esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# The Recent Development of the Surgical Treatment for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
## 2 Surgical Indications for HCC  
The indications of liver resection for HCC depends on the liver functional reserve and biological features of the tumor. The first prerequisite is maintained liver function. Many guidelines require Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0-1 and Child-pugh A/B as surgical indications [4; 5; 6]. Among them, the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) guidelines state that only patients with PS0, Child-Pugh A, and no ascites are eligible for liver resection [7]. Second, the indications for liver resection, based on tumor progression, are quite different between Asian and West countries. The extent of tumor progression is evaluated by the number and the size of tumors, the extent of vascular invasion, and the presence of extrahepatic metastasis. In Asian countries, in addition to the tumors within the Milan criteria, liver resection is attempted for selected advanced HCC cases outside the Milan criteria as long as the absence of extrahepatic metastasis and technically feasible [3; 4; 5]. On the other hand, in Western countries, which follow the Barcelona-Clinic Liver Cancer staging classification (BCLC staging system), have set narrow indications for liver resection [8]. For those with single nodules within 2 cm in size without vascular invasion or extrahepatic metastasis, liver resection is recommended. This is mainly due to the low hurdle for liver transplantation.
## 4 Discussion
### Assembly & Mass Customisation  
The question related to Assembly and Mass customization is: \"What are the characteristics and implications of mass customization for assembly operations?Mass customization brings increased complexity that needs to be addressed at multiple levels and taking a holistic point of view to ensure that optimizing a subsystem does not negatively affect another subsystem. Assembly complexity reaches outside the boundaries of assembly operations and needs to be considered jointly with supply chain, quality, maintenance and IT/IS. Industry 4.0 digital technologies have a critical role to play in making possible mass customization assembly systems that do not compromise on quality and cost.
# Modal Properties of Photonic Crystal Cavities and Applications to Lasers
## 1 Introduction  
A photonic crystal (PhC) [1] is the optical analogue of a solid-state crystal. Electrons in a crystal travel as waves through the periodic potential induced by the crystal atoms and exhibit energy band structures [2]. Similarly, a PhC is a periodic dielectric patterning on the scale of the photon wavelength. In these structures, the frequency and wavevector of photons are linked in a _photonic_ band structure. Depending on the energy and propagation direction of photons, there may exist photonic band gaps. In these frequency ranges, photons backscattered by the periodic refractive index constructively interfere, and photon propagation is effectively inhibited.  
This allows for tight confinement of light to defects in the periodic photonic crystal and makes such structures ideal platforms for optical cavities.  
In this work, we focus on photonic crystals consisting of air holes in a semiconductor material, rather than, e.g., isolated dielectric rods in air [1]. Figure 1 shows three examples of PhC cavities. A line-defect cavity (Figure 1a) is formed by introducing a defect within an otherwise (ideally) perfect PhC structure. This structure is carved out of a semiconductor slab (for instance, GaAs, InP or Si), by perforating the slab with a periodic patterning (i.e., a lattice) of air holes. The region surrounding the defect collectively acts as a distributed Bragg reflector, thereby efficiently trapping light inside the cavity. Light confinement in the vertical (i.e., \(y\)) direction is by total internal reflection. The hexagonal lattice ensuresa large photonic band gap for TE polarization (i.e., with the electric field predominantly in \(x\) direction) [1] and is often employed in the realization of PhC lasers. In this case, the slab also includes the active medium, made of strained quantum wells [3; 4] or quantum dots [5; 6], which provide high gain for TE-polarized light. A cavity may also be realized in a semiconductor nanobeam [7] (Figure 1b). In this case, the photonic band gap confines the light in the longitudinal (i.e., \(z\)) direction, and confinement in the other directions is by total internal reflection. By exploiting a bow-tie structure, a cavity exhibiting spatial confinement of light deep below the wavelength of light in the material may be realized [8; 9]. Figure 1c shows an example of such a cavity realized by topology optimization, which also displays such extreme dielectric confinement (EDC) [10].
