esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Particulate Removal of PES Electrospun Nanofibrous Membranes in Liquid Filtration
#### 3.2.1 Characterization of the PES ENMs  
The surface structures of the PES electrospun nanofibrous membranes (ENMs) are shown in Figure 3. According to the previous results, the LiCl concentration and the feed rate have more direct impacts on the fiber diameter. Therefore, the PES solutions with different LiCl concentrations of 0, 0.01, and 0.10% (_w/v_) were electrospun to produce PES ENMs with different fiber diameters and the feed rate was optimized accordingly. ENM 30-0.10 had the smallest fiber diameter and was prepared from the PES solution with the highest LiCl concentration of 0.10% (_w/v_). All membranes possessed relatively uniform nanofibers without beads or spindles. The basic characteristics of the PES ENMs are tabulated in Table S5. To minimize the effect of membrane thickness on liquid filtration performance, the thicknesses of the PES ENMs were similarly set.  
The PES ENMs with different LiCl concentrations were characterized by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy (Figure S1). There was no particular distinction among the spectra of PES ENMs, regardless of whether or not LiCl was added in the membranes. We observed that the PES ENMs only had the chemical properties of PES compared with the reported band assignments of the PES membrane by [PERSON] et al. [28]. Although the peak at 1671 cm\({}^{-1}\) is related to the carbonyl vibrations of the N-C=O group in NMP, this peak was not observed. Therefore, the results propose that the chemical properties of the PES ENMs do not change with the addition of LiCl because the solvent NMP that mainly forms the complex with a Li\({}^{+}\) cation is completely removed during the electrospinningning process and the immersion process in water.
## 6 The FXE Instrument  
### Scientific Scope and X-ray Techniques  
The Femtosecond X-ray Experiment (FXE) scientific instrument has a primary scientific focus in the field of photo-induced chemical dynamics in liquid environments [71]. The interplay between nuclear, electronic, and spin degrees of freedom during the course of an ongoing reaction will be monitored using a suite of X-ray techniques, thereby offering new observables in the femtosecond time domain to deliver this information. The FXE instrument will permit structural studies on the 25 fs time scale and below, with ultrafast X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structures (XANES), Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS), Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering (RIXS), non-resonant X-ray Emission Spectroscopy (XES), and Wide Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS) from liquids being key techniques to unravel new details about the very first steps in these reacting systems. One fundamental goal is to eventually record a complete molecular movie, observing not only the structural rearrangements occurring in the system but also of the underlying electronic structure changes. Together with ultrafast optical spectroscopy techniques it will become possible to understand the ensuing photo-physical behavior.  
One particular interesting area of research concerns catalytic activity and solar energy conversion schemes, which occur in several transition metal compounds. Such compounds are key ingredients in certain proteins, and are often at the very beginning of light-driven biological functions [72]. They are also studied in chemistry due to their rich magnetic switching behavior [73], their charge-transferproperties in light-harvesting applications [74], or for their ability to form highly reactive intermediate species, which enhance further reaction steps, e.g., towards more efficient catalytic behavior [75]. These compounds are believed to exhibit correlated electron dynamics in a regime in which the Born-Oppenheimer rule is not valid. The direct observation of elementary steps towards, e.g., spin transition dynamics has so far been impossible which is expected to change due to the possibility of studying new observables in X-ray FEL experiments [76; 77].
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Experiment of 2D-3D Registration  
#### 4.1.1 Experimental Environment  
We used images captured using a smartphone in the 2D-3D registration experiment. A Huawei Meta 30 smartphone was used because it has built-in general-purpose GPS and geomagnetic sensors, which were necessary for this experiment. Two photos were used as real images for the experiment, named P1 (Figure 4a) and P2 (Figure 4c), which were taken in September 2021. The estimated and actual poses are presented in Table 1, and the coordinates are described by the ECEF coordinate system. The estimated pose was obtained using the CamPOS application. CamPOS is an image acquisition program developed in this study. While shooting photos, it can acquire GPS and geomagnetic sensor information without redundant optimization processing. The virtual digital twin scenes (Figure 4b,d) are oblique photography 3D models generated from UAV aerial images. The images were captured in December 2020. Because of the difference in seasons and time, the texture of the virtual scene 3D model was different from the appearance of the test image, which increased the difficulty of image matching.  
