esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Mobile Autonomous Sensing Unit (MASU): A Framework That Supports Distributed Pervasive Data Sensing
## 3 The MASU Framework
### Roles and Services  
MASU units playing some roles can interact with each other by subscribing to the services provided by specific roles. When a unit subscribes to a particular role, it is then, subscribing to all the services provided by such a role. The role _manager_ acts as coordinator of the collaborative sensing activity, and there can be various managers coordinating the activity. The _monitors_ superise the performance of MASU units. The _producers_ perform sensing tasks using any of the sensors available  
Figure 3: Structure of a MASU node.  
in the device. The _consumers_ are typical service consumers that use the data sensed by the producers. They can access this data directly from the producers, and also through storages or relays. The _storage_ acts as an active data repository that can be subscribed to the data obtained from the producers. The _relays_ are in charge to retransmit recent data generated by producers, to consumers that lost or could not receive the data sent by the producers properly.  
Figure 4 shows an example of a collaborative sensing activity involving four MASU units and various roles. The arcs represent the interactions between roles. According to Figure 4, the Manager activates all the roles present in the activity and also performs service monitoring over them. On the other hand, the Monitor performs network monitoring, service monitoring over the Manager and hardware monitoring over the four participating units. In the activity we have two Producers: one acting as Collector and the other as Processor. In this case, the Processor receives the data sensed previously by the Collector, performs some classification or inferences tasks and sends the resulting information to the Storage. Finally, the Storage sends this information to the Consumer.
## 5 Conducting Measurements of Characteristic Properties of Bearing Reducers during Their Trial Run
### Trial Run of the Gear Reducer in Configuration B
Diagnostic measurements of hysteresis, lost motion, starting torque, temperature and analysis of Fe abrasive particles for Castrol Tribol GR TT1 PD lubricant, suitable for high load applications and designed for long-term lubrication of roller bearings and the like, were done during the trials. Based on the measurements and analyses, it is possible to state the following:  
* From the point of view of measuring the lost motion and hysteresis: The choice of the type of load during the BR trial run had no effect on the change in the values of the lost motion parameter. The monitored hysteresis parameters showed a negligible increase in values. The hysteresis curve is a variable nonlinearity and depends on the position of rotation of the output flange and the perfection of component production. * From the point of view of measuring the starting torque: The choice of the type of load in the BR trial run had a demonstrable influence on the values of the parameter monitored--the starting torque and fluctuation of the starting torque. In the trial run with a load, a sinusoidal load is applied to the kinematic pairs, which are evenly loaded by a servomotor with a torque sensor (controlled torque value) during the load application process by the drive. In both trial run methods, the surfaces were smoothed, which was reflected in the torque fluctuation--a drop in the peaks. A decrease in the mean value of the starting torque was recorded when the load was applied by the drive. * From the point of view of temperature measurement: After the initial increase in the surface temperature BR, the friction regime stabilized, and the temperatures decreased and became stable. The alarm value was not exceeded during the measurement, which can be seen in Figure 20.
* In terms of the lubricant condition: After the initial phase of the relative trial run, the Castrol Tribol GR TT1 PD lubricant used showed a satisfactory Fe content of abrasive particles (all sample values were below the recommended limit).
## 3 Results
### Carbon sequestration  
As a result of issues using \({}^{137}\)Cs in marine systems, carbon sequestration rates were calculated exclusively with the \({}^{210}\)Pb CRS method. Throughout the seven study locations, total integrated unsupported \({}^{210}\)Pb ranged from 2.15 pCi cm\({}^{-2}\) in the reference dwarf mangrove site to 20.4 in the reference fringe site, with an overall mean \(\pm\) standard error of 10.7 \(\pm\) 3.0 pCi cm\({}^{-2}\). Our data show there was a preferential deposition of unsupported \({}^{210}\)Pb in the reference creek (mean: 16.2 pCi cm\({}^{-2}\)) when compared to the disturbed tidal creek (mean: 8.0 pCi cm\({}^{-2}\)). Carbon sequestration rates (mean \(\pm\) SE) among the different mangrove environments ranged from 21 \(\pm\) 5 g-C m\({}^{-2}\cdot\) year\({}^{-1}\) in the dwarf mangroves to 162 \(\pm\) 5 g-C m\({}^{-2}\cdot\) year\({}^{-1}\) in reference creek (SC) riverine mangroves (Table 2; Figure 7). A full factorial ANOVA indicated that the riverine and fringe mangroves in both tidal creeks exhibited different carbon sequestration rates, while the basin mangroves did not. The disturbed  
Figure 6: Lead-210 activity (pCi g\({}^{-1}\)) graphs with depth for estimating sedimentation in mangroves adjacent to Naples Bay. Figures are shown for (**a**) riverine reference mangroves; (**b**) riverine disturbed mangroves; (**c**) fringe reference mangroves; (**d**) fringe disturbed mangroves; (**e**) basin reference mangroves; (**f**) basin disturbed mangroves; and (**g**) dwarf reference mangroves.  
