esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Space-Constrained Scheduling Optimization Method for Minimizing the Effects of Stacking of Trades
## 3 Space-Constrained Scheduling Optimization Method
### Defining the Objective Function and Executing GA
\right.\]  
where \(f{s}_{i,h,k}\) is the occupation density function for work area \(h\) when the execution pattern alternative for activity \(i\) is \(k\); \(p_{i,t}\) is the progress rate of activity \(i\) at time \(t\); \(a_{t,h}\) is a binary number that determines whether work area \(h\) occupied simultaneously by multiple activities at time t; \(P_{t,h}\) is the penalty (_p_) when the sum of the occupation density in work area \(h\) at time \(t\) is greater than 1. By using a simple example with two activities, P and Q, and two work areas, A and B, Figure 5 shows the procedure for calculating the level of space interference and the procedure in which the level of space interference changes with the application of alternatives for execution pattern and deferred start time of activity P.  
As the optimal schedule minimizes the level of space interference, the fitness function is set as the inverse of the level of space interference. Afterward, SSO executes the GA (Step 14). The GA generates the initial population based on \(PS\), which is a previously defined population size, and gradually improves the chromosomes via numerous evolutionary generations to converge to the near-global optimal solution. The superior and inferior chromosomes of each generation are distinguished by the fitness function, and the superior chromosomes are selected with high probability. Eventually, the inferior chromosomes are removed as the generation progresses, and the process of mutating (mutation) or exchanging (crossover) the genetic information between the superior chromosomes is repeated. The GA iterations stop as soon as any of the stopping rules are satisfied. Figure 5: A simple example shows the procedure for calculating and minimizing the level of space interference.
# Performance Assessment of the Medium Frequency R-Mode Baltic Testbed at Sea near Rostock
## 4 Mf R-Mode System Accuracy: Results and Discussion  
In this section, the performance of the system will be demonstrated mainly in terms of the horizontal positioning accuracy for the daytime scenario, with a negligible impact of the AGDF, and for the nighttime one with the presence of sky-waves. In February 2021, the DLR, with the support of the partners involved in the R-Mode Baltic project, performed a measurement campaign in the southern Baltic Sea on board the vessel Deneb that was provided by the BSH. The test area is located near Rostock and is visible in Figure 6 as a red rectangle. During the measurement campaign, only six out of the eight available R-Mode transmitters were operational, namely Gross Mohrdorf, Rozewie, Hammerodde, Helgoland, Holmsjo and Hoburg. They are visible as yellow triangles in Figure 6.  
An interesting piece of information to keep in mind is the distance between the different MF radio beacons and the centre of the test area. This is given in Table 1. As is clear, some of the stations were located at a distance greater than the assumed approximated coverage of 250 km, such as Hoburg, Rozewie and Holmsjo. Despite the significant distance, they were received with good accuracy during the day, as will be demonstrated in the next section, while they were excluded from the positioning solution at night due to the strong influence of the sky-waves.  
Figure 5: Instabilities of Gross Mohrdorf radio beacon. The phase error in meter is represented for the two CW signals.  
The DLR receiver was operating with a sampling frequency of \(1\,\mathrm{MHz}\), and the observation time for the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm, which provides phase estimates, was set to \(1\,\mathrm{s}\). Measurements with \(1\,\mathrm{Hz}\) frequency resolution were therefore obtained. A GPS-stabilized rubidium clock, which ensured the synchronization with GPS time, was used in the setup. This is in general not required, but it is relevant in a research and development phase to assure stable measurements, helping in the identification of further problems or issues. Additionally, the setup included a Saab R5 GNSS receiver operating in a real-time kinematic (RTK) mode by using the Hemisphere Atlas Global Correction Service, which assured a very accurate reference track, with an accuray of \(8\,\mathrm{cm}\) (95%) [28], and was used to determine the R-Mode horizontal positioning error.
# Enhancing Tactile Internet Reliability: AI-Driven Resilience in NG-EPON Networks
## 3 SEBA Architecture
### Network Edge Mediator  
The Network Edge Mediator (NEM) acts as the mediation layer between the access system and the service provider's back end, providing centralized management and orchestration capabilities. The NEM supports essential functionalities known as fault, configuration, accounting, performance, and security (FCAPS): (1) Fault management: detecting and resolving network faults; (2) Configuration: managing network element settings; (3) Accounting: collecting usage data for billing and auditing; (4) Performance: monitoring and analyzing network metrics to ensure service quality; and (5) Security: enforcing policies to protect network integrity. This ensures that the NEM facilitates seamless network control, configuration backup, and restoration [33].