Figure 3: Mapping the vertical line segment to 3D model space. \(l\) is the vertical line segment extracted from the real image. \(l^{\prime}\) is the corresponding segment in the virtual perspective image, which is mapped to \(L^{\prime}\). \(L_{inv}\) is the true plumb line of \(l\); due to the existence of error, \(L^{\prime}\) will not be a plumb line.
## 1 Introduction
Rain affects the propagation of electromagnetic waves both on the Earth-space and terrestrial links. The rain attenuation model for the Earth-space link is used to manage the rain attenuation on the Earth-satellite telecommunication link management. In comparison, the rain attenuation model is used to manage the rain attenuation on the Earth-to-Earth links. Thus, these two types of link are different although they have a resemblance. Even ITU-R proposed a separate model for rain attenuation for the Earth-space (ITU-R P.618 series) and terrestrial links (ITU-R P.530 series). Further differences between the Earth-space and terrestrial links are given in Table 2. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{34.1 pt} p{284.5 pt}} \hline \hline
**Ref.** & **Survey Concentrations** \\ \hline
14 & The results show that rain attenuation in horizontal polarization is slightly larger than that in vertical polarization. A differential coupling-based compensation was recommended to reduce the rain attenuation effects on polarization in the depolarization processes. \\
15 & In this survey, the artificial-neural-network-based models were classified based on input parameters. In addition, the accuracy of the artificial-neural-network-based models was accessed through a comparative study. \\
16 & Rain attenuation in a satellite system is more severe than in a terrestrial system, and for a good model, it should be implemented into the model through local climatic elements. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Rain attenuation survey papers. This paper presents findings such as classification of well-known rain attenuation models, supporting the frequency range, applicability to Earth-satellite links, and improvements or limitations of the models. This study extensively investigates the well-known and essential features of up-to-date models, drawbacks, and unique features. We have also qualitatively compared the slant link rain attenuation models. The significant contributions of this study are as follows:  
* To the best of our knowledge, slant link rain fade models have not been classified broadly. In this work, we have prepared a taxonomy of the rain fade models for Earth-space links. * A brief overview of each of the models selected is presented. In addition, we have provided algorithms of different models. * Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of different models are organized in tables to review comparative studies. * We noticed that each model was improved inherently and criticized the prototype by finding the inconveniences, and the specific characteristics are listed. * Finally, the open research issues are summarized. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 describes related parameters of Earth-space rain attenuation models. In Section 3, a taxonomy of existing models is presented. In Section 4, core insights of the models, algorithms, advantages, and limitations are discussed. In Section 5, comparative studies among the models are presented. In Section 6, open issues and research challenges are summarized and discussed. Finally, concluding remarks are presented in Section 7.
# The Concept of Segmented Wind Turbine Blades: A Review
## 4 The Cost of Energy: Requirements for Segmented Blades
### The Initial Capital Cost  
The \(ICC\) depends on manufacturing transportation and installation cost of the turbine. Manufacturing costs increase because of the additional material, labor and production steps required for producing the joint and reinforcing the inboard part of the blade [45]. On the other hand, a cost reduction is possible due to economic benefits. Production facilities can be smaller [45; 46; 47], and components can be standardized. For example, a single root segment can be combined with different tip segments to obtain blades for different wind conditions [48; 49]. Additionally, using different materials at different locations along the span is economically interesting, but requires  
Figure 3: An overview of blade transportation solutions that deform the blade to ease transportation. (a) Straightening of the pre-curved blade to simplify transportation [40]. (b) Temporary deforming the blade to simplify transportation [43]. (c) Deforming the outboard portion of the blade during rail transportation to prevent overhang during turns [31].  
