## 3 Results
### Documentation of Wax-Resin Removal by TSP-GC/MS
The detection of wax-resin material in both the xylene-loaded and wicking layer sheets used in this experiment shows the extracted material was successfully pulled away from the mock-up into the xylene-loaded sheets and then subsequently the wicking layer sheets during the extraction, confirming their findings. Figure 6 better illustrates the decreasing amounts of material extracted in each interval. Select species were chosen to include those that may relate to the wax (heptacosane, tetracosanoic acid ME, and the wax C40 ester), dammar (20-hydroxy-3,4-seco-4(28),24-dammaradien-3-oic acid, oleanolic anhydride), or both the beeswax and paint layer (16:0, 16:0 ME, 18:0 ME, 18:1 ME). The integrated signal areas of these materials when the signal of BDC-diME peak is normalized to one are shown (the results when caprolactam is used as an internal standard are equivalent and not shown). Although BDC-diME and caprolactam are both pyrolysis products of Evolon, there is some variability in the relative amounts of these species. In all samples of Evolon analyzed in this study, the integrated signal of caprolactam relative to that of BDC-diME was 0.37 \(\pm\) 0.03, suggesting that although the internal standardization method has some variability, overall trends can be captured. In both the xylene-loaded and wicking layer sheets, approximately 75-97% of the wax-resin  
Figure 4: Comparison of the TICs taken from paint samples of _Radishes_ before (orange) and after (purple) treatment. The TICS were normalized to the height of the 18:0 ME peak. The 18:0 ME peak was chosen as it is a relatively minor component in beeswax (2.6% of the acid component) unlike palmitic acid (59.8% of the acid component) [32] and so derives primarily from the surface paint. species removed are performed within the X-X2 and W-W2 rounds, and both wax and dammar appear to be removed with equal efficacy. Although the analysis of paint samples from the mock-up suggested that 18:1 and a small amount of nonanediolic acid may have been extracted from the mock-up during treatment (Figure 4), the Evolon sheets showed barely any detectable amounts of nonanediolic acid. In Figure 5 the peak for nonanediolic acid is within the baseline of the TICs, indicating that this material was not mobilized by the extraction process. The difference in peak areas seen in Figure 4 is thus likely a sign of variability in the surface paints of the mock-up. Figure 5 reveals that 18:1 is mobilized during the extraction process as is 18:0. Both of these species occur in oil paint films and in beeswax; the latter has 2.5% 18:0 and 4.1% 18:1 [32]. Therefore, it is unclear whether these fatty acids detected in the Evolon are derived from the mock-up or the beeswax or both. In the absence of isotopic labelling--a difficult undertaking--TSP-GC/MS will not be able to determine if the extracted 18:0 and 18:1 are derived from the beeswax or the oil paints on the mock-up. The trends seen in the TSP-GC/MS data are also captured in the amount of material sorbed into the Evolon sheets (Figure 7) and images of the used Evolon sheets taken under UV illumination (Figure 8). Resin and wax both exhibit UV-induced visible fluorescence that can be documented through imaging. The Evolon sheets used earlier in the extraction process exhibit a brighter, yellower fluorescence that decreases over the first three intervals of extraction. Figure 5: TICs of the used xylene-loaded Evolon sheets and unused Evolon normalized to the BDC-diME peak and vertically offset for legibility. Peaks discussed in the text are explicitly labeled, other peaks associated with wax are labeled ‘W’, those with dammar are labeled ‘D’, and higher order multimers of polyester are labeled with an asterisk. Figure 6: Relative amounts of different species extracted when the data are normalized to the signal of BDC-diME. Panel (**A**) shows results from the xylene-loaded Evolon sheets and panel (**B**) from the wicking layer Evolon sheets.