esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Compression-Assisted Adaptive ECC and RAID Scattering for NAND Flash Storage Devices
## 4 Evaluation
### Analysis of Adaptive ECC and RAID Scattering
In other words, by reducing parity overhead, RAID scattering can reduce write overhead at the same reliability level as it has less parity portion. Figure 10: Experimental results for RAID scattering added by adaptive ECC in comparison with the original RAID with various stripe sizes four, eight, and 16. In accordance with P/E cycle, RAID-Stripe4, RAID-Stripe8, RAID-Stripe16, Adp. ECC-Scatter4, Adp. ECC-Scatter8, Ada. ECC-Scatter16 show UBER with stripe sizes four, eight, and 16, respectively. (**a**) Adp. ECC and Scattering for F-1, (**b**) Adp. ECC and Scattering for F-2, (**c**) Adp. ECC and Scattering for F-3, (**d**) Adp. ECC and Scattering for F-4, (**e**) Adp. ECC and Scattering for F-5. To see how much pages can be skipped during the recovery stage in RAID scattering scheme, we have measured the number of pages to be skipped from the recovery operations for the error-occurred page. It was also done with the RAID configuration as stripe size four, eight and 16, respectively, and for each configuration, the five IO traces were performed. Figure 11 shows the ratio of pages skipped during each restoring error-occurred page in the RAID scattering scheme. In the figure, five IO traces are depicted as a group to the same stripe size level, and thus the \(x\)-axis represents groups of five IO traces according to stripe size level, and the \(y\)-axis represents the skip ratio. Since the skip ratio represents the ratio of pages that need not be read during recovery; the higher the skip ratio is, the better the recovery rate is as well as the shorter the recovery time is. From the results, it can be inferred that since the compression ratio is high as in the traces F-1 and F-2, the skip ratio is high, which results in reduced UBER. This is an effect of the RAID scattering scheme. On the other hand, the skip ratio of F-3 is low; there is little effect on RAID scattering, which results in little enhancement for UBER.
# A Novel Hybrid Approach for a Content-Based Image Retrieval Using Feature Fusion
## 4 Experimentation
### Dataset Used
#### 4.1.2 Natural-Images  
The natural-images dataset consists of 6899 images and comprises eight classes: airplanes, flowers, persons, cars, motorbikes, cats, fruit, and dogs. There are 1000 images of fruits, 727 images are airplanes, 968 images are relevant to cars, 885 images are cats, 702 images belong to the dog category, 788 to motorbikes, and 843 images belong to flower class reaming, and 986 images belong to the person class.
# An Intelligent Collaborative Charging System for Open-Pit Mines
## 2 Current Development Status of Key Technologies and Equipment in Open-Pit Mining
### Current Status of Shoveling, Loading, and Hauling Technologies and Equipment in Open-Pit Mines  
Shoveling and hauling constitute two of the core workflows in open-pit mine production. During these operations, the loading and transportation of ore and rock rely critically on mining equipment such as electric shovels, front-end loaders, mining trucks, and belt conveyors [53; 54]. Shoveling and hauling involve the coordinated operation of mining equipment within a unified system platform, orchestrated by the production command center to systematically transport ore and rock from the mining face to processing plants (or waste dumps) [55; 56; 57; 58; 59; 60].  
In recent years, shoveling and hauling equipment has undergone continuous upgrades, with operational models progressively transitioning toward automation and intelligence [61].  
Intelligent shoveling processes are characterized by precision control of electric shovels and coordinated vehicle-shrovel operations. Advanced technologies such as mine sensors and artificial intelligence (AI) enable remote operation and full automation of electric shovels [62; 63]. Intelligent hauling processes focus on autonomous mining truck navigation and smart scheduling systems. For example, since initiating its intelligent mining initiative in 2015, the Nansandazohuang Open-pit Molybdenum Mine has achieved mechanized, automated, and intelligent workflows for drilling, shoveling, and hauling. Its second-generation autonomous trucks now execute orderly platooning across multiple loading points [64; 65; 66]. Pan Gang's Zhulan Iron Mine employs an end-to-end intelligent solution integrating \"5G private networks + edge computing + vehicle-shovel retrofitting,\" establishing remote-controlled electric shovels, autonomous trucks, and collaborative composition of intelligent collaborative charging system modules for production visualization in open-pit mining [67; 68].
