esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
### Related Works
Performance analysis for the proposed DL scheme was evaluated merely in terms of the sum data rate and block error rate. In [12], a pilot-aided receiver structure was presented for an uplink single input, multi output (SIMO) NOMA system, which incorporated a combined channel estimation and signal detection scheme for random channels. The authors brought together a deep learning model with SIC detection structure to minimize the learnable parameters. Furthermore, signal detection accuracy improvement and noise interference reduction were achieved by adding noise and interference elimination factors at the SIC detection stage. The simulation results indicated that BER performance based on the proposed DL scheme was more acceptable than the traditional MMSE procedure and the complexity of the receiver was diminished. In [13], the authors proposed a semi-blind mutual detection scheme-based DL to distinguish users' symbols in the co-operative NOMA system. The proposed method was capable of detecting the signal without the need for further channel estimation process since it could achieve a simultaneous detection on the basis of pilot responses. The DL model was trained offline over a Rayleigh fading channel and the trained network was deployed in the online detection phase. In addition, the trained model was inspected using Rician and Na-agami-m fading channels and simulation outcomes proved the capability of the proposed scheme in outperforming conventional detectors. In [14], the authors examined deep neural network (DNN) for combined channel estimation and signal detection in an OFDM system. This approach considered OFDM system and fading channel as a black box and the presented DNN network is trained offline using simulated data. The simulation results revealed that the proposed DL approach had the capability to learn and investigate the complicated attributes of the wireless channels. In addition, the results of the DL approach proved its dominance over conventional methods when fewer pilot symbols were utilized, and cyclic prefix was ignored.
# Modeling a Milling Dynamometer as a 3 DOF Dynamic System by Stiffness Identification
## 3 Static Stiffness Determination  
### Ring Stiffness Experimental Determination  
To determine the stiffness experimentally, octagonal elastic rings were fixed (recessed) at one end and loaded, successively, through a pulley system with different forces. Displacements were measured at the point of application of force, and we obtained a series of load-unload curves using a digital dial gauge. The measurements were conducted for both directions: transverse and longitudinal (Figure 4). The system was loaded and unloaded in the same manner.  
We conducted 10 loads and unloads for each case using plates with a known mass. The values for each deformation at a certain load were averaged, and average values for both the load and unload were calculated. As can be seen from Figure 3, in both cases, in the case of unloads, there is a residual deformation.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Characteristics** & **Units** & **Value** \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Dynamic Characteristics**} \\ \hline Voltage sensitivity (typical) & mV/N & 0.22 \\ Full-scale compressive force range & N & 22,000 \\ Full-scale tensile force range & N & 2200 \\ Mounted resonance frequency (unloaded) & KHz & 75 \\ Residual noise & Equiv. N rms & 0.31 \\ Linearity error at full scale & \% full scale & \(<\)\(\pm\)1 \\ Max. compression & kN & 66.7 \\ Max. tension & kN & 2.2 \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Environmental Characteristics**} \\ \hline Temperature range & \({}^{\circ}\)C & \(-\)73 to +121 \\ Max. operational sinusoidal vibration (peak) & ms\({}^{-2}\) & 49,000 \\ Max. operational shock (peak) & ms\({}^{-2}\) & 98,000 \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Physical Characteristics**} \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Weight} & Total & 30.2 \\ Mass above piezo element & gram & 9.5 \\ Mass below piezo element & & 20.7 \\ Stiffness & kN/\(\upmu\)m & 2.0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Main characteristics of the force transducer.  
Figure 3: Force transducer mounting: (**a**) in rings; (**b**) detailed mounting.  
In the case of both longitudinal and transverse stiffnesses, average values for deflections between loading and discharging were determined for each value of applied force. In this way, average curves were obtained for which the experimental values for stiffness could be determined. In the end, two experimental curves were obtained for stiffness for both the longitudinal and transverse directions (Figure 5). The values used in the curve drawings were the average values obtained during the ten tests.  
The average value for the measured stiffness in the longitudinal direction, based on the measurements presented in Figure 4a, was \(\text{k}_{\text{m\_long}}\)\(=30.405\ \times\ 10^{6}\) [N/m], while the average value for the measured stiffness in the transverse direction, based on the measurements presented in Figure 4b, was \(\text{k}_{\text{m\_tr}}\)\(=32.9658\ \times\ 10^{6}\) [N/m].
