esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Detection of Volatile Constituents from Food Lures by Tephritid Fruit Flies
## Materials and Methods
### Chemical Analysis  
Simultaneous FID-EAD peaks from the headspace sample were identified by injecting 2 \(\upmu\)L of the extract on a combined gas chromatograph and mass spectrometer (GC-MS; 6890 GC and 5975 MS; Agilent Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA), operated in the electron impact ionization mode at 70 eV. The GC was fitted with an HP-5 MS Ultra Inert fused capillary column (60 m \(\times\) 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25 \(\upmu\)m film thickness, J&W Scientific, Folsom, CA, USA). The GC oven program was the same as that of the GC-EAD program. Helium was the carrier gas at a constant flow mode of 1.8 mL min\({}^{-1}\), the average velocity was 35 cm s\({}^{-1}\). Mass spectra were scanned from \(m/z\) 30-300 and acquired data were collected and analyzed using HP Chemstation software with Kovat's indices and mass spectra from our own library (Alnarp 11) and NIST 05 database libraries and confirmed by injection of authentic standards: 3-methyl-1-butanol \(\geq\)98%, ethyl butanoate \(\geq\)98%, butyl acetate \(\geq\)99%, 2-methylpyrazine \(\geq\)99%, 3-methylbutyl acetate \(\geq\)95%, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine \(\geq\)99%, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine \(\geq\)98%, ethyl (\(E\))-2-methylbut-2-enoate \(\geq\)98%, benzaldehyde \(\geq\)99.5%, \(\beta\)-myrcene \(\geq\)95%, ethyl hexanoate \(\geq\)99%, 2-methoxyphenol \(\geq\)99%, 1-phenylethyl acetate \(>\)98%. All compounds were purchased from Merck. For quantification, 100 ng of heptyl acetate (99.8%; Merck) was added as an internal standard.
## 2 Methods
### Wavelet Analysis and the Cone of Influence
Examples of the reconstructed wavelet spectra for the baseline (**B**) and PORH phase (**C**) of a representative LDF signal (**A**) are shown as power scalograms (time-frequency representations of decomposed signal) and corresponding time-averaged power spectra, respectively. The time-averaged power spectra were constructed in two ways: with and without the data affected by edge effects. The red line on the scalograms marks the cone of influence (COI). The scalogram areas below the COI line are potentially affected by edge effect artifacts and are, therefore, likely to be less accurate. PU, perfusion units.
# Study on Elastoplastic Damage Coupling of Reservoir Mudstone Considering Permeability Change
## 6 Conclusions  
On the basis of the triaxial compression tests of mudstone in high buried depth reservoirs under different confining pressures, the damage evolution and elastoplastic damage coupling mechanical characteristics were discussed, and the elastoplastic damage coupling mechanical model was proposed. The main conclusions are as follows:  
(1) The integrity of mudstone is good. Under different confining pressures, the plastic hardening and damage softening characteristics are obvious. Thus, the damage evolution of mudstone is characterized by three stages: an elastic damage stage, a plastic-dominated elastoplastic damage coupling stage and a damage-dominated elastoplastic damage coupling stage.  
(2) Elastic free energy and plastic free energy are expressed by plastic internal variables and damage internal variables. On the basis of considering the elastic damage coupling and elastoplastic damage coupling in the loading process, the elastoplastic damage coupling mechanical model of mudstone is proposed.  
Figure 12: Pore pressure–time evolution curve.  
Figure 13: Evolution curve of permeability coefficient.  
(3) On the basis of determining the mechanical parameters of the model, the simulation study on the elastoplastic damage coupling mechanical characteristics of mudstone in high buried depth reservoir was carried out. The simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results, which can better reflect the mechanical properties of mudstone such as volume compression-expansion conversion, plastic hardening, damage softening and residual strength.  
(4) The secondary development was carried out in ABAQUS, and the constitutive model and permeability evolution model were written as UMAT and USFLD subroutines, respectively, and then the seepage-stress coupling numerical simulation was carried out. The simulation results show that with the loading of axial deviatoric stress, the evolution of the permeability coefficient undergoes slow increase, rapid increase and stabilization stages.  
