###### Abstract  
In order to reveal the characteristics of the competition and cooperation of multi-modal public transportation in the cities of cold areas and to study the competitive relationship of multi-modal public transportation in cold areas, the urban public transportation system in cold areas is divided into three sub-systems, namely, conventional buses, urban mass transit, and cabs, to analyze the competitive relationship and evolution mechanism of multi-modal public transportation in cities of cold areas. We construct a multi-modal public transit Lotka-Volterra competitiveness model, considering that conventional buses and urban mass transit are mainly dominant in urban public transit systems in cold regions, and introduce the competitive influence effect coefficients and cooperative influence effect coefficients to analyze the mechanism of the evolution of the competitiveness between conventional buses and urban mass transit. The data on traffic supply and demand and travel of the Harbin bus system, a typical city in China, are collected, and the simulation analysis of multi-modal competing relationship and evolution mechanism of conventional bus and urban mass transit competition is carried out, respectively, with Harbin as the research object. The results show that the constructed model can better describe the multi-modal bus competition relationship and evolution mechanism. c 2024 14 2020 2024 2024 2024 2024 2024 2024 2024 2024 2024  
and railroads with the example of the passenger transport corridor between Madrid and Barcelona, and the results showed that in medium- and long-distance transportation, high-speed rail can make itself more competitive than aviation by improving the punctuality rate. [PERSON] et al. (2014) (2014), based on the spatial data of the transportation corridor from Madrid to Barcelona, analyzed the impact of the arrival and departure time of the terminal on the competitiveness of the corridor between the aviation and high-speed rail competitiveness. [PERSON] et al. (2015) (2015) and others studied the competition and cooperation relationship between high-speed rail and air transportation in Europe and found that there is a direct competition between high-speed rail and aviation, and at the same time, it can also provide pick-up and drop-off services for hub airports, i.e., there is a cooperative relationship. [PERSON] et al. (2016) (2016) took air transportation and high-speed rail in different travel distance range vertical differences within the range of travel distances and analyzed the impacts of air and HSR competition on fares, traffic volume, and welfare. [PERSON] et al. (2016) (2016) analyzed the impacts caused by HSR competition on aviation, based on the dataset of Japan and South Korea for the period of 1994-2012. The results showed that HSR services with a maximum speed of 300 km/h have a small additional impact on medium- and long-distance routes but a negative impact. [PERSON] et al. (2018) (2018) constructed a binomial logit model to assess the competition between high-speed rail and aviation by selecting variables such as fare, travel time, ticket price, and convenience in the case of the Tehran-Isfahan route. [PERSON] et al. (2021) (2021) analyzed the impact of mutual cooperation between railroads and aviation infrastructures on the transportation network in terms of the aviation and the high-speed railroads caused by the impact. The results showed that with a sufficiently low degree of substitution, cooperation between modes of transportation reduces the operating costs of high-speed rail while increasing the number of high-speed rail trips compared to competition. [PERSON] (2012) (2012) used hierarchical analysis to screen the factors affecting container ports from the perspective of port users and found that in-port costs and port location were the most important factors affecting carriers and shippers.