esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 System Model
Among others, the \(CS\) performs the usual monitoring services to maintain the QoS on the \(FN\), which also includes updating the \(FN\) with new information. For example, in a situation where a new AV is being registered onto the cloud in the SAVP system, the \(CS\) will also update the record onto the \(FN\). The fog-to-fog scenario is a special communication scenario in which the \((FN)_{t,\ t=t-1}\) from several distinct \((PS)_{t,\ t=t-1}\) are grouped in hierarchical order to manage, store, and share information. The \((FN)_{t,\ t=t-1}\) are grouped into a chain to offer reliable communication, and to ensure a proper flow of information and QoS, as per the requirements of AVs. The fog-to-fog scenario plays an important role in the exchange of information with other \((FN)_{t,\ t=t-1}\) that may belong to distinct \((PS)_{t,\ t=t-1}\), as all the \((FN)_{t,\ t=t-1}\) are running similar services and employing resources from the backend cloud servers (\((CS)_{i,\ i=i-1}\)). The most important uses for this scenario are to perform a proof of transaction and to record each transaction onto the neighboring \((FN)_{t,\ t=t-1}\). For example, upon the successful confirmation of parking as per the request of an AV, the information as a successful transaction (\(T\)) (e.g., upon entrance or exit) is computed and recorded onto the \((FN)_{t,\ t=t-1}\), which are authorized participating nodes in the SAVP system. Upon the validation of each transaction, all participating \((FN)_{t,\ t=t-1}\) are provided with a replicated record to ensure that the AV was able to obtain parking service in the \(PS\), and that there was no other authorized parking request or parking with a similar ID. In the cloud-to-cloud scenario, with the important checks onto the \((FN)_{t,\ t=t-1}\) to ensure QoS, the \((CS)_{i,\ i=i-1}\) participated to perform the proof of transaction to: (1) doubcheckch that the data were synchronized and recorded onto the \((FN)_{t,\ t=t-1}\) and then uploaded onto the \((CS)_{i,\ i=i-1}\); (2) ensure that all the \((CS)_{i,\ i=i-1}\) were keeping an exact replicated record  
Figure 5: LIBC Module. from the \(\left(FN\right)_{t,\ t=t-1}\). This scenario is highly amenable to running a scalable SAVP system, as it has hundreds of millions of \(\left(EN\right)_{z,\ z=z-1}\) connected with \(\left(FN\right)_{t,\ t=t-1}\); however, this scenario is feasible if and only if, together, several \(\left(CS\right)_{i,\ i=i-1}\) from different vehicular companies are running on a collaborative platform to manage parking services and perform careful checks on the performances of their vehicles while on the road.
## 3 Results
### Performance in Comparison to Other Methods  
Table 5 summarizes the performance of the seven algorithms tested on the PNC dataset. MGIN achieves the best classification performance in accuracy at 0.8167. MLP, a simple multi-layer perceptron model, obtains the second-best accuracy at 0.8097. The multi-view graph convolutional network, MVGCN, model achieves an accuracy of 0.8006, which is better than the results of other algorithms, e.g., an accuracy of 0.7718 for single paradigm GIN, an accuracy of 0.7501 for M-GCN, an accuracy of 0.6860 for BrainGNN, and an accuracy of 0.6753 for SVM. Compared to the other six algorithms, MGIN achieved the highest accuracy, as shown in Figure 4. Therefore, the experimental results of the PNC data reveal that the multi-modal graph isomorphism network indeed improves classification performance.
## 3 Experimental Results
### Surface Resistivity  
Figure 6a shows surface resistivity measurement results. At each age, we can see that the surface resistivity decreases as the amount of quartz powder substitution increases. This is because quartz powder is not chemically reactive. As the quartz powder content increases, the capillary water content also increases, resulting in a decrease in the resistivity of the specimen. The relationship between the resistivity measurement results and the compressive strength measurement results at 1, 3, 7, and 28 days is shown in Figure 6b. Overall, there is an exponential function relationship between the two. In this test, the compressive strength unit is MPa and the resistivity unit is k\(\Omega\cdot\)cm.
