## 5 Conclusions  
This study employs two distinct econometric models, M1 and M2, to examine the relationship between digital transformation and environmental sustainability. The fundamental distinction between these models lies in their dependent variables and the specific environmental dimensions they assess. Model M1 investigates the impact of digitalization--measured through infrastructure (INFR), affordability (AFFORD), and user adoption (USAD)--on greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). The findings indicate that improvements in digital infrastructure and affordability contribute to emission reductions, whereas increased user adoption is positively correlated with higher emissions, likely due to heightened energy consumption. In contrast, Model M2 evaluates the influence of digitalization on the share of renewable energy (REN) in total energy consumption. The results suggest that enhanced digital infrastructure facilitates the integration of renewable energy sources, while greater affordability and user adoption exhibit a negative association with renewable energy uptake, indicating potential challenges in aligning broader digital adoption with sustainability goals. These findings underscore the nuanced role of digital transformation in environmental sustainability. While advancements in digital infrastructure appear to support emission reductions and the integration of renewable energy, their overall effectiveness is contingent on how affordability and user adoption influence energy demand. This distinction is critical for policymakers seeking to leverage digital transformation as a strategic tool for achieving environmental objectives in emerging economies. The study contributes to the broader theoretical discourse on digital transformation and environmental sustainability by offering empirical insights into the nuanced effects of digitalization in emerging economies. The results align with existing literature suggesting that digital infrastructure development can play a pivotal role in enhancing sustainability outcomes by improving resource efficiency, facilitating renewable energy integration, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, the study also highlights the dual impact of digitalization, demonstrating that while infrastructure and affordability can drive positive environmental change, increased digital adoption may lead to higher energy consumption, thereby partially offsetting these benefits. From a theoretical perspective, these findings suggest a need to re-evaluate existing digital transformation models in the context of sustainability. While prior studies have often emphasized the role of digitalization in fostering economic growth and efficiency, this study underscores its complex relationship with environmental performance. The results indicate that digital transformation cannot be viewed solely as a linear enabler of sustainability; rather, its impact depends on how different dimensions--infrastructure, affordability, and user adoption--interact with energy systems and economic behaviors. Furthermore, the study contributes to technology adoption and environmental transition theories by illustrating how digitalization dynamics vary across different economic contexts. In emerging economies, where energy infrastructures are still evolving, the expansion of digital adoption without parallel investments in green energy sources may inadvertently exacerbate environmental pressures. This finding suggests that digitalization should be analyzed within an integrated framework that considers both its direct efficiency-enhancing effects and its indirect demand-driven consequences on energy use. These insights provide a theoretical foundation for future research exploring the interplay between digitalization, economic structures, and sustainability policies.