## 4 Discussion  
The first purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that there would be no statistically-significant side-to-side differences (right/left, dominant/nondominant) for magnitude- and complexity-based variables during an isometric knee extension 50% MVE constant-force task. The only significant difference in either comparison was for right/left DFA \(\alpha\) (Table 3). The second purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the mean side-to-side (right/left, dominant/nondominant) absolute-asymmetry for the magnitude- and complexity-based variables, assessed using the LSI, would be \(\leq\)15% for both side-to-side comparisons. The mean absolute-asymmetry was >15% for both comparisons for CV and ApEn (Tables 4 and 5), but not for either comparison for DFA \(\alpha\) (Table 6). In knee health and injury control, side-to-side comparisons inform clinical reasoning and support clinical decision-making [7; 13]. At the group level, symmetry analyses exam \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**DFA \(\alpha\)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**DFA \(\alpha\)**} \\ \hline  & R/L & R/L & D/ND & D/ND \\  & Limb & Absolute & Limb & Absolute \\  & Symm. & Asymm. & Symm. & Asymm. \\  & Index & (\%) & Index & (\%) \\  & Index & (\%) & Index & (\%) \\ \hline
**Min** & 86.8 & 0.3 & 86.8 & 0.3 \\
**Max** & 101.7 & 13.2 & 108.1 & 13.2 \\
**95\% CI** & 93.2, 97.7 & 30, 6.9 & 94.9, 101.4 & 3.0, 7.0 \\
**Mean** & 95.5 & 4.9 & 98.2 & 5.0 \\
**SD** & 4.2 & 3.7 & 6.1 & 3.7 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} DFA \(\alpha\) = detrended fluctuation analysis \(\alpha\); R/L = right/left; D/ND = dominant/nondominant; Limb Symmetry Index, see text for equation and explanation; Absolute Asymmetry, see text for equation and explanation; Min = minimum; Max = maximum; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval (lower bound, upper bound); SD = standard deviation.  
\end{table} 
Table 6: Summary statistics for detrended fluctuation analysis \(\alpha\) symmetry indices and absolute-asymmetries (n = 16). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**CV**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**CV**} \\ \hline  & R/L & R/L & D/ND & D/ND \\  & Limb & Absolute & Limb & Absolute \\  & Symm. & Asymm. & Symm. & Asymm. \\  & Index & (\%) & Index & (\%) \\  & (\%) & & (\%) & \\ \hline
**Min** & 41.2 & 0.7 & 41.2 & 0.7 \\
**Max** & 131.2 & 58.8 & 120.7 & 58.8 \\
**95\% CI** & 78.3, 102.3 & 97.26.7 & 78.2, 101.7 & 9.7, 26.4 \\
**Mean** & 90.3 & 18.2 & 90.0 & 18.0 \\
**SD** & 22.6 & 16.0 & 22.0 & 15.7 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} CV = coefficient of variation; R/L = right/left; D/ND = dominant/nondominant; Limb Symmetry Index, see text for equation and explanation; Absolute Asymmetry, see text for equation and explanation; Min = minimum; Max = maximum; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval (lower bound, upper bound); SD = standard deviation.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Summary statistics for the coefficient of variation limb symmetry indices and absolute asymmetries (n = 16). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**ApEn**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**ApEn**} \\ \hline  & R/L & R/L & D/ND & D/ND \\  & Limb & Absolute & Limb & Absolute \\  & Symm. & Asymm. & Symm. & Asymm. \\  & Index & (\%) & Index & (\%) \\  & (\%) & & (\%) & \\ \hline
**Min** & 58.3 & 2.4 & 58.3 & 2.4 \\
**Max** & 309.6 & 209.6 & 309.6 & 209.6 \\
**95\% CI** & 99.6, 156.1 & 8.5, 60.4 & 83.2, 144.2 & 6.4, 58.2 \\
**Mean** & 127.9 & 34.5 & 113.7 & 32.3 \\
**SD** & 53.0 & 48.6 & 57.2 & 48.6 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} ApEn = approximate entropy; R/L = right/left; D/ND = dominant/nondominant; Limb Symmetry Index, see text for equation and explanation; Absolute Asymmetry, see text for equation and explanation; Min = minimum; Max = maximum; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval (lower bound, upper bound); SD = standard deviation.  
\end{table} 
Table 5: Summary statistics for approximate entropy symmetry indices and absolute asymmetries (n = 16).