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Microbial Diversity and Community of Rhizospheric Soil  
On the 15 th day after treatment, the rhizospheric soils of tobacco seedlings treated with 4% PBB and no PBB addition were collected. The total soil DNA was amplified by V3 + V4 regions of bacterial 165 rRNA genes (515F and 806R) and ITS1 regions of fungal 18S rRNA genes (ITS5-1737F and ITS2-2043R). Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) are defined as sequences with more than 97% similarity. \(\alpha\)-diversity (Chao1, Shannon and ACE indexes) was calculated using Qime (version 1.7.0), and \(\beta\)-diversity was analyzed by principal coordinate analysis (PCoA, Bray-Curtis).
# Visual Tracking Control of Cable-Driven Hyper-Redundant Snake-Like Manipulator
## 2 Implementation of Tracking Component
### Adaptive Scale  
A robust tracking algorithm should have the ability to respond to the change of target's size in the pixel space. A standard approach usually applies a tracker at multiple resolutions. We reference the principles as stated in the literature [22] to figure out the changing scale of the target. When the translation filter (obtained as above described) locks the instantaneous position of the target in a new frame then several patches will be sampledby different resolutions centered around the new position. The patches are cropped for each size in \(S\in[s_{1},s_{2},\ldots s_{n}]\) in the manner of a scale pyramid. All patches are filtered by the scale filter to sift out the most compatible resolution for the target's size at that moment. The scale filter has the same form of Equation (4) and just flatten the multi-channel features into a 1-dimensional vector. The scale filter finds the optimal solution with the highest correlation response score (introduced in Section 2.4) among all patches.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Analysis of Physicochemical Factors  
Physicochemical factors can be used to judge the process of fermentation. The dynamic changes of physicochemical factors of all samples were detected during the 42 days of fermentation, including acidity, pH value, moisture, starch, and reducing sugars content. Compared with the control group, the moisture contents of the three experimental groups increased rapidly in the early and middle stages of fermentation, and gradually stabilised in the later stage, with an increase of about 11% (48.8% \(\pm\) 0.2%-55.9% \(\pm\) 1.3%; 47.0% \(\pm\) 0.3%-54.3% \(\pm\) 0.8%; and 48.3% \(\pm\) 1.0%-59.7% \(\pm\) 0.2%, in groups 2, 3, and 4, respectively) (Figure 3c), which indicated that microbial metabolism was carried out normally in each experimental group [28; 29]. During fermentation, the acidity gradually increased, accompanied by a decrease in the pH value. According to Figure 3a, the acidity of the experimental groups increased rapidly during the period of fermentation from 14-28 days. In particular, the rising acidity in samples 2 and 4 was higher than that of sample 3, and this divergence was possibly caused by the differences of microbial community compositions (e.g., _Lactobacillus_ could produce lactic acid, strongly associated with acidity, and its abundance in sample 3 was lower than those of samples 2 and 4,), and generated different metabolites. At the same time, the pH values of all samples decreased from 4.2 to about 3.7 during fermentation (Figure 3b). The synergism of multiple microorganisms hydrolyzed starch into reducing sugars, and then converted these into ethanol and various flavor compounds during Baijiu fermentation [28]. Therefore, the consumption of starch and reducing sugars, to a certain extent, reflected the process of fermentation [28]. As shown in Figure 3e, the starch content was highest at the initial stage of fermentation and gradually decreased through the process of fermentation, but the starch consumption of each sample was different at the end of the fermentation process. The starch consumption of sample 4 reached 13.8%, followed by sample 3 and sample 2, which were 8.4% and 6.9%, respectively. As shown in Figure 3d, sample 2 showed a high content of reducing sugars on day 0, as did sample 4, possibly caused by the addition of Daqu powder, and the reducing sugars content dropped to the lowest value on the 7 th day of fermentation, then were consumed while being produced (known as simultaneous saccharification and fermentation) [28; 29]. For samples 1 and 3, the content of reducing sugars showed quite a low value at the beginning of fermentation, then gradually increased during the fermentation process. This was due to the abundance of microorganisms with liquefaction and saccharification ability gradually increasing, and converting starch in the raw materials into reducing sugars. Compared with the control group, the tendency and fluctuating ranges of the physicochemical factors changed in the other three experimental groups were similar, indicating that the Baijiu fermentation process could be achieved through simulated fermentation.
