esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 6 Experimental Results and Evaluation
### Bug Classification with Word Embeddings  
In the above section, we used the BOW approach for vectorization. As the next step, we used word embeddings for feature extraction. Word embeddings libraries provide pre-trained word vectors that can be used with machine learning classifiers. This paper selects FastText since FastText overperforms other word embedding libraries in many NLP tasks [10; 25]. Therefore, as an alternative to the TF-IDF approach, we have used FastText in feature extraction. We obtained the results provided in Table 10 using the same machine learning classifiers as in the previous case.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & & & & & \\ \hline
**Classifier** & **N = 5** & **N = 10** & **N = 15** & **N = 20** & **N = 25** & **N = 30** \\ \hline Naïve Bayes & 62.40 & 60.64 & 60.44 & 59.79 & 59.66 & 58.48 \\ SVM-linear kernel & **69.98** & **71.66** & **68.73** & **70.27** & **68.89** & **67.56** \\ SVM-poly kernel & 55.43 & 55.69 & 55.34 & 55.35 & 54.49 & 55.70 \\ SVM-RBF kernel & 66.54 & 68.87 & 68.04 & 67.36 & 68.27 & 66.03 \\ SVM-sigmoid kernel & 69.06 & 69.56 & 68.57 & 69.21 & 67.93 & 67.37 \\ KNN & 55.06 & 57.03 & 55.67 & 55.50 & 55.91 & 54.41 \\ Logistic regression & 63.64 & 65.19 & 65.64 & 64.70 & 65.55 & 64.42 \\ Decision tree & 55.96 & 56.38 & 54.97 & 55.04 & 57.26 & 56.40 \\ Random forest & 65.82 & 65.54 & 65.71 & 65.86 & 65.00 & 64.07 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 9: Impact of chosen N value for the N-fold cross-validation.  
In general, word embeddings might be more efficient than the BOW models in classification tasks. However, in our case study, we obtained a 71.19% F1 measure using FastText with random forest. However, this value is slightly less than we obtained with the BOW approach. We believe this is because FastText built-in vectors were trained using the Wikipedia database to provide a general-purpose corpus suitable for news classification or a product's sentiment analysis. But such a corpus appeared not to be a perfect match for classifying bug reports.
# Microplastic Pollution: Chemical Characterization and Impact on Wildlife
## 3 Microplastics and Wildlife
### Microplastics in Land Animals
To some extent, there was association of SAR11_Clade_Ia and SAR11_Clade_II in both nasal and lung microbiota in microplastic contamination that aggravates the condition and they found that microplastic had a stronger influence on the lung microbiota than nanoplastic. However, this report represents a single isolated study and it is not clear how widespread such a phenomenon is. Nonetheless, MP exposure was found to aggravate asthma symptoms by increasing mucus production and inflammatory cell infiltration, as well as altering the expression of genes involved in programmed cell death, cellular stress response, and immune response in humans (2018). Microplastics can be inhaled and present in mammalian lung tissues which is very dangerous for animals. [PERSON] et al. (2018) collected specimens from the lungs of domestic pigs and fetal pigs that died during vaginal birth. The samples were examined with polarized light microscopy and the Agilent 8700 LDIR chemical imaging system (LDIR). The polarized fluorescent microscope survey of domestic pig lungs revealed an average of 12 MP particles/g, which was higher than the 6 particles/g found in fetal pig lungs with sizes ranging from 115.14 mm to 1370.43 mm. The MP particles observed were all fiber shaped. LDIR analysis detected an average of 180 particles/g of domestic pig lungs with sizes ranging from 20.34 mm to 916.36 mm, which was twice the number of MPs found in fetal pig lungs. Polyamide (PA) was found to be the most common polymer in domestic pig lungs (46.11%), while polycarbonate (PC) was found to be the most common polymer in fetal pig lungs (32.99%). The presence of MPs was confirmed in the lung tissue of both domestic and fetal pigs in the natural environment, but the main characteristics differed. They hypothesized that the air and placenta were significant sources of exposure. The health risk posed by MPs through inhalation exposure should be considered. If the placental transfer of MPs can be confirmed in subsequent studies, it suggests fetuses may be exposed to MPs within the womb, which may even cause transgenerational effects on species. Table 2 summarizes the works considered within this manuscript. The table provides a synopsis of current work in the field. While some innovative and provocative studies  
have been completed laying the groundwork for an understanding of microplastics impact on wildlife, much more research is needed. Follow-up studies should be encouraged to confirm and expand upon these seminal works. Section 4 below considers these gaps in more detail.
