## 2 Materials and Methods
### Variables
#### 2.4.2 Dependent Variables  
Activities of Daily Living (ADLs), including BADLs and IADLs, were assessed using modified versions of the classical Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living (Katz ADL) [36] and the Lawton and Brody Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale (Lawton IADL) [37], adapted for the SHARE project. BADLs included six items: dressing (including putting on socks and shoes), walking across a room, bathing or showering, eating (e.g., cutting up food), getting up or lying down, and toileting (including sitting down and standing up). Each item was scored dichotomously (\"Yes\" = 1, \"No\" = 0), indicating the presence of difficulty. The total BADL score ranged from 0 to 6, with higher scores indicating greater functional limitation. Additionally, a dichotomous variable was created to distinguish participants with more than one reported difficulty (score \(\geq\) 2) from those with none or only one (score \(\leq\) 1). IADLs were evaluated through ten items: preparing a hot meal, shopping for groceries, making a phone call, taking medication, using a map to orient in unfamiliar places, doing house or garden work, managing money (e.g., paying bills and keeping accounts), using public transportation, and doing laundry. Each activity was also scored dichotomously (\"Yes\" = 1, \"No\" = 0), yielding a total score from 0 to 10. A binary variable was similarly created to classify participants with more than one difficulty in IADLs versus those with none or only one. For this study, given that both instruments are longstanding scales, some terminological modifications were introduced to align them with the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework--4 th edition (OTPF-4), created by the American Association of Occupational Therapy (AOTA) [9]. This update enabled a more contextualized and occupation-centered classification of daily functioning (Table 1).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Terminology Used in the SHARE Project**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Correspondence with the Terminological**} \\  & **Update Based on the OTPF-4** \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Basic Activities of Daily Living**} \\ \hline Dressing, including putting on socks and & \\ shoes & Dressing \\ Walking across a room & Home mobility (functional mobility) \\ Bathing or showering & Bathing, showering \\ Eating (e.g., cutting up food) & Eating \\ Getting up or lying down & Transferring (functional mobility) \\ Toileting (including sitting down and standing up) & Toileting and toilet hygiene \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Instrumental Activities of Daily Living**} \\ \hline Preparing a hot meal & Meal preparation \\ Shopping for groceries & Shopping \\ Making a phone call & Communication management \\ Taking medication & Medication management * \\ Using a map to orient oneself in & Driving and community mobility \\ unfamiliar places & Housekeeping (home establishment \\ Doing house or garden work & and management) \\ Managing money (e.g., paying bills and keeping accounts) & Financial management \\ Using public transportation & Using public transportation \\ Doing laundry & Doing laundry (home establishment \\  & and management) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Updated terminology of the modified Katz and Lawton–Brody Scales for the SHARE project, based on the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework (4 th Edition).