## 1 Introduction  
Over the previous few decades, there has been increasing interest and investment in solar photovoltaic (PV) technology, primarily based on the increasing efficiency of solar cells and the increased economic viability of generating electricity using this method. The solar PV system's operating principle is based on the photovoltaic effect of photons of light interacting with electrons within a solar cell, primarily composed of doped silicon to create a p-n junction. This interaction causes the electrons within the junction to be released creating an electron hole which is filled by a free electron within the p-n junction, given a continuous source of light these individual interactions compound resulting in a flow of electrons and subsequently, generate a current. Typically, a commercial silicon solar cell produces around 0.5-0.6 V with a current between 28 and 35 mA/cm\({}^{2}\)[1]. Therefore, to allow solar energy to be used for practical applications, solar cells are group together into solar panels. Depending on the application, solar panels can be grouped and arranged into solar arrays, providing a larger surface area, generating significantly more electricity. There are ongoing work to enhance the performance of the PV cells. [PERSON] et al. [2] studied different diffraction nano gratings which then are deposited on top of the gallium arsenide (GaAs) based solar cell and showed promising results in improving the cell's light absorption. [PERSON] et al. [3] simulated the performance of a multi-junction solar cell and showed that this cell can increase the maximum power by a factor of 3 when compared with a conventional PV cell. [PERSON] et al. [4] carried out the synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO\({}_{2}\)) nanorods embedded nanopillar and argued that this technique can be used to enhance the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). [PERSON] et al. [5] attempted to optimise the performance of an organic solar cell by studying the mechanisms of exciton diffusion and managed to obtain a power conversion efficiency of 16.35%. [PERSON] et al. [6] researched on the use of a naphthalene diimide side-chain polymer as an electron-extraction layer to create a perovskite solar cell and achieved a power conversion efficiency of 14%. [PERSON] et al. [7] reported a roll-to-roll fabrication method which enables the mass production of the perovskite solar and the cell maintains a power conversion efficiency of 15.2%. As the most expensive component within a PV system is the solar cell itself [8], numerous methods are developed to optimise the energy produced from a single solar cell. This includes tracking systems which change the direction that the solar arrays face, to track the sun as it rises and falls over the course of a day and more advanced tracking systems are capable of multiple axis of movement to track seasonal changes in the sun's location [9]. These systems significantly improve the amount of energy acquired over time from the solar panels, but due to their moving components, this also comes with the drawback of increased maintenance and a greater initial investment cost. Another method of improving the solar panel's efficiency is to increase the apparent surface area of the cell using a lens (also commonly known as concentrator) or series of lenses (concentrators) to focus the solar energy from a large surface area onto a relatively small exit area where a solar cell is attached; if setup correctly this allows a solar panel to be constructed using a fraction of the number of solar cells it would typically require for a traditional solar panel of an equivalent surface area [10]. Additionally, depending on the shape of the lenses, the panel may absorb a high percentage of solar energy when it is not directly orientated towards the source of light, further increasing the efficiency of the system compared to a traditional solar panel.