# The Emergence of Antibioticstics Resistance Genes, Bacteria, and Micropollutants in Grey Wastewater
## 5 Discussion  
With the rapidly increasing use of antimicrobial products and disinfectants, it is critical to evaluate the emergence of ARGs, ARBs, and EMPs in treated GW and its fate in the environment. In this review, it has been demonstrated that recent research has proven that non-antibiotic chemicals, such as disinfectants and non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals, can accelerate the dissemination of ARGs. The role of antibiotics in promoting ARBs might have been previously overestimated. Therefore, it is urgent to evaluate the role and mechanisms of non-antibiotic chemicals in spreading ARGs in the environment. The impact of EMPs on the increase of ARGs and ARBs is challenging to estimate, especially when antibiotic resistance is not always stable and can often be reversed [143]. Another point of complexity is when the development of resistance to one micropollutant subsequently leads to the resistance to one or more micropollutants, also called cross-resistance mechanisms. Therefore, an analysis of the influence of single compounds and a mixture of these contaminants is also needed. It must be discovered when a mixture of chemicals equals the sum of particular effects, or if one or more chemicals change the interaction. So far, most experiments have focused on the impact of a single compound under controlled or laboratory conditions within a limited timeframe. Only a few report the fate and the effect of complex mixtures of contaminants in the natural environment or field conditions. Sorption to environmental particles or experimental materials can influence the impact of EMP [117]. Therefore, the effect of these preservatives needs to be analyzed in situ and in vivo, such as towards terrestrial microbial communities as a whole. In addition, more studies need to focus on identifying the mechanism/s involved in the degradation of non-antibiotic chemicals and the presence of catabolic pathways in the metagenome. The health of humans and animals is indistinguishably connected to the environment since they can acquire AMRs from the environment through food, water, and air. Even non-pathogenic bacteria in the environment can pose a health risk, as they may function as a reservoir of ARGs and transfer it to pathogenic bacteria [144]. In addition, we tried to summarize the effects of EMPs on bacteria and their fate in the soil microbiome. EMPs contaminants have been shown to induce changes in the prevalence and diversity of soil bacteria. However, it should be considered that the fate and transport of EMPs, ARBs, and ARGs can vary with varying soil properties [145]. Some ARGs might have a different physiological role than antibiotic resistance, supported by increasing evidence [146]. [PERSON] et al. [124] suggest that ARGs have alternative functions other than antibiotic resistance; for instance, they have biosynthetic, metabolic, or signaling purposes. For example, the MDR pumps export a wide range of different elements and have a function in bacterial chemical communication (quorum sensing) [147]. Another example is chromosomal \(\beta\)-lactamases in _Enterobacteriaceae_ that contribute the resistance of \(\beta\)-lactam antibiotics [148]. _Enterobacteriaceae_ share a common ancestor, and chromosomal \(\beta\)-lactamases are present in all species. This indicates that chromosomal \(\beta\)-lactamases were acquired before this genus differentiated evolutionarily into species, which happened hundreds of thousands of years ago [149]. Thus, the activity of chromosomal \(\beta\)-lactamases against antibiotics can be considered a side effect, and they are mainly enzymes involved in synthesizing peptidoglycans [150]. However, once antibiotic selective pressure is applied, it can reinforce their adaptive role as antibiotic resistance factors. In summary, the fact that ARGs have alternative functions supports the idea that antibiotic resistance should be examined more holistically. [PERSON] et al. [151] reported that the dissemination of AMR from the environment to humans is a subject that needs more attention.