esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Comprehensive Survey on Enabling Techniques in Secure and Resilient Smart Grids
## 4 Security and Resilient Architecture
### Contingency Response
#### 4.4.3 Rapid Recovery  
Rapid recovery refers to restoring the grid back to its normal operating state as soon as possible. Quickly adapt the system topology accordingly, and use the spare extra-high voltage transformers or transmission towers to reestablish the connections and services. In quantitative resilience metrics, the value restoration efficiency index (REI) is used to measure how efficient restoration progress is [89].  
\[REI=\frac{\int_{t_{3}}^{t_{4}}(M(t)-M_{2})dt}{(M_{0}-M_{2})(t_{4}-t_{3})} \tag{12}\]  
In [7; 91], the authors proposed several solutions to have better restoration performance and strengthen smart grid resiliency 1. utilizing renewable energy resources and distributed voltage regulators, capacitor banks, and DERs to recover the electric service, 2. analysing customer demand and recovering the grid accordingly, 3. using electric vehicles to support the recovery process, 4. using self-generated electricity from local microgrids and enclaves, and 5. developing comprehensive operation-oriented measures and planning-oriented measures.
## 4 Results II--Review of Research Clusters
### Cluster 3: Stability
(2023) proposed a quantitative risk analysis (QRA) approach to assess the risk of Loss of Stability (LoS) in small fishing vessels by integrating BN with De Morgan gates to develop a comprehensive LoS risk assessment tool. The tool quantitatively evaluates the likelihood of various risk factors and predicts the probability of LoS occurrence, while also providing visual alerts to communicate risk levels intuitively. This approach offers the advantage of precise risk prediction and simplified data management through De Morgan gates, which streamline the complexity of conditional probability tables. However, the methodology has certain limitations, such as data dependency, and the inability to incorporate real-time dynamic environmental changes, which could reduce its reliability under varying sea conditions. To address these limitations, the authors suggest integrating real-time weather data, enhancing the tool's user interface for ease of use, and developing hybrid models that can better capture nonlinear sea state interactions. Implementing these improvements would increase the tool's practical applicability, making it more effective for real-world vessel stability management. [PERSON] et al. (2023) [PERSON] et al. (2023) proposed a stability risk assessment methodology using the Operability Robustness Index (ORI) and Percentage Operability (PO) to analyze the operability of traditional small fishing vessels in Indonesia under various loading conditions. In this study, the ship's Response Amplitude Operator (RAO) was calculated using the VERES software, and RMS roll and pitch motions were used as primary stability criteria to assess the vessel's operability in different sea conditions. This approach allows for an accurate identification of the vessel's vulnerability under different loading and environmental conditions. However, a limitation of this methodology is that it may not fully capture complex sea conditions and nonlinear effects, which could reduce the reliability of predictions. To improve this assessment approach, it is recommended to enhance the model by incorporating more detailed nonlinear analyses and integrating real-time weather data to increase evaluation accuracy.
# Semantic Component Association within Object Classes Based on Convex Polyhedrons
## 4 Semantic Correspondence Likelihood
### CTI Descriptor  
The computation of the SCLM is based on the CTI descriptor proposed in [3]. In this subsection, a brief description of this descriptor is provided. Let \(A\) be a set of different unit vectors \(a_{m}\in\mathbb{R}^{3},m=1,...,n_{d}\) representing standardized normals. Furthermore, let us consider a set of all convex polyhedrons such that each face of the polyhedron is perpendicular to one of the vectors \(a_{m}\in A\). The set \(A\) is referred to as a convex template, and each convex polyhedron belonging to the considered polyhedron set is referred to as a convex template instance (CTI). CTI is uniquely defined by a convex template \(A\) and a vector \(d=[d_{1},d_{2},...,d_{n_{d}}]\), where \(d_{m}\) represents the distance between the \(m^{\text{th}}\) polyhedron face and the origin of the object RF. This vector represents the CTI descriptor. The approach proposed in this paper requires that for each unit vector \(a_{m}\in A\), there exist its opposite vector \(a_{\overline{m}}\in A\). The CTI descriptor was originally designed for fruit recognition [3]. Later, it was applied for the alignment of similar shapes with the purpose of object classification on depth images [18]. In [16], the CTI descriptor was applied for solving the shape instance detection problem. A CTI descriptor is computed for each object segment. Four examples of objects represented by CTIs are shown in Figure 3.
