# Impact of the Integration of the Electric Vehicle on Low-Voltage Rural Networks
## 6 Conclusions  
In the coming years, a significant increase in electric vehicles is expected due to the objectives associated with the energy transition. The charging of these electric vehicles from the electrical grid represents a substantial increase in energy demand that can cause saturation problems, undervoltage, and increased losses in the network. There are solutions to address these impacts, but they usually involve significant investments in infrastructure to build new transformation centers, new lines, etc. In Spain, it is projected that by 2030, 5.5 million EVs will need to be charged from the electrical grid. The majority will be in cities, but a significant percentage will be in small towns whose electrical grids are predominantly weak radial networks and where a significant investment in new infrastructure is not profitable due to the low number of users. This study examines the impact that the charging of electric vehicles will have on \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \begin{tabular}{c} **Total** \\ **Losses** \\ **(\%)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Minimum** \\ **Voltage** \\ **(\%)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Max. Neutral** \\ **Current** \\ **(\%)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Max.** \\ **Loading** \\ **(\%)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **CUF** \\ **(\%)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **CUF0** \\ **(\%)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **VUF** \\ **(\%)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Scenario 2 & 46.7 & 9.9 & 47.3 & 51.9 & 7.9 & 8.4 & 52.7 & 52.2 \\ Scenario 3 & 42.2 & 4.8 & 35.9 & 14.7 & 55.8 & 52.7 & 45.0 & 41.7 \\ Scenario 4 & 52.2 & 9.9 & 64.7 & 41.6 & 65.4 & 65.4 & 43.5 & 66.6 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Comparison of the improvement in the evaluated indexes for the analysed Scenarios. Figure 11: Comparison of results for the four analysed scenarios. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \begin{tabular}{c} **Total** \\ **Losses** \\ **(kWh/Day)** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **Minimum** \\ **Voltage** \\ **(\%)** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **Max. Neutral** \\ **Current** \\ **(\%)** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **Max.** \\ **Loading** \\ **(\%)** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **Max.** \\ **(\%)** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **CUF0** \\ **(\%)** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **CUF** \\ **(\%)** \\ \end{tabular}  & \ \begin{tabular}{c} **CUF** \\ **(\%)** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **VUF0** \\ **(\%)** \\ \end{tabular}  \\ \hline Scenario 1 & 25.71 & 0.838 & 136.40 & 88.78 & 39.97 & 54.92 & 2.60 & 3.62 \\ Scenario 2 & 13  
a real low-voltage rural network in a town in Spain by that date and explores possible solutions that do not involve the construction of new infrastructure. For this purpose, a preliminary analysis of the projected number of EVs has been conducted to model a future scenario in which the charging of EVs is carried out mainly in households at night and without any control; that is, the charging is carried out when the user connects the vehicle to the network. It is observed that charging may lead to problems with excessive voltage drops and a significant increase in current unbalance, which implies a restriction on the deployment of electric mobility. Three solutions are proposed to address this issue. Firstly, controlling the vehicle charging by limiting the power based on the voltage drop in the distribution network is suggested. This solution ensures that voltage levels remain within advised limits, with a minimum value of 0.9 p.u., while reducing line losses by 46.7% and decreasing the maximum load by 51.9%. These benefits are achieved by extending the charging time of affected vehicles by two hours to complete the charge of the EVs. However, this method increases the current unbalance by 8.4%.