## 5 Application: Collinear Two-Dimensional Spectroscopy on Pyrene  
Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy can be regarded as an excitation frequency resolved pump-probe experiment. The measurable excitation window is determined by the spectral bandwidth of the excitation. Pulses with a spectral width large enough to cover the transitions to a multitude of vibronic or even electronic states are therefore an essential requirement. In contrast to 2D-Vis [32,33], where a bandwidth up to 150 nm can be reached, experimental realizations in the UV are so far limited to about 5 nm [34, 35, 36].  
We therefore introduce SPM broadened pulses in our collinear 2D-UV experiment. The central wavelength is set to 312 nm to excited the S\({}_{2}\)\({}^{1}\)B\({}_{2\mathrm{u}}\)\(\leftarrow\)S\({}_{0}\) electronic transition of the test molecule pyrene. We use the same experimental parameters as determined above (1 mm CaF\({}_{2}\) and 2.5 \(\upmu\)J input energy) and achieve a FWHM bandwidth of 13 nm. This pulse spectrum is large enough to cover two vibronic bands of the absorption spectrum (see Figure 8c, black line).  
The 2D experiment is carried out in a pulse shaper assisted pump-probe geometry, as described in refs. [34,37]. After the SPM stage the UV beam is compressed with a UV prism compressor and then split into a pump and a probe beam. The pump passes through the AOPDF, which is used to resolve the excitation frequency by generating phase locked double pulses and scanning their interpulse delay. Additionally the shaper compensates for the higher order chirp. Both pump and probe are focused inside a 120 \(\upmu\)m thick flow cell as described in ref. [38]. The energy of the pump pulse in the cell is 63 nJ at a duration of the sub-pulses of 22 fs and the probe energy is about 2 nJ. After the sample cell the probe is spectrally resolved in a prism based CCD spectrometer. To increase the signal-to-noise ratio a fraction of the probe beam is used as a reference in a second prism based spectrometer [39].  
Figure 7: Effect of SPM broadening on the beam profile and spectrum of the third harmonic (342 nm) of the Yb:KYW JenLas laser for various peak powers in a sapphire crystal. The Gaussian shaped (M\({}^{2}\)\(\sim\)1.05) input profile and spectrum are shown in (**a**) and (**e**). The crystal was placed in the focus (**b**, **f**), 1 mm (**c**, **g**) and 2 mm (**d**, **h**) behind the focus. Pink circles indicate the beam energy for various apertures given in percent of the total energy. Fourier limits are given in blue.  
In Figure 8a the absorptive part of the 2D-UV measurement of pyrene dissolved in methanol is shown for a pump-probe delay of 100 ps. All signals in the 2D spectrum are positive and are assigned to ground state bleach contributions of pyrene. The two diagonal peaks correspond to the two vibronic bands in the absorption spectrum. In addition, due to the large spectral bandwidth of the pump pulses, the off-diagonal peaks describing the correlation between the vibronic bands are clearly resolved for the first time.
# Detection of Volatile Constituents from Food Lures by Tephritid Fruit Flies
## 3 Results
### Olfactometer Experiments  
#### 3.3.1 Behavioral Response of _B. dorsalis_  
In olfactometer assays with food-bait odors, female _B. dorsalis_ were highly attracted to the mixture of baits made from five food-bait lures (\(\chi^{2}\) (1) = 4.764, \(p\) = 0.02), the pooled headspace sample from these products (\(\chi^{2}\) (1) = 18.13, \(p\) < 0.05), the synthetic 13-blend (\(\chi^{2}\) (1) = 6.545, \(p\) = 0.01) and the species-specific \"Dorsablend\" (blend based on responses of _B. dorsalis_) (\(\chi^{2}\) (1) = 9, \(p\) = 0.002) compared to the paraffin oil control (Figure 4). Female _B. dorsalis_ did not show a preference for the mixture of baits and the synthetic 13-blend (\(\chi^{2}\) (1) = 1.47, \(p\) = 0.22), (Figure 4). Control trials with paraffin oil or pooled headspace in both odor source chambers showed that there was no directional bias in the olfactometer set-up with _B. dorsalis_ (Figure 4 inset on top right).
