## 4 Fractal Reflectarray Interference Analysis in Satellite Simulation Environment Scenario
Then, to project the coverage on the map of the selected location, the raster coverage map data is displayed as a 2D contour display. The coverage map displays the intensity of the signal level received at each ground station at that location. Combined, it will provide a coverage map of the entire area based on the grid. The coverage map is then evaluated for six different times with a gap of 1 min for the same location, as shown in Figure 13. From the figure, it can be observed that the signal strength at the ground station varies over time as the LEO satellite rotates. To further evaluate the performance of the transmitter reflectarray, the receiver signal strength value is measured at three different locations with a transmit power of 11 dB, as shown in Table 5. The locations of these three different locations are decided based on the latitude/longitude from Google Earth. From Table 5, it can be observed that the received signal strength varies at different locations over time, depending on the satellite's location. At Time-1, coverage is only available at Location-1, but not at Locations 2 and 3. Similarly, Locations 2 and 3 are covered by the LEO satellite at times 2 and 4. In all cases, the receivers at three different locations have a good signal strength, ranging from \(-100\) dB to \(-116\) dB. This demonstrates the effectiveness of the designed reflectarray as a satellite transmitter antenna. Figure 11: Addition of LEO Satellites and ground stations in satellite scenario. Figure 12: Reflectarray design as transmitter of LEO satellites. After the successful coverage evaluation at the ground stations, the performance of the reflectarray is now evaluated on the interference of a downlink from a Medium Earth (MEO) satellite to the ground station. The purpose of this test is to continue downlink to the ground station from MEO satellite without the interference of LEO satellites. The scenario involving LEO/MEO satellites and a ground station is shown in Figure 14a. In a practical scenario, sometimes LEO satellites and MEO satellites' paths interfere with each other while rotating around the earth, as shown in Figure 14b. After creating the satellite scenario, the custom antenna equivalent of the proposed reflectarray design is mounted onto the transmitter of the MEO satellite. The same Gaussian antenna is used at the receiver of the ground station. The MEO satellite is designed to operate at 12 GHz, and all the LEO satellites are set to operate at 11.99 GHz to create an interference scenario with the MEO satellite. As the designed reflectarray has a phase shift of 30 degrees from its main beam, the radiation pattern is not pointed towards the ground station receiver. The downlink between the MEO satellite and the ground station is not possible, as seen in Figure 15a. Hence, to reorient the transmitter antenna pattern  
Figure 13: Coverage map of the ground station grid at six different time frames with specified Location-1,2,3, and Time-(**a**) 18:00 UTC, -(**b**) 18:01 UTC, -(**c**) 18:02 UTC, -(**d**) 18:03 UTC, -(**e**) 18:04 UTC, and -(**f**) 18:05 UTC. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Received Signal Strength (dB)**} \\ \hline
**Time Frame** & **Location-1** & **Location-2** & **Location-3** \\ \hline Time-1 (18:00 UTC) & \(-100\) & No Coverage & No Coverage \\ \hline Time-2 (18:01 UTC) & \(-100\) & \(-112\) & No Coverage \\ \hline Time-3 (18:02 UTC) & \(-116\) & \(-100\) & No Coverage \\ \hline Time-4 (18:03 UTC) & No Coverage & \(-108\) & \(-112\) \\ \hline Time-5 (18:04 UTC) & No Coverage & No Coverage & \(-100\) \\ \hline Time-6 (18:05 UTC) & No Coverage & No Coverage & \(-100\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Received signal strength at 3 different locations with variations in time. exactly towards the receiver side, the gimbal is used at the MEO satellite. Gimbal is used in satellites for the precise aiming of communication equipment towards the earth's ground station.