esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 7 Evaluation
### Results
#### 7.3.2 Qualitative--Topic Modelling Analysis  
In the process of analysing qualitative open-ended responses, we carefully examined users' input using two distinct approaches: sentiment analysis and topic analysis related to the key factors associated with the qualitative responses. These two methods provided us with a deeper understanding of users' opinions and perceptions.  
Regarding sentiment analysis, we employed the NLTK SentimentIntensityAnalyzer to assess the overall sentiment expressed in the responses. This allowed us to gauge whether responses were generally positive, negative, or neutral. The results of this analysis were used to determine users' levels of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the subject under consideration.  
For the topic analysis related to key factors, we leveraged the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model to identify key themes within the responses. Each key factor was associated with a specific set of representative keywords. Using the LDA model, we identified relevant topics within the responses and calculated the percentage of each topic that aligned with the key factor users were asked to evaluate, as you can see in Figure 5 related to SQA and UQA, Figure 6 for USQA and EQA, Figure 7 for LQA. This allowed us to understand which themes were most relevant to each aspect being assessed.  
To visually represent the results intuitively, we created a word cloud for each key factor, as you can see in Figures 5-7. The word clouds display the most-frequent and -representative words associated with each key factor, providing an immediate visualisation of the main themes emerging from the responses. Additionally, we generated a chart illustrating the distribution of topics corresponding to each key factor. This visual representation provides an overview of the relationship between user responses and the key factors we were evaluating.  
To emphasise the correlation between user responses and these key factors, we leveraged the average sentiment score. This aggregated score offers a comprehensive insight into the sentiment expressed in the responses associated with that specific factor.  
By employing this approach, we were able to obtain a detailed and holistic perspective on user opinions. This enabled us to identify primary areas of interest and gauge the alignment of responses with the key factors we were investigating.  
Figure 5: Support (qualitative question) and usefulness (qualitative question)—average sentiment scores, wordcloud, and LDA.  
Figure 6: User satisfaction (qualitative question) and effectiveness (qualitative question)—average sentiment scores, wordcloud, and LDA.  
Figure 7: Learnability (qualitative question)—average sentiment scores, wordcloud, and LDA.
# Sphingolipidoses and Retinal Involvement: A Comprehensive Review
## 4 Subtypes of Sphingolipidoses
### Krabbe Disease
#### 4.8.2 Retinal Manifestations  
Ocular involvement is indirectly related to the neurological damage that underpins this disease. Both in infantile forms and in late-onset variants, vision loss--often complete--has been reported [147; 154]. In a postmortem histopathological specimens of a 3-year-old patient, ultrastructural analysis of the optic nerve revealed widespread ganglion cell loss, thinning of the RNFL, optic disc atrophy, and the presence of globoid inclusions within the optic nerve [155]. [PERSON] et al., in KD reported fixational deficits, visual function alterations, pathological light reflex, and VEPs alterations have been reported and RNFL thinning in two of three patients [18]. In KD, thinning of the RNFL occurs because the enzymatic defect leads to the accumulation of psychosine, an intermediate in the catabolism of monoplycosylceramides, which is toxic to oligodendrocytes [6]. Damage to oligodendrocytes compromises their ability to produce myelin, resulting in demyelination and progressive neurodegeneration that advances in a retrograde fashion. Ultimately, this process culminates in the thinning of both the RNFL and the GCL of the retina, as confirmed by postmortem ocular analyses [6]. These anatomical changes mirror the clinical manifestations of the disease. Early neurodegeneration typically presents with irritability and progressive motor and cognitive decline. As the disease continues in a retrograde manner, later stages involve the afferent visual pathways, affecting both the optic radiation and the optic nerve, leading to blindness, which emerges as a late clinical symptom [6].