# Recent Advances in Geographic Information System for Earth Sciences
## 6 GIS for Society  
GIS plays an important role in society, especially for land-use planning. The land is a complex system providing food, fresh water, and other material resources for humans. It is essential for habitation, transport, leisure, and other activities. For land-use planning, various factors such as topography, soil, hydrology, biology, and climate will be considered simultaneously. [PERSON] et al. [13] use GIS to assess the spatiotemporal dynamic multi-functionality of land use and to analyze obstacle indicators in Xiangxi, China using two methods (analytic hierarchy and hierarchical weighting). The study finds that spatial heterogeneity of land use in Xiangxi is increasingly clear. The production function of land use in Xiangxi is slowly increasing, with more rapid growth in the southern and central regions than in the northern regions. Three types of obstacles preventing efficient land use in Xiangxi are identified by GIS-based spatial analysis.  
Different land uses are connected by transport networks to improve accessibility for human activities. [PERSON] et al. [14] analyze the traffic flow network using GIS to understand the properties of spatial connectivity, spatial aggregation, and spatial dynamics. The study conducted a series of experiments to explore the transport system in Beijing city using taxi trajectory points recorded by the global positioning system (GPS). The results indicate that the interactions of land use show different characteristics over different time periods. Aggregation patterns of functional areas are dynamic over time and are strongly associated with the travel behaviors of residents in the city.  
This work was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2018R1D1A1A09083947).  
This special issue would not be possible without the contributions of professional authors and reviewers, and the excellent editorial team of Applied Sciences.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 2 Background
### Finger Type Models: Blood Vessel and Whole Finger Models
#### 2.2.1 Blood Vessel Model
Therefore, the ratio can be calculated directly from the light received at the fingertip and follows:  
\[A=(\epsilon_{HbA1c}(\lambda)\times c_{HbA1c}+\epsilon_{HbO}(\lambda)\times c _{HbO}+\epsilon_{HHb}(\lambda)\times c_{HHb})\times d, \tag{3}\]8  
Using Equations (10) and (11), we obtain  
\[A=(\epsilon_{HbA1c}(\lambda)\times c_{HbA1c}+\epsilon_{HbO}(\lambda)\times c _{HbO}+\epsilon_{HHb}(\lambda)\times c_{HHb})\times d, \tag{3}\]9Equation (10) can be expressed in terms of \(SpO_{2}\) and \(P_{HbA1c}\) as  
\[ \begin{split} P_{HHb}=1-(P_{HbO}+P_{HbA1c})\text{ and }\\ =(1-SpO_{2})\;*\;(1-P_{HbA1c}).\end{split}  \tag{21}\]  
Solving for the values of \(P_{HbO}\) and \(P_{HHb}\), the following equation is obtained:  
\[R=\frac{P_{HbA1c}[\varepsilon_{HbA1c}(\lambda 2)-\varepsilon_{HHb}(\lambda 2)\times(1-SpO_{2})-\varepsilon_{HbO}(\lambda 2)\times SpO_{2}]+[ \varepsilon_{HHb}(\lambda 2)\times(1-SpO_{2})+\varepsilon_{HbO}(\lambda 2)\times SpO_{2}]}{ P_{HbA1c}[\varepsilon_{HbA1c}(\lambda 1)-\varepsilon_{HHb}(\lambda 1)\times(1-SpO_{2})- \varepsilon_{HbO}(\lambda 1)\times SpO_{2}]+[\varepsilon_{HHb}(\lambda 1)\times(1- SpO_{2})+\varepsilon_{HbO}(\lambda 1)\times SpO_{2}]}, \tag{22}\]  
or  
\[P_{HbA1c}=\frac{[\varepsilon_{HHb}(\lambda 2)\times(1-SpO_{2})+\varepsilon_{HbO}( \lambda 2)\times SpO_{2}]-R[\varepsilon_{HHb}(\lambda 1)\times(1-SpO_{2})+ \varepsilon_{HbO}(\lambda 1)\times SpO_{2}]}{R[\varepsilon_{HbA1c}(\lambda 1)- \varepsilon_{HHb}(\lambda 1)\times(1-SpO_{2})-\varepsilon_{HbO}(\lambda 1) \times SpO_{2}]-[\varepsilon_{HHb}(\lambda 2)\times(1-SpO_{2})- \varepsilon_{HbO}(\lambda 2)\times SpO_{2}]}\;. \tag{23}\]  
The values of the molar absorption coefficients of \(HbA1c\), \(HbO\), and \(HHb\) for the two different wavelengths (525 and 615 nm) are given in Table 1. The molar absorption coefficients of \(HbA1c\) were taken from [PERSON] et al. [16] and those of \(HbO\) and \(HHb\) were considered from [17].
