esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Tests and Results
### \"Mid-Gap\" Scenario
As shown in Table 7, when the mid-gap duration increases from 5 to 60 min, compared to the LEO satellite clocks determined with continuous CNES real-time products, the precision of the near-real-time clocks decreases from 0.023 to 0.035 ns, and the precision loss in prediction increases from 0.087 ns to about 0.11 ns. While compared to the BLS LEO satellite clocks using the CODE final products, the near-real-time clock precision decreases from approximately 0.23 to 0.28 ns, and the precision of the real-time clocks achieved by the user (after the prediction) decreases from about 0.26 to 0.32 ns. Therefore, when generating LEO satellite clocks using \"arc-estimation\", if a \"mid-gap\" situation occurs in the GNSS products during the near-real-time determination arc, the precision of the real-time LEO satellite clocks decreases. When a \"mid-gap\" occurs, one option is to stop the Kalman filter and let it re-converge. However, considering that re-convergence can take a long time, e.g., tens of minutes, if the mid-gap duration is less than one hour, continuing to estimate LEO clocks based on interpolated GNSS products is a better choice.
# Broadband Power Line Communication for Integration of Energy Sensors within a Smart City Ecosystem
## 3 Motivation and Goals  
The previous analysis demonstrates the interest in PLC technologies in both scientific and commercial spheres. The need for simulations is in virtually all technological areas, in order to reduce development and deployment costs. Because there is no universal procedure or tool for PLC technologies to assess the suitability of an implementation, it is necessary to deal with the issue more comprehensively with regard to related parameters that affect the functionality of the technology itself, similar to wireless technologies--signal interference, range, etc. [67] demonstrates a study of unwanted emissions in the CENELEC-A band generated by distributed energy resources and their influence over the NPLC system. Similar work [68] deals with measurement techniques for non-intentional emission above 2 kHz, in order to contribute to the standardization of emission requirements in the frequency band of CENELEC or FCC for NPLC systems.  
This work focuses mainly on BPLC technology over MV power lines in the fields of smart grid and smart metering. The MV power line is considered for distribution transformer substation automatization, and the BPLC is used for control and data acquisition from sensors and meters in substations. In comparison with low voltage lines, the MV lines show less attenuation on the line, invariant behavior in time, simpler topology without branches on the main transmission line, and low number of sources of interference [54].  
The main goal of this work is a demonstration of the BPLC simulator compliant with the G.hn standard. Various simulation methods were performed with respect to transmission efficiency. These methods are described, and the results of simulations are demonstrated. The created simulation scenarios correspond with infrastructures under laboratory and real conditions. The simulation under real conditions is supplemented by specific measurements for comparison. The results also demonstrate a simple comparison of simulation and measurement on one real topology. The aim was to simulate the same trend of transmission speed as was observed in the real environment. For this purpose, the simulations were performed mainly on the application layer.  
BPLC is considered for connection of sensors, power monitors and meters for automatization and control of distribution substations. Especially for underground substations, BPLC is the only communication solution after the optical network infrastructure has been built.
# Temporal Encoding to Reject Background Signals
## 4 Materials and Methods
### NANOBED Satellite Simulator Experiments  
The LED transmitter and SPAD receiver systems were independently powered by separate NANOBED systems, positioned approximately 4 m apart. A 450 nm micro-LED was used, focussed on the receiver plane using an 8 mm focal length lens (C240 TME-A, Thorlabs, Newton, NJ, USA), giving a pixel image size at of approximately 4 cm. To increase received power on the 20 m diameter SPAD, a 35 mm focal length collection lens (ACL4532U-A, Thorlabs, Newton, NJ, USA) was used.  
The satellite simulator test bed is a FlatSat-configured CubeSat system, which includes an electrical power system, batteries, an on-board computer and communication systems. A software design tool offers mission design, simulation and analysis, including a link to the hardware for in-loop simulation and testing. A software defined radio link to NANOBED enables ground software validation and operational testing, over which command and control of the system components can be invoked. The NANOBED EPS provides a 5 V bus suitable for powering the transmitter and receiver FPGA boards directly. For the SPAD supply, the unregulated battery bus was used with a voltage regulator to fix the voltage to 6 V.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived the approach; experimental implementation, verification and analysis was performed by [PERSON]; experimental work with the NANOBED system was performed by [PERSON]; FPGA and MATLAB(tm)software was developed by [PERSON]; and [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] contributed to discussion and interpretation of the results. All authors contributed to the final form of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) EP/M01326X/1, UK Quantum Technology Hub in Quantum Enhanced Imaging. The NANOBED environment was developed under funding from UK Space Agency in collaboration with Clyde Space Ltd.  
The underlying experimental data for the work presented here are available online at doi:10.15129/0 dfccac12-dbf6-424f-8 bc7-71d13 db00155.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.
# mmS-TCP: Scalable TCP for Improving Throughput and Fairness in 5G mmWave Networks
## 4 Evaluations
### 5G MmWave Framework  
The 5G mmWave framework implemented in ns-3 [33] is built on top of the ns-3 LTE module, LENA [34; 35]. LENA is an LTE/EPC network simulator and an open-source framework that enables the creation and testing of various LTE-related applications (design of downlink and uplink schedulers, radio resource management algorithms, inter-cell interference control and UE mobility management, end-to-end service quality tests, etc.). The LENA framework includes elements essential for LTE communication, such as packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), radio resource control (RRC), RLC layer, MAC and PHY layers, and various antenna models. The LTE/EPC protocol structure of the LENA module was utilized in the development of the mmWave simulation module to implement customized PHY and MAC layers for mmWave communication. The implemented 5G mmWave framework [36; 37] is currently open for a variety of researchers to design and test new 5G protocols.  
Figure 7, introduced by [PERSON] [36], shows the ns-3-based 5G mmWave module architecture from an end-to-end perspective. There are various classes for mmWave, as well as LTE LENA classes. Because the structure and function of each class inherits the existing LTE LENA module, details can be found in the LENA project document and the 5G mmWave framework implementation document [34; 35; 36; 37].  
Figure 7: ns-3-based 5G mmWave module architecture from an end-to-end perspective [36].
# Prediction of Delayed Surface Subsidence Based on the Improved Knothe-n Model
## 5 Conclusions  
By enhancing the classical Knothe time model with segmental processing, we have refined the Knothe-n time function model, resulting in a simple yet effective approach for predicting hysteresis settlement. Utilizing measured data, relevant parameters, and the intrinsic model of the subsidence area, we conducted numerical simulations in FLAC3D, yielding a wealth of validation data. Remarkably, the numerical simulation results align closely with those of the improved model, offering a promising avenue for future model validation methodologies. Using the coal mining subsidence area of Yutianbao as a case study, we applied the improved model to predict subsidence in the mining area. The roothe-mean-square error between the predicted and measured values of maximum subsidence at later stages was found to be 1.14, while the root-mean-square error between the average predicted and measured values of monitoring points WC1-WC9 was 0.38. These results affirm the accuracy and practicality of the refined Knothe-n time function model.  
Moving forward, it is imperative to further validate the application of the improved Knothe-n model across diverse geological conditions and engineering scenarios. This validation process can benefit from the development of automated parameter estimation techniques, mitigating the influence of human factors on model predictions. Additionally, integrating the improved Knothe-n model with other types of models, such as mechanical models or artificial intelligence models, holds the potential for leveraging the strengths of various approaches to enhance predictive capabilities.  
Monitoring, Data Acquisition, and Methods, J.D.; Methods, Analysis, and Writing, C.T.; Visualization and Writing, X.L. Aids in numerical simulation calculations and thesis revisions, Y.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported in part by the 2021 Open Research Fund of Hubei Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, China Three Gorges University, Project Code: 2021 KJ07; and in part by the Open Research Fund of Engineering Research Center of CatastrophicProphylaxis and Treatment of Road and Traffic Safety of Ministry of Education, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Project Code: kfj180404.  
Not applicable.  
Data Availability Statement: Data are contained within the article.  
This research was supported by the College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# A Classification Model Based on Interval Rule Inference Network with Interpretability
## 4 Interval Rule Inference Network  
In this section, an interval rule inference network model is constructed. This model combines the interval belief rule base and neural network, which can not only handle a variety of uncertain information or knowledge including interval uncertainty, but also automatically generate an IBRB through learning algorithms. To facilitate the automatic generation of an IBRB, the framework of the proposed IRIN is presented in Figure 1.  
The IRIN is composed of three parts, namely, the IBRB establishment, the inference process, and the parameter determination. The IBRB establishment contains a transformation process where the values of samples of any type are translated into interval belief distributions by statistical methods [23; 24; 25], and rule base establishment where an IBRB is constructed associated with the samples. The inference process is divided into three layers, i.e., the input layer, the activation layer, and the conclusion layer.  
The similarity measures are input into the IBRB, in which is the sample and the rules in IBRB are both represented with interval belief distributions, and the IER-based method is used to reason the information with the interval belief distribution values. The conclusion is obtained containing interval belief distribution information.  
In the parameter determination, the IBRB is optimized using gradient descent, where the error of mean square is calculated between the outputs of the inference process and the actual labels, which are all represented as interval belief distribution values. The belief degrees of consequents \(\beta_{j,k}(j=1,\ldots,J_{D};k=1,\ldots,L)\), \(\beta_{j,k}\in[\beta_{j,k}^{-},\beta_{j,k}^{+}]\) should be handled as interval belief distribution, while attribute weights \(\bar{\delta}_{i}(i=1,\ldots,T)\) and rule weights \(\theta_{k}(1,\ldots,L)\) are real values.
## 6 Experimental Verification
### Verification of the IPSO-RBFNN Models with Different Error Terms  
In Sections 5.2 and 6.1, the predictive performance of thermal error in Z direction based on the IPSO-RBFNN model has been analyzed at different velocities. In this section, the prediction performance of thermal errors in X2 and Y1 direction at 800 rpm will be verified. The thermal errors in X2 and Y1 direction at 800 rpm are shown in Figures 13 and 14, respectively.  
Figures 13 and 14 show that the predicted values of the thermal error in X2 and Y1 direction at 800 rpm based on the IPOS-RBFNN model are both closer to the actual values than the RBFNN model. In the same way, two metrics, \(MSE\) and \(RMSE\), are used to evaluate the predictive performance of the models.  
It is visible from Table 7 that the \(RMSE\) and \(MSE\) values of IPOS-RBFNN model are both much smaller than those of RBFNN model, both in X2 direction or Y1 direction, which proves that the IPOS-RBFNN model has a higher predictive accuracy than the RBFNN model.  
Figure 14: Verification results of Y1 error term of two models at 800 rpm.  
Figure 13: Verification results of X2 error term of two models at 800 rpm.
# Mo(VI) Complexes Immobilized on SBA-15 as an Efficient Catalyst for 1-Octene Epoxidation
## 2 Results and Discussion
### Catalytic Performance in 1-Octene Epoxidation
#### 2.2.2 Influence of the Solvent
An exception to this trend can be observed when using isopropanol as solvent, as in this case, a clear decrease of the oxidant efficiency is noted by increasing reaction time. The intermediate polarity of the isopropanol, combined with its molecular size (similar to THF but higher than methanol), probably leads to a slower coordination to Mo(VI) sites (in comparison with THF or methanol, whose interaction with the metal seems to occur at the beginning of the reaction). Consequently, the increase of the reaction time promotes isopropanol-molybdenum coordination, reducing the oxidant efficiency. In conclusion, experimental results suggest that the best solvent for 1-octene epoxidation by using our Mo(VI) containing-SBA-15 catalyst is n-decane.