# Convergence Analysis of the Phase-Scheduled-Command FXLMS Algorithm with Phase Error
## 4 Simulations
### Case 2  
This case considered the nonstationary disturbance. The frequency of the disturbance signal changed linearly from 30 Hz to 150 Hz and from 150 to 30 Hz, and the phase error was, in turn, set to \(\phi=0,\ \pi/4,\ \pi/2,\ \pi\). The step size of the FXLMS was 0.000005, and the background noise was set to zero. The performances of the pseudo error MSE under different phase errors when the frequency of disturbance signal changed from 30 Hz to 150 Hz and from 150 Hz to 30 Hz are presented in Figures 6 and 7, respectively. It can be seen that the phase error significantly decreased the performance of the adaptive system. Because the step size was very small, the adaption was approximate in the convergence stage (far-from-steady state), causing the pseudo-error MSE of \(\phi=\pi\) to always be short of even 10 dB compared to the pseudo-error MSE of \(\phi=0\). Additionally, according to Equation (52), the estimation results when the command and disturbance signals were out of phase are shown in Figures 6 and 7, respectively. It can be seen that the ratio of Equation (52) provided a satisfactory estimation of the performance when the command signal was out of phase with the disturbance signal. However, there was a certain discrepancy  
Figure 4: Difference of \(\xi(n,\phi)\) under different phase errors.  
between the predicted and simulated performance, and the discrepancy seemed to continue to grow as the iteration progressed. This phenomenon may be generated by the imprecise assumption of Equation (45) and the subjective judgement of when the adaption is far from the steady state.  
In addition, to demonstrate the convergence process of the adaption and decrease the convergence time constant to a steady state, the step size was set to a linear change from 0.000005 to 0.000022 as the adaption proceeded. The background noise was set as white noise with a mean square error of 0.2. The performances of the pseudo-error MSE under different phase errors when the frequency of disturbance signal changed from 30 Hz to 150 Hz and from 150 Hz to 30 Hz are presented in Figures 8 and 9, respectively. It can be seen that the phase error significantly increased the convergence time constant to the steady state. Simultaneously, the estimation results according to Equation (51) were satisfactory at  
Figure 6: The MSE of the pseudo-error under different phase errors when \(f\) changes from 30 Hz to 150 Hz.  
Figure 7: The MSE of the pseudo-error under different phase errors when \(f\) changes from 150 Hz to 30 Hz.  
both the far-from-steady state and the steady state of adaption. The deviation from about iteration 7500 to 22,500 may be generated by the imprecise assumption of Equation (45) and the linear change in optimum of \(\mathbf{w}_{non}^{o}(n,\phi)\).
# Trajectories and Resource Management of Flying Base Stations for C-V2X
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper we have introduced the novel concept of UAVs working alongside the terrestrial network to serve vehicles by using the C-V2X technology. We have studied an urban scenario from the network of terrestrial base stations and a UAV perspective. To this aim, we: (1) define vehicular applications requirements compliant to 3 GPP documents; (2) apply an RRM technique that ensures network efficiency; and (3) adapt the trajectory design to the specific vehicular use case. Simulation results show that, in particular for the initial phase in which few vehicles are equipped with C-V2X  
Figure 3: Percentage of served vehicles for different bandwidths and varying the number of active vehicles, \(N_{\mathrm{p}}\cdot P_{\mathrm{p}}\), in the network.  
devices and should interface with the LTE network, the proposed system model is promising. A single UAV increases the number of satisfied users of up to 10%. The scenario becomes more critical when an increasing number of vehicles is asking for service and the interference avoidance does not allow the UAV to use all resources. Nonetheless, if the bandwidth reserved for vehicular applications is above 10 MHz and the throughput requirement is not much larger than 25 Mb/s, one UAV can efficiently enhance network performance even when 100% of vehicles are active. The re-use of RRs brings a smaller performance improvement with respect to the opposite case of no re-use. However, it is a significant option to decrease operational costs, especially if intended for small base stations like UAVs that can fly on-demand.  
These results encourage us to continue the study of UAVs in vehicular applications, in particular to tackle the connectivity of an increasing number of vehicles. UAVs employed with C-V2X capabilities can be considered as vehicles themselves employing short-range communications. In this way, especially for extended sensing applications, we can envision communications from a vehicle to the UAV to another vehicle in the dedicated 5.9 GHz band, then back to the network (if needed) through LTE.  