Data curation, W.J. and Y.Z. ([PERSON]): Formal analysis, W.J. and S.M.; Methodology, W.J. and Y.Z. ([PERSON]); Resources, S.M. and Y.Z. ([PERSON]); Supervision, S.M. and Y.Z. ([PERSON]); Writing--original draft, W.J. and Y.Z. ([PERSON]); Writing--review & editing, W.J. and Y.Z. ([PERSON]). All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by China Natural Science Foundation grant number 51890914 and 52179119, Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province grant number ZR2019 MEE001, and Open Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hydropower Development Key Technology grant number PKLHD202001.  
All data and models generated or used during the study appear in the submitted article.  
The authors wish to thank the three reviewers and the editor for their kind advice, which has significantly enhanced the soundness of this paper.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 1 Introduction
Finally, a feedback linearization strategy is implemented, which compensates disturbances caused by the grid voltages in the 3P3Z control. The P and Q control is implemented in the TI solar microinverter development kit (TMDSSOLARUINVKIT). The control delivers the maximum active power and supplies reactive power according to the defined reference and within the established limits. In addition, with the possibility of changing the reference values of the voltage in the DC bus and the power, it allows easy integration with a secondary control in order to carry out the correct power management in a microgrid. The performance of the system is evaluated through different case studies. The main contributions of this paper can be defined as follows. (1) The mathematical model of the commercial microinverter (TMDSSOLARUINVKIT) allows the design of control techniques in simulations and obtains a similar behavior to that of the dynamics of real equipment, thus ensuring its correct functioning during implementation. (2) Our research demonstrates that the proposed active and reactive power control technique may be used in this experimental microinverter (TMDSSOLARUINVKIT), allowing future research on low-cost commercial microinverters. (3) The implementation of an active- and reactive-power-control technique in a low-power microinverter opens up the prospect of using these controls to maintain power quality in small microgrids. This paper is organized as follows. The preliminaries and descriptions of the models are presented in Section 2, the numerical simulations and experimental tests are presented in Section 3, and the conclusions and future work are presented in Section 4.
# Edible Packaging: A Technological Update for the Sustainable Future of the Food Industry
## 1 Introduction  
Food packaging systems play a crucial role in the global food business [1]. Effective packaging reduces food waste and guarantees adequate quality during storage.  
Plastics, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyethylene terephthalate, are the most frequently used packaging materials for food packaging because they are inexpensive, quite simple to shape, and weigh less than glass or metal materials; however, plastics are petroleum-based and not sustainable, increasing carbon footprints and worsening the environment. Non-biodegradable packaging materials are not sustainable and provide package-waste-based pollution to the environment [2]. With increasing concern about the environmental impact of packaging waste, consumers are expecting high-quality, natural, eco-friendly, and safer food packaging materials. This presents a significant challenge for the food industry to produce sustainable packages while minimizing environmental pollution. To meet these demands, the food industry is focusing on developing biodegradable, edible, and sustainable materials that can enhance food safety and quality, leading to increased research and industry attention on this issue [3].  
In recent years, edible packaging research has expanded rapidly due to greater consumer interest in health, food safety, nutrition, and environmental protection with respect to packaging waste [4]. Edible packaging is an essential part of sustainable packaging. It will significantly broaden its sources of packaging materials, minimizing the demand for non-renewable petroleum resources and thereby decreasing food losses and waste [5]. Such developments in packaging can decrease carbon footprints and benefit the environment. Edible packaging is also an emerging approach that could help to optimize food quality.  
What differentiates edible packaging from traditional packaging is the fact that it is integrated with the food product it encases. So, consumers may consume the food product without removing it from its packaging, or they can throw the package away [6].  
Therefore, this review aims to address the current information available on the edible packaging systems used in food production.
