## 4 Current Management of IBA
The material can be used in earthmoving works (landfills and pavement beds), in layers/sub-base layers of roads, and as filling material for landscape recovery of quarries or open-pit mines. The treatment process consists of the weathering of IBA (at least three months), removal of coarse elements, and extraction of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. The produced aggregate has a maximum nominal size of 31.5 mm and continuous granulometry. The aggregate obtained the EC certificate of compliance with the harmonized standard EN 13242, establishing the criteria for that specific application. Table 5 shows the requirements for valorizing IBA outside landfills in Portugal and the values obtained in the analysis for the EC marking. In this analysis, all the measured values were below the thresholds. In 2019, 94,770 kt of artificial aggregate were produced, representing an increase of 28% compared to 2018 [46]. Figure 8: IBA management in (**a**) Portugal (reference year: 2019) and (**b**) Spain and Andorra (reference year: 2019). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Country**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Use**} & **Use Rate** & **National Use** & **Document** & **Permitted** & **Specific** & **Requirements** & **Requirements** & **Other** \\  & **Use** & **Outside** & **Rate Outside** & **Regulating Use** & **Application** & **Criteria** & **on the Total** & **Leaching Content** & **Requirements** & **Requirements** \\  & **Authenticized** & **Landfils** & **Landfils** & **Outside Landfils** & **Outside Landfils** & **for IBA** & **Content** & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{PT} & \multirow{4}{*}{Valosual plant} & \multirow{4}{*}{73 *} & \multirow{4}{*}{40 [FOOTNOTE:4]Footnote 4: [16] \({}^{1}\)[2/3-46]: [*] \({}^{2}\)[4/3-46]: [*] \({}^{3}\)[4/3-46]: [*] \({}^{4}\)[4/3  
On the other hand, in Spain, each autonomous community has its own environmental authority, and these can regulate and limit the use of IBA as a secondary material. Thus, the use of IBA is uneven across the territory, and while some communities use it as a secondary material, others manage it in landfills. In this context, since 1996, Catalonia has been regulating the use of IBA as a secondary material. In this case, IBA utilization is based on legislation defined specifically for that material [96], considering requirements both on total content and leaching content. Thus, the use of IBA outside landfills is permitted in the field of road subbase, leveling of terrain and embankments, filling, and restoration of degradable areas from extractive activities, and others. Before its reuse, fresh IBA is processed in a conditioning plant for the recovery of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, using electromagnets and Eddy current separators, respectively, and removing light materials (papers, plastic pieces, etc. ), obtaining a homogenized granular material. After homogenization, the fresh IBA is stabilized for 2-3 months in the open (natural weathering) obtaining a secondary aggregate with a particle size of 0-30 mm. Table 6 shows the requirements for valorizing IBA outside landfills in Catalonia (Spain) obtained from a sample as received (s.m.t.q. ), the dry sample (s.m.s), and from a leachate obtained according to standard DIN 38414-4 (at present EN 12457-4). Apart from the values obtained from the sample, there are other requirements described in the regulations for the reuse of the IBA:  
* It will not be used in flood areas. * It will not be used within 30 cm of rivers or streams. * It will not be used on land that has its water paddock less than 5 m from the surface of the soil. * It will not be used within 100 m of any operation of groundwater for the supply of drinking water to populations. If there are supply wells within its radius of influence that may be affected, a study of its power behavior must be studied for its authorization. * It cannot be used in areas with significant thicknesses of the following materials: