# Treatment Methods for Antibiotic Mycelial Residues: A Review
## 3 Treatment Methods for AMR
### Biochemical Methods
#### 3.2.3 Biodegradation  
Biodegradation treatment utilizes microbial enzymatic catalysis or insect-mediated metabolic pathways to decompose residual antibiotics and organic compounds in AMR, achieving concurrent detoxification and resource valorization. Compared to alternatives, this biological approach offers distinct value for AMR management due to its eco-friendliness and cost-effectiveness [2].  
Screening specific environmental microbial strains for antibiotic degradation constitutes a promising avenue, supported by substantial evidence. [PERSON] et al. [65] employed strains isolated from penicillin mycelial dregs to biodegradable penicillin, finding that _Klebsiella pneumoniae_ Z1 exhibited the most superior degradation performance. When treating penicillin residues at a concentration of 300 mg/L, this strain achieved a removal rate exceeding 99% within 24 h. [PERSON] et al. [60] isolated _Clostritium_ sp. strain _LCM-B_ from limomycin mycelial dregs. After 10 days of incubation, the strain degraded 62.03% of limomycin with an initial concentration of 100 mg/L. [PERSON] et al. [91] screened the yeast strain _Galactomyces geotrichum_ from environmental samples, which exhibited high limomycin degradation capability. Following 15 days of fermentation, it attained a degradation efficiency of 37% for limomycin at an initial concentration of 5.012 ppb.  
Notably, in addition to microorganisms, certain insect species demonstrate unique processing capabilities in the field of AMR management. Recent studies have revealed that _black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), Hermetia illucens_ L. (_Diptera: Striationylidae_), exhibit tolerance to multiple antibiotics--including sulfonamides, oxytetracycline, and limomycin--during their ingestion of organic waste [92; 93]. [PERSON] et al. [58] conducted an in-depth investigation into the biotransformation process mediated by BSFL, specifically focusing on its feasibility and practical efficacy in nutrient recovery and antibiotic reduction within limomycin mycelial residues. The findings revealed that the growth and development of BSFL remained unimpaired even when exposed to a limomycin concentration of 4500 mg/kg in the substrate, demonstrating exceptional tolerance to the antibiotic. Furthermore, after 12 days of biotransformation, an 84.9% degradation rate of residual limomycin was achieved in the fermentation residues. These results indicate that the BSFL-mediated biotransformation process effectively accelerates limomycin degradation in mycelial residues, offering a novel perspective and pathway for AMR treatment.  
Biodegradation aligns with sustainable development principles, exhibiting minimal ecosystem disruption. Its relatively low cost supports large-scale implementation, showing broad prospects. However, ARG removal efficiency exhibits threshold limitations, and the environmental adaptability of functional strains and ecological risks of insect transformation byproducts merit intensified investigation via metagenomics and life cycle assessment. Future focus should include constructing synthetic microbial consortia, enhancing genetic editing capabilities, and integrating synergistic multi-technologies to overcome safety constraints and advance industrial application in AMR management.