## 3 Review of WBASN MAC Protocols for IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.15.6
### Superframe Modification Approaches
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt}} \hline
**Protocol** & **Year** & **Standard** & **Access scheme** & **Shortcomings** & **QoS** \\ \hline LDTA-MAC [58] & 2011 & IEEE 802.15.4 & Hybrid & Successful execution of such protocol requires a good synchronisation mechanism mechanism between node and superframe; moreover, a clear priority assignment scheme is missing & Successful execution of such protocol requires a good synchronisation mechanism mechanism between node and superframe; moreover, a clear priority assignment scheme is missing & D \\ \hline MEB-MAC [107] & 2012 & IEEE 802.15.6 & Hybrid & Scalability is a concern as the insertion of many new slots will create QoS degradation for the other nodes of the network & D \\ \hline D2 MAC [108] & 2013 & IEEE 802.15.4 & Slotted CSMA/CA & Consideration of single QoS parameters from the application, i.e., data rates to make the protocol adaptive & D \\ \hline EMAC [109] & 2013 & IEEE 802.15.4 & Hybrid & The channel characterisation and integration issues of these relay nodes are not discussed, which is an important aspect in validating performance & E \\ \hline C-MAC [110] & 2013 & IEEE 802.15.6 & TDMA-FDMA & The solution is complex due to the usage of multiple access mechanisms simultaneously, i.e., TDMA and FDMA; strong synchronisation is needed & C, M \\ \hline ATLAS [99] & 2013 & IEEE 802.15.4 & Hybrid & A detailed discussion about the backoff procedure for the waiting nodes in this modified scheme is missing; moreover, adding an additional mechanism on IEEE 802.15.4 may cause more energy consumption for sensor nodes & P \\ \hline PLA-MAC [111] & 2013 & IEEE 802.15.4 & Hybrid & To adopt this mechanism, more energy sources are required, whereas energy efficiency computation is not discussed in the simulations & P, R \\ \hline Single-radio multi-channel TDMA MAC protocol [112] & 2014 & IEEE 802.15.4 & TDMA & The management of multi-channels is still challenging due to co-channel interference and restricted band allocation & D \\ \hline MFS-MAC [49] & 2014 & IEEE 802.15.6 & Hybrid & There is a need to define the authorities of the master node; moreover, this solution is not scalable & E \\ \hline PMAC [113] & 2014 & IEEE 802.15.4 & Hybrid & The applied security mechanism requires more time for sharing key and decryption, which can hinder the effectiveness of this protocol in terms of stringent QoS for WBASNs & P, S \\ \hline HEH-BMAC [114] & 2015 & IEEE 802.15.4 & Hybrid & Its suitability for critical medical applications is not discussed, whereas such applications require limited latency and high reliability & P, E \\ \hline RC-MAC [115] & 2015 & IEEE 802.15.4 & Hybrid & Receiver centric access mechanism demands resources in terms of power; moreover, the synchronisation among receiving nodes to avoid collision exploits the duty cycle mechanism & T \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: _Cont._
## 4 Discussion
### Failure Cases  
Figure 5b shows that the model failed to predict images in the rapid opening phase for some cases. The probability distribution of the failed cases is shown in Table 5. After analyzing the predicted motion images, we found that the failed cases were concentrated in the data generated from motion 3 and in the rapid opening phase of the aortic valve. In motion 3, the aortic valve thickness is 0.24 mm, and the velocity is fast because of the thin thickness. The intensity of the motion blur is related to the thickness of the aortic valve. Since the spatial resolution of the CT image is 0.5 mm/pixel, thin thickness indicates a low intensity of motion blur in the CT images. Therefore, the low intensity of motion blur could be the cause of this failure. Furthermore, in the failed cases in the rapid opening phase, the velocity of the rapid opening phase is higher than other phases. As previously stated, the higher the velocity is, the lower the accuracy. Therefore, one possible reason for this failure is the complexity of inferring motion images in the rapid opening phase. To improve the performance, it is necessary to increase the number of training data and use a more complex DNN architecture.
# Numerical Analysis of Human Cancer Therapy Using Microwave Ablation
## 2 Description and Formulation of the Problem
### Electromagnetic Problem  
In order to heat the tumor and provoke its ablation, a micro-coaxial antenna is inserted into the tissue. This antenna radiates an electromagnetic wave. This wave is assumed to be axisymmetric (i.e., the components of the electric and magnetic fields do not depend on the azimuthal angle \(\varphi\)) and  
Figure 1: Evolution of thermal properties versus the temperature. (**a**) Remaining mass of tissue water \(W_{a}(T)\), (**b**) density of the liver tissue \(\rho_{liver}(T)\), (**c**) thermal conductivity of the liver tissue \(k_{liver}(T)\), and (**d**) specific heat of the liver tissue \(C_{p,liver}(T)\).  
transverse magnetic. The magnetic field of this wave has only the azimuthal component, \(H=H_{\varphi}\mathbf{e}_{\varphi}\), where \(\mathbf{e}_{\varphi}\) is the azimuthal unit vector. The azimuthal component is expressed by \(H_{\varphi}=H_{0}(r,z)e^{j(\omega t-kz)}\), where \(r,\varphi\), and \(z\) are the cylindrical coordinates, \(\omega\) denotes the angular frequency of the wave, and k is the wave number.  
