# A High-Performance Thin-Film Sensor in 6G for Remote Sensing of the Sea Surface
## 4 Conclusions  
The utilization of remote sensing technology to assess marine water quality for 6G technology has gained significant attention in academic research. However, a notable gap exists in the availability of high-performance sensors that possess a large area at the centimeter level, exhibit high responsiveness, low NEP, high stability, and have the potential for mass production in a humid environment. In order to address this issue, we developed a marine remote sensing sensor specifically designed for 6G technology. This sensor incorporates a highly stable Te film, and we conducted a comprehensive study on its crystallization method, with a particular focus on comparing the sensing detection of THz waves under varying annealing temperatures. Our findings revealed the optimal crystallization method for this sensor, thereby contributing to the advancement of remote sensing technology for marine water quality assessment in the context of 6G technology. The best crystallization and detection effect was obtained at 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C annealing for 60 min, the R\({}_{\rm A}\) was up to 19.8 A/W, the NEP was 2.8 pW Hz\({}^{-1/2}\), the effective detection area of the detector could reach the centimeter level, and it was maintained for more than 2 months without encapsulation in a humid environment at 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 70-80% humidity. Furthermore, the response time of the film was measured as 78 ms. Taking into account its notable benefits, such as stability, detection performance, rapid response time, expansive \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Materials** & **Detection** & **Photoresponsivity** & **NEP (pW/Hz\({}^{1/2}\))** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Effective** \\ **Detection Area** \\ \end{tabular} & **Ref** \\ \hline Bi\({}_{2}\)Se\({}_{3}\) & 0.3 THz & \(0.29\times 10^{-2}\) V/W & 0.36 & Nanoscale & [39] \\ PfTe\({}_{2}\) & 0.12 THz & 1400 V/W & 10 & Nanoscale & [40] \\ PfTe\({}_{2}\) & 0.3 THz & \(1.3\times 10^{-8}\) V/W & 57 & Nanoscale & [41] \\ PbS & 0.14 THz & 3.12 A/W & 0.661 & Millimeter scale & [42] \\ WTe\({}_{2}\) & 0.1 THz & 8.78 A/W & 0.74 & Millimetre scale & [43] \\ MoTe\({}_{2}\) & 0.1 THz & 4 A/W & 9.74 & Millimetre scale & [44] \\ Te crystal & 0.305 THz & 9.83 A/W & 0.6 & Nanoscale & [45] \\ Bi\({}_{\rm BS}\)Sb\({}_{12}\) & 0.14 THz & 12–20 mV/W & 770 & Micron scale & [46] \\ NbIrTe\({}_{4}\) & 0.03 THz & \(5.7\times 10^{4}\) V/W & - & Nanoscale & [47] \\ EuSn\({}_{2}\)As\({}_{2}\) & 0.02 THz & 0.2 A/W & 30 & Nanoscale & [48] \\ NbSe\({}_{2}\) & 0.173 THz & \(7.8\times 106\) V/W & 0.05 & Nanoscale & [49] \\ MAPbl\({}_{3}\) & 0.1 THz & 88.8 μA/W & 2160 & Nanoscale & [50] \\ VSe\({}_{2}\) & 0.256 THz & \(1.3\times 10^{3}\) A/W & 0.02 & Nanoscale & [51] \\ GaN & 0.21–0.23 THz & 4.9 kV/W & 72 & Nanoscale & [52] \\ GO/Bi & 0.22 THz & 0.226 V/W & 1340 & Nanoscale & [53] \\ multigate graphene & 0.3 THz & 1.9 mA/W & 670 & Nanoscale & [54] \\ Black Phosphorus & 0.12 THz & 297 V/W & 58 & Nanoscale & [55] \\ antiferromagnetic/heavy & 0.45 THz & 2500 V/W & - & Nanoscale & [56] \\ metal & 0.13 THz & \textgreater{}4 kV/W & 0.2 & Microscale & [57] \\ Si-metal & 0.1–1.5 THz & 40 mA/W & 42 & Millimeter scale & [58] \\ Te & 0.1 THz & 19.8 A/W & 2.8 & Centimeter scale & This Work \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: The main performance of THz detectors in recent years. effective area, and straightforward mass production, the crystalline Te large-area film has emerged as a sensor for the advancement of 6G ocean remote sensing technology. Q.S. : formal analysis, investigation, data curation, methodology, writing--original draft. X.X. : writing--review and editing, funding acquisition. J.Z. : project administration. Z.P. and J.W. : formal analysis, investigation, methodology. B.Z. and M.Z. : resources, formal analysis, supervision, methodology. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.