# Dynamic Handwriting Analysis for Neurodegenerative Disease Assessment: A Literary Review
## 3 Research Directions
### Parkinson's Disease
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**Reference** & **Groups** & **Tasks** & **Main Features** & **Main Findings** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al., 2014 & 18 FD, 11 EC & Loops while counting Circle, star, and spiral drawing, a no-sense word and a sentence 2019 & Kinematic and spatiotemporal & PD patients exhibit deficits in handwriting under dual-task conditions & PD patients exhibit deficits in handwriting under dual-task conditions \\ [PERSON] and [PERSON], 2019 & 30 FD, 30 EC, 30 YC & Loop shapes & Kinematic and spatiotemporal & Handwriting can provide objective measures for bradykinesia, micrographnia, and tremor & Handwriting can provide objective measures for bradykinesia, micrographnia, and tremor \\ \hline _Dissase monitoring_ & & & & \\ \hline [PERSON] et al., 1996 & 29 FD, 40 EC & Circle drawing & Kinematic & Dynamic handwriting analysis is useful for quantifying dopaminergic effects \\ [PERSON] et al. and [PERSON] et al., 1998 & 10 FD & No-sense words & Spatiotemporal & Handwriting measures show significant trends across the levodopa cycle \\ [PERSON] et al., 1999 & 12 PD & Lines, circles, and a no-sense word & Spatiotemporal & subthalamic nucleus stimulation improves handwriting performance in PD patients \\ [PERSON] and [PERSON], 2000 & 6 PD & No-sense words & Kinematic & Dynamic handwriting measures are indicative of positive response to dopamine repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation provides beneficial effects on PD movements \\ [PERSON] et al., 2001 & 10 PD & Spiral drawing & Temporal & Provokes beneficial effects on participants with an altered dopaminergic neurotransmission shifted from an automatic to a controlled processing of movement execution \\ [PERSON] et al., 2006 & 12 PD, 12 EC & Sentence writing & Kinematic & Deamamipee medication results in improved dynamics of movement execution execution \\ [PERSON] et al., 2006 & 27 FD, 27 EC & Sentence writing & Kinematic and spatiotemporal & Fine motor performance benefit from rfMS stimulation \\ [PERSON] et al., 2013 & 10 FD & No-sense word & Kinematic and spatiotemporal & Fine motor performance benefit from rfMS stimulation \\ [PERSON] et al., 2015 & 14 FD & Graphical tasks & Spatiotemporal & Graphical tasks are useful to assess upper limb functioning \\ [PERSON] et al., 2018 & 20 PD, 20 EC & Spiral drawing & Kinematic and spatiotemporal & PD handwriting performance may not be impacted by handedness \\ \hline _Dissase diagnosis_ & & & & \\ \hline [PERSON] et al., 2006 & 28 FD, 28 EC & Meanders, sentence words, and no-sense word writing & Pressure & Pressure features can distinguish between PD patients and controls \\ [PERSON] et al., 2013a & & PaHaW & Kinematic and spatiotemporal & Good accuracy is obtained by using only on-surface features \\ [PERSON] et al., 2013b; 2014 & & Kinematic and spatiotemporal & Accuracy improved with in-air features \\ [PERSON] et al., 2015a & & Kinematic, spatiotemporal, entropy, and energy & Accuracy improved using entropy and energy-based features \\ [PERSON] et al., 2016 & & & Kinematic, spatiotemporal, and pressure & Pressure features can be profitably used \\ [PERSON] et al., 2013 & 20 PD, 20 EC & Functional tasks & Kinematic and spatiotemporal & Patients write smaller letters, applying less pressure and requiring more performance time controls \\ [PERSON] et al., 2016; 2018; & & NewHandPD & Deep learning-based & The deep learning approach is promising for the recognition problem at hand \\ [PERSON] et al., 2018 & & NewHandPD & Kinematic and spatiotemporal & Spiral analysis is a promising quantitative biomarker for the early diagnosis \\ [PERSON] et al., 2016 & 138 PD, 150 EC & Spiral drawing & Kinematic and spatiotemporal & High predictive accuracy can be obtained even using very simple tasks \\ [PERSON] et al., 2017 & 24 FD, 20 EC & Line drawing & Kinematic & Signal drawing can be partly used to differentiate among degrees of disease severity \\ [PERSON] et al., 2017 & 27 FD, 28 EC & Spiral drawing & Kinematic and pressure & Differentiate among degrees of disease severity \\ [PERSON] et al., 2017 & 27 FD, 28 EC & Spiral drawing & Kinematic, spatiotemporal, entropy, energy, and pressure & Accuracy decreased in distinguishing between controls and patients only at the early stage of disease \\ [PERSON] et al., 2018 & & PaHaW & Deep learning-based & Recurrent neural networks are profitability used \\ [PERSON] et al., 2018 & & PaHaW & Fractional derivative-based & Promising results are obtained with fractional derivative-based features \\ [PERSON] et al., 2018 & & PaHaW & Velocity-based & New velocity-based features are proposed \\ [PERSON], 2019 & & SaTrab, 10 EC & Sentence writing & Kinematic & The best results are obtained when combining in-air to on-surface features \\ [PERSON] et al., 2019 & 33 FD, 10 EC & Word and no-sense word writing & Kinematic & Gyroscope-based features are used with promising results \\ [PERSON] et al., 2019 & 4 PD, 7 EC & Spiral drawing and sentence writing & Kinematic, geometrical, and nonlinear features & Irregularities of handwriting increase with aging \\ [PERSON] et al., 2019 & 39 FD, 39 EC, 40 YC & PairLaW & Deep learning-based & A new dynamically enhanced static representation of handwriting is proposed \\ [PERSON] et al., 2019 & & NewHandPD & Deep learning-based & Recurrent neural networks can be fruitfully used to capture tremor in time-dependent handwriting signals \\ [PERSON] et al., 2019 & & NewHandPD & Deep learning-based & A new semi-supervised approach is proposed to discriminate among groups \\ [PERSON] et al., 2020 & 28 FD, 28 EC & Text copying & Kinematic, pressure, and pen inclination & A new semi-supervised approach is proposed to discriminate among groups \\ \hline \end{tabular}
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