Figure 2: Blade road transportation solutions that temporarily change the way the blade is handled. (a) Solution where the blade can be rotated to pass under obstacles such as bridges or tunnels [35]. (b) System where the blade can be lifted to pass over low obstacles [34]. (c) System where the blade can be tilted at the root [42].  
a difficult transition. This can be simplified by segmenting [50; 51]. Furthermore, segmentation simplifies quality assurance [50]. Blade segmentation can decrease transportation costs [45]. Moreover, many sites that are suited for wind turbines are located in complex terrain with poor infrastructure. Their development may become cost effective with segmented blades [52; 53]. Installation costs increase because of additional assembly steps required to make the final blade. In this respect, speed and simplicity of assembly are important.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Micro-Analysis
#### 4.5.2 FTIR  
Figure 18 shows the FTIR images of RPSG. As shown in Figure 18, significant variations can be observed around wave numbers 400 to 800 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 1000 cm\({}^{-1}\). For the spectrograms in the wave number range of 400 to 800 cm\({}^{-1}\), the wave peak of specimen RP-S30-M1.3N6 is significantly smaller than that of specimen RP-S0-M1.3N6. This wavenumber band corresponds to the vibrational band produced by SiO\({}_{4}\) and AlO\({}_{4}\) tetrahedra, suggesting that the addition of slag promotes the dissolution of the silicon aluminum component of the RP [20]. Around wave number 1000 cm\({}^{-1}\), the peak intensity of specimen RP-S30-M1.3N6 with the addition of slag was significantly weaker compared to that of specimen RP-S0-M1.3N6. At the same time, the wave peak of specimen RP-S30-M1.3N6 was shifted towards a lower wavenumber compared to that of specimen RP-S0-M1.3N6. The spectral band near 1000 cm\({}^{-1}\) corresponds to the stretching vibration of Si-O-Si and the asymmetric stretching vibration of T-O-Si (T is Si or O), indicating that the addition of slag promotes the dissolution of silica-aluminates and the hydration of low polymerization gel formation [70; 71].
## 3 Tests, Results, and Discussion
### Accuracy of PPP-B2b Corrections and BSSD PPP  
Precise orbit and clock offset products recovered by the corrections from the PPP-B2b service are utilized to process the satellite's orbit/clock errors. In order to assess the accuracy of real-time orbit/clock products obtained by the PPP-B2b service, the final products provided by WHU are adopted as references. Figures 4 and 5 depict the RMS of GPS and BDS-3 clock offset and orbit errors. The average orbit RMS of GPS and BDS-3 are listed in Table 1. As shown, the average RMS of GPS orbits are 13.95 cm, 20.51 cm, and 19.57 cm in the radial, along, and cross directions, and that of BDS-3 (MEO+IGSO) orbits are 10.33 cm, 20.31 cm, and 27.00 cm. The accuracy on the radial component for both GPS and BDS-3 is higher than the other two components For satellite clock offsets, the RMS of the GPS clock offset is 3.27 ns, and that of BDS-3 (MEO+IGSO) are 1.95 ns. Usually, orbit accuracy in radial components and clock accuracy are the major factors affecting positioning accuracy. Thus, the position solution with high accuracy can be obtained by using the orbit/clock corrections from the PPP-B2b service, which can also be illustrated in the works [17; 18; 19].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Orbit (cm)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Clock (ns)**} \\ \hline  & **RMS-R** & **RMS-A** & **RMS-C** & **RMS** \\ \hline GPS & 13.95 & 20.51 & 19.57 & 3.27 \\ BDS-3 (MEO+IGSO) & 10.33 & 20.31 & 27.00 & 1.95 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Mean RMS of orbit errors and clock offset of real-time products recovered by PPP-B2b service.  
Figure 3: PDOP of different GNSS along with the test trajectory.  
Figure 2: The available satellites number of different GNSS along with the test trajectory.  
Based on the PPP-B2b service, the position differences of BSSD PPP solutions in the north, east, and vertical with different GNSS systems are shown in Figure 6, and the corresponding RMS are listed in Table 2. After integrating BDS-3 and GPS, the improvements of position RMS of BSSD BDS-3 PPP are 3.24%, 22.25%, and 49.50% in the north, east, and down directions. Such improvements are 12.97%, 50.50%, and 62.45% in three components for BSSD GPS PPP. The improvements are due to the improved satellite spatial distribution, which is also verified in works [43; 44; 45; 46]. Moreover, compared with undifferenced PPP, the average position RMS improved by 13.17%, 2.64%, and 11.21% in three components, which due to the receiver-related errors, can be eliminated by the BSSD model.  
