## 4 Current Off-Training Wellbeing/Wellness Profiling in Elite Sports  
### Physical Activity (PA) and Sedentary Behavior (SB) Profiles  
Pervasive computing and data analytics play a central role in the quantification of physical behaviors as physical activity (PA) levels and sedentary behavior (SB), enabling their detailed description. The field of wearable intelligent systems, particularly those employing sensor-fusion technology, has fostered a successful commercial market dedicated to developing inertial measurement units and algorithms for event detection, as well as energy expenditure estimation in free-living activities--a field commonly known as actigraphy [29]. Guided by the World Health Organization's general recommendation, individuals should aim to accumulate at least 150 min of moderate-intensity aerobic PA, 75 min of vigorous-intensity aerobic PA, or an equivalent combination of both on a weekly basis [30]. These guidelines are designed to reduce mortality and bring significant health benefits for the general population. However, it is important to note that common perceptions might mistakenly overlook elite athletes as a group that presents healthy physical behaviors.  
Numerous studies have already systematically quantified the amount of PA and SB presented by athletes across different sports, skill levels, age, and gender. Regardless, studies have shown that athletes are not necessarily physically active [31], but might achieve the weekly recommended amount of PA [32] and also report alarming levels of SB [32; 33; 34; 35].  
Mostly, athletes exhibit substantial amount of sedentary and light activity as well as prolonged sitting [33], surpassing the levels observed in non-athletes [34; 35; 36]. Physical behavior profiles are predictive to health risk factors independently on the amount of PA accumulated [37]. Despite athletes generally having higher longevity, particularly in endurance-oriented sports [38; 39], it is essential to recognize that physical inactivity and excessive sedentary behavior are linked to the development of chronic diseases [40]. This underscores the importance of understanding and addressing the physical behavior patterns observed in the athletic population for comprehensive health management.  
Balancing PA and SB off-training seems to be challenging. While passive recovery is acknowledged as a component of training programs [41], it also carries the potential to contribute to an overall lifestyle that may be detrimental to performance. For instance, an increased amount of sitting time has been linked to higher adiposity in athletes [42]. That said, one might question if there are any interventions that used pervasive computing and data analytics to manipulate and modify physical behavior profiles to improve performance and health. Despite successful assessments and profiling in the literature, there is a notable lack of intervention initiatives that target such changes [41]. A recent initiative has been undertaken to explore the effects of wearables' notification systems, incorporating tactile and/or visual feedback on the tracking of information related to PA and SB profiles. This approach, designed to influence users' behavior and mindset, has shown positive results for physically active individuals [43]. However, when applied to athletes, results indicated that the reminders to move did not influence their off-training physical behavior profiles or training responses [44].  
Recognizing the limitations of standalone interventions, such as PA warnings from monitors, is crucial to encourage the adoption of a multi-component strategy. Coupling devices with social media-affiliated apps, including information feedback, social comparison, and goal-setting are potential options that have successfully increased the effectiveness of interventions in the general population [45; 46]. Further research and innovation are needed to develop tailored interventions that consider the unique challenges and requirements of elite athletes.