esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 System Model and Security Requirements
* Forward secrecy: In the event that the derivation session key is compromised, it is imperative that unauthorized individuals are unable to gain access to previously transmitted messages and the corresponding session keys, hence guaranteeing the preservation of their confidentiality. * Resilience against diverse attacks: The proposed scheme must possess a sufficient level of robustness to effectively withstand a range of attacks, encompassing impersonation attacks, man-in-the-middle attacks, modification attacks, replay attacks, and known session key attacks. * Minimal resource overhead: Considering the limited resources of IoT devices, the security of the proposed scheme must be achieved with minimal computational and communication overhead. This is essential to ensure the feasibility of the scheme within the context of IIoT devices. Therefore, the objective of the LI2A framework is to optimize the trade-off between resource efficiency and security robustness. Specifically, the total resource consumption \(\mathcal{R}\) is minimized, which includes storage overhead (\(R_{S}\)), communication costs (\(R_{C}\)), and processing requirements (\(R_{P}\)). This optimization is constrained by the need to ensure mutual authentication, message integrity, and forward secrecy. It is important to acknowledge that adding devices or users/controllers to industrial systems (the scope of this paper) requires careful planning and approval. Any changes or modifications to the system can disrupt the production process and potentially impact the automation system that governs the underlying process/manufacturing. In addition, every device within the industrial system will be assigned specific communication partners that collaborate with the IIoT device to retrieve and utilize specific data for control decisions. These devices must be identified and programmed into the PLC/SCADA system during the installation process. Given that the addition of new devices to the system requires prior planning and direct oversight from system engineers, it is reasonable to assume that the channels between the TA, users, and IIoT devices are secure and free from any advisory interference during the registration phase. Furthermore, this implies that the online registration phase occurs exclusively at time \(t_{0}\), which corresponds to the moment when a new device is introduced into the system.
# Isoline Tracking in Particle-Based Fluids Using Level-Set Learning Representation
## 3 Proposed Framework
### Mesh Generation with Generative Artificial Intelligence  
[PERSON] et al. presented a method that improves the accuracy and speed of surface reconstruction by interpolating the position of query points through multiple grids and learning the SDF (Signed Distance Function) values via LNN and LSL [36]. However, they trained their models using mesh-type data, and physical characteristics such as density, pressure, or the number of neighboring particles, which are used in this paper, were not utilized as learning data.  
[PERSON] et al. introduced a new technique called Level Set Projection (LSP) utilizing Zero Level Set (ZLS) [37]. While traditional SDF methods had discontinuity issues at the Zero level set, LSP addressed these discontinuities by using the gradient of SDF and employed UDF (Unsigned Distance Functions) as learning data. This method excellently differentiates and reconstructs surfaces, but it applies only to static objects.  
Additionally, [PERSON] et al. proposed the INPM (Improved Neural Particle Method), based on the network of PINN (Physics-Informed Neural Networks) [38]. They trained physical properties to distinguish free surface particles existing on the surface. However, while their model classifies particles, its ultimate goal is only to differentiate surface particles, meaning additional steps are required to restore fluid isolines.
# Recognizing Urban Functional Zones by GF-7 Satellite Stereo Imagery and POI Data
## 2 Study Area and Data
### UfZs Categories  
Referring to relevant Chinese national standards (Code for Classification of Urban Land-Use and Planning Standards of Development Land GB 50137-2011, China), and considering the main land use types within the Fourth Ring Road of Beijing, seven types of UFZs were determined. The detailed categories schemes and descriptions of UFZs are provided in Table 2.  
Figure 3: POI data in the study area. (**a**) Spatial distribution of POI data. (**b**) Kernel density map of POI data.  