## 5 Proposed Solution
### Obtaining Anonymous Credentials  
Privacy is critical in an e-voting scheme. The scheme shall allow only authenticated voters to cast their votes while protecting their real identities from being tracked by the blockchain nodes, organizers, and other potential eavesdroppers. To address this issue, voters need to obtain untraceable tokens from the organizers. The process of acquiring the tokens is as follows.  
The voter chooses random _element_\(\{s\}\in\mathbb{Z}_{n}^{*}\) and then computes the token public keys \(\{TP\}\), where \(TP=s\cdot G\). Then, the voter and the organizer execute the blind signature protocol, discussed in Section 4, so that the voter can acquire a valid signature \(sig_{O}(TP)\) for the token coin \(TP\) without revealing \(TP\) to the organizer. The process is as follows:  
**Step 1:**: A voter \(v_{i}\) initializes the communication by sending a message \(msg_{1}\), as follows:  
\[msg_{1}=ID_{v_{i}}\|Sig_{v_{i}}(ID_{v_{i}})\]  
where \(ID_{v_{i}}\) is the voter's real identity, such as his/her registered email address account, and \(Sig_{v}(ID_{v_{i}})\) is the signature on the whole message using the voter's private key.
**Step 2:**: The organizer chooses a secret _element_\(k\in\mathbb{Z}_{n}^{*}\) and computes \(R=k\cdot G\) and he/she sends \(msg_{2}\) back to the voter  
\[msg_{2}=R\|Sig_{O}(R)\]  
where \(Sig_{O}(R)\) is the organizer's signature on the message.
**Step 3:**: The voter computes \(A=R+\gamma\cdot G+\delta\cdot P\), where \(\gamma,\delta\in\mathbb{Z}_{n}^{*}\) are random elements and computes \(t=x\) mod \(n\), where \(x\) is the \(x\)-coordinate of point \(A\). The voter computes \(c^{\prime}=(c-\delta)\) mod \(n\), where \(c=H(TP|t)\) mod \(n\). The voter sends \(msg_{3}\) that includes \(c^{\prime}\) as well as the voter's signature \(Sig_{v_{i}}(c^{\prime})\) to the organizer:  
\[msg_{3}=c^{\prime}\|Sig_{v_{i}}(c^{\prime})\]
**Step 4:**: The organizer computes \(s^{\prime}=(k-c^{\prime}\cdot d)\) mod \(n\) where \(d\) is the organizers' secret key and they reply back with \(msg_{4}\), where,  
\[msg_{4}=s^{\prime}\|Sig_{O}(s^{\prime})\]  
Finally, the voter uses \(msg_{4}\) to compute \(s=(s^{\prime}+\gamma)\) mod \(n\) and stores the signature on \(TP_{v_{i}}\) (\(Sig_{O}(TP_{v_{i}})\)) as \((s,c)\). The organizer is oblivious to the voters' tokens, i.e., public keys. Note that, although this phase require the voters to use his/her real identity to obtain anonymous voting tokens, and due to the use of the blind signatures, the organizer would not be able to link a specific voting token \((sig_{O}(TP_{v_{i}}))\) to the voter \(v_{i}\) when the token is used in the voting process.
## 5 Data Collection Experiment and Dataset Description
### Experiment Setup  
In this study, the P440 Monostatic Radar Module (MRM) developed by Time Domain, Huntsville, AL, USA was used. The P440 MRM is equipped with two UWB planar direc  
Figure 8: CAF implementation process. In the diagram, weight2 represents \([1-g^{w}(i)g^{h}(j)]\).  
tional antennas. Additionally, a laptop was used as the system's control and data receiving terminal. Figure 9 shows the experimental setup for through-wall radar human activity recognition in an indoor environment.  
The P440 MRM is a fully coherent short-range radar that emits high-bandwidth Gaussian pulses with centimeter-level waveform resolution. In this experiment, the radar operated in the 3.1-4.8 GHz frequency band with a center frequency of 4.3 GHz. This low-frequency radar has excellent capability to penetrate obstacles.  
