## 3 Biological Activities
### Antiproliferative Effect against Cancer Cells
** \\ \hline  & 87.53 & & \\ Citral & 72.17 & Inhibition of MMNK-1 cell proliferation (IC\({}_{50}\): 24, 48, and 72 h) & [93] \\  & 69.22 & & \\ Citral & 10 \(\mu\)g/mL & Inhibition of PC-3 cell proliferation (IC\({}_{50}\): 72 h) & [94] \\ Citral & 12.5 \(\mu\)g/mL & Inhibition of PC-3M cell proliferation (IC\({}_{50}\): 72 h) & [94] \\ Citral & \(>\)75 \(\mu\)g/mL & Inhibition of MRC-5 cell proliferation (IC\({}_{50}\): 72 h) & [94] \\ Citral & 238 \(\mu\)M & Inhibition of PaCa-2 cell proliferation (IC\({}_{50}\): 72 h) & [95] \\ Citral & 300 \(\mu\)M & Inhibition of DeFew cell proliferation (IC\({}_{50}\): 72 h) & [95] \\ Citral & 5, 10, 20, 40 \(\mu\)g/mL & Inhib coloury formation and migration of AGS (96 h) & [91] \\ Citral & 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 \(\mu\)g/mL & Inhib coloury formation and migration PC-3 (96 h) & [94] \\ Citral & 17.5 and 35 \(\mu\)M & Increase the surviving fraction of KKU-M213 in 106.75 and 115.64\% (168 h) & [93] \\ Citral & 23.5 and 47 \(\mu\)M & Decrease the surviving fraction of HU-CCA-1 in 76.35 and 57.77\% (168 h) & [93] \\ Citral & 24 and 48 \(\mu\)M & Decrease the surviving fraction of MMNK-1 in 98.46 and 85.26\% (168 h) & [93] \\ Citral & 0.25, 0.375, 0.50 mM & Decrease the clonogenicity of HaCaT in 0.3, 4, and 7\% (3 h) & [96] \\ Citral & 0.25, 0.375, 0.50 mM & Decrease the clonogenicity of HaCaT in 22, 28, and 30\% (8 h) & [96] \\ Citral & 50 \(\mu\)M & Early apoptosis (17.1\%), late apoptosis (3.1\%) in HCT116 (24 h) & [89] \\ Citral & 100 \(\mu\)M & Early apoptosis (14.2\%), late apoptosis (15.1\%) in HCT116 (24 h) & [89] \\  & 200 \(\mu\)M & Early apoptosis (26.2\%), late apoptosis (25.8\%) in HCT116 (24 h) & \\  & 50 \(\mu\)M & Early apoptosis (22.3\%), late apoptosis (16.1\%) in HCT116 (48 h) & \\ Citral & 100 \(\mu\)M & Early apoptosis (26.2\%), late apoptosis (24.6\%) in HCT116 (48 h) & [89] \\ Citral & 200 \(\mu\)M & Early apoptosis (32.1\%), late apoptosis (37.5\%) in HCT116 (48 h) & \\  & 50 \(\mu\)M & Early apoptosis (6.5\%), late apoptosis (3.9\%) in HT29 (24 h) & \\ Citral & 100 \(\mu\)M & Early apoptosis (8.5\%), late apoptosis (14.2\%) in HT29 (24 h) & [89] \\  & 200 \(\mu\)M & Early apoptosis (8.4\%), late apoptosis (24.9\%) in HT29 (24 h) & \\  & 50 \(\mu\)M & Early apoptosis (14.5\%), late apoptosis (7.1\%) in HT29 (48 h) & \\ Citral & 100 \(\mu\)M & Early apoptosis (22.7\%), late apoptosis (17.8\%) in HT29 (48 h) & [89] \\  & 200 \(\mu\)M & Early apoptosis (30.5\%), late apoptosis (23.5\%) in HT29 (48 h) & \\ Citral & 10 and 20 \(\mu\)g/mL & Induce early and late apoptosis in AGS & [91] \\ Citral & 1 \(\mu\)M & Apoptosis induction by annexin V-FITC/PI staining in B16F10 & [92] \\  & (24 h) & (24 h) & \\ Citral & 0.5, 1, and 2 \(\mu\)M & Apoptosis induction by TUNEL assay in B16F10 (24 h) & [92] \\  & 10 \(\mu\)g/mL & Early apoptosis (44.1\%), late apoptosis (52.6\%) in PC-3 (48 h) & [94] \\  & 20 \(\mu\)g/mL & Early apoptosis (62.2\%), late apoptosis (38.4\%) in PC-3 (48 h) & [94] \\  & 50, 100, and 200 \(\mu\)M & Disruption of MMP (19.5, 38.8 and 60.9\%) in HCT116 (24 h) & [89] \\  & 50, 100, and 200 \(\mu\)M & Disruption of MMP (34.9, 56.4 and 77.3\%) in HCT116 (48 h) & [89] \\  & 50, 100, and 200 \(\mu\)M & Disruption of MMP (20.4, 28.2 and 41.9\%) in HT29 (24 h) & [89] \\  & 50, 100, and 200 \(\mu\)M & Disruption of MMP (24.5, 43.9 and 59.9\%) in HT29 (24 h) & [89] \\  & 50, 100, and 200 \(\mu\)M & Increase intracellular ROS level (1.26, 2.07, and 3.19 folds) in HCT116 (4 h) & [89] \\  & 50, 100, and 200 \(\mu\)M & Increase intracellular ROS level (1.21, 1.39, and 2.25 folds) in HC29 (4 h) & [89] \\  & 50, 100, and 200 \(\mu\)M & Decrease intracellular GSH level in HCT116 (4 h) & [89] \\  & 50, 100, and 200 \(\mu\)M & Decrease intracellular GSH level in HT29 (4 h) & [89] \\  & 1 \(\mu\)M & Autophagic vacuole induction formation in B16F10 (24 h) & [89] \\  & 50, 1, and 2 \(\mu\)M & DNA damage in B16F10 (24 h) & [92] \\  & 50, 100, and 200 \(\mu\)M & Inhibition of lipid droplet accumulation in PC-3 (48 h) & [94] \\  & 50, 100, and 200 \(\mu\)M & Down-expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins in HCT116 (24 h) & \\  & 50, 100, and 200 \(\mu\)M & High expression of Bax, p53, and caspase-3 proteins in HCT116 & [89] \\  & 50, 100, and 200 \(\mu\)M & Decrease intracellular GSH level in HT29 (4 h) & [89] \\  & 50, 100, and 200 \(\mu\)M & Decrease intracellular GSH level in HT29 (4 h) & [89] \\  & 50, 100, and 200 \(\mu\)M & Antiophagic vacuole induction formation in B16F10 (24 h) & [89] \\  & 50, 100 and 1 \(\mu\)M & DNA damage in B16F10 (24 h) & [92] \\  & 50, 100, and 200 \(\mu\)M & Inhibition of lipid droplet accumulation in PC-3 (48 h) & [94] \\  & 50, 100, and 200 \(\mu\)M & Down-expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins in HCT116 (24 h) & \\  & 50, 100, and 200 \(\mu\)M & High expression of Bax, p53, and caspase-3 proteins in HCT116 & [89] \\  & 50, 100, and 200 \(\mu\)M & Decrease intracellular GSH level in HT29 (4 h) & [89] \\  & 50, 100, and 200 \(\mu\)M & Decrease intracellular GSH level in HT29 (4 h) & [89] \\  & 50, 100, and 200 \(\mu\)M & Antiophagic vacuole induction formation in B16F10 (24 h) & [89] \\  & 50, 100, and 200 \(\mu\)M & Antiophagic vacuole induction formation in B16F10 (24 h) & [89] \\  & 50, 100, and 200 \(\mu\)M & DNA damage in B16F10 (24 h) & [92] \\  & 50, 100, and 200 \(\mu\)M & Inhibition of lipid droplet accumulation in PC-3 (48 h) & [94] \\  & 50, 100, and 200 \(\mu\)M & Down-expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins in HCT116 (24 h) & [89] \\  & 50, 100, and 200 \(\mu\)M & High expression of Bax, p53, and caspase-3 proteins in HCT116 & [89] \\  & 50, 100, and 200 \(\mu\)M & Decrease intracellular GSH level in HT29 (4 h) & [89] \\  & 50, 100, and 200 \(\mu\)M & Decrease intracellular GSH level in HT29 (4 h) & [89] \\  & 50, 100, and 200 \(\mu\)M & Decrease intracellular GSH level in HT29 (4 h) & [89] \\  & 50, 100, and 200 \(\mu\)M & Antiophagic vacuole induction formation in B16F10 (24 h)Citral strongly suppresses cell proliferation and induces a cytotoxic effect in B16F10 murine skin melanoma cells.