esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A New Multi-Physics Coupled Method for the Temperature Field of Dry Clutch Assembly
## 3 Multi-Physics Coupled Simulation
### Friction Surface Heat Flux Model  
After each engagement-disengagement cycle, the friction surfaces of the clutch experience temperature changes due to friction-generated heat and heat transfer with the ambient.  
Figure 8: Thermal-structure decoupling flow.  
The temperature on the pressure plate friction surface gradually increases. Several effective heat flux density models on the sliding friction surface have been established based on the energy conversation theory. In this paper, it is assumed that almost all the frictional heat is converted into thermal energy at the contact surface of the friction pair. This is described by the heat flux density generated by the sliding friction during the clutch engagement process, as follows [13].  
\[q(r,t)=\eta\mu P\omega(t)r \tag{1}\]  
In Equation (1), \(q\) represents the heat flux density, \(\eta\) is the heat flow distribution coefficient between the pressure plate and the friction disc (assuming no material wear effects and considering that all sliding work is converted into heat), \(\mu\) is the coefficient of friction, \(p\) is the contact pressure at the friction surface, \(\omega\) is the angular velocity of the pressure plate, and \(r\) is the effective distance from the contact point to the symmetrical center of the pressure plate.
# Quality Characteristics and Flavor Analysis of Five Mulberry Varieties
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Flavor Component Analysis
#### 2.4.2 Determination of Organic Acid  
Organic acids were determined using a method modified based on the original HPLC method [25]. The sample was prepared by adding an equal volume of deionized water to a weighed 5 g homogenate, followed by the addition of 15 mL of 80% ethanol solution. The mixture was then incubated in a water bath at 75 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 0.5 h, cooled to room temperature, and transferred to a 25 mL volumetric flask with deionized water. The mixture was centrifuged at 9000\(\times\)\(g\) for 30 min, and the resulting supernatant was filtered through a pinhead filter membrane (pore size: 0.22 um). Chromatographic separation was performed using a C18 column (250 mm \(\times\) 4.6 mm, particle size: 5 um, Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) with a mobile phase comprising a solution containing sodium dihydrogen phosphate (pH = 2.8) and methanol in a 97:3 ratio (\(v/v\)). A flow rate of 1 mL/min was maintained throughout the analysis while approximately 20 \(\mu\)L of sample were injected into the column inlet system. The concentration of organic acids was determined by measuring their UV absorbance at 210 nm. Different concentrations of oxalic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, lactic acid, ascorbic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, and succinic acid (oxalic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, ascorbic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, and succinic acid, purity \(\geq\) 98%, Shanghai Shifeng Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) were used to make standard curves, and the measured results corresponded to the standard curves so as to calculate the concentration. Each treatment was repeated 3 times.
###### Abstract  
For the purpose of fulfilling the low sidelobe level (SLL) requirements for spaceborne phased array antenna pattern synthesis, this paper proposes a new improved whale optimization algorithm (IWOA). As a type of new heuristic algorithm inspired by whale hunting behavior, WOA has the advantages of simple structure, few parameters, fast optimization speed, and high precision. In this paper, improvements are made in three aspects of adaptive weight, spiral coefficient optimization, and optimal neighborhood perturbation, and the proposed algorithm is successfully applied to the intelligent calculation of antenna synthesis. In light of the engineering requirements, the mathematical model of the optimization problem is established, and the desired antenna pattern with high gain and low sidelobe is obtained using IWOA under the constraint that the amplitude variation is within 20 dB. Simulation results demonstrate that IWOA is superior in maximum sidelobe level (MSLL) suppression and convergence. Consequently, EM simulations were conducted on a 64-element planar array, with the results consistent with the theoretical simulation, verifying the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.  
antenna arrays; antenna pattern synthesis; low sidelobe; whale optimization algorithm +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences  
1
Footnote 1: Corresponding.org/licenses/py/4.0/.
