# Challenges Associated with Implementing 5G in Manufacturing
## 4 Infrastructure Requirements for 5G  
According to [PERSON] et al. [19], attempts have been made to characterize the broad set of requirements of industrial automation. The integration of 5G to an existing network architecture will require the addition of an onsite 5G network comprised of macro or small cells, which will need to be fully IP-enabled. If an existing private 4G network is in situ, the 4G backhaul network can be reused whenever available and possible, but backhaul capacity will likely need to be upgraded since the 5G network delivers far more traffic than any cellular network did before. 5G mobile networks will significantly affect both the wireless side and the wired side of network infrastructure requirements due to the increased data traversing to and from the wired and wireless networks. The smart factory is represented below in Figure 4 by being divided into several layers with different network choices at each layer; each network has different demands and rates the importance of various properties differently. It is decisions at each of these levels that will dictate the level of integration that 5G can bring to manufacturing. The key new concept of network slicing in 5G will enable tenants to gain different levels of connectivity from their service provider to accommodate various use cases. To achieve this network slicing, 5G will be an all-cloud architecture and this will ultimately require the use of software defined networking (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV) [20].  
Future 5G networks will have to provide a significantly higher system capacity than today and solve the anticipated spectrum crunch. There will be many infrastructure improvements required to provide a 5G network within a manufacturing environment. Requirements will range from the upgrading of backbone infrastructure within the organization to managing the utilization of the following:  
* Spectrum adoption;
* Fiber rollout internally (10 Gb minimally);
* High-speed switches and routers;
* On-site computing;
* High-speed uplink to cloud computing facilities;
* Deploying edge-connecting devices.  
A specific challenge will be the analysis of the placement of network intelligence either at the edge, in the fog, or in a private/public cloud. The precise locating of edge analytics anywhere from the network edge up to the edge cloud computing (ECC) will be a challenge for many sectors. To progress the development of the digital factory, there is a need for a robust wireless network that can transfer large amounts of data fast. Reliable low latency and high data-transfer rates are crucial in connecting smart devices in Industry 4.0. The prospect of download speeds between 1 Gbps and 10 Gbps, and upload speed or latency of just 1 millisecond, makes the prospect of a 5G network fascinating for industry, but the reality is that typically 5G users will not achieve anything near the theoretical top speeds. The actual rate of a 5G connection will depend on many factors including location, network connection type (private or via a TELephone Company, TELCO), how many other devices are connecting, and the specifications of the device being used. The aim for manufacturing has to be  
Figure 4: Hierarchical architecture for smart factory [21].  
achieving a minimum download speed of 50 Mbps and latency of 10 ms in a scalable manner which will represent a significant improvement over current rates.