## 4 Conclusions  
A rapid, efficient, and environmentally-friendly synthesis of AgNPs was established using extracts from the leaves and stems of _B. albostellata_, offering a viable alternative to conventional chemical synthesis, particularly for medical and pharmaceutical purposes. The advantageous morphology, small dimensions, and zeta potential of the AgNPs bode well for their potential biological applications. The FTIR spectra revealed absorptions associated with various functional groups. Various phytochemical groups play an important role in the bio-reduction and stabilization of the AgNPs. The synthesized AgNPs displayed potential bacteriostatic effects against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative human pathogenic bacteria. Their wide-ranging bioactivity hints at their potential as effective agents against infections. All AgNPs exhibited cytotoxicity in vitro, with some selectivity to cancer cell lines, suggesting their promise as potential chemotherapeutic agents. Given the influence of NP surface charge on their effectiveness, it is advisable to utilize moderately stable AgNPs for further assessment. As this research signifies the inaugural exploration into the synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) derived from _B. albostellata_, subsequent investigations should concentrate on identifying the specific biochemical components that facilitate this synthesis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the synthesis, characterization, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities of AgNPs synthesized from the extracts of _B. albostellata_. This study sets the stage for forthcoming research to delve deeper into the therapeutic potential of AgNPs derived from _B. albostellata_. While the current characterization and assessment represent a crucial initial phase, additional experiments and tests are necessary to enhance and broaden our understanding of the impacts of these nanoparticles in antibacterial and anticancer applications. The findings of this study could significantly contribute to progressing the development of innovative phytochemical-based green compounds for potential application in the healthcare sector.  
Conceptualization and methodology, S.G.; investigation and data curation, S.G., Y.N., M.S., A.N.D. and J.L.; validation, S.G., Y.N., Y.H.D. and M.S.; writing--original draft preparation, S.G., Y.N. and M.S.; writing--review and editing, Y.H.D. and N.M.-D.; supervision, Y.N., Y.H.D. and M.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Research Foundation (grant number: 118897) and Researchers Supporting Project (grant number: RSP-2024R375), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.  
Not applicable.  
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
Authors extend their appreciation to the National Research Foundation (Grant No. 118897), South Africa and the staff at the Microscopy and Microanalysis Unit at the University of KwaZulu-Natal for their assistance with the microscopy components of the research. The authors gratefully acknowledge Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP-2024R375), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.