## 5 Discussion  
The characteristics of soil have a significant impact on ecology and is linked to the a country's socioeconomic development. The soil-water relationship is a key factor in numerous socioeconomic trends, with a focus on mitigating ground degradation and renovating territory [58; 59]. Researchers have discovered that soil erosion influences LULC changes, soil fertility, and terrain erosion globally. As a result, preventing land degradation is a significant concern for a country's environment, society, and economy. As a result, proper preparation and procedures for soil erosion susceptibility mapping were used to reduce soil erosion in the present study area. We employed quantitative GIS models to assess the incidence of soil erosion, its relationship with causal variables, and to identify locations prone to soil erosion. GIS-based models are viable ways of producing Soil Erosion Susceptibility Maps to decrease the risk of soil erosion. According to a literature review, 11 characteristics, including elevation, slope, aspect, curvature, stream network, precipitation, LILC, lithology, soil, NDVI, and road network, have been used to quantitatively analyze the relationship of soil erosion with causative variables. In this study, we used and assumed a comparative assessment of three GIS-based statistical models for soil erosion susceptibility mapping: WOE, FR, and IV. Based on AUC validation, we determined that the FR model outperformed the other two strategies, the WOE and IV models, in terms of accuracy. Elevation has a considerable impact on gully erosion [61]. According to our results, the class of elevations between 916 and 1065 m was the most important for soil erosion, with a 2.95 value. A 0.00 value association of both variables indicates that elevations greater than 1065 m have no effect on soil erosion [62]. The most significant elevation class according to our data was 1300-1500 m, followed by \(>\)1500 m, while the least susceptible class for soil erosion was 900 m. Areas of less than 900 m above sea level in our research area are covered in vegetation, whereas areas at 1300-1500 m are barren. Slope and LULC are important factors in soil erosion [60]. Steep slopes and barren terrain play important roles in soil erosion. Concave curvature, which is associated with soil erosion, is the most vulnerable class [62]. Our investigation also revealed that the concave structure was most susceptible, with values of 1.32, 2.20, and 0.97 for the WOE, FR, and IV models, respectively. The stream network has a substantial impact on soil erosion [63]. The soil erosion association with the stream network at \(<\)313 m is 1.44, whereas research has revealed that an association is \(<\)1 for distances more than 1237 m from the stream indicate a lower chance of soil erosion [61]. The stream parameter had a major influence on soil erosion in our study. According to the bivariate statistical data, the 25 m drainage buffer was the most susceptible to soil erosion. According to the table, the WOE, IV, and FR model values for the most vulnerable class were 1.87, 3.01, and 1.60, respectively, while the least vulnerable class of stream parameter was \(>\)250, with values for the WOE, FR, and IV models of \(-\)1.63, 0.60, and \(-\)1.05, respectively. Soil erosion is mostly caused by precipitation, with more precipitation causing more soil erosion [43]. In Pakistan's Murree, we promote knowledge that highly precipitated areas are more prone to soil erosion. Although precipitation is an important element in soil erosion, it is heavily impacted by the geology of the region [64]. We observed from that rainfall caused soil erosion in areas with loose lithology. Plants have an important role in soil erosion management because their roots compress the soil, reducing the effects of rainfall and weathering on the soil surface. As a result, a region with thick vegetation will be less vulnerable to soil erosion than an area with sparse vegetation and bare ground [65]. Soil erosion decreases when NDVI increases, and vice versa.