# Study on Cyber Common Operational Picture Framework for Cyber Situational Awareness
## 3 Design and Implementation of the CyCOP Framework
### Collecting External/Internal Network Information  
Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) refers to information obtained from open sources. The upper portion of Figure 4 shows that external network information is collected based on information from public sources. External network information includes Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) information, Geographic (Geo) JSON, Persona, and other data.  
BGP is an external gateway protocol used to exchange routing information between routers in different Autonomous Systems (AS). Oregon University uploads such BGP information to the University of Oregon Route Views Archive Project [41] every 2 h. In this research, these data were collected from 1 June 2021-20 June 2022 in a 24-h cycle. The data capacity was approximately 9.2 GB per day, approximately 260 GB per month, and approximately 3.2 TB per year.  
GeoJSON is an open standard format designed to systematically represent terrain based on points with geographic information [42]. There is no detailed geographic information in BGP information, but by using information provided by MaxMind [43] and Caida [44], geographic information is obtained and converted into GeoJSON.  
MaxMind, SecurityTrails [45], ip-api [46], and WhoisXMLAPI [47] were used for collecting Persona and other data. Using the IP and geographic information collected earlier, they found the information included in the 3 rd layer of cyberspace and collected all non-overlapping items.  
Information such as the network equipment, S/W, firewall, IP, and port was collected by requesting the internal network information from the infrastructure manager and security officer.
## 3 Qrws with Qudit Coin Constructed by Householder Reflection
### Monte Carlo Simulations of Qrws  
We carried out series of Monte Carlo simulations of QRWS algorithm with qudit coin. Our numerical code takes random values for both angles \(\phi,\zeta\in[0,2\pi]\), and simulates the quantum algorithm with walk coin constructed by a HR and a phase multiplier with those values. The coin size is prior known, so we will consider it as constant (\(m=const\)). After each run of the QRWS algorithm's simulation, the angles \((\phi,\zeta)\) and the probability to find solution \(p(\phi,\zeta)\) are stored.  
Examples of Monte Carlo simulations for coins with dimensions 5 and 9 are shown in Figure 2a and Figure 2b, correspondingly. The darker color shows higher probability to find a solution, and lighter color--smaller \(p(\phi,\zeta)\). In the case of coin size \(m\geq 4\), there is a stripe with high probability to find solution. As \(p(\phi,\zeta)\) increases, the width of the stripe decreases. In Appendix A in Figure 11, similar figures for coin size \(m\in[2,11]\) are shown. For \(m\geq 4\), they have the same behavior as discussed above.  
By using a ML model (described in Appendix F) trained on the Monte Carlo data-points \((\phi,\zeta,p(\phi,\zeta))\) with coin size \(m\in[2,10]\), we make a prediction for \(p(\phi,\zeta)\), \(m\geq 11\). The results for coin size \(11\) and \(16\) are plotted in Figure 3b and Figure 3c, respectively. They show that ML also confirms the observation from the last paragraph for reducing the width of the stripe of high \(p(\phi,\zeta)\) by increasing the coin size. In order to evaluate our ML model, in the case of QRWS with coin size \(m=11\), additional Monte Carlo simulations were performed--they were our validation set. The results are given in Figure 3a. If we compare them with the ML predictions Figure 3b, except for a slight blurring in the ML extrapolations explained in Appendix F, both figures show quite similar behavior.  
The observation of stripe with high probability \(p(\zeta,\phi,m)\), persisting for all studied coin dimension, point us toward defining a function \(\zeta=\zeta(\phi)\), and the probability to find a solution becomes a curve \(p(\phi)\) in the plane spanned by \(\zeta\) and \(\phi\):  
\[p(\phi,\zeta,m)\longrightarrow p(\phi,\zeta(\phi),m=const)\equiv p(\phi) \tag{14}\]  
The construction of such a dependence between coin parameters effectively eliminates one of the coin parameters, while allowing us to significantly increase the quantum algorithm's robustness, as will be shown in the next sections.
## 3 Proposed Methodology
### AnFIS  
ANFIS is a multilayer feed forward network, which integrates the merits of neural networks and fuzzy inference systems [31]. In this paper, ANFIS with type-3 reasoning mechanisms was applied. The typical ANFIS with type-3 reasoning mechanisms consists of five layers, which are shown in Figure 1, the detailed descriptions of which are given in [31]. The functions of each layer are given below.  
