# Durability Issues and Corrosion of Structural Materials and Systems in Farm Environment
## 2 Agricultural Concrete and Metallic Structures
### Impact of Poultry, Cattle Manure, and Swine Manure on Corrosion of Concrete and Metals
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Metal Type**} & **Original Weight** & **The Average Rate of Metal** & **\% of Metal** & **Duration of the** \\  & **g/cm\({}^{2}\)** & **Loss g/cm\({}^{2}\)/month** & **Remaining (mass)** & **Test (months)** \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{l}{Manure collection pit} \\ \hline BS & 1.0408 & 0.0212 & 0 & 49 \\ \hline ECS & 1.0462 & 0.0074 & 65.4 & 49 \\ \hline BG & 2.4963 & 0 & 100 & 49 \\ \hline GF-60 & 0.3283 & 0.0080 & 0 & 41 \\ \hline GF-90 & 0.3271 & 0.0006 & 91.5 & 49 \\ \hline SS & 0.6251 & 0 & 100 & 49 \\ \hline DQ & 0.4272 & 0.0087 & 0 & 49 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Metal losses due to corrosion following exposure to dairy manure environments [3]. “Reproduced with permission from [PERSON]; [PERSON], Bioresour. Technol. published by Elsevier, 1992”. Based on the 49-week experiments concerning the extent of metal loss after exposure to manure lagoon, manure collection pit and feeding area, galvanized steel, metal plate, and stainless steel offered the optimal protection against corrosion in each of the three forms of manure. Galfan 60 and Galfan 90 had near equal levels of corrosion resistance after prolonged exposure to manure [3]. The corrosion of metallic structures, which are in contact with manure and animal waste, have significant economic implications. [PERSON] and [PERSON] reported a depreciation rate of about 50% over a three year period [5]. In addition, the corrosion-induced depreciation of the metal structures was influenced by the type of farming--arable or dairy farming. The risk of corrosion was most pronounced in agricultural structures associated with arable farming (63% of the corrosion costs). However, the risk of corrosion was mitigated by coating, galvanization, and passivation. An investigation of the impact of the chicken coup on the cement microstructure by [PERSON] and co-researchers made the following observations. There were variations in the degradation of the cement structure depending on the area of operation (poultry excrement section, floor with wood chips, and hay and aerial section). The section of the concrete that was exposed to chicken coop was highly eroded compared to other sections due to microbiological corrosion. Chicken waste contains significant quantities of H\({}_{2}\)S and NH\({}_{3}\) and corrosive agents, which cause corrosion through the mechanisms discussed in Table 1.  
In addition to the corrosive substances found in chicken coop, concrete structures which come into contact with chicken coop corrode due to regular cleaning with disinfectants which are made of corrosion inducing agents such as hydrogen peroxide (H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\)), formalin, peroxyacetic acid, soda ash, slaked lime, iodine monochloride, glutaric aldehyde, neutral calcium hypochlorite, lime chloride, and caustic soda [6]. The cumulative effect was a 10% loss in the strength of the concrete and irreparable damage to the microstructure, as illustrated in the SEM images in Figure 1; the damage extended to both the upper and the lower layers. Figure 1a-h illustrate virgin structures and the microscopic changes defined by agglomerates from the products of hydration and the formation of crystals of calcite and final disintegration.