## 1 Introduction
### Factors Affecting Technology Acceptance  
It is important to study user acceptance of technology to better understand what aids and hinders users in accepting and using technology. Many models describe user perceptions and characteristics that affect technology acceptance (see [34; 35] for reviews): The Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA; [36]), developed for sociological and psychological users, emphasized attitudes, social norms, and intentions. From the TRA emerged the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB; [37; 38]) to account for the availability of resources, opportunities, and skills, and their perceived significance. The Social Cognitive Theory (SCT; [39]) extends focus to how behavior, personal issues (e.g., personality), and the environment affect acceptance. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM; [40]) summarizes earlier models, suggesting that perceived ease of use (i.e., it is easy to use) and perceived usefulness (i.e., it has a purpose) are the two primary factors in determining one's intentions to use technology [40; 41; 42; 43]. The Extended Technology Acceptance Model (ETAM) includes user characteristics, like computer literacy, technical support, and online learning anxiety [44; 42]. The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) supports impacts of acceptance including three impacts for the intention of use: performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and social influence and facilitated conditions [45]. The information system (IS) and information technology (IT) Acceptance and Use (IS/IT) model is an extension of the original UTAUT model to include attitude as it was impacted by social influence and had a direct impact on usage [46].  
Approaching technology acceptance from another angle, age, research on the \"digital divide\" indicates that many older adults have less skill, expertise, and affinity for new technologies than younger adults, which can decrease the benefits that technology could have for social interaction [47]. Especially during times of stress, older adults were more likely to revert to using older, more familiar, technology, like telephones (landlines and mobile) or writing letters, rather than social media or video calls [48]. Thus, although mobile telepresence robots may particularly help older adults, using the technology can be especially challenging for them [49]. However, many older adults are willing to learn how to use new technology when it helps them be more independent [50]. The Senior Technology Acceptance and Adoption Model (STAM) includes key factors that can influence older adults' acceptance of technology, including User Context, Perceived Usefulness, Intention to Use, Experimentation and Exploration, Ease of Learning and Use, Confirmed Usefulness, Actual Use [51].
# A Wide-Angle Scanning Leaky-Wave Antenna Based on a Composite Right/Left-Handed Transmission Line
## 1 Introduction  
Beam-steering antennas are usually adopted for improving the performance of wireless communication and radar systems. The phased array is considered to be one of the most popular choices to steer radiation beams. However, the use of phase shifters in a phased array is associated with high cost and bulkiness. The leaky-wave antenna (LWA) overcomes the shortcomings of the phased array due to its significant advantages, such as simple structure, beam-steering capability, and low cost [1; 2; 3]. However, the traditional LWA can only achieve forward or backward beam-scanning. Due to the inherent stop-band of the antenna structure, it is difficult to achieve broadside radiation for the traditional LWA. Moreover, because the traditional LWA operates at higher modes, complex feed structures are needed to suppress the fundamental mode [2].  
Metamaterials, which have unique properties, bring new opportunities to the traditional antenna technologies [4; 5; 6]. The early proposed metamaterials were lossy and narrow-banded, which limited their applications. The composite right/left-handed transmission line (CRLH TL) has low loss and wide bandwidth. There are plenty of studies on the CRLH TL antenna designs, such as the zeroth-order resonator antenna and LWAs [7; 8]. The CRLH TL LWA proposed in [9; 10; 11; 12; 13] operates in the fundamental mode and it can achieve continuous backward to forward beam-scanning as the frequency changes. However, the frequency-dependent CRLH TL LWA is not suitable for communication and radar systems that work at a fixed frequency. Researchers proposed frequency-independent CRLH TL LWAs for this purpose. Electronically controlled beam-steering CRLH TL LWAs, working at a fixed frequency, were tested by loading varactors, switches, liquid crystals, and ferrite [14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23]. These studies indicate that the CRLH TL LWAs can greatly improve the performance of the traditional LWAs and have greatapplication potential in beam-scanning. However, none of them can scan more than \(\pm 50^{\circ}\)[19; 20; 21; 22; 23], which is too low for many applications. Consequently, improving the beam-scanning range at a fixed frequency is a significant challenge for current metamaterial-based LWA research.  
