esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Comparison between Mature Methods and More Recent Non-Thermal Plasma Technology
### Materials and Methods
#### 5.1.3 Calculations
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Non-Thermal Plasma** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Pollutant Description**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Degradation Performance**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Ref.**} \\ \cline{2-6}
**Reactor/Discharge Type** & **Type** & **Category/Class** & & & \\ \hline Plasma catalysis/dielectric & & & Applied voltage: 16 kV & & \\ barrier discharge (DBD) & Phenol & Organic & Frequency: 50 Hz & & \\ Discharge current: 0.56 nA & & Discharge current: 0.56 nA & & Removal efficiency: 99\% & \\  & & & Gas flow rate: 3.2 mL/s & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Gas-liquid DBD reactor} & \multirow{2}{*}{Carbamazepine} & \multirow{2}{*}{Organic: EDC} & Applied power: 0.7 W & \multirow{2}{*}{Contact time: 3 min} & \multirow{2}{*}{[82]} \\  & & & Air drive rate: 1.1 m/s & & \\  & & Initial concentration (C\({}_{\circ}\)), 20 mg/s/L & & & \\  & & Liquid flow rate: 6 mL/min & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{DBD} & \multirow{2}{*}{Oestrone} & \multirow{2}{*}{Organic: EDC} & Applied voltage: 80 K & \multirow{2}{*}{Contact time: 15 min} & \multirow{2}{*}{[71]} \\  & & & Frequency: 50 Hz & & \\  & & Initial concentration (C\({}_{\circ}\)), 2 mg/L & & & \\  & & & & Energy yield: 77\%/ \(\times\) 10\({}^{-6}\) & \\  & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{DBD} & \multirow{2}{*}{PFOS} & \multirow{2}{*}{Organic: EDC} & Applied voltage: 130 kV & \multirow{2}{*}{[83]} \\  & & & Frequency: 17 Hz & & \\  & & & Applied Power: 322 W & & \\  & & & Peak Current: 40A & & \\  & & & Initial concentration (C\({}_{\circ}\)): 1 ppb & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{DBD} & \multirow{2}{*}{_E. coil_} & \multirow{2}{*}{Pathogen} & Applied voltage: 41.6 kV & \multirow{2}{*}{Contact time: 60 min} & \multirow{2}{*}{[84]} \\  & & & Frequency: 27.6 Hz & & \\  & & & Discharge current: 130.1 A & & \\  & & & Initial concentration (C\({}_{\circ}\)), 1 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) cfu mL\({}^{-1}\) & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Cold atmospheric plasma jet} & \multirow{2}{*}{Cryptosporidium} & \multirow{2}{*}{Pathogen} & Applied power: 549 W & \multirow{2}{*}{Contact time: 3 min} & \multirow{2}{*}{[85]} \\  & & & Frequency: 47 kHz & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Radio-frequency (RF) atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APP)} & \multirow{2}{*}{Norovirus (feline calictivirus (FCV))} & \multirow{2}{*}{Pathogen} & Applied power: 2.5 W & \multirow{2}{*}{Contact time: 15 s} & \multirow{2}{*}{[86]} \\  & & & Frequency: 133.6 MHz & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Agr gas flow rate 1.5 standard litres per min (SLM)} & \multirow{2}{*}{Contact time: 60 log} & \multirow{2}{*}{[86]} \\  & & & & (SLM) & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Plasma contaminant degradation technologies for typical pollutants.
## 5 Role of sRNA in Quorum Sensing
### SprD  
The Gram-positive pathogen _S. aureus_ utilizes quorum sensing (QS) to regulate virulence and biofilm formation, primarily through the Agr (Accessory gene regulator) system. The Agr system operates via a two-component signaling mechanism involving the autoinducing peptide (AIP) and the AgrC-AgrA regulatory circuit. AIP is synthesized as a precursor and processed into its active form, which binds to the membrane-bound sensor kinase AgrC, triggering a phosphorylation cascade that activates the response regulator AgrA. This activation leads to the expression of RNAIII, a regulatory RNA that controls virulence gene expression, including toxins and exoenzymes, while repressing surface proteins associated with early biofilm formation [98].  
