## 2 Experimental Introduction
### Experimental Procedure  
When determining the slope range for the model experiment, we referred to the analysis results of multiple historical rock collapse disaster events by [PERSON] [41]. Test slopes of 30\({}^{\circ}\), 45\({}^{\circ}\), and 60\({}^{\circ}\) were selected based on this analysis. The distance from the test block on the slope to the bottom of the slope is defined as the release height h. Within the range of 0.3 m to 0.9 m, one height was selected every 0.15 m as the release height for the test. Initially, the slope was adjusted to the desired angle using support rods to simulate the single-slope rolling of rocks. The slope angle at the time of release should exceed the rolling friction angle to ensure the continuous tilting of the test blocks. Secondly, the high-speed camera was set up in advance to fully capture the motion plane of the entire experimental apparatus. Lastly, it was ensured that the test blocks were in a stationary state at the time of release, ensuring that the reason for the blocks tilting and subsequently rolling was that the torque-resisting tilting was smaller than the tilting torque. To ensure that the offset areas on both sides of the test blocks during their rolling on the slope were of the same size, the test blocks were released from the midpoint of the slope during the experiment. The specific position of the release point could be determined by the distance h from the release point to the slope bottom. The following methods were employed for video processing based on the grid lines drawn on the apparatus:  
The corresponding proportionality relationship was determined between the actual dimensions and the dimensions in the video: \(L_{actual}\):\(L_{image}=k\):1, for converting experimental data. A coordinate system on the rolling surface was established using the grid lines and determines the test block's rolling trajectory based on the coordinates. The initial position coordinates are (\(x_{0}\), \(y_{0}\)), and after continuous rolling, the coordinates of the test block are (\(x_{n}\), \(y_{n}\)). To calculate the distance between the two points, which, after scaling, represents the actual length, denoted as \(L\)[42], the below formulas are used:  
\[L=k\sqrt{\left(x_{n}-x_{0}\right)^{2}+\left(y_{n}-y_{0}\right)^{2}} \tag{3}\]  
\[ \begin{array}{l}v=\frac{k\sqrt{\left(x_{n}-x_{n-1}\right)^{2}+\left(y_{n}-y _{n-1}\right)^{2}}}{2\Delta t}\\ +\frac{k\sqrt{\left(x_{n+1}-x_{n}\right)^{2}+\left(y_{n+1}-y_{n}\right)^{2}}}{ 2\Delta t}\end{array}  \tag{4}\]  
The entire rolling process was analyzed frame by frame, recording the test block's rolling trajectory from the moment of release until it comes to a stop, thus obtaining the actual rolling distance \(S\) on the slope surface. Figure 7: Rolling friction coefficient between spherical ball and ceramic tile back. The average coefficient of variation for all experimental data in this experiment is 5.5%, with a maximum coefficient of variation of 14.1%. Combining the dispersion of the experimental data with the observed situations during the experiment, it is found that the inconsistency in data obtained under the same experimental conditions is normal and reasonable. This is because the model experiment cannot consider all the influencing factors, controlling only a few key factors. Additionally, various factors interact during the block's rolling process, resulting in the final results having a certain degree of randomness. An analysis was conducted on the data with a coefficient of variation greater than 10%, revealing that excessive dispersion is due to significant lateral displacement and sliding of the blocks during the rolling process. Excessive displacement leads to an overestimation of the rolling distance on the slope, accompanied by an increase in energy loss during the offset process. When the slope is relatively low, blocks with higher rolling resistance may exhibit sliding during the rolling process, altering their initial motion state and increasing their energy consumption.