## 3 Methodology
### Measurements  
For the purpose of observing latent variables, measurement instruments that had been used in prior studies and that had demonstrated good predictive ability and reliability were utilized. A two-step procedure was employed in order to increase confidence in the statement's validity. The first stage involved translating the original English items and adapting them to the standard meaning in the Serbian context. The second stage involved the substantiation of statements via pilot testing with a sample of 30 respondents. The obtained results showed that the measurement scales meet the validity criteria in the national context and that the sampling procedure could be continued. The respondents were asked to assess every statement using a 5-point Likert scale ranging from \"strongly disagree\" (with a value of 1) to \"strongly agree\" (with a value of 5). The study employed distinct measurement scales for each construct, including the \"Digital Citizenship\" variable, which comprised five constructs, namely information and data literacy, information security management, digital piracy, responsibility, and collaboration.  
Information and Data Literacy (IDL). This construct uses seven statements [57], such as \"I know ICT devices and tools applicable for the storage and retrieval of data\", \"I am able to gather internal and external knowledge and information needs\", and \"I am able to make information available\".  
Information Security Management (ISM). This construct consists of three statements [57], such as \"I am able to apply relevant standards, best practices and legal requirements for information security\", and \"I am aware of possible security threats\".  
Digital Piracy (DIP). This construct uses three items proposed by [PERSON] [68]: \"I would feel guilty if I pirated digital products\", \"It would be morally wrong for me to pirate digital products\", and \"If I have a chance, I will never pirate digital products\".  
Responsibility (RES). This construct consists of four items [2]. The following statements are examples of statements used for this construct: \"I use the computer within the timeline given by the instructor\", \"I am aware of copyright infringement\", and \"I am aware of the AUP (Acceptable Use Policy) of the web\".  
Collaboration (COL). This construct uses five items proposed by [PERSON] et al. [19]. Illustrative examples of statements include: \"I actively use tools for video collaboration, such as Google Meet, Skype, Zoom etc.\", \"I actively use enterprise/organization-level social network applications, such as Yammer, Office365, Google Workspace etc.\", and \"I actively use professional social networks, such as LinkedIn, HR.com etc.\".  
Digital Transformation Enablers (DTE). This construct uses of four items [69]: \"Our core processes are automated\", \"We have an integrated view of key operational and customer information\", \"We use analytics to make better operational decisions\" and \"We use digital technology to improve performance and/or the value of our existing products and service\".  
Innovation (IN). This construct consists of eight items [57; 70]. The following statements are examples of statements used for this construct: \"I actively think about improvements for the work of direct colleagues\", \"I am aware of business, society and/or research habits, trends and needs\", \"I am able to identify business advantages and improvements of adopting emerging technologies\", and \"In collaboration with colleagues, I transform ideas in a way that they become applicable in practice\".  
Problem-solving (PS). This construct uses five statements [57], such as \"I am able to identify potential critical component failures and take action to mitigate effects of failure\",\"I am able to allocate appropriate resources to maintenance activities, balancing cost and risk\", and \"I am able to choose the right tool, device, application, software or service to solve (non-technical) problems\".