In addition to RNAIII, which was discussed in Section 2.2.2, another small RNA involved in QS in _Staphylococcus_ is the small pathogenicity island RNA D (SprD) [255]. SprD is crucial for the virulence of _Staphylococcus aureus_, as its deletion in a murine sepsis model resulted in 100% survival by day 21, compared to complete mortality in mice infected with the wild-type strain. Complementing the mutant with _sprD_ partially restored virulence (50% survival). Moreover, mice infected with the _\(\Delta sprD\)_ strain had smaller, uniformly discolored kidneys, whereas wild-type infections caused swollen, abscess-filled kidneys [255]. Bacterial counts revealed reduced bacterial persistence in the absence of _sprD_. While SprD regulates the immune evasion protein Sbi, altering Sbi expression alone did not affect virulence, suggesting that SprD targets additional factors essential for pathogenesis. The regulation of _sbi_ mRNA by SprD in _S. aureus_ involves direct antisense pairing, as shown by in silico predictions and confirmed through gel retardation assays. SprD binds a specific region of Sbi mRNA near its SD sequence and AUG initiation codon, forming a stableduplex that prevents ribosome loading and translation initiation [255]. Deletion mutants of both SprD and Sbi mRNA abolished this interaction, confirming the necessity of these binding regions.  
Taken together, small regulatory RNAs are key regulators of quorum sensing in pathogens like _E. coli_, _Vibrio_ spp., _P. aeruginosa_, and _S. aureus_. By modulating quorum sensing components, sRNAs influence bacterial communication, virulence, and biofilm formation, aiding adaptation and immune evasion. Their role in host-pathogen interactions make them promising targets for antimicrobial strategies to disrupt quorum sensing-mediated virulence.
# Balancing the Leakage Currents in Nanometer CMOS Logic--A Challenging Goal
## 3 Bspl
### BSPL in Smaller Geometries  
Despite the general design issues pointed out above we want to analyze how effectively BSPL gates balance the leakage currents in smaller geometries, compared to the initially analyzed 180 nm library in [27]. Therefore, we have simulated the leakage currents of BSPL NAND and NOR gates exemplarily in our 65 nm and 40 nm technologies. The results can be seen in Figure 5.  
Figure 5: Input-dependent static leakage currents in BSPL. NAND and NOR gates in 65 nm and 40 nm technology.  
It is obvious that the leakage currents of the gates are not constant and depend on the given input signals. This is contrary to the results reported for BSPL gates in 180 nm technology in [27]. Although the BSPL concept sufficiently balances drain-source currents such as the subthreshold leakage, it does not account for leakages through the gate insulator. In the following we detail why and how gate leakages prevent a balanced static power consumption in BSPL gates (Figure 6).
# GPU-Accelerated Fock Matrix Computation with Efficient Reduction
## 6 Conclusions  
Realizing the efficient acceleration of Fock matrix computation requires use of the nontrivial atomic reduction schemes for a large number of two-electron repulsion integrals (ERIs) into a limited memory space, which leads to a severe memory contention problem. In this paper, to address the memory contention problem in current Fock matrix construction frameworks, we introduced a GPU acceleration scheme of the Fock matrix construction using an efficient reduction method. As such, we proposed the distributed atomic reduction based on the replicated Fock matrices to significantly reduce the conflicts of concurrent atomic operations by multiple threads. Our proposed reduction method effectively distributes the destination addresses of atomic operations by having each thread contribute to a different Fock replica. Furthermore, our replicated Fock matrix approach is compatible with existing implementations that reduce the number of atomic operations using thread-local reduction. We have also implemented and evaluated a hybrid method that combines the proposed distributed atomic reduction with the thread-local reduction adopted in previous work. Experimental results on NVIDIA A100 GPU hardware and a relevant set/configuration of molecules have demonstrated that our proposed distributed atomic reduction scheme can accelerate the Fock matrix computation by up to 3.75 times. In the hybrid method, we achieved up to 1.98\(\times\) speedup over Fock matrix computation using existing thread-local reduction. Our results suggest that our proposed distributed atomic reduction method has the potential to enhance existing GPU implementations in various quantum chemistry software applications in the field.  
