# Fewer Dimensions for Higher Thermal Performance: A Review on 2D Nanofluids
## 3 Application of 2D Nanofluids
### Thermal Management of Electronics  
Two-dimensional nanofluids are promising alternatives that can be employed in liquid blocks with channels (e.g., heat sinks), thermosyphons, heat pipes, and channels with special configurations for electronic thermal management. The published literature focus fundamentally on the use of Gr and CNT nanofluids and some hybrid forms in the thermal management of the electronic components, where the miniaturization of the cooling and operating systems is of paramount importance. Balaji et al. [133] investigated the thermal performance of 2D functionalized Gr nanoplatelets in distilled water. They discussed the impact of the mass flow rate and the concentration of Gr nanoparticles on the HTC, Nusselt number, temperature, and pressure drop. The obtained results demonstrated that the functionalized Gr platelets exhibited an improved heat transfer capability compared with the distilled water alone. The nanofluids at 0.2% vol. of Gr platelets remained stable for an extended period without any settlement occurring, which was confirmed by the zeta potential measurements. Furthermore, the TC and viscosity of the nanofluids were enhanced by 11% and 13.3% in comparison with those of the water alone. The HTC and Nusselt number increased 71% and 60% at 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively, compared with the pure water. By applying this nanofluid in the cooling system of electronic ships, the temperature drops in the heat sink increased by up to 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C, improving the performance of the ships. There was a slight increase in the pressure implying the need for extra pumping power, but it can be noted that the enhanced thermal properties of the synthesized nanofluids compensated for this negative feature. In essence, the findings of this experimental work confirmed that the functionalized Gr nanoplatelet nanofluids were capable of removing the heat generated by the chips under different heat loads. It was demonstrated that the developed nanofluids were more stable and had a better heat transfer performance than the conventional coolants; therefore, they have potential in liquid-cooled electronic cooling systems. Nevertheless, more studies should be conducted on the heat transfer enhancement of the liquid blocks and double-layer liquid blocks of the heat sinks employing 2D nanofluids in the thermal management of electronic components. In addition, there is a lack of studies on the use of 2D nanofluids along with the investigation of the inclination angle or gravity on the thermal performance of heat pipes in the cooling of CPU. Studies on the thermosyphon boiling process of 2D nanofluids as operating fluids are rather scarce and new insights should be pursued. More investigation works are highly recommended to better understand the heat transfer capability when using two-dimensional nanofluids in specially designed novel structures, such as wavy channels. Moreover, due to the very narrow size of the channels used in the thermal management of electronics, the minimal dimensions of the 2D nanostructures dispersed in base fluids are of great interest and are suitable for use in such systems. Nevertheless, the agglomeration effect of the suspended nanostructures gains intensified impact in the cooling of electronics. There is a research gap closely linked with the use of 2D nanofluids together with the use of phase change materials, as they promote temperature uniformity in commonly used liquid blocks of heat sinks used in electronic thermal management. This uniformity will ensure higher thermal performance. Finally, more options based on the green and bio-friendly functionalization of Gr 2D nanostructure dispersions should be studied. These nanofluids are suitable candidates for use in the cooling of electronics.