Figure 2: nDSM data of the study area.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Results of the In Situ and Laboratory Tests
Having excluded the dependence between the volume and the EQ values on the specimens, it is plausible to attribute the decrease of the \(Lmean_{situ}\) values to a real difference in strength between the external layer and the core of the in situ mortars, possibly due to surface phenomena of alteration. It should be considered, indeed, that the preparation of the laboratory samples implies the removal of the superficial altered layer, explaining why \(Lmean_{lab}\) is always higher than \(Lmean_{situ}\). Based on these assumptions, the ratio between \(Lmean_{situ}\) and \(Lmean_{lab}\) was calculated to estimate the amount of strength reduction \(\delta\) (Equation (2)), that can be assumed to represent the degree of surface alteration of the in situ mortars (data reported in Table 4):  
\[\delta= Lmean_{situ}/Lmean_{lab} \tag{2}\]  
The \(\delta\) values range from 0.57 to 0.78, indicating that the in situ mortars are characterized by a strength reduction due to surface alteration ranging from 22% to 43%. This aspect, coupled with the previous statistics evidence, confirms that the in situ mortars have generally higher variability of the mechanical properties in respect to EQ measurements on the laboratory specimens. As already evidenced in the literature [15; 22], surface alteration generally lowers material's strength, as reflected in the rebound values indicative of surface hardness. Based on this evidence, we think that this aspect is crucial in the direct evaluation of the in situ strength properties and should be considered. In light of the results obtained, although the discrepancy between \(Lmean_{lab}\) and \(Lmean_{situ}\) is observed in the whole dataset, additional research deserves to be deepened, focusing on the influence of different methodologies on laboratory sample preparation. To substantiate all the consideration just made, the most striking observation that emerges plotting \(Lmean_{situ}\) vs. \(Lmean_{lab}\) * (Figure 11) is that, although the depicted line of interpolation has a slope approximately equal to the reference line 1:1 and the correlation is strong (R\({}^{2}\) = 0.97), the intercept on the \(y\) axis is not on the origin. This demonstrated also that if using the in situ measurements as it is to empirically estimate the UCS with Equation (1), an incorrect UCS evaluation is made because it would be affected by the superficial altered layer. Based on our observations we can suggest correcting the in situ measurements of the historical mortars based on the linear interpolation formula of Figure 11 (Equation (3)) and then use these values to estimate the UCS with Equation (1):  
\[Lmean_{lab}=1.184*Lmean_{situ}+53.64 \tag{3}\]  
Figure 10: \(Lmean_{lab}\) plotted vs the volume of specimens. This is a common problem of in situ non-destructive devices, i.e., the superficial evaluation of mortar properties [15].
# Predicting Critical Nodes in Temporal Networks by Dynamic Graph Convolutional Networks
## 3 Background
### Temporal Networks  
Temporal networks can be divided into continuous-time representation and discrete-time representation networks.There is a big difference between the discrete-time and continuous-time temporal networks in modeling methods, and the method of identifying key nodes is not universal. In this paper, we only consider the discrete-time temporal networks. A discrete-time temporal network \(TG\) with time range \([0,T]\) can be defined as a set of ordered static networks (snapshots). That is, \(TG=\{G^{1},G^{2},\,\ldots,\,G^{L}\}\) where \(L=T/\delta\) represents the number of snapshots, which is determined by the time span \(T\) and the time interval \(\delta\) of each snapshot. \(G^{t}=\{V^{t},E^{t}\}\) represents the spanning subgraph \(G^{t}\) which consists of nodes \(V^{t}\) and edges \(E^{t}\) appearing in \([\delta\cdot(t-1),\delta\cdot t]\).
# A Novel Hybrid Edge Detection and LBP Code-Based Robust Image Steganography Method
###### Abstract
[PERSON] and [PERSON] [27] proposed an image steganography algorithm based on prediction error and LBP code. [PERSON] et al. [44] proposed reversible image steganography based on the LBP code and the XOR operator. This paper proposes a hybrid edge detection and LBP code-based image steganographic technique. The proposed scheme applies an \(n\)-number of edge detectors to the cover image, hybridizes those generated edge images using the OR operator, and also performs a dilation morphological operation. Only edge pixels are selected and arranged into a two-dimensional matrix to collect LBP code. Then the LPB code and secret bits are XORed and shuffled. Finally, the stego image is generated, and the changes to the cover image are tracked. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme performs better than the other competing methods. The key contributions of the paper are threefold. * Our proposed scheme increases the number of edge pixels by hybridizing edge images with an OR operator and conducting further need-based dilatation of edge areas in the hybridized image, which in turn improves the embedding capacity. * The scheme improves the data embedding capabilities and robustness of the technique by implanting data in generated LBP codes from edge pixels. * The strategy also preserves the stego image's visual quality, which is higher than the competitors. The technique demonstrates considerable resistance to statistical assaults as well. The rest of the article is organized into several sections. Section 2 provides the details of related works. The proposed method is presented in Section 3. Section 4 demonstrates the simulated results of our scheme and the testing results on the robustness of the proposed scheme against attacks. Finally, Section 5 ends the article.
# Data Augmentation for Voiceprint Recognition Using Generative Adversarial Networks
## 2 Literature Review
### Generative Adversarial Networks  
GANs are a type of neural network architecture designed for unsupervised learning, consisting of two main components: a generator and a discriminator. These networks are trained in a competitive setting, where the generator tries to create data similar to the real dataset, and the discriminator evaluates whether the data are real or generated.  
Through this adversarial process, GANs can generate realistic data that mimic the statistical distribution of the training dataset, making them highly effective in tasks like image generation, speech synthesis, and data augmentation.
