esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results
### Numerical Results: Point Scatterer
#### 3.1.4 Comparison with Ground Truth  
A comparison between the reconstructed images by the proposed imaging sequence (full-aperture transmission, Nr = 5 and Ns = 3) and the CBC imaging sequence (ground truth, GT) at three depths of interest is provided in Figure 8a,b, along with their corresponding PSFs in Figure 8c. The AW is applied to the GT to have a fair comparison. By the proposed imaging sequence, the FWHM is almost doubled due to the larger receiving aperture, and the mean clutter level, on average, is 4 dB higher than GT, with a level of grating lobes of about \(-\)24, \(-\)27, and \(-\)29 dB, at the depths of 10 mm, 15 mm, and 20 mm, respectively. See the Supplementary Materials (Figure S1) for the results obtained using the multi-scatterer phantom.
###### Abstract  
For quadrotor control applications, it is necessary to rely on attitude angle changes to indirectly achieve the position trajectory tracking purpose. Several existing literature studies omit the non-negligible attitude transients in the position controller design for this kind of cascade system. The result leads to the position tracking performance not being as good as expected. In fact, the transient behavior of the attitude tracking response cannot be ignored. Therefore, the closed-loop stability of the attitude loop as well as the position tracking should be considered simultaneously. In this study, the flight controller design of the position and attitude control loops is presented based on an integral backstepping control algorithm. This control algorithm relies on the derivatives of the associated virtual control laws for implementation. Examining existing literature, the derivatives of the virtual control law are realized approximated by numerical differentiations. Nevertheless, in practical scenarios, the numerical differentiations will cause the chattering phenomenon of control signals in the presence of unavoidable measurement noise. The noise-induced control signals may further cause damage to the actuators or even diverge the system response. To address this issue, the analytic form for the derivative of the virtual control law is derived. The time derivative virtual control law is analyzed and split into the disturbance-independent compensable and disturbance-dependent non-compensable terms. By utilizing the compensable term, the control chattering due to the differentiation of the noise can be avoided significantly. The simulation results reveal that the proposed control algorithm has a better position tracking performance than the traditional dual-loop control scheme. Meanwhile, a relatively smooth control signal can be obtained for a realistic control algorithm realization. Simulations are provided to illustrate the position tracking issue of a quadrotor and to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed compromised control scheme.  
Quadrotor position control; cascade system; integral backstepping control algorithm; analytical solution of virtual controls
# Assessment of Lightweight Concrete Thermal Properties at Elevated Temperatures
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Methodology
#### 2.3.2 MTPS Technique  
The MTPS technique follows ASTM D7984-16 [33] and employs a one-side, interfacial heat-reflectance sensor that applies a momentary constant heat source to the sample. It causes a rise in temperature at the interface between the sensor and the sample, as shown in Figure 3a. This increase in temperature induces a change in the voltage of the sensor. The rate of increase in the sensor voltage is used to determine the thermo-physical properties of the sample. Thermal conductivity and effusivity are measured directly, providing a detailed overview of the thermal characteristics of the sample. Specific heat is determined using the density of the material (\(\rho\)) in kg/m\({}^{3}\), the effusivity (\(E\)) in Ws\({}^{1/2}\)/m\({}^{2}\)K, and thermal conductivity (\(k\)) in W/mK by means of Equation (4).  
\[c_{p}=\frac{E~{}^{2}}{k\cdot\rho} \tag{4}\]  
In order to measure both \(k\) and \(c_{p}\) at different temperatures, 5 \(\times\) 5 cm cylinder samples were used. The samples were soaked in water for seven days to saturate. Before the samples were heated in a chamber, their thermal conductivity and specific heat were measured at an ambient temperature. Then, the samples were placed in an electronic furnace (MTS 651 Environmental Chamber), as shown in Figure 3b, and they were exposed to a heating curve, as shown in Figure 3c. At 70, 100, 120, and 160 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the temperature was kept constant for 50 min. The temperature was increased at a heating rate of 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min. The change in temperature, as well as the variation in thermal conductivity and the specific heat, were recorded with a sampling frequency of 0.02 Hz by a TCi Thermal Conductivity Analyzer by C-Therm Technologies. All the samples were weighed before and after the test to determine their moisture content.  
Figure 2: LFA method: (**a**) configuration of test; (**b**) calculation of parameters.
