Angle** \(\mathbf{o^{\prime}}\)\({}^{\circ}\) & **c (kPa)** & **kN/m\({}^{2}\)** & **kN/m\({}^{2}\)** & **kN/m\({}^{2}\)** & **kN/m\({}^{2}\)** & **vur** & \(\mathbf{R_{inter}}\) \\ \hline Soil 1 & Hardening soil & 19 & 25 & 15 & 53,000 & 53,000 & 159,000 & 0.25 & 0.67 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Plaxis 2D and Plaxis 3D Tepe Shopping Mall project soil properties.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline
**FE** & **Soil Nail** & **E (kN/m\({}^{3}\))** & **D (kN/m\({}^{3}\))** & **Bond Strength** & **Axial Skin** & \(\mathbf{T_{skin}}\) & \(\mathbf{T_{skin}}\), **End,** & **Material** \\ \hline Plaxis 2D & Embedded & \multirow{2}{*}{93.00 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{1} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.105} & \multirow{2}{*}{300} & \multirow{2}{*}{Linear} & \multirow{2}{*}{98.96} & \multirow{2}{*}{98.96} & \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Rock bolt, Rigid \\ Rigid \\ Rock bolt, \\ Rigid \\ Rock bolt, \\ Rigid \\ \end{tabular} } \\ Plaxis 3D & \multirow{2}{*}{**Shoctree**} & **Material** & \(\gamma\) & **d** & **EA\({}_{1}\)** & **E\({}_{1}\)** & **EI** & **EI** \\  & & **Type** & **(kN/m\({}^{3}\))** & **(m)** & **(kN/m\({}^{2}\))** & **(kN/m\({}^{2}\))** & **(kN/m\({}^{2}\)/m)** & **Interface** \\ \hline Plaxis 2D & Plate & Elastic & 1.2 & 0.200 & 4.200 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) & 21.00 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) & 14.00 \(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\) & 0.2 & Defined \\ Plaxis 3D & Plate & Elastic & 1.2 & 0.200 & - & 21.00 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) & - & 0.2 & Defined \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Plaxis 2D and Plaxis 3D Tepe Shopping Mall project soil nail and shotrere parameters.  
wall angle, excavation depth, nail length, and distance from the corner variables on plane-strain ratio (PSR) were determined using Plaxis 3D. The PSR prediction study was carried out using machine learning models: extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), classical and regression tree (CART), support vector regression (SVR), and artificial neural networks (ANNs), and the reliability of the models was checked (Figure 7).  
Figure 6: Comparison of lateral displacements using Plaxis 2D, Plaxis 3D plane–strain model, and field measurement: (**a**) Plaxis 2D analysis; (**b**) Plaxis 3D plane–strain slice model analysis; (**c**) Inklinometer-4 measurement.