esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Seismic Assessment and Strengthening of a Load-Bearing Masonry Structure Considering SSI Effects
## 7 Conclusions  
The findings of the present study indicate the critical role of SSI in the seismic behavior of load-bearing masonry buildings. Significant increases in both stresses and displacements were recorded in the models with elastic supports (link elements), clearly demonstrating the influence of SSI on the seismic response. Additionally, most cases exhibited a delay in the timing of peak structural response, indicating a dynamic coupling between the soil and the superstructure. On the contrary, excluding SSI effects from the seismic assessment of historical masonry buildings could result in a significant underestimation of seismic demand and, consequently, of the necessary strengthening interventions.  
Finally, with regard to retrofitting interventions, the model that includes reinforced concrete (RC) additions (Model 2) showed higher stress concentrations on the story beneath the RC diaphragm (i.e., the ground floor), as well as significantly higher interstorey drifts on the second floor. Despite the potential benefits of RC-based interventions--such as improved box-type and diaphragm behavior etc.--their effectiveness depends on construction quality, proper detailing, and, most importantly, on adequate mechanical connection with the masonry. These measures should always be accompanied by direct strengthening of the masonry itself.  
This study highlights the importance of this distinction by comparing two strengthening strategies: one focused on masonry strengthening (Model 1), and another emphasizing diaphragm strengthening through reinforced concrete (RC) intervention (Model 2). Based on the analysis results, the masonry-centered approach (Model 1) demonstrated better seismic performance, emphasizing its suitability for the seismic protection of historical masonry structures.  
Conceptualization, K.G.A.; methodology, K.G.A.; software, K.G.A.; writing--original draft preparation, K.G.A.; writing--review and editing, K.G.A.; visualization, P.S.K.; supervision, P.S.K., G.P. and G.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no funding.  
The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
\begin{tabular}{l l} AML & Archaeological Museum of Lemnos \\ SSI & Soil-Structure Interaction \\ Mi & Model i, i = 1, 2 \\ Kai & Kahramanmaras, i = 1, 2 \\ Nori & Northridge, i = 1, 2 \\ [PERSON] & Kocaeli1, i = 1, 2 \\ Mif & Model i, fix -based supports \\ Missi & Model i, SSI (link elements) supports \\ \end{tabular}
## 6 Conclusions
The following considerations emerge from the values shown in Table 16: The model tested in this study, in relation to the environmental assessment of an intervention for the design of an urban district, favours the factors that concern the protection of the site and the environmental pressures, with a slight reduction in resources and services. It should be noted that the absence of the parameter indoor quality is due to the fact that this factor is considered in other technical specifications of the CAM (technical specifications of the building--article 2.3 of the decree). In the same way, the general qualities are provided for in a specific section of the CAM (article 2.6 of the decree). The final consideration that emerges from the comparison, therefore, is that the parameters of the CAM guarantee the possibility of specific evaluation for each type of intervention (on a scale of neighbourhood, building, and building components), compared to the parameters of international protocols that are generalized and adaptable, in an undifferentiated manner, for each type of intervention. It is hoped, therefore, that this model can be recognized and adopted at an international level, overcoming the generalized approach of the traditional protocols of the rating system. **Author Contributions:** [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] designed and structured the article. [PERSON] deepened the analysis of the current environmental legislation, through the comparison between the international protocols of sustainability, with the Minimum Italian Environmental Criteria. [PERSON] also deepened the scientific framework of the contribution, within the international scientific community. [PERSON] defined the objectives, deepened the methodological approach, through the identification of significant indicators, and conceived the strategic project hypotheses. [PERSON] contributed to the development of the method, based on the objectives set and the application of the method to the case study. [PERSON] and [PERSON] also contributed to the drafting of tables and graphs summarizing the results