riverine mangroves (125 \(\pm\) 6 g-C m\({}^{-2}\cdot\) year\({}^{-1}\)) sequestered significantly less carbon than the reference riverine mangroves (162 \(\pm\) 5 g-C m\({}^{-2}\cdot\) year\({}^{-1}\)) (\(p\) < 0.05). Carbon sequestration at the fringe sites (127 \(\pm\) 6 and 73 \(\pm\) 10 g-C m\({}^{-2}\cdot\) year\({}^{-1}\) for the reference and disturbed sites, respectively) was significantly different (\(p\) < 0.01). The only hydrogeomorphic environment showing significantly similar carbon sequestration rates were the two basin mangroves (\(p\) > 0.05). Carbon sequestration rates in the basin mangroves were 50 \(\pm\) 4 and 47 \(\pm\) 4 g-C m\({}^{-2}\cdot\) year\({}^{-1}\) for the reference and disturbed sites, respectively.  
The mangroves in the reference Susan's Creek (SC) sequestered more carbon (113 g-C m\({}^{-2}\cdot\) year\({}^{-1}\)) than did the disturbed Hamilton Avenue (HA) Creek mangroves (82 g-C m\({}^{-2}\cdot\) year\({}^{-1}\)) (\(p\) < 0.05). There was also a significant hydrogeomorphic effect on carbon sequestration among the three classes (basin, fringe, and riverine) [f(2) = 22.90 \(p\) < 0.0001].
## 5 Comparison vs. The State-of-the-Art  
A state-of-the-art comparison of voltage controlled oscillator designed in 65 nm technology is made in Table 3. In works [9; 10], the PLLs were based on a RO and LC-VCO. They were irradiated up to 300 krad TID level compliant with SpaceFibre protocol and tested with different protons. Their working frequency did not meet that required by the SpaceFibre standard, and the aim of this work was to investigate the behavior of these two well-known architectures at a higher frequency. In [34], a VCO based on LC tank was optimized against SEEs, and in [35], a three stages ring oscillator was designed targeting Bluetooth front-end applications, but no process simulations were performed. Another solution presented in [36] was based on a Colpitts architecture for mm-wave applications.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Oscillator** & **Hit** & **Control Voltage** & **Clock Cycles** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Frequency** \\ **Variations** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Amplitude** \\ **Variations** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{RO} & hit\({}_{1}\) & 0 & 6 & 0.61\% & \(-\)1.65\% \\  & \(\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{DD}}\) & 3 & 0.27\% & \(-\)2.93\% \\ \cline{2-6}  & hit\({}_{2}\) & 0 & 9 & 1.53\% & \(-\)15.38\% \\  & \(\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{DD}}\) & 9 & 3.12\% & \(-\)16.27\% \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{LC} & hit\({}_{1}\) & 0 & 6 & 0.11\% & 1.55\% \\  & \(\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{DD}}\) & 13 & 0.46\% & 3.17\% \\ \cline{2-6}  & hit\({}_{2}\) & 0 & 15 & 1.24\% & 43.80\% \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-6}  & \(\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{DD}}\) & 24 & 2.45\% & 57.49\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Variations due to a SEE for RO-VCO and LC-VCO.
