## 4 Discussion
[29], which sought to determine the antibacterial effects of _Hypericum perforatum_ L. extracts against mastitis pathogens, the extract demonstrated a maximal inhibition zone against two bacteria (Coagulase-negative _Staphylococci_ 33 and 37; CNS 33 and 37). The results from this study offer credence to the result obtained, showing that _Hypericum perforatum_ has a good antimicrobial profile. _Plantago major_ L. also recorded the highest antimicrobial activity against several microorganisms, including _Escherichia coli_, _Staphylococcus aureus_, _Bacillus cereus_, _Bacillus subtilis_, _Staphylococcus epidermidis_, _Klebsiella pneumoniae_, _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_, _Proteus mirabilis_, _Salmonella enteritidis_, and _Listeria monocytogenes_, have been recorded in the literature [31; 32; 33]. In the assessment of the _Plantago major_ L. extract for antimicrobial activities, the results showed that the MIC of the aqueous extract was between 0.022 mg/mL and 0.045 mg/mL for _Staphylococcus aureus_ and between 0.09 mg/mL and 0.181 mg/mL for both _Escherichia coli_ and _Listeria monocytogenes_ using the disc diffusion method [31]. Plantago major extract had a high inhibition zone, which was exhibited on _Staphylococcus aureus_ and _Bacillus cereus_, while moderate activities of 13.3 and 11.3 mm for the same fraction were obtained, respectively, against _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ and _Acinetobacter bowie_. _Klebsiella pneumonia_, _Proteus mirabilis_, and _Salmonella typhimurium_ exhibited low susceptibility in comparison with the other strains in the study by [PERSON] et al. [34] using disc diffusion and micro-dilution methods. Similarly, the highest antimicrobial activity of _Rumex acetosa_ L. against all strains had a significant effect against _Salmonella enteritidis_ compared to the other extracts, while the highest antimicrobial activity of _Urtica dioca_ L. was recorded against _L. innocua_, with each plant demonstrating relatively lower but fairly significant activity against the other strains. The antimicrobial properties of _Rumex acetosa_ L. against staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, including _Escherichia coli_, _Proteus mirabilis_, _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_, as well as fungi _Candida_ spp., or _Trichophytron mentagrophytes_, have been reported using the agar dilution method [35]. _Urtica dioca_ L. has also demonstrated antimicrobial activity against _Acinetobacter alcoaceticus_, _Bacillus cereus_, _Bacillus spizizemii_, _Microoccus_ spp., _Vibrio parahaemolyticus_, _Escherichia coli_, _Bacillus subtilis_, methicillin-resistant _Staphylococcus aureus_, _Klebsiella pneumoniae_, and _Salmonella paratyphi_ B [36; 37]. On average, _Rumex acetosa_ L. appeared to demonstrate the highest antimicrobial activity, with a mean MIC of approximately 0.28%, followed by _Urtica dioca_ L., which has an average MIC of 0.38%. _Escherichia coli_ also appeared to be the microorganism most resistant to the plant extracts, with a mean MIC of 0.85%, while _Microoccus_. _Iuteus_ was the most susceptible. Statistical significance is recorded, with all microorganisms recording a _p_-value well below 0.05. The role environmental factors play in the phytochemical composition of various plant parts has been demonstrated on numerous occasions in the literature. Environmental factors such as light intensity, CO\({}_{2}\) concentration, average temperature, and soil content, among others, play pivotal roles in the growth and production of phytochemicals in plants [38]. Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Mass Spectrometry (MS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) assays, and other techniques, studies have found statistically significant differences in phytochemical compositions, which could influence the therapeutic functions of _Plantago major_ L. [39; 40], _Hypericum perforatum_[41], and _Urtica dioca_[42]. Similarly, [PERSON] et al.