## 2 Study Area
More south in our study area, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [27] and the studies that they reviewed have demonstrated that the positions of modern Calabrian shorelines considerably differ from the former in Greek and early Roman times, with a landward retreat in the order of 200 m. Several sites submerged due to a number of tectonic pulses over time. Excluding world (eustatic) sea-level rise, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [27] estimate that during the past \(\sim\)3000 years in the late Holocene, subsidence has ranged from \(\sim\)0.5 mm/year to the remarkably high value of \(\sim\)4 mm/year. At present, other factors that may cause land subsidence and surface ground deformation across the region are not only hotspots of groundwater pumping for local agricultural and industrial activities, but also hydrocarbon exploitation [41]. The Crotone Basin and its offshore expansion have been extensively investigated for oil exploration [32]. Natural gas seepages were discovered in Cutro and Isola Capo Rizzuto, while a group of fields with thermogenic gas is located offshore of Capo Colonna (Figure 1b) [42]. The Luna-Hera Lacinia-Linda field (1971, gas 370-400 million barrels of oil equivalent) is indeed among the several offshore fields discovered in Italy during the decade 1965-1974, and has been attributed to the Tertiary Supercycle-Oligocene-Moicene thermogenic gas petroleum system family [43]. Figure 1b shows the location of hydrocarbon production infrastructure and concession areas as per the Italian Ministry of Economic Development's database [29]. For the purposes of interpretation of the ground motions found in the Sentinel-1 data InSAR processing (see Section 4), it is worth focusing on the concession area called \"Capo Colonna,\" which extends nearly 65 km\({}^{2}\) over the southern part of the Crotone province and encompasses the namesake promontory. Granted on September 1997 for 30 years, and once renewed in 2007 for additional 10 years, \"Capo Colonne\" has recently been operated by Ionica Gas, and then by the national hydrocarbons authority ENI (Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi), and includes the Hera Lacinia collection and treatment center (Figure 1b), as well as the production well Hera Lacinia 001 [29]. The potential impact of such exploitation activities on ground stability and local anthropogenic assets has been assessed based on an ad hoc geodetic-geophysical monitoring network installed in 2005 in the Archaeological Park of Capo Colonna, in the framework of a collaboration between ENI Spa E&P Division and the Superintendence for Archaeological Heritage of Calabria [37]. This integrated system included satellite SAR surveysamong the shallow monitoring techniques employed by ENI in their typical subsidence monitoring networks [44]. SAR was also used in research papers for high-resolution [45] and multi-temporal [46; 47] assessment of land subsidence in the last 25 years. InSAR was helpful to investigate landslides that are distributed across the Crotone province and update their inventory [48]. Through integration with seismic profiles, morpho-bathymetric and GPS data, InSAR was brought among the evidence to support the discussion on the existence of a large-scale gravitational megalandslide off the Crotone Basin [28]. Limiting to inland susceptibility to landslides, which is one of the geological focuses of the present study, it is worth recalling that in the central and southern parts of the Crotone province hill-slopes carved into clayey and marly-clayey deposits are subject to slope-wash processes (sheet, rill, and gully flow), and lead to the development of erosion landforms called \"calanchi\" (i.e., a type of badland formed in clayey bedrock) [49]. These landforms are found in the coastal area south of Crotone; for instance, between the settlements of Vrica and Semaforo, and more inland toward Farina IV and Trafinello (Figure 2).