Conceptualization, S.T. and K.N.; methodology, S.T. and Y.I.; software, S.T., N.Y., K.S., and H.F.; formal analysis, Y.I.; investigation, S.T.; resources, Y.I., K.N., and A.K.; data curation, N.Y., K.S., and H.F.; writing--original draft, S.T.; writing--review and editing, Y.I. and V.P.; supervision, Y.I., K.N., and V.P.; project administration, K.N. and A.K.; funding acquisition, A.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The molecular structures used in the experiments presented in this paper are openly available in PubChem at [[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/](https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)]([https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/](https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)) (accessed on 25 April 2025).  
Conflicts of Interest: Authors [PERSON] and [PERSON] were employed by the company Fujitsu Limited. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
## 5 Conclusions  
Reducing the number of irrigation times in spring was helpful for improving the absorption capacity of winter wheat to deep soil water storage, and sufficient soil water storage before sowing was helpful to improve the utilization ability of winter wheat for soil water, ultimately increasing the winter wheat yield. The spike number and thousand-grain weight of Hengmai28 were the highest among the three varieties. The response of the three varieties to irrigation was Hengmai4399 > Hengmai28 > Hengguan35, and the drought resistance was Hengguan35 > Hengmai28 > Hengmai4399.  
There was a significant or extremely significant correlation among the thousand-grain weight, yield, and WUE in the two-year experiment, indicating that irrigation increased the yield of winter wheat by increasing the thousand-grain weight of winter wheat and ultimately increased the WUE of winter wheat.  
In the NCP, when the soil water storage presowing is insufficient, it is recommended to use Hengmai4399 combined with the W3 treatment. When the soil water storage presowing is sufficient, it is recommended to use Hengmai28 combined with the W2 treatment.  
Conceptualization, Y.F., X.W. and R.C.; methodology, Y.F., X.W., R.C., H.D. and H.L.; data curation, Y.F., H.D. and H.L.; formal analysis, Y.F.; funding acquisition, H.D. and H.L.; investigation, Y.F.; project administration, H.D. and H.L.; resources, H.D. and H.L.; validation, X.W. and R.C.; visualization, Y.F.; Writing--original draft, Y.F.; Writing--review & editing, X.W. and R.C.; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by \"Key R&D project of Hebei Province, grant number 19227003D\", \"Ministry of Agriculture Shangqiu Agricultural Environment Scientific Observation and Experimental Station Open Fund, grant number FIR12019-02-0102\", \"Fund of Hebei Water-saving Irrigation Equipment Industrial Technology Research Institute, grant number SC2018005\", \"National modern agricultural industrial technology system, grant number CARS-08-G-22\", \"Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences Basic Scientific Research Fund Project, grant number 2021040201\".  
Not applicable.  
Written informed consent has been obtained from the patients to publish this paper.  
Data availability Statement: Data are real data of the project. Contact the authors to consult.  
The authors would like to acknowledge the support from [PERSON] and [PERSON].  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results
### Assembly Operations for Mass Customisation
#### 3.1.1 Introducing Assembly Operations for Mass Customisation  
Mass customization demand is characterized by a combination of great variety, shorter product life cycles, and variable production volumes (medium or high for platform products, very low for personalized products); compared to Industry 2.0's stable market and Industry 3.0's volatile market--in terms of product volume, product variety and delivery time. In this new context, Toyota Production Systems (TPS) may prove limited, and its advantages and disadvantages with regards to _serva_ were analyzed by [PERSON] et al. [11]. The usage of new key digital technologies will bring forward the 4 th Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0), addressing many of the challenges of production systems for mass customization [11,12]. However, looking at isolated systems may not be enough since increased complexity requires a holistic approach to respond successfully and cost-effectively to shifting market demands [13]. Assembly is the final process to create a product, where component  
Figure 4: Research questions, search key concepts and their relationship to the literature review analysis topics.  
sub-assemblies come together into the final product. Demand-driven increasing product variety adds complexity, production cost and lead time to assembly operations, which goes against its goals. In the mass customization landscape, key assembly topics need to be reviewed, evaluated and adapted [2]: assembly representation and sequencing, especially non-sequential assembly; assembly system design--considering line balancing, delayed product differentiation and performance evaluation; assembly system operations--with a focus on exploring reconfigurable assembly planning, mixed-model assembly scheduling, and dealing with complexity resulting from different sources; and the changing role of human operators.
