esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Water Resistance Performance
However, data processing showed that significant differences were obtained between control PUR, PUR/Verm-10, and PUR/VermDex-10 and PUR/PerDex-10. Materials' surface properties play a crucial role in various processes, including hydrophobicity. To determine the hydrophobic character of the PUR foam composites' surface, water contact angle measurements were performed by the sessile drop method after 10 s (Figure 9). According to the results given in Figure 9, as the Per filler concentration in PUR foam composites increased, the hydrophobic character of the composites increased only slightly, i.e., from 101\({}^{\circ}\) to 105\({}^{\circ}\) compared to the control PUR foam composite. Similarly, regarding water absorption results, the Verm filler-modified PUR foam composites still exhibited a hydrophobic character but with the lowest water contact angle among all fillers analyzed at a 10 wt.% concentration. [PERSON] et al. [30] demonstrated that Verm exhibits oleophilic behavior in flexible polyurethane foams, and its diesel contact angle decreases significantly with an increase in Verm concentration. The surface activation of PerDex and VermDex fillers highly improved the hydrophobic character of the resulting surfaces of PUR foam composites. The water contact angle of PerDex filler-modified PUR foam composites increased to 103\({}^{\circ}\) and 106\({}^{\circ}\) at 5 wt.% and 10 wt.% PerDex, respectively, while for VermDex filler-modified PUR foam composites, it increased to 107\({}^{\circ}\) and 104\({}^{\circ}\) at 5 wt.% and 10 wt.% VermDex, respectively. The obtained tendency for water contact angle correlates with the water absorption results.
## The Balanced Cross-Layer Design Routing Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Fuzzy Logic  
**[PERSON] *, [PERSON] and [PERSON]**  
Centro de Investigacion en Tecnologias Software y Sistemal Multimedia para la  
Sostenibilidad (CITSEM), Campus Sur Universidad Ploitecnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid 28031,  
Spain; E-Mails: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.-F.M.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (V.H.D.);  
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS];  
Tel.: +34-91-336-5511; Fax: +34-91-336-7817.  
Academic Editor: [PERSON]  
_Received: 10 June 2015 / Accepted: 5 August 2015 / Published: 10 August 2015_  
**Abstract:** Recently, the cross-layer design for the wireless sensor network communication protocol has become more and more important and popular. Considering the disadvantages of the traditional cross-layer routing algorithms, in this paper we propose a new fuzzy logic-based routing algorithm, named the Balanced Cross-layer Fuzzy Logic (BCFL) routing algorithm. In BCFL, we use the cross-layer parameters' dispersion as the fuzzy logic inference system inputs. Moreover, we give each cross-layer parameter a dynamic weight according the value of the dispersion. For getting a balanced solution, the parameter whose dispersion is large will have small weight, and _vice versa_. In order to compare it with the traditional cross-layer routing algorithms, BCFL is evaluated through extensive simulations. The simulation results show that the new routing algorithm can handle the multiple constraints without increasing the complexity of the algorithm and can achieve the most balanced performance on selecting the next hop relay node. Moreover, the Balanced Cross-layer Fuzzy Logic routing algorithm can adapt to the dynamic changing of the network conditions and topology effectively.  
**Keywords:** cross-layer design; routing algorithm; fuzzy logic; balanced performance; dynamic weight
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Experimental Design  
The field experiments included two sections: (II) a border width experiment in the 2020-2021 season and (II) a soil moisture distribution experiment in the 2021-2022 season. A commonly used variety, ZM 369, was adopted as the experimental material. The previous crop was summer maize in a double-cropping system, where winter wheat was planted after a 2 week fallow period for soil preparations. The row spacing of wheat plants was 18 cm, and the planting rate was 187.5 kg ha\({}^{-1}\). The irrigation system was composed of five parts: water sources, head of the irrigation project, water transmission pipelines and pipe fittings, water-metering and observation equipment, and micro-spray tapes and emitters. The type of micro-spray tapes was specific ones designed for wheat plants, characterized by the arrangement of inclined 9 holes on tapes, a folded diameter of 100 mm, a diameter of 63 mm, and a working pressure of 0.2 MPa. To minimize the impact of natural wind, a wind barrier (a double-layer black shading net) with a height of 1.5 m was built in advance around the experimental areas. The irrigation water source was from well water with salinity not exceeding 1.5 g/L, and the irrigation water volume was monitored by a water meter. According to THE Regulations on the Prevention and Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Decree No. 725 of The State Council of the People's Republic of China, and the suggestions of the local government, the weeds and pests in the community should be controlled.  
