# Changes in Pupil Size According to the Color of Cosmetic Packaging: Using Eye-Tracking Techniques
## 3 Results
### Changes in Pupil Size by Color
In the case of black, white, blue, and orange, the size of the pupil when not staring at the packaging was significantly larger than the size of the pupil when staring at the packaging. In the case of yellow and turquoise sky blue, there was no significant difference between the pupil size when not staring at the packaging and the pupil when staring at the packaging. When it was pink, it was found that the size of the pupil was significantly larger than the size of the pupil when staring at the packaging. These results mean that pink cosmetics can attract the most marketing attention. Additionally, black, white, blue, and orange suggest they can make you look more. Table 6 presents the results of verifying whether there is a difference between male and female samples through the T-test. As the analysis showed, there was no significant difference in pupil size changes between male and female samples. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Color**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Total (Glancing on Body)**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Male**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Female**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Diff**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**T-Value**} \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{5-7}  & **N** & & & & & \\ \hline Black & 1772 & 2.68 & 1626 & 2.67 & 0.01 & 0.48 \\ \hline White & 1932 & 2.44 & 1787 & 2.46 & \(-\)0.02 & \(-\)0.98 \\ \hline Blue & 1799 & 2.56 & 1660 & 2.55 & 0.00 & 0.10 \\ \hline Yellow & 1819 & 2.45 & 1671 & 2.43 & 0.02 & 0.78 \\ \hline Orange & 1866 & 2.54 & 1728 & 2.54 & 0.00 & 0.18 \\ \hline Blue-green & 1814 & 2.50 & 1666 & 2.50 & 0.00 & 0.11 \\ \hline Pink & 1809 & 2.47 & 1670 & 2.49 & \(-\)0.02 & \(-\)1.11 \\ \hline Sky blue & 1855 & 2.52 & 1720 & 2.53 & \(-\)0.02 & \(-\)1.02 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: T-test results show the average difference in relative pupil size by color when staring at the packaging for all samples (male vs. female). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Color**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Total**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Non-Body**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Body**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Diff**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**T-Value**} \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{5-7}  & **N** & & & & & \\ \hline Black & 763 & 2.80 & 3398 & 2.68 & 0.12 & 7.56 & *** \\ \hline White & 422 & 2.62 & 3719 & 2.45 & 0.17 & 9.37 & *** \\ \hline Blue & 575 & 2.69 & 3459 & 2.55 & 0.14 & 7.34 & *** \\ \hline Yellow & 484 & 2.43 & 3490 & 2.44 & \(-\)0.01 & \(-\)0.58 & \\ \hline Orange & 595 & 2.57 & 3594 & 2.54 & 0.04 & 1.98 & ** \\ \hline Blue-green & 595 & 2.50 & 3480 & 2.50 & 0.00 & \(-\)0.22 & \\ \hline Pink & 384 & 2.42 & 3479 & 2.48 & \(-\)0.06 & \(-\)2.56 & ** \\ \hline Sky blue & 449 & 2.55 & 3575 & 2.52 & 0.02 & 1.05 & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: T-test results showing the average difference in relative pupil size by color when staring at the packaging for all samples. Table 7 shows the difference in pupil size by color when staring at the packaging and when not staring at the packaging, separating only the time when the gaze is fixed. In this study, the differences in pupil size were verified through the T-test. Similar to the results for the entire sample, black, white, blue, and orange showed that the size of the pupil when not staring at the packaging was significantly larger than the size of the pupil when staring at the packaging. In the case of yellow and turquoise sky blue, there was no significant difference between the pupil size when not staring at the packaging and the pupil size when staring at the packaging. On the other hand, when it was pink, it was found that the size of the pupil was significantly larger when staring at the packaging compared to when not staring at it. This empirical analysis result means that, in terms of marketing, cosmetics can attract the most attention when packaged in pink. Additionally, in the case of black, white, blue, and orange, it suggests that it can make the surroundings more focused than focusing on cosmetics.