## 3 Results and Discussion
### Xps
#### 3.1.2 Plots of XPS Intensity of Core Spectra Against Scratching Environments  
Figure 4a-d shows the dependence of the total number of electrons counted, called XPS intensity, in the XPS measurement of Fe 2\(p\), Fe 3\(p\), O 1\(s\), and C 1\(s\) spectra at 25, 200, and 339 \({}^{\circ}\)C on the scratching environment. In Figure 4, the environments on the abscissa are arranged in increasing order of XPS increase in the order of air < benzene < cyclohexane < water < methanol < ethanol < acetone. This arrangement of the environments is used hereafter. It should be noted that, in Figure 4d, the XPS C 1s intensity at 339 \({}^{\circ}\)C is located at nearly the same level for all environments. Therefore, this confirms that the XPS intensity of each spectrum can be attributed to the environment itself, but not to the measurement condition of the XPS spectrometer, which was maintained constant for all environments. In Figure 4, the following are featured: (1) the XPS intensities of Fe 2\(p\), Fe 3\(p\), and O 1s at 25, 200, and 339 \({}^{\circ}\)C tend to increase as the environments shift to right, and they are raised with the increasing temperatures; (2) as the temperature is increased from 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 200 and 300 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the XPS O 1s intensity  
Figure 3: Temperature dependence of O 1\(s\) spectra of real iron surfaces scratched in different environments: (1) air, (2) benzene, (3) cyclohexane, (4) water, (5) methanol, (6) ethanol, and (7) acetone. at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C gradually increases (Figure 4c) to greater than the XPS intensities of Fe 2\(p\) (Figure 4a) and Fe 3\(p\) (Figure 4b); (3) the temperature dependence of the XPS C 1\(s\) intensity is almost independent of temperature, although, in the case of benzene and cyclohexane, the XPS C 1\(s\) intensity fluctuates, increasing at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C, then decreasing at 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C, before becoming higher at 339 \({}^{\circ}\)C, leading to a level equal to that for the other environments. This can be attributed to the deposition of carbon materials by decomposition of these molecules, resulting from scratching and its removal by temperature increase. We think that, based on the thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) results for an iron surface ultrasonically cleaned only in acetone without scratching, followed by drying under vacuum, as described before, the increase in the XPS intensities of Fe 2\(p\), Fe 3\(p\), and O 1\(s\) with temperature may be caused as a result of the desorption of a main species, H2O, from the scratched surface [13], as well as the transport of oxygen species embedded in the metal inside by scratching to the outer surface. We describe later that the values of \(\alpha\)_A_can be associated with the increase of XPS intensities of Fe 2\(p\), and Fe 3\(p\), and O 1\(s\). Figure 4: Dependence of the total number of electrons counted, termed X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) intensity, in the Fe 2\(p\) (**a**), Fe 3\(p\) (**b**), O 1\(s\) (**c**), and C 1\(s\) (**d**) spectra in the XPS measurements after the photoelectron emission (PE) measurement at 25, 200, and 339 \({}^{\circ}\)C for real iron surfaces on the scratching environments in the following order: (1) air, (2) benzene, (3) cyclohexane, (4) water, (5) methanol, (6) ethanol, and (7) acetone. 1.3 Curve Resolution of O 1s Spectrum and Temperature Dependence of XPS O 1s Component Intensity on Scratching Environments  
In Figure 5, the temperature dependence of XPS intensity of the three components on the environments, which are lattice O\({}^{2-}\), lattice OH\({}^{-}\) and OH\({}^{\delta-}\), and adsorbed H\({}_{2}\)O, is shown, and an example of the curve resolution into three components for acetone is also demonstrated. These components are represented as O\({}^{2-}\), OH\({}^{-}\), and H\({}_{2}\)O, respectively.