# Evaluation of _Sambucus nigra_ L. Biopotential as an Unused Natural Resource
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Biological Activity
#### 3.2.2 Enzyme Inhibitor Activity of Fresh Fruits of Elderberry Extracts  
Natural products and their biological potential are very interesting subjects, not only for the scientific community but also for different groups of consumers, as well as a substituent of already existing synthetic medicines in the prevention of various diseases of modern society [36]. The special importance of this paper is reflected in the assessment of fresh elderberry fruits and a small number of literary data on their potency to prevent the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Extraction** & **Solvent** & **ABTS** & **DPPH** & **NO** & **FRAP** & **CUPRAC** & **PM** & **MC** \\
**Technique** & & **(mg TE/g E )*** & **(mg TE/g E)*** & **(mg TE/g E)*** & **(mg TE/g E)*** & **(mg TE/g E)*** & **(mmed TE/g E)*** & **mg (EDTA/g E)*** \\ \hline MAE & 50\% & 157.99 \(\pm\) 0.03 * & 76.28 \(\pm\) 0.01 * & 0.13 \(\pm\) 0.33 * & 175.86 \(\pm\) 0.01 * & 217.00 \(\pm\) 0.01 * & 1.80 \(\pm\) 0.005 * & 56.41 \(\pm\) 0.01 * \\ UAE & 50\% & 1352.40 \(\pm\) 0.01 * & 53.32 \(\pm\) 0.05 * & 0.15 \(\pm\) 0.45 * & 159.79 \(\pm\) 0.01 * & 192.81 \(\pm\) 0.02 * & 1.44 \(\pm\) 0.01 * & 58.88 \(\pm\) 0.01 * \\ MAC & EOH & 156.14 \(\pm\) 2.31 * & 73.31 \(\pm\) 0.01 * & 0.21 \(\pm\) 0.48 * & 169.32 \(\pm\) 0.01 * & 208.49 \(\pm\) 0.01 * & 1.91 \(\pm\) 0.01 * & 52.11 \(\pm\) 0.01 * \\ \hline MAE & 134.47 \(\pm\) 0.02 * & 60.50 \(\pm\) 0.02 * & 0.186 \(\pm\) 0.66 * & 147.59 \(\pm\) 0.01 * & 170.31 \(\pm\) 0.005 * & 1.51 \(\pm\) 0.004 * & 13.22 \(\pm\) 0.02 * \\ UAE & H\({}_{2}\)O & 150.08 \(\pm\) 0.07 * & 53.20 \(\pm\) 0.10 * & 0.13 \(\pm\) 0.19 * & 140.02 \(\pm\) 0.02 * & 153.08 \(\pm\) 0.01 * & 1.53 \(\pm\) 0.05 * & 25.27 \(\pm\) 0.01 * \\ MAC & & 113.00 \(\pm\) 0.01 * & 54.30 \(\pm\) 0.04 * & 0.13 \(\pm\) 0.37 * & 133.39 \(\pm\) 5.20 * & 158.42 \(\pm\) 0.01 * & 1.70 \(\pm\) 0.01 * & 27.64 \(\pm\) 0.01 * \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{10}{l}{* mg Trolox equivalent per g of extract, ** mmol Redox equivalent per g of extract, *** mg EDTA equivalent per g of extract \(\pm\) 3 SD. Means} \\ \multicolumn{10}{l}{ followed by different letters (\({}^{\Delta-0}\)) differ significantly at \(\
u<0.05\).} \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Antioxidant properties of fresh fruit elderberry extracts. development of some pathological states caused by overactivity of the enzymes [37]. The results of the enzyme inhibition activities are shown in Table 4.  
Examining the ability of extracts of fresh elderberry fruits to inhibit AChE and BChE enzymes is of particular importance in the prevention of the development of [PERSON]'s disease, some types of leukemia, and tumorigenesis. According to scientific estimates, in elderly populations, [PERSON]'s disease is the third disorder in frequency, placed immediately after heart disease and cancer [38]. The investigated extracts achieved excellent inhibitory activity against both choline-sterases (AChE and BChE). 50% EtOH extracts achieved better inhibitory potential against cholinesterases than H\({}_{2}\)O extracts. Although obtained by the traditional extraction technique, ethanol MAC extract achieved an excellent result in inhibition of AChE overactivity, with no statistically significant difference to ethanol UAE extract, obtained by a modern extraction technique (5.09 for MAC and 5.05 for UAE mg GALAE/g E, respectively). The results of the regression analysis showed that rutin and chlorogenic acid contents are highly correlated with AChE and BChE inhibition potential, indicating that they, as the most dominant representatives of flavonoids and phenolic acids, significantly contributed to overall cholinesterases inhibition. Ursolic acid correlates moderately with the capacity of the elderberry extract to provide neuroprotective protection (Table S1, Supplementary Material). Changes that may occur in the activity of enzyme tyrosinase could lead to the skin exposed, hyperpigmentation, and could cause melanoma [39].