## 4 Discussion  
Animal behavior can be assessed through a plethora of measurements (as reviewed by [PERSON] et al. [74]). Similar performance and outcomes for behavioral traits in cattle (i.e., docility, temperament score, and qualitative behavior assessments through four-platform standing scale; [113]) and in pigs (i.e., struggling bouts and feeding behavior; [114]) were observed. However, null genetic correlations were also found among other behavior-related traits, such as activity score (i.e., mild and excited scoring), struggling bouts, and feeding behavior [114]. The diversity of behavioral assessments and environmental conditions might interfere with the outcomes of studies assessing the genetic background of the traits (e.g., genetic variation and association of genomic regions) [115]. Therefore, a study compiling genomic variations across populations and environmental conditions represents a robust understanding of the genetic landscape of behavioral traits. Examples of some contributions of this study are (i) the potential inclusion of genomic regions in genotyping platforms or next generation sequencing panels to explore genetic diversity and genomic prediction of breeding values from a behavioral perspective, and (ii) prioritization of genes and gene-associated variants in animal behavior analyses in species with poor elucidation of the genetic background for the specific indicator trait. This study focused on farmed mammals, such as beef and dairy cattle, pigs, and sheep. Although there are studies investigating the genetic background of behavioral traits in other mammalian livestock species (e.g., dairy goats' grazing behavior [116] and milking temperament [117]), none of them included genomic information. Chickens are another livestock species that are just as cognitively, emotionally, and socially complex as mammals [118]. Studies associating genomic and behavioral outcomes have also been performed [e.g., [119]], but they were not included and further discussed in this study because we aimed to focus on more genetically related species. A large number of genomic regions and candidate genes affecting the expression of behavioral traits in beef and dairy cattle, pigs, and sheep have been published over the past decades. In this study, a total of 68 publications (37 in cattle, 27 in pigs, and four in sheep) with data collected in more than 19 countries (16 in cattle, 10 in pigs, and three in sheep) reported more than 2400 genomic regions (797 in cattle, 1461 in pigs, and 155 in sheep) associated with 131 behavioral traits (43 cattle, 64 pigs, and 24 sheep) (Table S1). The discussion presented below was conducted considering the species jointly, i.e., cattle, pigs, sheep, and combined gene dataset. There is evidence of conserved genes and genomic regions across various species, especially livestock species and humans [120]. This includes studies reporting translational genomic regions controlling behavioral traits in cattle and humans [56], pigs and humans [105], as well as chicken and humans [119]. For instance, [PERSON] et al. [56] reported candidate genes (i.e., _NCOA7_, _GAD2_, _PDGPD_, _TMPRSS5_, _DRD2_, _IQSEC1_, _MAOB_,_PTPRF_, _SLC25A16_, _TMC05A_, and _SNRPB2_) associated with dairy cattle temperament that were previously linked to human neuropsychiatric disorders (e.g., schizophrenia). In our study, about half of the candidate genes for livestock behavior (313/634) were found to be associated with 315 mental, behavioral, and neurologic disorders in humans, including anxiety, autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, antisocial personality disorder, bipolar and mental disorders, borderline personality disorder, depression, eating disorder, intellectual disability, stress, and schizophrenia (Table S8). Furthermore, 61 genes were reported in causal association analysis, which provides additional evidence of gene-behavioral traits association (Table S9).