# Exploring the Potential of Yellow Mealworm (_Tenebrio molitor_) Oil as a Nutraceuticalal Ingredient
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Volatile Compounds
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline  & **Batch 1** & **Batch 2** & **Mean \(\pm\) SD** \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{_Aldehydes_} \\ \hline
2-Methylpropanal & 1.25 \(\pm\) 0.07 a & 0.90 \(\pm\) 0.07 b & 1.08 \(\pm\) 0.21 \\ \hline
3-Methylbutanal & 0.90 \(\pm\) 0.09 a & 1.02 \(\pm\) 0.13 a & 0.96 \(\pm\) 0.14 \\ \hline
2-Methylbutanal & 0.88 \(\pm\) 0.13 a & 1.49 \(\pm\) 0.08 b & 1.18 \(\pm\) 0.35 \\ \hline Pentanal & 4.58 \(\pm\) 0.57 a & 4.74 \(\pm\) 0.38 a & 4.66 \(\pm\) 0.54 \\ \hline Hexanal & 40.66 \(\pm\) 2.12 a & 36.04 \(\pm\) 1.91 a & 38.35 \(\pm\) 3.36 \\ \hline
2-Hexenal & 0.15 \(\pm\) 0.02 a & 0.19 \(\pm\) 0.01 b & 0.17 \(\pm\) 0.03 \\ \hline Heptanal & 1.32 \(\pm\) 0.08 a & 1.46 \(\pm\) 0.05 a & 1.39 \(\pm\) 0.11 \\ \hline Benzaldehyde & 0.42 \(\pm\) 0.03 a & 0.50 \(\pm\) 0.05 a & 0.46 \(\pm\) 0.06 \\ \hline Octanal & 2.38 \(\pm\) 0.14 a & 2.96 \(\pm\) 0.19 b & 2.67 \(\pm\) 0.37 \\ \hline (E)-2-Octenal & 0.46 \(\pm\) 0.05 a & 0.34 \(\pm\) 0.03 b & 0.40 \(\pm\) 0.08 \\ \hline Nonanal & 2.56 \(\pm\) 0.37 a & 2.55 \(\pm\) 0.24 a & 2.56 \(\pm\) 0.35 \\ \hline Decanal & 0.19 \(\pm\) 0.04 a & 0.27 \(\pm\) 0.02 b & 0.23 \(\pm\) 0.06 \\ \hline
2-Butyl-2-octenal & 0.26 \(\pm\) 0.10 a & 0.24 \(\pm\) 0.05 a & 0.25 \(\pm\) 0.09 \\ \hline _Total_ & 56.02 \(\pm\) 2.11 a & 52.70 \(\pm\) 1.98 a & 54.36 \(\pm\) 2.89 \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{_Carboxylic acids_} \\ \hline Acetic acid & 1.33 \(\pm\) 0.17 a & 0.90 \(\pm\) 0.11 b & 1.12 \(\pm\) 0.29 \\ \hline
3-Methylbutanoic acid & 0.21 \(\pm\) 0.04 a & 0.27 \(\pm\) 0.02 a & 0.24 \(\pm\) 0.05 \\ \hline Hexanoic acid & 5.36 \(\pm\) 1.24 a & 2.45 \(\pm\) 0.52 b & 3.91 \(\pm\) 1.90 \\ \hline _Total_ & 6.91 \(\pm\) 1.18 a & 3.63 \(\pm\) 0.61 b & 5.27 \(\pm\) 2.07 \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{_Ketones_} \\ \hline
2-Butanone & 0.94 \(\pm\) 0.07 a & 0.60 \(\pm\) 0.05 b & 0.77 \(\pm\) 0.20 \\ \hline
2-Heptanone & 1.34 \(\pm\) 0.18 a & 1.24 \(\pm\) 0.07 a & 1.29 \(\pm\) 0.16 \\ \hline
2,3-Octanedione & 0.13 \(\pm\) 0.01 a & 0.37 \(\pm\) 0.29 b & 0.25 \(\pm\) 0.26 \\ \hline
3-Octen-2-one & 1.46 \(\pm\) 0.14 a & 1.06 \(\pm\) 0.17 b & 1.26 \(\pm\) 0.28 \\ \hline
3,5-Octadien-2-one & 0.35 \(\pm\) 0.03 a & 0.27 \(\pm\) 0.06 a & 0.31 \(\pm\) 0.07 \\ \hline
2-Decanone & 0.20 \(\pm\) 0.05 a & 0.24 \(\pm\) 0.04 a & 0.22 \(\pm\) 0.05 \\ \hline _Total_ & 4.43 \(\pm\) 0.23 a & 3.80 \(\pm\) 0.42 b & 4.11 \(\pm\) 0.51 \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{_Pyrazines_} \\ \hline Methyl pyrazine & 0.31 \(\pm\) 0.03 a & 0.51 \(\pm\) 0.02 b & 0.41 \(\pm\) 0.11 \\ \hline
2,5-Dimethyl pyrazine & 1.17 \(\pm\) 0.12 a & 1.73 \(\pm\) 0.26 b & 1.45 \(\pm\) 0.37 \\ \hline
2,6-Dimethyl pyrazine & 0.15 \(\pm\) 0.03 a & 0.34 \(\pm\) 0.02 b & 0.25 \(\pm\) 0.11 \\ \hline
2-Ethyl-5-methyl pyrazine & 0.61 \(\pm\) 0.04 a & 0.66 \(\pm\) 0.04 a & 0.63 \(\pm\) 0.05 \\ \hline
3-Ethyl-2,5-dimethyl pyrazine & 0.68 \(\pm\) 0.07 a & 0.51 \(\pm\) 0.05 a & 0.60 \(\pm\) 0.11 \\ \hline
5-Ethyl-2,3-dimethyl pyrazine & 0.74 \(\pm\) 0.04 a & 0.55 \(\pm\) 0.06 b & 0.65 \(\pm\) 0.12 \\ \hline
3,5-Diethyl-2-methyl pyrazine & 0.07 \(\pm\) 0.01 a & 0.06 \(\pm\) 0.01 a & 0.06 \(\pm\) 0.01 \\ \hline _Total_ & 3.74 \(\pm\) 0.27 a & 4.36 \(\pm\) 0.07 b & 4.05 \(\pm\) 0.48 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: _Cont._Regarding total relative amounts, aldehydes (54.36%) were the most abundant volatiles in analyzed samples of TM oil. Most of the identified aldehydes are associated with the characteristic classes of secondary oxidation products of PUFAs, resulting mainly from autoxidation of linoleic--C18:29c12c, \(\alpha\)-linolenic--C18:39c12c15c and oleic--C18:19c acids. Hexanal was, by far, the main volatile compound detected in the analyzed TM oil. This aldehyde and 2-hexanal may be a heating-induced oxidation product of FAs (C18:29c12c, C18:39c12c15c). Probably, the dominant share of linoleic acid (32.44%) has the most influence on the formation of hexanal in analyzed samples of TM oils (Table 4).