The liver and the tumor are assumed to be non-ideal dielectrics characterized by their relative permittivity \(\varepsilon_{r}\), electric conductivity \(\sigma\), and relative permeability \(\mu_{r}\). In the range of temperature \(37\ ^{\circ}\mathrm{C}\leq T\leq 100\ ^{\circ}\mathrm{C}\), these quantities are given by [3; 32; 33]  
\[\varepsilon_{r,\ liver}(T)=47.043-0.042\ T \tag{8}\]  
\[\sigma_{\text{{{{{
# Sensor Topology Optimization in Dense IoT Environments by Applying Neural Network Configuration
## 4 Use Case Scenarios and Simulations
### Use Case 3: Large-Size Network  
A large-size network of 150 \(\times\) 150 m\({}^{2}\), with 800 nodes and 1 sink node, was fed to the NN solver, which consisted of two hidden layers (use case 1a). We used a deterministic topology, as proposed by a CVT (i.e., Voronoi) graph. This means that according to the Voronoi graph theory, we placed 800 nodes at the vertexes of hexagons in order to cover an area of 150 \(\times\) 150 m\({}^{2}\).  
According to Table 4, which gives parameters and values for the simulation, the sink node was placed at (0, 0); for case 3a, we used two hidden layers, and for case 3b, we used three hidden layers. Since we had 406 reserved points, the solver relocated 406 nodes out of 800 nodes, which means that almost 50.75% of the topology nodes changed positions, lowering the objective function value. According to the simulation:  
1. The initial topology leads to a network lifetime of 1181 rounds.
2. The final topology, as proposed by the solver with (2) hidden layers, leads to a network lifetime of 1224 rounds, which is an increase of 3.64%.
3. The final topology, as proposed by the solver with (3) hidden layers, leads to a network lifetime of 1227 rounds, which is an increase of 3.9%.  
Figure 4: (a) Initial placement of sensor nodes for a deterministic deployment, sink node at point (0, 0); (b) Final placement of sensor nodes for a deterministic deployment, sink node at point (0, 0).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Values** \\ \hline Type of topology & Deterministic \\ Deployment area & 110 m \(\times\) 110 m \\ Sensing area width & 110 \\ Sensing area length & 110 \\ Topology type & CVT \\ Number of initial nodes & 428 \\ Number of relocated nodes & 150 \\ Sink node coordinates & (0, 0) \\ Solver’s hidden layers & 2 (case 2a) and 3 (case 2b) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Simulation parameters for use case 2: medium-size network.
# Using Allan Variance Based Semi-Parameter Model to Calibrate Pointing Errors of Alt-az Telescopes
## 1 Introduction  
Alt-az telescopes and analogous electro-optical systems are widely utilized for scientific and commercial applications such as optical communication, aerial photography and antenna stabilization. Control systems of telescopes require high-performance pointing precision to achieve accurate target acquisition; good reproducibility and less jitter are also essential. However, LOS pointing precision required for telescopes is far beyond the capacity of most manufacture and assembly processes. Owing to impacts of diverse error sources, actual LOS pointing directions of alt-az telescopes are not consistent with ideal directions. For the sake of reducing mechanical costs and improving the LOS pointing precision, modeling and calibration techniques should be studied in detail.  
Various calibration methods were studied by many scholars to estimate and compensate for errors of alt-az telescopes in mechanical processes, which can be roughly divided into two categories. The first one is based upon numerical analysis of LOS pointing angles, such as the Spherical Function and extended interpolation model [1; 2]. Nevertheless, it is not easy to attribute such models to physical error sources. Another method is based upon the kinematic analysis of error sources during mechanical processes, which establishes a kinematic mount model by relating pointing errors to axis positions.  
