## 3 Results and Discussion
### Validation of Pressure Measurement: Experimental (Kikutime, PPS) vs. CLO3D  
The PPS and Kikuhime sensors were employed as reference standards to validate the pressure measurements and compare their outputs with the simulated pressure values generated by the CLO3D built-in pressure feature. In Figure 4, the highlighted area (yellow) indicates the gap between the pressure values obtained from the PPS and Kikuhime sensors. Using two distinct sensors, each based on different measurement principles, allowed for a comprehensive assessment of the simulated pressure data. The PPS sensor utilizes capacitive sensing technology to capture the dynamic pressure distribution with a high spatial resolution, while the Kikuhime sensor measures the static pressure using an air-inflated mechanism, commonly used for compression garment evaluation. Due to these  
Figure 3: Comparison of physical and virtual strain measurements across four fabric samples: (**a**) single jersey, (**b**) single jersey plaited, (**c**) interlock, and (**d**) interlock plaited. The solid lines represent the experimental data, while the dotted lines represent the simulation results.  
different principles, the experimental measurements showed some variations, and we used this range as a threshold to validate the simulated pressure values.  
The experimental pressure measurements between the Kikuhime and PPS sensors exhibited differences ranging from 0.13 to 2.59 kPa across the four knit samples. The most significant discrepancies were observed in the plaited structures, such as SJP and INTP, followed by the SJ fabric, whereas the INT fabric showed better alignment between the two sensors. This variation suggests that the pressure distribution in single jersey and plaited fabrics may be less uniform, likely due to structural differences in the fabric, as compared to the more stable interlock structure. These differences may result from how each sensor interacts with the fabric surface, leading to inconsistencies in measurement. The range of pressure values established by the PPS and Kikuhime sensors was used as a benchmark to validate the CLO3D-simulated pressure values, as highlighted in the yellow area. When comparing these experimental results to the simulated values, the CLO3D model generally overestimated the pressure, except for that of the SJ fabric, where the simulation closely matched the experimental data. The overestimation of the pressure was particularly observed in plaited structures such as SJP and INTP, with approximately 10 kPa differences beyond the 15% applied strain, which shows the inaccuracy of the current pressure model. This trend may be related to the local strain measurements, which also showed discrepancies between the simulation and experimental data at higher strain  
Figure 4: Experimental pressure measurements (Kikuhimi, PPS) and simulated pressure measurements obtained from CLO3D. (**a**) single jersey, (**b**) single jersey plaited, (**c**) interlock, and (**d**) interlock plaited fabric. The highlighted area represents the gap between the pressure values obtained from the PPS and Kikuhime sensors, indicating the range of experimental pressure values.  
levels. In this study, we found that the CLO3D model may struggle to account for the nonlinear mechanical behavior of fabrics under large deformation, particularly in more complex structures like plaited knits. Factors such as yarn interactions, the fabric density, and elastane inclusion contribute to the complexity of the pressure distribution, which the current CLO3D model does not fully capture. These findings suggest that the CLO3D simulation, in its current form, may require further refinement to accurately predict fabric mechanics at higher strain levels, especially under increased tension.