## 3 Results and Discussion
### Indoor Experimental Results
#### 3.1.3. Agronomic Results  
Agronomical parameters, including the germination percentage, root length, fresh root weight, shoot length, fresh shoot weight, and fresh seedling weight, were carried out. The reactions of the selected parameters toward the irrigation amount increased regardless of whether a surface drip irrigation system or subsurface drip irrigation system was used. The amount of water applied had a significant (\(p<0.05\)) impact on overall germination (%), where seeds had a lower germination rate in the 5% soil moisture threshold as opposed to 8% and had a significantly lower number of seeds germinated compared to 12% and 15%. Tomato seed germination followed a positive trend with increasing soil moisture threshold in both of the experiments, particularly with the surface drip irrigation system (Table 1). In the case of the subsurface drip irrigation system, the applied amount of water also significantly (\(p<0.05\)) impacted the seed germination rate. In the experiment, the 5% soil moisture threshold had the lowest seed germination rate, while the 12% and 15% soil moisture thresholds had the highest seed germination rate. The results of the study  
Figure 10: Environmental conditions: (**a**) humidity and (**b**) temperature for indoor environmental conditions.  
indicated that plant growth increased until the 12% threshold was reached because, before this percentage, the seedlings were not able to absorb enough water due to the cohesion forces of the soil particles. It also can be concluded that the 15% soil moisture threshold did not result in ideal tomato seedling production due to the presence of an excessive proportion of water where seedlings were not able to absorb the required water.  
Root length showed no significant reaction toward the amount of water applied in both the irrigation systems and experiments. On the other hand, root weight significantly increased with a greater amount of water application, especially in the surface irrigation system in the experiment.  
Shoot length significantly (\(p<0.05\)) increased with a greater rate of moisture application in the surface drip irrigation system, especially with the 12% moisture threshold, and achieved the greatest length compared to 8% and 5%. In contrast, in the experiment with the subsurface drip irrigation system, there was no significant increase observed with the four soil moisture thresholds, but in the second experiment, the seeds that were grown with the 12% soil moisture threshold developed the largest shoots, while the 5% tomato seedlings grew the shortest shoots. Moreover, 8% and 15% of the seedlings were between those two treatments.  
Seedling shoots with the subsurface drip irrigation system were not considerably (\(p<0.05\)) increased with the four soil moisture thresholds. The shot weight significantly (\(p<0.05\)) increased with the surface drip irrigation system with 12% moisture application, followed by 5%, 8%, and 15%. Similarly, with the subsurface drip irrigation system, seedlings achieved significantly (\(p<0.05\)) higher shoot weights, highest to lowest at 12%, 8%, 15%, and 5%, respectively. Seedling weight was not considerably (\(p<0.05\)) affected by either the irrigation system or soil moisture thresholds.