# Grapevine Phenology in Four Portuguese Wine Regions: Modeling and Predictions
## 2 Material and Methods  
### Study Area and Datasets  
In the present study, phenological and meteorological data from four major winemaking regions and 19 vineyard plots in Portugal were used. Figure 1 depicts the map of Portugal with the location of the targeted wine regions: Douro, Dao, Vinhos Verdes, and Lisboa. The locations of the different vineyard plots and of their corresponding weather stations are shown in Figure 1. Weather stations are located in close proximity (a few meters) to the experimental plots. The available periods of phenological data for all the selected varieties are shown in Table 1. For these same periods, daily mean temperatures recorded in the local weather stations were retrieved for the analysis. A preliminary quality-checking was also carried out in the temperature time series at each location. Outlier values (e.g., values outside the interval \(\pm\) three standard deviations from the corresponding daily climate-mean) were  
Bundesanstalt, Bundesortenamt und CHemische Industrie) scale [35] as follows: budburst (BBCH 07), flowering (BBCH 65), and veraison (BBCH 81). The number of plants in each subsample varies according to the wine region, being as follows: seven (Vinhos Verdes), six (Dao), seven (Lisboa), and five to ten (Douro).  
For the Douro wine region, a total of 14 farms were used, with data available from 1990 to 2018 (29 years). Meteorological and phenological data were collected through a network of plots from the vicultural observatory under the coordination of the technical team of ADVID (Associacao para o Desenvolvimento da Viticultura Duriense, Vila Real, Portugal) and for three varieties: cv. _Touriga Franca_, _Touriga Nacional_ and _Moscatel Galego_. Data collected in the region by DRAPN (Direcao Regional de Agricultura e Pescas do Norte, Vila Real, Portugal) were also used, namely for cv. _Aragonez_ and cv.  
Touriga Franca_ (Quinta de Santa Barbara). For the Dao wine region, phenological data from 2014 to 2018 (5 years) were used as well as meteorological data recorded at three local weather stations. The collected phenological data are for the following five varieties: cv. _Alfrocheiro, Baga, Bical, Jaen_ and _Touriga Nacional_. Data from the Vinhos Verdes wine region were provided by EVAG (Estacao Vitivinicola Amandio Galhano, Arcos de Valdevez, Portugal), with both phenological and meteorological data available from 1996 to 2017 (22 years) and selecting the following six varieties: cv. _Alvarinho, Arinto, Azal Branco, Espadeiro, Vinhao_ and _Loureiro_. Lastly, for the Lisboa wine region, data were provided by INIAV-DP (Instituto Nacional de Investigacao Agraria e Veterinaria - Dois Portos, Portugal), with phenological and meteorological data available from 1990 to 2018 (29 years) and for the following 36 varieties: cv. _Alfrocheiro, Alvarinho, Antao Vaz, Aragone, Arinto, Avesso, Azal Branco, Baga, Bastardo, Cabernet Sauvignon, Castelao, Chardonnuy, Dona Maria, Encruzado, Espadeiro, Fernao Pires, Gouveio, Jaen, Loureiro, Malvasia Fina, Merlot, Moscatel de Setubal, Moscatel Galego, Pinot, Riesling, Sauvignon, Siria, Syrah, Tinta Barroca, Tinta Francisca, Tinto Cao, Touriga Franca, Touriga Nacional, Trajadura, Vinhao_, and _Viosinho_.