esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Salt-Fog Corrosion Behavior of GCr15 Steels Treated by Ultrasonic Strengthening Grinding Process
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Characterization  
The cut samples were mounted with epoxy and then used to make electrodes by welding a wire on their surface. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) measurement has been carried out using Solartron 1260 + 1287 electrochemical workstation. The potentiodynamic polarization test was performed at a scan rate of 1.5 mV/s in the range of \(-\)0.5 V-5 V.  
An X-ray diffractometer (XRD, Rigaku + UltimaIV, Rigaku Corp, Akishima, Tokyo, Japan) was used to analyze the phase and corrosion components of the samples. The scanning electron microscope (SEM, ZEISS Gemini 300, Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany) coupled with an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS, Oxford X-Max 50, Oxford, UK) was employed to observe the surface micromorphology. Autofocus Microscope (GP\(-\)420H, Kunshan gaopin precision instrument co. LTD, Kunshan, China) was utilized to observe the macromorphology.
# Computational Study on Rogue Wave and Its Application to a Floating Body
## 4 Concluding Remarks  
To investigate the characteristics of the rogue wave, simulations were carried out based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The multi-directional wave generation boundary f, or the bull's-eye simulation, was developed using OpenFOAM, a collection of open-source CFD libraries. To minimize the numerical error caused by false diffusion, the circular-shaped inlet boundary was selected and the meshes aligned to the wave propagating direction were used. A structured grid of 2,800,000 meshes was generated.  
Figure 19: Forces on a floating body: (**a**) x-force; (**b**) z-force.  
Figure 20: Floating body and free-surface evolution: (**a**) maximum pitch angle in regular waves; (**b**) minimum pitch angle in regular waves; (**c**) maximum pitch angle in rogue waves; (**d**) minimum pitch angle in rogue waves.  
Rogue waves were generated using the wave heights of 0.02, 0.03, and 0.04 m. The generated rogue wave heights showed the same trend as the experimental results [22]. The generated rogue wave showed significantly greater asymmetry, wave slope, and energy than the regular wave. The rogue wave had larger water particle pressure, x-velocity, and z-velocity than the regular waves. The rogue wave moved about three times faster than the regular wave on the free surface.  
To investigate the effect of the rogue wave on a floating body such as a floating onshore wave power plant, the rectangular-shaped rigid body was considered. Under the influence of the rogue wave, the motions and acting forces on the floating body become much larger than those of the regular wave. For structures operating in the sea area where rogue waves may occur, consideration of rogue waves is essential. In future work, the elastic behavior of floating structures related to rogue waves will be studied.  
Conceptualization, J.-C.P., G.-M.J. and S.P.; simulation, W.J.; formal analysis, J.-C.P., G.-M.J. and S.P.; writing--original draft preparation, W.J. and S.P.; writing--review and editing, W.J. and S.P.; visualization, W.J.; supervision, S.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was funded by the Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology (10076473) and the National Research Foundation (NRF-2021R11A3044639) of the Korea Government.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
###### Abstract  
In order to develop new and effective donor materials, a planar donor-\(\pi\)-acceptor (D-\(\pi\)-A) type small organic molecule (SOM), 2-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-3-(5\"-hexyl-[2.2\(\prime\):5\(\prime\),2\"-terthiophen]-5-yl) acrylonitrile, named as H3T-4-FOP, was synthesized by the reaction of 4-fluorobenzoylacetonitrile (as acceptor unit) and hexyl terthiophene (as donor unit) derivatives. Promising optical, solubility, electronic and photovoltaic properties were observed for the H3T-4-FOP SOM. Significantly, the presence of 4-fluorobenzoylacetonitrile as an acceptor unit in H3T-4-FOP SOM tuned the optical band gap to \(\sim\)2.01 eV and procured the reasonable energy levels as highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of \(-\)5.27 eV and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) \(-\)3.26 eV. The synthesized H3T-4-FOP SOM was applied as a donor material to fabricate solution-processed bulk heterojunction organic solar cells (BH)-OSCs) with an active layer of H3T-4-FOP: PC\({}_{61}\)BM (12, \(w\)/\(w\)) and was validated as having a good power conversion efficiency (PCE) of \(\sim\)4.38%. Our studies clearly inspire for future designing of multifunctional groups containing the 4-fluorobenzylacetonitrile based SOM for high performance BH)-OSCs.  
