# Smart Healthcare Network Management: A Comprehensive Review
## 1 Introduction  
The widespread development of Internet of Things (IoT)-based smart systems and the integration of different infrastructure technologies has inspired several academic and industrial institutions to adopt IoT-based research and development and consider it in their strategic plans. Professionals estimate that the number of connected IoT objects will reach 500 billion by 2030 [1]. The development of IoT technologies stimulated the massive deployment of a wide range of intelligent small-form-factor sensing devices in various vertical applications. Sensing devices are characterized by constrained energy resources, limited processing capability, and limited Radiofrequency (RF) communication capabilities [2]. Sensing devices and sensor networks are being implemented and deployed in several domains, like homes, hospitals, factories, mobile phones, shopping malls, roadsides, and vehicles. Despite their benefits, some barriers still limit their socialacceptance. [PERSON] et al. [3] discussed these barriers and their solutions. The core concept of IoT is to enable smart sensors to interact autonomously, eliminating the need for human intervention and facilitating a new range of applications. IoT is anticipated to integrate various technologies, allowing physical objects to connect and support intelligent decision-making [4]. One of the key application domains of IoT is healthcare, where medical sensors track vital health indicators such as body temperature, blood glucose levels, and blood pressure [5]. By 2030, the healthcare sector is projected to have the most substantial global economic influence among IoT applications, with an estimated market value between USD 1.4 and 3.3 trillion annually [4]. This contribution is particularly notable given that the overall economic impact of IoT is expected to range from USD 5.5 to 12.6 trillion per year [6]. Advances in sensor technology, wireless communication, and data processing play a crucial role in enabling IoT-driven healthcare solutions. These sensors facilitate patient monitoring, daily activity tracking, and elderly care. The adoption of IoT in healthcare is expected to significantly improve the quality of life and aid in the prevention of health complications. Smart systems are predictive and operate autonomously, interacting with the environment to make critical decisions based on the collected data. These systems are a cornerstone of Healthcare 4.0 [7], an evolution driven by the convergence of advanced technologies to enhance healthcare services and patient outcomes. Healthcare 4.0 leverages cutting-edge concepts like the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), big data analytics, cloud computing, edge computing, and cyber-physical systems to revolutionize healthcare delivery. Incorporating sensors and actuators into medical and environmental products provides healthcare professionals with precise tools to monitor and treat patients at the hospital and home. These smart systems improve patient care and integrate seamlessly with telemetric and tele-diagnostic infrastructure to significantly reduce decision response time. This integration is particularly valuable in containing epidemic diseases and optimizing healthcare expenditures. Managing devices and networks in IoT-enabled smart healthcare systems differs significantly from traditional networks. Unlike general-purpose systems, healthcare systems must manage patient-related and environmental data with high precision and reliability. Fault management is critical to these systems, as failures can lead to severe consequences for patient health. Unlike traditional wireless sensor networks that rely on reactive fault-tolerant techniques such as redundancy, proactive network management leverages predictive analytics, machine learning, and real-time monitoring to prevent failures before they occur. By continuously analyzing sensor data, AI-driven fault detection systems can identify early indicators of potential device malfunctions and trigger preemptive maintenance or load balancing.