esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{108.4 pt} p{108.4 pt} p{108.4 pt}} \hline
**Objective** & **Model Type** & **Method** \\ \hline Minimizing MC operation costs while scheduling resources optimally and meeting utility grid variability constraints [23]. & Single-bus model & A mixed integer linear programming (MLP) model is used to formulate the microgrid optimal scheduling problem subject to prevailing operational and added flexibility constraints. & MLP models are solved using CPLEX 12.6. \\ \hline Optimine MC dispatch for participation in real-time ancillary service markets using MPC [1]. & Single-bus model & Log-based controls, Model Predictive Control (MPC) without ancillary services, and MPC with ancillary services. \\ \hline Minimise operational costs by optimizing the mix of resources for regulation resources [24]. & Detailed model & Conditional value-at-risk (CVAE) theory is adopted to effectively measure and mitigate potential risks of the PS. The optimization model is a MLP model, which is solved in MATLAB by calling the VALMIP toolbox in the CPLEX solver. \\ \hline The objective function minimizes operation costs by coordinating 18-BESS and conventional units for multi-type active power regulation services [25]. & Detailed model & Calling commercial software CPLEX based on VALMIP toolbox in CPLEX solver. \\ \hline A-two adaptive checkpoint model for a hybrid renewable energy system combining wind, PV, and thermal power [14]. & Single-bus model & Lipag/127.6 software. \\ \hline Minimise the total cost of energy and reserves by co-optimizing energy and ramping reserves during both normal and contingency conditions [23]. & Detailed model & Probability-reweighted scenarios (PWS) and Probability transition matrices (PTM). \\ \hline Optimine the scheduling of Virtual Power Plants for participation in AS markets, focusing on enhancing PS flexibility and reducing net operating costs [27]. & Single-bus model & Using the CPLEX solver \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Overview of previous works.
# Unlocking the Potential: How Flying Taxis Will Shape the Future of Transportation
## 3 Customer Need to Use Flying Taxis
### Flying Taxis Benefit the Environment Compared to Traditional Air Transportation  
Flying taxis have the potential to benefit the environment compared to traditional air transportation in several ways, as represented in Figure 25.  
Many flying taxi designs incorporate electric or hybrid-electric propulsion, which produces significantly fewer emissions than traditional fossil-fuel-powered aircraft. This could help reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, which contribute to climate change. Some flying taxi designs use quieter electric motors, which could reduce noise pollution in urban areas. Flying taxis could potentially reduce the number of vehicles on the road, which could lead to less congestion and shorter travel times. This could help reduce the amount of fuel consumed and emissions produced by ground transportation. Flying taxis could potentially require less infrastructure than traditional air transportation, such as runways and airports. This could help reduce the environmental impact of building and maintaining such infrastructure. While flying taxis would not completely eliminate environmental impacts, they have the potential to be a more sustainable mode of transportation compared to traditional air transportation [165].
# Predictors of Analgesic Consumption in Orthodontic Patients
## 3 Results  
### Sample Characteristics  
Two hundred and eighty-six patients (90 males (31.5%), and 196 females (68.5%), aged 19.25 \(\pm\) 6.60 years) involved in this study recorded that pain mostly started after 6 h (43%), followed by 12 h (35%) after the bonding procedure. The recorded intensity of pain for the first day after bonding was 4.03 \(\pm\) 2.63 (median 4) (on VNS 1-10 scale), 3.763 \(\pm\) 2.521 (median 4) for the second day, and 2.923 \(\pm\) 2.309 (median 3) for the third day and continued to descend as the treatment progressed. Orthodontic patients consumed analgesics mostly during the first days of treatment, 33% of patients on the first day, 23% on the second day, about 9% on the third day. From the fourth day onward, less than 5% of patients consumed analgesics. Patients mostly complained that pain was triggered by chewing and biting, and described it as pressure and discomfort. In Table 1 the descriptive statistics of the investigated sample are given.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** & **N** & **Percent** & **Mean (SD)** & **Median** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Gender} & Male & 90 & 31.5 & \\  & Female & 196 & 68.5 & \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{Age} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{19.25(6.60)} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Degree of crowding} & Mild & 107 & 45.5 & \\  & Moderate & 58 & 24.7 & \\  & Severe & 70 & 29.8 & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Extraction therapy} & Extraction & 136 & 47.6 & \\  & No extractions & 150 & 52.4 & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Wire size} & 0.012” & 133 & 46.7 & \\  & 0.014” & 140 & 49.1 & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Beginning of pain} & Immediately & 19 & 6.7 & \\  & After 6 h & 123 & 43.2 & \\  & After 12 h & 99 & 34.7 & \\  & Did not hurt & 15 & 5.3 & \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{Intensity of pain} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{4.03(2.63)} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Pain killers} & Yes & 93 & 32.9 & \\  & No & 190 & 67.1 & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Localization of the pain} & Frontal teeth & 105 & 36.8 & \\  & Posterior teeth & 46 & 16.1 & \\ \cline{1-1}  & All teeth & 101 & 35.4 & \\ \cline{1-1}  & None & 33 & 11.6 & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Descriptive statistics for the investigated independent variables.