This paper proposes a frequency-independent, wide-angle scanning LWA based on a CRLH TL, which achieves abeam-scanning range of over \(\pm 60^{\circ}\)at the operating frequency of 3.0 GHz. Moreover, the radiation structure and its DC bias network are very simple. The proposed LWA consists of a coplanar waveguide-grounded (CPWG) structure, periodically varactor-loaded. By establishing an equivalent circuit model, the dispersion curve can be extracted and used to predict the antenna's performance. A 20-unit cascaded LWA was designed; simulation results showed that its main beam can scan from \(-66^{\circ}\) to \(62^{\circ}\) by changing the loaded varactors' DC bias voltage.
## 2 Scenario of the Proposed Underwater Network  
This section explains the idea of the scenario of the proposed underwater network. Then, we look at some more popular methods for locating underwater things. Figure 3a,b represent a UWSN architecture.  
Figure 3: **(a)** The MNS-CBRP schemes envisioned the architecture of UWSNs. **(b)** The run view of MNS-CBRP schemes envisioned the architecture of UWSNs.  
Using a Constant Bit Rate (CBR), it is possible to connect to existing networks. It is being given thought to add a Teletype network Protocol (Telnet), Supervisory-frame (S-frame), and Generic-File Transfer Protocol (Gen-FTP) into the proposed network. The QualNet simulator was built with a configuration of 1500 square meters per side and 240 nodes connecting the Telnet, S-frame, and Gen-FTP applications in order to match the predicted conditions. Only 36 nodes are sensors, four nodes are spaceships, and the remaining 200 nodes are electronic gadgets of various types. The duration of the simulation will be 3 min and 10 s in total. Random Waypoint Mobility is the employed form of node mobility, and its speeds can range between 1.2 and 3.2 m per second [19; 20; 21; 22; 23]. As routing protocols, only STAR-LORA, Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), and Location-Aided Routing (LAR1) protocols were utilized initially. The simulator's built-in graphs were analyzed immediately following the conclusion of the test. The overall quantity of energy consumed during transmission and reception may then be determined, making this an essential performance indicator.  
The entirety of the QualNet simulator development platform is depicted in Figure 3. The platform encourages users to develop original programs, simulate their models, and conduct statistical analyses of important performance indicators. QualNet is an IEEE 802.11-based, license-free wireless local area network. Using a drag-and-drop interface or a predetermined placement model, sensors can be positioned on the virtual landscape [24; 25]. The occurrence of an event is calculated by taking the sensor's position and range into account. Figure 4 shows the MNS-CBRP process flowchart.
# Quantification and Correction of Wave-Induced Turbulence Intensity Bias for a Floating LIDAR System
## 3 Method
### A Model-Based Method for Correcting the 10-min TI Measurements from the Wind LIDAR
#### 3.1.2 Estimated Motion-Induced Variance for 10 min of FLS Measurement
Therefore, the influences of rotational and translational motions on the LIDAR turbulence intensity measurement are stored in the 10-min averaged matrices: \(\overline{U^{rot}}^{2}+V^{rot}\overline{U_{1}^{rot}}\overline{U_{2}^{rot}}+ V_{1}^{rot}\overline{V_{2}^{rot}}\), \(\overline{U_{1}^{rot}}\overline{U_{3}^{rot}}+V_{1}^{rot}\overline{V_{3}^{rot }}\), \(\overline{U_{2}^{rot}}\overline{U_{3}^{rot}}+\overline{V_{2}^{rot}}\overline{ V_{3}^{rot}}\), \(\overline{U_{1}^{rot}}\overline{V_{trans}^{u}}+V_{1}^{rot}\overline{V_{trans}^{ v}}\), \(\overline{U_{2}^{rot}}\overline{V_{trans}^{u}}+V_{2}^{rot}V_{trans}^{v}\), \(\overline{U_{3}^{rot}}\overline{V_{trans}^{u}}+V_{3}^{rot}V_{trans}^{v}\) and \(\overline{V_{trans}^{u}}^{2}+\overline{V_{trans}^{v}}^{2}\). All these matrices can be calculated using the model and the time series from the IMU without the knowledge of the mean velocity vector measured by the LIDAR. The horizontal velocity \(\overline{V_{hor}(h)}\) calculation within the model, however, requires the knowledge of the 10-min mean velocity vector. It is affected by the assumptions of the model and must take into account all the physics involved. Therefore, we cannot safely estimate it with the mean horizontal velocity measured by the FLS. The calculation of the variance being based on a quadratic sum, a small error in the value of the horizontal velocity can have strong consequences on the estimated variance. The discrepancy in value between the mean velocity measured by the FLS and the one evaluated by the model is mainly due to three model hypotheses: The boundary layer shear not taken into account, the default initial direction of the beam and the \(LOS\) measurement time of each beam considered constant. Therefore, the horizontal velocity is calculated within the model according to:  
