## 3 Results
### Temporal Dynamics of Grapevine Microbial Communities through Phenological Stages  
Grapevine-associated microbiome analysis in the three phenological stages revealed a very clear differentiation of bacteria community richness and diversity (\(\alpha\)-diversity, Shannon index; ANOVA, F = 4.576, \(p\) = 0.01243) and taxonomic dissimilarity (\(\beta\)-diversity, Bray-Curtis distance; PERMANOVA, F = 24.95, \(p\) = 0.0001, and ANOSIM, R = 0.6432, \(p\) = 0.0001) (Table 3). Regarding fungi, no significant differences were detected in community richness and diversity (\(\alpha\)-diversity, Shannon index; ANOVA, F = 1.250, \(p\) = 0.29030), but such differences were significant in taxonomic dissimilarity (\(\beta\)-diversity, Bray-Curtis distance; PERMANOVA, F = 12.1, \(p\) = 0.0001, ANOSIM, R = 0.2100, and \(p\) = 0.0001) (Table 3). Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) showed the phenological stage-specific patterns (95% confidence interval) of bacterial and fungal communities, with 33.78% and 40.95% of total variance explained by the first two principal coordinate (PC) axes, respectively (Figure 3A,B).  
These results indicated that each phenological stage has a unique microbial signature and that there is a significant difference in taxonomic compositions among the phenological stages. Based on Venn diagram analyses (Figure 4A,B), the abundance of phenological stage-specific genera ranged from 12 (for bark and bud) to 139 (for harvest) and from 22 (for bark and bud) to 56 (for berry set) for bacteria and fungi, respectively.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**PCoA Axes**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\(\alpha\)**-Diversity**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**\(\beta\)-Diversity (Bray-Curtis)**} \\ \cline{3-8} \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Factor**} & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**ANOVA**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**PERMANOVA**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**ANOSIM**} \\ \cline{3-8} \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & & **F** & **P** & **F** & **P** & **R** & **P** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{16S} & Phenological stages & 1\(=\) 22.98\%, 2\(=\) 10.8\% & 4.58 & 0.0124 & 24.9 & 0.0001 & 0.64 & 0.0001 \\  & Bark and bud & 1\(=\) 34.5\%, 2\(=\) 14.2\% & NA & NA & 12.5 & 0.0001 & 0.66 & 0.0001 \\  & Berry Set & 1\(=\) 36\%, 2\(=\) 17.1\% & NA & NA & 13.1 & 0.0001 & 0.76 & 0.0001 \\  & Harvest & 1\(=\) 18.1\%, 2\(=\) 9.1\% & NA & NA & 04.6 & 0.0001 & 0.42 & 0.0001 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{ITS2} & Phenological stages & 1\(=\) 21.05\%, 2\(=\) 19.9\% & 1.25 & 0.2903 & 12.1 & 0.0001 & 0.21 & 0.0001 \\  & Bark and bud & 1\(=\) 34.1\%, 2\(=\) 26\% & NA & NA & 17.5 & 0.0001 & 0.82 & 0.0001 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Berry Set & 1\(=\) 41.4\%, 2\(=\) 19.2\% & NA & NA & 23.6 & 0.0001 & 0.81 & 0.0001 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Harvest & 1\(=\) 50.5\%, 2\(=\) 10.5\% & NA & NA & 15.5 & 0.0001 & 0.71 & 0.0001 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
NA: Not applied.  
\end{table}
Table 3: Factors predicting \(\alpha\)- and \(\beta\)-diversity on microbial communities in the vineyard.  
Figure 3: Bray-Curtis distance PCoA of bacterial (**A**) and fungal (**B**) genera for the three phenological stages for 36 grapevines.  
Figure 4: Venn diagrams that show the fungal (**A**) and bacterial (**B**) genera distribution among the three phenological stages.