4-fluorobenzoylacetonitrile; donor; energy conversion; energy level; organic solar cells +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# A Classification Model Based on Interval Rule Inference Network with Interpretability
## 6 Experiment and Analysis
### Application in Mechanical Properties of Coarse Aggregate of Reinforced Recyclled Clay Brick
The precision, recall, and F1 score values for the seven classification methods are presented in Table 5. As can be seen from Table 5, the precision of the IRIN model is slightly lower than that of the DTC classifier and RFC classifier by 1.2 percentage points, but IRIN is higher than other classifiers in terms of recall rate and F1 score. Despite the slightly lower precision compared to DTC and RFC classifiers, IRIN's higher recall and F1 score indicate its stronger overall performance in identifying both categories of mechanical properties accurately. The higher recall suggests that IRIN effectively captures more instances of coarse aggregate with bad mechanical properties, minimizing the risk of missing critical cases. The F1 score, which balances precision and recall, further highlights IRIN's ability to maintain reliable identification while ensuring a balance between false positives and false negatives. In addition to the high classification performance, interpretability is a concern in an actual engineering problem. The IBRB automatically generated by IRIN shows the law for identifying the mechanical properties of coarse aggregate of reinforced recycled clay brick in concrete. One of the rules in IBRB is as follows. \(R_{1}:\) if the apparent density is\(\{(Low,0.0),(Medium,[0.3213,0.4912]),(High,[0.5087,0.6786])\}\), AND the absorption rate is\(\{(Weak,[0.5617,1.0]),(Medium,[0.0,0.4383]),(Strong,0.0)\}\), AND the crushing value is\(\{(Low,[0.4864,0.6831]),(Medium,[0.3169,0.5136]),(High,0.0)\}\), AND the substitution rate is\(\{(Low,0.0),(Medium,[0.4378,0.5515]),(High,[0.4484,0.5621])\}\), AND the glue-water ratio is\(\{(Low,0.0),(Medium,[0.6141,0.6255]),(High,[0.3745,0.3859])\}\), Then the mechanical property is\(\{(Good,[0.6211,0.7289]),(Bad,[0.2196,0.3789])\}\), with rule weight is0.8311  
and attribute weight is\(\{((0.9062),(0.8523),(0.8912),(0.4536),(0.6611)\}\) \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Index** & **Recall** & **Precision** & **F1\_Score** \\ \hline MLP & 60.00\% & 36.00\% & 45.00\% \\ DTC & 92.86\% & 94.05\% & 92.97\% \\ SVC & 35.71\% & 12.76\% & 18.80\% \\ KNC & 73.33\% & 76.43\% & 73.57\% \\ RFC & 92.86\% & 94.05\% & 92.97\% \\ RIN & 86.67\% & 86.67\% & 86.67\% \\ IRIN & 93.94\% & 93.93\% & 93.12\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Performance index values of each classification method. It is noted that when the expert or decision-maker believes that the mechanical properties of the rule should be more than 80% good, the expert or decision-maker can intervene in the rule to correct the result. The experimental results show that the proposed IRIN method can effectively identify the mechanical properties of coarse aggregate of reinforced recycled clay brick in concrete and the IBRB can be intervened with to further improve the performance. Therefore, the proposed method can be applied to real-world scenarios.
