esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Formulation Strategies to Improve Oral Bioavailability of Ellagic Acid
## 4 Formulation Strategies for Improving EA Oral Bioavailability
### Lipid-Based Carriers
#### 4.8.2 Liposomes (LPs)  
With the aim of producing an effective EA dietary supplement, a formulation based on phospholipids was developed by [PERSON] et al. [90]. EA and hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine (HSPC) in 1 to 4 molar ratio were dissolved in dichloromethane and refluxed at a temperature not exceeding 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 2 h. The solution was concentrated and then n-hexane was added for inducing the precipitation of the EA-LPs by anti-solvent method with a yield of encapsulation of 89% _w/w_. The resulting EE was around 29% and SEM images showed that EA was intercalated in the spherical lipid layer and that EA-LPs had a mean diameter ranging from 1 to 3 \(\mu\)m. In an in vivo CCl4-induced hepatic damage model, rats orally treated with EA-LPs exhibited a remarkably reduced antioxidant liver damage from oxidative stress. The same effect was obtained only with a double amount of free EA. Moreover, a pharmacokinetic study on the rats confirmed the enhancement of bioavailability exerted by the complexation as the AUC value resulted increased by 2.8-fold if compared to free EA administration.  
With the aim of developing a nutritional support during chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, a recent study by [PERSON] et al. evaluated the protective effect of EA encapsulated into nanoliposomes, in a cyclophosphamide-induced rat liver-damage model [91]. EA was incubated overnight with a suspension of LPs in 1:10 ratio, obtaining an EE equal to 60%. Stability studies were performed at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C at different pH (from 4.5 to 9.9) or in the presence of metal ions. During the 3-h study, EA in the encapsulated form always resulted less degraded, whereas free EA showed higher chelating ability, thus indicating the effectiveness of encapsulation. Subsequently, the loaded liposomes were essayed in a cyclophosphamide-induced rat liver-damage model. The animals were treated for 5 days either with free or encapsulated EA, and only on the third day cyclophosphamide administration occurred. The authors determined serum liver-damage parameters, oxidative tissue damage parameters, and morphological changes of liver cells through histopathological observations. The results indicated that EA nanoliposome formulation could represent an efficacious tool in adjuvant cancer chemotherapy.
## 4 Results
### Sample Generation and Evaluation
Therefore, we have good reason to believe that after 3000 epochs of training, the model training effect is ideal, and the data synthesized by the generator can provide data support for downstream classification tasks. Figure 8: The change curve of the Wasserstein distance. Figure 7: The discrimination loss and generation accuracy curve of the ACGAN-SN model. To quantitatively characterize the quality of the synthetic data, we introduce three similarity indicators as the basis for discrimination, including PCC, CS, and Wasserstein distance. PCC is the correlation between two sets of data, CS represents the cosine value of the angle between the two samples, and the Wasserstein distance represents the similarity between the two data distributions. A PCC greater than 0.5 represents a high similarity, and the larger the value of CS, the higher the similarity. The PCC and CS can take values in the range 0-1. Table 5 summarizes the corresponding values of the similarity index between synthetic data and real data. The minimum value of PCC is 0.7494, corresponding to the data of label 2, and the maximum value of 0.9530 corresponds to the data of label 7. A CS minimum value of 0.8142 corresponds to label 2, and a maximum value of 0.9609 corresponds to label 7. These two indicators are better than those in the literature [27]. As the Wasserstein distance is the distance between distributions, in this paper, the distribution distance is equivalent to the distance between two samples, and the value of the Wasserstein distance is 0.0530. Based on the above analysis, we can draw the following conclusions: the trained ACGAN-SN model can synthesize data that are highly similar to the real data. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline Sample class & 0 & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 & 7 & 8 & 9 \\ PCC & 0.8225 & 0.8702 & 0.7494 & 0.8388 & 0.9314 & 0.8125 & 0.9506 & 0.9530 & 0.7957 & 0.8990 \\ CS & 0.8378 & 0.8962 & 0.8142 & 0.8700 & 0.9481 & 0.8721 & 0.9584 & 0.9609 & 0.8463 & 0.9232 \\ Wasserstein distance & 0.0530 & 0.0530 & 0.0530 & 0.0530 & 0.0530 & 0.0530 & 0.0530 & 0.0530 & 0.0530 & 0.0530 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: The similarity indicators between the real data and the synthetic data. Figure 9: Comparison of the frequency spectrum of the real and synthetic samples data of the bearing dataset.