The radar captures the Doppler frequency shift and radial velocity of moving targets through the Doppler effect. By performing time-frequency transformation on a radar time-series signal, a graph showing the relationship between time and target velocity can be obtained. However, the target velocity may not always be measurable. According to the Shannon sampling theorem, in order for a radar signal to capture the maximum velocity information of a moving target, the radar's pulse repetition frequency (PRF) needs to be greater than twice the maximum frequency of the moving target. Based on this principle, the maximum unambiguous velocity of a radar can be derived as  
\[V_{\text{max}}=\frac{c\cdot\text{PRF}}{4f_{c}}, \tag{16}\]  
where \(f_{c}\) is the radar center frequency, and \(c\) is the speed of light. We needed the maximum unambiguous velocity of the radar to be greater than the speed generated by most actions, which meant that the PRF should be greater than the micro-Doppler frequency of most human movements. It should be noted that, theoretically, a higher PRF is more beneficial for human activity recognition. However, given the constant total power of the radar system, increasing the PRF would lead to a decrease in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the radar echo, which is undesirable for through-wall tasks. Therefore, after comprehensive consideration, we set the PRF to 240 Hz, resulting in a maximum unambiguous velocity of approximately \(\pm\)4.2 m/s. Additionally, to ensure a high SNR for the radar echo, we set the target activity range to within 4.38 m behind the wall.
## 1 Introduction
To date, there have been no reports on hydrothermal methods that enable the high-yield synthesis and modification of carbon quantum dots using raw wood without the need for strong acids or bases. This study focuses on the synthesis of fluorescent nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) from poplar wood, abundant in lignin and cellulose, utilizing a mild base oxidation technique. This method offers simplicity, high mass yield, and numerous benefits for environmental sustainability and cost-effectiveness. The weak base treatment involves diluted hydrogen peroxide and a minimal amount of ammonia solution, resulting in reduced hazards and the absence of challenging waste byproducts. The synthesized N-CQDs are then employed for the detection of Fe (III).
# Value-Added Use of Waste PET in Rubberized Asphalt Materials for Sustainable Payement
###### Abstract  
Waste poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) drinking bottles and end-of-life scrap rubber tires are common municipal solid wastes discarded and produced every day, which are usually disposed of in landfills and stockpiles, occupying a great quantity of land and causing serious environmental issues. This study aims to first turn waste PET into two value-added derived additives under the chemical treatment of two amines, namely triethylenettermine (TETA) and ethanolamine (EA), respectively, and then adopt them in association with crumb rubber (CR) to modify virgin bitumen for preparing various rubberized asphalt mixtures. Subsequently, the high- and low-temperature properties of the rubberized binder modified by PET additives (PET-TETA and PET-EA) were comparatively characterized through dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) and bending beam rheometer (BBR) tests, while the rutting resistance, fatigue resistance, and dynamic modulus of the further fabricated mixtures were evaluated and validated through mixture tests. The results obtained indicate that 2 wt.% PET-TETA and PET-EA contribute to increase the rutting failure temperature of asphalt rubber from 82.2 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 85.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 84.2 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively, retaining the high grade of PG 82; the low-temperature grade of asphalt rubber slightly decreased from PG-28 to PG-22 as the additive was added; the rut depth slightly changed from 3.10 mm to nearly 3.70 mm; and PET-TETA exhibits the potential to be capable of extending the fatigue life of asphalt rubber in contrast with PET-EA at different stress levels within 450 kPa. Based on the findings of this study, the developed recycling approach is considered to be applicable to not only alleviate the environmental concerns caused by the landfills and stockpiles of those wastes but also make them valuable for building more durable pavement.  
waste PET; waste tire rubber; asphalt rubber; fatigue life; durable pavement Article  
Vol. 2022, 12, 871. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/app12020871](https://doi.org/10.3390/app12020871)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/app12020871](https://doi.org/10.3390/app12020871))