esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 9 Conclusions  
This paper presents a comprehensive study of noise sources, their effects and countermeasures in NBPLC PRIME networks. The topic is addressed from a practical perspective. First, the paper presents a set of noises both generated synthetically (normative noises) and measured in the field (noises coming from consumer electronic devices) or in the LINTER of Union Fenosa Distribucion (noises coming from EV charging spots and PV inverters). Next, the paper presents a practical analysis of noise effects and mitigation based on actual tests carried out in the LINTER, where representative noise sources and different passive filter configurations are considered with the main aim of coming up with a filter that combats common noises in the \"last mile\" of AMI reasonably well and could be massively deployed. Thus, the data gathered in these test is used to evaluate the impact of the considered noises and the effectiveness of the considered filters in PRIME network performance. This work relies mainly on the configurable filter and the network forensics tool PRIME Analytics developed within the scope of the Spanish R&D project OSIRIS.  
The presented analysis shows that filter F9 outperforms the rest of the filters. However, this filter does not allow the reconnection of the breaker (power control) embedded in the smart meter by infinitive impedance detection, making it inappropriate for many in-field deployments. Filter F6 and filter F2 also show reasonable performance, filter F2 especially representing a great option for massive deployments due to its simplicity and cost. The analysis also shows that protecting the beginning of the PRIME frequency band seems to improve PRIME network performance, which fits with the fact that DBPSK is used.  
The noise measurements presented in this paper represents a contribution themselves, since they can be used for the development of novel theoretical models or for running simulations that enable further improving the performance of NBPLC networks in the presence of DER.  
This work has been partly funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through the National Program for Research Aimed at the Challenges of Society under the project OSIRIS (RTC-2014-1556-3) and through the network of excellence REDYD2050 (ENE2015-70032-REDT). The authors would like to thank all the partners in the OSIRIS project and REDYD2050. The authors would like to especially thank: [PERSON] (Union Fenosa Distribucion), [PERSON] (Union Fenosa Distribucion) [PERSON] (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid), and [PERSON] (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid) for their support during the lab tests; and [PERSON] (University of Coimbra) and [PERSON] (ICAL School of Engineering) for their help and valuable comments while reviewing the paper. Finally, the authors would also like to thank Energies reviewers for the valuable comments to improve the quality of the paper.  
All authors have coordinately worked in the different parts of the article.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Bumblebee Pollination Enhances Yield and Flavor of Tomato in Gobi Desert Greenhouses
###### Abstract  
Bumblebee pollination is crucial to the production of tomato in protected cultivation. Both tomato yield and flavor play important roles in attracting attentions from growers and consumers. Compared with yield, much less work has been conducted to investigate whether and how pollination methods affect tomato flavor. In this study, the effects of bumblebee pollination, vibrator treatment, and plant growth regulator (PGR) treatment on tomato yield and flavor were tested in Gobi Desert greenhouses. Compared with vibrator or PGR treatments, bumblebee pollinated tomato had higher and more stable fruit set, heavier fruit weight, and more seed. We also found that the seed quantity positively correlated with fruit weight in both bumblebee pollinated, and vibrator treated tomato, but not in PGR treated tomato. Besides enhancing yield, bumblebee pollination improved tomato flavor. Bumblebee pollinated tomato fruits contained more fructose and glucose, but less sucrose, citric acid, and malic acid. Furthermore, the volatile organic compounds of bumblebee pollinated tomato were distinctive with vibrator or PGR treated tomato, and more consumer liking related compounds were identified in bumblebee pollinated tomato. Our findings provide new insights into the contributions of bee pollinator towards improving crop yield and quality, emphasizing the importance of bumblebee for tomato pollination.  
