## 5 Simulation Study and Results
### Generation Greater Than Load (\(P_{g}<~{}P_{L}\))  
Figure 11 illustrates the condition where the available power generated is less than the load. During (\(P_{G}<P_{L}\)), the EMS checks whether the power generated is able to supply at least the priority load or not. If the generated power is sufficient to supply the demand of priority load, the EMSthen checks the condition of the battery. The priority load will be supplied by the generators. For supplying the commercial and agricultural vehicle load, the battery will supply power when the required power is already stored in the battery. If the battery power and generated power is not able to supply the load, the diesel generator will then supply the load power. The performance of the proposed EMS is analyzed for a 24 h period, which is shown in Table 2. From that table, it is observed that the load requirement of the rural village community is supplied by the penetration of various renewable energy sources rather than the diesel generator. The diesel consumption of the DC microgrid is only 4 kW for one hour in a whole day compare to all other EMS.  
The complete performance of the proposed system for 24 h period of the EMS of the DC microgrid is summarized in Table 3, and Figure 12 describes the PV, wind, fuel cell, and diesel power and their operating condition with respect to load in all cases. The laboratory-scale DC microgrid has a capacity of 750 W, and with each renewable energy source, the capacity is 250 W.The performance of all the sources depends on the climatic condition. The power upstream and downstream of the DC microgrid depends on the maximum and minimum voltage, current rating, with respect to the standard test  
Figure 11: Generation greater than load (\(P_{G}>P_{L}\)).  
Figure 10: Generation greater than load (\(P_{G}>P_{L}\)) (power vs. time).  
condition (STC) of individual sources stated by the manufacturer. Based on that, the DC microgrid is designed, and their specification is described in Table 4.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**PV** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Wind**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Fuel Cell**} \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{Centsys Solar 250 W} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{SIKCO Wind 1000} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Horizon 500 W PEM Fuel Cell} \\ \hline PV Modules & Specification & Wind & Specification & Fuel Cell & Specification \\ \hline Maximum capacity & 250 W & Type of Turbine & Horizontal Axis & & \\  & & & Downwind Turbine & & \\ \hline Tolerance & \(\pm\)3\% & voltage & 12 V DC & & \\ \hline Open circuit voltage & 37.8 V & Rated Wind Speed & 5 m/s & Valve Voltage & 12 V \\ \hline Short circuit current & 7.94 A & Rated Power & 300 W & & \\ \hline Module efficiency & 15.3\% & Rated rpm & 300 & Reactants & Hydrogen and Air \\ \hline Solar cell efficiency & 17.2\% & Cut-in wind speed & 2 m/s & & \\  & & & & & Temperature & \\ \hline Maximum voltage (\(V_{\text{m}}\)) & 31.5 V & Cut-out wind speed & 15 m/s & & \\ \hline Maximum current (\(I_{\text{m}}\)) & 7.94 A & Blade length & 600 mm & Gas Pressure & 0.45–0.55 Bar \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Nominal Temperature} & \multirow{2}{*}{42 °C (\(\pm\)2 °C)} & \multirow{2}{*}{blades} & \multirow{2}{*}{6} & \multirow{2}{*}{Stack Size} & 268 mm \(\times\) 130 mm \(\times\) \\  & & & & & & 122.5 mm (10.5\({}^{\circ}\times\) 5.1\({}^{\circ}\) \\  & & & & & \(\times\) 4.8\({}^{\circ}\)) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Dimensions} & \(\begin{array}{c}1650\ mm\times 992\ m\\ \times\ 40\ mm\end{array}\) & \multirow{2}{*}{Noise Level} & \multirow{2}{*}{\textless{20 dB}} & \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Efficiency of \\ System \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{40\% at 14.4 V} \\  & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Hardware specifications of the proposed DC microgrid.  
Figure 12: Overall performance of the system with generated power.