## 5 Results and Discussion
### Discussion  
Figure 15 shows the two results, data rate and BLER reporting the SINR. For maximum sensitivity, SINR equal to \(-20\) dB, LoRa achieves 0.62 Kbps for data rate and 1 for BLER. The data rate is 1.34 kbps at \(-15\) dB with a BLER of 50%. LoRa can operate at its highest data rate and BLER when the SINR is 5 dB or higher. Table 4 shows measurements of SINR, BLER, and data rate at various distances between the RX and TX in a LoRa protocol trial where the TX was stationary on the roof of a university building and the RX was mounted on a moving car. The results show that the performance of the LoRa protocol is affected by the distance between the RX and TX, with increasing distance leading to a decrease in SINR and data rate and an increase in BLER. Figure 14: LoRa data rate histogram. Investigating LoRa in a software-defined radio-enhanced mobile receiver configuration for IIoT applications has shown some interesting results, as outlined in the previous sections. We observe from the obtained results that increasing the distance between the transmitter and receiver decreases the data rates. This drop is to be expected, because signal strength decreases with distance, which leads to higher transmission errors and, consequently, lower data rates. However, it should be noted that at certain distances, data rates have fallen even more than expected. A further significant observation is the effect of distance on SINR and BLER, which are dependent on SNR. By increasing the distance, the signal strength decreases, leading to a lower SNR. Consequently, there is a reduction in SINR and an increase in BLER. Our results clearly show that LoRa demonstrates remarkable reliability in different positions while maintaining high signal strength. In summary, the results of this research indicate that LoRa shows significant promise for IIoT applications, with the possibility of further enhancement with the help of SDR technology. Furthermore, the SDR can help optimize transmission parameters, such as modulation schemes and coding rates, resulting in increased data rates and system reliability. Understanding the complex interaction of spreading factor and bandwidth is essential to optimize LoRa communication systems against interference. In our experiments, these configuration parameters have impacts on the communication range, data rate, and sensitivity to interference. Higher SF values, exemplified by SF = 10, enhance noise immunity by lengthening symbol duration, thereby facilitating better signal discrimination in noisy environments. However, this advantage comes at the cost of reduced data throughput, causing a delicate balance between noise robustness and the data throughput required for specific applications. Likewise, choosing a BW, such as BW = 200 kHz, can lead to a trade-off. A narrower bandwidth can improve the noise immunity to narrowband interference but may increase susceptibility to narrowband interference. The strategic combination of SF = 10 and BW = 200 kHz appears to be a nuanced approach to improve noise resilience, \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline
**Distance (m)** & **SINR (dB)** & **BLER** & **Data Rate (bps)** \\ \hline
37 & \(\downarrow\)40, 35[ & \(\downarrow\)0, 0.1[ & \(\geq\)1500 \\
65 & \(\downarrow\)40, 30[ & \(\downarrow\)0, 0.1[ & 1500 \\
93 & \(\downarrow\)30, 25[ & \(\downarrow\)0, 0.1[ & \(\geq\)1500 \\
124 & \(\downarrow\)30, 20[ & \(\downarrow\)0.1, 0.5[ & 1200 \\
173 & \(\downarrow\)20, 15[ & \(\downarrow\)0.1, 0.5[ & \(\leq\)1500 \\
204 & \(\leq\)15 & \(\downarrow\)0.4, 0.5[ & 1000 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Analysis of LoRa protocol performance with a moving receiver. Figure 15: LoRa data rate, BLER and SINR results. especially in narrowband noise environments. This combination takes advantage of the extended symbol duration to improve interference rejection, while the narrower bandwidth focuses on specific frequency bands, minimizing the impact of narrowband interference.