## 1 Introduction
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**Reference** & **Definition** & **Highlights** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{[9]} & Cycle Type: Indirectly Combined, Single Refrigeration Evaporator & Operating Conditions: Heat source temperature 94.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C, Cooling water temperature from 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the lowest cabin temperature & \(-\)5.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C at 14.1 \({}^{\circ}\) cooling water temperature. \\  & Fluids: R134a, R245 fa Heat Source: Engine waste heat & Key Outcomes: A lab-scale ORC-VCC system was developed to recover internal combustion engine waste heat for refrigeration purposes. The prototype achieved 1.8 kW cooling at \(-\)4 \({}^{\circ}\)C with a heat-to-cooling efficiency of 0.18. \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{[11]} & Cycle Type: Directly Combined, Single Refrigeration Evaporator & Operating Conditions: Heat source temperature 110 \({}^{\circ}\)C, ORC evaporator temperature 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C, condenser temperature 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C, refrigeration evaporator temperature 0 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\  & Fluids: R1234 ze(E), R152a, RC318, R236 fa, RE245 cba, R245 ca, R601a, R601, R602 & Key Outcomes: An ORC-VCC system was analyzed using energy and energy methods for various working fluids. R602 showed the best performance with 0.99 COP and 53.8\% exergy efficiency. \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{[12]} & Cycle Type: Directly Combined, Single Refrigeration Evaporator & Operating Conditions: ORC evaporator temperature 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C, condenser temperature 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C, refrigeration evaporator temperature 0 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\  & Fluid: R245 fa Heat Source: Solar energy & Key Outcomes: A solar-driven combined cycle was evaluated for cooling and power. Proposed novel cycle showed better performance with 3.92\% exergy efficiency and COP up to 1.8 using seawater as a heat sink. \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{[13]} & Cycle Type: Directly Combined, Single Refrigeration Evaporator & Operating Conditions: ORC evaporator temperature 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C, condenser temperature 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C, refrigeration evaporator temperature 0 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\  & Fluid Mixture: Heptane/R245 fa Heat Source: Solar energy & Key Outcomes: An ORC-VCC system integrated with a photovoltaic thermal collector was assessed for power and cooling. Maximum COP of 1.81 and energy efficiency of 5.8\% were achieved at an expand inlet temperature of 423 K. \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{[14]} & Cycle Type: Directly Combined, Single Refrigeration Evaporator & Operating Conditions: Heat source temperature 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C, ORC evaporator temperature 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C, condenser temperature 45 \({}^{\circ}\)C, refrigeration evaporator temperature 0 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\  & Fluid Mixture: R600a, R6000, R6000, R600, R600, R61234 ze, R152a/R600a, R245 fa/R1234 fe, R245 fa/R600a, R245 fa/R1234 fe, R245 fa/R1234 fe, R245 fa/R1234 fe, R152a/R600 & Key Outcomes: Four ORC-VCC configurations and 12 zerotpic mixtures were evaluated thermodynamically and economically. The temperature-regenerative ORC-VCC system with R245 fa/R1234 vf, R152a/R600 & The requercative-regenerative ORC-VCC system with R245 fa/R1234 vf (0.55/0.45) gave the best performance, improving COP by 14.65\% and exergy efficiency by 10.03\%. \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{[15]} & Cycle Type: Directly Combined, Single Refrigeration Evaporator & Operating Conditions: Heat source temperature 180 \({}^{\circ}\)C, cooling water inlet temperature at refrigeration evaporator 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\  & Fluid Mixture: R602/R1233 zd Heat Source: Geothermal water & Key Outcomes: Two ORC-VCC systems were compared with a traditional design. The system in which saturated vapor enters the VCC subsystem after separation showed improved performance with 0.38 COP, 8.32\% exergy efficiency, and 9.09\% lower cooling cost. \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{[16]} & Cycle Type: Directly Combined, Both Single and Dual Refrigeration Evaporators & Operating Conditions: Heat source temperature 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C-200 \({}^{\circ}\)C, condenser temperature 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C, refrigeration evaporator temperature 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\  & Fluids: Cyclohexane, n-Butane, n-Dcane, n-Heptane, and n-Hexane, n-Dcane, R123, R134a, R245 fa, R600, R600a, R601, R1234 vf, R1234 ze Heat Source: Geothermal water & Key Outcomes: A novel geothermally driven ORC-powered two-stage VCC system was proposed for building cooling and power. n-Heptane showed the best techno-economic performance, reducing electricity cost from 0.1543 to 0.0484 USD/JWh. \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{[17]} & Cycle Type: Indirectly Combined, Both Single and Dual Refrigeration Evaporator & Operating Conditions: Heat source temperature 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C, ORC evaporator temperature 90 \({}^{\circ}\)C, condenser temperature 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C, refrigeration evaporator temperature -10 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\  & Fluids: R134a, R1234 ze(E), R227 ea, R600a Heat Source: Waste heat & Key Outcomes: Two ORC-powered VCC systems—single and dual evaporator—were analyzed using energy and energy methods. The single-evaporator system performed better, with R600a identified as the most efficient working fluid. \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{[18]} & Cycle Type: Indirectly Combined, Dual Refrigeration Evaporator & Operating Conditions: Gas cooler pressure 82.6 bar, absorbed solar power 100 kW, refrigeration evaporator temperature \(-\)26.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C and \(-\)5 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\  & Evaporator & Key Outcomes: A transcritical CO\({}_{2}\) refrigeration unit was integrated with supercritical CO\({}_{2}\) Brayton and ORC power cycles. The system achieved 37.2\% annual energy savings and a 7.6-year payback period with five solar collectors. \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{[19]} & Cycle Type: Indirectly Combined, Dual Refrigeration Evaporator & Operating Conditions: ORC condenser temperature 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C, refrigeration evaporator temperature \(-\)26.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C and \(-\)5 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\  & Fluid: R245 fa & Key Outcomes: A ORC unit using compressor discharge heat was integrated with a CO\({}_{2}\) refrigeration system with ejectors. Isopentane gave the highest energy savings (up to 7.54\%), while toluene provided the best economic return with a 3.9-year payback period. \\ \hline \end{tabular}
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