## 2 Ground Motion Parameters  
Seismic records are intricate datasets essential for understanding earthquake impacts [17]. These records describe seismic excitation intensity and its connection to structural responses, enabling solutions to engineering problems. Key attributes of seismic records include magnitude, spectral composition, and duration. Multiple intensity measures capture these features, offering better ground motion characterization and improved predictions of structural vulnerability [18]. This study examines the key parameters presented in Table 1: peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity (PGV), peak ground displacement (PGD), specific energy density (SED), acceleration spectrum intensity (ASI), Housner Intensity (HI), Arias intensity (Ia), Uniform Duration (UD), Significant Duration (SD), magnitude (M), and epicentral distance (R). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Metric Type** & **Parameter** & **Equation** & **Description** & **Refs. ** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{**Traditional Metrics**} & Peak Ground & & & Maximum ground \\  & Acceleration (PGA) & \(PGA=max|a(t)|\) & (1) & during an earthquake. \\  & & & Horizontal components \\  & & & are most significant. \\ \cline{2-5}  & & & & Maximum recorded \\  & & & & ground velocity obtained \\  & & & from the accelerogram. \\ \cline{2-5}  & & & & Maximum recorded \\  & & & & ground displacement \\  & & & calculated from the accelerogram. \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{**Energy-Based Metrics**} & Specific Energy & & & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} \\  & Density (SED) & \(SED=\int_{0}^{t_{our}}{[v(t)]^{2}dt}\) & (4) & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} \\  & & & & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} \\  & & & & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{**Spectrum-Based Metrics**} & Acceleration & & & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} \\  & Spectrum Intensity & \(ASI=\int_{0.1}^{0.5}{S_{a}(\xi=0.05,\ T)dT}\) & (6) & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} \\Traditional metrics, including peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity (PGV), and peak ground displacement (PGD), are widely used in seismic engineering as they provide immediate insights into the amplitude of ground shaking. However, these parameters often fail to capture the complexity of seismic waves' temporal and spatial characteristics, particularly for structures with varied dynamic properties. For instance, while PGA reflects the highest ground acceleration, it does not fully account for the energy or duration of shaking, both of which significantly influence structural damage. Energy-based metrics, such as specific energy density (SED) and Arias intensity (Ia), bridge this gap by quantifying the total energy content of seismic waves. These metrics are particularly useful for assessing the cumulative damage potential of earthquakes, as they consider the integral effects of motion over time. SED, for instance, provides a measure of kinetic energy, offering a deeper understanding of seismic impacts beyond instantaneous peak values, while Ia correlates well with structural damage and is widely employed in landslide triggering assessments. The use of SED is less frequent compared to Arias intensity. To elucidate its significance in relation to peak ground acceleration (PGA), two earthquake records with similar PGA values were chosen and presented in Figure 1[28]. Comparison between the earthquake records of Denali, Alaska in 2002, with a magnitude of M = 7.9 and PGA = 0.10 g, and Chi-Chi, Taiwan in 1999, with a magnitude of M = 7.62 and PGA = 0.1 g, illustrates the comparative relationship between acceleration over time and the corresponding calculated SED. It is evident that the earthquake records display distinct values for PGA (0.1 g), with the Denali, Alaska, 2002 earthquake record having a SED of 104 cm\({}^{2}\)/s and the Chi-Chi earthquake record, Taiwan, 1999 having a SED of 3860 cm\({}^{2}\)/s.