esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results
### Examination of the Simulations with Gpm-Co Dpr
Moreover, especially for the inner region encompassing the eyewall, it is evident that their magnitudes were much closer to the observations, in line with the areal mean results exposed in Figure 3a. It is interesting to note that, whereas, in the ECMWF-based simulations, the spatial location of the areas with moderate amounts of integrated rainwater content (and also of integrated frozen water content, not shown) tended to coincide with those of the simulated reflectivity at 5 km (Figure 5e-h), this was not always the case for the simulations with GFS. These exhibited some inner bands of integrated liquid water content around 19\({}^{\circ}\)E and 38-39\({}^{\circ}\)N (Figure 9a-d) in areas of complete absence of mid-level reflectivity (Figure 5a-d). This indicates, as also confirmed by the reduced height of the reflectivity cores in Figure 6a-d, the formation of very shallow convection that was not strong enough for the creation of neither significant frozen hydmeteors nor appreciable amounts of rain at middle levels. Lastly, the DPR instantaneous precipitation rate at 10:31 p.m. UTC was compared with the simulation surface rain rate (calculated using the timestep precipitation provided by WRF) at 10:30 p.m. UTC, and the results are displayed in Figure 10. The DPR precipitation rate shown here (Figure 10i) corresponds to the height of 2 km in order to avoid the data gaps in lower altitudes due to the ground clutter. The observations showed intense rain rates (up to \(\sim\)76 mm\(\cdot\)h\({}^{-1}\)) in spots around the eyewall and along the main spiraling rainbands, mostly north and northwest from the TLC center, while light rain (<4 mm\(\cdot\)h\({}^{-1}\)) was present in the outer bands to the northwest and southeast of the eye, as well as in  
Figure 9: Integrated rainwater content (mm) at 10:30 p.m. UTC 17 September 2020 for all simulations (**a**–**h**) and as observed by the GPM-CO DPR overpass at 10:31 p.m. UTC (i). the southeastern portion of eyewall. Looking at the experiments, a better definition of the main observed rain rate characteristics can be seen for the ECMWF-based simulations, which developed a more accurate rain pattern in the eyewall and main rainbands to the north/northwest with respect to their GFS counterparts. Despite these differences, it is still noticeable that every microphysics scheme developed its own distinctive traits regardless of the global model employed. For instance, in all [PERSON] and [PERSON] experiments, the outer area of very light rain was quite extensive, whereas both WDM6 experiments produced almost no rain outside of the main rainbands and eyewall. Both WSM6 simulations predicted instead some more precipitation in those areas compared to WDM6. In addition, among the ECMWF-based experiments, it is remarkable that all except the WDM6 simulation were able to represent reasonably well (particularly [PERSON]) the surface precipitation in the main rainbands and in the well-defined eyewall region.
# Deep Learning-Driven Public Opinion Analysis on the Weibo Topic about AI Art
## 1 Introduction
As stated above, the current research on public opinions about AI Art primarily focuses on English-based social media platforms like X and Reddit, with a noticeable absence of analysis on Chinese social media platforms. Therefore, this paper constructed a public opinion analysis framework based on text sentiment analysis and text clustering analysis, with the aim of facilitating the detailed examination of Weibo users' opinions regarding AI Art and its application in various fields. 2. A sentiment analysis model, LERT_BiSRU++, was developed. By incorporating linguistic features of Part of Speech Tagging, Named Entity Recognition, and Dependency Parsing in the pre-training phase, LERT achieves a better representation of Weibo texts compared to traditional word embedding models such as Word2 vec. To capture the long-distance dependencies in textual data, the attention-embedded bidirectional Simple Recurrent Unit, BiSRU++, was employed, thereby improving the classification accuracy and time efficiency of the model. 3. A text clustering analysis was conducted to enhance the sentiment analysis procedure. To investigate the nuanced opinions revealed in the sentiment analysis results, this study utilizes a text clustering analysis that leverages the LERT model and autoencoders for text representation and dimension reduction, and subsequently applies K-means clustering algorithms to generate clusters. For the detailed opinion extraction, the C-TF-IDF algorithm was employed to extract keywords from each cluster, thus facilitating a fine-grained representation of opinions with both positive and negative sentiments. By integrating sentiment analysis with clustering analysis, the interpretability of results in public opinion analysis has been improved, offering valuable insights for the advancement of AI Art technologies. The rest of this article is organized as follows. Section 2 illustrates the overall architecture of the proposed public opinion analysis method, together with the datasets' description and experimental design. Section 3 provides the results of experiments, followed by detailed discussions of experimental results and public opinion analysis. Finally, a brief conclusion is drawn in Section 4.
