## 2 What Is IoNT?
### Applications of IoNT
employs various sensors implanted inside the human body to obtain pertinent insights and diagnostically valuable data that are otherwise outside the scope of traditional diagnostic methods [4; 15; 16; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26]. Thanks to these nanoscale biosensors, surgeons can now access parts of the human body's internal workings that were previously out of our reach. Further nanodevices could be used to monitor and track vital signs, diagnose and treat diseases, and deliver targeted therapies to specific areas of the body [26; 27; 28; 29; 30]. For example, nanosensors could be used to detect the early stages of disease and trigger an appropriate response, such as releasing a therapeutic agent [9; 17]. On the other hand, the introduction of nanomedicine will lead to the development of better drugs and medical devices. It also offers different ways to improve medical diagnosis and treatment and helps in tissue and organ regeneration. Its applications also include early diagnosis of a wide range of diseases with high efficacy and personalization, which enhances patient treatment processes [22; 23; 24; 25; 26]. Moreover, the rising demand for faster and smaller portable diagnostic sensing systems is one of the major factors driving the deployment of the IoNT in healthcare. If the IoNT makes a breakthrough in the field of healthcare, doctors will be able to monitor patients in real time instead of having to measure manually as before. As shown in Figure 4, a typical healthcare IoNT solution comprising several nanosensors can communicate the gathered sensory data to an external device such as a smart mobile device or an internet gateway, enabling healthcare providers to keep a continuous eye on the patient's underlying conditions [4; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30]. Figure 4: A typical IoNT application in healthcare. * Environmental monitoring In terms of environmental monitoring, nanosensors are used to monitor and track environmental conditions, such as air and water quality, soil conditions, and weather patterns [4; 5; 6; 7]. This information could be used to improve resource management, protect the environment, and mitigate the effects of climate change [17]. In the context of a smart city, IoNT solutions are used to monitor real-time environmental conditions and generate alerts or responses according to underlying conditions [1];
* Manufacturing The IoNT could be used to improve the efficiency and accuracy of manufacturing processes by enabling real-time monitoring and control of production lines. Nanodevices could be used to detect defects, track materials, and optimize production to reduce waste and increase efficiency [1; 4];
* Transportation The IoNT is used to improve the efficiency and safety of transportation systems. For example, nanosensors are used to monitor traffic patterns and optimize routes, or to detect and prevent accidents [2; 4; 17];
* Energy The IoNT is also used to improve the efficiency and reliability of energy systems. In the context of the smart grid, nanodevices are used to monitor and optimize energy production and consumption, and to detect and prevent failures in the energy grid [4; 10; 11; 12];
* Military Over the years, military tactics have evolved towards higher damage utilizing fewer resources; in this respect, biological and chemical weapons have appeared as effective solutions. In the military, the IoNT can use nanosensors to detect the existence of chemical composites in concentrations of even only one molecule, paving the way towards identifying biological and chemical attacks [10; 11; 12; 17]. Further, nanosensors can detect tiny flaws in bridges, civil constructions, cars, fabrics, and rockets. Nano-drones or Nano-Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (NUAV) are other aspects of the IoNT in the military that are used for surveillance activities and carrying explosives for military personnel [17].