Figure 4: RMS of GPS clock offset, and orbit errors of real-time products recovered by PPP-B2b service.  
Figure 5: RMS of BDS-3 clock offset and orbit errors of real-time products recovered by PPP-B2b service.
## 3 Magnetic Circuit Design and Theoretical Modeling  
### Magnetic Circuit Design  
The magnetic circuit is a critical component of permanent magnet thrust bearings, as it directly influences the bearing's load-carrying performance. Traditional permanent magnet thrust bearings typically adopt a single-layer nested design with two layers of magnets and one layer of the working surface. This configuration results in lower magnet utilization and, consequently, a reduced bearing capacity.  
In contrast, the modular multi-unit cell permanent magnet thrust bearing proposed in this paper allows for the realization of cross-nested structures with different layers by adding multi-layer rotor and stator magnetic chokes in the radial direction. Axially, the bearing can accommodate multiple layers of unit cells by extending the lengths of the rotor and stator magnetic chokes. This design enables the creation of structures with various pole crossovers. By changing the number and arrangement of the unit cells, the modular multi-unit cell permanent magnet thrust bearing can achieve configurations such as two, four, six, or eight layers of nested structures, as well as two-pole, four-pole, six-pole, and eight-pole crossovers. This flexibility improves the bearing's adaptability, all while maintaining the generalization of the unit cells. The basic structure of the magnetic circuit for the modular multi-unit cell permanent magnet thrust bearing with a four-layer nested four-pole crossover is shown in Figure 7. In this configuration, the diameter of the central axis is denoted by \(d\), the radial thickness of the permanent magnet is \(d_{1}\), the axial length is \(l\), the width of the air gap is \(g\), and the maximum diameter is \(D\). During operation, the inner ring of the bearing experiences an axial offset \(e\) under axial force. The inner ring is subjected to the attractive and repulsive forces of the permanent magnets, which stabilizes the axial position of the thrust bearing. Additionally, the magnetic circuit design employs radial magnetization, with magnetic lines of force distributed radially within the air gap of the magnetic ring. This approach leads to a larger thrust generation and higher utilization of the magnetic field energy. To suppress magnetic leakage and improve the interaction force between the permanent magnets, the outermost ring is wrapped in insulating material. By adjusting the number of unit cells, while ensuring that both the radial and axial dimensions meet the required specifications, the magnetic circuit can be tailored to create structures that range from two-layer nested two-pole crossover to eight-layer nested eight-pole crossover. This flexibility allows the bearing to meet the performance needs of different application scenarios.  
Figure 6: Modular multi-unit cell permanent magnet thrust bearing with two-layer nested two-pole crossover.