# Carbon Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications
## 3 Photoacoustic Diagnostic  
Photoacoustic imaging (photoacoustic microscopy and photoacoustic computed tomography; PA) is non-invasive biomedical imaging based on the photoacoustic effect, where the light/laser pulses are absorbed by exogenous or endogenous contrast agents and converted into thermal energy that is emitted as an ultrasound signal. PA has a high spatial/temporal resolution with relatively deep tissue imaging ability that allows detecting or treating a wide variety of cancers (breast, colorectal, and skin).  
CNPs serve as good contrast agents, especially carbon nanotubes, nanodots, graphene, or graphene oxide conjugated with organic polymers, metallic NPs, or dyes [39; 40]. Thesecontrast agents can target specific tissues; cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp peptides loaded on single-walled carbon nanotubes are preferentially up-taken in various types of tumors [41] [PERSON] et al. described ultra-small near-infrared-II photothermal carbon dots that can easily penetrate tumor tissue and showed multicolor fluorescence and emit photoacoustic signals in vitro and in vivo [42].
# Parameter Optimization for Ship Antiroll Gyros
## 3 Study of the Antirolling Characteristics of the Gyro
### Influence of Rotational and Precession Momentum Moment on Roll Reduction Rate  
By substituting different values of \(h_{0}\) and \(J\) into Equation (11) for the solution, the variation in roll reduction rate with the corresponding \(h_{0}\) and \(J\) is illustrated in Figure 7, which shows that the roll reduction rate increased with increasing \(h_{0}\) and decreased with increasing \(J\).  
To identify the relationship among roll reduction rate, rotor diameter, and thickness more directly, we determined the roll reduction rate with various rotor diameter and thickness in Figure 8, which indicated that an increase in rotor diameter resulted in an increase in gradual roll reduction rate. When the rotor diameter was 0.5 m, as the rotor thickness increased, the roll reduction rate increased first and then decreased before reaching a peak of 70% when the rotor thickness was 0.75 m. With the increase of rotor diameter, the influence of rotor thickness on the roll reduction rate decreased gradually. However, the increase of rotor diameter and thickness led to an increase in gyro's power consumption and floor space. Therefore, it was necessary to establish a parameter optimization model, set up constraints, and determine the optimal solution of gyro parameters in consideration of various factors.  
Figure 5: Roll reduction rate under different gyro’s damping coefficients.  
Figure 6: Roll reduction rate under different gyro’s damping coefficients and wave heights.
## 3 Design and Development of Blockchain-Based IoV
### Network Model  
The proposed scheme uses the Fabric Certificate Authority (CA) for the registration of identities. It has sufficient capabilities, such as high computation, fast communication, and enough storage. CA is also responsible for the generation of certificates for vehicles and roadside units. Additionally, once their registration is complete, the TA produces the initial security parameters for all vehicles and roadside units (RSUs), and sends them to the vehicles via TLS. Issuance of Enrollment Certificates (ECerts) is an enrollment process whereby the Fabric CA issues a certificate key-pair, comprised of a signing certificate and a private key that forms the identity [25]. The private and public keys are first generated locally by the Fabric CA client, and then the public key is sent to the CA,which returns an encoded certificate, the signing certificate for certificate renewal, and revocation. Ordeers are stationary nodes deployed on the roadside. These orderers act as the RSUs. The orderer maintains the list of the organizations that can create and configure the channel, and are responsible for ordering and packaging the transactions. The orderer also obtains the certificates that represent identities, and the Membership Service Provider (MSP) contains the permission identities. The orderer utilizes a dedicated short-range communication protocol for V2V and V2R wireless communications. The MSP authenticates traffic messages from vehicles and processes them locally or forwards them to the TA. The law enforcement department may request the CA to revoke the real identity of the message sender if malicious activity is detected. Vehicle nodes are embedded with high processing, storage, and wireless communication modules. The vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-RSU communications are conducted through wireless networks. Figure 1 shows the layers of the proposed solution.  
