## 4 Discussion  
This study has shown that the adhesion of oral bacteria to orthodontic appliances depends on complex interactions between the type of alloy, antiseptic product used, and bacteria. The MIC could not be determined in the present study, because of the presence of sediment in the wells. Other studies report that MIC in different strains of _S. mutans_ treated with CHX DG varied from 0.03 to 0.2 \(\mu\)g/mL, and that of MBC varied from 0.24 to 0.9 \(\mu\)g/mL. Sub-inhibitory concentrations of CHX DG have also been reported to influence the growth of planktonic _S. mutans_ cells and biofilm [26]. Bacterial adhesion is the initial step in biofilm formation. Orthodontic appliances create new adhesion surfaces, and multiple bacterial species colonise the oral cavity and adhere to these surfaces to prevent swallowing. According to the present study, adhesion to alloys was highest in _V. parvula_ and lowest in _S. mutans_ with _A. actinomycetemcomitants_ and _S. oralis. S. mutans_ and _V. parvula_ showed greater adhesion to the SS wires, whereas _A. actinomycetemcomitants_ and _S. oralis_ had similar effects on both wires. Bacterial hydrophobicity is one of the factors influencing the adhesion of oral bacteria to orthodontic alloys during the first 4 h, while alloy surface characteristics have little influence. In the same study, _V. parvula_ was found to have extremely hydrophobic properties, _S. oralis_ and _S. mutans_ were moderately hydrophobic, and _A. actinomycetemcomitants_ exhibited hydrophilic properties. Both NiTi and SS exhibit hydrophilic characteristics; however, NiTi is more hydrophilic [22]. In addition, NiTi has a higher roughness, polarity, and surface-free energy than SS, which makes NiTi more prone to bacterial adhesion. However, the difference between the surface-free energies of the alloy and bacteria is inversely proportional to bacterial adhesion [22; 27]. In addition, some biological processes regulate bacterial adhesion, such as the production of extracellular polysaccharides, cell viability, charge and wall stiffness, bacterial surface protuberances, metabolic activity, hydrophobicity, and adhesin-mediated receptor-ligand binding [28]. The process of tooth preparation for bracket bonding by enamel etching alters the surface properties, and this initial step influences adhesion and biofilm formation [29]. Rough areas increase the space for biofilm accumulation and adhesion, whereas higher wettability makes it easier for biofilms to adhere to dental materials [30]. The correlation between the bonding procedure and the accumulation of _S. mutans_ and _P. gingivalis_ has been confirmed [31]. The market offers aesthetic archives, in addition to traditional archives made of iron, titanium, or cobalt alloys [32]. The wires are coated with epoxy resin and polytetrafluoroethylene [33]. In vitro research with _S. mutans_ showed that there was no major difference in biofilm formation or bacterial accumulation between the coated and uncoated archives when colony counting [34]. When comparing Cu-NiTi archives and NiTi wires, it appears that _S. mutans_ adheres better to the Cu-NiTi wires [35]. The main method of oral hygiene is the mechanical removal of plaque by tooth brushing (manual or electric). In addition to manual techniques, the gold standard for chemical plaque control is bisbiguanide CHX mouthwash. It was developed in the UK in the 1940s as a general disinfectant. In the 1970s, it was being used as a mouthwash because its anti-plaque effects were discovered [36]. In dentistry, 0.12-0.2% CHX can be used preoperatively, postoperatively (if brushing is enabled), or long-term (CHX chips). The recommended dosage for maximum effect per use is 18-20 mg [37]. The bacterial wall is negatively charged and the CHX wall is positively charged; therefore, they are attracted to each other. On the surface of the bacterial wall, phosphate-containing molecules strongly adsorb onto CHX.