## 2 Experiment
### High-Speed Cameras and DIC  
In each blasting test, two high-speed cameras (i-SPEED 716, IX-Cameras Inc., Rochford, Essex, UK) were used to monitor the breakage process of the bench specimen. The two high-speed cameras were placed outside the explosion chamber and captured the process through two inspection windows. The area of interest (AOI) on the front surface of the specimen is shown in Figure 7. The square drawn in purple was the field of the AOI, which was approximately 180 \(\times\) 160 mm\({}^{2}\). Two different settings of high-speed cameras were utilized in the blasting tests. Specifically, 20,000 frames per second (fps) and an image resolution of 1064 \(\times\) 762 pixels was used in BS1 and BS2. In BS3-BS6, 30,000 fps and an image resolution of 840 \(\times\) 624 pixels was used.  
Figure 5: The assembled bench specimen and constraint device.  
Figure 6: Schematic diagram of the blasting experiment.  
DIC can analyze high-speed images to obtain field shape, deformation, or motion measurements [39]. With the development of the non-contact full-field measurement method, its use in rock testing has been widely adopted. [PERSON] [40], [PERSON] [41], and [PERSON] [42] used the DIC technique to test rock surface strain under quasi-static loading. [PERSON] et al. [43] applied the 3D-DIC technique in uniaxial compression tests of composite rock specimens to investigate the development of the strain field. In rock tests under dynamic loading, [PERSON] et al. [44] investigated the full-field strain and strain rate fields of rock materials using the 3D-DIC technique. To investigate the morphological characteristics of dynamic tensile fractures in brittle materials, [PERSON] et al. [45; 46] used the 2D-DIC technique to analyze the full-field tensile strain distribution on the surface of the rock and concrete specimens in the split Hopkinson pressure bar system. [PERSON] et al. [47] studied the dynamic breakage process of granite blocks under blast loading and determined the beginning time of the crack on the surface by strain gauge and DIC analysis. For the full-field strain analysis of the rock surface in this study, commercial 3D-DIC software of version 2018 (MatchID 3D, MatchID NV, Ghent, Belgium) was employed. Corrections were performed using a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) calibration plate with a 9 \(\times\) 10 grid and a spacing of 9 mm. For the processing parameters of 3D-DIC in this study, 23 \(\times\) 23 pixels and 3 pixels were selected as subset size and step size, respectively.
# Performance Analysis of the Pilot and Data Component of a CSS Signal for LEO-PNT +
## 3 Signal Processing and Design
### Data Component
#### 3.2.2 Bit Error Rate (BER)  
For the evaluation of the BER of the considered CSS modulations, we use available formulas in the literature. On the one hand, the BER of BOK-CSS can be evaluated as follows [20]:  
\[\text{BER}_{\text{BOK}}=\frac{1}{2}\text{erfc}\Big{(}\sqrt{0.25\cdot\text{MSI }\cdot\text{CN}0\cdot T_{\text{c}}}\Big{)}, \tag{8}\]  
with \(\text{erfc}(\cdot)\) as the complementary error function and MSI as the multisatellite interference accounting for the interference between satellites, as given in [11]. On the other hand, the BER for an FSK-CSS signal is approximated as [21]  
\[\text{BER}_{\text{FSK}}\approx\frac{1}{4}\text{erfc}\Big{(}\sqrt{\text{MSI} \cdot\text{CN}0\cdot T_{\text{c}}}-\gamma(B,T_{\text{c}})\Big{)}, \tag{9}\]  
with \(\gamma(B,T_{\text{c}})=\sqrt{0.693\cdot\log_{2}(BT_{\text{c}})+0.577}\).