## 4 Conclusions  
There is no polarization loss in the UAV jamming link if the UAV receiver and jammer use omnidirectional vertically polarized antennas. However, if an UAV attitude change occurs due to the wind or an intended movement, there is polarization loss in the UAV jamming link.  
This paper presented a method to analyze the variation of the jamming power received by the UAV receiver in the UAV jamming link due to an UAV attitude change. The attitude change was modeled by the three coordinate rotations in a sequence of roll, pitch, and yaw.  
The proposed method was applied to a small hovering UAV jamming application by a ground jammer. The method was applied to a plane ground and over a simulated terrain. It is normally expected that there is a PLF of \(10\log\left(\cos(\theta_{R})^{2}\right)\) in the UAV jamming link if the UAV has a roll rotation with a roll angle of \(\theta_{R}\).  
However, as a result of analyzing the polarization loss in the UAV jamming link through the modeling of attitude change, we demonstrated that the PLF due to the attitude change is greater than expected in such circumstances as when the UAV is at a high altitude and the jammer antenna on the ground is near the vertical plane containing the axis of rotation. Therefore, the PLF in the jamming power received by the UAV due to the attitude change must be considered for the UAV jamming link.  
K.K. ([PERSON]) and K.K. ([PERSON]) analyzed the algorithm and derived the mathematical formulation. C.L. and H.K. checked the simulation results and corrected the manuscript. K.K. ([PERSON]) and K.K. ([PERSON]) wrote the paper. Supervision, K.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by Agency for Defense Development, Republic of Korea, under the contract \"Modelling and Simulation Based Design and Analysis Technologies for Electronic Warfare Systems\".  
Figure 8: Expected values of the PLF in UAV jamming link according to the \(EL\) and \(\theta_{R,\max}\).
# Orbital-Based Automatic Multi-Layer Multi-Pass Welding Equipment for Small Assembly Plates
## 2 Design and Analysis of Rail-Mounted Automatic Welding Equipment
### Mechanical Design of the Equipment's Core Mechanisms
#### 2.1.2 Mechanical Design of the Fixing Mechanism  
As shown in Figure 3, the fixing mechanism mainly comprises a rail clamp and a small assembly clamp. The rail clamp adopts a vise structure, clamping both sides of the rail from below. Support plates and clamps are fixed at both ends of the upper surface of the base plate, and a clamping block is placed between the fixed seat and the support plate. The guide slot of the fixed seat engages with the clamping block, serving a guiding function. An adjusting screw rod provides clamping force to the rail. The small assembly clamp utilizes a flat-jaw clamp structure to clamp the small assembly panel from the side. Consequently, the two clamps work together to quickly install and secure the rail in the working environment. Parallel guide rods and adjusting sliders are arranged beneath the base plate. The plane facing the small assembly is equipped with slider connecting plates and threaded holes, where the small assembly clamp is fixedly connected on top via screws. An adjustable positioning handle is provided on the side of the adjusting slider. By adjusting the slider and the base plate, the height of the rail can be adjusted.
## 3 False Data Injection Attacks on RL-Based Charging Coordination
### False Data Injection Attacks  
FDI attacks involve introducing fabricated or altered data into a system, disrupting its normal operations. In the context of our charging coordination application, FDI attacks aim to mislead the RL agent by corrupting the SoC readings reported by consumers. This manipulation enables attackers to falsely represent their energy needs, leading to an unfair distribution of power and posing a potential threat to the proper operation of the charging coordination system. In this subsection, we describe five different FDI tactics used in this study to simulate malicious behavior in a smart grid charging coordination system. The first two attacks are inspired by the attacks introduced for electricity theft in [27].
