## 3 BIM and DTs--Latest Development Trends and Challenges
### Implementation of IoT Paradigm and Data-Based Solutions
Therefore, as indicated in [85], BIM and the IoT promise a continuous flow of information, but the connectivity between model and reality can be incomplete (e.g., software changes, unlisted parts, software version errors). These drawbacks are also reflected in the world of DTs. In order to enhance the degree of interoperability and integration of system data, a number of engineering and research initiatives have been implemented. The primary objective of these efforts is the establishment of universal standards for communication and data identification. In the case of BACS, standardization of automation functions and services is also a key objective. This included the implementation of and adherence to common standards for data exchange and development of a data management strategy that ensures consistency, security, and availability throughout the project life cycle. The natural direction is to develop open and accessible BIM and DT platforms, as well as to develop and implement standards with best practices for their use [23; 54]. It is necessary to ensure adequate funding for the implementation of BIM/DT platforms and to invest in the training and education of employees to increase the number of qualified staff. Moreover, it is crucial to implement effective management of organizational changes to facilitate the transition to new working methods and to promote the culture of open collaboration as well as information sharing between all project participants. One of the most rapidly developing trends in the context of universalization of communication and data for the integration of BACS, BIM, and DTs is the implementation of IoT solutions. According to [86], it is critical to understand this still emerging paradigm to address the multifaceted challenges associated with the large-scale deployment of DTs within industrial and building IoT applications. Moreover, ref. [87] analyzed both the workflow between BIM and the IoT and the resulting cloud-based DT in this combination, along with functionalities that were still in testing. One of the most significant challengesassociated with this process is the security of data and the reliability of communication, particularly when utilizing a radio communication medium such as Wi-Fi. As discussed in [75; 88], the challenges of IoT security include, among other things, the inherent problems of IoT security. There are inherent security vulnerabilities in IoT devices that make it difficult to protect them. In addition, use of vulnerable Internet gateways/concentration points. Gateways and concentration points that collect data from multiple devices can be an attractive target for cyberattacks. Low-complexity devices and simple IoT devices often have limited security options. The open nature of the environment allows for physical access and manipulation by hackers. The limited power supply of low-power devices precludes the implementation of more complex and effective safety algorithms. It is important to note that IoT devices can be portable and difficult to track, making it difficult to ensure security. Moreover, they are often constantly connected to the network, increasing the risk of being attacked. Additionally, the main advantage of the IoT approach is the vast number and variety of IoT devices, which makes it difficult to develop universal security solutions. The lack of a unified IoT security architecture makes communication and data protection difficult [75; 89; 90]. Finally, it is worth mentioning one of the latest trends in the development of many industries--the idea of using artificial intelligence (AI). It is one of the common trends, and not just for industrial and building automation. AI is entering BIM with momentum, offering a range of facilities for designers and engineers. It is a valuable tool for automating tedious and repetitive tasks such as creating documentation, clash checking, and quality control, allowing one to save time, resources, and money.