# Vibration Control of Multi-Modular VLFS in Random Sea Based on Stiffness-Adjustable Connectors
## 2 The Model of Stiffness-Adjustable Connector
The embedded actuator provides an additional axial force to minimize the relative displacement between the two modules by a state-feedback control scheme that is able to adapt to wave conditions. The actuator actually changes the force-displacement relationship of the connector and equivalently alters the flexibility of the connector in an adaptive way to cope with the changes in the wave condition. The stiffness-adjustable connector is an essential element that can be deployed between two adjacent modules to create a connection in a desirable position and direction. Configuring a number of connectors in different positions and directions can achieve multi-directional vibration control of a VLFS. As the excitation frequency and angle of the waves change, the connection flexibility can be adjusted accordingly using the actuators, which can at least avoid the system resonances resulting from random sea conditions. The major benefit of introducing these stiffness-adjustable connectors is that it can greatly reduce the required control outputs, which will be illustrated in numerical studies. Although the use of a hydraulic actuator is unusual for VLFS connection, the use of a hydraulic actuator is very popular in different industries. The use of a hydraulic actuator is a sophisticated and common technique that is widely used in heavy-duty machines, where actuation loads can reach thousands of tons [33; 34]. The mechanism of combining hydraulic actuators with coil springs has also been broadly utilized in passenger vehicles and for vibration attenuation in heavy machines [35]. We attempt to shift these mature techniques to marine engineering in order to develop a new vibration control technique for  
Figure 3: An arrangement of the connectors in between two adjacent modules to suppress the surge, heave, pitch, and yaw motions of the modular platform. Figure 2: (a) Sketches of the actuator-based flexible connector model; (b) the cross-sectional view of the novel connector. VLFS that can significantly enhance the stability of floating systems in seas and that can avoid the occurrence of resonant disasters.
# Attenuation of Lightning-Induced Effects on Overhead Distribution Systems in Urban Areas
## 3 Results  
In order to provide a sensitivity analysis on the variables that mainly affect the attenuation due to the presence of buildings, with reference to Figure 1, it was decided to:  
* Set \(D=200\) m
* Set \(h=10\) m
* Set \(w=10\) m
* Consider a single-conductor line
* Terminate the conductor with its matching impedances.
* Set the line length = 2000 m
* Vary \(H\) from 5 m to 50 m
* Vary \(d\) from 5 to 200 m.  
Three different sets of simulations are provided, in order to analyze separately the effect of the building's height and the effect of the line's distance from the building. In the first set of simulations (A), \(H=20\) m, and \(d\) varied from 5 to 200 m. In the second set (B), \(H=5\) m, and \(d\) varied from 5 to 200 m. In the third one (C), \(d=10\) m, and \(H\) varied from 5 to 50 m.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Fluid Flow Modeling: Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM)  
LBM was chosen for the present application because it is especially appropriate for modeling pore-scale flow through porous media (such as scaffolds) due to the simplicity with which it handles complicated boundaries [16; 17; 18; 20; 26; 27; 28; 29]. This is because LBM uses structured meshes for complex geometries, unlike classical CFD approaches, which will rather utilize unstructured meshes. Another advantage of LBM is that it uses a direct method based on first principles at the mesoscopic scale rather than modeling the terms of the fluid flow governing equations at the macroscopic scale. In addition, the LBM method has gained popularity within the scientific computing community because of the ease with which it can be parallelized on supercomputers [30].  
A previously developed custom-written, in-house code was used in this work [16; 17; 18; 20; 26; 29; 31]. The D3Q15 lattice [32], in conjunction with the single-relaxation time Bhatnagar, Gross, and Krook [33] collision term approximation, was used to perform simulations. The no-slip boundary condition was applied at solid faces using the \"bounce-back\" technique [34]. To take advantage of the inherent LBM parallelizability, domains were decomposed using message passing interface [18; 26]. The code has been validated for several flow cases for which analytical solutions are available: forced flow in a slit, flow in a pipe, and flow through an infinite array of spheres [16; 26].  