## 4 Simulation and Analysis
### Comparison of Steady-State Tracking Performance  
To compare the steady-state tracking performance of the HD-VLL and VLL, the tracking errors for both the sinusoidal motion case and fixed jerk case are analyzed, respectively.  
The sinusoidal motion case is first simulated with the same sinusoidal motion parameters as those used in Section 4.1. The HD-VLL adopts a bandwidth of 5 Hz, and the VLL adopts a bandwidth of 8 Hz. The velocity estimate curves and velocity error curves of the two loop structures are depicted in Figure 14.  
Figure 13: The tracking results of different bandwidths for the VLL. (**a**) The velocity estimate curves of different bandwidths for the VLL. (**b**) The velocity error curves of different bandwidths for the VLL.  
The mean value and standard deviation of velocity tracking errors for the HD-VLL and VLL in the sinusoidal motion case are shown in Table 3.  
The mean value and standard deviation of velocity tracking errors for the HD-VLL curves and velocity error curves are shown in Figure 15.  
The mean value and standard deviation of velocity tracking errors for the HD-VLL and VLL in the fixed jerk case are shown in Table 4.  
It can be seen in Tables 3 and 4 that the mean value and standard deviation of the steady-state tracking error of the HD-VLL are smaller than those of the VLL. Therefore, compared with the VLL, the HD-VLL can not only adapt to larger dynamics, but also has better steady-state tracking performance.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Loop Structure** & **Bandwidth/Hz** & **Mean of Velocity Tracking Error/m/s** & **Standard Deviation of Velocity Tracking Error /m/s** \\ \hline HD-VLL & 5 & 5.52 & 0.31 \\ VLL & 8 & 6.47 & 0.33 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Comparison of velocity tracking errors in fixed jerk case.  
Figure 14: The tracking results of the HD-VLL and VLL in the sinusoidal motion case. (**a**) The velocity estimate curves of the HD-VLL and VLL in the sinusoidal motion case. (**b**) The velocity error curves of the HD-VLL and VLL in the sinusoidal motion case.
###### Abstract  
This paper introduces a novel hybrid optimization technique aimed at improving the prediction accuracy of solar photovoltaic (PV) outputs using an Improved Hippocamp Optimization Algorithm (IHO). The IHO enhances the traditional Hippocamp Optimization (HO) algorithm by addressing its limitations in search efficiency, convergence speed, and global exploration. The IHO algorithm used Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) for population initialization, significantly enhancing the diversity and global search potential of the optimization process. The integration of the Jaya algorithm further refines solution quality and accelerates convergence. Additionally, a combination of unordered dimensional sampling, random crossover, and sequential mutation is employed to enhance the optimization process. The effectiveness of the proposed IHO is demonstrated through the optimization of weights and neuron thresholds in the extreme learning machine (ELM), a model known for its rapid learning capabilities but often affected by the randomness of initial parameters. The IHO-optimized ELM (IHO-ELM) is tested against benchmark algorithms, including BP, the traditional ELM, the HO-ELM, LCN, and LSTM, showing significant improvements in prediction accuracy and stability. Moreover, the IHO-ELM model is validated in a different region to assess its generalization ability for solar PV output prediction. The results confirm that the proposed hybrid approach not only improves prediction accuracy but also demonstrates robust generalization capabilities, making it a promising tool for predictive modeling in solar energy systems.  
Keywords:hippopotamus optimization algorithm; latin hypercube sampling; Jaya algorithm; extreme learning machine; solar photovoltaic output prediction +
Footnote †: These authors contributed equally to this work.
# Detecting Selected Instruments in the Sound Signal
## 3 Data Pre-Processing
### Dataset  
The choice of the dataset was determined by several factors. Firstly, the criteria for assessing the built model included, among others, a comparative analysis of the results obtained and those presented in other scientific works. Therefore, the dataset should be publicly available to find works based on it. Moreover, the set should be large enough to avoid the model adapting to a specific, narrow set of data. Taking into account the field under consideration, the collection should contain recordings from various instruments, preferably many types.  
Therefore, the current work uses the Medley-solos-DB [22; 40] dataset, which has also been used in other scientific works described in the Section 2. This collection contains recordings of the following instruments (Table 1): clarinet, electric guitar, flute, piano,tenor saxophone, trumpet, violin, female voice (which, in this context, can be treated as a stringed instrument).  
