# A Survey of Blockchain Applications for Management in Agriculture and Livestock Internet of Things
## 2 Preliminaries
### IoT Technology and Smart Agriculture and Animal Husbandry
One study demonstrates that using an MQTT-based publish architecture for fire detection in smart agriculture significantly enhances real-time responsiveness and resource efficiency [33]. In urban vertical farming, IoT systems control climate conditions, nutrient delivery, and pest management to maximize yield in limited spaces [34]. Additionally, precision livestock farming utilizes IoT sensors to monitor animal health, behavior, and environmental conditions, enhancing overall livestock management and welfare [35]. The geographical deployment of IoT sensors in agriculture showcases their adaptability and global significance. In Africa, smallholder farmers employ low-cost soil moisture sensors integrated with solar-powered communication modules to optimize irrigation practices, thereby improving crop yields in water-scarce regions [36; 37]. The Americas sees the use of UAV-based imaging sensors in large-scale coffee plantations to detect crop stress and pest infestations early, enabling timely interventions and reducing crop losses [38; 39]. In Southeast Asia, IoT sensors in aquaculture systems monitor water quality to maintain ideal rearing conditions for fish, enhancing productivity and sustainability [40]. In Europe, advanced IoT technologies such as sensor-based data analysis and autonomous bots are utilized in greenhouse operations to optimize control and monitoring [41]. Meanwhile, in Asia, smart irrigation systems in lithci orchards utilize real-time data to manage water resources precisely, promoting sustainable agriculture and reducing environmental impact [42]. Moreover, IoT technologies enable higher levels of integration and optimization in agricultural operations. By deploying diverse sensors across farms and integrating GPS positioning with data visualization platforms, managers can gain a comprehensive view of environmental conditions and crop health across different regions of the farm. This facilitates precise production planning, reduces labor costs and resource waste, and ultimately boosts both yield and quality [43]. Additionally, some farms utilize drones or robots equipped with image-capturing sensors to transmit real-time imagery, enabling the monitoring of large-scale crop health and growth dynamics while supporting targeted agricultural interventions [44; 45]. Similarly, the use of IoT technology in animal husbandry can bring about revolutionary changes. Smart animal husbandry integrates advanced technologies for real-time monitoring and analysis during the livestock breeding process in order to achieve the automation of breeding management of the innovative livestock farming model [46]. In smart animal husbandry, by deploying various sensors in the pastures, ranch owners can monitor key indicators of livestock, such as health status, range of activity, feed consumption, and growth conditions in real-time [47]. For example, by monitoring the body temperature and activity data of livestock, health issues can be identified promptly, allowing for early treatment and reducing the spread of diseases and losses [48]. Moreover, by analyzing big data, ranch owners can optimize feed ratios and improve feed utilization, thereby reducing costs and enhancing production efficiency [49]. Smart animal husbandry can also help ranch owners better manage ranch resources, such as pastures, water sources, and feed storage. Through IoT technology, ranch owners can understand the growth condition of pastures, the usage of water sources, and the storage of feed in real-time, thus making more rational management decisions [50]. Significantly, comprehensive monitoring of livestock can ensure that animals grow in a healthy and safe environment, thereby enhancing the quality of livestock products. Concurrently, by employing blockchain technology, complete traceability information on livestock can be provided to consumers, enhancing their trust in livestock products. Figure 2 illustrates the overall architecture of smart agriculture and animal husbandry, where each element collaborates to form an efficient IoT ecosystem.