# Implementation of Climate Change Effects on Slope Stability Analysis
## 1 Introduction
The IPCC [13] aims to comprehensively and objectively assess the best available information on climate. In its AR6 (2022) report [16], the IPCC notes the following changes: each of the last four decades since 1850 has been successively warmer than any previous decade. Global surface temperature was 0.99 \({}^{\circ}\)C higher in the first two decades of the 21 st century (2001-2020) than in the 1850-1900 period, and global surface temperature was 1.09 \({}^{\circ}\)C higher in 2011-2020 than in 1850-1900, with a larger increase over land (1.59 \({}^{\circ}\)C) than over sea (0.88 \({}^{\circ}\)C). The estimated increase in global surface temperature since AR5 (IPCC 2014) is primarily due to further warming since 2003-2012 (+0.19 \({}^{\circ}\)C). Additionally, methodological advances and new datasets contributed approximately 0.1 \({}^{\circ}\)C to the updated estimate of warming in AR6. Finding the causes of climate change is undoubtedly fundamental from an environmental point of view, as is developing models that focus on forecasting climate change for the future [17]. Unfortunately, climate science is quite uncertain about this. In the past, observations were used to calibrate models and then, extrapolations were made about the future. Nowadays climate change predictions typically use a two-step modeling approach [18]: the General Circulation Model (GCM), including key global physical and chemical processes; and the Regional Climate Model (RCM), which translates the GCM solutions to the local scale. As an example, CORDEX (Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment) [19] is a program sponsored by the World Climate Research Program (WRCP) [18]. It was organized to internationally coordinate frameworks that will produce improved regional climate change projections for all land regions, worldwide. The CORDEX results serve as input for the impacts on climate change and adaptation studies. NASA [20] presented climate models showing that extreme weather events will become more frequent with climate change. For this reason, attention should be focused on the subsequent possible changes in the behaviour and failure of geotechnical infrastructures, which can have significant impact on damages and losses. Nevertheless, not many publications deal with the geotechnical aspect of climate change adaptation. This may be because geotechnical aspects require high-resolution local information on climatic extremes and model results are often only available at a large spatial resolution or do not account for climatic extremes. The measured and projected changes are described for six climate regions in Europe (Northern Europe, Northwestern Europe, Central and Eastern Europe, Mediterranean Europe, coastal and mountainous regions). [PERSON] et al. [21] similarly cited the potential impacts of climate change on slopes for Climate Change Features, but only for four core regions in Europe. The SafeLand project [22] provided the first analysis of natural landslide risk in relation to climate. It used the continuum of soil infiltration, including evapotranspiration, to analyze stability. [PERSON] et al. [23] focused on geo-structures under partially saturated conditions, identifying the change of soil properties as another effect of climate change that may affect geo-structures performance. [PERSON] [24] analyzed the stability of embankments for current and future climate using numerical modeling techniques, and this study shows that the effects of climate change depend significantly on the hydraulic properties of the fill materials. [PERSON] et al. [25] analyzed an agricultural embankment's seepage and slope stability, evaluated by considering statistically derived rainfall patterns and hydromechanical soil properties. Finally, [PERSON] et al. [26] investigated how geo-structural concerns are being addressed in national adaptation plans and found out that specific provisions for geo-structural adaptation are generally lacking and mainly come in the form of strategies for specific problems.