# Chaotic Orthogonal Composite Sequence for 5G NR Time Service Signal Capture Algorithm
## 4 Experimental Results and Analysis  
The experiment utilizes a novel direct sequence spreading method that combines Walsh sequences and Skew Tent-Map chaotic sequences to form the chaotic orthogonal combination sequence. A 1023-bit chaotic orthogonal combination sequence was applied, with a carrier frequency of 3500 MHz, a 5 MHz intermediate frequency signal for 5G NR time service signal, a pseudo-code rate of 1.023 MHz, and a sampling frequency of 20 MHz. The simulation was conducted in an environment with a signal-to-noise ratio of 10 dB to capture the 5G NR time service signal.  
In the actual simulation, the frequency search range was set to \(\pm 10\) kHz centered around 5 MHz, with a frequency search step of 1 kHz. The simulation results are shown in Figures 11 and 12.  
Based on Figure 12, even with the addition of Gaussian white noise interference, the peak remains prominent with a main-to-side peak ratio of 13.6. The captured code phase is 8799, and the captured frequency is 5 MHz, matching the preset frequency of the 5G NR time service intermediate frequency signal, which indicates successful acquisition. Furthermore, the use of the parallel code phase search algorithm based on FFT significantly  
Figure 11: 2D Plot of Signal Acquisition Results.  
Figure 12: 3D Plot of Signal Acquisition Results.  
reduces the capture time, requiring only 21 searches to complete the acquisition. In contrast, using the traditional linear search method would require 21,463 searches. With a spreading code period of approximately 1 ms, the search time is reduced from 21.463 s to 0.021 s, demonstrating a significant improvement in search time compared to traditional linear search methods.  
Figure 13 illustrates the acquisition probability under different SNR conditions during the acquisition process. It can be seen that the 5G NR time service signal can be successfully captured with a suitable SNR when the acquisition threshold is 3.5. When the SNR is above \(-15\) dB, the acquisition probability reaches 100%. However, as the SNR falls below \(-15\) dB, the acquisition probability decreases significantly with the reduction in dB value. When the SNR reaches \(-30\) dB, the acquisition probability is nearly 0. It is obvious from Figure 13 that the lower SNR, the lower acquisition probability.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
The numerical results of the current problem were computed by employing an \(h\)-adaptive finite element method. The results were computed in terms of the product of the Reynolds number and friction factor (\(fRe\)), Nusselt number (\(Nu\)), and \(j\)-factor (\(j/f\)). These notations correspond to the hydraulic diameter. These parameters, when corresponding to the equivalent diameter, are denoted by placing an \(e\) in the subscript, i.e., \(fRe_{e}\), \(Nu_{e}\), and \(j/f_{e}\). The influence of the geometric parameters, \(\hat{R}\), \(N\), \(1^{*}\), and \(\beta\) on the overall heat transfer characteristics of the proposed DPHE were investigated. For different cases of execution, \(N\) was varied from 4 to 32, \(1^{*}\) was varied from 20% to 100% of the annulus width, i.e., \(0.2\leq l^{*}\leq 1.0\), \(\beta\) was varied from 3\({}^{\circ}\) to 5\({}^{\circ}\), and \(\hat{R}\) varies from 0.05 to 0.6. First, the local results in terms of velocity contours and isotherms are presented for specified values of the parameters to study the local flow behavior and heat transfer characteristics. Although the present computations were performed in a serial fashion, parallelization of the code for parallel computers would reduce the execution time [25]. Figures 3 and 4 display the velocity contours for \(\hat{R}=0.5\), \(\beta=3^{\circ}\), \(N=4,\ 12,\ 20,\ 28,\ 32\), and \(0.2\leq l^{*}\leq 1.0\). Large velocity gradients at the pipe surfaces and the fin-tip can be observed in Figure 3a. A high velocity region is present in the center of the annulus between two neighboring diamond fins. As the fin-height is 20% of the annulus, therefore, the effect of these fins on the outer pipe is negligible. This is evident from the circular arcs near the outer wall. The fluid flow is looking exactly stagnant in the corners made