# Chiral Dielectric Metasurfaces for Highly Integrated, Broadband Circularly Polarized Antenna
## 4 Parametric Study of the Proposed Design  
To understand how different design parameters affect the functioning of the meta-antenna, we plotted \(S_{11}\) and AR for different values of \(\theta\), \(d_{\text{cylinder}}\), \(ls\) and \(dy_{\text{c}}\) in Figures 7 and 8. There is a slight narrowing of the impedance bandwidth for increasing \(\theta\) in Figure 7a, in contrast with the loss of CP radiation (AR \(>\) 3) in Figure 8a. This dependence of AR on \(\theta\) highlights the importance of this parameter when designing the metasurface to obtain high-performance CP radiation. Upon increasing \(d_{\text{cylinder}}\) the modes in \(S_{11}\) are discretized with loss in the ability to generate CP radiation as indicated by the poor AR values (AR \(>\) 3) in Figure 8b. The latter behavior is explained by recalling that the CDM modes should be matched with the two orthogonal modes from the driven patch for a proper coupling and field re-radiation. Another important parameter in the design is the length \(ls\) of the slots, which can be varied to tune AR (and its bandwidth) to its optimum values with small changes of \(S_{11}\), as noted in Figures 7c and 8c. The interaction of nearby cylinders in CDM depends on \(dy_{\text{c}}\) which then affects the quality of CP radiation. Figures 7d and 8d point to a decrease in the ability to produce CP mm-waves upon increasing \(dy_{\text{c}}\). Excitation of several out-of-phase resonances occurs for very small \(dy_{\text{c}}\) which despite widening the impedance bandwidth, negatively affect AR.  
Figure 6: Simulated normalized radiation patterns at 27.5 GHz (**a,b**) and 30 GHz (**c,d**) for both cut-planes.  
Figure 8: Simulated parametric study for AR of the proposed antenna, in relation to the structure in Figure 7. The variation of (**a**) \(\theta\), (**b**) \(d_{cylinder}\), (**c**) \(ls\) and (**d**) \(dy_{c}\) was the same as in Figures 7a–d, respectively.  
Figure 7: Simulated parametric study for the reflection coefficient of the proposed antenna. (**a**) variation of \(\theta\), (**b**) variation of \(d_{cylinder}\), (**c**) variation of \(ls\) and (**d**) variation of \(dy_{c}\).  
The competitiveness of our CDM-based antenna is demonstrated by comparing with recent proposals for CP antennas in Table 1, where results are given for the central frequency, impedance bandwidth (BW), ARBW, 2-dB gain bandwidth, and peak gain. We avoid comparing sizes because of the nature of the antenna and the corresponding operating frequencies. However, we emphasize that the CDM in this work has a reduced size while maintaining its efficiency. Moreover, there is a high peak gain with low gain variation in a wide bandwidth which is broader than in reports in the literature. Therefore, we expect that this work will stimulate the use of CDMs to produce CP radiation in other antenna designs.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Supercritical CO\({}_{2}\) Extraction of LEE from Tomato Waste  
Tomato waste was submitted to supercritical carbon dioxide extraction at 500 bar and 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The SFE kinetics is shown in Figure 3. Two distinct parts can be seen in the extraction curve showing that two different mechanisms are acting in the SFE of LEE from tomato waste. In first part of the curve, the oil that is readily available at the solid surface of tomato waste is extracted by CO\({}_{2}\) at a fast and constant rate (shown by the relatively constant slope of the curve) indicative that external mass transfer resistance in the CO\({}_{2}\)-rich phase and equilibrium solubility are controlling the extraction kinetics. Hereafter, diffusional and internal mass transfer resistances dominate the extraction process. Readily available oil gets exhausted and oil from deeper sections of the solid waste start to be extracted by the solvent at a much lower rate.  
The overall SFE extraction yield was 10.9 \(\pm\) 0.4 gextract/100g dry waste, accounting for ca. 91% of total oil present in tomato waste, according to Soxhlet extraction with n-hexane.  
The fatty acid composition profile of tomato waste oil as determined by GC-FID analysis showed good agreement with the data found in the literature [23; 24; 25; 26]. Linoleic acid (57.8 \(\pm\) 0.5%), oleic acid (23.9 \(\pm\) 0.3%) and palmitic acid (12.8 \(\pm\) 0.1%) were the major fatty acids detected. Stearic acid (5.4 \(\pm\) 0.1%) was present in minor quantity.  
Lycopene content of the SFE extract was found to be 50.0 mg lycopene/100 g extract. This corresponds to ca. 81% of recovery of the lycopene presents in tomato waste.  
[PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2000) optimized the extraction conditions (pressure, temperature, extraction time and CO\({}_{2}\) flow rate) of \(\beta\)-carotene and lycopene from dried tomato paste waste [27]. Higher temperature (65 \({}^{\circ}\)C) and higher pressure (300 bar) conditions obtained a maximum lycopene recovery yield of 22%. [PERSON] et al. (2002) evaluated the effects of temperature, pressure and CO\({}_{2}\) flow rate on the recovery yields of carotenoids from dried tomato by-products (tomato skins and seeds) [26]. They obtained a maximum amount of lycopene extracted of ca. 60% at 86 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 345 bar. [PERSON] et al. (2007) obtained similar oil yields either by Soxhlet extraction with n-hexane or supercritical CO\({}_{2}\) extraction at 460 bar and 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C [23]. A maximum lycopene recovery of ca. 78% was achieved at 460 bar and 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### LOFA Tests  
The LOFA experimental campaign was performed with the purpose of evaluating the response of the FW under accidental conditions [4]. The tests were carried out keeping a constant heat flux on top of the FWMU central zone (Channels 3, 4, 7 and 8), while reducing the helium flow through Channels 1-5. The heated channels were selected starting from the outcomes of the pressure drop characterization tests [10]. The reduction was obtained installing a valve on the outlet header of the circuit and modifying its opening degree. Six scenarios were investigated with valve opening of 60%, 40%, 20%, 10%, 5%, and 0% respectively. A valve fully closed at 0% is also called full LOFA. Simultaneously, efforts were made to keep the flow in the circuit feeding Channels 6-10 as stable as possible being the two inlet headers fed by the same circuit.  
The experimental campaign investigated two different heat loads: 300 and 330 kW/m\({}^{2}\). The heat was provided through an electron beam gun installed outside the cylindrical vacuum tank. The duration of the tests was limited to avoid the increase of the surface temperature above the design limit of 550 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
Several repetitions were performed throughout the days to gather a sufficient number of repetitions. The aim was to use these repetitions to investigate only \"average\" tests in the post-test analysis phase. Further details on the experimental campaign can be found in [4].
# Current Status of Optical Systems for Measuring Lycopene Content in Fruits: Review
## 2 Lycopene Nutraceutical Properties and Its Effects on Human Health
### UV-C Radiation  
The use of UV-C radiation generates positive biological effects, such as a reduction of food decomposition, and germicidal and antimicrobial effects [43; 44]. [PERSON] [45] explored the impact of treating tomato juice by using ultraviolet radiation (UV-C) at different time intervals (0, 15, 30, and 60 min). In the study, the physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity, microbial load, and the color were evaluated. The researcher determined, by using color analysis, the value of the L* coordinate, which increased significantly, and for the coordinates a* and b*, the values decreased after the treatments with UV-C. Regarding the content of lycopene, no significant changes were perceived.  
[PERSON] et al. [34] used UV-C treatments and red and solar light on the tomato. They analyzed the behavior of the carotenoids, skin color, firmness of the tissue, and soluble  
Figure 4: Simplified route of lycopene biosynthesis [39].  
reactive solids during the experiment. They found that sunlight and red light increased the lycopene content in tomato but UV light degraded it. They also mentioned that soluble solids are not affected by this type of radiation. Another similar study on tomato was proposed by [PERSON] et al. [46]. They used handlings with red light and with short exposure to UV radiation, and achieved an increase of lycopene, \(\upbeta\)-carotene, total flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. Table 2 shows the four treatments used and the concentration of lycopene obtained in periods of 5, 10, 15, and 20 days. The control treatment was kept in the dark. For the treatments dark + UV and red light + UV, the samples were irradiated with 4.98 kJ/m\({}^{2}\) of UV light for 30 min. In the treatments red light and red light + UV, tomato were irradiated with a special LED lighting module. The spectrum of the light was composed of 60% UV-B (280-320 nm with a dominant peak at 290 nm), 30% UV-A (320-400 nm), 4% UV-C (200-280 nm), and 6% visible light (400-700 nm). The red illumination was applied throughout the storage time, with a peak at 665 nm, equivalent to an available radiation photosynthesis (PAR) of 113 umol/m\({}^{2}\) per day. The procedure that presented a significant change was the red and UV light, and this occurred between days 5 and 10.
## 4 Classification of Routing-Related Surveys
### Medium Focused Areas
#### 4.2.2 Multipath Based Routing Surveys  
The multipath based routing surveys consider those routing protocols which employ multipath approach for sending data between source and destination and may provide load balancing, reliability, error resilience, interference avoidance and security. Such surveys can be classified into three groups as discussed below:  
* In typical multipath categorization, the routing metric may be path disjointedness based, path selection based, path reliability oriented, path maintenance based or infrastructure/non-infrastructure based and so on.
