## 1 Introduction  
The transition from traditional fossil fuels to renewable alternatives requires consideration of efficiency, sustainability, and economic feasibility. For centuries, hydrocarbon fuels have been used for transport, lighting, heating, and electricity generation. However, it is widely accepted by the scientific community that emissions from the combustion of these fuels, including CO\({}_{2}\), NO\({}_{\mathsf{X}}\), and SO\({}_{\mathsf{X}}\), have led to significant environmental degradation [1, 2]. This deterioration not only affects the global climate through greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions but also impacts air quality, public health, and ecosystem balance. Consequently, a shift from fossil fuels to renewable sources has become imperative to reduce these harmful effects and mitigate climate change [3]. Despite this necessity, transitioning away from fossil fuels is not straightforward. A careful approach that considers sustainability, efficiency, and affordability is critical when choosing between different energy options. This implies aligning technology choices with regional resource availability (e.g., solar irradiation, biomass feedstock) and broader societal objectives, such as job creation and rural development [4]. Furthermore, economic compromises often arise for both energy providers and end-users, highlighting the complex interplay between market forces, infrastructure readiness, and policy frameworks. These multi-dimensional considerations for choosing energy supplies are intrinsic to achieving sustainability goals. Importantly, sustainability extends beyond the prevention of environmental pollution; it also includes cost-benefit analyses, process efficiency, and natural resource management. The deployment of any energy technology ultimately depends on political decisions, country-specific energy policies, and public acceptance [5]. Thus, holistic analysis is essential to inform decisions and reconcile environmental and economic perspectives. In the realm of renewable resources, solar energy stands out as the primary source that indirectly drives most other forms of sustainable energy such as wind, wave, and even the ancient biomass from which fossil fuels originate. It can be harnessed directly as heat or converted to electricity via photovoltaic (PV) cells [6]. Although solar technologies are now highly advanced, intermittency remains a challenge, demanding energy storage solutions and robust grid integration strategies [1; 4]. For instance, during periods of excess solar production, energy can be stored in various forms, such as hydrogen or via thermal storage methods, to compensate for low production periods [7; 8] and ensure a steady power supply even when solar generation is inadequate. Effective integration into the energy grid requires management strategies that maximize the utilization of available renewable resources while mitigating the environmental impacts associated with fossil fuels [9]. Moreover, innovative control mechanisms and forecasting technologies are essential to optimize power distribution and enhance the resilience of solar systems against unpredictable conditions [10]. Another promising avenue is biogas, which offers the added benefit of waste minimization transforming agricultural, municipal, or industrial waste into a usable fuel. Biogas can be employed as a thermal energy source for heating or used in gas engines for electricity [11]. Furthermore, it may be upgraded to purified biomethane or hydrogen, expanding its applications to fuel cells and transportation fuels [12]. Given its versatility, hybridizing solar and biogas systems holds considerable potential, addressing the intermittency of solar power while improving startup reliability and peak-load management [13]. The incorporation of solar systems with biogas can optimize energy delivery by ensuring reliability during peak demands and smooth transitions during periods of low solar irradiance.