# Communication Protocol Design for IoT-Enabled Energy Management in a Smart Microgrid
## 6 Conclusions  
We have proposed and evaluated a new communication protocol to enable the direct communication between IoT-enabled HEMSs in a smart microgrid for decentralised energy trading applications. For the proposed protocol, the mathematical expressions for error performance at a HEMS as well as the error performance of the overall network have been derived analytically. The simulation results have illustrated that the error performance of the proposed scheme depends more on the channel conditions between the HEMSs in the middle of the network. It has also been observed that the proposed scheme suffers a certain SNR penalty in order to achieve the same error probabilities as by direct DF, which depends on which HEMS is decoding the message. The SNR penalty between the two schemes becomes smaller with poorer channel conditions, indicating that the proposed scheme offers a much more efficient mechanism rather than the direct DF without a significant SNR penalty. Despite the benefits offered by the proposed communication scheme, it is vulnerable to a number of issues, including channel estimation error, interference and security risks. To address them in the future, the detailed mathematical modelling of channel estimation errors will be investigated, and advanced coding techniques will be explored to eliminate the impact of such errors. In addition, beamforming and precoding techniques will be integrated to nullify the impact of interferences in the unlicensed spectrum. Physical layer security-based approaches such as integrating artificial noise may prevent the leakage of private information from prosumers. Future studies will also consider an adaptive strategy that switches between communication schemes involving the control centre, direct DF and the proposed scheme based on variations in the channel conditions at the HEMSs and control centre.  
Figure 5: Average BER performance of the overall network with different channel gains.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualisation, S.N.I.; methodology, S.N.I. and M.A.M.; software, S.N.I.; validation, S.N.I.; formal analysis, S.N.I.; investigation, S.N.I. and M.A.M.; writing--original draft preparation, S.N.I.; writing--review and editing, S.N.I. and M.A.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable  
**Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author due to privacy reasons  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# A High-Efficiency Method of Mobile Positioning Based on Commercial Vehicle Operation Data
## 3 High-Efficiency Mobile Positioning Method
### Pre-Deployment Stage
#### 3.1.3 Output Data  
The location of each cell-RSSI pair is the output of the mobile positioning algorithm. This information can be calculated in the pre-deployment stage and stored in a cloud computing database for the runtime stage. The HBase technique [31] is used to implement this cloud computing database, and the HIVE technique [32] is used to perform the operations of cloud computing database.
###### Abstract  
Improved metrological capabilities for three-dimensional (3D) measurements of various complex micro- and nanoparts are increasingly in demand. This paper gives an overview of the research activities carried out by the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), the national metrology institute of Germany, to meet this demand. Examples of recent research advances in the development of instrumentation and calibration standards are presented. An ultra-precision nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machine (NMM) has been upgraded with regard to its mirror corner, interferometers and angle sensors, as well as its weight compensation, its electronic controller, its vibration damping stage and its instrument chamber. Its positioning noise has been greatly reduced, e.g., from 1\(\sigma\) = 0.52 nm to 1\(\sigma\) = 0.13 nm for the \(z\)-axis. The well-known tactile-optical fibre probe has been further improved with regard to its 3D measurement capability, isotropic probing stiffness and dual-sphere probing styli. A 3D atomic force microscope (AFM) and assembled cantilever probes (ACPs) have been developed which allow full 3D measurements of smaller features with sizes from a few micrometres down to tens of nanometres. In addition, several measurement standards for force, geometry, contour and microgear measurements have been introduced. A type of geometry calibration artefact, referred to as the \"3D Aztec artefact\", has been developed which applies wet-etched micro-pyramidal marks for defining reference coordinates in 3D space. Compared to conventional calibration artefacts, it has advantages such as a good surface quality, a well-defined geometry and cost-effective manufacturing. A task-specific micro-contour calibration standard has been further developed for ensuring the traceability of, e.g., high-precision optical measurements at microgeometries. A workpiece-like microgear standard embodying different gear geometries (modules ranging from 0.1 mm to 1 mm) has also been developed at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt.  
