); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.G. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.Z. ); oliver_sg@[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.S. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.L.) Ya Ge  
School of Civil Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (N.L. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.G. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.Z. ); oliver_sg@[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.S. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.L.) Ya Ge  
School of Civil Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China; liuming8@@jju.edu.cn (N.L. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.G. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS]. accidents. Therefore, timely and accurate detection of internal damage in concrete structures is of great significance for preventing disasters and extending the service life of structures [1]. Traditional concrete structure detection methods, such as drilling sampling and tapping detection [2], can provide information on the structural state to a certain extent but often come with damage to the structure, low detection efficiency, and high cost. In recent years, non-destructive testing technology [3; 4; 5; 6] has gradually become a research hotspot in the field of concrete structure testing due to its non-destructive, efficient, and accurate characteristics. Among them, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) technology, with its unique electromagnetic wave detection principle, has shown great potential in-depth detection, defect identification, and localization of concrete structures. GPR technology achieves \"perspective\" detection of the internal conditions of concrete structures by emitting high-frequency electromagnetic wave pulses and receiving signals reflected back from different medium interfaces inside the structure. This technology can identify key information such as cracks, voids, and steel bar distribution in concrete, as well as provide high-resolution two-dimensional or three-dimensional image data without affecting structural integrity, providing strong technical support for structural health monitoring and evaluation. The GPR system consists of one or more transmitting and receiving antennas. As shown in Figure 1. The transmitting antenna sends high-frequency electromagnetic pulses into the subsurface, typically in the frequency range of several hundred megahertz to several thousand megahertz. When electromagnetic waves encounter underground materials with different dielectric constants such as soil, rock, water, metals, etc., they will be reflected and refracted. The variation in dielectric constant is usually related to the composition, moisture content, and density of the material. The receiving antenna captures the reflected electromagnetic wave signal. The intensity and propagation time of reflected signals provide information about the size, shape, and location of underground objects [7]. Data can be converted into images through display systems or computer software. At present, in the existing application research in the civil engineering industry, GPR has been used to assess pavement thickness or pavement delamination [8; 9], to detect internal structural detachment, and to identify buried objects, among others. In bridge surveys, GPR is used to evaluate concrete bridge decks [10] and to provide an assessment based on the corrosion condition of reinforced concrete deck slabs [11; 12], among others. In tunneling, the lining plays a vital role in maintaining the stability of the tunnel by withstanding the pressure of the surrounding rock and the self-weight of the structure [13]. GPR is used to check the quality and integrity of the lining structure, detecting defects, voids, and contact with the surrounding rock in a non-contact manner. The technique helps to identify potential problems in advance and improves the safety of the project. Deep learning is expected to play a greater role in civil engineering as algorithms continue to evolve and data acquisition methods advance. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs), the core foundation of deep learning, can learn low-level features (such as edges and textures) to high-level features (such as shapes and object parts).