# Review of GIS-Based Applications for Mining: Planning, Operation, and Environmental Management
## 5 Environmental Management Using GISs
### Mine-Induced Hazard Management  
GIS functions, such as watershed analysis, spatial mapping, spatial database, and spatial modeling, could be used for mine-induced hazard management. In this paper, we present examinations that have addressed the movement of soil, water inrush, and sediment; mine subsidence; and the storage and visualization of mine reclamation data. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [59] developed early warning indicators of mining-induced land degradation to enable coordination between stakeholders in new regions that have undergone exploration and mining activities. To this end, they developed a model to quantify the relationships between mining leases and biophysical conditions that enhance land degradation. The Upper West Region of Ghana was considered as the study area, and the spatial impact relationship between mine development and land degradation was evaluated by considering vegetation displacement, the land degradation impact index, and the rainfall erosivity index in satellite images during two time periods. The model developed in this study can help to find efficient strategies for sustainable mining and the mutual benefit of rural land resources between policymakers, communities, and interested development partners. It can also enhance the understanding of companies and governments regarding the links between mining-induced land degradation and social conflict. Figure 13: Rated value maps. **(a)** Rating the vulnerability to erosion from the flow accumulation of surface drainage. **(b)** Rating the slope gradient to extract steep bench slopes (\(30^{\circ}\) C). (e) Locations of bench slopes vulnerable to gully erosion during rainfall [56]. [PERSON] et al. [60] assessed the Golden Star Resources Bogoso Prestea Limited concession, where mining caused land use changes based on GIS-based spatial analysis. Area estimation and analysis of land use flow methods were performed to analyze a 20-year period (1986-2006), making it possible to identify how changes in land use in mining and agriculture over those two decades have emerged. This analysis revealed that land use from mining has stabilized owing to good reclamation practices and reduced mine development. [PERSON] et al. [61] proposed a GIS- and ANN-based coupling technique to evaluate the vulnerability of the water inrush controlled by geomorphology and the regional geologic structure of coal mines. To this end, a coal mine located in northern China was used to assesses the vulnerability of the water inrush through GIS, and ANN was utilized to determine the weight coefficient for each factor that affects the water inrush. The technology developed in this study could more accurately predict karst water inrushes while solving the following difficulties in assessing the vulnerability of the water inrush: (1) water inrush is controlled by several factors, (2) inaccurate weight for each factor, (3) lack of an established mathematical model to explain the process of water inrush, and (4) water inrush closely related to human activity. [PERSON] et al. [62] presented the results of hydrology and landform evolution modeling techniques integrated with GIS to assess the possible impacts of mining on the Swift Creek catchment in the Northern Territory of Australia. First, a spatial and attribute database related to the study area was constructed using GIS, and hydrology and sediment transport parameters were derived from field data collected within the Swift Creek catchment. The Distributed parameter Field-Williams (DISTFW) hydrology model was then used to determine long-term hydrology parameters, and the SIBERIA landform evolution model was employed to derive annual hydrographs. Attempts to link the hydrology and landform evolution models with GIS showed that the process of parameter derivation and modeling can be simplified. In addition, linking these models to GIS provides significant benefits, as GIS can assist in the derivation, storage, manipulation, processing, and visualization of georeferenced data at the catchment-wide scale. [PERSON] et al.