## 5 Biological Activities
### C. macrocarpa
The essential oil from its leaves collected in Lebanon exerts good antimicrobial properties against _Trichoplyton rubrum_ SNB-TR1, _Trichoplyton mentagrophytes_ SNB-TM1, _Trichoplyton soudanense_ SNB-TS1, _Trichoplyton violaceum_ SNB-TV1 and _Trichoplyton tonsuranus_ SNB-TT1 with MIC values of 64, 64, 32, 32 and 64 \(\mu\)g/mL, respectively [104]. The essential oil from the leaves of this species collected in Egypt exhibit promising concentration dependent effects against _Fusarium solani_, _Fusarium oxysporum_ NRRL 28184, _Aspergillus niger_ NRRL 599, _Candida albicans_ NRRLJ-477, _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ NRRLB-23, _Staphylococcus aureus_ NRRLB-313, _Escherichia coli_ NRRLB-210 and _Bacillus subtilis_ NRRL-543 with inhibition zone diameters ranging from 10.5 to 21 mm [105]. The essential oil from the leaves collected in Egypt exerts good toxic effects on _Culex pipiens_ adults after 24 and 48 h of exposure with LC\({}_{50}\) values of 0.12 and 0.11 mg/L, respectively. Indeed, the same essential oil exerts very poor toxic effects against fourth instar larvae of _Culex pipiens_ after 24 and 48 h of treatment with LC\({}_{50}\) values of 67.37 and 46.07 mg/L, respectively [173]. The essential oil from the leaves collected in Egypt possesses good antioxidant activities according to the DPPH\({}^{+}\) radical scavenging and \(\beta\)-carotene-linoleic acid methods, with IC\({}_{50}\) values of 6.1 and 4.2 mg/L, respectively. BHT shows IC\({}_{50}\) values of 2.9 and 2.6 mg/L, respectively. The same essential oil also shows good antibacterial activities against _Bacillus cereus_ ATCC14579, _Microoccus flavus_ ATCC10240, _Listeria monocytogenes_ (clinical isolate), _Staphylococcus aureus_ ATCC6538, _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ ATCC 27853, _Dickeya solanti_ DS0432-1 and _Escherichia coli_ ATCC35210 with MIC values from 0.63 to 0.38 mg/mL. The same essential oil also shows good antifungal activities against _Aspergillus flavus_ ATCC09643, _Aspergillus ochracus_ ATCC12066, _Aspergillus niger_ ATCC 6275, _Penicillium ochrochlororon_ ATCC 48663, _Penicillium funculosum_ ATCC56755 and _Candida albicans_ ATCC 12066 with MIC values from 1.53 to 0.37 mg/mL. Lastly, the same essential oil exerts moderate antimuoral activity against MCF-7, HeLa and Jurkat with IC\({}_{50}\) values of 25.4, 24.16 and 30.54 mg/mL, respectively, as well as weak antimuoral activities against HT-29 with an IC\({}_{50}\) value of 124.8 mg/mL [107]. The essential oil from the branchlets of this species collected in Egypt shows medium antibacterial and antifungal effects on _Agrobacterium tumefaciens_, _Bacillus cereus_, _Dickeya solanti_, _Escherichia coli_, _Pectobacterium atrospeticum_, _Pectobacterium carootovorum_ and _Staphylococcus aureus_ with MIC values between 0.07 and 0.31 mg/mL. The same essential oil exerts only weaker antifungal effects on _Aspergillus flavus_, _Aspergillus ochracus_, _Aspergillus niger_, _Candida albicans_, _Fusarium oxysporum_, _Penicillium funculosum_ and _Penicillium ochrochlororon_ with MIC values between 0.29 and 3.21 mg/mL. In addition, it exhibits good DPPH antioxidant activities, with an IC\({}_{50}\) value equal to 6.1 mg/mL, which is, anyway, lower than BHT (IC\({}_{50}\) = 2.9 mg/mL) [108]. The essential oil of the leaves collected in Mauritius shows moderate antioxidant effects according to several assay such as DPPH\({}^{+}\), ABTS, xanthine oxidase, nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical, FRAP and ORAC with IC\({}_{50}\) values of 3.667 mg/mL, 1.068 mg/mL, 1.546 mg/mL, 1.258 mg/mL, 106.87 uM Fe2\({}^{+}\)/mg EO and 0.925 g TE/ ug EO, respectively. In addition, its TPC value is 1223.17 ug GAE/ ug EO, and it shows modest antiglyocation properties with an IC\({}_{50}\) value of 451.53 ug/mL [109]. The essential oil from the leaves collected from Egypt exerts decent acaricidal effects against the adults of _Tetranychus urtic_ with a LC\({}_{50}\) value equal to 5.69 mg/L air after 24 h of treatment using a fumigant assay.