## 1 Introduction  
Construction waste comprises surplus materials from the spheres of construction, renovation, and demolition. They encompass, but are not limited to, activities such as land excavation, civil and building construction, site clearance, demolition processes, roadwork, and building renovation [1, 2]. In 2022 alone, approximately 8.6 million tons of construction waste will be generated globally from various construction-related tasks [3]. Numerous countries worldwide, including the U.S., U.K., Spain, India, and China, are confronted with huge construction waste generation [4, 5]. For instance, China, propelled by rapid urbanization, accounts for a substantial amount of construction waste, approximately 30-40% of the annual global construction waste estimates [6, 7]. The generation of excessive construction waste leads to significant economic and environmental problems that cannot be ignored, e.g., natural resource overconsumption and soil contamination, resulting in serious negative health effects [8, 9]. Generally, construction waste is treated at disposal sites such as landfills or recycling centers. However, in current practice, only 5% of the construction waste generated is recycled [10], indicating that landfills are still the most commonly used approach for disposing of construction waste. Depositing construction waste into designated landfill cells or areas within the landfills requires a fair amount of land resources to deal with the escalating amounts of construction waste [4]. Moreover, construction waste landfills cause land depletion and deterioration [11; 12], solid waste exacerbation, as well as dust and gas emissions [13]. The presence of toxic materials in construction waste, such as asbestos and volatile organic compounds [12; 14], constitutes the potential contamination of soil and water through erosion induced by rainfall. Recycling is widely perceived as an effective countermeasure to mitigate the economic and environmental challenges of landfills. The recycling of construction waste produces one of the most crucial raw materials for construction, i.e., recycled aggregates. When utilized effectively, recycled concrete aggregate exhibits commensurable mechanical and durability performances to conventional concrete but at a reduced cost [15; 16]. Additionally, the conventional way of producing construction materials usually entails huge energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, directly contributing to environmental degradation and global warming. Conversely, products manufactured from recycled waste are a more sustainable alternative, as they reduce the need for raw resource extraction, minimize energy consumption, and lower greenhouse gas emissions [17; 18]. Although it has been reported that 90% of construction waste can be recycled [5], most of the construction waste is still disposed of in landfills. Having that said, extensive studies have highlighted various factors contributing to the ineffective recycling of construction waste, along with recommendations to enhance recycling rates. Primarily, the volume of waste significantly exceeds the capacity of recycling centers, highlighting the inadequate number of such facilities [19; 20]. Therefore, a well-designed plan for recycling centers can effectively improve the recycling rate of construction waste [21]. Nevertheless, the planning of these centers calls for complex decisions revolving around considerations of waste generation, transportation, and land use. High costs of land acquisition and imprecise estimation of waste quantities are the two main hindrances to construction waste recycling initiatives [19]. Additionally, the uncertain demand for recycled materials constitutes a critical factor influencing recycling rates as well [22]. Ignoring these uncertainties in construction waste management can lead to the inefficient use of substantial government investments in recycling centers [23; 24].