## 3 Results
### Association between Anthropometric Parameters and Physical Fitness
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Variables** & **Study I** & **Study II** & **Females** & **Males** & **Total** \\ \hline  & **(_n_ = 65)** & **(_n_ = 21)** & **(_n_ = 46)** & **(_n_ = 40)** & **(_n_ = 86)** \\  & **Mean (SD)** & **Mean (SD)** & **Mean (SD)** & **Mean (SD)** & **Mean (SD)** \\ \hline Age (years) & 11.7 (2.1) & 10.6 (2.4) & 11.7 (2.1) & 11.2 (2.3) & 11.4 (2.2) \\ Height (cm) & 147.3 (13.1) & 143.2 (13.3) & 146.9 (12.6) & 145.7 (13.9) & 146.3 (13.2) \\ Body mass (kg) & 39.8 (11.4) & 40.0 (13.8) & 41.2 (11.2) & 38.4 (12.6) & 39.9 (11.9) \\ BMI (kg/m\({}^{2}\)) & 17.9 (2.7) & 19.0 (4.1) & 18.7 (2.9) & 17.7 (3.2) & 18.2 (3.1) \\ Fat mass (kg) & 6.9 (4.3) & 9.2 (7.0) & **9.1 (5.2) \({}^{*}\)** & 5.5 (4.5) & 7.5 (5.8) \\ Fat mass (\%) & 16.7 (7.2) & **20.7 (7.2) \(\ddagger\)** & **20.9 (7.2) \(\ddagger\)** & 13.9 (7.4) & 17.7 (8.1) \\ Fat-free mass (kg) & 32.9 (9.3) & 30.9 (8.4) & 32.1 (7.3) & 32.9 (10.9) & 32.4 (9.1) \\ BMC (g) & **1182.9 (445.7) \(\ddagger\)** & 938.0 (337.6) & 1152.4 (384.5) & 1058.5 (477.6) & 1109.5 (428.9) \\ BMD (g/cm\({}^{2}\)) & **0.8 (0.1) \(\ddagger\)** & 0.7 (0.1) & 0.8 (0.1) & 0.8 (0.2) & 0.8 (0.1) \\ VO2 peak (mL-kg\({}^{-1}\).min\({}^{-1}\)) & **39.1 (6.9) \(\ddagger\)** & 33.9 (8.9) & 34.6 (6.3) & **41.8 (7.2) \(\ddagger\)** & 37.8 (7.6) \\ Handgrip strength (kg) & 39.9 (19.1) & 31.6 (14.2) & 36.9 (16.8) & 39.0 (20.1) & 37.9 (18.3) \\ Abdominal endurance (reps/min) & 17.6 (14.7) & **27.2 (10.7) \({}^{*}\)** & 17.1 (9.6) & 23.3 (17.9) & 19.9 (14.4) \\ Stand Broad Jump (cm) & - & 116.9 (31.1) & 103.1 (16.5) & **1321.1 (36.8) \(\ddagger\)** & - \\ Modified Push-ups (reps/min) & - & 24.6 (10.0) & 20.6 (9.2) & 29.0 (9.4) & - \\ Flexibility (cm) & - & 23.0 (5.2) & 22.7 (5.7) & 23.3 (4.9) & - \\ Mid-upper arm circumference (cm) & 21.3 (3.1) & 22.5 (3.5) & 22.0 (3.1) & 21.1 (3.4) & 21.6 (3.2) \\ Waist circumference (cm) & 63.1 (6.5) & 63.9 (9.7) & 63.4 (7.2) & 63.1 (7.6) & 63.3 (7.4) \\ Hip circumference (cm) & 77.1 (10.4) & 79.7 (11.2) & 79.5 (10.7) & 75.7 (10.1) & 77.8 (10.6) \\ Waist-to-hip ratio & 0.8 (0.1) & 0.8 (0.1) & 0.8 (0.1) & **0.8 (0.1) \({}^{*}\)** & 0.8 (0.1) \({}^{*}\) \\ Waist-to-height ratio & 0.4 (0.0) & 0.4 (0.1) & 0.4 (0.0) & 0.4 (0.0) & 0.4 (0.0) \\ Triceps skinfold (mm) & 9.6 (3.3) & 11.8 (5.7) & **11.1 (3.8) \({}^{*}\)** & 9.0 (4.2) & 10.1 (4.1) \\ Subscapular skinfold (mm) & 7.3 (3.4) & **10.6 (6.7) \({}^{*}\)** & **9.2 (4.5) \({}^{*}\)** & 6.8 (4.4) & 8.1 (4.6) \\ Abdominal skinfold (mm) & 10.3 (4.5) & **17.3 (10.3) \({}^{*}\)** & **13.8 (6.9) \({}^{*}\)** & 10.0 (6.7) & 12.0 (7.0) \\ Calf skinfold (mm) & 10.4 (3.6) & 12.0 (5.4) & **11.7 (4.1) \({}^{*}\)** & 9.7 (3.9) & 10.8 (4.1) \\ Sum of four skinfolds \({}^{a}\) & 37.6 (13.6) & **51.7 (26.2) \({}^{*}\)** & **45.8 (17.2) \({}^{*}\)** & 35.5 (18.3) & 41.0 (18.4) \\ Humeral diameter (cm) & - & 5.9 (0.5) & 5.9 (0.5) & 5.9 (0.6) & - \\ Femoral diameter (cm) & - & 8.4 (0.7) & 8.3 (0.7) & 8.5 (0.8) & - \\ Sum of diameters (cm) \({}^{b}\) & - & 14.3 (1.2) & 14.2 (1.1) & 14.3 (1.3) & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} SD: standard deviation. BMI: body mass index. BMC: bone mineral density, VO2 peak: peak oxygen consumption. \({}^{a}\) Sum of four skinfolds: sum of triceps, subscapular, abdominal and calf skinfolds. \({}^{b}\) Sum of diameters: sum of humeral and femoral diameters. \(\ddagger\) independent variables \(t\)-test \(p\)-value \(<\) 0.05. \({}^{*}\) Wilcoxon signed-rank test \(p\)-value \(<\) 0.05. Significant differences are in bold.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Study participants’ characteristics, continuous variables. The results of simple linear regression also indicate that the diameters of the humeral and femoral bones, as well as the sum of diameters, could explain 66% to 70% of fat-free mass values, 53% to 55% of BMC, 41% to 43% of BMD, and 39% to 43% of handgrip strength values. Increases in the anthropometric parameters were associated with an increase in fat-free mass, BMC, BMD and handgrip strength.