# A Cost-Aware Framework for QoS-Based and Energy-Efficient Scheduling in Cloud-Fog Computing
## 6 Service Management Framework
### Cost Analytical Model
Fog jobs \(\mathbf{J}\) are governed by various SLAs, each of which entails a job's service deadline \(\mathcal{L}_{i}\) that in turn stipulates a target completion time \(c_{i}^{(t)}\) for the fog job \(J_{i}\) in the cloud environment. The \(c_{i}^{(t)}\) represents an explicit QoS obligation on the cloud service provider to complete the servicing of the fog job \(J_{i}\), which incurs a waiting time allowance \(l\omega_{i}\) that represents a service deadline \(\mathcal{L}_{i}\) at the level of resource queuing \(\mathbf{Q}\) as follows:  
\[\mathcal{L}_{i} =c_{i}^{(t)}-a_{i} \tag{10}\] \[=\mathcal{E}_{i}+l\omega_{i}\]  
\[J_{i}=\left\{a_{i},\mathcal{E}_{i},c_{i}^{(t)}\right\} \tag{11}\]  
For a fog job \(J_{i}\) that starts the service at its allocated cloud resource \(R_{m}\), an SLA violation \(\alpha_{i}^{\beta}\) occurs when its response time \(rt_{i}^{\beta}\) is higher than its pre-defined service deadline \(\mathcal{L}_{i}\), which accordingly incurs a QoS penalty described as follows:  
\[(rt_{i}^{\beta}-\mathcal{L}_{i})= \begin{cases}\alpha_{i}^{\beta}>0,&\text{The fog job }J_{i}\text{ is not satisfied of the cloud service}\\ \alpha_{i}^{\beta}\leq 0,&\text{The fog job }J_{i}\text{ is satisfied of the cloud service}\end{cases}  \tag{12}\]  
Utilizing such execution and service factors, a penalty cost \(\mathcal{C}\) and an energy cost \(\epsilon\) are accordingly formalized to model and evaluate the system performance across the cloud-fog computing environment. The penalty cost \(\mathcal{C}\) and energy cost \(\epsilon\) are formulated based on the communication and queue waiting \(t\omega_{i}^{\beta}\) across the cloud-fog environment, the SLA violation \(\alpha_{i}^{\beta}\) in the cloud environment, the service \(\mathcal{E}_{i}\) in the cloud environment, and the bandwidth allocation \(\mathbb{J}\) in the fog environment. Such QoS attributes are selected to measure system performance because they can be easily captured and predicted in the queuing system adopted to model the system design
###### Abstract  
Herbal extracts have various biological properties, including antioxidant activity (AAC). This activity is mainly associated with presence of polyphenolic compounds, and depends on the type and origin of the raw material, the chemical profile, and the extraction method (including the type of solvent used). The aim of the study was to evaluate the chemical compound content and antioxidant activity in selected plants from the Lamiaceae family, depending on the solvent applied. Additionally, the study aimed to determine whether there are correlations between the content of biological compounds and antioxidant activity. The extracts were prepared from _Thymus vulgaris_ L. and _Sideritis scardica_ Griseb. using ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, and acetone as solvents. The obtained extracts were assessed for total polyphenols content (TPC), flavonoids, and phenolic acids, as well as antioxidant potential, using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and ferric reducing (FRAP) assays. The plants studied showed significant TPC and significant AAC, with the sideritis extracts exhibiting both high TPC (162.38 mg GA/g) and high AAC-DPPH (86.39%). Our study showed a significant positive correlation between antioxidant activity (DPPH) and antioxidant activity (FRAP) for acetone extracts (r = 0.664808), and strong negative correlations for the other extracts. It was also confirmed that selecting the appropriate solvent is essential for the efficient extraction of phenolic compounds, which are strongly linked to biological activity. As a result, extracts of _T. vulgaris_ and _S. scardica_ represent a potential source of antioxidants that could be used in the prevention of various diseases or in the food industry as preservatives.  
medicinal plants; polyphenolic compounds; DPPH; FRAP Article
## 1 Introduction
For example, our recent study showed that the consumption of chicken eggs enriched with n-3 PUFAs (three eggs daily) for three weeks (\(\sim\)1053 mg n-3 PUFAs daily) had a mild anti-inflammatory effect by lowering IL-6 levels and changed the ratio of free fatty acids in the serum to a more favorable value in patients with known CADs (ACS and CCS) [12]. The first step in atherosclerosis development is endothelial dysfunction. The underlying mechanism in most cases is the impaired production or bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) and/or the altered production of vasoactive prostaglandandins/eicosanoids [13; 14]. NO mediates endothelium-dependent vasodilation and inhibits platelet adhesion and aggregation [13], leukocyte adhesion/infiltration, and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. NO also prevents the oxidation of LDL cholesterol [15]. Oxidative stress causes reduced bioavailability of NO or impairs the production of prostaglandlandins, resulting in impaired microvascular vasodilation and the consequent development of atherosclerosis [16]. Antioxidant systems that combat oxidative stress primarily include three important enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), whereas the second line of defense consists of antioxidants that neutralize or remove free radicals, and this group includes ascorbic acid, glutathione and alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) [17]. However, data on the dietary impact, particularly the impact of functional foods (food that, in addition to being a source of energy and nutrients, also contains biologically active substances that offer health benefits beyond nutritive values) [18], on these antioxidant systems are scarce. The hypothesis of this study is that the consumption of functional foods naturally enriched with micronutrients with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties could have a favorable effect on endothelial function, inflammation, lipid profiles, and levels of oxidative stress in participants with CCS. Therefore, our study aimed to investigate whether the consumption of chicken eggs with increased contents of n-3 PUFAs, selenium, vitamin E, and lutein had effects on (a) microvascular and macrovascular endothelial function and enzymes involved in the synthesis of NO; (b) oxidative stress levels and antioxidant capacity; and (c) systemic levels of pro/anti-inflammatory mediators in patients with existing CCS.