# Towards a Digital Twin Prototype of Alpine Glaciers: Proposal for a Possible Theoretical Framework
## 2 Glaciers Monitoring  
It is well known that glaciers (Figure 2) are sensitive sentinels of climate change. The progressive retreat of ice cover confirms the current trend of increasing global average temperature and the fragility of the ecosystem we are living in. For instance, most Alpine glaciers are expected to disappear by 2100, inducing negative implications on natural ecosystems and water resources management. The annual mass balance of glaciers is an important indicator of climate change, reflecting changes in temperature and precipitation patterns [11]. A glacier with a negative mass balance (mass loss is higher than mass gain) is an evident alert that the glacier is shrinking and that it may eventually disappear (Figure 3). In addition, the monitoring of other aspects, including distribution, velocity, temperature and structure, is crucial to understand the impact of glacier reduction on hydrological processes, the related hazard assessment and for developing appropriate strategies of mitigation.  
Glacier inventories are important tools for monitoring and analysing changes in glaciers over time [12]. They provide essential information on the location, size, shape and characteristics of glaciers in a particular region, allowing glaciologists to understand how these ice masses are responding to changes in climate.  
Glaciologists use a variety of techniques to monitor glaciers and track change in their size and behaviour over time, including ground-based measurements, airborne measurements and satellite remote sensing.
## 6 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Influence of Tape Arrangement  
#### 6.3.1 Heat Transfer Rate Results  
The effect of forward and backward flow arrangements of CVRTs on heat transfer augmentation is depicted in Figure 13. Both tape arrangements have greater heat transfer than the TT, and the heat transfer increases with the attack angle (\(\beta\)). The heat transfer with the tape arranged in the backward direction is 1.01-1.03 times that with the tape arranged in the forward direction. A tape in a backward arrangement created a continuous vortex core along the flow direction, and induced greater turbulence and longitudinal vortices, with increased air mixing. It had a larger surface area, which enhanced heat transfer.
# Experimental Demonstration of Single-Channel EEG Signal Using 32 x 32 Pixel OLED Screen and Camera
## 3 VL-OCC System Architecture and Applications
### VL-OCC Applications  
VL-OCCs that require no added hardware modifications and implementation costs due to the use of a camera as the receiver have found their place in several applications, over photodiodes, due to no extra hardware requirement, easy availability, and low cost, as cameras are readily available, some of which are mentioned beneath.  
1. V2X correspondence: Cameras equipped in vehicles are being utilized as a part of communication, thus reducing hardware cost. In this way, OCC innovation is exceptionally alluring for independent vehicles [46; 47].
2. Indoor situating: One of the prospective utilizations of OCC frameworks would be exact indoor situating, where LEDs, utilized as a part of an indoor situation, are given a one of a kind (ID)  
Figure 2: The block diagram of an Visible Light Optical Camera Communication (VL-OCC) system.  
code, and a smartphone or laptop with an inherent camera can be utilized to viably find gadgets and individuals inside a room [48].
3. Computerized signage: Presently advanced/digital signage has turned into the most well-known medium among organizations for broadcasting or offering coupons to clients. Watchers might utilize their cell phones to get data from advanced signage, hence providing ongoing screen-to-camera correspondence behind the scenes [49; 50].  
Due to the several advantages and applications of OCC, over photodiodes, in VLC systems, VL-OCC is preferred where the camera is the receiver, thus reducing the hardware cost and enhancing the mobility and flexibility to secure wireless communication technology.
# Energy Efficient Underlaid D2D Communication for 5G Applications
## 5 Comparison of Simulation Results  
Tables 4 and 5 show the comparison of EE of the proposed derivative algorithm with the conventional derivative algorithm for both D2D users' density and cellular users' density, respectively. We observed that the EE of the proposed derivative algorithm is better than the conventional derivative algorithm.  
Figure 8: The energy efficiency of D2D users versus the reference density of D2D users by using the modified derivative algorithm with different parameters.  
Figure 9: EE against D2D power.
