## 3 Results
### Carbon Emission Calculation of the Case Study
#### 3.1.3 Refurbishment and Construction  
The construction process is summarized and sorted referring to the budget document \"Construction tender quotations for overground landscape and underground space refurbishment of Zero-Carbon Pavilion in Shanghai Yangpu Riverside \". The types of equipment and the number of classes used in each engineer process shall refer to the \"Shanghai Construction and Decoration Project Budget Quota\" [38] and \"Shanghai Housing Construction Engineering Maintenance and Repair Budget Quota, Book I\" [39], issued by the Shanghai Municipal Commission of Housing and Urban-rural Development. The carbon emission factors of the equipment refer to the \"Building Carbon Emission Calculation Standard\". The calculation details are shown in Table 3.  
As for new construction, due to the lack of engineering documents, this paper lists the common energy consumption of each process, and the carbon emission of this project is estimated based on the information in budget documents [2; 21]. The calculation process is described in Table 4.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Engineering Process**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Engineering Quantity**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Unit**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Energy Consumption**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Carbon Emission Factor**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Carbon Emission (kgCO\({}_{2}\)e)**} \\  & & & **Per Unit of Engineering Quantity (kWh)** & & \\ \hline Premixed concrete & 409.35 & t & 25 & 0.42 kgCO\({}_{2}\)e/kWh & 4298.23 \\ Excavate and remove the & 2260.8 & m\({}^{3}\) & 32 & 0.42 kgCO\({}_{2}\)e/kWh & 30,385.15 \\ earthwork & 292.5 & t & 3 & 0.42 kgCO\({}_{2}\)e/kWh & 368.55 \\ Flate earthwork & 717 & m\({}^{2}\) & 2 & 0.42 kgCO\({}_{2}\)e/kWh & 602.28 \\ Crane handling & 717 & m\({}^{2}\) & 26 & 0.42 kgCO\({}_{2}\)e/kWh & 7829.64 \\ Lighting & 717 & m\({}^{2}\) & 26 & 0.42 kgCO\({}_{2}\)e/kWh & 7829.64 \\ \hline Total carbon emission & & & & 43483.85 kgCO\({}_{2}\)e & \\ Carbon emissions per unit area & & & & 60.65 kgCO\({}_{2}\)e/m\({}^{2}\) & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Construction carbon emission of new buildings.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Vehicles**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Energy Consumption**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Carbon Emission Factor**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Carbon Emission (kgCO\({}_{2}\)e)**} \\ \hline Mortar, concrete mixer & 740.4 kWh (Electricity) & 0.42 kgCO\({}_{2}\)e/kWh & 5237.09 \\ Electric rammer & 33.2 kWh (Electricity) & 0.42 kgCO\({}_{2}\)e/kWh & 6.04 \\ Flat water polisher & 56 kWh (Electricity) & 0.42 kgCO\({}_{2}\)e/kWh & 436.02 \\ Electric air compressor & 80.6 kWh (Electricity) & 0.42 kgCO\({}_{2}\)e/kWh & 499.25 \\ Air hammers & 169.4 kWh (Electricity) & 0.42 kgCO\({}_{2}\)e/kWh & 360.00 \\ Steel bar extrusion link machine & 15.94 kWh (Electricity) & 0.42 kgCO\({}_{2}\)e/kWh & 18.30 \\ AC arc welder & 193.06 kWh (Electricity) & 0.42 kgCO\({}_{2}\)e/kWh & 254.65 \\ On-site transportation & 325.992 t, 0 km & 0.06 kgCO\({}_{2}\)e/(t\({}^{*}\)km) & 781.87 \\ \hline Total carbon emission & & & 7593.23 kgCO\({}_{2}\)e & \\ Carbon emissions per unit area & & & 10.59 kgCO\({}_{2}\)e/m\({}^{2}\) & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Construction carbon emission of refurbished buildings.