Figure 1 shows the different layers of the proposed network, comprising the application layer, chain code/smart contract layer, consensus layer, physical/wireless network, and the ground vehicular nodes. Smart contracts are blockchain based programs that execute when certain criteria are met. The contracts are decentralized applications that respond to events by executing business logic. These are often used to automate contract execution so that all parties immediately know the outcome without the need for any intermediaries.
## 4 Results
### Probability Density Function  
Figure 8 shows the performance of the PDF calculated based on the two satellite products (GPM/TRMM) and the ground reference dataset (CGDPA) in the TSM and its subregions. Overall, both of the satellites have great defects in the detection of heavy precipitation events, while they have relatively high accuracy for weak precipitation events. GPM underestimates the occurrence of both low rain rates (\(<\)2 mm/d) and high rain rates (\(>\)20 mm/d), and it overestimates the occurrence of middle rain rates (2-20 mm/d). In the middle rain rates (especially 2-5 mm/d), the occurrence of TRMM is significantly the highest when compared to the other products. All the datasets show that the highest percentage mostly occurs at the precipitation class of 2-5 mm/d, while the lowest percentage mostly occurs at the precipitation class of \(>\)10 mm/d. TRMM tends to find more precipitation events than the ground observations, and GPM has a similar tends compared to CGDPA at all the thresholds, which is closer to the measured data. Thus, the performance of GPM is better than that of TRMM at capturing all classes of rainfall events.  
Figure 7: Taylor diagrams for the seasonal variation of precipitation in the TSM and the four subregions.
# Experimental Study on Permeability Characteristics of
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Permeability Variation Law of the CBB  
3.2.1. The Influence of Axial Compression on the Permeability of the CBB  
Figure 8 shows the permeability change curve of the CBB in the S1-S20 groups.  
From Figure 8, it can be seen that:  
1. The permeability of the CBB shows an exponential decreasing trend with the increasing axial pressure, and the fitting degree of the fitting curve is good, with an R\({}^{2}\) above 0.99. When 4% and 6% cement is added to the CBB with a 0-5 mm particle size, permeability decreases by one order of magnitude with an increase in axial pressure from 2 MPa to 8 MPa. This indicates that the sensitivity of the permeability of the CBB to axial pressure was improved after adding the cement to the gangue slurry.
2. When 0% and 2% cement dosage is added to gangue slurry with particle sizes ranging from 0 to 5 mm, the permeability of the CBB is almost linearly negatively correlated with axial pressure. When 4% and 6% cement dosage is added to gangue slurry with particle sizes ranging from 0 to 5 mm, the permeability of the CBB decreases with  
Figure 8: Changes in permeability of the CBB in S1–S20 groups.  
Figure 7: Variation curves of axial pressure and \(\upvarphi\)max of gangue slurry in S1–S8 groups.  
the increasing axial pressure. It indicates that as the cement dosage increases, the permeability of the CBB transitions from linear to nonlinear, and a cement dosage of 2% is the critical value. The permeability variation in the CBB with a particle size range of 0-2 mm also exhibits nonlinear characteristics, indicating that the reduction in particle size has the same effect as the addition of cement. As the curve illustrates in Figure 8, when the axial pressure is the same, the permeability of the CBB with a particle size range of 0-2 mm is equivalent to adding 2-4% cement in the CBB with a particle size range of 0-5 mm.
# A Wireless Monitoring System for Cracks on the Surface of Reactor Containment Buildings
## 3 Hardware Selection and Assembly
### Energy Consumption  
The sensor nodes are usually battery-powered; therefore, the energy of them is limited, which means that it should be used properly. Energy consumption is one of the most important issues in wireless sensor networks. Every operation of the sensor node affects its life span and the lifetime of the whole monitoring network, respectively. In our system, the sensor nodes are powered by rechargeable lithium batteries with a total capacity of 4000 mAh. In order to make sure that the capacity is large enough to work through pressure test periods, the operation current under idle mode, sampling mode and transmitting mode is measured. We find each sampling state lasts about four seconds and transmitting one packet costs approximately two seconds. According to the typical 30 min sampling period, sensor nodes only sample and transmit twice in one hour. Then, the power consumption under each mode is calculated. Table 2 shows operation current and power consumption of the sensor node in different modes mentioned above. It can be seen from the table that the total power consumption of our sensor node is 2.245 mAh. In addition, the capacity of the batteries ensures a continuous monitoring service life up to 74 days if the initialization stage of the sensor node is not taken into account, which covers the two week pressure test completely.
