## 3 Results
### Effective Intake for Total and Specific Fatty Acids
#### Children 1-2 Years  
The intake of total fat was below the lower recommendation in 23 of 26 (88%) studies (range 23 to 36.7%E). LA intake was below the FAO/WHO recommendation of 3%E in 24% of studies and below EFSA AI of <4%E in 59% of studies. ALA intake was below the AI of 0.5%E in 42% of studies. Daily DHA intake ranged between 19.5 to 120 mg and was below the recommendation of 100 mg per day in all of the recovered studies that assessed DHA intake except in one study done in Singapore [69]. Among this age group, two studies, one \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**Fat or FA** & **Recommendation** & **1–2 y** & **2–3 y** & **3–5 y** & **5–7 y** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Total fat} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{1–2 y: Min. 35\% (Min.} & & & \\  & FAO/WHO and Min. EFSA & & & & \\  & 2-3 y: Min. 35\% (Max.} & & & (16\%) & (9\%) \\  & FAO/WHO and Min. EFSA) & 23/26 & 25/28 & too low & too low \\  & 3-5 y: 25-35\%(EAO/WHO and mid-range of EFSA) & (88\%) & (89\%) & 5.5/33 & 6.5/34 \\  & & mid-range of EFSA & & too low & (17\%) & (19\%) \\  & 5–7 y: 25-35\% (FAO/WHO and EFSA for upper end of the range) & & & too high & too high \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{SFA} & \multirow{2}{*}{FAO/WHO 2010: Max. 8\%E} & \multirow{2}{*}{No recommendation} & 24/26 & 30.75/32 & 32.5/33 \\  & & & (92\%) & (96\%) & (98\%) \\  & & & too high & too high & too high \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{SFA} & \multirow{2}{*}{FAO/WHO 2019: Max 10\%E} & \multirow{2}{*}{No recommendation} & 19/26 & 22/32 & 24/33 \\  & & Max 10\%E & & (73\%) & (69\%) & (73\%) \\  & & & too high & too high & too high \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{LA} & FAO/WHO: & 4/17 & & & \\  & 1–2 y: Min 3\%E & (24\%) & 0/18 & 0/22 & 0/18 \\  & \textgreater{}2 y: Min 2\% & too low & 0\% & 0\% & 0\% \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{LA} & EPSA: & 10/17 & 8/18 & 9/22 & 9/18 \\  & 4\%E & (59\%) & (44\%) & (41\%) & (50\%) \\  & & too low & too low & too low & too low \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{ALA} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.5\%E} & \multirow{2}{*}{8/19 (42\%)} & 10/20 & 10/24 & 8/19 \\  & & & too low & (50\%) & (42\%) & (42)\% \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{DHA or EPA + DHA} & FAO/WHO: & & & & \\  & DHA 1–2 y: Min 100 mg & & & & \\  & EPA+DHA & 12/13 (92\%) & 7/10 & 9/14 & 11/11 \\  & & EPA+DHA & 12-3 y: Min 100 mg & too low & (70\%) & (64\%) & (100\%) \\  & & 3–5 y: Min. 125 mg & & & & \\  & 5-7 y: Min. 175 mg & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{DHA or EPA + DHA} & EPSA & 12/13 & 10/10 & 14/14 & 11/11 \\  & DHA 1–2 y: 100 mg & (92\%) & (100\%) & (100\%) & (100\%) \\ \cline{1-1}  & EPA+DHA & & too low & too low & too low & too low \\ \cline{1-1}  & & \textgreater{}2 y: 250 mg & & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular} Abbreviations: y; year; ALA: alpha-linolenic acid; DHA: docosahexaenoicacid; EFSA: European Food Safety Authority; EPA: eicosenet-tenoic acid; FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization; LA: linoleic acid; SFA: saturated fatty acids; WHO: World Health Organisation. * A few studies were counted as half or quarter if some of the subjects within the study met the recommendations, but some subjects did not e.g., boys (1/2 study) met recommendations, girls (1/2 study) did not.  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Recommended cut-off values and summary of the evaluation against the recommendation (values are: number of studies not in line with recommendations/total number of studies and % studies not in line with recommendations). in China [61] and one in France [78] reported intakes of total fat, LA, ALA and DHA which were all outside (below) the recommendations. Children 2-3 Years  
Total fat intake ranged between 15 and 38.8%E and was below 35%E in 89% of studies. Intake of SFA had a wide range, from 3.6% to 17.2%E, and was above the recommendation of 10%E in 73% of the studies, notably in all the studies from North America, Europe, and Oceania. SFA intake was less than 8%E in only two studies from The Gambia [43] and Bangladesh [60], two countries with very low fat consumption (15%E and 17.2%E, respectively). LA intake was within the FAO/WHO recommendation for all studies and below EFSA AI in 44% of studies.