## 3 Results  
### Spatial Distribution of the MOH Healthcare Centers and Analysis  
The first step after creating the geo-database was to understand the current condition about the healthcare centers and initially analyze their spatial distribution in Jeddah city. Healthcare centers are distributed in various parts of Jeddah city. They provide a primary healthcare to the population of Jeddah. A closer look at Figures 1 and 2 indicates that there is imbalanced spatial distribution of healthcare centers in the city. Healthcare centers highly cover most of the central districts; in contrast, the northern and southern districts are less covered by healthcare centers. In other words, the primary healthcare delivery system is not responding to continuous spatial expansion of Jeddah. It is also clear that healthcare centers are concentrated in the high population density areas, which are often concentrated in the city core, where they can serve a larger population, while the spatial concentration of these centers decreases in medium to low population density areas. Furthermore, most of the healthcare centers are located near to main roads, which means that they--in principle--can be accessed by public and private transport. For further investigation, the tool of standard deviational ellipses (SDE) was used to analyze the spatial distribution of healthcare centers and defining its relationship to the population concentration in Jeddah. Nevertheless, this spatial statistic function can analyze and compare spatial distribution of features and determine their patterns, orientations, and potential spatial directions. This tool is useful for identifying point patterns that take a directional orientation. The standard deviational ellipse could be calculated using point locations or weights to various points based on their attributes. Using this tool, the directional distribution and tendency for a group of features (e.g., areas or points) can be measured by computing the standard distance in directions of \(x\), \(y\), and \(z\) separately. Practically, the standard deviation of the \(x\) co-ordinates and the \(y\) co-ordinates is calculated  
Figure 1: Spatial distribution of population districts and healthcare centers. Note: districts classified by population using the Natural Breaks (Jenks) within the ArcGIS Software. from the mean center for identifying the ellipse axes. A new feature class containing an elliptical polygon centered on the mean center for all point features will be created. The attribute values for this output ellipse polygon include two standard distances represented in the long and short axes, and the orientation of the ellipse. The orientation represents the rotation of the long axis measured clockwise from noon. The GIS could provide a sense of directional orientation through a set of features drawn on the map; in contrast, calculation of the standard deviational ellipse helps make the trend more obvious. This tool can be helpful to several GIS applications, for instance, comparing the distributions of categories of health conditions, identifying ellipses for the spread of disease with passage of time, defining the directional distribution for a series of crimes, and detecting distributional trends of travel behavior [53]. However, the SDE was selected based on the healthcare center location (i.e., point features) in this study. Figure 3 shows the output of SDE for the spatial distribution of the healthcare centers in Jeddah, which took the clustered pattern. It is clear that the directional  
Figure 2: Spatial distribution of healthcare centers and population density. Note: population density classified by Kernel Density Model within the ArcGIS Software. orientation for healthcare centers is in line with the population concentration in Jeddah, where most of the centers are more concentrated and spread most widely over the central part of the city, while this concentration for centers decreases towards the north, south, and east (i.e., peripheral districts).