Layer 1: The outputs of this layer are defined as  
\[O_{1,i}=\mu_{Ai}(x),i=1,2, \tag{11}\]  
\[O_{1,i}=\mu_{Bi-2}(y),i=3,4, \tag{12}\]  
where \(x\) or \(y\) denotes the wind speed series, \(O_{1,i}\) is the membership degree of fuzzy set {A\({}_{1}\), A\({}_{2}\)} or {B\({}_{1}\), B\({}_{2}\)}, and \(\mu(x)\) or \(\mu(y)\) is the membership function.  
The following membership function is utilized:  
\[\mu_{Ai}(x)=\exp[-0.5[(x-c_{i})/\alpha i]]\ \ \therefore i=1,2, \tag{13}\]  
where \(\mu_{Ai}(x)\) is the Gaussian function, and \(c_{i}\) and \(\sigma_{i}\) are the mean and standard deviation of the membership function, respectively.  
Layer 2: This layer is the operation layer.  
Layer 3: All the input variables are normalized in this layer, and the output of this layer is calculated as  
\[O_{3,i}=\overline{W}_{i}=\frac{W_{i}}{W_{1}+W_{2}}\ \therefore i=1,2, \tag{14}\]  
where \(O_{3,i}\) is the output of Layer 3, and \(W_{i}\) is the incentive strength of rule \(i\).  
Layer 4: The following node function is applied in this layer:  
\[z_{i}=\overline{W}_{i}f_{i}=\overline{W}_{i}(p_{i}x+q_{i}y+r_{i})\ \ \therefore i=1,2, \tag{15}\]  
where {_pi,qi,r_i} is the parameter set of the nodes.  
Layer 5: The single node in this layer summarizes all incoming series as follows:  
\[z=\overline{W}_{1}z_{1}+\overline{W}_{2}z_{2}. \tag{16}\]  
Figure 1: The architecture of the adaptive neural network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) with type-3 reasoning mechanisms.
# AMBIQUAL: Towards a Quality Metric for Headphone Rendered Compressed Ambisonic Spatial Audio
## 3 Subjective Listening Tests Using the MUSHRA Methodology
### Experiment 1-Single Point Audio Sources
#### 3.4.4 Results  
Aggregated subjective listening quality scores by encoding scheme (with mean values and 95% confidence intervals) are shown in Section 4.6. Aggregated subjective localization accuracy scores are also shown in Section 4.6. The aggregated scores are estimated here as the average MUSHRA scores obtained for all nine audio test samples. Single point sources with fixed localizations are denoted in this paper with suffix \"F\". Sources moving vertically (i.e., dynamic elevation) are denoted with suffix \"E1\" and moving horizontally (i.e., dynamic azimuth) are denoted with suffix \"Az\".  
Full details and analysis of this experiment are presented in [3]. In summary, listening quality and localization accuracy are greatly impacted by compression using the Opus 1.2 codec. This is confirmed by the listening tests. The quality of experience depends largely on the channel bit rate used. Listening quality was deemed to be \"good\" for conditions 3 OA512 and FOA128. Localization was deemed to \"excellent\" for condition 3 OA512. Lower bit rates have detrimental effects on listening quality and localization accuracy. It was observed that with bit rates of 16 kbps per channel (used by 3 OA256 encoding scheme) 3 OA no longer outperforms FOA.
# Femtosecond Optical Nonlinearity of Nanodiamond Suspensions
###### Abstract  
High pressure-high temperature (HP-HT) nanodiamonds and detonation nanodiamonds have unique optical properties and are promising materials for various applications in photonics. In this work, for the first time, comparative studies of the nonlinear optical properties of aqueous suspensions of HP-HT and detonation nanodiamonds under femtosecond laser excitation are performed. Using the z-scan technique, it was found that for the same laser pulse parameters HP-HT nanodiamonds exhibited optical limiting due to two-photon absorption while detonation nanodiamonds exhibited saturable absorption accompanied by short-term optical bleaching, revealing the different electronic-gap structures of the two types of nanodiamonds. The saturable absorption properties of detonation nanodiamonds are characterized by determining the saturable and non-saturable absorption coefficients, the saturation intensity, and the ratio of saturable to non-saturable losses. The nonlinear absorption in HP-HT nanodiamonds is described with the nonlinear absorption coefficient that decreases with decreasing concentration of nanoparticles linearly. The results obtained show the possibility of using aqueous suspensions of nanodiamonds for saturable absorption and optical limiting applications.  
