# Green Synthesis, Characterization, and Antifungal Efficiency of Biogenic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
## 4 Conclusions  
_Laurus nobilis_ leaf extract mediated the green biofabrication of the IONPs of potential physicochemical features. The biogenic IONPs were spherical in shape with an average particle size diameter of 46.312 \(\pm\) 9.53 nm, whereas TEM analysis revealed the incorporation of the biosynthesized IONPs within a matrix-like structure which could be assigned to the capping biomolecules of the plant extract. The biogenic IONPs demonstrated potential antifungal efficacy against the tested fungal pathogens, indicating their potential application as biofungicides for the effective management of fungal phytopathogens, reducing reliance on chemical fungicides, which are harmful to the environment and human health. Furthermore, the biogenic IONPs displayed a higher antioxidant activity against the DPPH radical, indicating their potential suitability for biomedical applications. Conceptualization, M.T.Y. and A.A.-A. ; methodology, M.T.Y. ; software, M.T.Y. ; validation, M.T.Y. and F.O.A.-O. ; formal analysis, M.T.Y., A.A.A.-A. and F.O.A.-O. ; investigation, M.T.Y. and R.L.A. ; resources, A.A.A.-A. ; data curation, M.T.Y. ; writing--original draft preparation, M.T.Y. ; writing--review and editing, M.T.Y., A.A.-A.- and F.O.A.-O. ; visualization, M.T.Y. ; supervision, A.A.A.-A. and F.O.A.-O. ; project administration, A.A.A.-A. ; funding acquisition, M.T.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was funded by the Researchers Supporting Project number (RSPD2023R1105), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Not applicable. The authors extend their appreciation to the Researchers Supporting Project number (RSPD2023R1105), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Figure 12: DPPH inhibition percentages (%) of the biogenic IONPs compared to the standard ascorbic acid. +++ ==WARNING: Truncated because of repetitions==  
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