## 2 Literature Review
### Human Reliability Analysis: Origins and Applications in Assembly Systems
This framework is based on the use of well-known HRA techniques and is in line with the idea proposed by [PERSON] [15], who suggests using HRA to identify error modes and calculate human error probabilities (HEP) in manual assembly. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Author Reference** & **Type of Document** & **Objective** & **Overview** & **In [PERSON] et al.** [16] \\ \hline
[71] & Journal paper & An analytical framework is proposed: HEOMOS—Human Error and Disturbance Occurrence in Manufacturing Systems. & The framework has two modules. Module 1 discusses the selection of critical tasks to be analyzed (based on data, statistics and initial solutions). Module 2 is a modification of classic human reliability analysis techniques. No application was reported. & No \\ \hline
[67] & Conference paper & A novel technique developed specifically to identify manual assembly errors is proposed: “Assembly Frame”. The framework has two modules. Module 1 discusses the selection of critical tasks to be analyzed (based on data, statistics and initial solutions). Module 2 is a modification of classic human reliability analysis techniques. No application was reported. & Assembly defect levels are related to assembly complexity, which can be estimated using “Design for Assembly” (DFA) & No \\ \hline
[15] & Journal paper & A reflection is conducted on how HRA can help to improve quality in manual assembly through the use of literature and examples. & The article describes the major tenets of HRA and its relationship with quality in production. THERP (technique for human error rate prediction) is used in a study case from manual electronic assembly. & Yes \\ \hline
[75] & Thesis Dissertation & A methodology is proposed to support engineers and technicians in the selection of the best error-proofing actions during product development. This is intended to minimize errors from the design phase. & The proposed is based on Toyota’s production system. & No \\ \hline
[6] & Conference paper & A “novel” mixed methodology is proposed to analyze quality issues related to human errors in engine assembly. & The methodology combines a modified version of CREAM (cognitive reliability and error analysis method) with FTA (fault few analysis). Application reported on an assembly line of automobile engines. & No \\ \hline
[69] & Journal paper & An assembly planning method is developed: MTMOM (methods time and quality measurement) that allows the calculation of human error probabilities linked to predetermined motion times. & The taxonomy of error types was harmonized with nomenclature from MTM. Specific human error probabilities are based on data from German automotive manufacturing. Application reported in the automotive industry [72]. & Yes \\ \hline
[70] & Conference paper & A human reliability model for assembly line manual workers is developed based on statistical analysis of personal factors. & The model was built using Cox proportional-hazards regression. Nine factors were evaluated in 120 assembly line operators using psychometric tests. Factors included in the model were stress, motivation, memory, and personality. The model was developed in an electronic assembly. & No \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Some developments and applications of human reliability analysis (HRA) to manual assembly in manufacturing.