Each simulation domain was composed of a scaffold placed inside of a pipe. This is meant to mimic the cassette holder that typically fixes the scaffold in the perfusion bioreactors. The pipe's length was taken to be approximately 10 times greater than the scaffold thickness, in order to avoid periodicity artifacts, and to ensure that a uniform parabolic profile is developed before the flow reaches the scaffolds. Simulations were performed for flow rates ranging between 0.15-1 mL/min. This is considered a suitable range for culturing bone tissue in typical perfusion bioreactors. Convergence was defined as when the average and highest velocities computed for the simulation domain vary by less than 0.01% for two consecutive time steps.
## 3 Numerical Validation of the Damping Estimation Methodology
### Sensitivity Analysis in Relation to the Free Vibration Period  
Due to the continuity effect provided by the track, the free vibration period does not start immediately after the train leaves the bridge, which may affect the accuracy of the damping estimation. To analyse this effect, two analyses, one static and another dynamic, were carried out: (i) evaluation of the static influence line of the displacements at midspan to analyse the distance for which the load starts to lose influence in the bridge's response and (ii) evaluation of the receptance, also in relation to the midspan displacement, considering dynamic impact loads at different distances away from the bridge. To guarantee a comprehensive conclusion, these analyses were performed considering four different simply supported bridges with different spans based on existing bridges from the Portuguese network, some of them presented later in Section 4 and studied within the In2 Track2 and InTrack3 EU projects. With this sensitivity analysis, it was possible to estimate the time for which the free vibration period starts after the train leaves the bridge.
# FedOpt: Towards Communication Efficiency and Privacy Preservation in Federated Learning
## 5 FedOpt Evaluation
### Accuracy Test  
Accuracy is an important factor to measure the performance of any model in DL. In this regard, the proposed FedOpt is able to achieve the accuracy of 99.6% and 98.4% after 500 epochs on MNIST and CIFAR-10 datasets, respectively. As shown in Figures 2(a) and 3(a), we conduct the experiments on various numbers of privacy budgets \(\epsilon\), i.e., \(0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8\) and \(1.0\), in order to test the accuracy of FedOpt on MNIST and CIFAR-10 datasets, respectively. Compared with FedAvg and PPDL, FedOpt is able to achieve 92.3% on 0.2 (lowest-\(\epsilon\)) and 99.6% on 1.0 (highest-\(\epsilon\)) of accuracy on MNIST dataset. Similarly, FedOpt is able to achieve 91.2% on 0.2 (lowest-\(\epsilon\)) and 98.7% on 1.0 (highest-\(\epsilon\)) of accuracy on CIFAR-10 dataset. The above results demonstrate that the number of privacy budgets \(\epsilon\) has a huge impact on the prediction accuracy. Therefore, we conclude that, higher levels of privacy budget \(\epsilon\) produce higher accuracy, but provide lower levels of privacy. Furthermore, we also conduct the accuracy tests with regard to the impact of various number of users II, e.g., \(200,400,600,800\) and \(1000\) on the constant privacy budget at 0.5-\(\epsilon\). For example, in Figures 2(b) and 3(b), the accuracy increases with the increasing number of users on MNIST and CIFAR-10 datasets, respectively. In specific, in Figure 2(b), FedOpt achieves 97.1% on 200 users (minimum-II) and 99.7% on 1000 users (maximum-II) of accuracy on MNIST dataset. Similarly, as shown in Figure 3(b), FedOpt achieves 93.4% on 200 users (minimum-II) and 98.6% on 1000 users (maximum-II) of accuracy on CIFAR-10 dataset. As shown in Figures 3 and 4, the proposed FedOpt is compared with FedAvg and PPDL, where it is able to achieve the highest level of accuracy. This is attributed to the fact that a huge part of the noises is eliminated through the symmetry of Laplace mechanism and the complete utilisation of SCA. Furthermore, differential privacy provides protection to gradients during the training process.