## 3 Results
### Inertia Estimation
#### 3.4.1 Inertia Estimation Based on Correlation Analysis and Conventional Approaches
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**All Vehicles**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Trikes**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Velomobiles**} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Parameter**} & **Correlation** & \multirow{2}{*}{\(p\)**-Value**} & **Correlation** & \multirow{2}{*}{\(p\)**-Value**} & **Correlation** & \multirow{2}{*}{\(p\)**-Value**} \\  & **Coefficient** & & & & & \\ \hline Wheel base: 1 & 0.77 & \textless{}0.001 & 0.75 & 0.021 & 0.70 & \textless{}0.001 \\ Track width: t & \textless{}0.33 & 0.040 & \textless{}0.04 & 0.915 & 0.19 & 0.314 \\ Total length: L & 0.79 & \textless{}0.001 & 0.72 & 0.029 & 0.52 & 0.003 \\ Electric Drive: 0/1 & 0.17 & 0.291 & 0.73 & 0.025 & 0.30 & 0.106 \\ Driver height \(\text{h}_{r}\) & 0.16 & 0.326 & 0.58 & 0.104 & 0.30 & 0.106 \\ Empty mass: m\({}_{\text{r}}\) & 0.64 & \textless{}0.001 & 0.78 & 0.014 & 0.59 & 0.001 \\ Driver mass: m\({}_{\text{d}}\) & 0.24 & 0.138 & 0.56 & 0.118 & 0.18 & 0.340 \\ COG-Position: \(\text{I}_{\text{f}}\) & 0.16 & 0.328 & 0.79 & 0.011 & 0.30 & 0.112 \\ COG-Position: \(\text{I}_{\text{r}}\) & 0.63 & \textless{}0.001 & 0.50 & 0.174 & 0.47 & 0.008 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Correlation coefficients and \(p\)-values regarding the yaw inertia. the parameters wheelbase, overall length, empty mass, and driver mass were mainly taken into account. Based on the existing equations from the passenger car sector and taking into account the findings from the correlation analysis, the mathematical models provided in Table 8 were examined for their suitability to represent an approximation formula for the yaw moment of inertia. To keep the approximation formulae simple and avoid overfitting, the number of parameters \(c_{i}\) for the equations was limited to two. Table 9 shows the fitted parameters \(c_{i}\) for the different groups and models. As can be seen from Table 8, the different vehicle groups can be described with the different approximation models to varying degrees. For trikes, the models 2, 3, and 5 provided good approximations. Model 3 was also the best choice if all vehicles were considered together. The calculated coefficient \(c_{1}\) was about half as large as for passenger cars. For velombiles, model 5 provided good approximation results.
# Data Fusion of Multivariate Time Series: Application to Noisy 12-Lead ECG Signals
###### Abstract  
Twelve-lead Electrocardiograph (ECG) signals fusion is crucial for further ECG signal processing. In this paper, based on the idea of the local weighted linear prediction algorithm, a novel fusion data algorithm is proposed, which was applied in data fusion of the 12-lead ECG signals. In order to analyze the signal quality comprehensively, the quality characteristics should be adequately retained in the final fused result. In our algorithm, the values for the weighted coefficient of state points were closely related to the final fused result. Thus, two fuzzy inference systems were designed to calculate the weighted coefficients. For the sake of assessing the performance of our method, synthetic ECG signals and realistic ECG signals were applied in the experiments. Experimental results indicate that our method can fuse the 12-lead ECG signals effectively with the quality characteristics of original ECG signals inherited properly.  
Keywords:ECG signal; quality assessment; state space reconstruction; local linear prediction; data fusion +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Study of Mesh Pattern for Optically Transparent Flexible Antenna with Feedline
## 1 Introduction
Simulation results have been compared with the corresponding measurement results to validate the feasibility of the proposed fully meshed antennas with feedline and to show the tendency of characteristic change of antenna and transmission line according to mesh design parameters.
## 3 Applications of Multimodal Fluorescent-Magnetic Nanoparticles
### Multimodal Bioimaging
MMt assay using 3T3 fibroblast revealed the low cytotoxicity of the composite indicating the potential of the material to be used in bioimaging [72]. In another study, multifunctional core@shell (CoFe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\)@MnFe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\)) nanostructures coated with tetramethylrhodamine-5-carboxamide cadaverine labeled poly(isobutylene-alt-maleic anhydride), PEG and functionalized with folic acid for targeting demonstrated good biocompatibility, high T2 relaxation values, and long-term fluorescence stability. These fluorescent magnetic nanocomposites have been used to effectively enhance the targeted MRI and fluorescent labeling in vitro and in vivo [89].
## 1 Introduction
With respect to public safety, we discuss the capability of drones and IoPST to collect data in real time, track crimes, and guide police in finding crime locations, as well as guiding Search and Rescue (SAR) teams effectively and efficiently, leading to improved orientation [6]. In this case, the collaboration between drone technology and IoPST represents a key technology for determining the location of lost people in SAR events in smart cities. Additionally, metrics for the evaluation of the performance of drones and IoPST are considered, including path loss probabilities, elevation angle, delay, and throughput. Our results show that the collaboration of drones and the IoPST can significantly enhance the performance of emergency communication services by maintaining high QoS, helping SAR teams to perform their duties efficiently, and reducing economic losses.