# Humanoid Robots in Tourism and Hospitality--Exploring Managerial, Ethical, and Societal Challenges
## 2 Literature Review
### RAISA  
Robot, Artificial Intelligence, and Service Automation (RAISA) technologies represent a pivotal change in the tourism and hospitality sectors, driving significant improvements in operational efficiency, service quality, and customer experience. This transformation is evidenced by the adoption of RAISA across various industries, including manufacturing, transportation, healthcare, education, warehousing, agriculture, and social services [26; 27; 28]. In the hospitality and tourism industries, RAISA technologies have been deployed to automate routine tasks, facilitate personalized services, and enhance guest experiences. Notable examples include the fully automated Henn-na Hotel in Japan, the integration of AI-powered assistants like Amazon Echo's Alexa and Apple's Siri in hotels such as the Wynn Hotel in Las Vegas and Aloft Hotels, and the adoption of automation in restaurants to streamline operations [29; 30; 31]. Despite the potential benefits, the use of RAISA technologies has raised concerns about job displacement, particularly among low-skilled workers and those in routine roles, with predictions indicating a significant impact on employment in the travel and tourism industry [32; 33]. This underscores the need for reskilling and job transition support to mitigate the adverse effects of automation [34]. The adoption of RAISA in hospitality is not uniform globally, with limited research on its implementation in various developing countries' tourism and hospitality sectors, highlighting a gap in understanding and application that needs addressing [35; 36; 37]. Robots in the hospitality sector are categorized into industrial, professional, and personal service robots, each designed for specific tasks ranging from back-office operations to direct guest interactions, with AI enhancing the capabilities of service robots for front-office operations [38; 39]. AI applications in hospitality aim to attract customers, recognize emotions, reduce costs, and improve service delivery, with technologies such as intelligent hotel rooms, chatbots, and online review tracking software playing a significant role in enhancing guest comfort and engagement [39; 40]. The transformative impact of RAISA in the tourism and hospitality sectors offers considerable advantages but also presents challenges, especially regarding workforce displacement and the necessity for workforce reskilling. The disparity in RAISA adoption, particularly in emerging markets like Egypt, calls for further research to fully understand its implications and to leverage these technologies effectively. As the industry evolves, balancing technological innovation with human labour will be crucial for the future of tourism and hospitality, ensuring that the benefits of RAISA technologies are maximized while mitigating potential drawbacks. [PERSON] [18] highlights the transformative role of artificial intelligence and automation technologies across different stages of the tourism experience, from pre-trip planning to on-site and post-trip engagements. The figure below (Figure 1) presents the Technological Framework of Intelligent Automation in Tourism by [PERSON] [18]. [PERSON] [18] indicates the following steps in terms of intelligent automation in tourism. At the pre-trip stage, intelligent automation aids tourists with inspiration, information search, booking, and pre-arrival experiences through omni-channel marketing automation, predictive analytics, and personalisation engines. These technologies enable service providers to offer personalised content, predict customer behaviors, and streamline the booking process. Notable applications include natural language generation for content scaling and AI-driven interfaces like chatbots and virtual assistants to facilitate customer engagement. During travel, challenges such as navigation, wayfinding, and security are addressed through AI. Self-service check-ins, automated border control systems, and AI-based security assessments improve the efficiency and safety of travel.