All the authors of this article have contributed to the idea and protocol design, the editing and revision of the paper. [PERSON] developed the software program for simulations and took care of the data processing.  
This research received no external funding.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Application of Organic-Inorganic Hybrids in Chemical Analysis, Bio- and Environmental Monitoring
## 2 Classification and Synthesis of Organic-Inorganic Hybrids (OIH)
### Synthesis
#### 2.2.3 Supramolecular Template Method  
Third methodology is based on the self-assembly properties of polymers and amphiphilic molecules which can create supramolecular OIH with tailored structure and morphology. This method enables the synthesis of OIH nanocomposites from inorganic nanoscale components in an organic matrix (polymer matrix). Combination of this method with the use of hexafunctional organosilanes, has yielded a new type of hybrid mesoporous solids. It was shown that this hybrids in the presence of surfactants poses high degree of porosity which allows to perform a secondary functionalization via post grafting [53].
## 2 Material and Method
### Preparation of Specimens  
Polyurethane foams have been commonly used as an alternative test medium analogous to human bone [16]. They have shown several advantages compared to human vertebrae, including the reduction of the inter-specimen variability of cadaveric bones and the prevention of deformation or breakage during the mechanical loading test [17]. Cellular polyurethane foams (Sawbones, Pacific Research Corporation, Vashon, WA, USA), with three different densities were used as biomechanical testing material in this study. Foams with a low density of 160 kg/m\({}^{3}\), middle density of 320 kg/m\({}^{3}\), and high density of 800 kg/m\({}^{3}\) represented human osteopororotic cancellous bone, normal cancellous bone, and cortical bone, respectively, in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM F1839-01) protocol [16]. To simulate various degrees of bone quality, five types of bone specimens were designed using polyurethane foam blocks with various densities (Figure 2).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Screw** & **Length** & **Outer** & **Proximal Core** & **Distal Core** & **Proximal** & **Distal** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Pitch (mm)**} \\
**Type** & **(mm)** & **Diameter** & **Diameter** & **Diameter** & **Thread** & **Thread** & **Thread** & **Proximal** & **Proximal** & **Distal** \\  & & **(mm)** & **(mm)** & **(mm)** & **Width (mm)** & **Width (mm)** & **Width (mm)** & **1/4** & **Middle** & **1/4** \\ \hline Type I & 40 & 4.5 & 4.0 & 2.7 & 0.4 & 0 & 2 & 2 & 2 \\ \hline Type II & 40 & 4.5 & 4.0 & 2.7 & 0.4 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ \hline Type III & 40 & 4.5 & 4.0 & 2.7 & 0.4 & 0 & 1 & 2 & 2 \\ \hline Type IV & 40 & 4.5 & 4.0 & 2.7 & 0.4 & 0 & 1 & 2 & 1 \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{Type I: conventional single-threaded screw; Type II: double-threaded screw (control type); Type III: dual-threaded screw; Type IV: newly designed double dual-threaded screw.} \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Dimensions of the examined screws.  
Figure 2: Illustration of bone specimens simulating various degrees of bone quality using polyurethane foam blocks with various densities. (**a**) Type A, B, C and D bone specimens and (**b**) Type C and E bone specimens.  
Type A: normal cancellous bone;  
Type B: normal cancellous bone with cortical bone in the upper margin;  
Type C: osteoporotic cancellous bone;  
Type D: osteoporotic cancellous bone with cortical bone in the upper margin;  
Type E: osteoporotic cancellous bone with cortical bone in the upper and lower margins.  
To simulate screw insertion in normal-quality and osteoporotic bone using a conventional technique, Type A, B, C, and D bone specimens, measuring 50.8 mm \(\times\) 50.8 mm \(\times\) 40 mm, were used to compare the pullout strength among Type I, II, and III screws (Figure 2a). To simulate the screw insertion in osteoporotic bone with and without bi-cortical bone using an anterior cortex purchase technique (Figure 3), bone specimens of Type C and E, measuring 50.8 mm \(\times\) 50.8 mm \(\times\) 33 mm, were used for comparisons among Type I, II, and IV screws (Figure 2b).
