esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 9 Classification and Comparison  
Throughout this study, a systematic review of literature was conducted on the privacy and security issues of IoMT as well as the different ways that various technologies are used to address them. By analyzing the results of the study, including the technologies and tools used, the benefits, evaluations and limitations of each proposed solution, Table 5 provides a classification and comparison between the security schemes discussed in the security model. This comparison provides a general overview of the future direction of privacy and security research in the field of IoMT. From this review, we can conclude that numerous schemes are published to secure IoMT devices. Most of these studies concentrated on securing the network layer of the device or the body since intrusions into devices such as IMDs can have a serious effect on the patient's health and life. Some suggested solutions to secure these devices are device authentication, sensor anomaly detection, and access control. In addition, studies which used attack and malware detection strategies observed and studied how to secure the network layer. The findings also show that the blockchain, the ECC algorithm, and light-weight authentication are the best for security in comparison to traditional algorithms. We concluded that traditional ML techniques may not be efficient enough when given metrics are not considered (such as time complexity, energy consumption, and resource complexity) [90]. We have also noticed that most studies ignore these criteria and do not take them into consideration when evaluating their proposed models. Therefore, how to use ML in an appropriate way to fit the nature of IoMT had better be the focus of future studies in this domain. Nowadays, as IoMT devices often find the authentication process computationally intensive, the present research direction is headed to apply lightweight mechanisms with the use of physiological data from sensors to decrease the computational load on the device [91]. Table 5's comparison provides a general overview of the future direction of security and privacy research in IoMT. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt}} \hline \hline
**Security Model** & **Ref** & **Technologies and Techniques Used** & **Security Requirement** & **Benefits of the Proposed Scheme** & **Evaluation of the Proposed Scheme** & **Challenges in Proposed Scheme** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{**Blockchain Model**} & \multirow{8}{*}{[76]} & Attribute-based encryption methods combined(ABE) with private blockchain technology; BAN logic; OPNET software & \multirow{8}{*}{Privacy, accessibility, authorization, authentication, and integrity.} & \multirow{8}{*}{Securely share and store medical data} & \multirow{8}{*}{Efficiency in terms of competitive and storage.} & \multirow{8}{*}{The complexity of cryptocurrency exchange for data sharing.} \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4}  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3
# Boundary-Aware Concurrent Queue: A Fast and Scalable Concurrent FIFO Queue on GPU Environments
###### Abstract  
This paper presents _Boundary-Aware Concurrent Queue (BACQ)_, a high-performance queue designed for modern GPUs, which focuses on high concurrency in massively parallel environments. BACQ operates at the warp level, leveraging intra-warp locality to improve throughput. A key to BACQ's design is its ability to replace conflicting accesses to shared data with independent accesses to private data. It uses a ticket-based system to ensure fair ordering of operations and supports infinite growth of the head and tail across its ring buffer. The leader thread of each warp coordinates enqueue and dequeue operations, broadcasting offsets for intra-warp synchronization. BACQ dynamically adjusts operation priorities based on the queue's state, especially as it approaches boundary conditions such as overfilling the buffer. It also uses a virtual caching layer for intra-warp communication, reducing memory latency. Rigorous benchmarking results show that BACQ outperforms the BWD (Broker Queue Work Distributor), the fastest known GPU queue, by more than \(2\times\) while preserving FIFO semantics. The paper demonstrates BACQ's superior performance through real-world empirical evaluations.  
GPGPU; concurrent queues; concurrent data structures; concurrent programming; parallel programming; strict First-In-First-Out (FIFO)
## 12 Future Directions
### Comprehensive Assessment of all Noise Sources  
We are not aware of a comprehensive treatment of all noise sources and possible mitigation strategies. The published literature on RIID algorithms using NaI spectra, much of which is referenced here, tends to isolate one or a few noise sources and evaluate mitigation strategies, such as the peak alignment strategy described in [16]. Therefore, in conjunction with the Bayesian variable selection approach, a combination of real and simulated spectra should be used in extensive testing to assess the individual impact of all noise sources and potential noise mitigation strategies as measurement protocols are varied.  
One noise source that is especially important to model is the error in the reference spectra and associated response matrix \(R_{y}(\rho)\) so that techniques from the errors in predictors literature [40] could be applied. For example, the MCMC approach to implement the Bayesian variable selection can easily accommodate errors in predictors, particularly if combined with a MIMBS-type approach that reduces the number of possible absorbers to a representative basis set. Specifically, in the model \(\mu_{i}=\sum_{j}R_{\bar{y}}(\rho)a_{j}\), the response matrix \(R_{\bar{y}}(\rho)\) will have errors that can be assessed and properly treated using MCMC to generate samples from the posterior distribution for both the isotopic composition vector \(a_{j}\) and the \(\rho_{z}\) values that characterize the absorber effects. That is, the \(\rho_{z}\) values that impact \(R_{\bar{y}}(\rho)\) can be treated as unknown parameters in MCMC so that both \(\rho_{z}\) and \(a_{j}\) are included in the unknown parameter vector in the MCMC search space. Two attractive features of the MCMC approach are that it easily handles nonnegativity constraints on both \(\rho_{z}\) and \(a_{j}\) and easily handles appropriate likelihoods such as the Poisson likelihood in this case.  