## 1 Introduction
[5] to the industrial use case and to compare the current reactive approach in TE-Logistics with a proactive approach. We want to investigate whether proactive transshipments are advantageous for the industrial use case. The expected goals of the approach are diverse:  
* Reduction in transport costs by dynamically allocating the individual parts to the various warehouses through proactive transshipments;
* Reduction in waiting times until customers can pick up the parts after the demand occurs, thus increasing the availability of updating parts for customers by avoiding reactive transshipments;
* Simplifying work for the operational planners. In a case study with real-world data over a time period of 135 days, we showed that proactive transshipments in combination with a neural network for estimating demand probabilities can lead to a minimization of the transport costs of prototype parts. Based on the requirements and implementation conditions of the Volkswagen brand, we derive decision rules from the industrial case study and develop a rule-based heuristic algorithm that leads to the optimal solution in the specific case. Towards the end, we described the implementation of the heuristic and developed a decision support system (DSS) to support the planner in deciding on transshipments. The DSS should lead to a considerable advantage over a reactive approach for the logistics of prototype parts in the future. The remainder of this article is structured as follows: Section 2 provides an overview of the related literature. A detailed description of the problem setting is given in Section 3. The mixed-integer linear programming model is developed in Section 4. In Section 5, the introduction of a neural network is given to estimate demand probabilities. A case study based on historical real-world data as well as the development of the rule-based heuristic algorithm is conducted in Section 6. In Section 7 the DSS is introduced. The article concludes in Section 8.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Properties of Mechanical
#### 3.1.3 Comparative Review of Equivalent Flexural Strength and Residual Flexural Strength  
In Korea, the flexural toughness specification requires that the equivalent flexural strength be 68% or more of the maximum flexural strength until the deflection becomes 2 mm through the flexural performance test for the beam specimen, and the maximum flexural strength is required to satisfy the design flexural strength (4.5 MPa). The maximum flexural strength, equivalent flexural strength, the ratio of equivalent flexural strength, residual flexural strength, and the ratio of residual flexural strength for each specimen are summarized in Table 4, and the calculation results of equivalent flexural strength and residual flexural strength of each specimen are shown in a graph in Figure 8. As can be seen from Table 4 and Figure 8, the MFRCM containing only PM or CF was difficult to make a relative comparison due to its rapid brittle behavior after initial cracking, and it was destroyed before the deflection reached 0.5 mm for L/600 and 2.0 mm for L/150. However, MFRCM containing SF only and HyFRCM containing SF and CF failed at a deflection of 2.0 mm or more due to their ductile behavior. In the case of HyFRCM containing 0.5% SF and 0.5% CF especially, it exhibited the highest equivalent flexural strength, which could mean that the CF bears the stress, such as the SF when the initial crack occurs, and the SF bears the stress after the crack occurs, resulting in higher equivalent flexural strength by relieving the stress concentration borne by SF. On the other hand, the residual flexural strength of the MFRCM containing only PM or CF could not be obtained, while the HyFRCM containing 0.5% SF and 0.5% CF featured the highest residual flexural strength. It was made clear that the SF has a higher crack suppression effect and strain capacity compared to the CF when the specimen is broken. When MFRCM and HyFRCM were compared with PM, both maximum flexural strength and equivalent flexural strength tended to increase significantly, and the equivalent flexural strength of HyFRCM containing 0.5% SF and 0.5% CF increased by about 25.3 times. Therefore, as demonstrated in Tables 4 and 5, the application of equivalent flexural strength is judged to be a rather conservative evaluation, given that it has a predetermined residual flexural strength and a large amount of flexural toughness even under a deflection of 2.0 mm or more. Figure 8: Variation of calculation results of (**a**) equivalent flexural strength, and (**b**) residual flexural strength.
# Dual-Energy CT Applications in Urological Diseases
## 4 DECT Clinical Applications
### Characterization of Urinary Stones
At high iodine concentration in the secretory system, an incomplete iodine subtraction on VNC images can appear as a rim of brightness along the margins of the collecting system, thus limiting stone identification as the rim could obscure stones or could be misinterpreted as a stone [42]. The sensitivity in stone detection on VNC is dependent on the size of the stones and the iodine concentration in the excretory system [4]. If the acquisition protocol includes a nephrographic and pyeographic phase, the creation of VNC from the nephrographic phase can overcome the problem of iodine density in the collecting system [43]. If a single pyeographic phase with split-bolus technique is acquired, the protocol should be modified to obtain a lower concentration of iodine in the excretory system while maintaining adequate distention through the administration of a lower amount of contrast media and/or a diuretic or patients' hydration [44]. Another limitation is that the stones identified on VNC images often appear smaller than on true unenhanced images [42,43]. [PERSON] et al., proposed an optimization of the split-bolus technique in patients with suspected urinary stones, by administering 500 mL of water 30 min before the DECT acquisition; first, a 50 mL and an additional 100 mL contrast material after 540 s were administered at 2 mL/s, followed by a 40 mL saline bolus; then, the DECT was acquired 100 s after the contrast medium second bolus, yielding images in combined nephrographic and pyeographic phases; VNC images were then post-processed. This acquisition obtained a sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy of 95.1% and 92.9% for stone detection, respectively [45]. Ureteral stents and percutaneous nephrostomy tubes may occasionally be confounding factors: a study that evaluated 36 different stents from seven manufacturers found that, in general, stents made of polyurethane appeared blue, whereas stents composed of silicon appeared red [46]; therefore, urologists can apply this information to use a stent with the opposite color sequence on DECT when treating a particular stone type. If the stone is close to the stent, the post-processing software may accidentally incorporate the stent material in calculating the stone composition and incorrectly characterize the stone, with a rate of misdiagnosis reported to be between 4 and 8% [47]. The results of the main studies on stone characterization are listed in Table 1.
