# Progress in Improving Photovoltaics Longevity
## 4 Results
### BIPV Longevity Improvement  
Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) represent a major advancement in solar technology by integrating PV modules directly into the building structure, serving dual purposes as both power generators and functional building materials as part of the roof, facade, or windows [189]. While this dual functionality is advantageous, it also introduces unique challenges that can affect the durability and performance of BIPV systems, necessitating targeted strategies to extend their operational lifespan. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**PV Longevity Enhancement Strategy** & **Description** & **Key Features** & **References** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Effective heat dissipation} & Ensuring proper heat & – & Development of cooling technologies: passive (natural heat transfer), active (requires energy), and hybrid methods (combines both) & \\  & management to prevent & – & Passive cooling benefits from module design, & \\  & performance drops due to & – & while active cooling is effective in hot climates & [183; 184; 185; 186] \\  & elevated temperatures & – & Hybrid systems are emerging as optimal & \\  & during operation & – & solutions for thermal management in PV & \\  & & – & Focus on minimizing material costs while & \\  & & maximizing performance through optimized & & \\  & & design and manufacturing practices & & \\  & & emphasis on using efficient solar cells and new & \\  & & reliability for sustainable PV & – & material technologies like perovskites & \\  & & module operation & – & Development of predictive models to estimate & \\  & & & lifetime and degradation rates enhances & \\  & & economic viability and environmental impact of & \\  & & solar energy systems & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 10: _Cont._Prolonging the lifetime of BIPV modules is essential for lowering the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) and maximizing the value for key stakeholders. Unlike traditional PV installations, BIPV systems are often installed in orientations and environments that are not ideal, leading to various performance issues [190]. A primary concern is the higher operating temperatures that BIPV modules often experience due to inadequate rear-side ventilation compared to standalone PV systems [191]. This can result in hot spots [192], energy losses, and shorter operational lifespans. Additionally, BIPV modules are exposed to various environmental stressors [145], including humidity, high winds, snow loads, and other weather-related factors, similar to traditional PV systems. The BIPV degradation mechanism may differ from those in standalone PV systems since they are usually exposed to building-specific factors such as structural loads, temperature changes from building heating and cooling, and shading from architectural elements. Additionally, the aesthetic requirements of BIPV systems often necessitate using semi-transparent or colored PV modules, which may have different aging profiles compared to standard modules [193]. One of the primary concerns is thermal stress, as these modules undergo significant temperature variations due to their integration into building structures. Poor ventilation can exacerbate thermal degradation, leading to material fatigue and delamination [88]. Moisture ingress is another critical issue, particularly for modules installed on facades or roofs. Exposure to rain, snow, or condensation can lead to the degradation of encapsulants, corrosion of electrical contacts, and PID. As modules age, particularly beyond their warranty period, problems such as severe delamination or microcracks can accelerate, resulting in a rapid decline in power output. Regular monitoring, especially after 15 years, and prompt detection of issues like junction box failures or corrosion are crucial for prolonging module life [194]. BIPV modules, as part of the building envelope, are subject to additional mechanical stresses [195] from wind, snow, debris, etc. This can result in microcracks, cell fractures, and other mechanical failures.