# Structure of Atmospheric Turbulence
###### Abstract
Using an analysis of the spectral structure of large-scale turbulence the characteristic slopes of the energy spectra of fluctuations in wind speed and air temperature were estimated. These spectra often differ from classical shapes. Energy spectra obtained are often lower-pitched. Spectra do not correspond to dependencies of power spectral density of fluctuations on frequency: \(f^{-3}\). The spectral dependencies can be used in estimations of the statistics of small-scale turbulence using fluctuations in meteorological parameters, including the \(C_{n}^{2}\) parameter. In the paper \"Wander of a Gaussian-Beam Wave Propagating through Kolmogorov and Non-Kolmogorov Turbulence along Laser-Satellite Communication Uplink\", the authors proposed exponential power spectra of refractive index fluctuations for non-Kolmogorov turbulence in the free troposphere and the stratosphere [11]. Authors developed a three-layer altitude-dependent model of the power spectrum of refractive-index fluctuations for satellite-to-ground and ground-to-satellite links, which is composed of the exponential Kolmogorov turbulence power spectrum of the boundary layer, the exponential non-Kolmogorov power spectrum turbulence of the free troposphere, and the exponential non-Kolmogorov power spectrum of the stratosphere. Nowadays a lot of papers present the results related to optical turbulence profiling [12; 13; 14; 15; 16]. The last paper presents \"Method for Measuring the Second-Order Moment of Atmospheric Turbulence\" [17]. [PERSON] et al. discuss the method to measure the characteristics of optical turbulence. The authors propose a method for measuring the second-order moment of atmospheric turbulence. The authors estimate the number of parameters and errors using \(C_{n}^{2}(z)\) profiles (Middle East, GreenWood, Clear 1, Hap, SLCnight, H-V 5/7). Using the method, the authors estimate the second-order moment of atmospheric turbulence \(\mu_{2}\) which is useful for the analysis of integrated tip-tilt and isokinetic angle. Moment \(\mu_{2}\) can also be monitored as a routine parameter such as\(\mu_{0}\) (Fried parameter) and \(\mu_{5/3}\) (isoplanatic angle). Thus, the issue contains a number of new results from original studies of atmospheric turbulence, including an analysis of the spectral structure of turbulent fluctuations in different ranges. Interesting methods have been proposed for measuring and studying atmospheric and optical turbulence. The results obtained may be of interest for atmospheric physics and optics, meteorology, and astronomy, including issues related to the development of adaptive optics systems [18]. writing--original draft preparation, A.Y.S., E.A.K. ; writing--review and editing, A.Y.S., E.A.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript  
The study was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation. Some approaches and data on optical turbulence are verified using the Unique Research Facility Large Solar Vacuum Telescope [[http://ckp-rf.ru/usu/200615/](http://ckp-rf.ru/usu/200615/)]([http://ckp-rf.ru/usu/200615/](http://ckp-rf.ru/usu/200615/)) accessed on 7 July 2022. Not applicable. The authors declare no conflict of interest.