# Research on the Attitude Control Strategy of TBM Digging with V-Shaped Propulsion System
## 2 V-TBM Propulsion System Analysis  
### V-TBM Propulsion Hydraulic System  
Figure 2 illustrates the hydraulic schematic of the single propulsion cylinder within the V-TBM propulsion system. The hydraulic system employs a speed control strategy combining an electro-hydraulic proportional displacement pump and an electro-hydraulic proportional speed control valve. The EP-type electro-hydraulic proportional displacement control pump receives an external electrical signal (0-10 V) and actuates the proportional solenoid in real time to regulate the displacement of the variable piston, thereby adjusting the pump's output displacement (0-85 cc/rev) for continuous flow rate control. During  
Figure 1: Model of V-TBM propulsion system front shield.  
TBM tunneling operations, the transition between propulsion and step-changing actions is achieved through the control of electromagnetic reversing valve 5. The system pressure is managed by the electric proportional relief valve 2, while the propulsion cylinder speed is controlled via the electro-hydraulic proportional speed control valve 4. A built-in displacement sensor 9 provides real-time position feedback, enabling closed-loop control of the cylinder's position. To ensure safe system operation, the bidirectional balancing valve 6 prevents negative load impacts during propulsion. Additionally, the rodless chamber safety valve 7 and rod chamber safety valve 8 offer overload protection.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### CNC/Alg/PEGDA Scaffold
#### 3.3.2 Swelling Properties of CNC/Alg/PEGDA Constructs  
When immersed in PBS solution (pH 7.4) for 48 h, all the constructs remained stable and did not degrade until they reached the swelling equilibrium. This suggests that the double network (DN) approach contributes to good structural stability as the structure was retained even after immersion in the buffer medium. This observation provides information on the construct's behaviour in a buffer medium. It is an important requirement for scaffolds to maintain their shapes in culture medium where the cells will grow and take over the scaffold [42].  
As presented in Table 3, when the concentration of Alg and PEGDA in the formulations increased, the equilibrium water content and swelling ratio decreased; noting that there is an increase in crosslinking within the hydrogel network [43]. This phenomenon might be due to the reduction of empty spaces within the hydrogel network which could lower the water absorbance capability. This finding also suggests a strong interaction between Alg and PEGDA since no obvious differences were observed when CNC was added. Since there is a limited amount of information on the crosslinking and interactions between CNC, Alg, and PEGDA, further research on this interaction needs to be conducted.  
In general, high water content is common in hydrogel due to its biomimicry property [44]. However, hydrogel with a water content greater than 90% is very weak and has a limited practical application in tissue engineering [45]. Due to this reason, a suitable formulation is crucial to balance between sufficient water content and mechanical strength. Therefore, only the F8 construct [4% CNC: 4% Alg: 40% PEGDA] showed both preferred characteristics. F8 has a water content of 79.5%, which is similar to the water content percentage in native articular cartilage: 78-80% [3, 46]. Hence, F8 can possibly mimic the  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Formulation**} & **CNC** & **Alg** & **PEGDA** & **Equilibrium** & **Equilibrium** \\  & **(\% w/v)** & **(\% w/v)** & **(\% w/v)** & **Water Content (\%)** & **Swelling Ratio** \\ \hline
1 & 0 & 1 & 10 & 95.8 & 25.37 \\
2 & 4 & 1 & 10 & 91.9 & 12.30 \\
3 & 0 & 1 & 40 & 85.1 & 7.43 \\
4 & 4 & 1 & 40 & 86.9 & 7.62 \\
5 & 0 & 4 & 10 & 82.3 & 5.67 \\
6 & 4 & 4 & 10 & 84.0 & 6.25 \\
7 & 0 & 4 & 40 & 80.2 & 5.32 \\
8 & 4 & 4 & 40 & 79.5 & 4.88 \\
9 & 2 & 2.5 & 25 & 86.1 & 7.23 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Water Content and Swelling Ratio of CNC/Alg/PEGDA 3D construct.  