obtained. **Funding:** This research received no external funding. **Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **LEED** & **BREEAM** & **ITACA** & **CAM** \\ \hline  & (generic for all types of new construction) & (generic for all types of new construction) & (generic for all types of new construction) & (specific for groups of buildings) \\ \hline SITE & 21\% & 18\% & 5\% & 26\% \\ RESOURCES & 56\% & 50\% & 44\% & 36.6\% \\ ENVIRONMENTAL PRESSURES & 4\% & 12\% & 18\% & 25.7\% \\ INDOOR QUALITY & 15\% & 11\% & 14\% & \\ SERVICES & 9\% & 19\% & 11.7\% \\ GENERAL QUALITIES & 4\% & & & \\ \hline \hline  & 100\% & 100\% & 100\% & 100\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 16: Comparison between the weights of the parameters, by macro-category, between the CAM
# Metal-to-Insulator Transition in Ultrathin Manganite Heterostructures
## 1 Introduction
Furthermore, the magnetic moment and Curie temperature were also found to decrease with reducing thickness. This layer, where the bulk functionality is destroyed, is named a \"dead\" layer in common jargon. It is also found that the magnetic dead layer is normally thinner than the electric dead layer [18; 32; 39], indicating the decoupling between ferromagnetism and metallicity. The existence of this dead layer provides disordered spins in the tunnel barrier, and hinders its application for the ultimate miniaturization of spintronics devices. It has been speculated that this dead layer exists as well in thick films at interfaces, or at surfaces [40; 42; 43; 44]. This picture has been confirmed later by newly developed resonant X-ray reflectivity (RXR) [40; 45] and polarized neutron reflectivity (PNR) [42; 43; 44], which are able to spatially resolve the magnetization profile at sub-nm scales. This interfacial dead layer introduces unnecessary spin-scattering in the magnetic tunneling junction, and degrades the performance of the devices. Aiming to functionalize the LSMO for practical spintronics applications, tremendous efforts have been paid to investigate the mechanism of the dead layer. Two main questions have to be answered. First, what is the minimum thickness of the dead layer? Second, what is the mechanism behind it? These two questions are actually related to each other. The answer to the second question should be able to answer the first question. The answer to the first  
Figure 1: (**a**) Schematic structure model of ABO\({}_{3}\) perovskite. (**b**) Phase diagram of La\({}_{1-x}\)Sr\({}_{x}\)MnO\({}_{3}\). (Figure is adapted from Ref. [21]). The phases are denoted by capital labels: Insulator (I), Metallic (\(M\)); Jahn-Teller distorted (O\({}^{\prime}\)), orthorhombic (O), orbital-ordered orthorhombic (O\({}^{\prime\prime}\)), rhombohedral (R), tetragonal (T), monoclinic (Mc), hexagonal (H); paramagnetic (PM) (green); short-range order (SR), canted (CA), A-type antiferromagnetic: AFM, ferromagnetic (FM), phase-separated (PS). question also provides evidence to the second question. From a technological aspect, we would like to avoid the dead layer. In the aspect of fundamental research, we would like to obtain more insight into the intrinsic physics of oxide heterostructures. In this review, we try to cover these two questions by reviewing the closely related research work in the past. In Section 2, we will introduce epitaxial growth techniques. Then an overview of the research on the dead layer is given in Section 2. More detailed research on the origin of the dead layer will be discussed in Section 4. In Section 5, we also briefly describe the dead layer in other correlated perovskite oxides. A future prospective view is made at the end of this review (Section 6).
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Validation of the Estimates  
Overall, the RMSE, resulted from 10-fold cross validation method, for the best model for PALSAR-2, Sentinel-1A, and combination of PALSAR-2 and Sentinel-1A are 99.10 Mg ha\({}^{-1}\), 111.18 Mg ha\({}^{-1}\), and 98.41 Mg ha\({}^{-1}\), respectively. The best prediction model, which was produced from the combination of polarization from both PALSAR-2 and Sentinel-1A, gave the lowest error. However, the variation of RMSE between them was considered small, which means that even if the prediction were carried out from a single PALSAR-2 or Sentinel-1A, the error will be almost at the same level. Figure 15 shows the relationship between the reference AGB calculated from ground data and predicted AGB estimated using Equation (4). The error was observed to occur at around 400 Mg ha\({}^{-1}\) and the distribution shows that the prediction model slightly overestimated the AGB within the study area.  
Figure 14: Overall breakdowns of AGB density in the study area.  