by the crown surface of the diamond fins and adjacent inner pipe surface. The influence of \(N\) on the flow pattern is shown in Figure 3b-d. With an increase in \(N\), the circular streamlines of the high velocity region between two fins gradually mix with each other and look in the form of the annulus of high velocity. At the inner pipe surface, the velocity gradients gradually vanish and thus cause an increase in the stagnant flow region. The influence of the fin-height on the flow pattern in the annulus is demonstrated in Figures 3 and 4. With an increase in the fin-height from 20% to 80% of the annulus, the high velocity region gradually shifts towards the outer wall, and the stagnant flow zone in the vicinity of the fin base decreases. For a higher number of fins, the gap between the outer pipe and the diamond fin tip pushes the high velocity region towards the inner pipe. When the fin-height is 100% of the annulus width, as depicted in Figure 4k-o, the stagnant flow region is observed at the base and tip of each of the fins. From these observations, it is predicted that the fin tip, the upper part of the crown surface, the whole pavilion surface of the diamond fin, and the inner pipe surface away from the fin base play an active role in the convective heat transfer.
# Effect of Autochthonous Lactic Acid Bacteria-Enhanced Fermentation on the Quality of Suancai
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Volatile Compound Analysis in Suancai with Different Starters  
A total of 50 volatile compounds were found in Suancai samples with different LABs (Supplementary Table S1 and Figure 3A). _Lb. plantarum_, _Lb. brevis_, and _Leu. mesenteroides_ were positively correlated to 16, 28, and 14 volatile compounds (Figure 3A). The LAB had proteolytic activity and its inoculation affected the microbial community structures [11; 13], and then indirectly or indirectly affected the profiles of volatile compounds in Suancai (Figure 3B). The results of PCA showed that the volatile compounds in Suancai of LB and LM were clustered as a separate group, the group of CON and LP had a higher resemblance, indicating that they had similar profiles of volatile compound (Figure 3B). This might be due to their parallel bacterial community (Figure 2B), which were correlated with flavors in fermented vegetables [5; 9; 24]. In the previous study, _Lb. plantarum_-inoculated fermentation  
Figure 2: The heatmap (**A**), PCA (**B**), and relative abundance (**C**) of the bacterial community at the species level in Suancai fermented with different autochthonous LABs.  
contributed to the increase of esters, while inoculated _Leu. mesenteroides_ accumulated acids and ketones [13]. However, in this study, the inoculation of _Lb. plantarum_, _Leu. Mesenteroides_, and _Lb. brevis_ mainly increased the contents of alcohols, such as 3-hexen-1-ol, 1-hexanol, phenylethyl alcohol, 1-octanol, etc. (Supplementary Table S1 and Figure 3A). Potentially, the differences in the strains were responsible for this disagree. In a previous study on paocai, the inoculation of LP, LB, and LM had significant effects on the alcohols, which was similar to our results [22]. In addition, the group of LP had a high concentration of alcohols, which was similar to a previous study that inoculation with _Lb. plantarum_ promoted the production of some alcohols [33]. Except the alcohols, the _Leu. mesenteroides_ inoculation also increased the content of isothiances, such as 4-isothiocyanato-1-butene and (2-isothiocyanatoethyl)-benzene, which were produced by the hydrolysis of glucosinolates and had a bitter taste [34]. Moreover, aldehydes also distinguish LB from the other inoculation groups, and the main element is benzaldehyde, it provides an almond flavor and a fruity aroma [35]. In total, the inoculation of LABs increased the total concentration of volatile compounds in Suancai (Figure 3C). In fermented foods, volatile compounds were associated with the microflora during the fermentation [2; 5; 7]. Thus, the higher diversity of microbial community (Table 1) accounting for the LM had the highest content of volatile compounds, followed by LB. Therefore, the effects of inoculated LABs on the volatile compounds were diverse and depended on the species of starters used for fermentation.