Keywords: tomato; pollination; _Bombus lantschouensis; fruit flavor; volatile organic compound_ Article
# Past, Present and Future Monitoring at the Vallcebre Landslide (Eastern Pyrenees, Spain)
## 4 Summary and Conclusions
In chronological order: TESLEC (_Temporal stability and activity of landslides in Europe with respect to climatic change;_ EC; contract EV5V-CT94.0454); NEWTECH (_New technologies for landslide hazard assessment and management in Europe;_ EC contract ENV4-CT96-0248 and Spanish CICYT contract AMB96-2480-CE); CICYT project (_Cartografia de la susceptibilidad a los deslizamientos del terreno en el area del Alto Lobregat... Valleche mediante los SIG;_ Spanish CICYT contract AMB97-1091-C06); MODEVALL (_Modelacion hidrologico-mecanica del deslizamiento de Valleche_; Spanish Science and Education Ministry, MEC, contract CGL2005-05282); SAFELAND (_Living with landslide risk in Europe: Assessment, effects of global change, and risk management strategies;_ EC, 7 thFP, grant agreement 226479); PYRMOVE (_Research netrowork_ funded by AGAUR, Government of Catalonia; grant number 2014 CTP00051); PYRMOVE (_Prevention and cross-border management of risk associated with landslides;_ funded by Interreg V-A, POCTEFA, and by the European Regional Development Fund, ERDF; project EFA364/19). The last project is still active. Not applicable. **Data Availability Statement:** No new data was created or analyzed in this study. Data presented here was gathered from previous published work [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7]. Most of the Valleebre monitoring data is not publicly and/or directly available due to the highly heterogeneous nature of the results, which in a  
Figure 28: Tentative disposition of the different techniques as specifically used in Valleebre: following [26], systems are classified according to their continuity in the Spatial and Temporal domain. Distributed Fiber Optics is in red because it has not yet been applied. The asterisks indicate that the technique, with a slightly different setup, may become continuous over space or time. significant proportion belong to the last century (paper-based), prior to the standardization of public datasets and digital repositories. However, in case of interest for some pieces of data, the authors are open to requests. We would like to thank the individuals from the UPC and from the former Institute of Geomatics who helped us with the field work: [PERSON] (in memorium), [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON]. The authors wish to thank ICGC (Institut Cartografic i Geologic de Catalunya, formerly ICC) for the geodesic and photogrammetric work, ESA for the radar data, and Topcon, Trimble and Leica (formerly Wild) for their equipment and software assistance along the years. The comments and suggestions given by three anonymous reviewers during the editorial processing are also greatly acknowledged. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Big Data Integration in Remote Sensing across a Distributed Metadata-Based Spatial Infrastructure
## 3 Distributed Integration of Multi-Source Remote Sensing Data  
With distributed multi-source remote sensing data integration, i.e., based on a unified standard, the remote sensing metadata in the distributed center will be gathered into the main center continuously or at regular intervals, either actively or passively. In this study, the unified satellite metadata standard refers to the ISO 19115-2:2009-based geographic information metadata standard [23]. All of the remote sensing metadata in the distributed sub-centers should be transformed into the ISO 19115-based metadata format before integration to enable uniform data retrieval and management. The distributed sub-centers are mainly responsible for the storage of remote sensing images, and provide an open access interface for the main center based on the HTTP/FTP protocols. The main center is primarily responsible for the ingestion and archiving of the metadata and thumbnails of remote sensing images, and enables the uniform query and access for the integrated remote sensing data.
