# A Review of Recent Literature on Audio-Based Pseudo-Haptics
## 3 Discussion
### Applications to Medical Training  
The integration of pseudo-haptics in medical, and more specifically, surgical training holds significant promise, particularly in the realm of orthopedic bone drilling. This skill is fundamental across various surgical procedures, encompassing tasks such as the reduction of complex fractures, bone plating, and spinal adjustments. Orthopedic bone plating, for instance, involves the application of a metal plate to stabilize fractured bones, crucial for promoting bone healing and restoring structural integrity [77]. Notably, one application is in the reduction of complex radial fractures, where precise drilling and fixation are paramount for optimal outcomes. During bone plating surgery, surgeons must navigate many factors simultaneously, including the anatomy of the radial bone and its surrounding structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, tendons, and neighboring bones [78]. A misstep in drilling can have grave consequences, especially if the second cortex of the bone is breached, potentially leading to injury of vital structures like the radial nerve and artery. This highlights the criticality of precision and control during surgical drilling to safeguard patient safety and minimize postoperative complications [79]. Research by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [80] revealed insights into the psychomotor control differences between novice and experienced surgeons during bone drilling. Their studies highlighted the impact of distracting noise on surgical performance, particularly in integrating auditory feedback associated with drilling sounds. Novices exhibited higher plunge depths compared to intermediate trainees and experienced surgeons, indicating the importance of auditory cues in guiding drilling motions [81]. Furthermore, experts demonstrated the ability to rapidly integrate haptic and auditory information to anticipate and control drilling actions effectively. They used a feedback loop, mapping haptic and auditory cues from the first cortex to anticipate drilling cessation upon reaching the second cortex, thereby minimizing plunge depth and mitigating patient risk [81]. The findings suggest that the incorporation of pseudo-haptics can enhance the development of sensory mappings crucial for surgical expertise. By simulating real-world surgical scenarios with immersive sensory feedback, pseudo-haptics may accelerate the acquisition of surgical skills and improve procedural outcomes. Thus, the integration of pseudo-haptics holds immense potential in augmenting surgical training, particularly in orthopedic bone drilling, by providing a dynamic learning environment that mimics the complexities of surgical practice. Expanding upon the role of pseudo-haptics in surgical training, it is essential to consider the broader implications and potential applications across various surgical disciplines. While orthopedic bone drilling serves as a prime example, pseudo-haptics can also be leveraged in other surgical contexts, including laparoscopic procedures, neurosurgery, and cardiovascular interventions. In laparoscopic surgery, for instance, pseudo-haptic feedback can enhance trainees' ability to manipulate surgical instruments and perform delicate maneuvers within the confined space of the abdomen. By simulating the tactile sensationsof tissue manipulation and organ interaction, pseudo-haptics can bridge the gap between traditional laparoscopic training simulators and real surgical scenarios, allowing trainees to develop proficiency in minimally invasive techniques. Similarly, in neurosurgery, where precision and spatial awareness are paramount, pseudo-haptics can provide trainees with realistic feedback on the manipulation of delicate neural structures and the placement of surgical instruments. By integrating haptic and auditory cues, trainees can refine their motor skills and develop a nuanced understanding of neuroanatomy, ultimately improving patient outcomes and reducing the risk of intraoperative complications.