* In multichannel routing based categorization, the classification metric is JOINT and DISJOINT channel assignment and routing in multichannel WSNs.
* In security based categorization, the classification metric is threat prevention, intrusion detection or hybrid based.
* In fault-tolerant based categorization, the classification metric is retransmission and replication based.  
The authors in [37; 76; 80; 90; 111] have mainly classified routing protocols using typical multipath categorization. In [114], the authors have discussed both multipath and single path multichannel routing in WSNs. The authors in [59; 65; 96] have classified multipath protocols using security based classification while fault-tolerant based categorization is employed in [58]. In [111], the authors have discussed and compared the multipath routing approaches with QoS guarantee in real-time WMSNs. The authors in [114] have discussed multichannel-related issues in WSNs. The authors in [59] have outlined a threat model for performing secure multipath routing while in [65], the authors have discussed multipath protocols by devising a security matrix. The security issues are outlined in [59; 65] whereas routing issues and challenges are discussed in [37; 80; 111]. In [96], the authors discuss security issues/requirements and attacks in WSNs. Future research directions are outlined in [59; 76; 111; 114]. The characteristic and elements of multipath routing are put forth in [90]. The authors in [76] have theoretically explained some basic rules for designing multipath routing protocols in WSNs. Nevertheless it is lacking in a clear-cut and methodological framework like [41] which may be instrumental in formulating new _state-of-the-art_ multichannel routing protocols in WSNs. Furthermore, it is noticeable from Table 8 that this organization accommodates 4 high count, 4 medium count and 2 low count surveys.
# Orbital-Based Automatic Multi-Layer Multi-Pass Welding Equipment for Small Assembly Plates
## 5 Multi-Layer and Multi-Pass Welding Experiments
### Comparison of Welding Experiment Results and Benefits
Further, as summarized from the above Table 14 to Table 17, it can be inferred from the CO\({}_{2}\) gas shielded multi-layer, multi-pass welding comparison experiments that automatic welding of the group-assembled plate will exhibit higher fatigue life compared to manual welding [30]. At the same time, it achieves the goals of reducing costs and improving efficiency. It also helps to some extent in relieving manual labor and reducing labor costs, consumable costs, and time wastage. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \begin{tabular}{c} **Welding Method** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Gross Production Efficiency** \\ **(mm/min)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Total Welding Time** \\ **(ts/Day)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Welder’s Expense** \\ **(Yuan/Day–1)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Welding Material** \\ **Cost (Yuan)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Total Cost** \\ **(Yuan)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Automatic welding \\ Manual welding \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} 11.45 \\ 9.54 \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} 55 \\ 66 \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} 8250 \\ 15,180 \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} 27.013 \\ 45,063 \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} 35,263 \\ 60,243 \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 16: Sheet production efficiency comparative analysis table. Figure 39: Schematic diagram of automatic and manual welding results. The final welding process effect diagrams of the sub-assembly panel and web welded by the rail-type automatic welding equipment are shown in Figure 40. In Figure 40a, the panel includes a total of five welding layers and seven welding passes. In Figure 40b, the web includes a total of three welding layers and four welding passes. The processed plate has clear passes without defects.
## 4 Results
### Prediction Results of Non-Time Series Models  
The results of the non-time series models were verified in the Sichuan-Yunnan region, which are shown in Table 1. The data in the table represent the number of corresponding stations.  
The results of the five non-time series prediction models show that the LightGBM model and the NN model have better prediction results than the other models. The two indicators of the LightGBM model, AUC and distance_average, are better than those of the NN model, but the RP and mag_mae are worse than those of the NN model.