Figure 9: Observation of the elastic-like structure of the construct F8 [4% CNC: 4% Alg: 40% PEGDA] by manual compression test.  
properties of native articular cartilage and can also provide load support at optimum hydration levels [47]. In addition, it showed a small swelling ratio, 4.877, which is preferred in bioprinting application since the swelling ratio affects the geometry of the construct [48]. A minimal change in the geometry of the printed 3D construct is expected from a small swelling ratio.
## 2 Analysis of Theoretical Model  
The multi-rotor aircraft tends to have greater load capacity with more rotors. The structure of the multi-rotor aircraft studied in this paper is shown in Figure 1.  
It can be seen that there are 6 coaxial rotor pairs with a total of 12 rotors. For each coaxial rotor pair, the upper and lower rotor rotate in opposite directions, and the rotational direction between adjacent rotors are also opposite. Although coaxial rotors were proven to have a simplified structure and better aerodynamic characteristics, the rotor interference including upper rotor and lower rotor, and also the adjacent rotor pairs, will pose a serious impact on their stability. In particular, the wind disturbance is introduced in this case. Figure 2 shows the airflow of a coaxial rotor pair without wind disturbance. It is shown that the downwash flows of the upper rotor are completely immersed in the inflow of the  
Figure 1: Structural sketch of a multi-rotor aircraft.  
lower rotor when the wind is not introduced. On the contrary, the aerodynamic environment is much more complicated with the influence of crosswind, which is shown in Figure 3.  
As shown in Figure 3, the downwash flows of coaxial rotor pairs moved with the horizontal wind and interfered with each other. In addition, with the disturbance of horizontal wind, each rotor of the multi-rotor aircraft will generate additional thrust \(T_{wi}\) (\(i\) = 1, 2,..., 12), and the total thrust \(T_{i}\) of each rotor can be expressed as [18]:  
\[T_{i}=T_{ri}+T_{wi}=2\rho AVV_{i} \tag{1}\]  
where \(T_{ri}=k\Omega_{i}{}^{2}\) is the thrust generated by the motor of rotor, \(k\) is the proportionality coefficient. \(\Omega_{i}\), \(\rho\), \(A\), \(V_{i}\) and \(V\) are the rotational speed of rotor, the density of air, the area of rotor disk, the extra induced speed and the total induced speed, respectively. The total induced speed of rotor is given by:  
\[V=\left[(V_{w}\cos\varphi+V_{i})^{2}+(V_{w}\sin\varphi)^{2}\right]^{\frac{1}{2}} \tag{2}\]  
where \(V_{w}\) is the wind speed, \(\varphi\) is the angle between the axis of rotor and the horizontal crosswind. In this paper, \(\varphi\) = 90 deg to characterize the horizontal wind. In addition, \(V_{w}\) = 0, \(V=V_{i}\), \(T_{wi}\) = 0, and \(T_{i}=T_{ri}\) when there is no wind disturbance.  
Generally, the aerodynamic performance of a multi-rotor aircraft is characterized by the thrust coefficient \(C_{T}\), power coefficient \(C_{P}\) and hover efficiency \(\eta\):  
\[C_{T}=\frac{T}{\rho A\Omega^{2}R^{2}} \tag{3}\]  
\[C_{P}=\frac{P}{\rho A\Omega^{3}R^{3}} \tag{4}\]  
Figure 3: Aerodynamic model of adjacent coaxial rotor pairs with wind disturbance.  
Figure 2: Direction of airflow a coaxial rotor pair without wind disturbance.  
\[\eta=\frac{C_{T}^{3/2}}{\sqrt{2}C_{P}}=\frac{T^{3/2}}{P\sqrt{2\rho A}} \tag{5}\]  
where \(R\) is the rotor radius.