nanodiamonds; nonlinear optics; nonlinear refraction; nonlinear absorption; two-photon absorption; saturable absorption; optical limiting +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
###### Abstract
Due to the linguistic characteristics, Chinese long texts can generate tokens that exceed the length of the original text by twofold, thus limiting the comprehensive processing of lengthy texts and requiring truncation. Researchers from the Allen Institute for AI [33] proposed the Longformer model based on the foundational Transformer model in 2020, which can handle sequences of up to 4096 tokens. This represents a significant increase compared to the 512-token limit of BERT variants. To address the problems of insufficient correlation mining, the impossibility to process long text all at once and vague mapping relationships within the same sequence, this paper proposes the Sac-BiLSTM algorithm. It combines the features extracted from both character-level and word-level embeddings, forming a dual-channel architecture. Additionally, self-attention is integrated to improve accuracy. The Sac-BiLSTM algorithm incorporates the ability of BiLSTM to capture long-range dependencies during the feature extraction process. It also leverages CNN and dilated convolutional networks to extract local features. By assigning corresponding weight matrices to convolutional kernels of different granularities, the issue of refining granularity is resolved. Furthermore, a module combining a self-attention mechanism and pooling is added after the convolutional layer, allowing for the reassignment of weights to the post-convolutional features. This enables the construction of a deep learning algorithm suitable for sentiment classification of Chinese products, based on the characteristics of Chinese product reviews. In addition to the convolutional neural network, the Sac-BiLSTM algorithm utilizes a concatenated bidirectional long short-term memory network (BiLSTM) to analyze contextual information. It further employs non-static character and word embeddings as two separate channels for training, enabling the algorithm to better capture word semantics. Chapter 2 of the paper elaborates on the materials used by the proposed method, Chapter 3 presents details of the experimental process and results, Chapter 4 discusses the obtained experimental results, and Chapter 5 presents conclusions based on experimental findings. The contributions of this paper are as follows: i. Proposing a dual-channel network structure that combines Self-Attention with BiLSTM, considering the syntactic structure and semantic relevance of the given sentence. Specifically, we integrate the parallel networks through an interactive Text eigenvector. ii. Designing two learning networks: a character-level network and a word-level network. The character-level network encouragesthe learning of deep semantic information and local relationships in sentences, while the word vector matrix network learns global contextual features and information. iii. Conducting extensive experiments on the onlineshopping10 cats standard dataset uploaded to ChineseNlpCorpus in 2018 to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
# Gamma-ray Bursts: 50 Years and Counting!
## 6 The Swift Era (2004-Ongoing)
Some bursts, such as GRB101225 (the \"Christmas Burst\") or GRB111209A, were extremely long (with GRB111209A still holding the record as the longest GRB observed, with a duration of more than 7 h) with observational properties difficult to interpret with the models of the time; these represented a prototype of a separate class of ultralong GRBs with a possible progenitor different from the others [101]. GRB110328, now called \"Sw J1644+57\", was a totally anomalous event, later recognized as the gamma-ray emission from a tidal disruption event (TDE), the destruction of a star by a supermassive black hole [102; 103; 104; 105]. This remarkable GRB marked the first time such type of events was ever observed. This era can be summarized as follows:  
* _[PERSON]_ was able to detect the X-ray afterglow of short-duration GRBs, and thanks to multiwavelength follow-up campaigns, it was possible to identify their host galaxies: short GRBs are hosted in different galaxies (and outside of star formation regions) with respect to long GRBs. This was the first strong hint that the two categories might come from different precursors. * The observation of the early GRB afterglows allowed the discovery of a complex multi-phase structure given by a superposition of processes, at odds with the theoretical models of the time. * The detection of some \"anomalous\" signals challenged the use of the temporal criterion (short vs. long) alone for the classification of GRBs. * _Swift_ is able to detect the highest-redshift GRBs, which led to their use to study the Early Universe.
