## 2 Materials and Methods
### Data Collection  
To investigate the movement patterns and habitat use of reef manta rays, 33 individuals were equipped with SPLASH10-F-321A satellite tags (Wildlife Computers, Redmond, WA, USA) in four regions: Berau (\(n=5\)), Nusa Penida (\(n=8\)), Komodo (\(n=6\)), and Raja Ampat (\(n=14\)). Satellite tag deployments occurred at various intervals between July 2014 and June 2022 (Table 1 and Figure 1), following the procedures detailed by [PERSON] et al. [23]. In Berau, the tags were deployed in May, at the start of the southeast monsoon. In Nusa Penida, the tag deployments took place in May, July, and September, all during the southeast monsoon. In Komodo, the tags were deployed in April, coinciding with the transition between the northwest and southeast monsoons. In Raja Ampat, the tag deployments occurred across different seasons.  
Before tagging, identification photographs (photo IDs) were taken, sex was determined, and disk width (DW--distance between the tips of pectoral fins) was estimated whenever possible. The DW was estimated visually by experienced team members (the tagger and the person who took ID photos) using reference objects, such as the tagging pole and diver body proportions. This method is widely used in manta ray research and provides a reliable approximation for classifying individuals into maturity categories, e.g., [27]. The sex of individual reef manta rays was identified based on the presence (male) or absence (female) of claspers on the pelvic fins. Male maturity was estimated from the length and calcification of claspers following the method described by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [28]. Female sexual maturity was determined by the presence of mating scars or a pregnancy bulge [27]. Maturity was also classified by estimated DW, with individuals under 2.4 m DW classified as juveniles [6]. Females measuring 3.0 m DW or larger and males measuring 2.7 m DW or larger were classified as mature adults [6; 29].  
Tagging was performed either while free diving at feeding sites or SCUBA diving at cleaning stations using a pole spear to insert a titanium dart attached to the satellite tag by a 25 or 50 cm tether. The dart, acting as an anchor, was embedded in the dorsum of each manta ray, in the muscle band between the right or left pectoral fin and the body cavity. Each satellite tag was programmed to remain attached to the reef manta rays for durations ranging from 96 to 180 days (Table 1) to collect various movement and environmental data, including Fastloc GPS and Argos positions, as well as the ambient sea temperature and depth of the tagged animals (with these last two parameters recorded every 1 s). The frequency of Fastloc GPS data collection varied across tagging periods and regions, with intervals set at 5, 6, or 60 min. These variations resulted from experimental adjustments aimed at improving the performance of the satellite tags in capturing Fastloc GPS positions as the tagging program gained experience with these tags. Despite optimal programming, position data were only recorded when the tag's antenna breached the sea surface, allowing it to connect to the Argos satellite network. Upon surfacing, the satellite tag transmitted position data to the Wildlife Computers Data Portal via the Argos satellite system.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**No.**} & **Position** & **PIT ID** & **Sex** & **Est. DW** & **Life Stage** & **Deploy Date** & **Release Date** & **Tracking** & **N Failde** & **Min Dial** & **Average** & **95K UD** \\  & **RegReg** & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline
1 & BE & 140893 \({}^{\ast}\) & M & 300 & A & 6 May 2015