## 4 Experimental Evaluation
### Experiment Description  
We used the RMI simulation data to evaluate the performance of our proposed approach. The RMI test-case set-up as well as numerical methods considered are similar to previous work [46; 47]. However, here, the effect of the membrane mesh separating the two gases is modelled in the simulations according to well-defined modes combined with random perturbation components [48; 49].  
To mimic a realistic co-processing scenario, we used up to three different variables in each analyzed time step: the mass fraction (MF) and two axes of the momentum (MY and MZ). The data of these variables were analyzed, compressed, and transferred to the transit nodes using the proposed approach. On the transit nodes, data decompression and data reconstruction were also performed. However, no additional co-processing was included as part of the testing.  
A grid resolution of 1601 \(\times\) 401 \(\times\) 801 was used on cluster A, resulting in 11.5 GB of data spread over three variables, each time step. Similarly, the grid resolution on cluster B was set to 2401 \(\times\) 601 \(\times\) 1201, resulting in 38.7 GB of data for the three analyzed variables.  
We chose to perform co-processing for time steps at a \(5\times 10^{-5}\) second interval (simulated time). In practice, this amounts to approximately 1 out of every 127 and 1 out of 193 time steps, respectively. The simulations ran for 10,292 time steps on cluster A and 15,653 time steps on cluster B, out of which 81 were analyzed. That is to say, up to 0.91 TB (cluster A) and 3.06 TB (cluster B) of data were analyzed. It took a total of 117.5 h on cluster A and 100.9 h on cluster B to run the simulations.  
The data was loaded into memory as 64-bit floats during the testing. Figure 3 shows a visualization of the MF data set, using the OSPRay rendering engine [20], version 1.7.3.  
The proposed approach can utilize a combination of existing compression methods, and its performance depends on the performance of the used methods. We, therefore, chose to compare the approach to uniformly applying each compression method used by the approach on the full data set. In the context of this paper, those methods consist of RLE, LZ77, and HOMO, as specified in Section 3.2.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Cluster A**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Cluster B**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **Simulation Node** & **Transit Node** & **Simulation Node** & **Transit Node** \\ \hline CPU & Xeon & Xeon Silver & Xeon Gold & Xeon Gold \\  & E5-1650 v4 & 4110 & 6126 \(\times\) 2 & 6126 \(\times\) 2 \\  & 6 cores & 8 cores & 12 cores \(\times\) 2 & 12 cores \(\times\) 2 \\ Memory (GB) & 128 & 96 & 192 & 192 \\ Node count & 16 & 2 & 32 & 4 \\ Processes & 16 & 2 & 64 & 8 \\ Software & GCC version 7.3.0 & & ICC & \\  & OpenMPI version 3.1.0 & & Intel MPI version 18.0.3 & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Test environments. Each cluster system has Infiniband EDR as its interconnection.
The apatite precipitates with body water near equilibrium, so the \(\delta^{18}\)O isotopic value of apatite is directly related to the isotopic composition of oxygen sources [46], mainly from ingested water (both liquid form and through food consumption [12]), and secondly from atmospheric O\({}_{2}\). As water is absorbed by an organism, its oxygen isotope sustains fractionations through metabolism and its isotopic signature relates to the isotopic values of local water and, often, precipitation. The correlation between ingested water and precipitation is that the former is quite similar to the water that is available in an area [46]. [PERSON] [12] and [PERSON] et al. [47] were the first to find a linear relationship between human bone apatite and precipitation, while later articles demonstrated a linear relationship between the oxygen isotope of ingested water and apatite/enamel [19; 48; 49]. The oxygen isotopic values of ingested water are similar to those of the source (such as springs, lakes, rivers, meteoric water [19; 50]), the values of which depend on climatic conditions such as temperature and humidity as well as geographical characteristics (such as distance from the sea, latitude and altitude [51; 52; 53; 54]). Oxygen isotopic values of water are more negative in colder climates and higher altitudes and less negative in warmer climates and lower altitudes [51; 52; 55]. These differences in the oxygen isotopic values of water in different geographical regions enable the reconstruction of past climatic conditions via their identification in human bone apatite. In this article we performed \(\delta^{13}\)C and \(\delta^{15}\)N isotopic analyses of human bone collagen on samples from the Early Iron Age (EIA) (10 th\(-\)8 th century BCE) cemetery of Agras (a town 4 km west of Edessa, Northern Greece) for diet reconstruction and compared the results to isotopic values from Roman Edessa (2 nd\(-\)4 th century CE) [3] and modern Alexandreia (Hmatheia) [2] as well as to other regions of Greece and Europe. We analyzed the \(\delta^{18}\)O\({}_{\rm w}\) of spring water samples of North Greece in order to identify the relationship with altitude. Furthermore, we conducted a \(\delta^{18}\)O isotopic analysis of human bone apatite in order to examine the population mobility and identify the climate conditions and their evolution in the EIA in Agras and Roman Edessa. Finally, for three of the samples we performed Radiocarbon dating.
