## 1 Introduction
For example, the surface modification of MWCNTs in NR composites has been linked to enhanced crosslink density and superior filler-matrix interactions, resulting in improved dispersion and composite properties [31]. After curing and binding both NR/carbon black/prevulcanized multiwalled carbon nanotube (NR/CB/P-MWCNT) nanocomposites and NR/carbon black/oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotube (NR/CB/O-MWCNT) nanocomposites, the authors of one study observed a higher crosslink density for the latter nanocomposites, which, in turn, led to greater filler-rubber interactions and, consequently, improved dispersion of CB/O-MWCNTs within the NR matrix. According to an analysis of hardness (Shore A), NR/CB/P-MWCNT nanocomposites have higher entanglement and agglomeration levels than NR/CB/O-MWCNT nanocomposites. Based on the study conducted by [PERSON] et al., sulfur-free ultraviolet-light-prevulcanized NR latex was used to create antistatic NR films containing optimized concentrations of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as conductors, nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) as a co-filler, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as a surfactant, and zinc oxide (ZnO) as an antibacterial agent [32]. It was demonstrated by the authors that the films formed with NR/MWCNTs had improved mechanical properties and electrical properties; according to their analysis, the results exceeded the requirements of the American Society for Testingand Materials (ASTM) Standards [33] for mechanical properties and International Electrotechnical Commission/Technical Specification (IEC/TS) [34]. A study was conducted by [PERSON] et al. to examine the effect of MWCNT reinforcement on the self-healing performance of natural rubber [35]. By analyzing the mechanical properties obtained through tensile and tear strength tests, it was determined that the incorporation of MWCNTs increased both properties by three and two orders of magnitude, respectively [35]. The Lorenz-Park method is an analytical tool for analyzing the interactions between fillers and polymer matrices in composite materials [36; 37]. An important aspect of this methodology is that it provides the ability to understand how different phases within a composite interact, a process that plays an essential role in optimizing a material's mechanical properties [38]. Through the analysis of the relationship between the properties of the filler and the rubber matrix, the Lorenz-Park equation quantitatively describes the interaction between the two [36; 38; 39]. Specifically, it examines how the filler enhances or modifies the characteristics of the rubber, including its viscosity, elasticity, and overall mechanical properties [36]. Thus, Lorenz-Park equation predictions are validated by experimental data, allowing researchers to confirm the degree of interaction observed in real-life applications [38; 40]. Additionally, this methodology provides a framework for optimizing composite formulations by correlating mechanical properties with filler concentration and type [36; 41]. An increase in the amount of filler, for example, has been shown to result in an increase in cross-link density and an improvement in mechanical performance. This method has been used to analyze interactions in composite materials containing natural rubber combined with silica particles, cellulose, or polyurethane residues [36; 38; 39]. The results of these studies demonstrate that different types of filler can have significant impacts on the behavior of composites. Additionally, this method provides insight into rheological changes occurring during processing, which is important in manufacturing processes such as extrusion and molding, where flow characteristics are highly important [36; 42; 43]. Nanocomposites made from MWCNTs dispersed in a VNR matrix offer several advantages in terms of their morphology, thermal properties, and mechanical properties [44]. The addition of MWCNTs to VNR-based nanocomposites can also enhance their electrical properties, thereby enhancing their potential applications.