## 3 Results
### Kinematic Sequence Time Parameters  
In terms of the time of backswing angular velocity peak, only the SL revealed significant correlations (small to moderate) to both ACHS and NCHS across all club conditions (Table 3). The UL also showed significant correlations (small) to ACHS in all club conditions except the pitching wedge. Delayed onset of the angular velocity peaks during the backswing was associated with higher clubhead speed. The times of transition of the HL, UL, and the club showed significant correlations (small to large) to NCHS across all club conditions. The UL and the club also showed significant correlations (moderate) to ACHS across all club conditions. In these cases, delayed transitions were associated with \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Parameter**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Club**} \\ \cline{2-9}  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Driver**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**5-Iron**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Pitching Wedge**} \\ \cline{2-9}  & \(\mathbf{M\pm SD}\) & **ACHS** & **NCHS** & \(\mathbf{M\pm SD}\) & **ACHS** & **NCHS** & \(\mathbf{M\pm SD}\) & **ACHS** & **NCHS** \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{9}{c}{_Event time (relative to BI)_} \\ \hline BA & \(-1022\pm 105\) & 0.226 & 0.172 & \(-999\pm 97\) & 0.223 & 0.221 & \(-992\pm 92\) & 0.401 * & 0.390 * \\ \hline MB & \(-672\pm 63\) & 0.248 * & 0.146 & \(-670\pm 59\) & 0.213 & 0.166 & \(-672\pm 58\) & 0.343 * & 0.307 * \\ \hline LBA & \(-515\pm 48\) & 0.162 & 0.121 & \(-512\pm 45\) & 0.126 & 0.136 & \(-511\pm 48\) & 0.218 & 0.234 \\ \hline LB & \(-503\pm 49\) & 0.287 * & 0.183 & \(-493\pm 44\) & 0.248 * & 0.184 & \(-491\pm 44\) & 0.316 * & 0.282 * \\ \hline EPR & \(-336\pm 25\)* & 0.177 & 0.239 & \(-334\pm 26\)* & 0.143 & 0.230 & \(-338\pm 26\)[1] & 0.258 * & 0.405 * \\ \hline TB & \(-253\pm 26\) & 0.481 * & 0.446 * & \(-256\pm 22\)[1] & 0.393 * & 0.405 * & \(-266\pm 25\)[1] & 0.441 * & 0.495 * \\ \hline EDA & \(-118\pm 9\) & 0.531 * & 0.475 * & \(-113\pm 9\) & 0.595 * & 0.612 * & \(-117\pm 13\)* & 0.720 * & 0.654 * \\ \hline ED & \(-88\pm 6\) & 0.810 * & 0.735 * & \(-91\pm 7\) & 0.736 * & 0.773 * & \(-97\pm 8\)[1] & 0.761 * & 0.811 * \\ \hline MD & \(-39\pm 2\) & 0.745 * & 0.644 * & \(-37\pm 2\)* & 0.737 * & 0.747 * & \(-38\pm 3\) & 0.802 * & 0.808 * \\ \hline MC & \(-183\pm 71\)* & 0.174 & 0.199 & \(-183\pm 75\)* & 0.161 & 0.232 & \(-207\pm 85\)* & 0.176 & 0.218 \\ \hline \multicolumn{9}{c}{_Phase time_} \\ \hline BS & \(769\pm 100\) & \(-0.112\) & \(-0.064\) & \(741\pm 88\) & \(-0.125\) & \(-0.108\) & \(724\pm 78\) & \(-0.284\)* & \(-0.250\)* \\ \hline DS & \(253\pm 26\) & \(-0.481\)* & \(-0.446\)* & \(256\pm 22\)[1] & \(-0.393\)* & \(-0.405\)* & \(266\pm 25\)[1] & \(-0.441\)* & \(-0.495\)* \\ \hline Transition & \(83\pm 31\) & 0.274 * & 0.168 & \(77\pm 31\) & 0.224 & 0.126 & \(72\pm 30\) & 0.162 & 0.070 \\ \hline Early DS & \(136\pm 25\) & \(-0.318\)* & \(-0.302\)* & \(144\pm 23\) & \(-0.211\) & \(-0.261\)* & \(151\pm 26\) & \(-0.199\) & \(-0.268\)* \\ \hline Late DS & \(118\pm 9\) & \(-0.531\)* & \(-0.475\)* & \(113\pm 9\) & \(-0.595\)* & \(-0.612\)* & \(117\pm 13\)* & \(-0.720\)* & \(-0.654\)* \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Abbreviations: ACHS—actual clubhead speed, NCHS—normalized clubhead speed, BA—break, MB—mid backswing, LBA—late backswing, arm-based, LB—late backswing, EPR—end of pelvis rotation, TB—top of backswing, EDA—early downswing, arm-based, ED—early downswing, MD—mid downswing, BI—ball impact, MC—maximum cooking, BS—backswing, and DS—downswing. * Nonparametric (Spearman’s) correlation coefficient; [1] Number of outliers removed; * Statistically significant (\(p<0.05\)).  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Correlation coefficients of the event and phase times (in ms) to clubhead speed (\(n=66\)). higher clubhead speed. The timings of angular velocity peaks in the downswing were characterized by a lack of significant correlation to clubhead speed.