## 5 Simulation Results
### Attitude Angle Tracking Experiment without Interference  
In addition to hovering and take-off commands, quadrotor UAV needs to fly at a specified attitude angle when it performs its mission at high altitudes. To further compare the tracking performance of the three control methods for the attitude system, given the expected input value, the simulation experiment was carried out without external interference. The desired input for the roll angle is \(\phi_{d}=0.5\sin(0.8t)\cos(0.3t)\), the desired input for the pitch angle is \(\theta_{d}=0.5\sin(0.8t)[1-\sin(0.7t)]\), and the desired input for the yaw angle is \(\psi_{d}=0.5\sin(0.3t)\sin(0.8t)\). All the attitude angle channels adopt three control methods, and the tracking results are shown in Figures 8-10.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter Name** & **Channel** & **PD-DIC** & **FA-DIC** & **FNN-DIC** \\ \hline Maximum Overshoot & Roll & 5\% & 0\% & 0\% \\  & Pitch & 6.6\% & 0\% & 0\% \\  & Yaw & 9.34\% & 0\% & 0\% \\ Settling Time(s) & Roll & 2.377 & 0.694 & 0.399 \\  & Pitch & 2.738 & 0.558 & 0.252 \\  & Yaw & 1.515 & 0.518 & 0.133 \\ Recovery Time(s) & Roll & 2.269 & 0.507 & 0.271 \\  & Pitch & 2.410 & 0.505 & 0.219 \\  & Yaw & 1.324 & 0604 & 0.140 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Performance metrics of the three controllers of the attitude system.  
Figure 7: The control effect of the three kinds of controllers in a stable atmosphere: (**a**) roll channel, (**b**) pitch channel, and (**c**) yaw channel.  
It can be clearly seen that even in a stable and ideal environment, the PD-DIC method cannot guarantee that UAV can accurately follow the desired trajectory. Tracking errors always exist in the roll, pitch and yaw channels. In contrast, FA-DIC and FNN-DIC can  
Figure 8: The results of the roll angle trajectory tracking. (**a**) Roll angle tracking track, and (**b**) roll angle tracking error.  
Figure 10: The results of the yaw angle trajectory tracking. (**a**) Yaw angle tracking track, and (**b**) yaw angle tracking error.  
Figure 9: The results of the pitch angle trajectory tracking. (**a**) Pitch angle tracking track, and (**b**) pitch angle tracking error.  
almost perfectly track the desired angle input value, and the control effect is ideal. The FNN-DIC has a slight advantage in the control of roll and yaw angles.
###### Abstract  
Biochar offers several benefits as a soil amendment, including increased soil fertility, carbon sequestration, and water-holding capacity in nutrient-poor soils. In this study, soil samples with and without biochar additives were collected for two consecutive years from an experimental field plot to examine its effect on the microbial community structure and functions in sandy soils under peach-trees (_Prunus persica_). The four treatments evaluated consisted of two different rates of biochar incorporated into the soil (5%, and 10%, \(v/v\)), one \"dynamic\" surface application of biochar, and a 0% biochar control. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis was used to assess the microbial community structure, and enzyme activities involved in C, N, P, and S nutrient cycling were used as a means of assessing soil functionality. Total FAME and bacterial indicators increased by 18% and 12%, respectively, in the 10% incorporated and 5% surface applied treatments. Biochar applications increased \(\beta\)-glucosidaseaminidase and arylsulfatase activities, 5-30% and 12-46%, respectively. \(\beta\)-glucosidase and acid phosphatase activities decreased by approximately 18-35% and 5-22% in the 0-15 cm soils. The overall results suggest that biochar's addition to the sandy soils stimulated microbial activity, contributing to the increased mean weight diameter (MWD), C sequestration, and consequential soil health. The changes in microbial community structure and functions may be useful predictors of modifications in soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics due to the long-term application of pine biochar in these systems.  