micro-coordinate measuring machine (micro-CMM); 3D coordinate metrology; microparts; traceability; calibration; CMM probe; physical standards; microhole; microgear; contour +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Soft. 2016
## 8 Discussion
Finally, concerning the attacks against mobile network components, there are still not so many studies devoted to this research topic despite the number is growing as AI/ML becomes widely adopted in mobile communication systems and as a result novel attack approaches are being constantly developed. There are multiple research papers which focus on the problems of attacking AI/ML-assisted automatic modulation recognition [170], intelligent beamforming [206] and power allocation [71] frameworks. However, the adversarial example generation algorithms tested in those studies are limited to straightforward FGSM, the attack using a substitute model and some universal adversarial perturbation generation techniques with the help of PCA and VAE. Furthermore, the datasets used in those studies are somewhat synthetic which further reduces the quality of the research work. Therefore, one potential future research direction is extending results obtained in these use case scenarios by employing various white-box and black-box attack algorithms using more realistic simulation environments. Another direction is implementing and evaluating adversarial examples in the use cases for which this attack vector has not yet been studied to the best of our knowledge. These include attacks against channel estimation [28], channel decoding [61; 80] and jamming detection [74] models. Furthermore, the recent progress in developing sample efficient RL methods makes this machine learning approach an attractive option for service providers to use for efficient and reliable network resource allocation. For this reason, the number of RL-driven frameworks is expected to grow significantly in the future. Thus, developing attack algorithms which target AI/ML models trained with the help of the reinforcement learning approach is also of the great importance in this field of study.
## 4 Noble Metal-Based Electrocatalysts for ORR and HER
### Ir-Based Catalysts in ORR and HER  
Iridium (Ir) is also used as an alternative to Pt and Pd-based catalysts owing to its position near the top in the HER volcano plots of both ORR and HER [23; 24]. The Ir-based NCs are synthesized in various morphological forms including alloys, core-shells, and even single atoms. Moreover, it is also reported that similar to Pt, Ir is also used for surface decoration of core-shell structured heterogeneous catalysts to boost electrochemical reactions. [PERSON] et al. used Ir with Fe as a core-material and prepared IrFe-core@Pt-shell NCs for ORR. The Pt monolayer on IrFe core-shell nanoparticles achieved specific and mass activities of 0.46 mA/cm\({}^{2}\) and 1.1 A/mg\({}_{\text{Pt}}\), respectively, in ORR, which are far improved to that of a commercial Pt/C catalyst [66]. Further, [PERSON] et al. reported a core-shell catalyst where Ir is used as the core material and is covered with platinum (Ir@Pt). The Ir@Pt core-shell catalysts were prepared by a one-pot polyol reduction method with variable thicknesses of Pt-layers. As-prepared Ir@Pt NC exhibits 2.6 and 1.8-times improved specific and mass activities, respectively, compared to a commercial Pt/C (TKK) catalyst [67]. In addition to its use as a core-shell structured catalyst, Ir is also used as surface decoration. [PERSON] et al. synthesized Ir-decorated Ptshell-Pdcore catalysts on a carbon support and investigated their physical properties and ORR performance. They observed that Ptshell-Pdcore catalyst safer Ir decoration had better activity as compared to those without decoration. Moreover, the ORR performance of Ir-decorated Ptshell-Pdcore catalysts also outperformed the commercial catalysts. Such an enhanced ORR performance after Ir-decoration is attributed to the weakened binding energy of Pt-OH during the ORR. The Ir-decorated Ptshell-Pdcore catalysts achieved a maximum power density of 792.2 mW cm\({}^{-2}\) at 70 \({}^{\circ}\)C in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), which is about a 24% improvement over that of a commercial Pt/C [68]. Meanwhile, [PERSON] et al. demonstrated that decoration of atomic Ir-clusters significantly enhanced the durability of bimetallic Ni-Pd NCs in ORR [69]. They synthesized tri-metallic NCs consisting of an uncomformable Pd-shell over amorphous NiOx with Ir-clusters decoration (NPI) by a self-aligned wet chemical reduction method. The Ir-loading was varied from 1 wt.% (NPI-0025) to 14 wt.% (NPI-14). As-prepared NPI NCs with 1 wt.% of Ir-decoration demonstrated remarkable durability when operated for up to 21 k cycles and retained its 100% performance (Figure 9).  
