# Reconstruction of Land and Marine Features by Seismic and Surface Geomorphology Techniques
## 9 Conclusions  
We presented a review of seismic and surface geomorphology techniques for imaging and reconstructing land and marine geomorphology features, and we have revealed that:  
* Seismic geomorphology is a subsurface (including near surface) study that extracts geomorphology features out of 3D seismic reflection data. * Active proxy of surface geomorphology techniques and remote sensing techniques have huge potential in vertical and horizontal deformation monitoring. * The reconstruction of high-resolution images of land and marine surface features by surface and subsurface geomorphology techniques is reliable through several techniques, including seismic sedimentology, volume rendering, geobody extraction, quantitative geomorphology approaches, and mapping. * The integration of surface and subsurface techniques provides more realistic and suitable 3D models of the earth and its geomorphology. In addition, it enhances the interpretation of sedimentary processes, geomorphology, the earth's surface, the paleoenvironment, economical prospective, natural hazards, etc. Therefore, we propose a workflow that integrates surface and subsurface techniques to provide realistic and acceptable earth models. Conceptualization, A.A.-S., A.M., and D.H.; methodology, D.H. and A.M.; software, D.H. and A.M.; validation, A.A.-S., D.H., A.M., G.R., and S.L. ; formal analysis, D.H. and A.M.; investigation, A.A.-S., D.H., A.M., G.R., and S.L. ; resources, A.A.-S., A.M.; data curation, D.H. and A.M.; writing--original draft preparation, A.A.-S., D.H., and A.M.; writing--review and editing, A.A.-S., D.H., A.M., G.R., and S.L. ; visualization, D.H., A.M., G.R., and S.L. ; supervision, A.A.-S., G.R. and A.M.; project ad-ministration, A.A.-S. and G.R. ; funding acquisition, A.A.-S. and A.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Techniques** & **Geomorphological** & **Scale** & **Results** & **References** \\ \hline Remote sensing techniques & Surface & Local, & Information on the location, distance, & [PERSON] et al. 2021 [59] \\ Surface & Depressions & Regional, & Information on the location, distance, & [PERSON] et al. 2020 [52] \\ Surface & Surface processes & Continental & & \
\begin{tabular}{c} [PERSON] et al. 2021 [64] \\ [PERSON] et al. 2021 [65] \\ [PERSON] et al. 2020 [67] \\ [PERSON] et al. 2021 [68] \\ [PERSON] et al. 2021 [71] \\ [PERSON] et al. 2020 [72] \\ [PERSON] et al. 2022 [76] \\ [PERSON] et al. 2020 [67] \\ [PERSON] et al. 2021 [62] \\ [PERSON] et al. 2022 [63] \\ [PERSON] et al. 2021 [73] \\ [PERSON] et al. 2021 [112] \\ [PERSON] et al. 2017 [13] \\ \end{tabular} & Surface and marine & Regional & Information on the location, distance, & [PERSON] et al. 2022 [63] \\ Quantitative geomorphology & Surface and marine & Local &
\begin{tabular}{c} [PERSON] et al. 2021 [65] \\ [PERSON] et al. 2020 [67] \\ [PERSON] et al. 2022 [63] \\ [PERSON] et al. 2021 [73] \\ [PERSON] et al. 2021 [112] \\ [PERSON] et al. 2017 [13] \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Surface geomorphology technical analysis. **Funding:** This research was funded by King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals through College of Petroleum Engineering & Geosciences Startup grant number SF18060 and the APC was funded also by the same grant. The research was conducted in the framework of REACT EU-National opera-tional program \"PON Research and Innovation\" 2014-2020 on innovation and green issues (DM 1062/2021) granted in December 2021 for quantitative geomorphology from images project. **Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable. **Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable. **Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable. **Acknowledgments:** The authors thank Department of Geosciences, College of Petroleum Engineering and Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for supporting this work.