## 4 Discussion
documented the inhibitory effect of cumin with silver nanoparticles against other oral pathogens [31]. Meanwhile, _FEO_ showed the ability to inhibit both strains' growth at 3.125 \(\mu\)L/mL, while it eradicated _P. gingialis_ and _P. intermedia_ at 6.25 \(\mu\)L/mL and 3.125 \(\mu\)L/mL, respectively. The MIC and MBC concentrations of the _FEO_ were similar against _P. intermedia_, indicating the bactericidal profile of the oil. The antimicrobial activity of the _FEO_ with MIC of 250 \(\mu\)g/mL was documented against _Microococcus_ spp. by some researchers [32]. The antimicrobial property of the _FEO_ was also examined against _S. aureus_, _Bacillus subtilis_, and the MIC was determined to be 1 mg/mL [33]. The discrepancies in MIC values reported by different studies from various regions are mainly attributed to the fact that the chemical composition and the concentrations of active ingredients of EOs are greatly determined by the plant genotype and the influence of environmental factors, including geographical conditions, nature of the soil, temperature, season of collection and harvesting plant, and more importantly, the oil extraction method [34; 35]. Based on the results obtained from our study's GC-MS analysis, the _CEO_'s principal components were Cumin-aldehyde, \(\gamma\)-Terpinene, 2-Caren-10-al, and \(\beta\)-Pinene. Cumin aldehyde was the main bioactive compound of _CEO_, rendering most of its pharmacological and clinical significance [36]. Studies on the antimicrobial properties of Cumin-aldehyde have shown that this compound can inhibit growth, cause the death of microbial pathogens, and reduce the negative effects caused by them [36]. Another detected substance, \(\alpha\)-pinene, is an organic compound of the polyphenic (terpene) group, and previous studies have shown its antibacterial properties. In addition, \(\alpha\)-pinene also shows significant activity in modulating antibiotic resistance via multiple mechanisms, including inhibition of microbial efflux, decreased membrane integrity, and metabolic disruption [37]. The _FEO_ used in this study belongs to the estragole chemotype. The GC-MS analysis detected 17 compounds. Estragole (67.16%) was the main compound. Other compounds, such as D-Limonene at 13.92%, fenchone at 10.32%, anethole at 2%, anisaldehyde, and \(\alpha\)-pinene at approximately 1.23%, were also present. The remaining compounds accounted for less than 1%. Estragole, the principal constituent of the _FEO_ showed the ability to disrupt the cell membrane, increase nonspecific permeability in the bacterial cell membrane, and enable it to easily pass through the lipopolysaccharide membrane of the Gram-negative bacteria. In addition, fenchone, limonene, and other compounds from _FEO_ were found to help accelerate the healing of acute and chronic wounds by protecting the injury site from infection, inhibiting inflammatory cells, and increasing connective tissue formation in the repaired tissue [38]. This finding represents scientific evidence supporting the use of _FEO_, which contains fenchone and limonene, in treating oral diseases, including periodontal diseases. The discovery of new strategies to eradicate dental biofilms has recently become a popular trend in microbiological dental research. Cuminum cynmium has a remarkable antib Biofilm and quorum-sensing inhibitory potential against Gram-negative bacterial pathogens [39]. In this present study, both _CEO_ and _FEO_ showed moderate and strong antib Biofilm activity against clinically isolated _P. gingivalis_ and _P. intermedia_ at MIC levels, respectively. In agreement with our results, the anti-biofilm effect of _FEO_ was examined against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains and confirmed the oils' capability of preventing biofilm formation at very low concentrations [40]. In addition, the synergistic effect of _FEO_ and hydrogen peroxide against _S.