During the second experimental year of 2021-2022, a soil moisture distribution experiment was conducted to quantify the negative effect of plant barriers on the irrigation quality of a micro-spraying system. The experiment was carried out on the same plots with the same irrigation quota and border width treatments. In detail, wheat seeds were sown on 27 October 2021 and harvested on 28 May 2022, with a growth period of 213 d. In this experiment, sunny days with no wind were selected at the jointing stage (1 April 2022), filling stage (29 April 2022) and maturity stage (20 May 2022), respectively, to implement micro-sprinkling hose irrigation, respectively. Water penetration under crop canopy within the effective spraying width of micro-spraying tapes was measured. Dynamics of soil moisture content 3 d before and after each irrigation event were automatically monitored using soil moisture sensors. Uniformity coefficients of irrigation water distribution and of soil moisture distribution were consequently calculated after measurement. The specific arrangement of the field experiment is shown in Figure 1.
## 2 Theoretical Formulation
### Hertz Contact Theory  
German physicist [PERSON] proposed the basic equations between contacts based on elasticity and derived the famous [PERSON] formula in 1882 [41; 42]. The four assumptions of [PERSON] contact theory are as follows:  
1. The contact area is a linear elastomer, which meets [PERSON]'s law.
2. The contact area is homogeneous and completely smooth, regardless of the friction between the two objects.
3. The geometrical dimension of the contact area is much smaller than the radius of curvature of the contact surface.
4. The contact surface has only vertical contact force with distributed action.  
Any contact that meets the above assumptions is called a Hertz contact. When the contour of the surface near the contact surface is approximately a quadratic parabola, and the size of the contact surface is much smaller than the size of the object and the radius of the relative curvature of the surface, the results are consistent with the actual results obtained by [PERSON]'s theory. In the Hertz contact problem, because the deformation near the contact area is strongly constrained by the surrounding medium, each point is in a state of triaxial stress, and the distribution of contact stress is highly local and decreases rapidly with increasing distance from the contact surface. In addition, the contact stress is nonlinear to the applied pressure and is related to the elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio of the material.  
For gear meshing, the spur gear is usually in the meshing area of a single pair of teeth near the node, and the force on the teeth is large; thus, the pitting corrosion first appears near the node. Therefore, the contact fatigue strength of the node is usually calculated. For example, the contact diagram of two cylinders represents the contact of a pair of involutes spur cylindrical gears at the node. In order to simplify the calculation, it is replaced by a pair of cylinders with parallel axes. The radii \(\rho_{1}\) and \(\rho_{2}\) of the two cylinders are equal to the curvature radii of the tooth profiles at the joints, respectively. According to elasticity, when a pair of cylinders with parallel axes contact each other and are subjected to pressure, the line contact will change into a plane contact. The contact surface, where the contact stress is generated, is a long and narrow rectangle, with the maximum contact stress located on the middle line of the contact area. The equation of contact stress is shown as follows in Equation (4) [41]. The Hertz contact model is shown in Figure 1.  
\[\sigma_{H}=\sqrt{\frac{F_{n}\left(\frac{1}{\rho_{1}}+\frac{1}{\rho_{2}}\right) }{\pi L\left(\frac{1-\mu_{1}^{2}}{E_{1}}\mp\frac{1-\mu_{2}^{2}}{E_{1}}\right) }}=Z_{E}\sqrt{\frac{E_{n}}{L\rho_{e}}} \tag{4}\]  
where \(\sigma_{H}\) is the contact stress, \(F_{n}\) is the normal force, \(L\) is the length of the contact line, \(\rho_{E}\) is the comprehensive radius of curvature, \(\mu_{1}\) and \(\mu_{2}\) are the Poisson's ratios of the two contact objects.
