## 2 Literature Review
### Summary  
In summary, the literature review highlights the dearth of empirical studies on CSFs for Industry 4.0 implementation and the limited understanding of their interplay. To address this, the present study combines SEM and fsQCA. SEM quantifies individual factors' effects, while fsQCA explores their interactions. SEM offers a quantitative framework to \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Study** & **Method** & **Factors Affecting the Implementation of Industry 4.0** \\ \hline [PERSON] [24] & ISM & Determinants: Perceived benefits, financial resources, management support, strategic road mapping, employees’ qualification, etc. \\ \hline [PERSON] [66] & ISM & Challenges: Workers’ resistance, lack of perseverance, lack of cooperation with suppliers, finding qualified personnel, etc. \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [82] & ISM & Challenges: Lack of education and skills training, lack of skilled workforce, data security, lack of technology integration and compatibility, etc. \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [21] & BWM and DEMATEL & HRM challenges: Lack of awareness of employees, inadequate technical skills, employee confidence, training, etc. \\ \hline [PERSON] and [PERSON] [83] & Fuzzy technique & Employee flexibility, physical and cyber system integration, real-time data sharing and monitoring, lack of standards, etc. \\ \hline [PERSON] [84] & Case study & Barriers: Employee acceptance, lack of competency, lack of cooperation, lack of strategy and targets, etc. \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [25] & Case study & Corporate culture and communication, personnel, organization structure, safety and security, preparation, etc. \\ \hline [PERSON] and [PERSON] [85] & Review & Prerequisites: Knowledge, business strategies, lean, financial capacity, data accessibility, agility in manufacturing, etc. \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [23] & Review & Barriers: Technology complexity, poor infrastructure, lack of suppliers, lack of skilled labor, internal resistance, etc. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: _Cont._ \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Dimension** & **Factor** & **Sources** & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & **Industry 4.0** & **AMT** & **IT/IS** \\ \hline Technological & Complexity & [PERSON] et al. [23] & Aiman-Smith and Green [86] & [PERSON] and Zmud [67] \\ \hline  & Compatibility & [PERSON] et al. [82] & [PERSON] and Sorra [87] & [PERSON] and Zmud [67] \\ \hline Organizational & Top management support & [PERSON] [24], [PERSON] et al. [19], [PERSON] et al. [20] & [PERSON] et al. [88], [PERSON] et al. [89] & [PERSON] and [PERSON] [90], [PERSON] et al. [91] \\ \hline  & Technology competence & [PERSON] et al. [21], [PERSON] [66] & [PERSON] et al. [92], [PERSON] et al. [93] & [PERSON] et al. [71], [PERSON] et al. [56] \\ \hline Environmental & Supplier support & [PERSON] et al. [23], [PERSON] [66] & [PERSON] et al. [94], [PERSON] [70] & [PERSON] et al. [95], [PERSON] et al. [91] \\ \hline Practice & Pilot project & [PERSON] et al. [19], [PERSON] et al. [96] & [PERSON] et al. [89], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [97] & [PERSON] [98] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Critical success factors and sources. analyze the net effects of individual factors on the implementation success of Industry 4.0 technologies. By quantifying the relationships between variables, SEM provides valuable insights into the direct impact of each factor, thus elucidating their relative importance in driving implementation success. However, SEM alone may not capture the nuanced interactions and contingencies among the factors. To address this limitation, fsQCA is employed to delve deeper into the complex relationships between the CSFs. Fuzzy-set QCA adopts a configurational perspective, acknowledging that multiple combinations of factors can lead to implementation success.