## 4 Effect of Temperature on Asphal Mixtures  
Asphal mixtures are composite materials, commonly referred to as hot mix asphalt or conventional mix asphalt. These mixtures primarily consist of aggregates (both sand and coarse aggregates), fillers, and asphalt cement [33]. In some cases, additives such as binder mobilisers [34], modifiers [35; 36] or fibers [37; 38] are added to improve the product properties. Asphal mixtures can be classified based on several criteria, including production temperature, mineral composition, and the incorporation of recycled materials. They are widely used in the construction and maintenance of highways, urban roads, airports, and parking lots. Figure 4 illustrates the categorization of hot mix asphalt according to its production temperature [39]. Cold mix asphalt is produced at temperatures below 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C, while semi-temperature mixing is typically conducted between 70 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 95 \({}^{\circ}\)C under conditions below 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Warm mix asphalt is produced at temperatures ranging from  
Figure 3: The asphalt concrete pavement structure.  
110 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 140 \({}^{\circ}\)C, whereas hot mix asphalt is produced at temperatures between 150 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 170 \({}^{\circ}\)C [40].  
It is common practice in hot mix asphalt production and paving operations to emit complex hydrocarbon aerosols, vapors, and gaseous mixtures consisting of combustion products, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into the atmosphere [13; 41; 42; 43]. This occurs during all phases of the production and paving process. The use of low-temperature blended asphalt represents a novel and sustainable technology that significantly decreases production and application temperatures. This approach encompasses a range of blended asphalts, including cold mix, semi-temperature mix, and warm mix asphalt. The innovative asphalt production plant effectively reduces harmful emissions and fumes, thereby improving working conditions for those employed at the plant, including operators and other personnel [44; 45].  
[PERSON] et al. [46] discovered that incorporating organic waves and other additives into warm mix asphalt mixtures utilized in road construction could potentially reduce the required production temperature by approximately 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C, thus minimizing asphalt emissions. This outcome is particularly significant when temperatures approach or exceed the melting point of waves (110 \({}^{\circ}\)C). A 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C reduction in asphalt production temperature has been found to result in a 1 L reduction in fuel consumption and a 1 kg/ton reduction in equivalent CO\({}_{2}\) emissions, according to data from the World Bank [47]. The use of warm mix asphalt mixtures enhances processability and extends transportation distances, with these benefits being in addition to those associated with lower production temperatures. Furthermore, the reduction in energy consumption that results from lower production temperatures impacts overall production costs [48; 49].  
Using reclaimed asphalt is another effective strategy for reducing energy consumption and pollutant emissions [50]. The term \"Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP)\" refers to the product of a pavement maintenance program or the full-depth demolition and rehabilitation of a pavement [51]. In recent years, RAP has been recognized as an important source of recycled material for pavement construction. Recycled asphalt mixes and aggregates are supplied to asphalt production plants for reuse. This practice has the dual benefit of reducing energy consumption in the production process and limiting the extraction of virgin aggregate and waste. Among the numerous RAP hybrid technologies, the parallel drum dryer has demonstrated superior environmental compatibility and energy efficiency, establishing it as a leading contender in this field. The primary factors influencing fuel consumption are the temperature and moisture content of the RAP mixture [52; 53].