## 4 Critical Review of AR and VR Technologies for Older Adults
### Psychological Wellbeing  
Psychological wellbeing for older adults refers to emotional wellness and subjective wellness [54]. Arousing positive emotions, such as fun, happiness or satisfaction, while using AR and VR is an important factor when designing AR and VR. It is also crucial to support their insufficient ability so that older adults can lead an independent life. Psychosocial wellbeing includes the following four critical factors for this group: positive emotions, virtual content, independence, and environmental mastery. We found that gamification, interest, and engagement factors are important in an AR system for rehabilitation. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [50] developed an AR architecture that exploited the capabilities of gesture-based technologies to create more engaging games, such as a 3D version of the popular Angry Birds game. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [51] created CogARC as an engaging tool that harnesses the powers of cognitive screening. The game environment is primarily designed to motivate and engage elderly players to play it frequently. The AR integration game successfully attracted older people. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [51] published a paper in which they explored game content and highlighted the need to deliver content incorporating a motivating factor that maintained the player's interest; for example, adjusting the level of difficulty of the game. Many studies focus on developing interesting virtual content to attract users. The Aloha VR program [49] aims to assist people to relax by offering calming environments. The immersive world offers an escape that allows older adults to forget their chronic pain, anxiety, and social isolation. It is necessary to consider activities that can be performed in a virtual environment, and not be content with simple appreciation of the environment; thus, an effort must be made to develop content in which older adults may be interested. Visual prompts, signifiers, and virtual feedback that allow them to have fun need to be identified. Designers and researchers should consider both positive and negative emotions of older adults. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [51] described the need to consider age-related cognitive changes when designing a system for elderly users. System errors can easily confuse elderly people and cause negative feelings of uncertainty, confusion, and tension. As such, it is imperative to design the system to prevent errors and ensure that any errors that do arise can be easily managed. Interaction issues, such as errors and complexity, may negatively affect users' perception, cognition, and emotional state, consequently having major effects on the targeted cognitive stimulation. Long-term motivation, engagement, and social interaction should be examined in further investigations of AR and VR applications. Various VR and AR applications have been developed to support older adults' independence as regards mobility or driving. Four papers apply AR applications to support older drivers in terms of navigation and hazard perception. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [55] created a prototype with an AR navigation display system that is placed onto the vehicle windshield. They designed it to help elderly drivers, and initial research indicated that it significantly reduced the number of navigational errors by users compared with traditional navigation systems. The system created an easy way by which users could find their bearings and the name of the next street by viewing an AR display of their location. [PERSON] et al. [52] and [PERSON] et al. [53] created AR indicators that employ a variety of virtual content for aged drivers. Traditional navigation systems are typically not very user-friendly. They frequently present information in nonintuitive ways and incorporate confusing commands that people are unable to understand unless they have good spatial orientation skills. [PERSON] et al. [52] concluded that in addition to providing users with a solution, the system incorporated social features that the friends and relatives can use to supervise the user.