## 2 Related Works
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**No** & **Study** & **Year** & **County** & **Methodology** & **Significant Factors** & **Mitigation Actions** & **Reference** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{15} & Identification of black spots on highways & & & - & Number and frequency of traffic accidents & - & Taking the predicted unsafe road locations & \\  & using fault tree analysis & 2021 & China & - & Fault tree analysis & - & Vehicular factors (safety & into account and \\  & analysis and vehicle & & & & - & Road-related factors (road alignment, etc.) & implementing the necessary & \\  & safety boundaries & & & & - & - & - \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{16} & Road traffic crashes & & & & & - & Provide appropriate & \\  & and identification of & & & & - & Severity of RTCs & zebra crossings marking & \\  & back spots in Bahr & 2020 & Ethiopia & - & Google Earth & - & Number of RTCs & with traffic bumps. & \\  & & & & - & Severity of RTCs & - & Provide appropriate & \\  & black spots in Bahr & 2020 & Ethiopia & - & Google Earth & - & Crash causes & - & traffic calling measures & \\  & & & & & & & to reduce speed and & \\  & & & & & & & & activating traffic & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{17} & Identifying & & & & & - & Number and frequency of & - & Implementing effective & \\  & hazardous road & & & & - & traffic accidents & road safety measures & \\  & locations in Saudi & & & & - & Severity of accidents & and facilities & \\  & & & & & & & - & - \\  & & & & & & - & - & Adopting proper road & \\  & & & & & - & Number of traffic accidents & - & safety strategies & \\  & safety in the Eastern & & & & - & Severity of traffic accidents & - & Enforcement of seablet & \\  & Province of Saudi & 2020 & KSA & - & ArcGIS & - & Accident attributes (driver & and traffic regulations & \\  & Arabie: Consequences and & & & & - & characteristic, crash type and & - & Installation of speed & \\  & Prevention Strategies & & & & & reason, weather, etc.) & - & cameras throughout the & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._ \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**No** & **Study** & **Year** & **County** & **Methodology** & **Significant Factors** & **Mitigation Actions** & **Reference** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{19} & Examining hotspots & \multirow{4}{*}{2020} & \multirow{4}{*}{KSA} & - & ArcGIS & - & Crash severity & - & Implementing effective \\  & and their spatial & & & - & ArcGIS & - & Crash cause & management strategies \\  & relationships with & & & - & Regression analysis & - & Crash type & to enhance safety at \\  & land use in & & & & - & Land use of neighborhoods & zonal levels & \\  & Damman, Saudi & & & & & & & \\  & Arabia & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{20} & Identifying black & \multirow{4}{*}{2018} & \multirow{4}{*}{Iraq} & \multirow{4}{*}{-} & \multirow{4}{*}{ArcGIS} & - & Number and frequency of & - & Mapping road locations \\  & & spot locations at & & & & accidents & with high density of & Al-Jameel and \\  & Karabali city by using & & & & - & Type and cause of accidents & procedures & AbdAbs [44] \\  & & GIS system & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{21} & A novel dynamic & \multirow{4}{*}{2016} & \multirow{4}{*}{Iran} & \multirow{4}{*}{-} & \multirow{4}{*}{Crash frequency} & - & \multirow{4}{*}{Improving safety measures of the resulted} & \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [45]} \\  & for identification and & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & prioritization of black & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & spots based on the & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & pattern of potential & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & for safety & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & improvement & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._ArcGIS, developed by Environmental Systems Research Institute (Esri), Redlands, CA, USA, is a powerful spatial analysis package that can effectively identify hotspots and allows an accurate data selection, screening and reduction, and spatial analysis of the monitoring results in most of the studies.