Figure 13: Distribution of AGB within the study area.
## 4 Joint Task Offloading, Resource Allocation, and Security Assurance Algorithm  
In this section, we decouple the multi-objective optimization problem as two subproblems, i.e., the MEC server selection problem and the task offloading problem. Then, as shown in Figure 4, we use the relax-and-rounding method and the Lagrangian dual decomposition method to solve it. Finally, we propose an efficient iterative algorithm by jointly considering the task offloading, the resource allocation, and the security assurance.
## 2 Methodology
### Governing Equations
#### 2.1.2 Deformation Compatibility Equation  
\[\sigma_{ij,\ \ j}+F_{bi}=0 \tag{2}\]  
\[\sigma_{ij}=\lambda\epsilon_{kk}\delta_{ij}+2G\epsilon_{ij}-(3\lambda+2G) \alpha\Delta T\delta_{ij} \tag{3}\]  
\[\epsilon_{ij}=\left(u_{i,j}+u_{j,i}\right)/2 \tag{4}\]  
\[G=E/2(1+\
u) \tag{5}\]  
\[\lambda=2\
u G/(1-2\
u) \tag{6}\]  
where \(\sigma_{ij}\) is the stress tensor, \(\epsilon_{ij}\) is the strain tensor, \(F_{bi}\) is the body force, \(\alpha\) is the thermal expansion coefficient, \(\Delta T\) is the temperature difference, \(\delta_{ij}\) is the Kronecker function, \(G\) is the shear modulus, \(\lambda\) is the Lame constant, \(E\) is the elastic modulus, and \(\
u\) is the Poisson's ratio [33; 34; 39].  
Figure 2: Comparison of analytical and RFPA solutions: (**a**) the geometric model, (**b**) temperature and stress field of analytical and numerical results (after [PERSON] et al. [28]), and (**c**) crack patterns obtained from the experimental tests and RFPA simulations spectra fitting. Reproduced from [37] with permission from Elsevier.
# Multi-Media and Multi-Band Based Adaptation Layer Techniques for Underwater Sensor Networks
## 6 Related Studies Based on Multi-Band and Multi-Media Communication Technologies  
### Multi-Band Underwater Communication  
A multiband OFDM for converting sound signal is used here. For low SNR communication, a transmitter and receiver are used. Multi-band OFDM techniques can reduce the complexity on the receiver side compared to the single-band OFDM techniques. The proposed scheme is tested in the sea, covering a total bandwidth of 3.6 kHz, with 16 sub-band systems, a data rate of 4.2 and 78 bits/s, and a range of 52 km. The limitation of OFDM signals was clearly revealed in 78 bit/s, but the performance level was low because of a failure in the signal and synchronization problems at 4.2 bit/s [51]. The performance degradation of one band affects all the other bands; thus, the performance level of multi-bands is worse in comparison. In order to solve this problem, the error rate of each band should be analyzed on the receiving side, and then the threshold should be set, and lesser weights allocated to the inferior bands. An algorithm is used to set the threshold for preamble error rates. In this experiment, the performance level was increased as the number of multi bands increased [52]. The dynamic bandwidth schedule algorithm was proposed to attain a multi-condition bandwidth in optical networks using OFDM-PON [53]. For a 21-inch autonomous underwater vehicle used by the navy, acoustic communication with multiple data rates and two frequency bands was developed. This system includes high and mid frequencies modems, i.e., 25 kHz and 3 kHz, and data rates of 80 bps to 5000 bps respectively, to increase the reliability of the system [54]. The normalized match filter approach is proposed based on the frequency domain processing method. The performance of diver's signal was evaluated in the Hudson river. The frequency bands with highest SNRs were used [55].
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Safrole Quantification  
The analytical curve of the chromatographic response as a function of the safrole solution concentrations showed significance for the linear model (\(y=\text{ax}+\text{b}\)) (\(P<0.0001\)). The retention time of safrole was 9 min in the GC/FID analysis. The solution of PHEO in methanol at 1.00 mg L\({}^{-1}\) contained 0.85 mg L\({}^{-1}\) of safrole, meaning that safrole represented 85% of PHEO composition.  