## 6 Results and Discussion
### Optimised Topologies Using Non-Penalisation SEMDOT
As shown in the force-displacement plot in Figure 17, while the first case (\(ER=0.25\) and \(r_{min}=2\)) plate reached a leading tension force of 827 kN--notably close to the optimisation goal of 840 kN to meet the original connection's strength--the second case (\(ER=0.50\) and \(r_{min}=4\)) plate was shown to achieve 859 kN, differing by approximately 3.8%. Nevertheless, it shall be noted that these values, by corresponding to large nonlinear displacements, were very sensitive to local geometry features and relied heavily on the steel hardening properties. Hence, these values should be read cautiously. Figure 16: Map of areas above ultimate stress of 450 MPa. Figure 17: Ultimate capacity and force-displacement relation for the np-SEMDOT optimised solutions with ER = 0.25 and \(r_{min}=2\), with ER = 0.50 and \(r_{min}=4\), and with ER = 0.50 and \(r_{min}=1\). Additionally, for the aforementioned reason, the ultimate displacements showed a much more pronounced dissemblance between the two solutions. While for \(ER=0.25\) and \(r_{min}=2\), the ultimate displacement was approximately 27.1 mm, for the \(ER=0.50\) and \(r_{min}=4\) solution, this value rose to 33.7 mm, or 24% more. If a solution with \(ER=0.50\) and \(r_{min}=1\) were considered, the ultimate capacity would be at least 12% inferior, and the ultimate displacement would not surpass 20 mm, limited by local failure at the third hole section.
## 2 Theoretical Background
### Mathematical Formalization of B-W Model  
The conventional B-W model is described by four equations, as in (12), according to the studies conducted by [PERSON] [34] and [PERSON] [35]. The model considers \(x\) and \(\hat{x}\) as inputs and \(Y\) and \(z\) as outputs.  
\[\begin{cases}Y=Y_{2}(z+Y_{1})\\ Y_{2}=b^{xx}\\ Y_{1}=k_{1}x+k_{2}\mathrm{sign}(x)x^{2}+k_{3}x^{3}\\ z=\hat{x}(\alpha-(\gamma+\beta\mathrm{sign}(\hat{x})\mathrm{sign}(z))\,z\,^{n}) \end{cases} \tag{12}\]  
The last differential equation in (12) represents the evolution of the hysteretic variable \(z\), which allows for one to replicate the amplitude of the hysteresis cycle. The variable \(Y_{1}\) is described with a polynomial function similar to a nonlinear spring, the second equation is an exponential function, and all the equations, from the second to the fourth, included in Equation (12), are combined in the first one. Observing the last equation of (12) the time dependence can easily be eliminated and an equivalent form is then provided in Equation (13):  
\[\mathrm{d}z=\mathrm{d}x(\alpha-(\gamma+\beta\mathrm{sign}(\mathrm{d}x)\mathrm{ sign}(z))\,z^{n}) \tag{13}\]  
This equation (13) can be further improved, as in (14), by considering another parameter \(\delta\), which allows for one to emphasize the asymmetry in the width of the hysteresis cycle as described in [43].  
\[\mathrm{d}z=\mathrm{d}x((\alpha+\delta x)-(\gamma+\beta\mathrm{sign}(\mathrm{ d}x)\mathrm{sign}(z))\,z^{n}) \tag{14}\]  
After reconsidering the Bouc-Wen model used in our case, the inputs are the total strain \((\varepsilon_{xx})\) and the sign of its differential \((\mathrm{d}\varepsilon_{xx})\), while the output is the stress along the loading direction \((\sigma_{xx})\).
## 3 Result and Discussion
### Ablation Experiment Analysis
The segmentation results became more refined, boundaries clearer, and misclassification phenomena substantially reduced, fully validating the effectiveness and synergy of each module proposed in this paper.
## 2 Experimental Methods
### Measurements of Flood Characteristics  
The flood patterns in the Sadang station were analyzed by measuring flow velocity. The rainfall intensity for the flood simulations followed the conditions of Table 1. Even under the maximum rainfall intensity, the maximum inundation depth in the urban model was less than 1.5 cm. Thus, a contact-type measurement equipment is not appropriate to measure velocity. Furthermore, a measuring system under artificial rainfall can be disturbed by rainfall distributions. For these reasons, the flow characteristics on roads were measured using LSPIV (Large-Scale Particle Image Velocimetry), which is one of the non-contact type measurement methods. A high-frequency camera was used for the LSPIV analysis, and the camera was installed on the roof of the rainfall simulator. 1920 \(\times\) 1080 size images were captured in 60 frames per second, and each image contained the whole area of the urban model. From the aforementioned method, surface velocity of the model was analyzed using Dynamic Studio developed by Dantec Dyanamics. The software was used for several research projects to analyze flow velocity [10; 11; 12]. Figure 5a shows the velocity vector analyzed using the Dynamic Studio software. The inundation depth in the model was measured using a tape ruler attached to a 2 m long rod as shown in Figure 5b. Using the equipment, the inundation depth could be measured by minimizing disturbances in the rainfall distribution. The measurement points for the inundation depth were described in Figure 4b.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Pressure of Water Supply System (bar)** & **Rainfall Intensity (mm/h)** \\ \hline
1.0 & 80 \\
1.5 & 130 \\
2.0 & 160 \\
2.5 & 185 \\
3.0 & 200 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Rainfall intensity change according to manipulated pressure of the water supply system.  