# Design of Shape Memory Alloy-Based Soft Wearable Robot for Assisting Wrist Motion
## 3 Design of Soft Wrist Assist (SWA)
### The Alignment of the Actuator  
The fabricated SWA is shown in Figure 7. To achieve 2-DOF motion of the wrist, 5 muscle-like actuators are attached to the SWA at various positions which are chosen based on the pilot studies and the anatomical placement of tendons and joints to perform the targeted motions. In addition, these positions are selected considering that the robot should not interfere with the hand motion. Three actuators are attached to the back of the hand, as shown in Figure 7b. The other two actuators are attached to the sides of the palm, as shown in Figure 7c.  
Figure 6: Four wrist motions.  
Figure 8 shows the four fundamental motions of the wrist that are produced by the proposed robot. The diverse wrist motions of the SWA could be easily performed by controlling the muscle-like actuators selectively (each actuator is numbered as shown in Figure 7 to explain the mechanism easily). For example, the contraction of the actuators that are placed on the palm side (4 and 5) causes flexion, and the contraction of the actuators that are placed on the back of the wrist (1, 2 and 3) causes the extension motion of the wrist. Similarly, the contraction of the actuators that are placed on the side of the hand near the fifth finger (1 and 4) causes the ulnar deviation, and the contraction of the actuators that is placed on the side of the hand near the thumb (3 and 5) causes the radial deviation. Additionally, diverse wrist movements resulting from the combination of the motion on the different axes can be realized by activating the actuators selectively. For example, the wrist motion which combines the extension and radial deviation can be performed easily by contracting actuators 1, 2, and 4 simultaneously.  
Figure 8: Four wrist motions produced by the wearable robot, (**a**) flexion, (**b**) extension, (**c**) radial deviation, (**d**) ulnar deviation.  
Figure 7: Wearable Robot for wrist (**a**) side view, (**b**) top view, (**c**) bottom view.  
The initial stretched length of the actuators when the wrist is in the neutral position is set to 120 mm to ensure enough displacement of the actuators as well as the compact design of the robot. The distance between the actuators that are positioned at the back of the hand is selected to be 15 mm, and the distance between the actuators positioned at the palm is chosen as 60 mm.
# Plant Extracts for the Control of _Listeria monocytogenes_ in Meat Products
## 3 Results  
### Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Determination  
MICs of garlic and onion extracts are shown in Table 3. The growth of _Listeria_ was inhibited by garlic and onion extracts from 8 to 32 \(\mu\)L/mL and from 4 to 32 \(\mu\)L/mL, respectively. The major components of onion extract were dimethyl-trisulfide (13.40%), me-thyl-propyl-trisulfide (11.36%), methyl-(1-propenyl)-disulfide (16.11%) and me-thyl-(1-propenyl)-trisulfide (14.16%). While the major constituents of garlic EO were dially-trisulfide (36.28%), diallyl-disulfide (25.42%) and methyl-allyl-trisulfide (10.12%). The high content of organo-sulfur compounds found in garlic and onion cause their antibacterial activities [40].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c} \hline C—Square Slices as They Are (Control) \\ PEC—square slices with plant extracts added (10 \(\mu\)L/g) \\ CLM3—square slices with 10\({}^{3}\) cfu/g _L. monocytogenes_ added \\ PELM3—square slices with 10\({}^{3}\) cfu/g _L. monocytogenes_ and plant extracts added (10 \(\mu\)L/g) \\ CLM2—square slices with 10\({}^{2}\) cfu/g _L. monocytogenes_ added \\ PELM2—square slices with 10\({}^{2}\) cfu/g _L. monocytogenes_ and plant extracts added (10 \(\mu\)L/g) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Inoculation trials in cooked ham slices.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Strains** & **Garlic Extract** & **Onion Extract** \\ \hline _L. monocytogenes_ CSA10 & 8.00–16.00 & 8.00–16.00 \\ _L. monocytogenes_ 10P & 16.00–32.00 & 4.00–8.00 \\ _L. monocytogenes_ 123 & 32.00 & 8.00 \\ _L. monocytogenes_ Scott & 8.00–16.00 & 16.00–32.00 \\ _L. monocytogenes_ ATCC 7644 & 8.00 & 4.00 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Minimum and maximum value of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of plant extracts. Data are expressed as \(\mu\)L/mL.