### State of the Art
[29] use Model Predictive Control (MPC) to govern a wind-PV-hydrogen microgrid, with the controller receiving telemetry and remotely dispatching setpoints. To maintain system stability, researchers have also explored real-time power curtailment techniques for SWTs in microgrids. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [10] introduced a \"limited power-point tracking\" algorithm on a microcontroller to intentionally hold a small turbine slightly below its maximum power output when the battery is full or the DC link is over voltage. This IoT-based curtailment approach, similar to soft-stall control, was experimentally validated using a DC microgrid testbed [30; 31]. Likewise, [PERSON] et al. [32] demonstrated a Digital Signal Processor (DSP)-based soft-stall control that automatically feathers a small turbine's blades at high winds, coordinated through a remote interface. Overall, the literature shows a clear trend toward internet-connected, open-architecture control of small wind systems. Since 2015, the literature has reported successful deployments of web-SCADA and IoT solutions for SWTs in smart grids. These range from small-scale prototypes--e.g., an Arduino(r)-driven 5 kW test turbine with Wi-Fi data logging--to multi-turbine \"wind farm\" simulations using wireless sensor networks. The consensus is that such approaches greatly enhance operational awareness, fault diagnosis, and even energy optimization for distributed wind [33]. As an example, a recent open-access implementation by [PERSON] et al. [34] provided a flexible hardware/software toolkit for microgrid research, allowing students to remotely operate a wind/PV off-grid system via a web interface. The maturity of these technologies is further evidenced by field deployments; real-world community microgrids have been outfitted with open-source SCADA for autonomous wind/PV management [35]. A comparative summary of representative technologies--including commercial SCADA platforms, wireless protocols, and custom embedded systems--is provided in Table 1. The proposed system demonstrates unique advantages in modularity, responsiveness, and user-level control flexibility. To contextualize the contribution of the proposed platform, it is worth highlighting several general limitations observed in existing solutions. First, commercial SCADA systems and Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)-based architecture typically function as \"black boxes,\" providing little flexibility for user-level customization of control logic or communication protocols, and they often involve high licensing and software development costs. This limits their applicability in experimental or rapidly evolving setups. Second, wireless-based alternatives (e.g., ZigBee, ESP32 with Wi-Fi) are susceptible to signal degradation or communication instability in electromagnetically noisy environments, such as industrial settings. In contrast, the proposed system leverages a wired Local Area Network (LAN), which enhances communication robustness, reduces latency, and ensures deterministic performance--key advantages for supervisory control and real-time signal processing in distributed renewable energy systems.
# Tabular Data Models for Predicting Art Auction Results
## 3 Results
### LightGBM  
LightGBM performed competitively across the auction datasets, but its sMAPE scores were slightly higher compared to XGBoost, as shown in Figure 6. The model achieved a sMAPE of 57.52% \(\pm\) 1.22 in the ColorSVD dataset, and a notable 14.71% \(\pm\) 0.31 in the CaliforniaHousing dataset, where it performed the best. However, it underperformed compared to XGBoost and RandomForest in more complex auction datasets.  
One key difference between LightGBM and XGBoost lies in their regularization strategies. While both models use L2 regularization, XGBoost employs a stronger regularization framework, incorporating both L1 and L2 penalties. This gives XGBoost an edge in controlling model complexity, especially in high-dimensional and noisy datasets like auctions, where feature interactions are nonlinear and difficult to capture. In contrast, LightGBM relies primarily on L2 regularization to prevent overfitting by penalizing large leaf weights. The absence of a strong L1 regularization component means that LightGBM is less effective at enforcing sparsity, which could explain its slightly higher error rates in auction datasets where irrelevant or noisy features might be present. While LightGBM excels in structured data, its regularization framework may not handle noise and complex feature interactions as effectively as XGBoost. The model's leaf-wise growth strategy, where trees  
Figure 5: Bar chart comparing the sMAPE metric of CatBoost model across the datasets.  
grow asymmetrically based on maximum loss reduction, helps LightGBM capture deep and complex interactions between features like Colorfulness Score and SVD Entropy. This enables the model to handle high-dimensional data efficiently, making it faster and more memory-efficient. However, this extensive tree growth can also lead to overfitting if not adequately controlled, especially in noisy datasets.