# Effect of the Anti-Yaw Damper on Carbody Vertical Vibration and Ride Comfort of Railway Vehicle
## 1 Introduction
These research studies aimed to analyze the vertical bending vibrations of the carbody and their influence on the ride comfort [38; 39], as well as the means to reduce these vibrations and improve the ride comfort [23; 28; 29; 30; 40]. Given the role of the anti-yaw damper, to reduce the lateral vibrations and inhibit the yaw motion in the vehicle [41; 42; 43], this damper is not usually introduced in the vehicle model when studying the vertical vibrations.Nevertheless, it is worth mentioning that the damping force is generated not only in the yawing direction but also in the vertical and longitudinal directions [44], due to the unfavorable position of the clamping points of the anti-yaw damper to the carbody and the bogie. These forces act upon the vehicle carbody, affecting its vertical vibration behavior. The research studies in this direction are very limited, which is why only two studies regarding the influence of the yaw dampers on vertical vibration of railway vehicle carbody [44; 45] have been identified. These studies have explored the effect of yaw dampers on the carbody vertical vibration induced by the rotation of imbalanced wheelsets, which is shown to be based on the results of an excitation test of a full-scale vehicle. Vibration measurement tests were performed using a test vehicle with/without yaw dampers. To suppress the vibration transmission from the bogie to the carbody through yaw dampers, a new mounting structure of yaw dampers has been devised. The present paper analyzes the effect of the anti-yaw damper upon the vertical vibration behavior of the railway vehicle carbody and the ride comfort at vertical vibrations. To this purpose, the results derived from numerical simulations developed based on a rigid-flexible coupled type vehicle model are used, where the carbody is represented via an Euler-Bernoulli equivalent beam, while the bogies and the wheelsets are modelled through rigid bodies. This model is used regularly in the theoretical researchof vertical vibrations and ride comfort of the railway vehicle thanks to the fact that it ensures a good agreement between numerical simulations and field tests [24; 28; 32; 39]. The two levels of the vertical suspension of the vehicle are modelled through Kelvin-Voigt systems and the anti-yaw damper through a Maxwell model. The effect of the anti-yaw damper is highlighted through the influence of the damping, stiffness and the mounting angle of the damper upon the power spectral density of the carbody vertical vibration and upon the ride comfort index, calculated in three reference pointsof the carbody. These points are located at the center of the carbody and against the bogies and are considered critical points from the ride comfort perspective [34; 46].
# A New Resource Allocation Protocol for the Backhaul of Underwater Cellular Wireless Networks
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, we have discussed a new backhaul resource allocation protocol for the UCWN, where a UBS triggers to readjust its backhaul capacity with respect to its queue status: resource under-utilization or packet drops due to queue-overflow. This is quite different from the conventional resource allocation protocols in literature where a base station controller periodically assigns the backhaul capacity of base stations considering their traffic information. We believe that this new protocol may have advantages over the conventional ones, particularly in harsh communication environments like underwater where the data rate is very low and the latency of the backhaul link is very large.  
In order to investigate the feasibility of the new resource allocation protocol for the UCWN, we carried out system level simulations by considering many parameters and evaluated the performance such as average packet drop rate, average resource utilization, average message overhead, and the reserved capacity of the UBSC. We showed some important simulation results and analyzedwith some interpretations which can be used as operation guidelines to apply our resource allocation protocol for the UCWN.  
As a future research topic, we are considering the detailed comparison between the new resource allocation protocol and the previous protocol in [17] under the same simulation conditions. It would give more valuable results and be very helpful in designing the real UCWN in the near future.  
This research was supported by a grant from National R&D Projects \"Development of the wide-area underwater mobile communication systems\" and \"Development of Distributed Underwater Monitoring & Control Networks\" funded by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, Korea (PMS3710, PMS3620).  
