## 4 Discussion
Similarly, this study identified significant improvements in vertical jump performance through CT compared to traditional resistance training or pyometric training. However, our review went a step further by evaluating the effects of CT not only on different manifestations of vertical jump but also on other performance-related tests in basketball players' physical fitness. [PERSON] et al. [38] demonstrated significant improvements in sprints (10 and 20 m sprint times) after CT regardless of age (U13, U14, and U17 basketball players). However, the results from other studies are contradictory; some studies have not shown CT effects on sprint improvement [37], while others have reported significant but similar effectsto the control group, making this habitual training [7]. Conversely, some studies have shown improvements in sprint time [21] and speed [29] in 10 m and 30 m tests following CT application. The different durations of the intervention (6-10 weeks), participants' ages (8-18 years), and load characteristics may have influenced these results. These more nuanced findings contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of how CT impacts not only vertical jump performance but also many other physical aspects. Furthermore, regarding the chronic effects of CT, studies have explored its impact on the strength of basketball players, including assessments of 1 RM through exercises such as the Half Squat [7; 20; 21; 29; 38], Back Squat [37], Bench Press [20], and Hip Thrust [20] and more specific tests such as the medicine ball throw [22]. CT has demonstrated its efficacy in enhancing 1 RM performance in exercises like the Full Squat [38], Half Squat [21; 29], and Back Squat [37]. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [20] observed comparable effects of CT when utilizing both optimal loading CT alone and modified CT (80% 1 RM + optimal load), leading to positive outcomes in the Half Squat (ES = 0.64), Bench Press (ES = 0.11-0.15), and Hip Thrust (ES = 0.98-1.23). These findings support the effectiveness of CT, which combines heavy-resistance exercises with explosive exercises to stimulate improvement in strength in basketball players. On the other hand, CT has also been shown to be effective in improving the medicine ball throw [22] and specific core muscle strength (i.e., core muscle strength stability or sit-up abdomen test) when applied in the training of this musculature [34]. This review carries certain limitations, including not factoring in individual discrepancies among athletes in terms of initial strength levels, strength training experience, and muscle fiber structure. These factors can significantly impact the efficacy of complex training. Further, the methodological quality of the studies incorporated varied, with scores ranging from 9 to 13 points for studies inspecting acute effects [29; 30; 33] and scores ranging from 5 to 11 points for those examining chronic effects [7; 20; 22; 26; 29; 33; 34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40]. These limitations should be considered when interpreting the results as they may introduce potential biases and uncertainties. Notwithstanding these limitations, the findings add to the burgeoning body of evidence supporting the benefits of CT in improving basketball performance. These findings are of considerable importance to basketball coaches and athletes, as they indicate that integrating complex training into regular training routines could potentially optimize performance. Future investigations should strive to address these limitations by accounting for individual differences among athletes and probing the optimal intensity and duration of complex training for achieving maximal performance improvements. Although our assessment was extended until December 29, 2023, we acknowledge the incorporation of an additional study, not initially covered in our review [49]. Despite the diligence in capturing all pertinent literature accessible during the review period, the ever-evolving landscape of research in this domain may lead to the emergence of new studies subsequent to this review.