# A Survey on Wireless Body Area Networks for eHealthcare Systems in Residential Environments
## 3 Discussion
### Energy Efficiency
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Characteristic** & **Bluetooth** & **ANT** & **RuBee** & **Sensium** & **Zarlink** & **Insteon** \\ \hline \hline Frequency Band & 2400 MHz & 2400-2485 MHz & 131 KHz & 868 MHz, & 402-405 MHz, & RF: 869.85, 915, 921 MHz \\  & & & 915 MHz & 433-434 MHz & Powerline: 131.5 KHz \\ Bit Rate & 1–3 Mbps & 1 Mbps & 9.6 Kyps & 50 Kyps & 200/400/800 kbps & Powerline: 13.1 Kyps \\ Modulation Type & GFSK & GFSK & ASK, BPSK, BMC & BFSK & 2 PSK/4 FSK & Powerline: BPSK \\ Spread Spectrum Technology & FHSS & No & No & No & \(\ast\) & No \\ Nominal TX Power & \(0/4/20\) dBm & \(4\) dBm & \(-20\) dBm & \(-10\) dBm & \(2\) dBm & \(\ast\) \\ Receiver Sensitivity & \(-90\) dBm & \(-86\) dBm & \(\ast\) & \(-102\) dBm & \(-90\) dBm & \(-103\) dBm \\ Number of Physical Channels & 79 & 125 & 2 & 16 & 10 MICS, 2 ISM & \(\ast\) \\ Channel Bandwidth & 1 MHz & 1 MHz & \(\ast\) & 200 kHz & \(\ast\) & \(\ast\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* refers to undefined information.  
\end{table} 
Table 7: Link layer comparison of Bluetooth, Ant, RuBee, Sensium, Zarlink and Insteon. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Characteristic** & **Bluetooth** & **ANT** & **RuBee** & **Sensium** & **Zarlink** & **Insteon** \\ \hline Network Topology & Piconet, Scatternet & P2P, Star, Tree, Mesh & P2P & Star & P2P & Dual-mesh (RF \& Powerline), P2P, Mesh \\ Single-hop/Multi-hop & Multi-hop & * & * & Single-hop & * & Multi-hop \\ Nodes/Active Slaves & 8 & 65,000 + 1 & Unlimited & 8 + 1 & * & Unlimited \\ Device Types & Master, Slave & Master, Slave & Controller, Responder & Master, Slave & * & All are peers \\ Networking & PAN & PAN & PAN & PAN & PAN & PAN \\ Technology & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* refers to undefined information.  
\end{table} 
Table 8: Network layer comparison of Bluetooth, Ant, RuBee, Sensium, Zarlink and Insteon. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Characteristic** & **Bluetooth** & **ANT** & **RuBee** & **Sensium** & **Zarlink** & **Insteon** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Security} & Optional Pre-Shared & ABS-128 Data & Optional AES & & & \\ Key, 128-bit & Encryption, Link & Encryption, Private & Public Key & * & Rolling Code, \\ Encryption & Authentication & Key, Public Key & & & & Public Key \\ \hline Range & 10 m & 30 m On-Body Only & 30 m & 5 m On-Body Only & 2 m In-Body Only & 45 m(Outdoors) \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Implementation Size} & 100 Kbytes (ROM), & & & & & \\
30 Kbytes (RAM) & 128 Kbytes (Flash) & 0.5-2 Kbytes (SRAM) & 48 Kbytes (RAM), & * & 3 Kbytes (ROM), \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Certification Body} & Bluetooth SIG & ANT + Alliance & None & None & None & Insteon Alliance \\ \hline Proprietary & No & Yes & No & Yes & Yes & Yes \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
* refers to undefined information.  
\end{table} 
Table 9: Comparison of other properties of Bluetooth, Ant, RuBee, Sensium, Zarlink and Insteon. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline
**Characteristic** & **Z-Wave** & **Wavenis** & **BodyLAN** & **Dash7** & **ONE-NET** & **EnOcean** \\ \hline Frequency Band & 868, 908, 2400 MHz & 433, 868, 915, 2400 MHz & 2400 MHz & 433 MHz & 433, 868, 915, 2400 MHz & 315, 868, 902 MHz \\ \hline Bit Rate & 9.6/40 Kbps, 200 Kbps & 4.8/192/100 Kbps & 250 Kbps, 1 Mbps & 28, 55.5, 200 Kbps & 38.4, 230 Kbps & 125 Kbps \\ \hline Modulation Type & GFSK & GFSK & GFSK & PSK, GPSK & Wideband PSK & ASK \\ \hline Spread Spectrum Technology & No & Fast FHSs & \({}^{*}\) & No & No & No \\ \hline Nominal TX Power & \(-3\) dBm & 14 dBm (Nox) & 0 dBm & 0 dBm & \({}^{*}\) & 6 dBm \\ \hline Receiver Sensitivity & \(-10\) dBm & \(-10\) dBm & \(-93\) dBm & \(-102\) dBm & \({}^{*}\) & \(-98\) dBm \\ \hline Number of Physical Channels & \({}^{*}\) & 16 Channels \& 433 \& 868 & 1 & 25 & \({}^{*}\) \\ \hline Channel Bandwidth & \({}^{*}\) & 50 kHz & \({}^{*}\) & 216, 432, 648 kHz & \({}^{*}\) & 280 kHz \\ \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{\({}^{*}\) refers to undefined information.} \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table}