## 4 Laboratory Experiment
### Experiment Results of the Secondary System
This experiment firstly measured the BER characteristics at the specified parameter of \(G\) and then obtained the upper and lower bounds as indicated in Figure 8. The operational \(\text{SIR}_{\text{total}}\) range can be seen as the difference between upper and lower bounds. For comparison, the computer simulation results are also plotted. Basically, operational \(\text{SIR}_{\text{total}}\) range exhibits the same value as \(G\) because of the wired and flat fading channel. Experiment results show almost comparable performance to the simulation one. However, non-negligible deviation can be observed at \(G=24\) dB, and we confirmed that the prototype does not work at \(G=26\) dB. The conceivable reason is quantization resolution shortage of low-level subcarriers. STPA function of the prototype controls the power density of low-level subcarrier by digital attenuator, i.e., reducing the number of digits. Furthermore, 24 dB power attenuation is done  
Figure 8: BER performance of the secondary system. (**a**) without STPA; (**b**) with STPA. STPA: subcarrier transmission power assignment. by discarding the rightmost 8 bits; \(10\log_{10}(2^{8})=24.08\) dB. At the receiver side, resolution for 24 dB attenuated symbols of low-level subcarrier is only \(4\) (\(=12-8\)) bits or less. It would degrade calculation accuracy of PI-CMA weight and thus interference cannot be well suppressed. Figure 10 shows the upper and lower bounds of the operational \(\text{SIR}_{\text{total}}\) as a function of \(N_{\text{High}}\). When \(N_{\text{High}}\) decreases, the surplus power is reassigned to all subcarriers and hence the power density of overall subcarriers are increased. Accordingly, the power density of the interference signal to be suppressed by the secondary system is increased and the operational \(\text{SIR}_{\text{total}}\) range is shifted to the lower side as \(N_{\text{High}}\) is decreased. Here, operational \(\text{SIR}_{\text{total}}\) in the lower bound by experiment shrinks at \(N_{\text{High}}\leq 2\) compared to the simulation results. As mentioned above, it is due to the bit resolution shortage caused by ensuring the dynamic range of receiver inputs for larger interference signal power. This impact becomes more significant especially in low-level subcarriers. Increasing the number of quantization bits or enlarging dynamic range could avoid such degradations. These parameters should be optimized depending on the secondary system design.
## 5 Results
### Performance of the Location Extraction Module  
The 2418 new reports the SVM classified as 'traffic accidents' were used to test the effectiveness of the extractor. Firstly, we carried a filtering process out before presenting the results in the web application. The items that included at least one of the following characteristics were not considered:  
* The report mentioned multiple road mishaps and locations: the data extractor found several fragments of text matching the grammatical rules. However, these locations are not connected to--or close to--a common point when they are geolocated. They often are recapitulations of past news that included traffic accidents.
* The event occurred outside the city: although the extractor found a fragment of text matching the grammatical patterns, the point is not in the town when it is geolocated.
* There is not a specified location: the data extractor did not find any match of the grammatical rules.  
These filter rules allowed removing 798 RSS news reports (actually, 601 of them are false positives). For the remaining group of 1620 items, the location extractor found matches in all of them; in this sense, it had a 100% rate of success in finding locations in Spanish-written texts. However, let us consider the following two types of result:  
* Exact match. There is only a matching fragment of text in which the location was detected, as described in the news exactly.
* Partial matches. The location was detected by several matching fragments of texts.  
Partial matches become present when the reports included multiple street names (usually referring to an intersection), or they mentioned a location in a complicated or wordy way. However, we faced this issue when we realized that these partial matching texts often corresponded to the same point when they were geolocated. Subsequently, the location was determined through a majority vote policy.  
In the case study, the location extractor offered a performance of 53% of exact matching and 47% of partial matching.
