## 1 Introduction  
Three types of spinal deformities--scoliosis, lordosis, and kyphosis--are a set of disorders that are characterized by anomalous spinal curvature. A spine is deemed to be in good health when it is perfectly straight in the frontal plane, whereas it has lordosis in the lumbar and cervical region and kyphosis in the thoracic in the sagittal plane. The most prevalent kind of deformity is scoliosis, which is a complicated three-dimensional curvature that is unable to be viewed from a single angle [1]. Scoliosiscan be categorized into many types; hence, the most common scoliosis is adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, which can occur in and affects approximately 2% to 4% of adolescents [2]. Spinal deformity evaluation is a vital stage in deciding treatment since a good diagnosis of scoliosis can result in a better plan of care for scoliotic patients. Treatment is developed for scoliosis followed by diagnosis, which depends on the severity of the disease in the person [2; 3; 4], such as bracing, surgery, and changes in daily lifestyle. Scoliosis can be confirmed through clinical examination and specific radiological exams with a key metric that is currently used by clinicians, which is the Cobb angle. Clinicians used a protractor to draw two lines that are perpendicular to each other where each line must lie at the most tilted vertebrae [3]. This process was undertaken to calculate the Cobb angle between the superior endplate of the upper extremity curvature and the inferior endplate of the lower extremity of the vertebrae [5]. Even though this measurement is the golden principle for identifying scoliosis, however, the measurement's accuracy can be questionable, as it is manually measured by the clinicians, which might lead to human error. The measurement also can vary from one clinician to another clinician due to their eye observation of the most curved vertebrae [6; 7]. The Ferguson angle is an alternative measurement that identifies the three markers of a scoliotic curve: the geometric centers of the upper, apical, and lower vertebrae [1]. Both metrics require medical professionals to manually choose the vertebrae, which might result in bias based on the medical professionals that leads to inaccurate diagnosis. Typically, medical professionals need to know the patient's background, such as the patient's age, the size of the curve, the location of the curve, and the condition, in identifying scoliosis, so they know what they are dealing with when treating patients. The patient's age is an unreliable indicator of potential progression, while the degree of spinal curvature can be estimated by measuring the angle of the curve, thereby giving insight into its severity. According to the studies conducted by [PERSON] et al. [7] and [PERSON] [8], an individual can be considered to have no scoliosis if the Cobb angle measures less than 10 degrees. In cases when the Cobb angle ranges from 10 to 20 degrees, this indicates mild scoliosis, and scoliosis is classified as severe when the Cobb angle exceeds 40 degrees. Moreover, the Lenke Classification system [9] enables surgeons to obtain a comprehensive understanding of a patient's condition by assessing the location and type of curvature from a two-dimensional perspective. Modern three-dimensional medical imaging offers emerging opportunities and potential in assessing spinal deformities. These opportunities offered by emerging imaging diagnostic equipment, such as computers and software applications, can avoid or lessen the shortcomings highlighted in the past and meet the demands of the medical community. The current diagnosis of scoliosis can be established via radiographic examination [10], and four imaging modalities that are relevant to the diagnosis are plane radiography (X-rays), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and back surface topography (ST) [1].