# Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Determination of Spectral Fundamental Parameters
## 5 Experimental Determination of Spectral Parameters by LIBS
### Determination of Stark Broadening Coefficients
The same year, [PERSON] et al. [87] measured 85 Stark widths and 72 shifts of Ti II lines. Plasmas were created during Nd:YAG laser ablation of fused glass discs with different titanium concentrations (0.1 and 0.5 percent). The self-absorption effects were estimated to be about 10%. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Year** & **Authors** & **Ref.** & **Lines** & **Notes** \\ \hline
1993 & [PERSON] et al. & [96] & 38 Na II lines & \\ \hline
1994 & [PERSON] et al. & [97] & 43 Cr II lines & \\ \hline
1995 & [PERSON] et al. & [98] & 28 Si II lines & Self-absorption \(<\) 3\% \\ \hline
1995 & [PERSON] et al. & [99] & 36 Ag II lines & Self-absorption \(<\) 5\% \\ \hline
1996 & [PERSON] et al. & [100] & 10 In II lines & Self-absorption \(<\) 1\% \\ \hline
1997 & [PERSON] et al. & [101] & 59 Ni II lines & Self-absorption \(<\) 2.5\% \\ \hline
1997 & [PERSON] et al. & [102] & 30 Pb II lines & Calculation of \(k(\lambda_{0})l\) \\ \hline
1997 & [PERSON] et al. & [103] & 32 Sb I lines & Calculation of \(k(\lambda_{0})l\) \\ \hline
1999 & [PERSON] et al. & [104] & 10 Pb III lines & Calculation of \(k(\lambda_{0})l\) \\ \hline
1999 & [PERSON] et al. & [105] & 103 S II lines & Self-absorption \(<\) 1\% \\ \hline
2000 & [PERSON] et al. & [106] & 18 Xe II lines & The ratio of two lines of same upper level was used and confirmed negligible \(SA\) \\ \hline
2000 & [PERSON] et al. & [107] & 36 Sn II lines. & Self-absorption \(<\) 3\% \\ \hline
2000 & [PERSON] et al. & [108] & 26 Sb III Lines & Self-absorption \(<\) 1\% \\ \hline
2001 & [PERSON] et al. & [109] & 24 Si II lines & Line width method for \(SA\) correction. \\ \hline
2001 & [PERSON] et al. & [110] & 39 Pb I lines and Pb II at 220.35 nm & Self-absorption \(<\) 1\% \\ \hline
2004 & [PERSON] et al. & [111] & 20 Ag II and 3 Cu II lines & Optimization of delay time at 200 ns. \\ \hline
2005 & [PERSON] et al. & [112] & 120 Zr III lines & \\ \hline
2005 & [PERSON] et al. & [113] & 40 Ag II and 40 Cu & \\  & & & \\  & & & \\ \hline
2005 & [PERSON] et al. & [114] & 2 Cd II and 2 Zr III & \\  & & & lines \\ \hline
2005 & [PERSON] et al. & [115] & 38 Cd II lines & \\ \hline
2007 & [PERSON] et al. & [116] & 16 Au II lines & No dependence of the branching ratios on concentration observed for gold content under 15\% \\ \hline
2010 & [PERSON] et al. & [117] & 30 Pb III lines & Calculation of \(k(\lambda_{0})l\) \\ \hline
2010 & [PERSON] et al. & [118] & 97 Sn I lines & Calculation of \(k(\lambda_{0})l\) \\ \hline
2011 & [PERSON] et al. & [77] & 19 Ni II lines & Curve-of-growth method \\ \hline
2013 & [PERSON] et al. & [119] & 48 Ni II lines & Curve-of-growth method \\ \hline
2013 & [PERSON] et al. & [120] & 37 Re II lines & Calculation of \(k(\lambda_{0})l\) for 221.43 nm line \\  & & & of Re II \\ \hline
2013 & [PERSON] et al. & [121] & 30 Ne I lines & \\ \hline
2015 & [PERSON] et al. & [59] & 9 Ca II lines & \\ \hline
2015 & [PERSON] et al. & [122] &
\begin{tabular}{c} 112 oscillator \\ strengths from Mo \\ II lines \\ \end{tabular} & \\ \hline
2016 & [PERSON] et al. & [123] &
\begin{tabular}{c} 161 oscillator \\ strengths from Mo \\ II lines \\ \end{tabular} & \\ \hline
2018 & [PERSON] et al. & [124] & 46 Mn II lines & \\ \hline
2019 & [PERSON] et al. & [125] & 6 W I lines & Time-resolved Boltzmann plot \\ \hline
2020 & [PERSON] et al. & [126] & 2 Ag I lines & Line width method. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Applications of LIBS for determining the transition probabilities of atomic lines. Furthermore, in 2016 [PERSON] et al. [88] estimated the Stark widths of 6 Mn I lines. The LIBS experiments were conducted on an aluminum alloy target containing 80 ppm of manganese, to avoid strong self-absorption of Mn I lines. The same group in 2017 [89], determined the Stark widths and shifts of 3 Mn I lines in the range of temperatures \(T=7000\)-9500 K and electron number densities \(n_{e}\) between 4.8 and \(45\times 10^{16}\) cm\({}^{-3}\). In both works, they used a convex glass cylindrical lens for producing a long spark.