## 3 Blockchain Technology
### Applications of Blockchain-Based IoV for Intelligent Transportation System
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**References** & **Application** & **BC Type** & **Performance Metric** & **Solution Provided** \\ \hline
[83] & Resource sharing & Consortium blockchain & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Propagation delay, block processing \\ time, consensus delay, computation \\ cost, storage cost, and \\ communication cost \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Increased consensus delay and throughput over the same level \\ of security \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[97] & Resource sharing & Public blockchain & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Hash value verification \\ after encryption \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Developed model was able to protect video privacy, and the encrypted \\ video is made public in Ehrenewment \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[98] & Resource sharing & Proof of Reputation (PoR) & Reputation value &
\begin{tabular}{c} Proposed model achieved over 30\% increase in the pricing scheme \\ compared to the unified pricing schemes \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[99] & Resource trading & Consortium blockchain & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Communication cost, \\ computation time \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Achieved lightweight BC and lead to communication and computation \\ overheads on the network resources \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[100] & Resource sharing & \begin{tabular}{c} Byzantine Faults Tolerant \\ Algorithm (BFT) \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Computation time \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} The proposed CreditCoin maintained the reliability of \\ announcements without revealing users’ privacy \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[101] & Data management & Hyperledger Fabric & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Throughput, latency, and \\ transaction success ratio \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Developed model significantly improved the performance of the \\ blockchain in terms of the throughput, latency, and transaction \\ success ratio \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[102] & Traffic control & Joint Proof-of-Work (PoR) and \begin{tabular}{c} Routeings and trust value offsets, \\ Proof-of-Stake (PoS) \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Ratings and trust value offsets, \\ generation time intervals of blocks, \\ and the communication overheads \\ of this system \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Achieved a reliable decentralized trust management system capable of \\ evaluating the credibility of neighboring nodes and ensure safe and \\ efficient transportation system \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[88] & \begin{tabular}{c} Proof of work \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Time consumption \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} The proposed SCTCSC model achieved the protection of messages and \\ users’ identities \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[89] & \begin{tabular}{c} PBFT algorithm \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Transaction cost \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} The proposed model achieved data transmission and traffic condition \\ dissemination between vehicles \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[103] & Hyperledger Fabric & Latency, throughput &
\begin{tabular}{c} Proposed approach was effective for real-time traffic management \\ while preserving the data privacy requirements \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[95] & Smart parking & Raft consensus algorithm & Storage cost overhead &
\begin{tabular}{c} The proposed model was able to ensure security, transparency, and \\ availability of a smart \\ parking system using blockchain. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[96] & Infotainment & Proof-of-Stake at Deposti (PoSD) & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Total transaction times, average \\ round trip time (RTT) \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} The proposed autoCoin enabled two vehicles to exchange a 50 MB file \\ and tokens within about a minute \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Summary of applications of blockchain-based IoV.