## 5 Data Analysis and Main Findings
### Testing the Moderator Hypotheses  
One of the main reasons of using mediators in a UTAUT model is to investigate their effect on the acceptance and use of an electronic system as well as BYOD acceptance and adoption. According to [PERSON] [69], different mediators influence different aspects that increase the acceptance of a technical system. The use of mediators is also one of the main aspects of theoretical models as they are based on the unique characteristics of a particular community [69]. A related previous study completed the basic analytical requirements and focused on the reliability and stability of the theoretical framework. It highlighted the four mediators: gender, age, level of experience, and willingness to use. The dataset was divided into two main groups for each mediator. Therefore, the participants were divided according to gender (male or female) as well as age (below or more than 40 years old as 40 is the midpoint of the working years). The participants were then divided according to level of experience (high = more than three years or low = less than three years) and willingness to use (high or low). Table 5 presents the participants according to the divisions. The purpose of these guidelines was to identify differences between the characteristics of the participants and features of BYOD programmes according to individuals in the service and non-service industries. The correlation coefficients, critical ratios, and \(p\)-values of each construct were used to identify differences in the correlations between the constructs. The chi-square (\(\chi 2\)) and degree of freedom (\(df\)) are also necessary when calculating differences between vector groups. To calculate the path of the differences between the median groups, the gender, age, level of experience, and willingness to use of all 28 hypotheses had to be calculated to determine which path was significant to the model. Insignificant pathways were then removed and the effective pathways in the moderator groups were found. The \(\chi 2\) and \(df\) of the restricted and unconstrained models were then calculated to determine the level of change in the ensemble model \(\Delta\) (\(df=1\)) and to identify significant pathways [65]. The participants were grouped according to the division of the mediators in the theoretical model. Table 5 presents the total number of participants in each division. The correlation between the constructs in terms of gender was:  
As all the correlations were significant, gender reflected high interest in using laptops and smartphones in BYOD programmes in the government, private, and non-profit sectors. The results of the restricted and unrestricted tests indicated insignificant differences between men and women and significant correlations between PE, EE, SI, PT, PT-P, PT-P, and EA with BI in both men and women. Age was an important moderator of BYOD acceptance as well as laptop and smartphone use; which was 50.3% and 49.71%, respectively. The age of more or less than 40 years old is the midpoint of working life. Reflective correlations based on the experience of \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Moderator**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Group Level**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Sample Distribution by Moderator Group**} \\ \cline{3-4}  & & **Numbers** & **Percentage** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Gender} & Male & 745 & 86.94\% \\ \cline{2-4}  & Female & 112 & 13.06\% \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Age} & Over 40 Years old & 431 & 50.29\% \\ \cline{2-4}  & Below 40 years old & 426 & 49.71\% \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Experience} & High & 334 & 38.94\% \\ \cline{2-4}  & Low & 523 & 61.06\% \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Voluntariness of Use} & High & 579 & 67.55\% \\ \cline{2-4}  & Low & 278 & 32.45\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Sample distribution across four moderator groups. the mediator indicated some differences between the older ages and those unwilling to conduct work on their personal devices.