The literature lacks information on the determination of safrole levels by GC/FID. However, analyses carried out via GC-MS also found safrole to be the primary compound in PHEO, with relative concentrations ranging from 77.70 to 94.70% [6; 22; 25; 27].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Component** & _RI \({}^{\text{a}}\)_**Literature** & _RI \({}^{\text{b}}\)_**Calculated** & **Relative \%** \\ \hline _p_-Cymen-8-ol & 1179 & 1184 & 1.20 \\ Safrole & 1285 & 1292 & 93.00 \\ (_E_)-Caryophyllene & 1417 & 1415 & 0.69 \\ Bicyclogermacrene & 1500 & 1493 & 2.05 \\ Pentadecan & 1500 & 1498 & 1.60 \\ Spathulenol & 1577 & 1573 & 1.46 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{\text{a}}\) Relative retention index taken from ([PERSON], 2007) and/or NIST 14 and \({}^{\text{b}}\) Retention index experimentally determined using homologous series of C\({}_{7}\)-C\({}_{30}\) alkanes (Kovats index) [47].  
\end{table}
Table 2: Chemical composition of _Piper hsightinerum_ essential oil and relative concentrations of the compounds identified by gas chromatography analysis coupled with mass spectrometry.
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Vulnerability and Threat Analysis
#### 3.3.3 Threat Analysis
In _MEO_ satellites, memory management vulnerabilities may be exploited to disrupt the satellites' command control systems or compromise the integrity of the orbital data, potentially leading to a command injection attack. In _LEO_ satellites, attackers can exploit the CCSDS vulnerability to intercept satellite communications or manipulate control signals, posing a severe risk to satellite operations. (3) Threats via the Space Segment. Threats originating in the space segment can extend to the ground segment and user segment by exploiting vulnerabilities in _MEO_ and _LEO_ satellites (Figure 5). In reality, directly attacking _MEO_ satellites from the outset requires advanced capabilities and significant resources. Therefore, this scenario assumes either that the space segment has already been compromised because of threats described in (1) Threats via the Ground Segment and (2) Threats via the User Segment or that attackers have exploited inherent satellite security vulnerabilities. First, in _MEO_ satellites, one potential threat involves exploiting vulnerabilities in the satellites' command control systems and memory management, leading to a buffer overflow attack. By exploiting this vulnerability, an attacker could compromise an _MEO_ satellite, manipulate orbital data, or distort data relay paths of _MEO_ satellites. As a result, data and commands transmitted to the ground segment and user segment may be disrupted, delayed, or altered. Second, in _LEO_ satellites, attackers can establish an initial base by exploiting operating system vulnerabilities. By exploiting memory management vulnerabilities in the authentication system, an attacker can execute a privilege escalation attack and a command  
Figure 4: Threats via the user segment. injection attack. An attack exploiting _MEO_ and _LEO_ vulnerabilities can further propagate to the ground segment and user segment, similarly to the methods described in (1) Threats via the Ground Segment and (2) Threats via the User Segment, thus affecting the entire satellite network.
# Electrically Small Water-Based Hemispherical Dielectric Resonator Antenna
## 1 Introduction
A prototype antenna operating at 300 MHz was characterized, and measurements exhibited an excellent agreement with the numerical predictions. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces the configuration of the water-based DRA as well as the numerical model. Section 3 presents the numerical and experimental results. Section 4 includes a summary and the conclusions of this work. Appendices A and B contain the antenna parameter definitions and additional results, respectively. Throughout the work, the time factor \(\exp(j\omega t)\), where \(\omega\) is the angular frequency and \(t\) is the time, was assumed and suppressed.
