## 3 Discussion
Based on this result, all SM concentrations ranging between 12.5 \(\upmu\)g/mL and 200 \(\upmu\)g/mL were tested to evidence the healing effects. The degree of proliferation and migration of fibroblasts in vitro was tested using the \"scratch\" method. This test is based on an assessment of the degree and rate of fibroblasts migration under the influence of plant extracts or drugs applied in order to \"heal\" an artificially produced wound in vitro [9]. Thus, by performing the scratch test, we wanted to identify which concentration of SM has the most intense healing and proliferative effects. The image analysis in Figure 4 shows that the migration of cells in the wound for healing depends on the treatments applied and the time. It also allows the visualization of cells at time T00 h (their initial position--colored in white) and cells that have migrated to close the wound (colored in pink). For the validation of the image analysis, the univariate statistical analysis of the ANOVA type was applied. The parameters considered were: wound width (%), wound area (%), and normalized cell density (%). Wound cell density is a parameter that must be considered to determine the most effective treatment applied [20]. Figure 5 shows the evolution of cell density inside the wound depending both on the treatment applied and time (T0 to 48 h) compared to the initial density. Treatment with C100 \(\upmu\)g/mL SM extract causes the migration and rapid proliferation of cells, reaching a density higher than the initial one by 10% in 24 h. Additionally, the treatment with C50 extract \(\upmu\)g/mL SM showed a higher increase in cell density than the initial one at 24 h. In contrast, in the case of treatment with the highest concentration of SM extract tested (C200 ug/mL), a high cell density is only observed after 36 h. Treatment with C25 ug/mL of SM extract reaches the initial cell density after 48 h.  
Inside the wound, no cell density similar to the initial one was recorded at 48 h in the case of the treatment with the lowest concentration (12.5 \(\upmu\)g/mL) and controls. It can be stated that the application of the L\({}^{\text{P}}\) norm to the analyzed parameters was successful in delimiting the samples with the fastest and the most efficient wound-coverage processes [63]. Additionally, using the values of the L\({}^{\text{P}}\) norm, the most efficient variants of adding SM extract to the wound coverage can be pointed out. After applying the scratch test on NHDF and testing the degree of stimulation of the SM extract on these cells, respectively, after applying the image analysis, the univariate statistical analysis, and the use of the L\({}^{\text{P}}\) norm, it can be stated that the C100 \(\upmu\)g/mL concentration stimulated the migration of cells into the wound and healing with a cell density inside the wound higher than the initial density in the shortest time, compared to others applied (Figure 6). Based on the statistical analysis, it was validated that the dose of 100 \(\upmu\)g/mL of SM extract healed the wound produced in vitro after only 24 h and induced a cell density higher than the initial one. The SM extract has been shown to be more effective than allantoin, a compound known to have many properties associated with wound healing [64, 65].