soil health; biochar; soil enzymes; soil microbial community; fatty acid methyl ester +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
## 3 Two Coupled FHN Neural Systems with Time Delay
For comparison, we keep \(a=0.1\), \(b=0.08\) and \(\gamma=3\) in Equation (12). If \(c=0.16\) or \(c=0.18\), we have the following two sequences:  
\[ \begin{array}{l}\{D_{1}>0,D_{2}<0,D_{3}<0,D_{4}<0\},\\ \{1,r_{1}<0,r_{2}>0,r_{3}<0,r_{4}>0\}.\end{array}  \tag{30}\]  
If the number of sign changes in Equation (27) is one, then Equation (23) has two different real roots. Under such conditions, by substituting \(y=-z\) into Equation (23), we have:  
\[p(z)=z^{4}-r_{1}z^{3}+r_{2}z^{2}-r_{3}z+r_{4}=0. \tag{31}\]Then the number of sign changes in the sequence \(\{1,-r_{1},r_{2},-r_{3},r_{4}\}\) is zero. Equation (31) has no positive real root, which means that Equation (23) has no negative real root. Therefore, Equation (23) with \(a=0.1\), \(b=0.08\), \(\gamma=3\) and \(c=0.16\) or \(c=0.18\) has just two positive real roots. In fact, if \(c=0.16\), Equation (23) has two positive real roots:  
\[\omega_{1}=0.173,\omega_{2}=0.307,\]  
the two corresponding critical values of \(\tau\) are:  
\[\tau_{1}=0.529+\frac{2n\pi}{0.529},n=0,1,2\ldots,\]  
and:  
\[\tau_{2}=3.712+\frac{2n\pi}{3.712},n=0,1,2\ldots,\]  
respectively. The transversality condition (Equation (26)) is satisfied only for \(\omega_{2}=0.307\) and \(\tau_{2}=3.712\). If \(c=0.18\), Equation (23) has two positive real roots:  
\[\omega_{1}=0.128,\omega_{2}=0.335,\]  
the two corresponding critical values of \(\tau\) separately, are:  
\[\tau_{1}=0.516+\frac{2n\pi}{0.516},\tau_{2}=4.149+\frac{2n\pi}{4.149},n=0,1,2 \ldots, \tag{32}\]  
The transversality condition (Equation (26)) holds only when \(\omega_{2}=0.335\) and \(\tau_{2}=4.149\). Then we can choose an appropriate value of time delay to satisfy the synchronization condition (20), for instance, \(\tau=7\). In addition, the initial conditions are taken by \(u_{1}(t-\tau)=0.01\), \(u_{2}(t-\tau)=0\), \(u_{3}(t-\tau)=0.02\), \(u_{4}(t-\tau)=0.01\) for \(t\in(-\tau,0]\) in the numerical simulations. We present the synchronization errors and phase diagrams of Equation (12) for \(c=0.16\) and \(c=0.18\) in Figures 4 and 5, respectively, which demonstrate the validity of the synchronization condition (Equation (20)) for Equation (12). Figure 4: _Cont._  
Figure 4: Synchronization errors (**a,b**) and phase diagrams (**c,d**) for Equation (12) with \(a=0.1\), \(b=0.08\), \(\gamma=3\), \(c=0.16\) and \(\tau=7\). The initial conditions are chosen as \(u_{1}(t-\tau)=0.01\), \(u_{2}(t-\tau)=0\), \(u_{3}(t-\tau)=0.02\), \(u_{4}(t-\tau)=0.01\) for \(t\in(-\tau,0]\). **Remark 2**. : _In this section, we apply the energy method to obtain the synchronization condition for Equation (12), in which the time delay of signal transmission between two neurons is taken into account. The time delay in the signal transmission is involved in the synchronization conditions, the change of which can dramatically affect the synchronous dynamics of two coupled FHN neurons. Comparing the analysis results in this section with the results from Section 2 (see Figures 1 and 3-5), it is clear that time delay in signal transmission can be used to control the appearance of synchronous spikes in Equation (12)._
## 3 Methodology and Implementation
### Dataset Description  
The data set contains 85,165 different entries in five languages (Spanish, French, English, Italian, and German, in descending order of prevalence). The data set contains the interactions generated by 2370 users from more than 50 different countries in the period between 18 November 2022 and 10 July 2023. Table 2 shows the distribution of entries by type of event. Table 3 presents the most represented countries in the data set.  
