## 3 Market Research: Current State of Immersive Technologies in Industrial Design
### Available Resources of Immersive Tools for Industrial Design
#### 3.2.2 Analysis of Software for Immersive Design
The interoperability among the leading immersive software solutions for industrial design is progressing towards more integrated workflows. This development is driven by the possibility of exporting models in standard formats such as OBJ, FBX, or STEP, as well as by increasing compatibility with platforms for visualisation, review, or simulation. For example, 'Gravity Sketch' [68] enables model export for refinement in 'Mindesk' [72] or evaluation in 'ShapesXR' [73], which facilitates continuity between conceptual sketching and technical modelling. This interoperability is strengthened by using complementary software, such as 'Immersive Designer' for Siemens NX [94], 'eDrawings Viewer' for Solidworks [95] or 'Workshop XR' for Autodesk [96]. These tools enhance technical validation by allowing review and manipulation of complex CAD models within immersive  
Figure 2: Compatibility matrix of selected VR design software with AR and MR visualisation tools. environments. In addition, other auxiliary tools expand design possibilities by linking the immersive environment with experience analysis or interactive presentation. Examples include 'Adobe Aero' [97] to integrate prototypes into real contexts through AR, 'KeyVR' [98] for realistic visualisation and immersive model review, and 'Cognitive 3D' [99] for user interaction. This level of interoperability among immersive platforms and CAD or advanced visualisation tools contributes to more flexible, iterative, and collaborative design environments. The learning curve of this type of software varies according to its complexity. Platforms such as 'Gravity Sketch' [68] or 'ShapesXR' [73] feature intuitive interfaces and accessible visual environments. This allows for rapid adoption even by users without experience in 3D modelling. However, tools such as 'Mindesk' [72], 'Autodesk Alias Create VR' [70], 'Unity' [90], or 'Unreal Engine' [91], require advanced technical knowledge in parametric design, programming, or simulation. Complementary software, such as 'KeyVR' [98] or 'Adobe Aero' [97], generally occupies an intermediate position. They offer user-friendly interfaces, but depend on prior understanding of CAD workflows or AR. Ultimately, mastering these environments and software demands progressive technical familiarisation. Therefore, its inclusion in industrial design training processes would be advisable. The adoption of immersive software in industrial design has experienced steady growth in recent years. According to data from 'Gravity Sketch' (2023), the platform has more than 100,000 active monthly users, with presence in more than 170 educational institutions and established use in companies such as Adidas, Volkswagen, Ford, Nissan, and Reebok [100]. This growth is attributed to hardware accessibility, the maturation of interfaces, and the need for methodologies that are more visual, collaborative, and user-centred. In professional settings, its use has expanded to design studios, engineering, and advanced manufacturing. It is used primarily for early concept validation, collaborative review, and interactive simulation. Within academia, design and engineering schools have integrated these platforms to enable more experimental and immersive learning environments. They have been incorporated as part of training in three-dimensional design, virtual prototyping, and user experience. This trend reflects a shift in traditional workflows toward more iterative and multisensory models, with increasing acceptance in educational contexts and applied innovation. The analysed software demonstrates high compatibility with the main hardware devices. They are primarily compatible with headsets such as Meta Quest 2/3, HTC Vive Pro, Varjo XR-3, Vive XR Elite, or HP Reverb G2. Some platforms, such as Gravity Sketch or ShapesXR, operate natively on standalone headsets like Meta Quest, which enhances portability and accessibility.