# Recent Advances in Lithiophilic Porous Framework toward Dendrite-Free Lithium Metal Anode
## 3 Non-Metal-Based Li Host
### All in One  
Most of the previous reports are focused on developing the 3D porous carbon first and then modifying the porous matrix by using heteroatom doping, seed growth, or other lithiophilic coatings. Recently, 'all in one' porous carbonized metal-organic framework (MOF) as a Li host has attracted great attention. The doping of polar heteroatoms and decorating porous carbon or graphene with lithiophilic metal/metal oxides seeds not only enhance the electronic conductivity but also allows fast Li-ion diffusion due to the coordination between metal/metal oxides or nitrides seeds and polar heteroatoms. [PERSON] et al., reported one-step carbonization of MOF to obtain the mixed ionic/electronic conductive porous carbon with evenly distributed Co nanoparticles in N-doped graphene [99]. As a result, high CE of 91.5% after 130 cycles at 10 mA cm\({}^{-2}\) and a full cell exhibited long cycle life with a capacity retention of 92% at 1 C. The carbonized MOF improves the electronic conductivity, the uniformly dispersed Co nanoparticles in high surface area N-doped porous graphene enhances the lithiophilicity and avoids charge concentration. The preparation of an 'all in one' Co@N-G porous Li host is shown in Figure 6i. The design of Co\({}_{4}\)N-doped and Co nanoparticles embedded into the N-doped carbon nanocubes (Co/Co\({}_{4}\)N-NC) by pyrolysis of MOF as shown in the schematic Figure 6j has also stabilized the LMA in Li-air battery [100]. The formation of stable and robust SEI on the surface of lithiated Co/CoN-N-doped porous carbon anode prevents the side reaction between the LMA and air/electrolyte. The functionalization of MOF with amine groups [101] and the use of metal oxides NA with N-containing functional groups have also shown improved battery cycling performances [102]. Thus, the 'all in one' Li host can be a promising Li host candidate for the high energy density LMBs. Table 2 summarizes the representative carbon-based porous framework that has been reported for improving the lithium metal battery performance. The current research on LMBs is advancing towards the discovery and exploitation of materials, which have high Li anchorage affinity. There are numerous reports on the use of lithophilic materials on porous Li host framework, separators, and artificial SEIs. Table 3 summarizes the lithophilic materials employed in porous metal or carbon framework for dendrite-free, smooth Li deposition that leads to the enhanced cycling performance in LMBs. In our previous work, we deposited the thin layer of lithophilic copper clad on the flexible porous carbon as the backbone [8]. The improved lithophilicity, electronic conductivity, and mechanical flexibility of the Li host exhibited a CE of 99.5% even after 300 cycles (1200 h) at 0.5 mA cm\({}^{-2}\). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Carbon-Based Porous** & **Methods/Modifications** & **Electrochemical Performance** & **Ref.** \\ \hline carbon-nanospheres & Template-based & CE 97.5\% for \(>\) 150 cycles & [73] \\  & (dropcasting/c-coating-annealing-etching) & at 1 mA cm\({}^{-2}\). & [74] \\ CNF film & Graphitized at 3000 \({}^{\circ}\)C-Vacuum filtration & cycle 99.9\% up to 300 & [74] \\ CNT & Floating-catalyst-chemical-vapor-deposition & CE 97.5 \% for 100 cycles & [76] \\ graphene & Chemical vapor deposition-chemical & CE 93\% up to 50 cycles at & [79] \\  & solution-annealing & 2 mA cm\({}^{-2}\) & [78] \\ Li/r-GO & Vacuum filtration-sparked reaction-molten & 80 mV overpotential at & [78] \\  & Li infusion & 3 mA cm\({}^{-2}\) & [78] \\ Carbonized MOFs & Chemical solution-pyrolysis & CE 91.5 \% after & [99] \\  & & 130 cycles at 10 mA cm\({}^{-2}\) & [99] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Summary of the carbon-based porous framework in LMBs. Figure 6: Lithophilic metal oxides and all in one decorated porous carbon. (**a**,**b**) Schematic representation of Li nucleation and deposition during the plating mechanism within the hierarchical porous carbon (HPC) scaffold with and without the lithophilic ZnO.