The authors collaborated upon designing the protocol specified in this manuscript. For the analysis of proposed protocol, [PERSON] mainly built the system level simulator, and [PERSON] took simulation experiments, investigated several performance measures, and analyzed simulation results and performances.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest, and the founding sponsor, the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, Korea, had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.
# Secure K-Means Clustering Scheme for Confidential Data Based on Paillier Cryptosystem
## 3 Preliminaries
### Basic Cryptographic Primitives  
1. Revised Secure Multiplication (RSM) Protocol  
The RSM protocol enables two parties (the client and the cloud service provider) to perform secure multiplication computations while preserving the privacy of the original data. By introducing random numbers and partial decryption techniques in the multiplication operation, the RSM protocol achieves the computation of the product without revealing the actual values of the multiplicands. The core idea of this protocol lies in using encryption and decryption operations, allowing the cloud service provider to obtain the encrypted product without knowing the actual values of the multiplicands.
2. Secure Maximum and Minimum Sorting (SMMS) Protocol  
The SMMS protocol allows multiple parties to sort their data and determine the maximum and minimum values while ensuring the privacy of the original data. In the SMMS protocol, participants exchange encrypted sorting results and utilize partial decryption techniques to determine the maximum and minimum values, thereby achieving privacy-preserving sorting operations.
3. Secure Division (SDIV) Protocol  
The SDIV protocol enables two parties to perform secure division computations, ensuring the privacy of the data during the computation process without revealing the actual values of the divisor and dividend. By introducing random numbers and encryption techniques, the SDIV protocol allows the cloud service provider to compute the ciphertext form of the quotient without obtaining the actual values of the original data.
4. Secure equality Test (SEQ) protocol  
The SEQ protocol can output ciphertext \(f\) and judge whether two ciphertexts are equal.  
These protocols provide the foundational privacy protection mechanisms for the privacy-preserving outsourced computation of rational numbers (POCR) framework, allowing clients to securely outsource rational number data to cloud service providers for storage and computation while protecting data privacy.
# Application of a MEMS-Based TRNG in a Chaotic Stream Cipher
## 2 Stream Cipher Algorithm
### Increasing the Period Length  
When the STM is implemented with a precision of \(n\) bits, there are only \(2^{n}\) possible values for each \(x_{i}\) and, for a given \(\gamma\), each \(x_{i}\) determines the next value \(x_{i+1}\). Therefore, the sequence will become periodic and its maximum period will be \(2^{n}\). However, the typical cycle lengths are found experimentally to be much shorter. In order to increase the period, and therefore the security, of these sequences, it is possible to slightly change the values of each \(x_{i}\) (\(x_{i}\rightarrow\widetilde{x}_{i}\)) and use this modified \(\widetilde{x}_{i}\) to obtain the next value of the sequence as \(x_{i+1}=f(\widetilde{x}_{i})\). In our cryptosystem, the values of \(\widetilde{x}_{i}\) are obtained by XORing the least significant bit (LSB) of each \(x_{i}\), \(x_{i}^{0}\), with the least significant bit of an LFSR, \(y_{i}^{0}\). Using this method, the period of the sequence can be set up to be above a given value using the following proposition, proven in [18].  
Proposition 1: Given the binary sequences \(a(k)\), \(b(k)\) and \(c(k)=a(k)\oplus b(k)\), for \(k\in\mathbb{N}\) and \(P_{a}\), \(P_{b}\) and \(P_{c}\) their respective periods. If \(P_{b}\) is prime, then \(P_{c}\geq mP_{b}\) with \(m\geq 1\).  
Therefore, if we consider \(c(k)\) as the LSB of \(\widetilde{x}_{i}\), \(\widetilde{x}_{i}^{0}\), \(a(k)\) as the LSB of \(x_{i}\), \(x_{i}^{0}\), and \(b(k)\) as the output bits, \(y_{i}^{0}\), of an LFSR with a prime period \(P_{b}\), the period of the \(\{\widetilde{x}_{i}\}\) sequence will be \(P_{c}\geq P_{b}\). In our work, a 61-order LFSR has been used, which gives us a period of, at least, \(2^{61}\). This choice guarantees that the period is big enough for our purposes (a sequence with a period of \(2^{61}\) transmitted at a speed of 1 Gbps would take more than 73 years to repeat itself).  