# Tethered Balloon Cluster Deployments and Optimization for Emergency Communication Networks
## 4 Methodology
```
Input: Number of balloons \(N\), iterations \(T\), search space \([x_{min},x_{max}]\), \([y_{min},y_{max}]\), \([h_{min},h_{max}]\), and minimum distance \(d_{min}\) Output: Best coverage in history \(COV_{history}\), best energy efficiency in history \(EE_{history}\) \(COV_{Best}\gets 0\) \(EE_{Best}\gets 0\) for\(t=1\) to \(T\)do for\(n=1\) to \(N\)do \((x_{n},y_{n},z_{n})\leftarrow\text{random}([x_{min},x_{max}],[y_{min},y_{max}],\ [h_{min},h_{max}])\) Apply constraints(\(d_{min}\))  end for \(COV_{t}\), \(EE_{t}\leftarrow\text{Evaluate objectives}\)\(\{(x_{1},y_{1},h_{1}),...,(x_{N},y_{N},h_{N})\}\) \(COV_{Best}\leftarrow\text{max}(COV_{Best},COV_{t})\) \(EE_{Best}\leftarrow\text{max}(EE_{Best},EE_{t})\) \(COV_{history}[t]\gets COV_{Best}\) \(EE_{history}[t]\gets EE_{Best}\)  end for return\(COV_{history}\), \(EE_{history}\)
```  
**Algorithm 2**SA for balloons deployment locations
# Wide-Band Wide-Beam Circularly-Polarized Slot-Coupled Antenna for Wide-Angle Beam Scanning Arrays
###### Abstract  
The design of a wide-band wide-beam circularly-polarized slot-coupled (WWCS) radiating element for wide-angle scanning arrays (WASAs) is addressed. The WWCS radiator exploits a simple geometry composed of a primary (driven) and a secondary (passive) element to generate wide-beam patterns with rotational symmetry and high polarization purity. The synthesis was carried out by means of a customized version of the System-by-Design (SbD) method to derive a WWCS radiator with circular polarization (CP) and wide-band impedance matching. The results of the numerical assessment, along with a tolerance analysis, confirm that the synthesized WWCS radiating element is a competitive solution for the implementation of large WASAs. More specifically, a representative design working at \(f_{0}=2.45\) [GHz] is shown having fractional bandwidth \(FBW\simeq 15\%\), half-power beam-width \(HPBW(f_{0})\simeq 180\) [deg] in all elevation planes, and high polarization purity with broadside axial ratio \(AR(f_{0})=3.2\) [dB] and cross-polar discrimination \(XPD(f_{0})=15\) [dB]. Finally, the experimental assessment, carried out on a PCB-manufactured prototype, verifies the wide-band and wide-beam features of the designed WWCS radiator.  
wide-beam; wide-band; circular polarization (CP); wide-angle scanning arrays (WASAs); system-by-design (SbD).
# An Innovative Approach to Anomaly Detection in Communication Networks Using Multifractal Analysis
## 7 Conclusions
The conventional way to ensure the identity of the person sending the message and to detect the presence of an intruder is through device authentication. Unfortunately, full-scale authentication is not always desirable, as it requires key management and more extensive computations. With the growing use of wireless networks and IoT, this cannot be underestimated so that the authors will focus not only on SOC but also on wireless access networks in future studies. The study of responses to a given security incident and created multifractal spectra of network traffic before and during the attack based on data collected from monitoring and security devices. The collected information allowed to verify theses and confirm the effectiveness of multifractal methods indetecting anomalies in the operation of any ICT network, including IoT infrastructure. The solutions studied in this paper may be ideal for analyzing traffic in backbone networks from the point of view of security and attack detection. Tested methods, in particular multifractal analysis, show sensitivity to any deviation in network traffic properties resulting from anomalies. Such traffic analysis methods can be ideal for protecting critical data and maintaining the continuity of internet services, including IoT. Conceptualization, P.D. and M.M. ; methodology, P.D. and M.M. ; software: formal analysis and investigation, P.D. and M.M. ; resources, P.D. and M.M. ; writing--original draft preparation, P.D. and M.M. ; writing--review and editing, P.D. and M.M. ; visualization, P.D. and M.M. ; supervision, P.D. and M.M. ; project administration, P.D. and M.M.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This project was financed by the Minister of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland within the \"Regional Initiative of Excellence\" program for years 2019-2022. Project number 027/RID/2018/19: amount granted 11,999,900 PLN. We are thankful to [PERSON] of Rzeszow University of Technology, for supporting us in the collection of useful information. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Assessment of ZTD Derived from COSMIC Occultation Data with ECWMF, Radiosondes, and GNSS
## 2 Materials and Methods  
The number of occultation events of COSMIC-1 reached the maximum in June 2007 and continued until May 2010; after rising in 2011, it rose again in 2012 and then fell to the end of its life. The years 2008 and 2012 can be used as ideal time periods for the accuracy verification of the occZTD data of COSMIC-1 in the early and late stages. The COSMIC-2 satellite brought about a sharp rise in occultation events, which reached more than 5000 in May 2020. However, CDDAC/COSMIC does not provide radiosonde data matched with COSMIC-2's occultation profiles. A huge workload is required to obtain the precision between the occZTD and sonZTD of COSMIC-2, as one year of radiosonde needs to be collected and matched. The occZTD in the middle and low latitudes may be affected by more humidity, which may produce larger errors compared with gnsZTD, and cannot be used as a reference for the comparison results of COSMIC-1. Using the data from 2008 and 2012 (the GNSS-RO data have been reprocessed by introducing the new inversion algorithm) is the current best solution.