Recently, Ir-single atoms catalysts were shown to be active materials for catalyzing the ORR. [PERSON] et al. synthesized Ir single-atom catalysts using zeolite imidazolate frameworks-8 (ZIF-8, cavity diameter of 11.6 A) and found that the as-prepared catalysts exhibited an impressive mass activity of 12.2 A mg\({}^{-1}\)Ir [70].
## 2 WirelessHART
### Time Division Multiple Access  
In a TDMA system, each device uses the whole channel bandwidth for a fraction of time [42]. Those fractions of time are called slots; a slot is the period of time in which the process data are transmitted. In each slot, only one station transmits to one (unicast) or more destinations (multicast or broadcast), in order to avoid collisions.  
Several slots make up a frame (which may also be called a superframe). The frame is represented in Figure 4. The synchronization and address information are carried in the preamble and the guard times at the end of the slots, to avoid crosstalk among the transmissions.  
The TDMA is attractive for industrial communications, since it is a deterministic system once each device has its specific determined slot time in which to transmit. Furthermore, TDMA offers the opportunity for frame-by-frame monitoring of the bit error rate and signal strength, once the system has information about which device and when the device should communicate [42].
# Design and Evaluation of IoT-Enabled Instrumentation for a Soil-Bentonite Slurry Trench Cutoff Wall
## 2 System Design
### Wall Construction  
The coupled nature of deformation and stress behavior can be understood in the context of SB cutoff wall construction procedures. For this project, and consistent with standard industry procedures, a slurry filled trench was excavated using a Cat 330C excavator with a 0.9 m wide bucket. The slurry was made from a mixture of 5-6% sodium bentonite clay suspended in water and employed to maintain trench stability (i.e., liquid shoring). Once excavation to the design grade 7 m below ground surface was completed, backfill was added as excavation continued. The backfill was made from excavated on-site soils blended with the bentonite-water slurry to form a material with a viscous liquid consistency. The measured values of slump varied between 75 mm and 150 mm. A schematic of the process is shown in Figure 1. Since backfill is placed at a viscous liquid consistency, substantial self-weight consolidation occurs. The otherwise geostatic nature of self-weight consolidation is impacted by the relatively incompressible trench sidewalls and results in load transfer from the backfill to the sidewalls. Coupled to these two phenomena is the inward movement of the trench sidewalls to achieve the necessary stress-strain compatibility between the backfill and the adjacent formation. Finally, given void ratio changes that result from consolidation stresses, the hydraulic conductivity changes in response to the stress.
# A Compact Multi-Identity Fully Homomorphic Encryption Scheme Without Fresh Ciphertexts
## 1 Introduction
While techniques for reducing public parameter sizes exist, they often lead to increased scheme complexity. Additionally, existing MIBFHE schemes typically use the MS for ciphertext extension, which requires first generating fresh ciphertexts and then converting them into extended ciphertexts. This leads to a cumbersome and inefficient overall process, and the noise expansion rate in previous ciphertext extension methods is excessively high. Our Contributions: We present a Compact Multi-Identity Fully Homomorphic Encryption Scheme without Fresh Ciphertexts by integrating various optimizations to emphasize compactness. Specifically, our main contributions as follows:  
1. We incorporated the YJW23 [23] trapdoor-based preimage sampling algorithm into the ABB10-IBE scheme, thereby proposing a compact foundational IBE scheme within the standard model. We also provide a proof that our scheme is IND-sID-CPA secure. 2. We made appropriate optimizations to the foundational IBE scheme by adjusting the relationship between the public key matrix and the identity vector to meet the security requirements for constructing a compact MIBFHE scheme using the decomposition method. And we modified the structure of the key so that the approximation error originally introduced can be subtracted from the noise generated during decryption, thereby reducing the overall noise in the scheme. 3. We introduce a new ciphertext extension method--the decomposition method--which directly extends our improved IBE scheme into an MIBFHE scheme, WZ-MIBFHE,without the need to convert the IBE into an IBFHE and then apply ciphertext extension to the IBFHE scheme to construct the MIBFHE scheme. WZ-MIBFHE can directly generate extended ciphertexts for homomorphic evaluation without the need to pre-generate new ciphertexts. WZ-MIBFHE exhibits smaller noise growth, with the lattice dimension being only \(n\log q+\log_{b}q\) and the ciphertext expansion rate is reduced to \(D\).