## 5 New Technologies in Greenhouses
### Automation of Greenhouse  
Within the field of precision agronomy, the automation of greenhouse environments also represents another significant advance in optimizing plant growing conditions. With automation, it is possible to improve the efficiency and productivity of greenhouses, reduce costs and minimize environmental impacts [(144; 227; 266)], prevent and control diseases and pests, in addition to reducing the use of pesticides and other chemicals [(267; 268)]. Automation in greenhouses is also important for managing data systems to collect and analyze crop information, allowing farmers to make more informed and accurate decisions [(227; 267; 269)]. Currently, automation in greenhouses is being increasingly adopted in different parts of the world, especially in regions with challenging climatic conditions [270]. However, it is important to highlight that automation in greenhouses still faces challenges in terms of costs and adaptation to local conditions [227]. Some studies also highlight the importance of ensuring the security of automation systems and protecting the information collected by data management systems [271; 272]. Within the automation of agricultural greenhouses, several technologies stand out for their effectiveness, including environmental control systems, which adjust temperature, humidity and ventilation to create ideal conditions for plant growth; automated irrigation systems, which regulate the quantity and frequency of water according to the specific needs of the plants; lighting systems, essential for adjusting the intensity and duration of light, especially in places with insufficient natural light; pest and disease monitoring and control systems, which detect and combat phytosanitary problems efficiently, reducing the need for chemical products and data management systems, which collect, store and analyze crop data, allowing farmers to make decisions based on accurate and up-to-date information. In addition to the topics presented, research on automation in greenhouses covers the use of robots to perform specific tasks, including harvesting fruits and vegetables, an innovation that promises to transform traditional agricultural practices [273]. Another significant advance is the integration of drones into greenhouse operations, which have become valuable instruments for aerial monitoring, analyzing plant health via multispectral images, and performing spraying and nutrient application tasks [274; 275]. Some of the main aspects and technologies involved in greenhouse automation include sensors that monitor various environmental variables such as temperature, humidity, \(CO_{2}\) levels, light, and soil moisture. These sensors capture data and transmit them to a central system that analyzes this information in real-time. Based on the data received, the system automatically adjusts the internal conditions of the greenhouse to ensure an optimal environment for plant growth [276; 277]. In the study conducted by [PERSON] et al. [277], an innovative system was developed that uses a soil moisture sensor to monitor moisture levels and automatically activate a water pump whenever the soil is dry. This system, designed with high efficiency, can turn off the water pump as soon as soil moisture reaches a satisfactory level. Such technology is particularly useful in agriculture, as it significantly contributes to increasing crop productivity and reducing the need for manual labor. In this way, the system not only optimizes the use of water but also relieves farmers from the task of constant irrigation, allowing for the more effective management of agricultural activities. Automated climate control systems utilize fans, heaters, cooling systems, and shade screens that activate automatically based on sensor readings. For example, if the internal temperature exceeds a pre-established threshold, fans or cooling systems are activated to reduce the temperature. This helps maintain stable environmental conditions, regardless of external variations [266]. In the study conducted by [PERSON] et al.