# Towards a Real-Time Description of the Ionosphere:
## 3 Measured and Modeled Data Used for Validation
### Observations from Ground-Based Ionosondes
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Number** & **Ionosonde (Country)** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Geographic** \\ **Latitude** [°] \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Geographic** \\ **Longitude** [°] \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Quasi-Dipole** \\ **Latitude** [°] \\ \end{tabular} & **Modip [°]** & **Years Dataset** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{1} & Anyang (South Korea) & 37.4\({}^{\circ}\) N & 126.9\({}^{\circ}\) E & 31.0\({}^{\circ}\) N & 46.3\({}^{\circ}\) N & 2000–2009 \\  & I-Cheon (South Korea) & 37.1\({}^{\circ}\) N & 127.5\({}^{\circ}\) E & 30.7\({}^{\circ}\) N & 46.0\({}^{\circ}\) N & 2010–2019 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{2} & Ascension Island (UK) & 7.9\({}^{\circ}\) S & 14.4\({}^{\circ}\) W & 19.1\({}^{\circ}\) S & 34.3\({}^{\circ}\) S & 2000–2019 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{3} & Athens (Greece) & 38.0\({}^{\circ}\) N & 23.5\({}^{\circ}\) E & 31.9\({}^{\circ}\) N & 46.7\({}^{\circ}\) N & 2002–2019 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{4} & Boa Vista (Cape Verde) & 2.8\({}^{\circ}\) N & 60.7\({}^{\circ}\) W & 10.6\({}^{\circ}\) N & 19.5\({}^{\circ}\) N & 2013–2019 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{5} & Boulder (USA) & 40.0\({}^{\circ}\) N & 105.3\({}^{\circ}\) W & 38.1\({}^{\circ}\) N & 53.0\({}^{\circ}\) N & 2004–2019 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{6} & Cachoeira Paulista (Brazil) & 22.7\({}^{\circ}\) S & 45.0\({}^{\circ}\) W & 18.8\({}^{\circ}\) S & 32.2\({}^{\circ}\) S & 2000–2019 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{7} & Chilton (U.K.) & 51.5\({}^{\circ}\) N & 0.6\({}^{\circ}\) W & 47.7\({}^{\circ}\) N & 55.6\({}^{\circ}\) N & 2000–2019 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{8} & Dourbes (Belgium) & 50.1\({}^{\circ}\) N & 4.6\({}^{\circ}\) E & 45.8\({}^{\circ}\) N & 54.8\({}^{\circ}\) N & 2001–2019 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{9} & Dyes AFB (USA) & 32.4\({}^{\circ}\) N & 99.8\({}^{\circ}\) W & 41.5\({}^{\circ}\) N & 49.2\({}^{\circ}\) N & 2000–2009 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{10} & Eielson (USA) & 64.7\({}^{\circ}\) N & 147.1\({}^{\circ}\) W & 64.9\({}^{\circ}\) N & 64.1\({}^{\circ}\) N & 2012–2019 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{11} & El Arensoillo (Spain) & 37.1\({}^{\circ}\) N & 6.7\({}^{\circ}\) W & 30.5\({}^{\circ}\) N & 44.8\({}^{\circ}\) N & 2000–2019 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{12} & Fortalezza (Brazil) & 3.9\({}^{\circ}\) S & 38.4\({}^{\circ}\) W & 7.1\({}^{\circ}\) S & 13.6\({}^{\circ}\) S & 2001–2019 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{13} & Gakona (USA) & 62.4\({}^{\circ}\) N & 145.0\({}^{\circ}\) W & 63.0\({}^{\circ}\) N & 62.8\({}^{\circ}\) N & 2000–2019 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & Goose Bay (Canada) & 53.3\({}^{\circ}\) N & 60.3\({}^{\circ}\) W & 60.2\({}^{\circ}\) N & 58.9\({}^{\circ}\) N & 2000–2010 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{15} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Grahamstown (South \\ Africa) \\ \end{tabular} & 33.3\({}^{\circ}\) S & 26.5\({}^{\circ}\) E & 41.9\({}^{\circ}\) S & 50.3\({}^{\circ}\) S & 2000–2019 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{16} & Guam (USA) & 13.6\({}^{\circ}\) N & 144.9\({}^{\circ}\) E & 6.1\({}^{\circ}\) N & 12.3\({}^{\circ}\) N & 2012–2019 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & Hermanus (South Africa) & 34.4\({}^{\circ}\) S & 19.2\({}^{\circ}\) E & 42.5\({}^{\circ}\) S & 51.0\({}^{\circ}\) S & 2008–2019 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & I8 & Jicamarca (Peru) & 12.0\({}^{\circ}\) S & 76.8\({}^{\circ}\) W & 0.2\({}^{\circ}\) N & 0.4\({}^{\circ}\) N & 2000–2019 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{19} & Juliusruh (Germany) & 54.6\({}^{\circ}\) N & 13.4\({}^{\circ}\) E & 50.7\({}^{\circ}\) N & 57.7\({}^{\circ}\) N & 2001–2019 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & King Salmon (USA) & 58.4\({}^{\circ}\) N & 156.4\({}^{\circ}\) W & 56.8\({}^{\circ}\) N & 59.8\({}^{\circ}\) N & 2000–2012 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{21} & Kwajleien (Marshall \\  & Islands) & 9.0\({}^{\circ}\) N & 167.2\({}^{\circ}\) E & 4.1\({}^{\circ}\) N & 7.6\({}^{\circ}\) N & 2004–2013 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & 22 & Learmonth (Australia) & 21.8\({}^{\circ}\) S & 114.1\({}^{\circ}\) E & 29.6\({}^{\circ}\) S & 44.9\({}^{\circ}\) S & 2001–2019 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{23} & Louisvale (South Africa) & 28.5\({}^{\circ}\) S & 21.2\({}^{\circ}\) E & 38.3\({}^{\circ}\) S & 49.7\({}^{\circ}\) S & 2000–2019 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & 24 & Millstone Hill (USA) & 42.6\({}^{\circ}\) N & 71.5\({}^{\circ}\) W & 51.8\({}^{\circ}\) N & 54.2\({}^{\circ}\) N & 2000–2019 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}