Figure 4: Descriptions of Sadang-Cheon area: (**a**) aerial photo of study area; (**b**) scale model.  
Unfortunately, field observations were not conducted during the flood events in 2011. Thus, the inundation depth reproduced in this study was compared using photos shown in Figure 4a taken near the entrance of the Sadang station during the flood. From the photos, the inundation depth is estimated at about 0.75 m near entrance No. 12 because the flood level exceeded the height of stairs, which have 0.25 m in average for each step. In the case near entrance No. 1, the flood level rose to the height of a tire which is in range of 0.65-0.76 m according to the type of vehicle. The inundation depth measured in the condition of 80 mm/h was 1.0 m and 0.8 m near the entrance No. 1 and 12, respectively. These results indicate that the measurements contain about 14%-33% errors even though the exact comparisons were not available due to the lack of field records. The discrepancies against to the observations through the pictures seems to be induced by the aforementioned limitations of the urban model.
## 3 Comparative Analysis of Monitoring Data and Numerical Simulation
### Soil and Structure Model  
The modified Mohr-Coulomb constitutive model is used in the above numerical model to simulate the soft soil layer. The soil in this range adopts the modified Mohr-Coulomb constitutive model as the solid unit. The internal structure of foundation pit, such as the column and underground diaphragm wall, adopts the elastic constitutive model. The stiffness parameters of the modified Mohr-Coulomb constitutive model suitable for the sandy region were obtained through parameter analysis, and the results are shown in Table 1. The shell element of numerical software is used to simulate the structure of the underground diaphragm wall.  
The ground wall is used, that is, the internal lining unit is the shell unit, and the bending rigidity per meter is EI = 2.1 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) kN\(\cdot\)m\({}^{2}\). Since it is difficult for structural elements to directly reflect the forces between piles and soil, and because their limiting side friction resistance needs to be manually calculated and input, in order to better reflect the influence of engineering piles on the deformation of foundation pit, solid elements are used to simulate the pile structure in foundation pit, and its elastic modulus is 24 GPa. Considering the effects of cracking of concrete and repeated use of steel supports, the stiffness parameters of all structures are reduced by 20% from the standard values [23]. The internal structure of the foundation pit, the foundation reinforcement, and the dewatering in the pit are completed before the excavation of the foundation pit, and the excavation sequence is carried out in the order of first supporting and then digging. The corresponding relationship between site construction time and simulated construction conditions is shown in Table 2.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Construction Phase** & **Construction State** & **Construction Schedule** \\ \hline S1 & Excavation to elevation 11 m & \\ S2 & Excavation to elevation 9 m & \\ S3 & Excavation to 7 m elevation & \\ S4 & Excavation to 5 m elevation & 2021/7–2021/11 \\ S5 & Excavation to elevation 3 m & \\ S6 & Excavation to elevation 1 m & \\ S7 & B3 roof pouring & 2021/8–2021/11 \\ S8 & Excavation to elevation 0 m & \\ S9 & Excavation to elevation \(-2\) m & \\ S10 & Excavation to elevation \(-5\) m & 2021/11–2022/2 \\ S11 & Excavation to elevation \(-7\) m & \\ S12 & Excavation to elevation \(-9\) m & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Foundation pit construction conditions and simulation.  
Figure 3: Three-dimensional finite element model.
## 3 Results
### Blood Pressure  
Figure 3 shows the groups' systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). A statistical analysis of systolic pressure revealed that, from week 2, the systolic pressure of the MetS + MPJ1 group decreased significantly (\(p<0.05\)) compared to the MetS group. At week 4, MetS + MPJ2 also decreased significantly. At weeks 6 and 8, the MetS + MPJ3 group also obtained significant differences compared to the MetS group.  