## 5 Conclusions
The images are processed automatically and compared for the target regions located along the middle part of Congo River Basin. The results of R programming demonstrate the probabilistic model of vegetation distribution over the study areas based on robust image processing. The libraries of the R language offer improved performance in image processing through a powerful framework for raster data processing. In particular, R presents a practical application for modelling real-time Earth observation data from space borne satellite missions. In particular, we explored the suitability of R programming for processing Landsat-8 OLI-TIRS images that contain 11 bands, which correspond to various wavelengths and 30-m resolution. Unlike the conventional GIS, limited to the default software parameters of the embedded graphical user interface, R proposes flexible command-line solutions. These include the extended operational support of bitmap image processing and the diverse suitability of map algebra and computations of bands, as shown in this paper. The limitations of the presented work include the restricted approach to the geometric and spectral characteristics of bands. Future works can be extended towards the semantic segmentation of the detected land cover classes using deep learning methods, as well as the analysis of the topology of classes for object-based image analysis. Software, methodology, data curation, formal analysis, validation, visualisation --P.L. ; supervision, project administration, conceptualisation, resources, investigation, funding acquisition--O.D. ; writing--original draft preparation, P.L. ; writing--review and editing, P.L. and O.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. **Funding:** This research was funded by the Editorial Office of the Applied Sciences, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), by providing a 100% discount for APC for the publication of this manuscript. The project was supported by the Federal Public Planning Service Science Policy or Belgian Science Policy Office, Federal Science Policy--BELSPO (B2/202/P2/SEISMOSTORM). **Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable. **Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable. **Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable. **Acknowledgments:** We thank the three anonymous reviewers for their careful reading, critical reviews, and constructive comments that helped to improve the previous version of the manuscript. **Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Exploring the Impact of Ambient and Character Sounds on Player Experience in Video Games
## 1 Introduction
### The Present Study  
In this study, we address the research question: Do different sound types in a video game have differential effects on various aspects of the game experience? The present study consists of two experiments that were constructed to investigate the influences of ambient and character sounds on several aspects of the gaming experience when participants play the multi-player online battle arena (MOBA) game League of Legends [24]. Participants played League of Legends' single-player training mode in four different sound conditions (all combinations of ambient sounds on/off and character sounds on/off) and reported on different aspects of the game experience after each gaming phase. The first aspect is immersion, and higher values indicate that the participant experiences a stronger sense of being a part of the virtual game world. The second aspect is avatar identification, where higher values indicate that the participant feels a stronger connection to their avatar by adopting its perspective and identity. The third aspect is fun, and higher values indicate an overall more enjoyable game experience.  
Considering the ever-growing field of professional e-sports in which performance is paramount, we explored a possible connection between sound condition and performance by using a performance-related task and assessing in-game performance and perceived competence. In contrast to in-game performance, which objectively quantifies how successfully a participant completes the game task, higher perceived competence scores indicate that the participant felt subjectively more capable of completing the game task.  
As the use of ambient sounds is meant to create a more realistic game world and better spatial-visual-auditory integration [25], we assume that by creating a more realistic game world, ambient sounds lead to higher immersion into the game world. Furthermore, due to the similarity between the constructs [5], we also assume that ambient sounds lead to more flow. Similar results have been found in a previous study using a puzzle-platformer game, where ambient sounds increased self-reported flow [23].  
Regarding character sounds, we expected higher avatar identification. In fields beyond video gaming, research has shown that coordination of movements based on an avatar is more effective with both auditory and visual feedback than with visual feedback alone [26]. This suggests that auditory feedback from actions aids in learning and might enhance players' sense of control over the avatar, thereby increasing their identification. Results from an earlier study also support this notion [23].  
As previous studies have identified links between fun, avatar identification, and immersion [11], we propose that both types of sounds exert a direct or indirect influence on the fun during the game. To further examine the connections between the different aspects of the gaming experience, we calculated repeated measures correlations between selected variables.