## 4 Numerical Simulations and Discussion
### Performance Comparison
#### 4.2.2 Computational Resource Requirement  
This group of experiments investigate the requirements for computing resources of different methods. The evaluation indicator is CPU time. The configuration of this experiment is the same as in Section 4.2.1. The statistical results for the case of different SNRs are shown in Table 2.  
The last experiment considers the case of different number of scatter points. Setting the configuration be the same as in Section 4.2.1, the statistical results are shown in Table 3.  
From the statistical results in Tables 2 and 3, it is shown that the fastest algorithm is SVA, the second fastest one is the proposed method, followed by CoSaMP and OMP in sequence. Although SVA is the fastest algorithm, its performance is the worst among all these methods, especially in the low SNR case, which is shown in Figure 12. Compared with this, OMP and CoSaMP perform better, but both the two algorithms require a large amount of system resources. Since OMP algorithm needs to match every atom at each iteration step, it runs extremely time-consuming, which means it unsuitable for the real-time applications. So far as that is concerned, the proposed method of this paper could not only run faster one order of magnitude than CoSaMP, but also ensure the better performance than the latter, which determines its prominent advantages in practical applications.
## 5 Discussion
### Limitations and Future Work  
This study addressed the inherent subjectivity of the FMA using the EMG impairment level recognition method. Various uncontrollable anatomical and physiological factors, such as age and gender variations, anatomical characteristics influencing electrode attachment, and the potential presence of atrophy or fibrosis in the muscle unit, pose challenges in EMG settings. However, aside from muscle information, the FMA requires the dexterity of the fingers in executing tasks, as shown in Table 1. Consequently, several participants with different finger dexterity profiles may be recognized as identical due to marginal differences in EMG signals. Therefore, to comprehensively recognize the impairment level in finger movement, an additional modality should be considered to capture the finger movement profile of each participant.
## 5 Conclusions  
In this study, an ELQSSM-ML-based routing algorithm was presented to decrease power depletion and boost the network lifespan. An optimization dilemma was devised to extend the network's lifespan if constraining the power use, remaining power, and route reliability. Then, an asymmetric transmit energy strategy was designed for adaptively allocating the best transmit energy at the origin and relay nodes. So, the network lifespan was extended with the help of reducing the node's energy use for broadcasting the data from the origin to the target. The proposed method reduces the latency by 26.22% when compared to EECRM, 18.2% when compared to EECRP-PSO, and 8% that of the QSSM-ML method. The End-End latency of the proposed method is 34.1% lesser than EECRM, 28% lesser than EECRP-PSO, and 18% lesser than the QSSM-ML method. The success rate of ELQSSM-ML is 31% more than the EECRM, 29.2% more than EECRP-PSO, and 11% more than the QSSM-ML. The proposed method ELQSSM-ML has an 86% admission rate when the no of nodes is 50 and 100 and an 87% admission rate when the no of nodes is 150 and 200, respectively. It is also seen from the results that ELQSSM-ML significantly decreased CBO by 29.8% when compared with EECRM, 17.6% when compared with EECRP-PSO, and 14.2% when compared with the QSSM-ML method. The scalability and stability of the proposed method are also proven by increasing the number of nodes to the tune of 500 till 2000. To conclude, the simulation findings ensured that the ELQSSM-ML algorithm for multirate MANETs has increased success and admission rate, reduced 1-hop latency and end-to-end latency compared to the existing algorithms, which ensures minimum energy depletion and maximization of the life span of the network. The future work shall include enhancing the proposed method by incorporating bio-inspired optimization techniques.  
Conceptualization, M.R. and K.L.; Methodology R.S.; Software, M.R.; Validation, I.E.S. and J.V.; Formal analysis, K.L. and J.V.; Investigation, I.E.S.; Writing--original draft, M.R. and K.L.; Writing--review & editing, J.V. and R.S.; Project administration, J.V.; Funding acquisition, K.L. and I.E.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
No funding for this study.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Organic Nanostructured Materials for Sustainable Application in Next Generation Solar Cells
### The Operatzon Principle of OPVs
#### 1.2.4 Collection of the Charge Carriers at the Electrodes  
Finally, charge carriers created by photons that do not recombine are removed from the photoactive layer and sent to the electrodes (see Figure 4d). There is a potential barrier at the photoactive layer/electrodes interface that is reduced to maximize the extraction of charges [27]. The barrier inhibits charge transport, resulting in significant charge accumulation at the interfaces. Charge accumulation increases the likelihood of recombination and reduces device performance. As a result, it's critical to boost charge separation and transfer efficiency. An interface buffer layer, which includes the anode and cathode buffer layers, is added in OPVs to overcome this problem. These buffer layers are frequently used to provide an ohmic contact between the active layer and the electrode, allowing for effective charge extraction and separation [40]. Therefore, the WF of the anode should match with the HOMO of the donor material, while the WF of the cathode must match with the LUMO of the acceptor material [41]. If the WFs match well as described, then the contacts are said to be Ohmic contacts. Contrary to this, if there is a mismatch between the anode and cathode with that of donor HOMO or acceptor LUMO, respectively, then no Ohmic contacts would be established. Ultimately, the performance of the solar cells will reduce [42]. The charge collection at the respective electrodes concludes the steps from absorption of light to generation of photocurrent.
