## 1 Introduction  
Sunlight-based photothermal materials have attracted increasing attention due to the growing global demands for energy and incumbent environmental concerns. Developing effective photothermal materials is very important for various practical applications, such as seawater desalination, photothermal therapy, and drug release [1; 2; 3; 4]. The photothermal effect is closely related to the light absorbance of materials. Plasmonic materials, including gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), show particular light absorbance at certain wavelengths. These plasmonic materials have been used as photothermal elements in many research works due to their unique localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) properties, which are sensitive to the particle shape, size, and metal materials. Incident light, at a certain frequency, leads to conduction electrons locally oscillating around nanoparticles. This phenomenon of excitation of surface plasmons by light irradiation is known as LSPR [5]. The plasmonic effect of AuNPs has been utilized to accelerate water evaporation and harvest sunlight energy through LSPR-based photothermal conversion [6]. Surface plasmon renders high photothermal conversion efficiency. The photo energy absorbed by plasmonic nanoparticles can be converted to the resonance energy of free electron oscillations and then transformed to lattice vibration energy [7]. This vibration energy is then transferred in the form of heat, resulting in an increase in the surrounding temperature. The small scale of the nanoparticles makes heating the area confined in the sub-micrometer area, overcoming the difficulty of heating localization from traditional methods. The local formation of a transient nanobubble around gold nanospheres in water was observed to illuminate the photothermal effect of plasmonic nanoparticles [8]. [PERSON] et al. investigated the LSPR induced heat generation from a monolayer one-dimensional (1D) grating of AuNPs prepared by photo-reduction in a poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) matrix doped with HAuCl\({}_{4}\) onto a glass substrate, under resonant laser radiation [9]. Comprehensive theoretical modeling was developed to study the plasmonic heat production from a single layer of randomly distributed AuNPs and compared with the experimental results [10]. The influencing factors of the photothermal conversion of AuNPs solutions, including nanoparticle size, the exciting laser intensity, and the presence of guest dye molecules, were also investigated [11]. In addition to plasmonic materials, two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, such as graphene oxide (GO), not only exhibit great thermal conducive performance but also possess high photothermal conversion efficiency [12; 13]. The photothermal features of GO have been used for water vapor generation [14] and disease therapy [13] as well as drug delivery [15]. Sunlight-induced water evaporation was realized based on the photothermal effect to GO [16]. Other functional materials, such as gold nanoparticles [17], tricalcium silicate [18], metal oxides [19], and upconverting nanomaterials [20], were combined with GO to improve the photothermal ability of GO. Plasmonic nanomaterials with tunable and localized photothermal properties enhanced the photothermal effect of GO nanosheets, achieving a highly efficient harvest and utilization of sunlight [21]. Eggshell membrane (ESM), as a low-cost waste biomass material, is a promising material for adsorption of metal ions, delivery of protein enzyme, and chemical sensors [22; 23; 24]. ESM locates between the egg white and eggshell, including the outer layer, inner layer, and limiting layer. Among these layers, the outer and inner layers are composed of complex intercalated nanofibers with porous three-dimensional (3D) network structures [25]. ESM with semi-permeability exhibits good air and water permeability and plays an important role in nutrition delivery for the embryo. It has been demonstrated that ESM is harmless to the human body [26].