## 5 Conclusions  
This study demonstrates that the surface roughness of Al6061 T6 electrodes, induced by Laser Shock Processing (LSP), significantly influences the electrofreezing process of deionized water. The results indicate that increased surface roughness, achieved through varying pulse densities during LSP, plays a crucial role in ice nucleation. Specifically, electrodes with rougher surfaces exhibited higher nucleation temperatures, suggesting enhanced ice nucleation activity. This phenomenon is likely due to the concentration of the electric field at the asperities of the rough surface, which facilitates the alignment of water molecules and the formation of critical ice nuclei. Moreover, the application of a constant electric field markedly affects the freezing dynamics, with different surface roughness levels of the electrodes leading to varied behaviors under applied voltages. This underscores the importance of precise electrode surface design in controlled electrofreezing applications. The observed correlation between pulse density during LSP and the resulting surface roughness suggests that it is possible to optimize the LSP treatment to achieve specific roughness levels that maximize electrofreezing efficiency. Notably, in our study, electrodes treated with 900 and 1600 pulses/cm\({}^{2}\) demonstrated a greater efficiency in ice nucleation compared to those treated with 2500 pulses/cm\({}^{2}\). This finding implies that a controlled surface microstructure can be tuned to enhance performance in applications such as cryopreservation and food processing. The insights gained from this study have significant implications for the design and manufacturing of electrodes in both industrial and scientific applications. By deepening our understanding of how surface roughness affects ice nucleation, we can develop more efficient electrofreezing technologies with potential applications in areas such as biological tissue preservation, the food industry, and climate modeling. This work not only advances our knowledge of the underlying mechanisms of electrofreezing but also highlights the critical role of surface treatment in optimizing the nucleation of ice. The results pave the way for future research and development in electrofreezing, promising substantial advancements in various technological applications. Methodology, E.J.-T. and D.P.L. ; Formal analysis, E.G.E.-Y. and D.P.L. ; Investigation, E.G.E.-Y., G.C.M.-R., E.J.-T. and D.P.L. ; Writing--original draft, D.P.L. ; Writing--review & editing, G.C.M.-R. and E.J.-T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was funded by LANITEF CONAHCyT (National Laboratory of Cooling Technologies) 322615 project. Not applicable. The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{8}{c}{**Nucleation Temperature \({}^{\circ}\)C**} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Electrodes**} & \multicolumn{8}{c}{**Voltage**} \\ \cline{2-10}  & **0** & **5 kV** & **6 kV** & **7 kV** & **8 kV** & **9 kV** & **10 kV** & **11 kV** & **12 kV** \\ \hline
0 pulses/cm\({}^{2}\) & \(-\)12.118 & \(-\)9.395 & \(-\)7.301 & \(-\)5.642  
**Acknowledgments:** [PERSON] and [PERSON] acknowledge the program Direccion de Investigadores e Investigadoras por Mexico from CONAHCyT for the financial support granted during the elaboration of this manuscript. Thanks are also given to [PERSON] for granting us access to the LSP equipment, to [PERSON] and Ing. [PERSON] for their technical assistance during laser structuring and the surface analysis of the Ale061 T6 electrodes, to [PERSON] for the technical assistance during the cooling measurements, and to the CONAHCyT LANITEF (National Laboratory of Cooling Technologies) 322615 project.