## 3 Results and Discussion
### UHPLC-HRMS-MS Characterization
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Compound**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Chemical**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Monitored**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Retention**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Fragments**} \\  & **Formula** & **Ion [M-H]** & **Time (min)** & **Fragments** \\ \hline Procyanidin C1 & C\({}_{\text{53}}\)H\({}_{\text{30}}\)C\({}_{\text{18}}\) & 865.19854 & 8.17 & 866.2419; 407.0965; 289.0844 \\ Apigenin-O-glucuronide & C\({}_{\text{21}}\)H\({}_{\text{18}}\)C\({}_{\text{11}}\) & 445.07763 & 6.52 & 269.0455; 151.0012 \\ Caraphenol B/C & C\({}_{\text{28}}\)H\({}_{\text{22}}\)C\({}_{\text{7}}\) & 469.12928 & 6.86 & 541.1187; 281.0819; 227.0714 \\ Petunidin caffeoyl diplucoside & C\({}_{\text{37}}\)H\({}_{\text{39}}\)C\({}_{\text{20}}\) & 802.19622 & 6.22 & 640.1502; 478.0974 \\ Dihydroquercetin 3-O-rhammoside & C\({}_{\text{21}}\)H\({}_{\text{22}}\)O\({}_{\text{11}}\) & 449.10896 & 11.02 & 285.0407; 151.0026; 123.0233 \\ Dihydroquercetin-3-O-glucoside & C\({}_{\text{21}}\)H\({}_{\text{22}}\)O\({}_{\text{12}}\) & 465.10387 & 7.99 & 303.2508; 257.0452 \\ Quercetin 3-vicianoside & C\({}_{\text{25}}\)H\({}_{\text{28}}\)C\({}_{\text{16}}\) & 595.1305 & 4.26 & 300.0262; 271.1450; 255.0276 \\ Myrirection 3-O-galactoside & C\({}_{\text{21}}\)H\({}_{\text{20}}\)O\({}_{\text{13}}\) & 479.08314 & 4.64 & 317.0284; 271.0223; 151.0022 \\ Hydroxyferulic acid & C\({}_{\text{16}}\)H\({}_{\text{20}}\)O\({}_{\text{10}}\) & 371.09839 & 6.76 & 209.0434; 165.0544 \\ Quinic acid & C\({}_{\text{5}}\)H\({}_{\text{12}}\)O\({}_{\text{6}}\) & 191.05611 & 0.63 & 171.02702; 127.03691 \\ Quercetin 3-O-glucuronide & C\({}_{\text{21}}\)H\({}_{\text{18}}\)O\({}_{\text{13}}\) & 477.06740 & 8.17 & 301.03558; 178.9986; 151.0013 \\ Quercetin (quercetin 3-hamoside) & C\({}_{\text{24}}\)H\({}_{\text{22}}\)O\({}_{\text{15}}\) & 549.0886 & 8.35 & 300.0042; 505.0595 \\ EridicGlyol & C\({}_{\text{51}}\)H\({}_{\text{20}}\) & 287.0561 & 14.20 & 135.0452; 171.0347; 89.0397 \\ EridicGlyol-7-O-glucose & C\({}_{\text{21}}\)H\({}_{\text{22}}\)O\({}_{\text{11}}\) & 449.1089 & 8.34 & 345.08292; 135.0453; 139.03893 \\ EridicGlyol-7-glucuronide & C\({}_{\text{21}}\)H\({}_{\text{20}}\)O\({}_{\text{12}}\) & 463.0882 & 10.82 & 287.0655; 151.0038 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: _Cont._  
Figure 2: LC-HRMS extracted ion chromatograms of BC pomace, in which the following compounds were identified (from top to bottom): hydroxyleritulic acid (\(m/z\) 371.0983, TR 6.75); eirodyctiol (\(m/z\) 287.0651, TR 14.20); petunidin caffeoyl diplucoside (\(m/z\) 802.1962, TR 6.22); gallocatechin (\(m/z\) 305.066, TR 6.06); procyanidin B1 (\(m/z\) 577.1351, TR 11.82); procyanidin C1 (\(m/z\) 865.19854, TR 8.17); quinic acid (\(m/z\) 191.0561, TR 0.63); myricetin 3-O-galactoside (\(m/z\) 479.0831, TR 4.64). Chromatograms were extracted from TIC using a 5 ppm window. found in a significant amount, being the fourth most abundant compound in our study, with a concentration of 564.80 mg/100 g d.w.  
Several studies have shown that _Aronia melanocarpa_ possesses some of the highest polyphenol concentrations among dark berries, particularly for chlorogenic acid, epicatechin and quercetin. The reported concentrations in fresh fruit are 20-45 mg/100 g fresh weight (f.w.) for chlorogenic acid, 6-10 mg/100 g f.w. for epicatechin and approximately 2-5 mg/100 g f.w. for quercetin (aglycone or glycosylated forms), depending on the cultivar, extraction method and environmental factors [38]. Due to its high content of polyphenolic compounds, BC pomace exhibits a high antioxidant capacity. In vivo studies have shown that BC polyphenols can effectively scavenge superoxide anions in diabetes by increasing insulin gene expression, and they enhance superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the liver and kidneys [39; 40].