# Knowledge Mapping Analysis of Intelligent Ports: Research Facing Global Value Chain Challenges
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Roadmapping: Ecosystem Innovations Concerning ESG and Carbon Emission Data  
Roadmapping supports technology and strategic planning in a structured manner [21], thus offering an instrument to summarize the current status in support of technology assessment and forecasting [50]. Roadmapping can also help by turning visions into actions, as evidenced by climate change adaption roadmaps [1]. As a method of future studies, the roadmapping exercise has two main advantages [20]. First, the visual feature of roadmapping provides an overall picture that supports strategic communication and enables cross-sector multi-stakeholder dialogue. These visual and strategic communication outcomes are critical to build consensus and action plans. Second, the time-based framework of roadmapping can be instructive in the integration, alignment, and synchronization of critical information, methods, and tools. These integration and alignment efforts facilitate a more systematic discussion of the time dimension of change, transition, transformation, and ecosystem innovation. Roadmapping should be used to formulate and test strategies and policies by defining the scope and focus, critical data alignment, and scaling ecosystem innovation for sustainable growth. Therefore, the roadmapping [20; 49] exercise constitutes a strategic management effort based on the analysis of technology and business potential, while at the same time avoiding the limited views and biases of expert opinions [50].  
A technology roadmap for intelligent ports is expected to deliver the usefulness of the ESG and carbon neutrality management and services in envisioning the future of intelligent ports, especially for networked collaboration [2], transparency, and complexity. In recent years, the methods and tools of roadmapping have evolved from physical tools, such as paper charts and sticky notes to digital tools, such as interactive displays and whiteboard software [23; 51]. Accordingly, this study used the online whiteboard service, Miro.  
To explore viable technology management pathways for intelligent port development in the \"greening\" of global value chains, especially concerning the ESG and carbon emission information that they can provide, the knowledge mapping outcomes must be discussed to identify opportunities for collaboration and alignment. The knowledge base generated was, therefore, used to inform the concluding parts of this study, which aimed to explore the interconnection and interoperability potential of both physical and cyber aspects of smart ports that encourage open collaboration and ecosystem innovations. These possibilities can be advanced by focusing on the ESG and carbon neutrality management and services [52; 53; 16; 54; 55; 56] that can be provided by smart ports, at the different levels of constituting components, devices, networks, systems, or applications. In short, the bibliometric findings are expected to contribute to indicate how ecosystem innovations can advance the socio-technical transitions toward sustainability, especially with the possibilities of digital tools and technologies.