## 3 Results and Discussion
### Composition of Seed lipophilic Extract
It is known that vitamin E, which acts as the main lipophilic compound with antioxidant properties, is composed oftocopherol and locotrienol isomers. In the series of antioxidant activities, the \(\alpha\) isomer has the strongest antioxidant effect, while the \(\delta\) isomer is the weakest [24]. Almost all isomers were identified in our previous studies in the seeds of the selected _Alba_ and _Picea_ species, but only _Abies koreana_, _Picea abies_, and _P. orientalis_ seeds contained \(\beta\)-isomer [10]. The \(\beta\) isomer ranks second in the antioxidant activity of locopherols and trienols. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. The presence of the \(\beta\) form of locopherol in _T. canadensis_ seeds (0.0291% \(w/w\)) probably affects the preservation of the stability of unsaturated fatty acids or other components sensitive to oxygen or light [25]. It is well documented that the extracts or cold-pressed oils from drupes are highly unsaturated, but they contain enough vitamin E to keep the oxidative stability of unsaturated fatty acids present in the oil. Furthermore, locopherols and locotrienols possessing activity of vitamin E are exogenous antioxidant molecules with ROS-scavenging \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline
**Compound** & **Amount** \\  & **[\% \(w/w\) of Dry Extract]** \\ \hline Palmitic (C16:0) & 0.025 \\ Palmitoleic (C16:1; 9; _cis_) & 0.002 \\
14-Methylhexadecanoic (C17:0) & 0.004 \\ Stearic (C18:0) & 0.010 \\ Oleic (C18:1; 9; _cis_) & 0.089 \\ Elaidic (C18:1; 9; _trans_) & 0.011 \\ Linoleic (C18:2; 9;12; _cis_) & 0.408 \\ Pinolenic (C18:3; 5,9,12; _cis_) & 0.002 \\ \(\alpha\)-Linolenic (C18:3; 9,12,15; _cis_) & 0.004 \\ Nonanoic (C19:0) & 0.010 \\ Icosanoic (C20:0) & 0.001 \\ Icos-11-enoic (C20:1; 11; _cis_) & 0.004 \\ Icosa-11,14-trienoic (C20:2; 11,14; _cis_) & 0.015 \\ Sciadonic (C20:3; 5,11,14; _cis_) & 0.154 \\ Sum of identified fatty acids & 0.739 \\ \hline Not identified lipid extractives & \\ \hline \(\beta\)-Tocopherol & 0.0291 \\ Sum of identified tocopherols (vit. E) & 0.0291 \\ \hline \(\beta\)-Sitosterol (24-\(\alpha\)-ethylcholesterol) & 0.1532 \\ Campesterol (24-\(\alpha\)-methylcholesterol) & 0.0192 \\ Sum of identified phytosterols & 0.1724 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Fatty acids, locopherols, and phytosterols of _T. canadensis_ seed extract (% \(w/w\) of dry extract). properties that are considered useful in preventing oxidative stress in mammalian cells and organisms [24; 25; 26]. Another biologically active group of compounds identified in seed extract were phytosterols (Table 2). \(\beta\)-Sitosterol was the major sterol. It constituted 0.1532% \(w/w\) (1.5 mg/g) of the lipophilic extract. Campesterol was also detected but in a much smaller quantity (0.0192 mg/g). These characteristics of hemlock seeds suggest possible roles in human nutritional products. Sum of detected phytosterols was 0.1724% \(w/w\) (1.7 mg/g). Among the conifer species tested for the presence of phytosterols, the result for _T. canadensis_ is the closest to the phytosterol content in the extract from _Abies concolor_ seeds. The record-holder in this case is _Picea orientalis_ seed (1% \(w/w\)) [10].