## 3 Results  
### Static Analysis of Gaze  
For the static analysis of drivers' gaze in visual search, four indicators, viz. dwell time, number of fixations, fixation duration, and SGE were adopted, and the average dwell time of each group on each AOIs is shown in Figure 6. The indicated error bars represent the minimum and maximum values of dwell time measured for each group, having the largest deviation in ambient environment (Others) for the novice driver group and the left side mirror for the experienced driver group. The novice drivers had a long stay in AOIs of vehicle controls, namely traffic lights, vehicles, navigation system, and dashboard, whereas the experienced drivers had equal stay times in all the areas of interest. The novice group spent a relatively long time in observing traffic lights (24.52 s), passing vehicles (24.67 s), navigation system (27.91 s), and the dashboard (28.18 s), except for others in the surrounding environment, but overlooked the pedestrian signal lights and the right-side mirror. On the other hand, the experienced group not only checked the right- and left-side mirrors (21.33 s and 18.53 s) and pedestrian signal lights (18.47 s), but spent a similar amount of time on surveying each of the entire AOIs while driving. Each group's fixation duration, listed in Table 2, shows that the novice group (0.78 s) had a longer fixation duration than the experienced drivers (0.51 s). The inexperienced group fixed their gaze at relatively closer AOIs (navigation system, rear-view mirror, left side mirrors, and dashboard) to the driver's seat for a longer time than they did on the distant ones (traffic lights, pedestrians, and passing vehicle). Especially, among the areas, other than the objects they overlooked and others, they held their gaze on the left-side mirror for the longest time, resulting in the largest difference with the experienced group. The fixation duration of the experienced drivers averaged at 0.51 s, but the one on the traffic lights for pedestrians was estimated to be 0.92 s, which was relatively longer than the average. For the number of fixations, a heatmap was adopted to illustrate how many times the drivers repeatedly observed AOIs at random while making a right turn after stopping at an intersection, and is shown in Figure 7. Figure 7a depicts a screen which shows a driver turning around a corner after making a left turn, and the area and size (pixel) of AOI. Also, a heatmap shows the visualized outcome of the frequency of gaze at each AOI per group. The more frequent the gaze was fixed on a certain AOI, the color of the area turned red and less frequent it turned green. As displayed in Figure 7b, the heatmap of the novice drivers suggested that they re-inspected mostly the front AOIs, such as passing vehicles and traffic \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c} \hline \hline
**Area of Interests** & **Novices** & **Experienced** \\  & **(s)** & **(s)** \\ \hline Traffic lights & 0.71 & 0.31 \\ Pedestrian signal light & 0 & 0.92 \\ Pedestrian & 0.64 & 0.41 \\ Passing vehicle & 0.76 & 0.39 \\ Navigation system & 1.12 & 0.51 \\ Rear-view mirror & 0.97 & 0.37 \\ Side mirror (Left) & 1.14 & 0.48 \\ Side mirror (Right) & 0 & 0.52 \\ Dashboard & 1.02 & 0.37 \\ Others & 1.41 & 0.94 \\ \hline
**Average time** & **0.78** & **0.51** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Average fixation duration by area of interest for each group. Figure 6: Average dwell time by area of interest for each group. lights. By contrast, the experienced group in Figure 7c rechecked not only the front areas but also the AOIs reflected on the right- and left-side mirrors. Each group's probability of gazing at each AOI and SGE were calculated using Equation (1), and the results are shown in Table 3. Here, the probability of gaze refers to a ratio of the frequency of gaze at each AOI at 30 Hz sampling rate to the frequency of gaze at all AOIs.