## 3 Results
### Spatial Access Disparities to the MOH Healthcare Centers: Analysis of 2 SFCA Results  
The primary analysis in the previous section indicated that there is a disparity in the spatial distribution of the MOH healthcare centers in Jeddah, where it turns out that the central districts are well covered by centers compared to the peripheral districts that are less served by centers. However, the map of accessibility score (Figure 4) was created using the function of dichotomous distance decay (weight stands at 1 within a 30-min drive-time catchment area and 0 outside). The results of 2 SFCA show remarkable disparities in spatial accessibility to healthcare centers within a catchment. Naturally, the difference in the number of healthcare centers available within the catchments contributed to creating the disparities in access to such centers. As shown in Figure 4, the results show that each possible district has an indexed accessibility score based on population. Scores of spatial accessibility were classified by Natural Breaks (Jenks) within the GIS environment. The scores do not reflect acceptable accessibility to healthcare centers, while they provide a relative measure by which accessibility can be evaluated and spatial disparities in access to services can be identified within the 30-min drive-time catchment area. This measure was created by comparing the spatial relationships between the supply and demand across space. The lowest score was zero, which means no accessibility to services, while, the higher the score of spatial accessibility, the greater the opportunity to access services. Thus, the score of spatial accessibility increases if the supply was greater than demand; in contrast, the score decreases if the demand was highly greater than the supply, even if the distance between the demand and supply was small. Nevertheless, the results obtained for urban Jeddah districts showed that the maximum accessibility score was 0.000013, which was obtained by 20 districts concentrated in the central part of the city, while the minimum accessibility score was 0, which was obtained by 14 districts concentrated in the peripheral parts of the city. The mean was 0.000011 and the standard deviation was 0.000002. As shown in Figure 4, districts can be divided into two main parts (red part and green part). First, for the red part with a score of zero, it represents districts that have no accessibility because they are beyond a 30-min travel time to access healthcare centers. These districts represent 12.39% of the total number of urban Jeddah districts. Despite the fact that the area of these districts represents about a quarter of the total area of urban Jeddah districts, they include about 2.49% of the total Jeddah population. Residents of these districts should travel a more than 30-min drive time to access the healthcare centers. It was expected that such peripheral districts would have a score of zero (i.e., no accessibility), where they are less served by the healthcare centers compared to other districts in the city. Furthermore, they have a limited road network that does not sufficiently connect them with other parts of the city. Second, for the green part, it represents the districts that have accessibility to healthcare centers within the catchment threshold, but with disparate levels of accessibility. These districts represent 87.61% of the total number of urban Jeddah districts and include 97.51% of the total Jeddah population. The darker the green districts, the greater the accessibility to services. Central districts have a higher score of accessibility compared to the rest of the Jeddah districts that have a low accessibility score, especially in the north and south of the city. Nevertheless, districts with the greatest accessibility have a vast majority of the Jeddah population that are concentrated in the city center, while districts with the lowest accessibility have smaller numbers of the population.