It would be straightforward in simulation data to systematically eliminate or amplify each noise source, define \"cases\" by which noise sources are present in what amounts, and repeat the inference for the isotopic composition vector \(a_{j}\) using Bayesian variable selection in each case.
## 1 Introduction
Moreover, the natural frequencies computed by using a numerical analysis were compared with only the frequency response function curve that was measured by the impact hammer test. In this study, an electromagnetic force induced structural vibration for brushless direct current (BLDC) motor is developed using finite element analysis as well as an experiment for the operating speed range. The 3-D entire FE model, consisting of a stator core, rotor including rotor housing and permanent magnets, stator housing, fin, coil, and other various components is introduced to increase the accuracy of the analysis. Modal analysis is performed, and the results are validated using the modal test results of an actual motor. To predict the electromagnetic force induced vibration characteristics over a wide range of operating speeds for the BLDC motor, an electromagnetic-structural vibration coupled analysis is performed using Altair Optistruct and FLUX. The results are validated via comparison with a vibration experiment conducted under the same conditions. Finally, the advantages and contributions of the proposed analysis method over the entire operating variable speed are discussed.
# Impact of Shifts in Vegetation Phenology on the Carbon Balance of a Semiarid Sagebrush Ecosystem
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Flux Gap-Filling and Partitioning  
In addition to the aforementioned quality assurance and control, field operations (e.g., instrument maintenance) and electrical and instrumental issues would also lead to data gaps. As a result, many EC sites lack approximately 20-60% of annual flux data [15; 38; 39; 40]. At the US-Hn1 site, approximately 29%, 50%, 51%, and 40% of the total 30-min H, LE, NEE, and Rsoil data, respectively, were either removed due to low data quality or missed due to electrical and instrumental issues. Identifying a robust approach to filling the gaps in flux data has been an active research topic [39; 41; 42]. Recently, machine learning algorithms (for example, artificial neural networks and random forests) have been applied to fill the gaps in carbon fluxes [39; 41; 42]. While their performances largely degrade as the lengths of data gaps increase, the random forest (RF) algorithm has been found to outperform other approaches [39; 41]. Here, we applied the RF algorithm to fill the data gaps in H, LE, NEE, and Rsoil.  
The RF algorithm [43] uses bootstrap aggregation and feature randomness to generate each individual tree, while the prediction results are calculated as an ensemble of many independent decision trees. The input variables used to train the RF algorithms included the above meteorological variables, vegetation index (EVI), three variables of the decimal day of the year, and sine and cosine functions representing seasonal changes [42]. The 16-day EVI data were resampled to 30 min data using cubic spline interpolation. In this study, we used the \"randomForest\" R package [44] and created 500 regression trees for each flux variable (H, LE, NEE, and R\({}_{\text{soil}}\)). Furthermore, RF allows for an estimation of the input variables, is used to identify key drivers, and interprets the results [41].  
After gap-filling, the \"REddyProc\" R package was applied to perform flux partitioning into GPP and R\({}_{\text{eco}}\),  
\[\text{GPP}=\text{NEE}-\text{R}_{\text{eco}}, \tag{2}\]  
where R\({}_{\text{eco}}\) is calculated using fitted nocturnal temperature response functions ([PERSON] et al., 2005) that describe changes to R\({}_{\text{eco}}\) (i.e., the nighttime method).
# Application of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) in Predicting Box Compression Strength (BCS)
## 4 Discussion
These strategies are expected to improve generalization and reduce prediction error, especially in boundary cases.
## 5 Result and Analysis  
### Model Implementation  
In our previous experiment [47], we tested the PredNet model using input sequences of nine, 11, 12, and 13 traffic images to predict congestion levels for 10-, 30-, and 60-min horizons. We found that using an input sequence of 12 images yielded the best results on the validation dataset. Therefore, in this work, we fixed the past sequence to be 12 images for all experiments. To prepare the input for the network, we concatenated the 12 images at the channel dimension to create a 192 \(\times\) 448 \(\times\) 36 input tensor, which was then passed through the stem to reduce the resolution to 48 \(\times\) 112 \(\times\) 32. The feature maps generated by the Tiny HRNet backbone had sizes of 48 \(\times\) 112 \(\times\) 32, 24 \(\times\) 56 \(\times\) 64, 12 \(\times\) 28 \(\times\) 128, and 6 \(\times\) 14 \(\times\) 256 at resolution levels L\({}_{1}\), L\({}_{2}\), L\({}_{3}\), and L\({}_{4}\), respectively. The output of the decoder's convLSTM layer had the same resolution as the backbone's output, and they were fused to generate a feature map size to 48 \(\times\) 112 \(\times\) 480. A 1 \(\times\) 1 convolutional layer was used to reduce the number of feature maps to 48 \(\times\) 112 \(\times\) 256, which was then concatenated with a low-level feature map from the stem to yield feature maps of 48 \(\times\) 112 \(\times\) 288. Finally, two convolution transpose layers of 2 \(\times\) 2 kernel size and 2 \(\times\) 2 were added to restore the feature map to its original size with four channels, i.e., 192 \(\times\) 448 \(\times\) 4.
