## 5 Conclusions  
Analyses of karyotype structure and genome sizes in a phylogenetic context enabled inferences about the ancestral base chromosome numbers and genome sizes in the _Lagoseris_ and _Crepis_ s.s. evolutionary lineages. A few events of base chromosome number changes, mostly descending dysploidy, explained the chromosome number distribution in the extant _Crepis_ s.l. species best. Most of these changes accompanied the evolution of individual species or a small group of closely related, derived species. Analyses of the genome size evolution revealed both increases and decreases during the evolution of the genus. The changes in genome sizes occurred mainly at the tips rather than at the internal nodes of the tree. The present work contributes to a better understanding of the evolution of the genomes of _Crepis_ and lays the foundation for more detailed comparative analyses of its karyotype structure and evolution, including repetitive sequences. The following are available online at [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/genes12091436/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/genes12091436/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/genes12091436/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/genes12091436/s1)), Figure S1: Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on rrITS sequences incorporating of taxa analysed in the present study and available in GenBank accessions of other species from _Crepis_ s.l. and related taxa. All the species analysed in this study are indicated in bold. Bootstrap support values are indicated at each node, Figure S2: Metaphase plates of _Crepis_ species used to prepare the karyograms in Figure 2 (A) _Lapsana communis_, (B) _C. magellensis_, (C) _C. jacquimmi_, (D) _C. paludosa_, (E) _C. succisifolia_, (F) _C. lyrata_, (G) _C. nicaensis_. Scale bar = 5 \(\upmu\)m, Figure S3: Metaphase plates of _Crepis_ species used to prepare the karyograms in Figure 3: (A) _C. pannonica_, (B) _C. foetida_ subsp. _rhoodifolia_, (C) _C. zacinthia_, (D) _C. sviraea_, (E) _C. kotschyana_, (F) _C. sviseraria_ 2, (G) _C. vesiaria_ 1, (H) _C. leontodontoides_, (I) _C. oporinoides_, (J) _C. capillaris_. Scale bar = 5 \(\upmu\)m, Figure S4: Metaphase chromosomes of analysed _Crepis_ species: (A) _C. sancta_, (B) _C. palaestina_, (C) _C. pulchra_, (D) _C. praemorsa_, (E) _C. mollis_, (F) _C. pygmae_, (G) _C. tectorum_, (H) _C. nigrescens_, (I) _C. dioscoridis_, (J) _C. conzyifolia alshimelis_, (K) _C. lacara_, (L) _C. conzyifolia_, (M) _C. foetida_, (N) _C. rubra_, (O) _C. setosa_, (P) _C. sibriica_, (Q) _C. alpina_, (R) _C. aspera_, (S) _C. aculeata_, (T) _C. vesiaria_, 3, (U) _C. taraxicifolia_, (V) _C. pplomorpha_, (W) _C. albida_, (X) _C. aureus_, (Y) _C. pyrenacia_, (Z) _C. alpestris_. Descriptions below each pair of chromosomes indicate the type of chromosome: m--metacentric; sm--submetacentric; and st--sublectonric. The metaphase plates used to prepare karyograms are presented in Figure S9. Scale bar = 5 \(\upmu\)m, Figure S5: Metaphase plate of _Crepis ocidentalis_ (A) and _C. biemins_ (B), Figure S6: Ancestral character state reconstruction of the asymmetry indexes of karyotypes of analysed species of _Crepis_ s.l. The asymmetry indexes have been mapped on the ML tree of concatenated cpDNA sequences using maximum likelihood method as implemented in phytools. The tree was rooted with _Picris hieracioides_, _Lactuca serriola_, and _Sonclus olercus_, Figure S7: Ancestral character state reconstruction of the genome size (1C) of species of _Crepis_ s.l. The 1C DNA amounts have been mapped on the ML tree of cpDNA sequences using maximum likelihood reconstruction as implemented in phytools. Numbers next to the nodes indicate reconstructed ancestral 1C-values (in pg). The genome size of each species is presented in Table 2. The tree was rooted with _Picris hieracioides_, _Lactuca serriola_, and _Sonclus olercus_, Figure S8: Ancestral character state reconstruction of genome size (1C-value) of _Crepis_ s.l. taxa analysed in the present study and available in literature.