## 4 Engineering Design Problems
### Design Problem Results  
Table 11 presents the statistical results of the MOMmCAA and the other algorithms in dealing with the engineering design problems using the performance metrics of \(HV\), \(C\) and \(EI\). It can be seen that the MOMmCAA is one of the two best algorithms for these metrics in both cases, demonstrating the competitiveness of the proposed algorithm. The MOMmCAA is able to calculate better results than MOLAPO, GS, NSGA-II, and MNMA, and its results are very close to those obtained with MOPSO. Figure 9 presents the PFs obtained by the different algorithms for the two engineering design problems.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l l} \hline
**Four-Bar Truss** & **MOLAPO** & **GS** & **MOPSO** & **NSGA-II** & **MNMA** & **MOMmCAA** \\ \hline HV & 0.8459 (0.0123) [6] & 0.8719 (0.0234) [5] & 0.9598 (0.0041) [2] & 0.9370 (0.0098) [3] & 0.9182 (0.0377) [4] & **0.9678 (0.0026)** [1] \\ C & 0.2666 (0.0146) [6] & 0.3927 (0.0725) [5] & **0.9790 (0.0704) [1]** & 0.7765 (0.3033) [3] & 0.7477 (0.0203) [4] & 0.9681 (0.0641) [2] \\ EI & 0.5127 (0.0605) [6] & 0.5824 (0.0274) [5] & **0.9204 (0.0389) [1]** & 0.8913 (0.2059) [3] & 0.8603 (0.2389) [4] & 0.9184 (0.0270) [2] \\ \hline
**Disk Brake** & **MOLAPO** & **GS** & **MOPSO** & **NSGA-II** & **MAMA** & **MOMmCAA** \\ \hline HV & 0.8780 (0.0180) [5] & 0.8737 (0.0051) [6] & **0.9947 (0.0020) [1]** & 0.9857 (0.0023) [4] & 0.9923 (0.0027) [3] & 0.9931 (0.0012) [2] \\ C & 0.6498 (0.0882) [5] & 0.5346 (0.1352) [6] & 0.9128 (0.2202) [2] & 0.8296 (0.2406) [3] & 0.7847 (0.3748) [4] & **0.9128 (0.2202)** [1] \\ EI & 0.7637 (0.0608) [5] & 0.7329 (0.0252) [6] & 0.9614 (0.0092) [2] & 0.9216 (0.0325) [3] & 0.8936 (0.0888) [4] & **0.9971 (0.0080)** [1] \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 11: Statistics (mean (std. dev.)) of all metric values of the final populations obtained by MOLAPO, GS, MOPSO, NSGA-II, MNMA, and MOMmCAA over 30 independent runs on the four-bar truss and disk brake design problems.  
Figure 9: Representative PFs obtained by the six MOEAs on the two engineering design problems.
# Inter-UAV Routing Scheme Testbeds
## 3 FANET Testbeds  
This section is concerned with surveying existing routing scheme testbeds and the proposal of an open-source hardware testbed. Section 3.1 analyzes the work of researchers who faced the similar challenge of routing scheme performance evaluation in real life and under such environmental conditions. Virtually all existing work is either simulation-focused or uses Raspberry Pis on which the tested protocol is installed. The benefits ofimplementing a hardware-based evaluation instead of simulating a routing scheme are numerous:  
* Measurement of computational capacity required for routing and load balancing
* Measurement of environmental effects on communication and link quality
* Measurement of transmission-related node energy expenditure
* Measurement of mobility-stemming effects on overhead and computational demand
* Measurement of security methods' and packet encryption/decryption (CPU-intensive tasks) effects on availability of processing power  
On a few occasions, researchers resorted to the usage of actual mobile UAVs, which they deployed as a FANET. Respectively, Section 3.2 proposes a multifunctional solution capable of both extending the capabilities of existing testbeds and functioning as a standalone on-board flight controller. The hardware design is explained on a medium abstraction layer and design files are provided.
## 3 Validations of the Analytical Approach  
### Experimental Bending Tests  
As presented in Figure 5, experimental bending tests of segmented joints were carried out by using two connected curved segments [29]. The horizontal loads (\(N\)) were applied by the MTS actuator, and vertical loads (\(P\)) were applied by the hydraulic jack. A roller support was positioned on the left end of the experimental structure, and a fixed support was positioned on the right. During the loading process, the eccentricity (\(e\)) was fixed to 150 mm, \(N\) increased gradually, and the corresponding \(P\) was calculated by the moment equilibrium of the joint.  
The joint deformations are observed. The joint rotation angle (\(\theta\)) is illustrated in Figure 6, and it can be calculated by using Equation (21). According to Equation (23), the rotational stiffness (\(K_{\theta}\)) of the joint can be obtained by using the curve of the slope of the joint rotation angle (\(\theta\)) versus the bending moment (\(M\)).  
\[\theta=\frac{\delta_{1}-\delta_{2}}{H} \tag{21}\]  
\[M=Ne \tag{22}\]  
\[K_{\theta}=\frac{M}{\theta} \tag{23}\]  
where \(\delta_{1}\) is the averaged deformation at the opening edge, \(\delta_{2}\) is the averaged deformation at the compression edges, and \(H\) is the segment thickness.  