# A Novel Secondary Side Series LCD Forward Converter with High Efficiency and Magnetic Reset
## 1 Introduction
Within the entire dynamic range, the forward inductor only operated in a DCM, which was not suitable for a high power output. In [22], a full-bridge rectifier forward converter with a capacitor on the secondary side was proposed, which solved the issue where the inductor in a four-diode structure was unable to work in a continuous conduction mode. However, compared to the traditional forward converter, this topology increased the circuit loss and the voltage stress of the switch was significant, which was not conducive to the selection of the switch. In [23], a resonant forward reset topology with an auxiliary switch on the secondary side was developed, which reduced the losses of the switches and diodes. However, this topology used two switches, increasing the complexity of the control drive circuit. The secondary reset mode transmitted the excitation energy to the load, but there were still some problems, such as complicated circuit structure, the low output power of the converter, and the high voltage stress of the switch. Therefore, it is of great guiding significance to the propose a forward converter that can not only ensure the reliable reset of the magnetic core but also improve the electrical performance. Based on forward converters that are unable to be magnetically reset, this paper proposes a new type of secondary side series LCD forward converter by studying the magnetic reset technology of secondary winding. The operation mode of the proposed novel forward converter was deeply studied, the optimal operating mode of the proposed converter was obtained, and the energy transmission mechanism under the optimal working mode was analyzed. It was concluded that the proposed converter can not only transfer the excitation energy to the output terminal, achieve a reliable magnetic reset of the transformer, and improve the work efficiency, but also achieve a low-voltage conduction of the switch and reduce the switching loss. According to the influence of the component parameters on the electrical performance of the converter in the best working mode, the corresponding parameter design method was established. Finally, according to the proposed parameter design method, an experimental prototype of the proposed converter was developed, and its working characteristics, output ripple, and efficiency were tested. The experimental results verified the correctness and feasibility of the proposed secondary side reset method. Circuit Composition and Energy Transmission Process of a Novel of Secondary Side Series LCD Forward Converter
# Exploiting Data Similarity to Improve SSD Read Performance
## 3 Related Work
### Path Conflict Resolution in SSD  
Previous research has suggested the implementation of an interconnection network within SSDs to enhance parallelism in flash arrays. Effectively managing path conflicts is crucial for improving parallelism and performance in SSDs. The HyperLink NAND flash architecture (HLNAND) utilizes either a daisy-ring or hierarchical ring topology to connect flash chips [24; 25]. In terms of mitigating path conflicts by increasing flash channel bandwidth, [PERSON] et al. [3] proposed the utilization of packetized communication to enhance the effective flash memory interconnect bandwidth. They presented the packetized SSD (pSSD) system architecture, which enables higher effective flash channel bandwidth by utilizing \"packets\" instead of dedicated signals. However, this technique necessitates significant modifications to the NAND flash chip, resulting in substantial overhead and only partially addressing the path conflict problem. Alternatively, to mitigate path conflicts by increasing path diversity, [PERSON] et al. [3] proposed the Packet Network Solid State Drive (pnSSD). This technology incorporates an interconnection network resembling a 2D mesh topology, providing two paths to access each flash chip and thus reducing the performance overhead caused by path conflicts. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [26] suggested replacing shared multi-channel bus wiring with an interconnection network. They introduced the Network-on-SSD (NoSSD), which enables pipelined multi-router access to flash memory, resulting in improved performance and greater bandwidth compared to traditional SSD architectures. However, [PERSON]'s study lacks implementation details of network routers and practical models of NoSSD for realistic messaging protocol-related considerations. Another proposed solution is the Decoupled SSD system, as proposed by [PERSON] et al. [14]. This system decouples the front-end (i.e., cores, system bus) from the back-end (i.e., flash memory) and incorporates an on-chip network to interconnect the controllers. However, none of these approaches effectively mitigate the path conflict problem due to their lack of providing sufficient path diversity between the flash controller and the flash chip. In contrast, [PERSON] et al. [27] proposed Venice, a novel mechanism that introduces a cost-effective interconnection network of flash chips and efficiently utilizes path diversity to fundamentally address the path conflict problem in SSDs. Venice significantly enhances SSD performance for various real-world data-intensive workloads.