Error sources of precision machines consist of geometric errors and nonlinear errors. Repeatable geometric errors account for 40-70% of the total errors in previous studies, and can be eliminated easily. However, remaining nonlinear errors are difficult to remove. [PERSON] [3] studied the pointing systemof gimbaled inertial stabilized platforms. A physical mathematical model is employed to address geometric errors including misalignment of base, run-out of gimbal bearings, non-orthogonality of gimbal axes and so on. [PERSON] [4] added arbitrary polynomial and harmonic terms to the classical mount model to expand the analytical form of geometric errors. Nevertheless, residual nonlinear errors cannot be removed by the added terms. To improve the pointing performances of physical kinematic model, a new hybrid model is established to compensate for both geometric errors and nonlinear errors of LOS pointing completely.  
Offline modeling and online calibration processes of the proposed improved model were implemented to achieve better LOS pointing accuracy. First, a physical model based on comprehensive analysis of error sources was set up to demonstrate impacts of geometric errors on LOS pointing. Then, an improved hybrid model called Allan Variance based Semi-Parametric model (AVSPM) was proposed to compensate for residual nonlinear errors. The experiment proved that AVSPM significantly improved the LOS pointing precision of alt-az telescopes.
# The Effect of Data Transformation on Singular Spectrum Analysis for Forecasting
## 3 Transformation of Time Series
### Standardisation  
Standardisation of time series \(\{x_{t}\}\) is formulated as  
\[y_{t}=\frac{x_{t}-\bar{x}}{\sigma_{x}}, \tag{8}\]  
where \(\bar{x}\) and \(\sigma_{x}\) are the mean and standard deviation of the series \(\{x_{t}\}\), respectively. Data standardisation is another common data transformation in preprocessing. Standardisation is mostly common in machine learning techniques to reduce training time and error. In time series forecasting, standardisation has proven advantages when we are using machine learning algorithms (e.g., neural networks and deep neural networks) [30]. In terms of SSA, the theoretical literature does not investigate the effect of standardisation on SSA forecasts in detail. However, in [PERSON] and [PERSON] [26], the authors addressed the effect of centering the time series as preprocessing. In theory, if the time series can be expressed as an oscillation around a linear trend, centering will increase the SSA's accuracy [26].
# An Analysis of Commercial Noni Juice: LC-MS/MS Phenolic Profiles and Cytotoxic Activity
## 1 Introduction  
Noni juice, made from fermenting the fresh fruit juice of the noni tree (_Morinda cirrifolia_ L.), is a traditional folk medicine and tonic used by Pacific Island populations for the treatment of a broad range of health conditions and diseases [1; 2; 3]. Its major purported health benefits include improving cardiovascular health, reducing inflammation, providing anti-obesity and analgesic effects and protecting against tobacco-induced DNA damage [4; 5; 6]. Moderate anti-cancer effects have also been reported [2; 7; 8]. Noni juice may also improve immune health [9] and provide a feeling of overall wellbeing [10].  
Many of these health benefits have been attributed to the exceptionally high antioxidant activity found in noni juice--much higher than that of any other fruit juice [4]. However, the mechanism of action for most of its biological properties remains understudied [6]. Despite the popular interest in noni juice, there have been relatively few studies investigating the typical chemical composition of this matrix in detail. Complicating this further is the fact that different brands of noni juice may have different proportions of ingredients and thus different compositions; this may lead to varying biological effects [4]. A study by [PERSON] et al. [11] found promising anti-cancer activity against breast cancer induced in female rats, while several other reports of in vitro and in vivo activity have also been reported [12].  
In terms of its chemical properties, [PERSON] et al. [13] found a high level of free radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content in fresh noni juice from Guam. Additionally, the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity were found to decrease over time as the samples were stored. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [14] found high antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content in noni juice sourced from a Brazilian distributor. Recently, [PERSON] et al. [15] studied the changes in volatile compounds and the total phenolic and flavonoid content during the fermentation process of noni juice, finding that the flavonoid content increased with increasing fermentation time, while the total phenolic content decreased slightly.  
[PERSON] et al. [16] used LC-MS to identify and quantify individual phenolic compounds present in noni bagasse from Mexico, and fresh juice pressed from the fruit. In a similar study, [PERSON] et al. [17] used LC-MS to quantify the major phenolic compounds present in eight samples of noni juice, most of which were produced in China. However, there is limited information on the phenolic profiles of commercial noni juice produced in the Pacific Island region. Consequently, the aim of this study was to characterise the antioxidant capacity, phenolic contents and cytotoxic activity of commercial noni juice samples produced in this region.