Figure 5: Sketch view of the test setup [29].  
For the segmental joint of the experimental structure, the related dimensions and materials are listed as the following.  
Segment and joint: \(B\) = 1200 mm, \(H\) = 300 mm, \(h_{a}\) = 80 mm, \(h_{b}\) = 120 mm, \(h_{c}\) = 40 mm, \(l\) = 180 mm, \(\Delta_{\rm e}^{0}\) = 4 mm, and \(\Delta_{i}^{0}\) = 10 mm.  
* Concrete: Type C50, and \(f_{c}\) = 32.4 MPa.
* Bolt: \(n=2\), \(E_{b}\) = 210 GPa, \(L_{b}\) = 431 mm, \(A_{b}\) = 452.2 mm\({}^{2}\), \(F_{0}\) = 20 kN, and \(f_{b}\) = 640 MPa.
* EG: \(E_{e}\) = 2480 MPa, \(\beta\) = 1.67, \(t\) = 4 mm in the sagging-moment scenario, and \(t\) = 6 mm in the hogging-moment scenario.
# Channel Modeling for In-Body Optical Wireless Communications +
## 3 Results  
This section illustrates the performance of the model presented in Section 2. Initially, the extracted expressions for the absorption and scattering coefficients are verified by comparison with experimentally verified results from previously published works. Next, the accuracy of the extracted mathematical framework for estimating the optical properties of any generic tissue is validated against experimental measurements of complex biological tissues, such as skin, bone, breast, and brain tissue. Lastly, the complete pathloss for each of the aforementioned tissues is evaluated, and important design guidelines for communication protocols are derived through insightful discussions.
# Microwave SINIS Detectors
## 5 Fabrication Technology of SINIS
### Shadow Evaporation Technology  
Usually, SINIS structures are fabricated by Dolan's technology [34] with suspended bridges of e-beam resist (see Table 2, middle column). Deposition at different angles can be achieved by thermal evaporation using the hot boat, or by e-beam evaporation using a crucible on a tilted holder with a substrate. First, the aluminum layer with an underlayer of Fe is deposited at a normal angle to the substrate. The Fe/Al bilayer is a non-superconducting normal metal due to the suppression of the superconductivity of Al by ferromagnetic Fe. The tunnel barrier is formed via a proper dose of oxygen in the deposition chamber. The top superconducting aluminum layer is deposited at a tilt angle \(\pm\) 45\({}^{\circ}\). This process can be modified for different angles and thicknesses of both resist layers, which should be exactly calculated. However, the classical Dolan process with a suspended e-beam resist bridge has two basic disadvantages: it is difficult to fabricate the sub-micrometer-size NIS junctions, and it has low reliability due to the sagging and breaking of thin and narrow suspended resist bridges. To solve these problems, bridge-free technology (Table 2, right column) [35; 36] was used for the creation of the SINIS structure. Bridge-free technology allows one to fabricate tunnel junctions with areas from 0.01 \(\upmu\)m\({}^{2}\) (and less) to 1000 \(\upmu\)m\({}^{2}\) (and more), improve the size accuracy, increase the reliability and reproducibility, improve the electric conductivity and heat conductivity of the bias wiring via the increase in superconductor thickness, increase the range of exposure dose from 10% to 50%, and increase the possibility of ion cleaning before deposition (there are no thin suspended resist bridges). The key idea of this technology [35; 36] is based on the separated deposition of two different metal films into two deep orthogonal grooves in a double-layer resist. The deposition of the first film into the first groove does not lead to deposition in the second groove, because the deposition angle and resist thickness are chosen such that in the deposition into the second groove, the direction is oriented towards the wall of the resist, with subsequent removal together with resist in the lift-off process. Analogously, the second film is deposited into the orthogonal groove when the substrate is rotated by 90\({}^{\circ}\). As a result, only tunnel junctions of the required size remain on the substrate, with the bottom and top electrodes formed along corresponding grooves in the resist. If the sizes of junctions are not large enough, the design can be modified by adding big squares that are slightly shifted towards one another due to the tilt angles and resist thickness.