# Effective 5G Wireless Downlink Scheduling and Resource Allocation in Cyber-Physical Systems +
## 3 Problem Formulation
### PHY Layer  
When there are \(N_{MS}\) mobile stations, at the beginning of TTI \(t\), the SRA unit of the BS is required to derive the RB allocation set \(N_{B}=\{N_{B1},...,N_{BN_{MS}}\}\), where \(N_{Bu}\) is the number of RBs allocated to MS \(u\), and the MCS allocation set \(\mu=\{\mu_{1},...,\mu_{N_{MS}}\}\), where \(\mu_{u}=\{\mu_{u,1},...,\mu_{u,L_{u}}\}\) represents a set of MCSs assigned to each spatial stream \(l\) of MS \(u\), to effectively allocate RBs and MCSs, respectively. For simplicity, \(t\) is dropped in our problem formulation presented hereafter. We formulate the SRA optimization problem to maximize the total utility \(V\), i.e., the total weighted goodput, as follows:\[V= \max_{\mathbf{N}_{B},\mathbf{\mu}}\ \sum_{u=1}^{N_{MS}}\sum_{l=1}^{L_{u}}w_{u}r_{u,l }\left(\mathcal{N}_{Bu}\right)\left[1-BLER_{u,l}^{\left(\mu_{u}\right)}\left( \mathcal{N}_{Bu}\right)\right]\] subject to \[\mathcal{N}_{B}\subset\mathcal{N}_{Bj}=\emptyset\quad\forall k\
eq j\] \[\sum_{l=1}^{L_{u}}r_{u,l}\left(\mathcal{N}_{Bu}\right)\leq Q_{u }\quad\forall\left(u,l\right)\] \[BLER_{u,l}^{\left(\mu_{u,l}\right)}\left(\mathcal{N}_{Bu}\right) \leq BLER_{0}\quad\forall(u,l)\]  
where \(w_{u}\) is the weight of user \(u\) and \(BLER_{u,l}^{\left(\mu_{u}\right)}\) is the Block Error Rate of user \(u\)'s spatial stream \(l\) to which the MCS \(\mu_{u,l}\) is assigned.  
The SKA unit is required to maximize the utility function \(V\) subject to these three constraints:  
* An RB should be exclusively allocated to one user.
* The scheduler should allocate no more maximum transmission capacity than the number of bits in its queue to maintain the frugality constraint.
* The average \(BLER\) of \(u\) does not exceed the upper bound, \(BLER_{0}\), for a minimum quality guarantee.  
The proposed methodology in [13] uses an adaptive MCS [14] for each user \(u\) considering his/her Channel State Information (CSI) and Queue State Information (QSI). Moreover, the authors proposed a greedy algorithm to allocate RBs to users efficiently. Essentially, it allocates the first RB to the user with the largest utility increase. It repeats this greedy approach until the set of non-allocated RBs becomes empty or there are no more active users to whom to allocate RBs. In this paper, we propose a cost-effective algorithm based on dynamic programming to allocate RBs optimally to active users, while applying the same adaptive MCS scheme used in [13].
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Validation of Vaporisation Enthalpies Using Structure-Property Relationships
#### 3.3.1 Empirical Correlations: Vaporisation Enthalpies versus Kovats Retention Indices
The vaporisation enthalpies, \(\Delta_{1}^{\rm g}H_{\rm m}^{\rm o}\)(298.15 K), and Kovats indices, \(J_{x}\), on OV-101 correlate according to the following equation:  
\[\Delta_{1}^{\rm g}H_{\rm m}^{\rm o}(298.15\;{\rm K})/\left({\rm kJ\cdot mol^{-1}} \right)=0.54+0.0480\;\times\;J_{x}\;{\rm with}\;\left(R^{2}=0.982\right) \tag{8}\]  
The 'empirical' vaporisation enthalpies of alkylbenzenes according to Equation (8) are denoted as \(J_{x}\) in Tables 1 and 2 and agree well with the experimental values obtained with conventional experimental methods. Similarly, the retention indices of alkylbenzenes on GC columns containing squalane (see Table S5), SPB-5 (see Table S6) and CP-SIL (see Table S7) were correlated with experimental enthalpies of vaporisation and successfully compared with experimental values obtained with conventional methods. Such a good agreement can be considered evidence of good consistency of the experimental data included in correlations. The results given in Table 5 and Tables S5-S7 indicate that differences between experimental vaporisation enthalpies and \"empirical\" values are mostly below 1.0 kJ\(\cdot\)mol\({}^{-1}\). Therefore, the uncertainties in the enthalpies of vaporisation, which are estimated from the empirical correlation of \(\Delta_{1}^{\rm g}H_{\rm m}^{\rm o}\)(298.15 K) with the Kovats indices, are evaluated with an uncertainty of \(\pm\)1.0 kJ\(\cdot\)mol\({}^{-1}\).