# Analysis of Human Body Shadowing Effect on Wireless Sensor Networks Operating in the 2.4 GHz Band
## 3 Results
### Analysis of Human Body Shadowing in an Indoor Environment Using XGtd(tm)
In the case of two persons in the \"D\" and \"E\" positions, there is no shadowing of the direct path between the transmitting and receiving antenna, but even in this case, the median path loss increased to 48 dB, the minimum value was 43 dB, and the maximum value was 56 dB. For three people (in positions \"A\", \"D\", and \"E\"), the median path loss was 51 dB, the minimum value was 44 dB, and the maximum value was 68 dB. In the case of four people (in positions \"A\", \"D\", \"E\", and \"F\"), the median path loss was 52 dB, the minimum value was 43 dB, and the maximum value was 65 dB. These results show that the path loss caused by body shadowing depends on the spatial orientation of people in the indoor environment. For this reason, the use of numerical models of the human body in the discussed application is particularly important. Figure 11: Geometry of the second scenario for simulating the shadowing effect in XGtdTM. Figure 12: Results of path loss simulation for the second scenario in XGtdTM.
## 5 Discussion
### Temporal Dynamics of Annual Cumulative ET in the Study Area Based TSEB-SM, PML_V2, and SEBAL  
The spatial distribution of the annual cumulative ET of TSEB-SM (2001-2018) was compared with that of PML-V2 (2001-2018) and SEBAL (2001-2018) over the whole of the Heihe River Basin (Figure 6). Although these three satellite-based ET products show generally similar spatial patterns across the Heihe River Basin, regions of divergence can also be seen, particularly in the upstream and midstream parts of the catchment. The TSEB-SM products provided annual ET in the range of 400-700 mm/year in the alpine meadows in the upstream area, while PML-V2 and SEBAL provided a much lower range of 300-500 mm/year. The TSEB-SM and PML-V2 products provided annual ET ranges in the artificial \"oasis\" irrigation region of 500-700 mm/year and 400-600 mm/year, respectively, which are quite close to the ground-based estimate (range 500-650 mm/year) (Figures 3 and 4). In contrast, SEBAL provided lower annual ET values of 300-500 mm/year in this area.  
Figure 5: The spatial distributions of the relative uncertainties of the 3 ET products over the Heihe River Basin.  
The variation in the annual ET in the Heihe River Basin is mainly driven by changing precipitation in the up- and midstream areas, as well as by the impacts of changing irrigation regimes in the midstream. The measured precipitation in the upstream areas showed an increasing trend over the years 2001-2018, and this resulted in an increase in annual ET, which was captured by the TSEB-SM and PML-V2 ET products. In contrast, the SEBAL ET  
Figure 6: Variations in annual ET estimates by TSEB-SM, PML-V2, and SEBAL from 2001 to 2018 across the Heihe River Basin.  
product showed an insignificant change from 2001 to 2018 (except for the wrong value in the downstream).  
The comparison of the three ET products for seasonal trends in ET and the inter-comparison of spatial patterns of ET across the Heihe Basin suggest that the water balance in the well-watered agricultural and grassland areas is more accurately captured by the TSEB-SM model than by the other two satellite-based ET products (Figure 7). The improvements shown by the TSEB-SM model in this catchment are due to the way in which it not only correctly captures the large water loss from the land surface in the early growing season, which is often missed by traditional stomatal conductance or process-based models, but also addresses the underestimation of ET in the peak growing season shown by other satellite-based ET products [33; 34]. The underestimation of ET in the peak plant growing season appears to be mainly due to the simplified parametrization of canopy stomatal conductance [11; 35].
# Scattering or Pushing for Object Singulation in Cluttered Environment: Case Study with Soma Cube
## 4 Parameter Estimation and Simulator Based Dynamic Manipulation  
### Estimation of Physical Parameters  
The complete methodology to estimate the physical properties of objects such as coefficient of friction, coefficient of restitution, and mass ratios is proposed by [PERSON] et al. (2015). Here, multiple videos of different impact scenarios were recorded by considering the collision of single and two objects with robot manipulator. By processing these unlabeled videos, certain parameters such as travel distance of each object after collision, travel time, velocities before/after collision, and acceleration of each object were observed. Furthermore, using these observed motion parameters, and combining with the analytical model, the physical properties of all the objects being involved in the collision could be estimated.  
