## 1 Introduction  
Topography is recognized as a fundamental natural geographic feature and a critical determinant of surface processes [1]. The investigation of topographic and geomorphic features consistently holds significant scientific value in enhancing our comprehension of Earth's surface morphology, the evolution of geomorphic development, and geological history. Within this context, geomorphology encompasses mountains, valleys, plateaus, and rivers, playing a vital role in shaping surface features and influencing the occurrence of natural disasters [2; 3]. Given the growing integration of geomorphometry and terrain analysis with associated disciplines, including mathematics, physics, and information science, exploring terrain features has transitioned from qualitative to quantitative research [4]. Furthermore, it furnishes crucial primary data for geomorphology, hydrology, soil science, and geographic information systems (GIS [5]). Moreover, utilizing high-resolution terrain data can propel the advancement of terrain analysis research. Due to the rapid advancements in photogrammetry, remote sensing (RS)technology and geographic information science have made high-precision topographic data available, facilitating precise mapping and analysis of topographic features. Within this context, terrain feature parameters can be derived from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) [6; 7; 8] data. Furthermore, terrain feature parameters serve as effective metrics and indicators for investigating regional morphological features and conducting quantitative analysis of topographic and geometric features. Presently, they are extensively employed to investigate geomorphic units and diverse studies on geomorphic features, including glacial or aeolian geomorphology. Various studies characterizing terrain topography have been conducted to date, utilizing the Digital Elevation Model (SRTM DEM) generated by the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission and the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model (ASTER DEM). Furthermore, ASTER DEM was employed for topographic characterization of diverse terrains. For instance, [PERSON] et al. [9] derived a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) from digital topographic maps using interpolation to extract and analyze the topographic features of the Yanwachuan watershed in the loess high plateau gully area. [PERSON] et al. [10] conducted topographic characterization of the Qilian Mountain Nature Reserve utilizing SRTM DEM data. [PERSON] [11] utilized SRTM DEM and remote sensing satellite data for morphometric parameter analysis of the Betwa River basin in central India. This enabled an understanding of spatial variations in morphometric parameters for assessing hydrological, geological, and topographic features. [PERSON] et al. [12] employed SRTM DEM for the geomorphic characterization and morphological delineation of the Qinba Mountain Area. [PERSON] et al. [13] examined the geomorphological features of the Niyang River basin using ASTER DEM data. However, the spatial resolutions of SRTM and ASTER DEM are 90 m and 30 m, respectively [14], introducing accuracy limitations for terrain characterization in smaller areas. Hence, the employment of the Radiometric Terrain Correction (RTC) digital elevation model (DEM) from the Advanced Land Observing Satellite Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (ALOS-PALSAR) with a spatial resolution of 12.5 m is recommended for terrain feature analysis. The 12.5 m spatial resolution of ALOS DEM data meets the requirements for data analysis and mapping with heightened accuracy, representing the globally available DEM data with the highest precision. Moreover, the globally accessible DEM data is freely available [15]. Consequently, the ability to extract terrain characteristic parameters from publicly available high spatial resolution DEM data for identifying and quantitatively analyzing highland mountainous areas with intricate terrain structures is of scientific significance.