As can be seen, the set includes representatives of woodwind instruments (clarinet, flute, tenor saxophone), brass instruments (trumpet), string instruments (violin), hammer string instruments (piano), plucked string instruments (guitar), and female vocals. Moreover, the mentioned instruments have different sounds, even those belonging to the same group. Therefore, it can be concluded that the set used is well-diversified.  
The sound of a live instrument is recorded in the form of _raw_ files, which is a recording of not only individual notes but also the transitions between them.  
The collection contains 21,571 audio recordings and is divided into three subsets by default:  
* training (5841 samples),
* validation (3493 samples),
* test (12,237 samples).  
The collection is not balanced--the number of samples for each instrument differs. The number of recordings of the tenor saxophone and trumpet is significantly smaller than for other instruments. The number of recordings of clarinet, electric guitar, and female voice is also significantly smaller compared to flute, piano, and violin.  
Each recording is assigned an appropriate identifier and labels indicating the type of sample and the recorded instrument. The frequency of each recording is 22,050 Hz, and the length is 2972 milliseconds, which gives over 65,500 discrete values per recording.
## 1 Introduction  
The comet assay system can evaluate DNA damage and repair [1; 2; 3; 4] and, due to its great sensitivity, versatility, and rapidity [5; 6], has become a valuable tool for understanding the mechanism of action of chemical, physical, or biological agents [7]. It can detect and quantify genetic damage in individual cells, allowing information to be obtained on the heterogeneity of DNA damage or repair within a subpopulation of cells [8; 9; 10; 11]. The heterogeneity of genetic damage has been defined as the variance of DNA damage [12] and was first demonstrated by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [13] who observed that the variable cellular penetration of an anticancer substance caused the appearance of undamaged cells as well as cells with extensive DNA break. These studies indicated that the heterogeneity of genetic damage could reflect the variation of DNA lesions from one cell to another in the same population [14]. The heterogeneity in DNA migration allowed the observation of responses of small subpopulations to various treatments [12; 15] as well as its relationship with cell size, differences in sensitivity to genotoxic agents, or differences in the type of manifested genetic damage [2; 10; 15; 16; 17].  
Two classifications were reported in 1995 that used DNA damage heterogeneity to form cell groups with different degrees of damage by visual scoring [18; 19]. Visual scoring implies the categorization of comets according to the intensity of the tail and among its advantages were its simplicity, speed, low cost, and the quantification of genetic damage without the use of sophisticated image analysis programs [20]. This proved to be comparable with computerized analysis programs [21]. However, despite these research advances,it is currently considered that the full potential of the comet test to detect heterogeneity in response to genetic damage has not been exploited, since only the average result is used and heterogeneity loses relevance [10; 22]. [PERSON] et al. [22] proposed a new parameter to detect genetic damage, called MGs, which take advantage of the heterogeneity of genetic damage and do not use only the average migration of the tail. It is based on the formation of groups of comets with a similar tail length and allows the use of visual scoring analysis and computerized programs. It was also was observed that the number of MGs is directly proportional to the genetic damage as well as the concentration of the genotoxic agent. MGs have not been deeply studied and could be related to the different sensitivities of cells in response to DNA damage and/or repair due to a specific agent [22] so it is necessary to investigate the advantages that this new parameter can have. Here, the comet assay system was used to evaluate the genetic damage induced by EMS and UV-C, as well as the post-treatment protective effects of AA in UV-C-exposed blood cells of _Oreochromis miloticus_ and _Ambystoma mexicanum_ using the tail length, the tail moment, and the MG parameter.
# Analysis and Design of Protection Device for Anchor Cable Pull-Out in High-Stress Roadways
## 2 Analysis of Tensile Test in Anchor Cables and Evaluation of Ejection Kinetics  
Utilizing the energy conservation principle, the stress-strain data derived from tensile tests on anchor cables were integrated to obtain the strain energy density at various stages of the cable's tension. In context of the cable pull-out incident in the 1632 (3) roadway of Pan San Mine, both the ejection kinetic energy and speed were calculated through the strain energy density observed during unloading. This analysis provides data for the design of protection devices.