## 1 Introduction  
In the context of \"carbon peak, carbon neutral\" [1], the development of low-carbon and environmentally friendly [2] building materials is of great significance. Wood is a low-carbon and green material. Currently, many scholars have conducted relevant research on wood boards. [PERSON] [3] conducted research on fiber-reinforced wood board. The research shows that fiber-reinforced wood board falls within the category of biomass composite materials, which are non-toxic, harmless, and recyclable materials. This new type of building material is applied to the construction of low-rise rural buildings and shows excellent seismic performance. [PERSON] [4] conducted research on fiber-reinforced wood board and set up 10 specimens of fiber-reinforced wood board. The test results show that the seismic bearing capacity of the three-layer fiber-reinforced wood board structure meets the requirements of national code standards. [PERSON] [5] conducted research on fiber-reinforced wood board, mainly focusing on conducting bending tests on five fiber-reinforced wood board beams. It was verified that the structure has a high safety reserve. It was suggested that the design of low-rise residences adopt the allowable stress method. [PERSON] [6]conducted a study on the surface corrosiveness of wood. [PERSON] [7] conducted a study on fiberboard wood frame shear walls with or without openings under circular loads.  
To cope with global climate change and promote sustainable economic development, it is a good scheme that fast-growing bamboo is taken as a substitute for wood to produce building materials. In order to prevent the shortage of wood [8], improve the utilization rate of bamboo materials [9; 10; 11], and solve problems such as the disposal of waste materials after bamboo processing, it has played a certain promoting role in the research and development of bamboo board [12].  
This paper proposes a new type of fiber-reinforced bamboo board. The inorganic binder is very crucial. The material magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC) [13; 14; 15], which is considered a high-quality inorganic binder, has been extensively studied. MOC is used as the binder, bamboo is used as the basic material, and glass fiber cloth is used to wrap bamboo materials as reinforcing materials. Through reasonable material design and preparation processes and combining the advantages of bamboo and MOC organically, the aim is to develop a high-performance and sustainable building material [16; 17]. It is expected to demonstrate good application potential in the field of low-rise buildings, especially suitable for floor slabs and wall structures. Using the verified modeling method, the three-dimensional finite element models of typical wall panel elements and floor slab components were constructed, respectively. Through numerical simulation of the load action under different working conditions, the anti-lateral displacement performance of the wall structure, the vertical stiffness and deflection of the floor slab, and other mechanical properties were systematically analyzed, providing a theoretical basis for subsequent engineering applications.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Metamodel and Multi-Objective Optimization  
In this study, MOOP was defined and solved to find the optimal solution from two conflicting objectives. As previously mentioned, the metamodel was constructed using an ANN method, while the multi-objective optimization was performed using NSGA-II. Before establishing the ANN algorithm, a design of experiments (DoE) was generated using numerical methods. To construct the metamodel, 160 samples for each auxetic geometry were generated using the Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) method and simulated using the explicit FE solver LS-DYNA R12.1.0.
## 1 Introduction and Related Work
Contrary to some of the previous work, their algorithms can be applied to arbitrary topologies of the sensor network. Using variable radii sensors, [PERSON] _et al._[11] address the problem of selecting a minimum energy-cost coverage, where each sensor can vary its sensing and transmission radius. They propose several centralised and distributed algorithms to compute a small subset sensors that are sufficient to cover the region required to be monitored. [PERSON] _et al._[12] study efficient location of base stations to cover a convex region when the base stations are interior to the region. Making use of Voronoi diagrams, they developed a fast iterative algorithm to solve this problem. In their paper there are also some citations related to the coverage of a square or an equilateral triangle. Also employing Voronoi diagrams, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [13] consider the problem of covering a compact polygonal set using identical discs of minimum radius. [PERSON] _et al._[2] address sensor networks by studying how well a large wireless sensor network can be monitored or tracked while keeping a long lifetime. Their solution outperforms previously known techniques. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [14] research an intermediate problem between \(1\)-coverage and \(2\)-coverage. They study the minimum coverage of the plane using homogeneous discs so that the region remains covered even when the radius of one of the discs decreases. This concept provides a continuous transition from \(1\)-coverage to \(2\)-coverage. This paper is organised as follows: in Section 2. it is shown how to minimise the power transmission range of a set \(S\) of antennas to \(2\)-cover a polygonal region \(R\) (with or without holes). In Section 3., it is introduced an algorithm to minimise the power transmission range that assures the existence of a \(2\)-covered path between two points on \(R\). This problem is solved using the respective decision problem that is also addressed in this section. The cases where region \(R\) is not polygonal are discussed in Section 4., which is followed by a brief discussion of the results.
