# Potential Role of Plant Extracts and Phytochemicals Against Foodborne Pathogens
## 3 Plant Extracts and Phytochemicals against Bacteria Causing Foodborne Diseases
### Campylobacter Species
), orange bitter oils (_Citrus_ x _aurantium_ subsp. _amara_ (Link) Engl. ), etc [47]. _Terminalia macrotera_ [PERSON]. [PERSON] has been used for treating various infectious diseases in West Africa. [PERSON] et al. subjected 100 clinical isolates of _C. jejuni_ to the ethanolic extract of _T. macroptera_ and recorded a MIC value as low as 6.25 ug/mL, which was similar to that of co-trimoxazole, used as the positive control, therefore suggests a therapeutic potential of _T. macroptera_ in foodborne disease caused by _C. jejuni_[57]. In South Africa, [PERSON] et al. conducted a study on clinically isolated _C. jejuni_ from stool samples (\(n=110\)) to find a complementary therapeutic remedy for this infection. They tested extracts of 18 plants i.e., _Annona_ sp., _Bauhinia galpini_ [PERSON], _Bridelia micrantha_ ([PERSON].) [PERSON],Carissa edulis_ ([PERSON].) [PERSON], _Cissampelos torulosa_ [PERSON]. [PERSON]. & [PERSON], _Elaededendron transvaalensis_ ([PERSON]) [PERSON], _Ficus sycomorus_ [PERSON], _Lippia javanica_ ([PERSON]). [PERSON], _Momordica balsamina_ [PERSON], _Mucuna coriacea_ [PERSON], _Peltophorum africanum_ [PERSON], _Pouzolzia mixta_ [PERSON], _Pterocarppus angolensis_ [PERSON], _Rhoicissus tridentate_ ([PERSON].) [PERSON] & [PERSON], _Sida alba_ [PERSON], _Syzygium cordatum_ [PERSON]. [PERSON], _Ximenia caffra_ [PERSON] and _Zornia milneana_ [PERSON]. on these isolated bacterial strain. All the extracts were active, but potent activity was observed with the extracts of _P. angolensis_ and _L. javanica_ having an MIC of 90 \(\upmu\)g/mL [58]. The extract of _Cryptolepis sanguilonetta_ ([PERSON]) is used traditionally for treating different infections in Guinea Bissau. An alkaloid cryptolepine has been isolated from this plant. When tested on a collection of 106 clinical strains of _C. jejuni_ by [PERSON] et al. in Portugal, it was found to be very effective. They recorded MIC\({}_{50}\) of this alkaloid was equal to that of ampicillin in their study [59]. [PERSON] et al. in Thailand, evaluated 26 Thai plants against _C. jejuni_ in search of complementary therapy for infection caused by this bacterium. They found 7 active plants, i.e., taev kaao (_Cratoxylin formosum_ ([PERSON]). [PERSON]. & Hook.f. ex Dyer), golden shower (_Cassia fistula_ L.), mangosteen (_Garcinia mangostana_ L.), ginger (_Zingther officinal_ [PERSON]), garlic (_Allium sativum_ L.), onion (_Allium cepa_ L.) and shallot (_Allium ascalonicum_ L.), among which _C. formosum_ possesses the strongest antibacterial activity as observed from its MIC of 0.3 mg/mL [60]. A traditional beverage, kombucha, showed strong activity against _C. jejuni_[61]. Black and green tea, which are the most widely consumed beverages in the world also have confirmed antibacterial propensity against _C. jejuni_[62]. [PERSON] et al. have obtained convincing results of the essential oil of _Origanum minutiform_ O.Schwarz [PERSON] against a ciprofloxacin-resistant strain of _C. jejuni_. [63]. Many Australians plants possess antimicrobial properties and have been utilized by the native populations for centuries as traditional medicines for GIT diseases. In a study by [PERSON] et al., 109 plants from Australia were tested against _C. jejuni_. Most of these plants were active as their MICs fall between 32 and 1024 \(\upmu\)g/mL. _Eucalyptus occidentalis_ Endl. was the most active plant reported with MIC of 32 \(\upmu\)g/mL [64].