# Application of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Monitoring and/or Control of Composting Processes
## 6 Conclusions and Future Perspective  
Agriculture is a key contributor to food, feed, fiber, and fuel but, consequently, also a provider of waste. A large amount of agro-waste is produced as a result of agricultural operations and food processing, and this waste poses a significant environmental risk. At the same time, in a more circular bioeconomy, this waste might be viewed as an opportunity for reuse. The use of process analytical technology instruments (NIR included) is intended to understand and control complex and dynamic biological products [112], and agri-waste is exactly such a product. Taking into account that compost enhances soil biodiversity and mitigates the environmental dangers associated with synthetic fertilizers, composting can be considered an adequate technique of agriculture waste disposal. To produce high quality and effective compost, precise, reproducible, and quick composting process control is important. The examples discussed in this work show the high potential of spectroscopic methods, with emphasis on NIRS, as the quick measuring system needed for monitoring the quality of the compost manufacturing procedure.  
The usage of spectroscopy methods reduces the time necessary for physical-chemical analyses, microbiological analyses, and enzymatic activity analyses, which are very important when monitoring the dynamic composting process. The research interest is focused on the increased application of a portable spectroscopy (in food and agricultural production systems) instrument that allows online measurement of the most important process variables. Chemometric tools coupled with spectroscopy analysis allow precise predictions of the process variables of interest.  
NIR spectroscopy is a method that is extremely promising for the rapid, precise, and noninvasive assessment of compost. However, for future progress, the awareness of its limitations will greatly affect further development and applicability [113]. Namely, for the successful application of NIRS, improvement in the following aspects will be imperative: (i) higher resolution, (ii) a systematized data processing technique, and (iii) economic aspects vs. standard analyses.  
The development of a quality evaluation system with software algorithms that will enable the rapid analysis of NIR spectra and shorten the time to display the quantitative results of complex and dynamic biological products in real time is what will certainly be worked on in the near future.  
Conceptualization, T.S.C. and A.J.T.; methodology, M.B.; formal analysis, T.S.C. and K.K.; writing--original draft preparation, T.S.C., K.K., and T.J.; writing--review and editing, A.J.T. and M.B.; visualization, D.V.; supervision, J.G.K.; project administration, I.R.R.; funding acquisition, I.R.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The work was supported by the European Union through the European regional development fund, Competitiveness and Cohesion 2014-2020 (KK.01.1.1.07.0007).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 1 Introduction
* An in-depth explanation is given of the hardware architecture of each block of the whole communication blocks, which paves the way to further work on the hardware implementation of the NB-IoT transceiver chain. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the detailed design and implementation of both the NPUSCH transmitting chain and the NPDSCH receiving chain. The system integration with MATLAB and register transfer level (RTL), as well as the implementation on field programmable gate array (FPGA) are presented in Section 3. The NB-IoT system architecture and hardware components are presented in Section 4. The system implementation, including the hardware set-up, is depicted in Section 5. At last, Section 6 concludes this work.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Sample Characterization  
Morphological characterization of the Cu NWs and of the CdTe-covered Cu NWs samples was first carried out using a Tescan VEGA II Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) (TESCAN ORSAY HOLDING, a.s., Brno-Kohoutovice, Czech Republic). For proper characterization, freshly cleaned samples were carefully diced to allow both top-view and cross-sectional analysis, then were subsequently installed on the SEM specimen holder using conducting carbon tape to minimize charging effects during the SEM inspections. At this stage, geometrical parameters of the Cu NWs (i.e., average diameter, center-to-center distance and length) and the thickness of the CdTe thin films deposited onto the Cu NW array were directly measured by SEM. The topography of the obtained CdTe thin films was additionally observed by atomic force microscopy using an AGS-100 Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) (A.P.E. Research, Trieste, Italy) operating in taping mode, and the typical surface-related parameters (Route Means Square Roughness, RMS; Skewness, Ssk; and Excess Kurtosis, K) were extracted.  
