## 1 Introduction
### Weed-Seed Dispersal Effect and Biological Quality  
During quality analysis of compost, the weed seed dispersal effect is an important biological qualitative parameter to consider [49]. In the case of application in the field of a compost containing a significant amount of viable weed seeds and plant propagules, the emerging weeds can cause significant damage to the crop in terms of quality and yield. These disadvantageous effects can be reduced or even completely eliminated by properly performed composting. Studies addressing these issues showed that inappropriate composting practices, specifically related to short composting time and to a lesser extent to temperature, result in weed seeds not losing their viability by the end of the composting process [50]. The survival of weed seeds and viable plant propagules depends on different processes taking place during composting and the characteristics of resistance of each weed variety. The most important parameters to consider are the following: length of time at the appropriate temperature within the active phase of composting, and moisture content. Based on the experimental results, the different weed species lose their viability at different temperatures and periods of time [51]. The fate of weed seeds is influenced considerably by the moisture content as well: higher moisture content causes certain weed seeds to lose their viability at a higher rate [52; 53]. According to the parameters mentioned above, certain weeds, such as _Solanum nigrum_ L. [51], _Sorghum halepense_ (L.) _Pers._, and _Convolulus arensis_ L. are considered very resistant [54]. Strict regulations have been established in the compost-related national regulations and standards to ensure the appropriate sterility of the produced compots and to eliminate the viability of the weed seeds. The temperature that needs to be achieved in the active phase of the composting process and the related time period are also set strictly in these regulations. In addition, these regulations are not unified in Europe; they can differ in the expected highest temperature and the time interval as well. In Austria, for example, 55-65 \({}^{\circ}\)C has to be maintained for 14 days; in Germany or Denmark, at least 55 \({}^{\circ}\)C has to be maintained for 14 days. In France, at least 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C has to be maintained for 4 days [49]. However, the determination of the number of weed plants (on a weight or volume basis) that emerge from an appropriately prepared and properly produced compost sample is a common feature of the currently available standard methods for the examination of the weed seed dispersal effect of compots. On the whole, it is important to examine the quality of the compots that are utilized in farming or household gardening to ensure quality, even if they are only used in small quantities. This research analyzed the potential that backyard composting offers as an alternative to remove some of the pressure that biowaste has on traditional waste-management systems and its potential usability at a household level. In order to determine the quality and potential utilization of backyard compost, this research intends to answer the following questions:  
Is the quality of backyard compost, in terms of toxicity and nutrient content, considered safe to use at a household and farm level? Do the different treatments and ingredients (raw materials) applied in the composting process have a significant impact on the quality of the final product? Are the techniques and treatments used in individual backyard composting adequate enough for agricultural purposes, or should the raw materials be collected by an external organization and delivered to a common composting site for stricter control and unified quality? Could weed seed dispersion affect the usability of backyard compost? Do the values and species identified in the weed seed dispersion effect evaluation fall within the acceptable parameters at a household and farm level?