## Materials and Methods
### Adsorption of Ni\({}^{2+}\) by nZVI@ATP
#### 2.3.5 Adsorption Kinetics Experiment  
The kinetics of the Ni\({}^{2+}\) removal by nZVI@ATP were investigated. In total, 30 mL of Ni\({}^{2+}\) solution was added at an initial concentration of 200 mg/L to the centrifuge tube, and the pH was adjusted to 5. The nZVI@ATP was added to the centrifuge tube at a dosage of 1 g/L, and the solutions were then shaken for 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 h at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C in a constant temperature water bath, removed, and filtered through a 0.45 \(\upmu\)m microporous filter membrane. Subsequently, the remaining Ni\({}^{2+}\) concentration in the solution was measured.
## 2 Experimental Program
### Study and Characterization of the SCC
#### 2.1.3 Fresh Properties of SCC  
The evaluation of the SCC fresh properties was performed by measuring the spread in the slump-flow test (Figure 1), the fluidity in V-funnel test (Figure 2), and the passing ability in L-box test (Figure 3). The obtained results are presented in Table 2 (where Dm is the average diameter in slump-flow test, t is the V-funnel time and H2/H1 is the concrete heights ratio in L-box test) and fit the defined objectives. These tests were further complemented by visual observation of the fresh concrete to evaluate the segregation resistance. As shown in Figure 1, the concrete has spread uniformly with a very homogeneous distribution of aggregates and without any visible segregation or bleeding.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Constituent Materials** & **Dosage** \\ \hline Portland cement CEM I 42.5R (kg) & 487.5 \\ Fly ash (kg) & 158.4 \\ Superplasticizer (liters) & 4.3 \\ Water (liters) & 170.8 \\ Sand 0/2 (kg) & 360.4 \\ Sand 0/4 (kg) & 366.0 \\ Gravel 3/6 (kg) & 521.1 \\ Gravel 6/15 (kg) & 279.6 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Mix proportions of SCC (contents per cubic meter).  
After molding, all test specimens were protected with plastic sheet to prevent the premature loss of moisture and stored in the laboratory for 24 h (Figure 6a). After 24 h, the test specimens were demolded (Figure 6b) and then placed in a curing chamber. The curing of concrete test specimens follows the EN 12390-2:2000 [22]--testing hardened concrete--Part 2: Making and curing specimens for strength tests. The automatic curing chamber was programmed to keep a temperature of 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C and a relative humidity (RH) of 95%. However, a small fluctuation occurred and the temperature varied between 18 and 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C, while the RH varied between 90 and 95%.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### The Efficiency of Pollutant Removal
[PERSON] and [PERSON] [31] found higher TP removal efficiencies (3-63%) in three other activated sludge facilities without preliminary settling tanks. Higher efficiencies of TP removal (46-74%) were obtained by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [53] in household WWTPs with SBR systems. A study of two household hybrid CWs of VF/HF type operating in the RNP showed that they provide significantly higher efficiency of TP removal (90-94%) than activated sludge systems [36]. Moreover, [PERSON] et al. [49] achieved high TP removal efficiency (over 95%) in a household hybrid CW. The average values of TP in the outflow from the analyzed facilities no. 1 and 2 were very high and amounted to 11.5 and 12.1 mg/dm\({}^{3}\), respectively (Tables 2 and 3). These values are more than two times higher than the permissible value (5 mg/dm\({}^{3}\)) required in Poland for wastewater discharged into lakes and their tributaries [47]. In the outflow from three other facilities with activated sludge but without preliminary settling tanks, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [31] found even higher of TP concentrations in the outflow (23.2-50.6 mg/dm\({}^{3}\)). In the process occurring in activated sludge, phosphorus is mainly removed from wastewater via assimilation, sorption, and chemical precipitation [55]. During wastewater treatment, phosphorus is assimilated by the growing biomass and should be removed with the excess sludge. Effective biological phosphorus removal requires alternating aerobic and anaerobic conditions to allow the selection and growth of specific microorganisms that exhibit the ability to store phosphorus compounds within cells [56; 57]. However, the conducted studies and observations show that the analyzed activated sludge WWTPs lack an anaerobic zone and the sludge from the secondary settling tank is not regularly removed, which probably has a negative impact on the effective removal of phosphorus from wastewater and causes its high concentrations in the outflow. On the basis of the obtained research results and the literature review, it is concluded that household WWTPs with activated sludge provide significantly lower effects of pollutant removal than hybrid CWs, especially in terms of nutrient removal. Therefore, the authors of this paper do not recommend the widespread use of household WWTPs with activated sludge in protected areas.