# Health IoT Threats: Survey of Risks and Vulnerabilities
## 4 Results
### Overview of IoT Security and Privacy in Healthcare  
The integration of IoT in healthcare has the potential to benefit medical professionals and the healthcare industry greatly, but security remains a major barrier to its widespread adoption and implementation [58]. The primary concern is securing the data transmitted from patients' devices through wireless networks, which may result in unencrypted patient data being revealed [70]. The lack of security and privacy, especially with many IoT devices and applications being wireless, raises concerns among users regarding the full utilization of IoT capabilities in the healthcare system [43; 71].  
Figure 3: IoT structure and possible security threats.  
Networks and media are vulnerable to security and privacy threats, particularly in the healthcare industry, where personal and confidential information is involved [72]. The diversity of IoT devices and the heterogeneity of networks only exacerbate these security and privacy concerns [73]. To address these challenges, it is crucial to consider heterogeneous network authentication, privacy protection, access control, information management, confidentiality, and trustworthiness in the implementation of IoT in healthcare [72].  
Users hesitate to adopt IoT-based healthcare services due to security and privacy concerns. Nevertheless, addressing these challenges is crucial for enhancing technology acceptance and reducing psychological and social barriers to IoT usage in healthcare [74].  
Incorporating IoT in healthcare is not just about technological evolution but also involves the complex interplay of data privacy, security, and ethical considerations. The pervasive nature [75] IoT devices allow them to continuously gather and transmit sensitive health data, thus raising major concerns regarding data confidentiality and integrity. The nature of complexity mandates a multidisciplinary approach to security involving technical, ethical, and even legal expertise.  
The threat landscape for IoT in healthcare has shown to be dynamic and multifaceted. IoT devices, by their very nature of always being interconnected and interdependent, create a vast attack surface [76] for cybercriminals. The risks are not just about data breaches but also the risk of manipulating the devices' functionalities, which creates grave security consequences for the health and safety of patients. The security of IoT in healthcare goes beyond the traditional cybersecurity challenges, thus requiring innovative solutions that address both data security and the physical safety of patients.  
Enhancing security and privacy in IoT-based healthcare services can increase trust and adoption, thereby improving the overall healthcare system. Researchers have been exploring various security and privacy challenges in IoT applications in healthcare, and resolving these issues can guide technology suppliers and service providers to meet the requirements for potential advanced technology growth.  
In this study, the design of IoT was used to investigate various issues. As a result, the vulnerabilities in IoT in healthcare were categorized into three layers, namely the perception, network, and application layers. The following subsections go over each of these categories.