# A Congestion Control Strategy for Power Scale-Free Communication Network
## 4 Simulation Results
### Simulation Results for Node Resource Allocation  
The resource allocation of the power communication node has an important influence on network throughput. In the shortest path routing, \(\lambda\) = 0.2. The node's delivery capacity and cache capacity resource in accordance with average allocation or node betweenness and the variation of order parameter \(\eta\) are shown in Figure 10.  
Figure 10: The order parameter \(\eta\) vs. R with different allocations of node resources under the shortest path routing.  
Figure 9: Local topology of the Beijing power communication network.  
When the total of the network node resources is limited, the network transmission capacity is different under different allocation strategies. It can be seen from Figure 9, when the packet generation rate R is small, \(\eta=0\), and the network is in a free state, that is the number of packets flowing into and out of the network is flat at each time step. When the node resources are evenly distributed, the critical packet generation rate is eight, but when the node resources are allocated according to Equation (3), the critical packet generation rate increases to 25, which is three-times higher than the average allocation. We can concluded that the power communication network has a greater critical packet generation rate when the node resource allocation is according to node betweenness.
###### Abstract  
A novel inserting pilot scheme to generate and distribute a frequency 16-tupling millimeter wave (MMW) radio over fiber (ROF) system without the bit walk-off effect via Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZMs) is proposed. The operation principle is analyzed and the feasibility of our proposed scheme is verified by simulation test. The main part of our scheme is a \(\pm 8^{\text{th}}\)-order sidebands generator (SG), which is constructed by four MZMs connected in parallel. In the back-to-back (BTB) transmission case, by properly adjusting the voltage and initial phase of the radio frequency (RF) drive signals of the MZMs, \(\pm 8^{\text{th}}\)-order sidebands are generated by the SG. In the data transmission case, the data signal is first split into two beams, one of which modulates the RF drive signal with an electrical phase modulator (PM) while the other is amplified by an electrical gainer (EG), and then the two beams are combined into one and used as the composite RF drive signal of the MZMs. By adjusting the modulation index of the PM and the gain of the EG, the data signal can only be modulated to the \(+8^{\text{th}}\)-order sideband of the output of the SG. The optical carrier from the continuous wave (CW) laser is split into two paths: one is sent into the SG, and the other is used as a pilot signal. The output signal of SG is combined with the pilot signal and is transmitted to the base station (BS) via optical fiber. At the BS, the pilot signal is filtered out by a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and used as the carrier for the uplink for carrier reuse. After filtering out the pilot, the signal from the FBG, which is composed of \(\pm 8^{\text{th}}\)-order sidebands, is injected into a photodetector, and a frequency 16-tupling MMW with downlink data is generated. The key parameters' influence on the bit error rate (BER) and Q factor in the system is also analyzed. Our scheme can not only effectively overcome the bit walk-off effect caused by optical fiber chromatic dispersion and greatly increase the fiber transmission distance but can also effectively improve the performance and the tunability of system. Therefore, it has important application prospects in ROF systems.  
radio over fiber (ROF); millimeter wave (MMW); Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZM); bit walk-off effect; pilot signal +
Footnote †: journal: _photonics_
# Employing Ray-Tracing and Least-Squares Support Vector Machines for Localisation +
## 3 Results  
### Results for the Direct Method  
Figure 7a below shows that the Direct localisation approach, performs better in dense urban environments like the city center. This is mainly because it benefits from the uniqueness of the multipath generated in such environments. This can be demonstrated by the fact that, given a set of measurements for received power, time delay and angle of arrival, the probability of getting multiple MS positions that can record similar measurements, from the BS, is small in multipath environments.  
Figure 7b shows demonstrates that errors in the data affect the localisation accuracy. These errors could be introduced by electromagnetic noise or equipment errors. For an outage probability of 0.2, errors in all 3 parameters considered, worsens the location accuracy by 40 m. Figure 7b also shows that the Direct scheme is more sensitive to AOA errors than other parameters. AOA error for an MPC in a dense multipath environment can lead to a totally different path between the BS and the MS. An increase in such errors will significantly impact the performance of the scheme. More details on this experiment are contained in [3].
