## 4 Application of Blockchain Technology in Knowledge-Based Networks
### Network Administration
#### 4.4.6 Energy Administration  
Using sophisticated optimization procedures along with regulations, energy administration is a critical service within a KDN that entails lowering network consumption of electricity while achieving other technological goals like low latency, high speed, high resilience to failure, etc.  
In a decentralized Unmanned Aerial and Ground Vehicle (UAGV) integrated network, blockchain and federated learning are utilized for secure and accurate decentralized service provisioning, considering energy and movement constraints [311]. Alternatively, a Resource Management (RM) framework for KDN-cloud data centers by deploying blockchain for reducing energy consumption by the scheduler, along with a reinforcement learning algorithm within a smart contract to reduce more energy consumption, has been presented in [312]. Furthermore, public blockchain has been proposed for peer-to-peer communication among network devices and private blockchain has been proposed for communication between network devices and controllers for ensuring distributed trust, while consensus has been used to develop the global view from participating controllers in a Knowledge-defined Industrial IoT network. In the preceding framework, Energy Efficiency (EE) is achieved by optimizing computational resources, considering trust features, and using reinforcement learning to solve the problem [313]. Moreover, authors explain how dispersed blockchain may be implemented alongside graph convolutional long short-term memory for the commercial IoT to extract user patterns to formulate a pre-caching approach to conserve energy usage, while the blockchain-driven ledger ensures data integrity in [314]. Similarly, by integrating blockchain and artificial intelligence in networking, a framework known as Block5 GIntell uses blockchain-based sharing of information and resources with the objective of lowering wireless access network-wise power usage [315].  
For safe energy exchange utilizing blockchain agreements, an architecture has been developed for a Vehicular Energy Network (VEN), where vehicular communication is efficiently and securely performed using a blockchain while machine learning is utilized for calculating the minimum distance between charging stations and vehicles [316]. Furthermore, with the aid of a global knowledge-defined network controller, a framework known as DETF is an electrified automobile energy exchange platform built around the blockchain, machine learning, and self-executing contracts that validates vehicles' requests in a distributed approach, considering energy requirements [317]. Moreover, for a KDN-based Energy Internet (EI) system, blockchain has been applied for secure and privacy-protecting Distributed Energy Trading (DET), which is modeled as a Stackelberg game solved using hierarchical reinforcement learning and has yielded better performance than the traditional centralized electric energy trading model [318]. Similarly, a Secure Decentralized Energy Management (SDEM) framework, that leverages both knowledge generated using machine learning from energy consumption data and blockchain for maintaining the integrity of communication among smart-grids in an active distribution network to trade energy considering load demands in the smart grid, has been studied in [319].