The HJ-2A/B satellites were launched on 27 September 2020, equipped with a Multispectral Camera (MSC), a hyperspectral imager (HSI), an infrared spectroradiometer (IRS), and a Polarized Scanning Atmospheric Corrector (PSAC) [17; 18; 16]. The PSAC provides real-time atmospheric parameters to support atmospheric correction for the MSC. The MSC has a swath width of 800 km and a total field of view of \(62.6^{\circ}\). Across the entire swath, atmospheric parameters such as aerosol optical depth and water vapor content vary with geographic location. Additionally, the solar zenith angle, solar azimuth angle, camera viewing zenith angle, and viewing azimuth angle also change with geographic location. Furthermore, due to the directional nature of surface reflectance, the BRDF effect cannot be neglected for wide-field cameras, as surface reflectance varies with observation angles. Therefore, atmospheric correction for wide-swath, wide-field remote sensing images requires pixel-by-pixel adjustments that account for variations in the viewing zenith angle, viewing azimuth angle, solar zenith angle, aerosol optical depth, water vapor content, and the influence of BRDF effects. This paper presents a pixel-by-pixel synchronous atmospheric correction method for wide-swath, wide-field remote sensing images, incorporating BRDF effects. The method is applied to correct MSC images over various surface types. Validation experiments assess the improvements in image quality and reflectance retrieval accuracy achieved through this approach. The structure of this paper is as follows: Section 2 introduces the HJ-2A/B satellites, MSC, and PSAC instrument. Section 3 details the per-pixel synchronous atmospheric correction method and its implementation process. Section 4 presents the atmospheric correction results and validation experiments. Finally, Section 5 concludes the study.
# Recent Advances in Volatiles of Teas
## 8 Effect of Aromatic Volatiles on the Sensory Quality of Tea  
Sensory quality attributes include aroma, taste, liquor color, dry tea and infused leaf appearance, among which tea liquor taste and aroma are decisive factors. Water quality, which is related to indicators of pH, ion content and hardness, is a critical factor for the sensory quality of tea liquors, owing to the interactions between tea components and ions in water. Many studies showed that tea liquors extracted using purified waters by the treatments of distillation, reverse osmosis film or nanofiltration film gave better flavor than unprocessed water, such as chlorinated tap water [61].  
Volatiles are key contributors to tea aroma. Each type of tea has its own typical aroma, because it has specific aroma-active volatiles. The major aroma-active volatiles in green tea, which usually has nutty-like or flowery aromas, include linalool, linalool oxides, geraniol, _cis_-jasmone, indole, coumarin, dihydroactinidiolide, methyl jasmonate, 6-chloroindole, 5,6-epoxy-\(\beta\)-ionone, _trans_-geranylacetone, phytol and phenylethyl alcohol [31], while the major aroma-active aroma volatiles in black tea, which usually has sweet and fruit like aromas, are 2-amylfuran, (_E_/Z)-2,6-nonnadienal, 1-pentanol, epoxylinalool, (_Z_)-jasmone, 2-acetylpyrrole, farnesyl acetone, geranyl acetone, cadinol, cubenol and dihydroactinidiolide [62]. The key aroma-active volatiles detected in oolong tea, which usually smells floral, are _trans_-nerolidol, farnesene, hexyl hexanoate, indole and geraniol [63]; those detected in jasmine-scented tea with jasmine aroma are terpineol, nerol, jasmonate and methyl jasmonate [64]; and those detected in Pu-erh tea with a typical musty flavor are _n_-caproaldehyde, linalool oxide I,1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene and 1,2,4-trimethoxybenzene [39].  
There are many studies focusing on integrating sensory assessments with volatile profiling, many of which are based on the quality-ranking methods [30; 41; 64; 65; 66; 67], but few on the attribute-rating methods [31; 68; 69]. An attribute-rating study might be more important than quality ranking in determining the effect of volatiles on tea aroma. Average panelists can perceive several sensory attributes in tea liquors, but it is difficult for them to distinguish the differences between various scent attributes and even between scent attributes and taste attributes clearly [69]. This might be the reason why few attribute-rating studies were reported. It is necessary to perform further studies on this topic by trained and specialized sensory panels.
# An Overview of Non-Isolated Hybrid Switched-Capacitor Step-Up DC-DC Converters
## 6 Conclusions  
This article presents an overview of hybrid SC converters. It starts with a short review of pure SC circuits, but then it focuses on modifications of those circuits, mainly with the use of small resonant inductors, which leads to resonant SC circuits, and their combination of traditional converters such as the boost converter.  
The resonant charge interchange is a relatively new tendency among designers of SC circuits. It is relevant since several converters have been investigated with a relatively large efficiency. The overview includes topologies recently introduced to the state-of-the-art. Particularly, converters under study are non-isolated and unidirectional in terms of power flow; most of them can be adapted to provide bidirectional power flow, with the cost of increasing the number of transistors.  
