## 1 Introduction
For instance, the surface albedo in the entire land surface of Chinese has been assessed from 2000 to 2016 by using the database of the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) key instrument aboard the NASA's Terra satellite [13]. In addition, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has been used to study the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect in several cities in Greece [14], and in Shanghai [15], Singapore [16], Atlanta [17], and so on. Other studies are focussed on studying the impact of Urban Heat Islands (UHI) on population health [18]. Thermodynamic models based on thermal and radiative exchanges between the land surface and the atmosphere, and atmospheric models, which simulate local temperature distribution, are categorized as computer models. They are used to assess, simulate, and predict the thermal spatial distribution and energy flows. Finally, the greatest advantage offered by the \"in situ\" measurements approach is the direct and reliable measurement of the physical parameters, such as land temperature, air temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction and energy flows, among other parameters [19]. According to new satellite imagery provided by international space agencies, urban pavements are important sources of heat radiation and thermal activity [6]. That is to say, pavements absorb solar energy and radiate it back to the atmosphere, contributing substantially to climate change. [PERSON] et al. [20] performed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses on asphalt and concrete pavements, and they concluded that increasing the albedo is more effective in reducing pavement surface temperatures than increasing the thermal inertia. [PERSON] et al. [21] underlined the significance of performing a particular assessment for each local area whenever an intervention is to be planned. They found that a higher pavement emissivity reduces both air and mean radiant temperatures. Nevertheless, pavement albedo results can be different between to mean radiant temperature reported in confined spaces and what tests reveal in larger and more open spaces. The albedo decrease in small spaces is due to radiation trapping within the canyons. Therefore, thermal conditions of outdoor areas can be affected by many factors, and climatic predictions are not that simple, but some tendencies can be identified in any case. Pavements play a key role in the social and economic progress of the countries, which often entail significant improvements in the life of individuals. Therefore, pavements account for a considerable extension of the land cover worldwide. Overall, cool pavements are basically classified into three types: (i) reflective cool pavements, (ii) evaporative cool pavements, and (iii) heat storage pavements [22; 23]. Recently, pavement solar collector (PSC) technology has been developed, whereby pavement heat is used for recharging geothermal boreholes [24]. The most common materials utilized for pavement construction are asphalt and concrete. It is well-known that conventional pavements can absorb and store solar radiation due to their dark and opaque surface and their large thermal inertia [25]. By contrast, the design and use of highly reflective pavements is a mitigation strategy which is gaining more interest regarding minimizing climatic change effects. [PERSON] et al. [26] reported a reduction of 16,000 tons of CO\({}_{\text{2 eq}}\) provided by a high-albedo surface area of 115,000 m\({}^{2}\) for a service life of 30 years. In addition, permeable pavements are more effective than traditional ones in reducing air temperature compared to the current asphalt surface [27]. Furthermore, some coated materials can be nearly 1 \({}^{\circ}\)C cooler for concrete and about 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C cooler for asphalt pavements [28]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [29] suggested that the use of cool coatings can be optimized to improve urban albedo. Accordingly, [PERSON] et al.