# Interconnected Government Services: An Approach toward Smart Government
## 2 Related Work
### Overview of Smart Government  
We can identify three approaches regarding a smart government in practice and in the literature. The first approach (the so-called extended smart government) considers a smart government as an extension of the traditional e-government system with various intelligence applications. This admin-centric approach needs to be more transparent. It leads to the evolution of a closed system that reduces the possibility for citizens to influence the work of the public administration and criticize its weaknesses more actively. The second is a more avant-garde approach, which combines smart cities and the Government 2.0 system [11]. The Government 2.0 system is a solution analogous to [PERSON]'s \"Government of the people, by the people, for the people\" and is about \"putting the government in the hands of citizens\" [5]. It aims to leverage improvements in every public administration segment while maintaining privacy (under the legislation and international standards) and creating an open-source platform for multi-stakeholder collaboration [12]. The third approach focuses on the open-government trend and introduces the Government 3.0 concept to actively share public information for better collaboration and remove existing barriers among government authorities. This concept requires the total commitment of the government authorities to provide open collaboration between stakeholders [13]. Many studies focus on the technological capacities of government; however, we should also consider the affinity of openness and democratic governance. The authors in [14] attempt to conceptualize how governments harness technology innovations and compare ten open-government maturity models using the qualitative meta-synthesis method to find their similarities and differences. Finally, the authors present a comprehensive model that evaluates the open-government initiatives holistically and includes the following six stages: (1) an initial stage; (2) a transparency and accountability stage; (3) an open-collaboration stage; (4) a platform stage; (5) a democratic open-government stage; and, finally, (6) an open-governance stage. The professionals use different definitions of smart government. In [3], the authors state that smart governments, organizations, and networks within political jurisdiction use innovation strategies to better understand their communities and constituencies (being percipient). At the same time, they should accurately assess situations or people (being astute), show sharp powers of judgment (being shrewd), make decisions, and respond quickly or effectively (being quick). The earliest mention of smart government dates back to a short World Bank report on civil service reform in 1997 [15]. According to the International Data Corporation [16], smart government is \"the implementation of a set of business processes and underlying information technology capabilities that enable information to flow seamlessly across government agencies, including their individual and joint initiatives.\" Smart government environments are subject to a large variety of data sources, including big and open data, and therefore interoperability becomes increasingly important, as highlighted in [17]. Today, public administrations possess the correct data but need to use it optimally. The reason is insufficient collaboration between different state institutions and restrictions derived from implemented technical solutions and privacy issues. The computer infrastructure for e-government is a result of independent initiatives within different state bodies. Since there are differences between internal organizations within governmental systems, application programming interfaces (APIs) should be introduced to enable them to communicate with each other. According to [18], the open-data concept represents a solution where it is possible to combine the data of public institutions and make it available for citizens and private and non-governmental sectors.