## 4 Conclusions  
The essential oils of _Tsuga canadensis_ seeds and cones differ significantly in composition, especially in the proportions of the main components. Notably, the seed EO is primarily composed of oxygenated monoterrenes, with bornyl acetate being the most prevalent, while the essential oil from the cones shows cases a richer profile of monoterrene hydrocarbons, evident in compounds such as \(\alpha\)- and \(\beta\)-pinene and myrcene. The yield of oils from both organs of the Canadian hemlock is low, taking into account our previous studies, where the yield of oil from fir seeds reaches even 18%. Additionally, the seed lipophilic extract isolated with 35% yield, is characterized by its abundance of beneficial mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants like \(\beta\)-tocopherol, which can bolster the assertion of _Tsuga canadensis_'s considerable potential value. \(\beta\)-Tocopherol, a form of vitamin E, accounts for 0.029 mg per 1 g of seed extract. In terms of phytosterols, \(\beta\)-sitosterol was the most prevalent, making up 1.53 mg per 1 g of seed extract, followed by campesterol. This reveals a rich composition of fatty acids, tocopherols, and phytosterols. The presence of these compounds is significant as they are known to exhibit antioxidant properties, especially vitamin E, which protects cell membranes from oxidative damage by neutralizing harmful free radicals. Analysis of the effect of EOs on cancer cells (melanoma lines A375 and C32) allows for determining their ability to selectively inhibit their growth. This study showed that cone EO is characterized by a lower IC\({}_{50}\) for melanoma cells than for fibroblasts, which suggests its possible potential, as supporting substances use in anticancer therapy; however, cone OE cytotoxicity testing should be extended. Furthermore, the antimicrobial properties of the EOs revealed that the cone EO exhibited greater antibacterial activity against tested bacterial strains than the seed essential oil. However, both EOs are bacteriostatic rather than bactericidal. This is the first study on the chemical compositions and biological properties of essential oils from Canadian hemlock seeds and cones; however, the biological activity, including their antioxidant properties measure with methods based on the ability to neutralize free radicals (DPPH, ABTS, ORAC) as well antimicrobial properties using other bacterial and yeast-like fungi strains, should be further investigated. Previous studies of seed extracts \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Tested Substance** & **MIC 2 (uL/mL)** & **MBC 3 (uL/mL)** & **MBC/MIC 4** & **Properties** \\ \hline Cone EO & 7.81 \(\pm\) 0.00 A & 62.50 \(\pm\) 0.00 A & 8 & bacteriostatic \\ Seed EO & 13.02 \(\pm\) 4.51 A & 62.50 \(\pm\) 0.00 A & 5 & bacteriostatic \\ Thymol 1 & 4.07 \(\pm\) 1.41 B & 8.13 \(\pm\) 2.81 B & 2 & bactericidal \\ Gentamycyna (μg/mL) & 0.51 \(\pm\) 0.18 B & 1.22 \(\pm\) 0.00 B & 2 & bactericidal \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Positive controls; 2 MIC—minimum inhibitory concentration; 3 MBC—minimum bactericidal concentration; 4 MBC/MIC ratio \(\leq\) 4—bactericidal; MBC/MIC ratio \(>\) 4—bacterostatic; 4 mL/mL; 3 4 mg/mL.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), MBC/MIC ratio, and the effectiveness of the analyzed substances against _Escherichia coli_ ATCC 8739.  
were based only on the identification of fatty acids. In this work, the seed studies were extended to the identification of forms of vitamin E and phytosterols. The following supporting information can be downloaded at [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15041713/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15041713/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15041713/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15041713/s1)): Figure S1: Comparison of major chemical compounds in essential oils (EOs) from _T. canadensis_ (seed and cone), _Abies albu_, and _Pican orientalis_.