Structural characterization was afterwards performed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) using a Bruker D8 Discover diffractometer (Brucker Corp., Billerica, Massachusetts, United States) working with Cu K\({}_{\alpha}\) radiation (\(\lambda_{\text{K}_{\alpha}}\)= 0.154 nm). XRD data were acquired in a symmetric theta-theta geometry in the range of \(2\theta\) = 15-65\({}^{\circ}\) and with an angular step of 0.02\({}^{\circ}\). The highlighted CdTe (111) diffraction peaks were then analyzed in detail with a finer angular step of 0.005\({}^{\circ}\), and the resulting experimental data were fitted with a Voight profile to evaluate the structural parameters of the prepared CdTe thin films.  
Finally, optical absorption and transmission spectroscopy measurements were performed in the spectral range of 500-1500 nm at room temperature using an Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-VIS) PerkinElmer Lambda 750 spectrophotometer (PerkinElmer, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). The optical transmission spectra were used to evaluate the thickness values of the CdTe films deposited by VTE and RF-MS onto optical glass substrates, while the optical band gap energies of the CdTe thin films grown by all three methods (i.e., VTE, RF-MS, and ECD), were computed from the corresponding optical absorption spectra. Only for ECD-obtained CdTe thin films were the optical absorption spectrum was evaluated by an indirect approach, using the integrating sphere of the spectrophotometer and measuring the optical reflection, R. Afterwards, the optical absorption, A, was obtained from Equation (3), assuming that the optical transmittance, T, is negligible (as the Au-coated Si substrate is not transparent within the employed spectral range [35]):  
\[\mathrm{A+R+T=1} \tag{3}\]
# Effect of Different Bonding Materials on Flip-Chip LED Filament Properties
## 1 Introduction  
As a new generation of light source, the light-emitting diode (LED) has many advantages, such as energy saving, environmental protection, and no radiation emission [1; 2; 3]. With the growing demand of LEDs, the white LED has been industrialized [4; 5]. Flip-chip LED (FC-LED) filament bulbs are gradually replacing incandescent lamps, with the advantages of lower working voltage, less power consumption, and higher luminous efficiency. Due to the output power of LED chips being improved, the FC-LED filament package process requires advanced technology [6; 7; 8; 9].  
Compared with the traditional LED packaging (wire-bonded LED) process, the FC-LED package process has improved the bonding efficiency and thermal conductivity of the FC-LED filament. Industrial FC-LED chip-bonding technologies include conductive adhesive bonding and eutectic welding [10], of which, the FC-LED filament that is bonded by eutectic welding has high reliability. In addition, in the FC-LED packaging process, alloys that have properties such as good wettability and low cost can be used for eutectic welding [11]. The improved properties of the FC-LED packaging structure, such as good heat dissipation and low stress, make it an essential technology. Lead-free solder alloys are gradually replacing conductive silver glue and thermal conductivity adhesive, due to the advantage of high heat dissipation efficiency in the LED wafer package field. In order to improve the properties of the FC-LED filament, Sn90 Sb10 (Sn90-Sb10) and SAC0307 (Sn-0.3 Ag-0.7 Cu) soliders were selected for the bonding process. Sn90 Sb10 belongs to the Sn-based solder alloy, which also can be used for bonding the flip-chip LED [12; 13]. At present, SAC series soliders have been widely usedin the production of industrial FC-LED filaments (their main components are Sn/Ag/Cu and flux). Our aim was to find new types of Sn-based solders with better performance [14; 15; 16]. In this study, Sn90 Sb10 solder was used in order to study ways to improve the reliability and the photoelectric properties of the FC-LED filament.