Based on the same methodology, we have estimated the physical properties of the objects for our Soma cube application. These physical properties have been used to design virtual world simulator and to perform experimental singulation. In the experimentation, 7 Soma cube blocks are used. Universal robot UR5 manipulator is used for scattering and pushing. A 4K FDR-AX30 (Sony, Tokyo, Japan) is used for recording videos for the estimation of physical parameters.
###### Abstract  
Aim: The authors provided an accurate, simple, and noninvasive method for matching the intraoral scan with facial scan of a patient, without the need of a cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and methods: Three different facial scans were acquired: the first one with the mouth closed, the second one with a voluntary \"social smile\", and the last one scanned the face with a lip-and-cheek retractor with dental arches in occlusion. The base of this method is to superimpose the area of the dental arches acquired by a face scanner with the same area derived by an intraoral scanner. Result: An accurate matching of intraoral and facial scans can be achieved without the risks of radiation exposure. Conclusions: The virtual patient helps the orthodontis to improve both diagnosis and treatment planning: a three-dimensional digital smile design can be performed, the patient's smile can then be analyzed in the context of the lips, and the teeth can be moved to achieve a consonant and balanced smile. All this information can be integrated in a clear aligner therapy or an indirect bonding procedure, enhancing outcomes in the facial esthetics.  
virtual patient; digital clone; intraoral scan; facial scan; digital smile design; digital orthodontics; cone beam computed tomography +
Footnote †: journal: Medical Imaging  
_Applied_  
_Academic Editors: [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON]_  
facial scans, exposing the patients to X-rays [1; 3; 6]. Actually, CBCT is not considered as a standard method for orthodontic diagnosis, and its routine clinical use is not acceptable as a substitute for conventional radiographs in both children and adults because of its higher radiation doses compared with 2D radiographs [10; 11].  
CBCT examinations should be performed only for valid diagnostic or treatment reasons and with the minimum exposure necessary for adequate image quality [12]: recommendations include retained and impacted permanent teeth, severe craniofacial anomalies, severe facial discrepancies with indication of orthodontic-surgical treatment, and bone irregularities or malformation of TMJ accompanied by signs and symptoms [13; 14].  
These recommendations are even more stronger in orthodontics and pediatric dentistry because children present tissues with higher radiosensitivity, greater number of cell divisions, and a longer lifespan for carcinogenesis development [15].  
The aim of this paper was to provide a safe, X-ray-free, easy, and affordable method to combine the intraoral scan with facial scan of the patient without the need of cone beam computed tomography, and the accuracy of this technique is evaluated with a 3D reverse-modeling software package (Geomagic Control X--3D Systems, Rock Hill, SC, USA).
# Effects of Imperfect Assembly and Magnetic Properties on the Three-Pole AMB System
## 5 Conclusions  
A three-pole AMB system with assembly error and non-uniform flux distribution was considered in this study. The assembly error is caused by the misalignment of the back-up bearing and the stator of the AMB. The non-uniform flux distribution is mainly due to non-uniform material properties, manufacturing errors, etc. These factors induce the uncertainty that needs to be considered in the design of a stable-levitation controller. In this study, the stable-levitation controller has been designed using the method of feedback linearization and integral sliding mode control. The effect of the non-uniform flux distribution is included in the dynamic model and is directly compensated for by using feedback linearization. On the other hand, the effect of assembly errors is modeled as the uncertainty in the dynamic model. The resulting uncertain system has been stabilized using the robust controller designed by ISMC. The parameters of the ISMC controller depend on the uncertainty bounds that can be estimated using the magnetic force model. Both simulation and experimental results indicate that the rotor can be levitated to the center of the back-up bearing, verifying the effectiveness of the proposed stable-levitation controller.  
Conceptualization, S.-L.C.; methodology, S.-L.C.; software, Y.-T.L.; validation, Y.-T.L. and C.-H.L.; formal analysis, S.-L.C. and Y.-T.L.; investigation, Y.-T.L.; resources, S.-L.C.; data curation, C.-H.L.; writing--original draft preparation, S.-L.C. and Y.-T.L.; writing--review and editing, S.-L.C.; visualization, C.-H.L.; supervision, S.-L.C.; project administration, S.-L.C. and C.-Y.C.; funding acquisition, C.-Y.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded in part by the Advanced Institute of Manufacturing with High-tech Innovations (AIM-HI) from The Featured Areas Research Center Program within the framework of the Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education (MOE) in Taiwan and was also supported in part by the Bureau of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Taiwan, R.O.C.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.