Figure 2: This figure represents several consecutive values of a sequence \(x_{i}\) generated by different values of the chaotic parameter \(\gamma\) for: (**a**) The Logistic Map; (**b**) The Skew Tent Map.
## 3 Challenges for Designing MAC Protocols in UWSNs
### Presence of Different Noise Sources  
Noise exposure includes all man-made and natural noises. Natural noise refers to seismic and biological events which can cause noise in the environment, whereas man-made noise relates to noises from machines that work for different application. Due to these external noise sources in the communication channel, the connection between the sensor and anchor nodes may be disrupted [7; 48; 58].
## 6 Discussion
### Testing of a 30 m Bridge
The locations of the frequencies selected in the 30 m bridge are closer to the middle of the duration of the signal, where the variability of the forced frequency due to the vehicle fleet is larger, i.e., \(F_{3}\) and \(F_{9}\) exhibit a narrower shaded area in Figure 12 than \(F_{15}\) and \(F_{22}\) in Figure 15. Also, the variability for \(F_{3}\) is smaller than for \(F_{9}\), which is closer to the middle of the signal. Indeed, the impact of the variability of the fleet on the first mode is felt more strongly when the vehicle is located around the antinode, i.e., midspan. In any case, the majority of the fleet lies inside the ellipse from eigenvalue analysis corresponding to the true values of severity and location. Figure 17a,b rank the first 8 minimum values of the mean Mahalanobis distance with \(p\) = 1000 trucks for damage scenarios 'C' and 'D', respectively. In contrast to the 15 m bridge (Figure 14), there are smaller differences between the Mahalanobis distances for the top ranked solutions due to a larger degree of variability in the'measured' frequency due to the fleet, and a significant overlap between the statistical distributions of eigenfrequencies associated with each damage. The 1 st ranked scenario matches the true damage severity and location in both scenarios, although differences between the 1 st and 2 nd ranked solutions are as small as 1.8290 vs. 1.9123 for damage 'C' (Figure 17a). In Figure 17b, the mean Mahalanobis distances for the first four ranked scenarios are 1.8363, 2.0133, 2.0306 and 2.0412. Given that the Mahalanobis distances are relatively closer for the top ranked solutions, and are more difficult to distinguish in the 30 m bridge than in the 15 m bridge, the size of the traffic fleet was expected to have an impact that was not found for the 15 m bridge. Fleet sizes composed by \(p\) = 10, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 trucks, were tested. Results indicate that the size does not have any impact on damage predictions for the damage scenario 'D'. Damage 'C' was accurately located and quantified for all fleet sizes, except for \(p\) = 25 and \(p\) = 10, when it is characterized as a 10% crack located at 14 m, rather than a 15% crack at 10 m. A relatively high number of trucks is recommended to ensure a robust prediction of damage when the selected frequencies are sensitive to the variability of the fleet. Figure 16: Comparison between transient forced frequencies (\(F_{15}\), \(F_{22}\)) due to the crossing of 1000 trucks and eigenvalue database: (**a**) distributions of \(F_{15}\) and \(F_{22}\) for damage ‘C’, (**b**) distributions of \(F_{15}\) and \(F_{22}\) for damage ‘D’, (**c**) Damage ‘C’ against database, and (**d**) Damage ‘D’ against database.
## 5 Experiments and Discussion
The measurement accuracy of the designed MALDI was evaluated to be \(\pm\)800 nm, as shown in Figure 12a, without the nonlinear error compensation and the LD wavelength stabilization. It can be seen from Figure 12b that the measurement accuracy of the designed MALDI was improved to within \(\pm\)200 nm after the nonlinear error compensation and the wavelength stabilization. It can be seen that almost 85% of the measurement errors primarily caused by the nonlinear errors and the unstable LD wavelength have been compensated. The standard deviation of the measured displacement was improved to 30.44 nm from 325.28 nm, on the basis of which the effectiveness of the proposed methods was verified. Figure 11: **(a)** Stability of the wavelength with passive and active wavelength stabilization methods and **(b)** the Allan deviation. Figure 12: Displacement measurement results **(a)** without and **(b)** with the LD wavelength correction and stabilization.