# Radiator Enablers for Wireless Communication Evolution
## 3 Radiators' Novel Technologies, Design, and Implementation Issues
### gMIMO
#### 3.1.5 Antenna Feeding Systems  
Fully connected architecture connects each RF chain to all antenna elements via an analog network of phase shifters and combiners, enabling highly flexible beamforming with maximum gain. This setup is ideal for precision-demanding applications but incurs high power consumption and complexity, making it less suitable for ultra-massive arrays (refs. [33; 34]).  
Partially connected architecture simplifies this by linking each RF chain to a subset of antennas, reducing hardware requirements and energy consumption at the expense of some beamforming flexibility. This approach is effective in scenarios where moderate performance can be traded for scalability (ref. [33]).  
Space-feeding mechanisms, as implemented in IRS and ITS, use active antennas to feed passive elements over the air. These passive elements dynamically adjust signal phase and amplitude to steer beams, offering exceptional energy efficiency and scalability for ultra-massive systems. However, they rely on precise calibration to achieve optimal performance (ref. [34]).
# Numerical Study of Pressure Attenuation Effect on Tunnel Structures Subjected to Blast Loads
## 5 Conclusions  
1. The pressure reduction module (expansion chamber, one-pressure relief orifice plate, double-pressure relief orifice plate) changes the tunnel section to diffuse the blast and reduce or detour the transfer; thus, the aforesaid design modes have a blast attenuation effect.
2. The pressure reduction modules are designed inside the tunnel, and the findings show that the double-pressure relief orifice plate has better blast attenuation effect than the one-pressure relief orifice plate, and the one-pressure relief orifice plate is better than the expansion chamber. The expansion chamber can attenuate the blast by 30%. The one-pressure relief orifice plate can attenuate the blast by 51%. The double-pressure relief orifice plate can attenuate the blast by 82%.  
Figure 10: Blast transfer in numerical simulation of linear tunnel with double-pressure relief orifice plate explosion (100 g C-4).  
3. The overall blast attenuation trend in the numerical simulation result of the pressure reduction module matches the experimental result. The results of this study can provide a reference for future protective designs.  
Conceptualization, C.-W.H. and P.-W.W.; data curation, C.-W.H. and Y.-K.T.; formal analysis, C.-W.H. and H.-H.L.; investigation, C.-W.H., Y.-K.T., T.-A.C. and H.-H.L.; methodology, C.-W.H., Y.-K.T. and T.-A.C.; supervision, C.-W.H. and H.-H.L.; writing--original draft, C.-W.H.; writing--review and editing, T.-A.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The authors would like to thank [PERSON] for assistance.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Exploring ISAC: Information-Theoretic Insights
## 4 Sensing at the Rx (Rx-ISAC) with Sensing Distortion
### A Memoryless Model  
We consider a similar memoryless model to that in the previous section. A single Tx wishes to communicate a message \(W\) to a single receiver over a state-dependent channel and the Rx aims to decode this message and at the same time also estimate the channel state sequence up to the allowed distortion, see Figure 6. In other words, the Rx applies a decoding function \(g(\cdot)\) to its outputs to produce a message guess \(\hat{W}=g(Y^{n})\) and also an estimation function \(h(\cdot)\) to produce the estimates \(\hat{S}^{n}=h(Y^{n})\).  
To allow for a general model, we also include the models where the Tx knows the state sequence \(S^{n}\) in one of the following ways:  
* The Tx has no information about \(S^{n}\);
* The Tx knows the entire sequence \(S^{n}\) non-causally, i.e., before the entire transmission starts;
* The Tx knows \(S^{n}\) in a strictly causal way, i.e., it learns \(S_{i}\) only after channel use \(i\) and prior to channel use \(i+1\);
* The Tx knows \(S^{n}\) in a causal way, i.e., it learns \(S_{i}\) just before channel use \(i\).  
Depending on the available state information, the Tx produces its time-\(i\) channel input either as a function of only the message \(W\) and the previous generalized feedback \(Z^{i-1}\), or also in function of the entire state sequence \(S^{n}\) (for the non-causal case), of the previous and the current state \(S^{i}\) (for the causal case), or of the previous states \(S^{i-1}\) only (for the strictly causal case).  
The definition of the capacity-distortion function is analogous to Definition 1, but where encoding, decoding, and state estimation functions are as described above. Moreover, here, we do not consider cost constraints (which, however, could easily be included).