# Operation of Water Supply Systems in the Czech Republic--Risk Analysis
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Risk Analysis  
Risk analysis using the FMEA method was performed for three selected operators of water supply systems in the Czech Republic. These operators were selected by a group of experts as representatives of the respective operating models. A municipality in the Central Bohemian Region, which is the owner of the water infrastructure and is responsible for the safe, continuous, and reliable operation of the system (hereinafter referred to as Operator A), was selected as a representative of the independent operating model. It supplies water to approximately 1100 inhabitants. A company operating water infrastructure also in the Central Bohemian Region was selected as a representative of the mixed operating model. It was founded in 1993 and supplies drinking water to about 65,000 inhabitants (hereinafter referred to as Operator B). A large operator, also in the Central Bohemian Region, belonging to a multinational company and supplying water to approximately 300,000 inhabitants (hereinafter referred to as Operator C), was selected by the expert group as a representative of the compartmentalized operating model. Risks were assessed in three areas--water source, water treatment, and distribution. For all identified risks, existing precautions as well as recommended risk mitigation measures were listed. The FMEA was designed to be universally applicable to operators regardless of their operating model and to enable them to assess risks in respective areas. The analysis itself was carried out by a four-member expert group. FMEA Analysis Results  
Water sources  
The results of the risk analysis for each operator's water source are presented in  
In terms of water sources, possible contamination of the source through the increased concentrations of chemicals and their compounds, contamination of the source by synthetic pharmaceuticals and phytopharmaceuals, and contamination of the source or lack of water caused by natural events such as floods or droughs were assessed as the most significant risks. A possible increased concentration of chemicals and their compounds may be caused by contamination of the source by fertilizers, or by wastewater from industrial facilities, or due to an industrial accident with a hazardous substances leak. This risk is also reported to be significant in studies by [PERSON] et al. [15] or [PERSON] et al. [16]. Industrial accidents and their impact on drinking water supply are also discussed in the article by [PERSON] and [PERSON]. [17]. Operator A (small municipality--independent  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt}} \hline \hline
**Possible Risk** & **Possible Risk Consequences** & **Possible Cause** & **Current Precautions** & **RPN** & **RPN** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{8}{*}{**Synthetic pharmaceuticals and phytopharmaceuals**} & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Exretion of pharmaceuticals and phytopharmaceuals from the bodies of animals and humans} & \multicolumn{1}{p{56.9 pt}}{Monitoring of pharmaceuticals and phytopharmaceuals in water (carried out, but not continuously, there is no recommended procedure)} & \multicolumn{1}{p{56.9 pt}}{Monitoring of pharmaceuticals and phytopharmaceuals in water} & \multicolumn{1}{p{56.  
operating model) monitors water quality only to the mandatory extent, it does not carry out its own extended water quality checks of the water source, which is linked to the low detectability of these risks. For Operator B (mixed operating model) this risk was assessed as moderate and mainly related to the surface water source (Operator B uses a multi-source system--water from the Elbe River and groundwater sources). Therefore, as a recommended measure to mitigate this risk, it was proposed to carry out extended inspections beyond the mandatory scope, on the operator's own initiative. Increased preventive and control activities on the part of industrial companies and inspections of hazardous activities in the protection zones of water sources are also possible measures to reduce the risk.