## 3 The Design and Development of the RIACT Process
This involves ensuring that risk management is incorporated into all organizational activities, allocating resources, and assigning appropriate levels of authority, responsibility, and accountability. It is very important to customize the risk management framework to fit the organization's needs and culture while understanding its internal and external context [82]. Risk management should be integrated into all aspects of the organization, including its purpose, governance, leadership, strategy, objectives, and operations [7; 81; 83]. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015) and SSG 32 Contingency Planning [84] & Resilience guidelines also inform this process, emphasizing understanding and reducing disaster risk, enhancing preparedness, and investing in resilience measures [85]. Asset Management (AM), in the RIACT process, involves three decision-making approaches: reactive, collective, and optimized decision making. Reactive decision-making addresses immediate issues without long-term consideration and refers to the practice of responding to immediate issues or problems as they arise without taking into consideration the long-term impacts or consequences. This approach is often associated with a \"firefighting\" mentality, where the primary focus is on addressing immediate issues instead of proactively managing assets. While it may solve immediate problems, this approach may not optimize performance, risk, or cost over the long term. Collective decision-making leverages diverse expertise for top-down decisions and involves bringing together a group of individuals with different perspectives and expertise to make decisions in a top-down manner. Optimized decision making, preferred in RIACT, uses data and analytics for decisions aimed at optimizing asset performance, risk, and cost. Transitioning from reactive to optimized decision making involves building data and analytics capabilities and instilling a data-driven culture [86]. Although this approach can leverage the knowledge and experience of different team members, it may be slower and less agile than other approaches. Collective decision making assesses the cost, risk, and performance of asset management and identifies potential cost reductions, risk mitigation, and performance enhancements through collaboration and communication. Optimized decision making utilizes data and analytics to make informed and data-driven decisions that optimize asset performance, risk, and cost over the long term. This approach typically involves a bottom-up approach where decisions are made at the asset level and then aggregated to the organizational level. While optimized decision making can be highly effective, it may require significant investments in data and analytics infrastructure and capabilities. Organizations seeking to shift from reactive to optimized decision making may need to take a step-by-step approach by gradually building up the necessary data and analytics infrastructure and capabilities over time. This may involve implementing asset management systems and processes, training staff in data analysis and asset management best practices, and establishing a culture that values data-driven decision making. By taking this approach, organizations can transition from reactive decision making to optimized decision making, optimizing asset performance, risk, and cost over the long-term regarding UR (Table 2). Since optimized decision making is the most accurate one when using a data-driven approach, the RIACT process tends to use it more mostly because it can enable the decision maker to select the most efficient alternative. Additionally, the approach to data-driven optimized decisions makes it more appropriate to track and find the earlier non-optimized decisions. AM requires a shift from reactive decision making to proactive, data-driven decision making to optimize asset performance and minimize risk in the context of UR. By using both collective and optimized decision making, organizations can effectively manage their assets and achieve their long-term goals.