## 5 Discussion and Conclusions
A new approach was proposed for the final analysis. The best functions for GPS (Function_3) and Galileo (Function_5) were used separately for those systems in the GPS+Galileo solution. The obtained results were compared with results of the GE and GE1 solutions, for which the best results were obtained for the same as Function_2. Although the positioning accuracy was worse by 4 mm, other parameters (convergence time and troposphere) performed much better. The lower accuracy may be due to the fact that there is still an advantage of GPS satellites over Galileo. GPS has a complete constellation of satellites evenly spaced across all orbits, resulting in more satellites available with better geometry than Galileo [79]. This results in a greater influence of GPS on the results obtained. The proposed approach increases the weight of the Galileo observations, especially for low observations (Figure 12). With still slightly less accurate products for Galileo, this results in a decrease in the accuracy obtained. However, it should be noted that the decrease in accuracy is small. If we consider that significantly improved convergence time and obtained higher accuracy of the estimated ZPD, it should be concluded that in general the proposed approach based on different functions for two systems gives better results. In conclusion, it should be noted that Galileo achieves similar accuracy as GPS. Therefore, at least the same observation accuracy for both systems can be assumed for GPS+Galileo positioning. There is no reason to reduce the accuracy of the latest Galileo observations relative to GPS. Considering that each system has different characteristics, different weighting functions of observations should be used. The conducted analyzes of the weighting function clearly show it. As Galileo observations at lower elevation angles perform better than GPS, they should be given more weight than GPS observations. The conducted analyzes require further studies, which are planned for the future. Research on stochastic modeling will be extended to the variance components analysis, e.g., using the LS-VCE method. Conceptualization, D.K. ; Methodology, D.K. ; Software, D.K. ; Validation, D.K., K.K. and A.A.; Formal analysis, D.K. ; Investigation, D.K. ; Writing--original draft preparation, D.K. ; Writing--review and editing, K.K. and A.A.; Visualization, D.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Study Data  
In this study, we integrated multiple datasets to investigate vegetation photosynthesis and carbon sequestration in northwestern Hubei from 2001 to 2020 (as shown in Table 1). Remote sensing data, including Landsat surface reflectance data and MOD13Q1 NDVI data, were utilized to derive high-resolution NDVI for GPP estimation, capturing fine-scale vegetation dynamics. Climate data from ERA5, reprocessed to a 16-day resolution, provided the essential meteorological inputs for the LUE model, enabling the analysis of the environmental influences on GPP. GPP products, including the Global OCO-2 SIF-based GPP (GOSIF) and MODIS GPP products, served as the control groups for cross-validation, ensuring the reliability of the estimated GPP. In addition, the China Land Cover Dataset (CLCD) supported the derivation of key parameters such as the maximal sampling rate (SR\({}_{\text{max}}\)) and LUE, while the Copernicus GLO-30 DEM was used in the elevation-based analysis, addressing the complex topography of the study region. The integration of multi-source datasets allowed us to leverage the strengths of different sensors and data types--such as the high spatial resolution of Landsat, the high temporal frequency of MODIS, and the comprehensive climate coverage of ERA5--thus enhancing both the spatial and temporal representativeness of the GPP estimation and improving the robustness of our analysis in complex mountainous environments.
# Data Fusion Analysis and Synthesis Framework for Improving Disaster Situation Awareness
## 3 Problem Statement and Approach
### Method  
Our approach adopts techniques from various disciplines such as _software engineering_, _model-driven engineering_, _programming techniques_, and _algorithm design_[41].  
* Based on software engineering principles, architectural styles [42] are adopted.  
* The proposed framework is inspired from model-driven engineering techniques [43]. Within this context, a domain analysis work is carried out and the 'feature-model' notation is adopted for representing the domain of data sources.
* From programming techniques and algorithm design, design patterns [44] are adopted. Patterns provide flexibility to the proposed framework. In addition, object-oriented programming and querying techniques are adopted for relating the candidate data sources to the elements of a geographical area. As for algorithms, data fusion formulas and optimization algorithms are implemented for data fusion synthesis and for computing the effectiveness, cost, and timing values of the fused data sources.
# Error Mitigation Methods for FSM Using Triple Modular Redundancy
## 2 Theoretical Background
### Triple Modular Redundancy
The impact of SET on internal FSM state with voter is presented in Figure 6. One transition block \(\delta\) outputs with 1001 state instead of 1011, while others outputs with 1011. The majority voting gives 1011, so the correct state is latched in the state register DFF. Figure 4: Combinational block consisting of two modules: without TMR (**a**) and with TMR (**b**).