# Development, Implementation and Evaluation of An Epidemic Communication System
## 5 Conclusions  
We designed and developed an epidemic communication system and experimentally confirmed its operation. In this study, we analyzed the interference between wireless stations and the relationship between the transfer and movement speeds when using an epidemic communication method. We designed functionalities by considering the implementation of drones and confirmed their operation through the development of wireless devices and practical experiments with actual devices. The results show that the infection speed was lower than the theoretical value owing to the device processing speed. However, the design policies and implemented functionalities proved to be suitable for implementation in drones. Moreover, we successfully confirmed the normal infection operation between wireless stations through practical experiments. Based on the results of the demonstration experiment, we will tackle the development of a wireless system using epidemic communication.  
**Supplementary Materials:** The demonstration experiments of the epidemic system in the laboratory are available as supplementary video material. This video can be viewed on YouTube at [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=keHns2](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=keHns2) rybbE]([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=keHns2](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=keHns2) rybbE) (accessed on 20 May 2024).  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, T.H. and T.M.; method, T.H., T.K. and H.S.; validation, N.Y. and T.H.; investigation, T.H. and T.K.; resources, N.Y.; data curation, N.Y.; writing--original draft preparation, N.Y., T.H. and T.K.; writing--review and editing, T.H., T.K. and T.M.; visualization, N.Y.; supervision, Y.T. and T.M.; project administration, T.H. and Y.T.; funding acquisition, T.H. and Y.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This work is supported by the development and improvement program of strategic smart agricultural technology grants (JPIJ011397) from the Project of the Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution (BRAIN).  
**Data Availability Statement:** Data are available from the authors upon request.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 2 Experimental Program
### Test Setup and Instrumentation  
As shown in Figures 8 and 9, the instruments used in the test included a 5000 kN microcomputer controlled electro-hydraulic servo pressure testing machine, 4 linear variable displacement transducers (LVDT), and 16 strain gauges (at 8 survey points). The main measurements of this test were the overall vertical deformation of the specimen, the horizontal displacement of the specimen, and the longitudinal and hoop strains of the pipe surface. Two LVDTs were arranged symmetrically between the upper and lower loading plates to measure the overall vertical deformation, and two horizontal LVDTs were arranged at 200 and 750 mm from one end along the length of the steel pipe to measure the lateral deflection of the specimen. Applying the previous test results, the arrangement of the horizontal displacement gauge was adjusted to measure two directions in the middle of the steel pipe. Four pairs of mutually perpendicular strain gauges were evenly arranged around both the midspan and grouting hole of the initial stress specimens to measure the longitudinal and hoop strains on the pipe surface.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Number**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Specimen**} & **Yield** & **Ultimate** & **Percentage** & \\  & & **Strength** & **Strength** & **Elongation** & **Yield Ratio** \\  & & \(f_{y}\) (N/mm\({}^{2}\)) & \(f_{u}\) (N/mm\({}^{2}\)) & **after Fracture**\(\delta\) & \\ \hline
1 & T60 & 403.92 & 545.38 & 22.13 & 0.74 \\
2 & T75.5 & 387.80 & 518.23 & 22.50 & 0.74 \\
3 & T88.5 & 368.94 & 509.36 & 21.98 & 0.72 \\
4 & T114 & 326.46 & 474.40 & 24.92 & 0.70 \\
5 & T159 & 410.95 & 592.14 & 26.58 & 0.70 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Mechanical performance test results of steel pipes.  
Figure 7: RPC material sample. (**a**) Compressive; (**b**) Uniaxial compressive; (**c**) Tension.
# External Beam IBA Measurements for Cultural Heritage
###### Abstract  
Ion beam analysis (IBA) methods refer to a set of analytical techniques based on the interactions of energetic ions, produced by a particle accelerator, with matter. The result of such interactions is the emission of characteristic radiation, X and gamma rays, and charged particles, which, upon detection, provide valuable information on the absolute concentration and depth distribution of the elements in the bombarded material. Moreover, IBA techniques can be performed while maintaining the object to be investigated at atmospheric pressure, without placing it in vacuum, in an analysis chamber, with the impinging ion beam extracted from the in-vacuum beamline of the accelerator, avoiding the need of invasive sampling and greatly easing the object positioning, thus allowing precious and big or large artefacts to be studied. This feature has opened the way for applications of IBA techniques for compositional analysis in cultural heritage studies, providing detailed and complete information about elemental compositions and depth distributions of analysed materials that are otherwise difficult or impossible for other analytical techniques. In this paper, the basic principles of the main IBA techniques applied to cultural heritage, namely, particle induced X-ray emission (PXE), particle induced Gamma-ray emission (PIGE), and Rutherford or elastic backscattering spectrometry (RBS/EBS), will be recalled, and specific and practical details on how these techniques can be used for analysing cultural heritage objects with external beam set-ups will be provided.  
