## 2 Material and Methods  
### Photovoltaic (PV) Set Definitions  
A photovoltaic (PV) set comprises multiple devices: PV modules, inverter, batteries, cabling, hardware, and protection devices. From these devices, two are the main components for the generation of photovoltaic energy: PV modules and inverters. PV modules convert the solar radiation focused on its surface into heat and electrical energy [19]. When PV modules are exposed to irradiation, they produce changes in electrical properties, generating a potential difference between their terminals and, consequently, electrical current when applied to a circuit [20]. Many types of PV modules are made mainly from crystalline or amorphous materials. The crystalline ones are commonly more expensive than the amorphous ones, but they have higher efficiencies, especially those of monocrystalline materials [21]. Efficiency mainly reflects the percentage of electrical power over the total photon power received from the incident irradiation [22]. Table 1 explores an efficiency comparison among multiple PV cell types, focusing on composition characteristics such as thin film, rigid film, organic sell, etc., and PV efficiency. With commercial cells, there are three different types: monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon and thin film. The solar inverter is the second most crucial piece of equipment for solar energy generation. Solar inverters or PV inverters are responsible for converting the DC output of a PV solar panel into a DC or AC that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid (on-grid) or used by a local electrical network (off-grid). There are two solar inverters: (i) central and (ii) micro-inverter. * The central inverter is the most common commercially, and its name is derived from the installation method since it needs two or more PV modules to work correctly. It is a central and standard part of all modules of the PV system. * The micro-inverter is integrated with PV modules due to its small size. Typically, the PV panels + inverter set is named the AC module. This equipment has two types of converters in operation to supply energy to the electric network: a CC-DC and a CC-AC. Table 2 compares inverters based on the technologies used and their respective efficiencies. According to [33], several factors negatively influence the generation of PV energy. Among the identified factors, it is possible to divide them into three categories: (i) geo \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline
**PV Material** & **Status** & **Efficiency** & **Characteristics** \\ \hline CdTe (Cadmium Telluride) & Commercial & 7\% & Thin film on rigid substrates \\ a-SeH (Amorphous Silicon) & Commercial & 5–10\% & Thin film on rigid substrates \\ Mono-Si (Monocrystalline Silicon) & Commercial & 12–18\% & Rigid cell \\ Multi-Si (Pol polycrystalline Silicon) & Commercial & 11–15\% & Rigid cell \\ Ti3C2 Tx & Research & 17\% & Organic cell \\ c-Si & Special & 20\% & Rigid cell \\ In2O3 SnO2 & Research & 24–26\% & Thin film on rigid substrates \\ GaAs (Gallium Arsenite) & Special & 24–28\% & Thin film on rigid substrates \\ Multi-junction PV Cell & Special & 39–46\% & Thin film on flexible substrates \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{Source: Based on [23; 24].} \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Comparison of PV cells: technology vs. efficiency.