## 1 Introduction
The insights derived from such modeling hold significant implications for understanding soil behavior in complex geological settings. Statistical assessments have also played a crucial role in recent research endeavors, exemplified by [PERSON] et al. [13], which focuses on simplifying CPTu-based hydraulic conductivity curves. This statistical perspective enhances our ability to interpret and utilize CPTu data effectively. Similarly, the utility of CPTu in assessing changes in shear modulus \(G_{\rm o}\) within the subsoil has been underscored [14], emphasizing its practical relevance in geotechnical applications. Further expanding the horizons of CPTu applications, [PERSON] et al. [15] proposed a method for predicting soil thermal conductivity through Thermal PiezoCone Penetration Testing (T-CPTu). This innovative approach aligns with the importance of understanding thermal characteristics in geotechnical analyses. [PERSON] [16] also delves into evaluating compressibility in organic soils, considering both in-situ and laboratory tests, particularly for road construction applications. Geographical relevance is demonstrated in [PERSON] et al. [16], which explores the geotechnical characteristics of floodplain soils in Nanjing, China, using Seismic Cone Penetration test (S-CPTu) data. This study provides valuable insights into local soil behavior and contributes to the broader understanding of regional geotechnical variations. Finally, [PERSON] [17] establishes a meaningful correlation between undrained CPTu results and the state parameter for liquefiable soils, enriching our comprehension of soil liquefaction mechanisms. These pioneering studies underscore the depth and breadth of ongoing research in the CPTu field, offering invaluable perspectives that enhance our ability to comprehend and characterize diverse geotechnical subsurface conditions. The integration of Standard Penetration Test (SPT) results with other geotechnical testing methods has been extensively explored in various studies, highlighting the importance of multi-faceted approaches in soil characterization and engineering projects. [PERSON] et al. [18] examined the correlation between Pressuremeter Test (PMT) results and SPT N values for cohesive soils in Kolkata, India. Their study emphasized the value of using PMT alongside SPT to predict soil parameters more accurately, suggesting that PMT can provide reliable additional data for sub-soil characterization. Similarly, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [19] proposed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to integrate data from SPT, Cone Penetration Tests (CPT), and Suspension PS Logging tests. This method effectively identified geotechnical units, improving the accuracy of soil stratigraphy in construction projects. In another study, [PERSON] et al. [20] focused on correlating geotechnical and geoelectrical properties of soil deposits in India. They found a strong linear correlation between soil resistivity and SPT N values at specific sites, suggesting that geophysical methods complement traditional geotechnical tests to enhance subsurface exploration. This aligns with findings by [PERSON] [21], who studied the correlation between electrical resistivity and SPT N-values in the sandy soils of Phuket, Thailand. The authors highlighted the significant impact of geological and climatic factors on the correlation model, demonstrating that regional characteristics must be considered when interpreting resistivity data. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [22] further investigated the relationship between resistivity and SPT N-values in Patna, India. Their results showed a strong linear correlation, supporting the use of electrical resistivity tests (ERTs) to determine soil design parameters quickly. This approach can significantly reduce the time and effort required for conventional soil testing. [PERSON] [23] proposed a new model based on the soil behavior type index (\(I_{\mathrm{c}}\)) to convert CPT data to SPT N values.