ion beam analysis; PIXE; PIGE; RBS; cultural heritage; external beam +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Lightweight Micro-Expression Recognition on Composite Database
## 4 Results and Discussions
### Experiment 2: Source Database Used in Transfer Learning Plays a Big Role in MER  
MER performances of 2 identical Efficient-ME models were compared: one loaded with pre-trained ImageNet weights and the other with the pre-trained FER 2013 weights. The results show a substantial 50% increase in performance on the model pre-trained with FER 2013 database compared to using ImageNet pre-trained weights. To see whether increasing the model size can improve the MER performance using transfer learning from ImageNet, similar validation was also conducted on the original EfficientNet-B0 architecture with pre-trained ImageNet weights. However, based on Table 5, no noticeable improvements were observed. A further comparative test was conducted by pre-training Efficient-ME model with CK+ dataset to see if the type of facial expression dataset used for transfer learning is important. The result showed considerable performance improvement compared to using ImageNet pre-trained weights but was still inferior to using FER2013 pre-trained weights.  
Therefore, it is prudent to conclude that transfer learning from facial expression databases, such as FER 2013 and CK+, greatly improves MER. However, the type of facial expression dataset used is also important. For this instance, FER 2013 performed better than CK+ due to its diverse and spontaneous samples as well as its larger size.  
Figure 6: Output feature map of Efficient-ME. The feature maps shown are a sample of 37 features from the total 112 features.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Method** & **UFI Score** & **UAR Score** \\ \hline Efficient-ME with pre-trained ImageNet weights & 0.46 & 0.5376 \\ EfficientNet-B0 with pre-trained ImageNet weights & 0.44 & 0.52 \\ Efficient-ME with pre-trained CK+ weights & 0.949 & 1.12 \\
**Efficient-ME with pre-trained FER 2013 weights** & **0.985** & **1.178** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Transfer learning evaluation using ImageNet, FER 2013 and CK+ source databases.
# Fast and Effective Tag Searching for Multi-Group RFID Systems
## 5 G-Search
### Protocol Description  
Phase I: Assign a slot segment to a group. We consider the tags within a group as a whole. All operations at this phase are directed at a group, not a tag. The reader initializes a query with the parameter settings \(\{f_{s},R_{s1},R_{s1},\dots\}\). The reader performs a hash operation with \(R_{s1}\) on all groups, i.e., \(H(ID_{s},R_{s1})\) mod \(f_{s}\) and assigns them to a virtual frame. Those groups that are assigned to a singleton slot determine their response slot segment. Next, the reader removes the singleton slots from this frame and the groups in the singleton slot, and then performs the second hash operation. Similarly, in the second hashing, those groups that choose a singleton slot determine their response segments. Until all groups are assigned to a singleton slot, the operations are finished. Assume that a total of \(h^{\prime}\) hash operations have been performed. Depending on the hashing number with which each group determines its response slot segment, the reader can construct a group segment indicator vector, denoted by \(V_{s}\). For example, in Figure 3, the first bit in \(V_{s}\) is 1, which means that Group 2 selected the first response segment by the first hash operation. The reader broadcasts the relevant parameters and the group segment indicator vector \(V_{s}\) to the local tags. The local tag can determine the slot segment based on its group ID.  
Phase II: Eliminate the interference of the non-wanted tags in all groups at once. First, the reader calculates the frame length required for each group to complete the tag searching with the specified reliability requirement, and takes the maximum frame length \(f_{m}\) as the length of every group response segment. Thus, the total practical frame length of the phase II is \(f_{m}\cdot G\). If tags within a group responds in the \(n\)-th slot segment, the exact response slot of the tags is \([(n-1)\cdot f_{m}+1,n\cdot f_{m}]\). The reader performs multiple hashing operations on the wanted tags set to construct a filter vector. Subsequently, the reader initiates a query on local tag set. According to the filter vector, local tags can distinguish whether they are non-wanted tags or not. If so, they will remain quiet for the rest of the phase.  
Phase III: Determine the target tags in all groups at once. First, the reader selects a group with the most wanted tags and determines the frame length \(f_{m}^{\prime}\) for the group to complete the target tag determination. The overall frame length of this phase is \(f_{m}^{\prime}\cdot G\). Then, the response slot of the \(n\)-th response segment is \([(n-1)\cdot f_{m}^{\prime}+1,n\cdot f_{m}^{\prime}]\). The reader then assigns all the wanted tags to a singleton slot, broadcasts the parameters and the indicator vector \(V_{2}\) to initiate a round query, and verifies whether they are the target tags through the responses of local tags.  
Figure 3 illustrates the detailed process of multi-group tag searching by the G-Search protocol.