\[\overline{V_{hor}(h)}=\sqrt{u(t,h)^{2}+v(t,h)^{2}} \tag{22}\]  
with \(u(t,h)^{2}\) and \(v(t,h)^{2}\) developed in Appendix A. If a user wants to subsequently apply the correction to the 10-min turbulence intensity measurements, it is necessary to store the entire time series from IMU and the 10-min statistics from the floating LIDAR to run the model. Compared to a beam-by-beam correction, this method allows to store less information from the LIDAR measurements. The use of averaged matrices over 10 min also reduces the influence of an imperfect synchronization of the clocks of the two instruments. Moreover, the use of a model to estimate 10-min motion-induced turbulence reduces the impact of yaw measurement drift. However, our method is based on simplifying hypotheses, thus, the beam-by-beam correction remains the most theoretically precise, for more information on this type of correction, refer to [16].
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Validation of the Modified Folin-Ciocalteu Assay Suited to Honey Analysis
#### 3.2.2 Range/Linearity  
The linearity of the modified assay protocol was investigated by analysing, in triplicate, seven aqueous concentrations of gallic acid (30-90 \(\upmu\)g/mL) spiked with artificial honey (0.2 g/mL). The correlation coefficients of the straight lines were found to be 0.9942, 0.9966, and 0.9984 respectively, demonstrating adequate linearity in the modified assay protocol.
## 7 Effects of Planetary Rotation or Planetary Orbits
If the received photons per bit was set at 21 photons as recommended earlier for the 1 Gbps system, an off-axis detector of the same size would collect only 0.2 photons per bit. However, by summing over 100 bits (100 ns) using an integrating circuit, one could record the same number of photons as in the focused case. An attractive concept to the author would be an NxN square array (N odd) of equally sized detectors with the central communications detector sized to collect all of the light entering the telescope parallel to the optical axis. At a minimum (N = 3), the central detector would be surrounded by eight equally sized integrating detectors summing over 100 pulses and guiding the detected beam to the central detector. Other detectors with longer integration times could be added to the outer boundaries of the array (N = 5, 7, etc) if needed to further widen the FOV for faster target acquisition. In order to minimize the aforementioned integration time during the acquisition and coalignment process, the transmitters at both terminals would be \"unmodulated\". By \"unmodulated\", we simply mean uncoded, i.e., no modulation of a CW beam or no ejection of pulses from the Q-switched or mode-locked pulse trains used to create \"zeros\" in the OOK modulation scheme. Once a signal is detected in the outer array  
Figure 7: Additional point ahead angles required to compensate for the two-way light transit times between the Earth and a terminal in a polar orbit about the subject planet and in a plane approximately perpendicular to the Earth line-of-sight as a function of the orbital period. Such an orbit would: (1) provide access to the entire surface and atmosphere of the planet under study; (2) greatly reduce the angular uncertainty of the terminal location during initial acquisition; and, (3) with quasi-parallel orientation of the orbits, provide very long periods of uninterrupted access between the orbiting planetary and Earth communications terminals before orbital orientation adjustments would be required. of the receiving telescope during terminal acquisition, the affected pixels can guide the receiver pointing system into coalignment with the transmitting terminal. Coalignment can also be maintained during wideband communications by monitoring and correcting for intermittent signals occurring within the integrating array detectors adjacent to the central communications detector that might arise due to \"light spillovers\" resulting from small pointing errors or jitter. The optimum size of the communications detector would be determined by the point at which a ray, parallel to the optic axis of the receiver telescope and at the edge of the primary mirror, enters the focal plane of the telescope. In order to minimize the bit error rate (BER), short integration times in integrating pixels immediately adjacent to the communications detector would possibly permit rapid corrections of small misalignments due to pointing jitter.