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Fitting the Model  
To optimize the mutual effect of three independent variables (extraction pressure, extraction time, and extraction temperature) on RES extraction yield, BBK was carried out using three factors and three levels. Table 2 lists RES yield under different conditions. In this condition, each experiment was repeated three times and the final results was the average of those data. The results showed that RES yield ranged from 4.43 to 6.90 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\). The data for our BBK experiment were analyzed by multiple regression analysis, by which a quadratic polynomial equation was derived to describe the relationship between RES yield and variables:  
\[\mathrm{Y}=6.90+0.073\mathrm{X}_{1}+0.15\mathrm{X}_{2}+0.24\mathrm{X}_{3}-0.39 \mathrm{X}_{1}\mathrm{X}_{2}-0.18\mathrm{X}_{1}\mathrm{X}_{3}-0.28\mathrm{X}_{ 2}\mathrm{X}_{3}-0.75\mathrm{X}_{1}{}^{2}-0.97\mathrm{X}_{2}{}^{2}-1.02\mathrm{ X}_{3}{}^{2} \tag{3}\]  
where Y was the RES yield, while \(\mathrm{X}_{1}\), \(\mathrm{X}_{2}\), and \(\mathrm{X}_{3}\) were the pressure, time, and temperature. Negative coefficients indicated an unfavorable effect on RES yield, while positive coefficients indicated a favorable effect on RES yield [27]. This equation demonstrated that the extracted RES yield depended most on temperature, followed by the time and pressure.  
Figure 2: Effects of different extraction parameters on RES extraction yield. Extraction pressure (**a**); extraction time (**b**); extraction temperature (**c**); solvent/solid ratio (**d**).
# Removal of Chromium from Synthetic Wastewater Using Modified Maghemite Nanoparticles
## Materials and Methods
### Experimental Design and Optimization of Parameters  
The experiment was designed with pH, adsorbent dose, and initial concentration as the independent variables and the chromium RE as the dependent response variable. The pH and adsorbent dose ranges were selected based on previous research works [24; 27]. The initial concentration was selected based on the prevailing chromium contamination in ground water in the surrounding areas [28]. In this work, a full-factorial central composite design (CCD) consisting of a complete 2\({}^{\text{k}}\) factorial design, n\({}_{0}\) center point (n\({}_{0}>\) 1), and two axial points on the axis of each design variable at a distance of \(\alpha\) = 1.682 from the design center was used [27]. Thus, a total of N = 2\({}^{\text{k}}\) + 2k + n\({}_{0}\) (where k stands for number of factors and n\({}_{0}\) for the number of times center point was replicated) design points was used in this work (k = 3, n\({}_{0}\) = 6). The center point replicates were chosen to verify any change in the estimation procedure as a measure of the precision property. The independent variables, experimental range, and levels for chromium removal are given in Table 1. The optimum values of the test variables were obtained using the numerical point prediction tool in MINITAB (Version 16, PA, USA).  
The experimental design matrix is shown in Table 2. Experiments 15-20 at the center point were used to calculate the experimental error, consistent with the sequential model sum of squares. The model selection was based on the highest order polynomials wherever the additional terms were important, and also because the models were not aliased. RSM was used to develop a correlation between the adsorption of chromium from solution to the adsorption of chromium by the MNPs. The data obtained from the experiments were used to fit a complete quadratic polynomial model through the CCD experiment, which helped to interpret the results in a statistically significant manner.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Variables**} & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Coded Values**} \\ \cline{2-6}  & \(-\)**1.682** & \(-\)**1** & **0** & **1** & **1.682** \\ \hline pH (\(X_{1}\)) & 2.6 & 4 & 6 & 8 & 9.4 \\ Adsorbent dose (\(X_{2}\), g/L) & 0.8 & 2.5 & 5 & 7.5 & 9.2 \\ Initial chromium concentration (\(X_{3}\), mg/L) & 3.2 & 10 & 20 & 30 & 36.8 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Experimental variables and levels investigated by central composite design (CCD).  
Commonly used statistical analysis tests were performed on the experimentally obtained % removal of chromium for the analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine the variables that have a significant effect, i.e., either antagonistic or synergistic [29]. The response surface and contour plots were also obtained using the software by choosing appropriate internal settings for the process parameters.