## 2 Continuous Model
### Damping Forces  
A damping continuous model, accounting for both external damping (due to firm air-structure interaction) and internal damping (due to material dissipation), is used. This approach is different from that usually followed in literature, in which an 'overall' damping is attributed to the modes of the discrete system on experimental (or of literature) ground.  
The contribution of the internal damping is related to two different physical mechanisms (see [37]): (a) elongation of the longitudinal fibers, both in cable and in beam, and (b) internal friction of the prestressed fibers of the cable. By adopting the Kelvin-Voigt model for mechanism (a), the elastic modulus \(E_{\alpha}\) (\(\alpha=b,c\)) must be replaced by \(E_{\alpha}\left(1+\eta_{\alpha}\partial_{t}\right),\) with \(\eta_{\alpha}\) an internal viscous damping coefficient, having physical dimensions of a time. By adopting the same rule for mechanisms (b), the pretension \(T_{0}\) must be replaced by \(T_{0}\left(1+\eta_{c}\partial_{t}\right)\). In symbols:  
\[\begin{split}& E_{\alpha}\to E_{\alpha}\left(1+\eta_{\alpha} \partial_{t}\right)\\ & T_{0}\to T_{0}\left(1+\eta_{c}\partial_{t}\right)\end{split} \tag{3}\]  
Accordingly, the time-differential damping operator is proportional to the elasto-geometric stiffness operator. Such a type of damping is usually referred as proportional, or Raleigh model, in the context of the finite-dimensional systems.  
The external damping is modeled by forces proportional to velocities, as:  
\[p_{\alpha}^{d}=-c_{\alpha\alpha}\vartheta\quad\quad\alpha=b,c \tag{4}\]  
in which \(c_{eb}\) and \(c_{ec}\) are beam and cable external damping coefficients, from which \(c_{e}:=c_{eb}+c_{ec}\) is the coefficient of total external damping.  
Note that the damping model introduced here is able to distinguish the beam and cable contributions. The four damping parameters can be calibrated to reproduce modal damping of as many modes.
## 7 Conclusions  
This paper proposes to use fractional proportional-resonant (FPR) controllers for AC voltage regulation.  
The paper analyses the stability through the Nyquist trajectory conceptualisation applied to the continuous-time domain. This stability study concludes that if the stability of the fractional term in the range \(\alpha\in[1,2]\) is not compromised, while if \(\alpha\) is lower than 1, it could be according to the selected fractional term and the system parameters.  
The paper proposes a methodology to obtain the FPR controllers' gains. The methodology derives analytical expressions that can be used to set a specific gain margin at a specific frequency.  
An in-depth analysis of the proposed formulation when using the tuning proposal was conducted, focusing on the challenges of sensitivity and robustness. This analysis was performed by comparing FPR controllers with classical proportional-resonant (PR) controllers that include harmonic compensators (HC). A consistent tuning method was applied as a common criterion alongside sensitivity analysis to establish a comparable framework for evaluating the controllers' performance. The findings indicate that the FPR controller maintains validity without significant negative impacts on sensitivity and robustness. This approach was validated through simulations and experimental tests, which demonstrate that the FPR controller can be effectively designed to enhance various control objectives, including frequency tracking of AC voltage references and increased system stability and robustness against inaccuracies.  
Therefore, the FPR controller emerges as a good alternative to multi-harmonic proportional resonant controllers with a contained implementation. Furthermore, the FPR controller stands out above for applications in which controlling the AC voltage and rejecting load disturbances is a key factor, such as grid-forming converters or AC power supplies.  
Conceptualisation, D.H.-P.; methodology, D.H.-P., D.M.-M. and J.M.-F.; software, C.C.-A. and T.L.-P.; validation, D.H.-P., C.C.-A.  
Data Availability Statement: Data is contained within the article.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.