# The Interplay between Air Quality and Energy Efficiency in Museums, a Review
## 3 Results and Discussion
### IAQ and EEF in Museums  
Saving energy and producing energy from renewable sources has become a global necessity, and it is a critical component of the \"green building\" concept. The IEQ is a fundamental credit category in many green building rating systems (GBRSs), including LEED, Green Globes, WELL, and BREEM [98]. However, in a study published by [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2021), measurements did not demonstrate that these GBRSs reduced indoor atmospheric pollutants [99]. In the case of museums, particularly historical buildings, it appears to be a difficult endeavor to reduce indoor air pollution while also saving energy [100]. Several studies have emerged that propose solutions for retrofitting museums to save energy. For example, [PERSON] et al. [101] present the findings of a proposed project aimed at improving the energy efficiency of the Natural History Museum of Crete, Greece, from class D to class A+ using a combination of passive and active measures. The IAQ was not assessed. The new Audain Art Museum (Whistler, BC, Canada), a Class AA building, was opened in 2020. In this museum, overall heating energy savings account for 70% of total energy savings. As long as the sophisticated air filters work properly, a combination of them ensures good IAQ. However, measurements were not used to assess the IAQ in this study [94]. The balance between acceptable microclimatic conditions (for works of art and visitor thermal comfort) and the EEF was examined in museums by monitoring indoor air temperature and relative humidity, and the EEF was typically evaluated using simulation tools [97; 102; 103]. CO\({}_{2}\) concentrations were also monitored and reported as an IAQ indicator in some studies. The latter is far from scientific reality. Table 3 compiles a list of relevant publications. Table 3 shows that proper IAQ monitoring (aerosol, VOCs, etc.) simultaneous with EEF modeling/monitoring is largely absent in museums. Despite this, there are few studies for buildings other than museums. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [24] investigated the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Museum/**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Microclimatic**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**CO\({}_{2}\)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Other Atmospheric**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Energy Consumption**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**References**} \\ \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Historical Building**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Conditions**} & & & & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Pollutants**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**/Saving**} & \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{“La Specola” Museum of} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Yes} & & & & simulation & [15] \\ \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Viking Age Museum} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Yes} & & & simulation & [102] \\ \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & & simulation & & [104] \\ \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & & simulation & & [105] \\ \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & & measurements before and & & [105] \\ \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & & after refurbishment & & [105] \\ \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & & & Sugges for building & & [106] \\ \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & & retrofitting & & \\ \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & & simulation & & \\ \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & & and & & [103; 107] \\ \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & & measurements & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: IEQ and EEF in museums and historical buildings. effect of reducing energy consumption on IAQ in several public buildings in Latvia using a simulation tool. They conclude that energy efficiency measures in public buildings reduce national energy consumption while worsening IAQ. It was dubbed the \"energy efficiency/indoor air quality dilemma\". [PERSON] et al.