## 3 Analysis  
### Energy Study  
As the two fluids operated simultaneously, the thermal power gained by the dual-fluid solar collector is different compared to a conventional flat plate collector. In the proposed PV/T system, the net thermal gain is calculated as a sum of thermal energy contributed by the air part and the water part, as given below [17].  
\[P_{th}\ =\ \hat{\text{m}}_{w}\text{C}_{w}\ (T_{w,o}-T_{w,in})+\ \hat{\text{m}}_{a} \text{C}_{a}\ (T_{a,o}-T_{a,in}) \tag{1}\]  
where \(P_{th}\) is thermal power, \(\hat{\text{m}}\) and \(C\) are the fluid mass flow rate and specific heat, respectively, and \(T\) is temperature. Subscript \(w\) and \(a\) denote the water and air, respectively; \(w,o\) and \(w,in\) are outlet and inlet temperature of the water, respectively; and \(a,o\) and \(a,in\) are outlet and inlet temperature of the air, respectively. Considering the proposed design, the thermal efficiency of the collector can be calculated as:  
\[\eta_{th}\ =\ \frac{P_{th}}{A_{c}\text{G}} \tag{2}\]  
\[\eta_{th}\ =\ \frac{\hat{\text{m}}_{w}\text{C}_{w}\ (T_{w,o}\ -\ T_{w,in})\ +\ \hat{\text{m}}_{a}\text{C}_{a}\ (T_{a,o}\ -\ T_{a,in})}{A_{c}\text{G}} \tag{3}\]  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Equipment** & **Uncertainty** \\ \hline Pyranometer & \textless{}\(\pm\)1.5\% per year \\ K-type Thermocouples & \(\pm\)0.25–0.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ PT100 \(\Omega\) & \(\pm\)0.1 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ Flow meter & \(\pm\)0.5\% at full scale \\ Multi-meter & \(\pm\)0.1\% \\ Data logger & K-type: \(\pm\)(0.05\% of reading \(\pm\) 1.0 \({}^{\circ}\)C); PT100: \(\pm\)0.8 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ Fitting of elements & \(\pm\)0.1 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Uncertainty related to the measuring equipment.  
Figure 2: Schematic diagram of the dual-fluid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system.  
where \(\eta_{th}\) is thermal efficiency, \(A_{c}\) is surface area of the collector, and \(G\) is the incident solar radiation. Under these conditions the electrical efficiency is given as:  
\[\begin{array}{c}FF\ =\ \frac{I_{max}\times V_{max}}{I_{\kappa}\times V_{\infty}}\ =\ \frac{P_{el}}{I_{\kappa}\times V_{\infty}}\\ P_{el}\ =\ I_{sc}\ \times\ V_{\infty}\ \times\ FF\\ \eta_{el}\ =\ \frac{P_{el}}{A_{c}G}\end{array} \tag{4}\]  
where \(FF\) is the fill factor, and \(I_{max}\) and \(V_{max}\) are the maximum current and voltage, respectively. The terms \(I_{sc}\) and \(V_{\infty}\) are the short circuit current and open circuit voltage, respectively. The terms \(\eta_{el}\) and \(P_{el}\) are the electrical efficiency and power, respectively. Hence, the overall output (\(P_{tot}\)) produced by the PV/T system can be described as:  
\[P_{tot}\ =\ P_{el}\ +\ P_{th} \tag{5}\]