# Mineral Composition of _Chelidonium majus_ L. and Soils in Urban Areas
## 3 Results
### Environmental Indicators  
Table 3 shows an analysis of the variation in the geo-accumulation index (I-geo), enrichment factor (EF), and contamination factor (CF) for individual sites for the major elements. Negative values were obtained in almost all samples, indicating the absence or low content of these elements, whereas positive values suggested their increased contribution as contaminants. The lowest values for most elements, such as Na, show a very low index (e.g., PSh-1: \(-\)8.59, PSh-2: \(-\)7.91), suggesting no significant contamination. The highest values were obtained for S at locations PSh-1 (0.55) and PK/L-4 (0.33), indicating low contamination with this element.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & **Mo** & **Ag** & **Co** & **U** & **Au** & **Sr** & **Sb** & **Bi** & **V** & **La** & **Ba** & **Ti** & **B** & **W** & **Sc** & **T1** & **Se** \\ \hline \multicolumn{13}{c}{**Reference**} \\ \multicolumn{13}{c}{**Valate ***} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**1.3***} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**5.5***} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**5.5***} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**5.5***} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**5.5***} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**5.5***} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**5.5***} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**5.5***} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**5.5***} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**0.1***} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**5.5***} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**0.1***} \\ \hline \multirow{13}{*}{**C**} & Leaves & 4.74 & 51.00 & 0.48 & 0.06 & 0.80 & 0.31 & 0.03 & 0.4 & 0.56 & 29.10 & 18.00 & 55.00 & 0.10 & 0.10 & 0.12 & 0.10 \\  
Enrichment factor (EF) (Table 3) indicates the degree of enrichment of an element relative to a standard (usually iron) from an anthropogenic source. The higher the EF, the higher the contamination. The enrichment values for the element S values were highest, especially at sites PK\(\backslash\)L-4 (2.89), PK\(\backslash\)L-5 (3.33), and PS-6 (2.20). P also had high values at sites PK\(\backslash\)L-4 andPK\(\backslash\)L-5 at 2.39 and 4.56, respectively. This indicates significant and increasing enrichment of these elements from external sources.  
Contamination factor (CF) analysis indicated that the soil does not contain an excess of major elements; only low to moderate contamination was found in the case of S (PS-6: 2.20, PK\(\backslash\)L-4: 1.89), and P (1.14-1.58) (Table 3). The PK\(\backslash\)L-4 and PK\(\backslash\)L-5 sites showed significantly higher contamination rates than the others, especially with respect to the elements P and S.  
Bioaccumulation values refer to the ability of organisms (most often plants) to accumulate elements in their tissues from the environment. According to the BAF category, _Ch. majus_ is an excluder (Fe, Al, and Na), accumulator (Ca, Mg, and S), and hyperaccumulator (P and K, Table 4) in relation to the elements analyzed at the studied sites. As mentioned above, translocation values describe the ability of elements to move within plants, i.e., between roots and shoots. The highest translocation values were found for Ca (5.51) and Mg (1.90), indicating that they are efficiently transported within plants. Fe (1.23) and P (1.74) also showed a relatively high ability to move. No translocation or limited transport were observed for Al (0.81) and Na (0.95).