## 7 Concluding Remarks  
This study addressed the team formation and worker assignment problem through a mathematical programming model that considered interpersonal relationships among cross-trained workers in a CMS. A two-stage decision-based methodology was developed based on the ALNS framework--namely, two-stage ALNS. The solution quality of the two-stage ALNS method was tested on 140 single-stage small-sized test instances using the developed HBBPS algorithm. Of the 140 small-sized test instances, the solutions using the proposed method were equivalent to the exact solution at the team formation stage. Furthermore, the two-stage ALNS method was compared to the NSGA-II-based single-stage decision methodology with 40 test instances for all problem benchmarks. The results revealed that two-stage ALNS method outperformed the NSGA-II method, providing feasible solutions with less computational effort for all test instances. Finally, based on the results of the two-stage ALNS method, we investigated how the cross-training level and cell-cohesion requirement affected the decision when forming a team of workers in the cell. The results suggest that a higher level of cell-cohesion requirement could reduce the total number of workers' skills for partially cross-trained workers.  
The scope of this study can be split into three possible directions. First, the problem can be extended to a multiperiod problem. For instance, future work could introduce the dynamism of the relationships among workers, which could change over time. Other metaheuristic-based solving methods could be developed to improve the solution quality and reduce the computational time of the multiperiod problem. Second, it is worthwhile to investigate the impact of team-based requirements on the performance of cell team formation using the KCI and MBTI. Third, the problem dimension of the TFWAP can be extended in several ways. In reality, workers would prefer to operate their familiar tasks. Managers could prioritise each part's production differently according to the customer's  
Figure 5: Interaction effects between cell-cohesion requirement and cross-training level on part-skill score.  
demands. These issues are essential for a practical TFWAP. We expect that the developed model could be adapted and applied in the context of team project management--as it shares some common characteristics with the TFWAP in a CMS.  
The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app12168323/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app12168323/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app12168323/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app12168323/s1)), Online supplemental appendix.  
Conceptualization, T.P. and S.S.; methodology, T.P. and S.S.; software, T.P.; validation, T.P.; writing--original draft preparation, T.P.; writing--review and editing, T.P.; supervision, S.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The following data can be downloaded at: [[https://github.com/[PERSON]/TFWAP](https://github.com/[PERSON]/TFWAP)]([https://github.com/[PERSON]/TFWAP](https://github.com/[PERSON]/TFWAP)) (accessed on 8 February 2022).  
The authors would like to thank [PERSON] and [PERSON] for their insightful suggestions and comments on improving this manuscript.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.