In addition to the overview, which is the article's main contribution, an analysis is presented to explain the discharging losses, a difference between the initial and final amount of stored energy in capacitors when connected in parallel. The analysis presented in this article explains this phenomenon and how to ensure discharging losses are less than a particular percentage. Furthermore, one element of proof is provided to demonstrate that no losses are present due to the discharging phenomenon when the transferred energy is resonant. The provided proof is different from other proofs presented in the literature, and it is based on the amperes per second and charge conservation principles. Those bases are very well understood by power electronics engineers, which improves the knowledge of this phenomenon.  
Authors [PERSON] and [PERSON] contributed with the conceptualization of the article; [PERSON] and [PERSON] contributed with the methodology; [PERSON] contributed with the software, validation, and formal analysis; [PERSON] and [PERSON] wrote the draft and manuscript preparation. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The author [PERSON] would like to thank the Universidad Panamericana for their support through the program \"Fomento a la Investigacion UP 2021\", and project \"Estrategias de reducucion de variaciones por comutacion y energia almacenada, y optimizacion en el diseno de convertidores de energia electrica\" UP-CI-2021-GDL-01-ING.  
Not applicable.  
Figure 35: Important waveforms of the converter operation, from top to bottom: the current through the inductor, the output voltage, the voltage across capacitor C\({}_{1}\), and switch voltage for \(D=0.7\).
# Image Processing of UAV Imagery for River Feature Recognition of Kerian River, Malaysia
## 5 Conclusions  
This work presented the application of the k-means clustering algorithm on UAV captured images with image thresholding for pressing out the flow area and vegetation growth. We calculated the binary white pixels to numerate the water area and vegetation cover. The results of image processing were proficient in withdrawing the river features. The dice similarity coefficient and Jaccard index for flow area and vegetation segmentation techniques fetched a value of over 90%, better than the existing techniques. Apart from this, the UAV technology is a promising tool to identify the river characteristics with high temporal information, low cost, and less time. A better understanding of river complexity may help the river management authorities in the proper planning of activities in the river basin. Our results will open a new corridor for the local officials in improving river hydro morphological conditions for sustainable river management, deploying various assessment tools.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, E.A., M.N.A. ([PERSON]), and E.A.B.; formal analysis, E.A., M.N.A. ([PERSON]), and E.A.B.; funding acquisition, W.A.F.W.O.; methodology, E.A., M.N.A. ([PERSON]), M.N.A. ([PERSON]), E.A.B. and A.F.H.; project administration, W.A.F.W.O., E.A.B. and S.S.N.A.; supervision, M.N.A. ([PERSON]), M.N.A. ([PERSON]) and E.A.B.; writing--original draft, E.A.; writing--review and editing, E.A., W.A.F.W.O. and A.F.H. and S.S.N.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This study was funded by Research Creativity and Management Office, Universiti Sains Malaysia. The authors would like to acknowledge the grant RUI 1001/PAERO/8014035 and RU Top-Down 1001/PAERO/870052.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Using IoT for Cistern and Water Tank Level Monitoring
## 2 Related Work
### Automatic Water Level Monitoring Systems  
Several studies have proposed systems to automatically monitor and control tank water levels using ultrasonic sensors and microcontrollers. For example, [PERSON] et al. developed an IoT-based system to monitor water levels, detect leaks, and control motors in smart tanks, improving water use efficiency and reducing waste [1]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] presented a water level monitoring system for smart villages in India, utilizing an IoT-based architecture that includes sensors connected to a network for real-time monitoring [2]. Another approach was presented by [PERSON] et al., who proposed an autonomous water tank filling system using embedded sensors and GSM modules to improve water distribution efficiency [3]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] reviewed some existing methods for monitoring leakage in underground pipelines, the sinkholes caused by these leakages, and the viability of wireless sensor networking for monitoring leakages and sinkholes [4]. [PERSON] et al. [5] proposed a system for knowing the water level in real time using an ultrasonic sensor to transmit data to a microcontroller (Wemos) in the form of height data; the Wemos converts water level data into the volume of water in the tank. [PERSON] proposed a water monitoring system to solve water wastage problems using IoT and Android apps. This project intends to improve real-time data collection, analysis, and remote management, optimizing resource usage and mitigating environmental impact [6]. [PERSON] et al. proposed a water level monitoring system using an ultrasonic sensor to monitor and control the  
Figure 1: General scheme of the water monitoring system.  
water level in the water tank. The system is designed to help residents monitor the tank's water level and turbidity to reduce water wastage [7]. [PERSON] et al. designed a system that improves the capabilities of the existing water-monitoring business using a web-based information system. IoT devices send the data through several channels: cellular, satellite, or Internet [8].