## 3 Results
### Comparison of Implant Stability between the Long and Short Implants  
Primary stability was evaluated using the peak insertion torque and ISQ at surgery (Table 2). The control group had slightly greater average insertion torque and ISQ values at implant insertion than the experimental group, but no statistically significant differences were observed between the long and short implants (\(p\)-value \(>0.05\)).  
The ISQ values continued to be assessed during follow-up appointments for a post-operative period of 12 months (48 weeks), as shown in Figure 6. Up to 8 weeks after surgery, the ISQ values of the control group were steadily greater than those of the experimental group, but there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups (\(p\)-value \(>0.05\)) except 3 week measurement (\(p\)-value = 0.018). The ISQ value did not decrease even after one week after the operation with the provisional restoration, and gradually increased with time. Likewise, within each implant group, the ISQ values showed a little change until 8 weeks but from the twelfth week to the forty-eighth week, the ISQ value remained constant, and both the control (long) and experimental (short) groups showed almost the same values (\(p\)-value \(>0.05\)). There was no statistically significant difference, but ISQ values at 24 and 48 weeks were slightly higher in the experimental group. These results suggest that the stability dip, which usually appears within 4 weeks after surgery, had not been occurred in both implant groups.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & **Control** & **Experimental** & \\  & **Variables** & **(Neobiotech CMI IS-III)** & **(Neobiotech CMI IS-III)** & \(p\)**-Value** \\  & **Active\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) Long Implan0** & **Active\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) Short Implan0** & **\(p\)-Value** \\ \hline  & Participant number & 19 & 27 & 0.514 \\  & Age (mean \(\pm\) SD) & 55.42 \(\pm\) 11.75 & 52.06 \(\pm\) 11.05 & 0.305 \\ Participant based & 20-60 & 13 & 18 & 0.740 \\ (\(n=46\)) & Over 60 & 6 & 9 & \\  & Sex & & & \\  & Male /Female & 15/4 & 19/8 & 0.514 \\ \hline  & Implant number & 19 & 27 & \\  & Lower 1 st molar / 2 nd molar & 9/10 & 4/23 & \\  & Implant Type & & & \\  & \(\varnothing\)5.00 \(\times\) 10 mm & 19 & / & \\  & \(\varnothing\)5.50 \(\times\) 8.5 mm & / & 10 & 1.000 \\  & \(\varnothing\)5.50 \(\times\) 7.3 mm & / & 9 & \\ Implant based & & Bone quality & & \\ (\(n=46\)) & D112 & 0 & 4 & \\  & D122 & 3 & 3 & \\  & D211 & 0 & 1 & \\  & D222 & 6 & 7 & 0.378 \\
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline  & **Control** & **Experimental** \\  & **Neobiotech CMI IS-III** & **Neobiotech CMI IS-III** \\  & **Active\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) Long Implant** & **Active\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) Short Implant** \\ \hline \hline Participant number & 19 & 27 & \(p\)-value \({}^{\star}\) \\ \hline Insertion Torque (Ncm) & 40.53 \(\pm\) 5.35 & 38.89 \(\pm\) 4.85 & 0.298 \\ (Mean \(\pm\) SD) & & & \\ ISQ at surgery & 81.53 \(\pm\) 6.26 & 78.69 \(\pm\) 5.08 & 0.120 \\ (Mean \(\pm\) SD) & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{\star}\) The \(p\)-values for insertion torque and ISQ were calculated by the t-test.  
ISQ, implant stability quotient; SD, standard deviation.  
\end{table}
Table 2: Comparison of primary stability between the long and short implants.  
Figure 6: Comparison of stability in terms of the pattern of change in implant stability quotient (ISQ) during the 48-week observation period after implant surgery.