Figure 1: Confirmed criteria for the metabolic syndrome diagnosis in Wistar rats after twenty weeks of 30% sucrose-induced metabolic syndrome. Panel: (**a**) Triglycerides; (**b**) Glucose, and (**c**) HDL-c. * = Statistically significant differences between Ctrl and MetS groups for the variables (\(p<0.05\)) after 20 weeks of metabolic syndrome induction.  
Figure 3: Systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of Wistar rats with MetS after being treated with MPJ. Mean \(\pm\) SD of the systolic and diastolic blood pressure of groups. * = statistically significant difference versus MetS group (\(p<0.05\)). Ctrl = Control; MetS = Metabolic syndrome; MetS + MPJ1 = 30% sucrose + MPJ 600 mg/kg; MetS + MPJ2 = 30% sucrose + MPJ 1800 mg/kg; MetS + MPJ3 = 30% sucrose + MPJ 2900 mg/kg.  
Figure 2: Body weight of Wistar rats with MetS after being treated with MPJ. Mean \(\pm\) SD of the body-weight of the different treatment groups. No statistically significant difference was found between groups (\(p<0.05\)). Ctrl = Control; MetS = Metabolic syndrome; Placebo = 30% sucrose + maltodextrin-gum arabic encapsulating matrix without pomegranate juice; Ctrl + MPJ = MPJ control (water + MPJ 1800 mg/kg); MetS + MPJ1 = 30% sucrose + MPJ 600 mg/kg; MetS + MPJ2 = 30% sucrose + MPJ 1800 mg/kg; MetS + MPJ3 = 30% sucrose + MPJ 2900 mg/kg.  
MPJ also positively affected the diastolic pressure, where significant differences (\(p<0.05\)) were observed compared to the MetS group in all MPJ-treated groups from week 2, finding that for MetS + MPJ3, there were significant differences from week 4 onwards. These results suggest that MPJ, both in the three doses evaluated and in the Ctrl + MPJ group, had an antihypertensive effect. The placebo group did not present significant differences versus the MetS group; on the contrary, the data were similar (not shown in the figure).
# Conductive Textiles for Signal Sensing and Technical Applications
## 4 Testing for Conductive Textiles
### Electromagnetic Shielding (EMS) Testing
#### 4.2.3 Shielded Room Method  
The shielded room method is the most delicate, and it was developed to overcome the limitations of the shielded box method. The working principle of this method is the same as the shielded box method, but each component is isolated from the others in separate shielded rooms. An anechoic chamber is used to isolate two antennas; moreover, the specimen size is marginally enlarged by up to 2.5 sqm.
## 2 Methodology  
### Air Compressors in HFCVs  
PEMFCs are the most promising green and sustainable power systems in HFCVs, as depicted in Figure 1. The anode hydrogen and cathode air undergo oxidation-reduction reactions within the fuel cell stack, generating electrical energy and water. In PEMFCs, the seamless integration of components, including the air compressor, fuel cell stack, hydrogen supply system, and control system, enables the efficient coordination and optimization of functions. This integration ensures that the air supply aligns with the dynamic demands of the fuel cell stack, optimizing oxygen delivery and electrochemical reactions. Additionally, synergies among components, such as integrating the air compressor with advanced control systems, allow real-time adjustments based on vehicle power requirements, enhancing the overall efficiency of the fuel cell system [6].  
Figure 1: Air compressor in HFCVs.  
Among these components, the air compressor is a crucial rotating component within the cathode power generation system of hydrogen vehicles. It ensures that the air supplied to the stack for pressurization is clean and oil-free while also maintaining specific pressure ratios and flow rates. The interaction between air compressors and the fuel cell stack is vital for the overall performance of the system. The air compressor must deliver oxygen to the fuel cell stack at appropriate pressure and temperature levels to guarantee the overall system performance [2; 4]. Fuel cell systems often encounter varying power demands, and the air compressor must exhibit flexibility to ensure a continuous and suitable air supply to the fuel cell stack [6]. Effective integration with the control system is paramount, ensuring an air supply that meets the dynamic demands of the fuel cell stack [19]. In the air compressor, the permanent magnet synchronous motor directly drives the rotor system, allowing maximum speeds of up to 100,000 rpm. Two gas foil radial bearings utilize an effective dynamic pressure gas film to levitate the rotor system, ensuring stable operation that is oil-free at ultra-high speeds for the air supply system in HFCVs.