## 2 Background  
The environmental impact of various industries has come under increasing scrutiny due to globally recognized climate change reduction targets [17]. The building and construction (B&C) industry is responsible for nearly one-third of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, making it one of the main sectors contributing to global warming [18]. Moreover, B&C activities consume approximately 60% of the worlds raw materials and produce nearly 40% of energy-related carbon dioxide (CO\({}_{2}\)) emissions [19]. Among the various B&C materials, steel and concrete remain the highest contributors to negative environmental impacts, accounting for approximately 7-11% and 9% of total CO\({}_{2}\) emissions, respectively [20; 21]. Research has been focused on trying to reduce the negative effects of concrete, due to the potential opportunity of material substitution [22; 23; 24; 25]. Cement is one of the primary constituent materials in concrete that is responsible for 5-8% of total global CO\({}_{2}\) emissions annually [26]. Therefore, researchers have searched for locally available alternative materials to replace energy-intensive virgin resources like cement [27]. This has become a widely adopted and effective strategy for creating sustainable products that support the circular economy framework [28; 29]. Moreover, the use of abundant waste materials as substitutes for virgin resources can help address issues like excessive resource depletion and large-scale landfills resulting from excessive waste generation. Research trends has focused on incorporating waste materials, such as masonry, plastics, glass, fly ash (FA), and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GBFS), into concrete as partial substitutions for cement and aggregate materials [30; 31; 32; 33; 34]. Additionally, other materials such as metakaolin (MK) and silica fume (SF) are seen as a sustainable option to cement replacement [35; 36]. However, researchers are still investigating the potential of using novel waste materials in concrete that would otherwise end up in landfill [37]. Additionally, integrating alternative waste materials into concrete can help ensure that the B&C industry aligns traditional construction methods with positive environmental outcomes. Common household waste is an abundant source and a constant supply stream of materials. With the endless supply of the various wastes, textile and cardboard waste provide a promising and novel alternative. Globally, 100 billion textile garments are produced annually, with 92 million tonnes ending up in landfill [38]. In Australia, between 2022 and 2023, textile waste recorded a 5% recycling rate. This was the lowest recycling rate of all waste materials, including plastics, hazardous waste, glass, organics, metals, paper, and cardboard [39]. Moreover, the textile waste stream has increased in 2022-2023 by 9.3%, compared to 2016-2017. This is mainly driven by the economic feasibility that encourages consumers to purchase new clothing. In addition to textile waste, 4.9 million tons (Mt) of paper and cardboard waste materials were generated in Australia between 2022 and 2023 [39]. Although paper and cardboard waste have a high recovery rate of 68%, 1.57 Mt still ended up in landfill. Studies have focused on integrating the materials in concrete [2; 40]. However, the research focus has often been to achieve specific mechanical targets to comparatively analyse if it is a viable option within the B&C industry. The utilisation of waste materials often requires additional processing requirements [41]. The processing systems are not often mainstream and can often lead to significant energy requirements. Therefore, a comprehensive assessment of the environmental impacts of B&C materials throughout their entire life cycle is an effective way to benchmark sustainability benefits. Life cycle assessment (LCA) studies can encourage the adoption of alternative methods that yield environmentally positive and sustainable results before substantial economic investments are made for further development.