# A Comprehensive Review of the Application Characteristics of Biodiesel Blends in Diesel Engines
## 8 Conclusions  
The characteristics of biodiesel as an alternative fuel are somewhat different from those of conventional diesel. This paper mainly discussed the impact of biodiesel on diesel engines based on combustion characteristics, performance, emission characteristics, vibration and noise, and compatibility with fuel systems. A summary of this study can be discussed as follows:  
* In most cases, the BSFC and BSEC of biodiesel are slightly higher than that of diesel, and BTE may be slightly lower. \(COV_{IMEP}\) is generally low, which will help the engine run smoothly. The increase and decrease of EGT both occur, depending on the specific operating conditions.
* The effect of biodiesel on emissions is more obvious. The emissions of HC, CO and PM are significantly reduced due to the addition of biodiesel, but NOx increases. Biodiesel also has a very good reduction effect on VOCs and PAHs emissions.
* The ignition delay of biodiesel is generally shorter than that of diesel, and the maximum cylinder pressure would be reduced accordingly. As for the heat release rate, a downward trend in the peak value is usually observed, but the corresponding crank angle seems earlier.
* The addition of biodiesel helps reduce engine noise and improve noise quality. At the same time, it would significantly reduce the vibration of the engine in the vertical direction. These changes may be related to the exothermic characteristics of biodiesel.
* Biodiesel is generally highly corrosive, which would cause corrosion and deterioration on some metals and elastomers. However, the impact of biodiesel on the fuel system is still poorly understood, and more scientific and detailed investigations are needed.
* As for the increased NOx emissions caused by biodiesel, weak oxidation stability, and strong corrosiveness, these problems can be solved by adding special additives. In the future, a multifunctional additive can also be explored to optimize the multiple properties of biodiesel simultaneously.  
[PERSON] collected data, summarized all the reference materials, and wrote this article. [PERSON] provided ideas, analyzed the rationality of the data, and proposed revisions to this work. [PERSON] provided relevant modification suggestions, checked the rationality of the data, and provided help with English grammar. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (Project No. 2019R1I1A1A01057727), and the Korean government (MSIT) (No. 2019R1F1A1063154).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# FedOpt: Towards Communication Efficiency and Privacy Preservation in Federated Learning
## 1 Introduction
To further ensure the privacy of local users from the collusion of adversaries, FedOpt uses a differential-privacy scheme based on Laplace mechanism in order to keep the originality of local gradients. Figure 1: Federated learning process in one communication round of distributed stochastic gradient descent (DSGD): (**a**) Users downloads the parameters and synchronise with the cloud server. (**b**) Users compute the local model based on individual’s data in a distributed manner. (**c**) Finally, users upload the computed local models to the cloud server, where they are averaged to generate a global model. FedOpt tolerates user drops during the training process with negligible amounts of accuracy losses. Furthermore, the performance evaluation demonstrates the training accuracy of FedOpt in real-life scenarios as well as its efficient communication and low computation overhead. The remainder of this paper is organised as follows: The system model and the problem statement are presented in Section 2. Federated learning and the primary techniques of cryptography are briefly explained in Section 3. Afterwards, we introduce FedOpt in Section 4 and conduct the experimental evaluations in Section 5. We discuss the related work and a comprehensive comparison to the exiting approaches in Section 6. Finally, Section 7 concludes the paper with future directions.