The predominant use of the application by Spanish-speaking users led to the decision to focus this research on the Spanish interactions of 1875 users. Additionally, we limited the scope of the study to interactions and pictograms generated with the punctual mode of the application, since the cumulative mode represent less than 2% of all the interactions. The highly adaptable nature of this mode adds an overwhelming amount of variability and makes it unsuitable for the methods and scope of this study. At this point, it is important to highlight the potential of these types of applications to reach Low- and Middle-Income Countries (lMICs) [38].  
Regarding the accessibility of the devices used to run PicoDroid Lite, we studied the different formats of hardware used, as they condition how the screen is displayed. We know that 77% of users work with tablet devices, benefiting from larger displays that ease navigation through the pictogram grids, whereas 14% of the users work with smartphones, leaving the remaining 9% to unknown sources (devices that are not identified by Google).
###### Abstract  
Human exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) has risen considerably during the last decades, because of the industrial and technical development and the consequent increase of artificial EMFs sources. In particular, blood is largely involved in the environmental EMF exposure, because it is located everywhere in the human body. Lympho-monocyte cells are blood components that protect the human organism against infections. In this study, we investigate biochemical changes in lympho-monocyte cells extracted from human peripheral blood after exposure to EMFs at 1.8 GHz frequency and 200 V/m electric field strength for times ranging from 5 to 20 h inside a reverberation chamber. Some mixtures of cells, coming from many human subjects, were exposed and successively investigated by means of Raman micro-spectroscopy technique and principal components analysis. The spectral analysis was able to detect variations of the biochemical composition of the nucleus of exposed cells. Such modifications are mainly detectable as an intensity decrease of some DNA and nucleic acid Raman peaks with respect to the intensity of some protein peaks and they were most evident in the case of 20 h exposed samples. These results were in agreement with the increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, observed in the exposed cells. Overall, the obtained results point out that EMFs exposure may induce modifications of the DNA in some blood cells of long-term exposed people.  
micro-wave effects on human blood; Raman microspectroscopy; principal components analysis +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
###### Abstract  
Background: obstructive sleep apnoea is a common and burdensome condition, characterised by obstruction of the airway during sleep at the level of the pharynx, which may occur with symptoms or without any symptoms. The most common place for obstructive sleep apnoea management is in specialised sleep units. Aim: to identify what is known about nurses' role in comprehensive management of obstructive sleep apnoea, and to determine the effectiveness of nurse-led interventions as well as the cost effectiveness of management of obstructive sleep apnoea in primary care settings. Methods: a scoping review was carried out by searching PubMed/Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and ScienceDirect. The study findings were synthesised using a thematic analysis approach. Results: In this review, 12 articles were included, and three key themes emerged, namely the role of nurses in the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnoea, role of nurses in the follow up and support of obstructive sleep apnoea patients, and role of nurses in the management of obstructive sleep apnoea in primary care and the cost-effectiveness. Conclusion: Nurses can play a critical role in obstructive sleep apnoea. There are many ways in which nurses can contribute, including screening, assessment, diagnosis, promotion of therapy adherence, and following up with patients, including monitoring for any side effects associated with the CPAP machine, such as irritation of the face. Additionally, nurses can provide patient education and coordinate with other health care providers. Nursing interventions such as patient education have been demonstrated to be highly effective in promoting adherence to PAP therapy in both sleep units and primary care settings. Based on the findings of this review, the primary care model is more cost-effective than the sleep unit model in the management of obstructive sleep apnoea patients. The role of nurses in managing Obstructive Sleep Apnoea in both paediatric and adult populations shares similarities, but also includes differences that should be carefully considered and explored. In this review, one article only explored the role of nurses in paediatric OSA care. Thus, there is a need to identify the potential role of nursing in the comprehensive management of paediatric obstructive sleep apnoea, as well as to explore alternative cost-effective approaches that include primary care settings.  
Keywords: obstructive sleep apnoea; adult; paediatric; chronic diseases; clinical care; clinical management; personalised medicine; precision medicine; nursing care; sleep nurse