## 1 Introduction  
In recent years, we have seen the fast adoption of information and communication technologies in agricultural production globally [1, 2]. This trend has significantly contributed to the spread of smart farming techniques, which allows farmers to create new opportunities to reduce their workload, improve agricultural production, and even enhance resource efficiency (e.g., seeds, water, fertilizers, and pesticides) sustainably [3, 4]. The connected farm operations have enormous potential to further improve sustainability by integrating independent agricultural activities into the overall farm management systems [5]. In this context, thanks to wireless connectivity, it can be considered to significantly reduce operating costs by remotely tracking agricultural vehicles and machinery (e.g., tractors, harvesters, and threshers) for seeding and harvesting operations in large farmlands [6, 7, 8]. However, as the agricultural fields expand, guaranteeing reliable data delivery between vehicles and machinery becomes very difficult due to the impairments (i.e., noise, path loss, shadowing, and multipath propagation) caused by the wireless channel [9]. During the past decade, in response to the increasing demand for networked embedded system applications, the Internet of Things (IoT) continued developing as a key technology supporting the integrating of related operations and processes in several industries [10]. IoT simply means a global network infrastructure enabling near real-time monitoring of connected things. A typical IoT system comprises three basic components, i.e., end devices, a gateway, and a cloud server. The end devices collect data from sensors and send it to a gateway. A gateway is a linking bridge that forwards collected data to a cloud server. A cloud server stores and processes the overall data [11]. The widespread use of agricultural IoT allows farmers to get connected to their farms from anywhere and anytime. Therefore, the farmers can easily monitor the field conditions and crops via internet-connected computers or smartphones. Moreover, they can also control many activities remotely at different places on the farm. Consequently, agricultural activities can be automated, and operational costs can be reduced [2, 4, 12, 13]. On the other hand, during the last decade, the emerged concept of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) came into the spotlight as an extension of the IoT by creating opportunities to exchange data among vehicles, pedestrians, drivers, and network infrastructure [14; 15]. The IoV concept has transformative potential for transportation and connected mobility ecosystem services. For instance, in smart farms, the IoV application can connect agricultural vehicles, machinery, and the farmhouse to each other. IoV-based connectivity allows gathering data from in-vehicle sensors (i.e., speed, flow, force, location, camera, etc.) and monitoring the inspections remotely. When needed, the connected agricultural vehicles can automatically send real-time data about the current operation conditions and their geographical locations. Therefore, the farmers can collaboratively organize their routine tasks with optimal resource consumption (e.g., fuel, water, fertilizer, and pesticides) [16; 17]. Nowadays, a broad range of IoT connectivity technologies are available with different capabilities, data rates, and coverage to meet specific goals aimed at different applications in both environmental and industrial fields. As in many IoT-based networks, the main priority of agricultural applications is the wide coverage over the area of interest, even if the data rate remains low. Although 5G will undoubtedly bring new opportunities to smart farming in the near future, today, we have the next-generation wireless technologies that enable the IoT revolution. The Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) is a promising solution for agricultural IoT applications, which require extended coverage, high scalability, and low deployment cost.