## 3 Related Work
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt}} \hline \hline
**Protocol** & **Year** & **Technique** & **Classification** & **Strengths** & **Weaknesses** \\ \hline Proposed protocol (LEDCHE-WSN) & 2021 & Combined CH election Method Self-configuring cluster formation & Hybrid clustering scheme & (3) Deletes the dead nodes from the topology list; (4) Self-configuring the re-clustering process dynamically; (5) Complexes tracking the CHs by attackers & Ignore to face the challenge of electing CH node dead/failure while performing its work (Future work) \\ \hline FBCFP protocol [18] & 2019 & Neuro-fuzzy rule schemes & Adaptive schemes & It uses a deep learning-based method to ensure electing the optimum CH & Extensive calculation in the cluster head election process drains the cluster nodes’ energy quickly and adds more burdens to the network. \\ \hline Energy Optimization in Cluster-Based Routing Protocols for Large-Area Wireless Sensor Networks [24] & 2019 & Derivative-free Nelder-Mead Simplex method & Hybrid clustering scheme & The proposed protocol decreases energy consumption effectively & The heavy calculations of the transmission range of the control messages and the average number of clusters in each round result in a great delay of operations, and the depletion of the network’s energy \\ \hline \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{2018} & Genetic algorithms & (1) Effective cluster head selection that enhancement the lifetime of the network; & The extensive calculation, such as node centrality measure, hop count, and density, resulting in quick energy depletion, group ratio, total energy consumption, and number of average delays. & The extensive calculation, such as node centrality measure, hop count, and density, resulting in quick energy depletion, group ratio, total energy consumption, and number of average delays. & The extensive calculation, such as node centrality measure, hop count, and density, resulting in quick energy depletion, consequently shortening the lifetime of the network \\ \hline A TOPSIS Based Cluster Head Selection for Wireless Sensor Networks [5] & 2016 & TOPSIS algorithm and measures the (distance to BS, transmission rate, Residual energy) & Combined metric schemes & Improve the lifetime of the network compared to LEACH and AHP & Focusing on the accuracy degree at the expense of the new burdens that can be added in terms of mathematical complexity and increasing of signals \\ \hline Clustering Approach in Wireless Sensor Networks Based on K-means: Limitations and Recommendations [26] & 2015 & Residual energy measuring method and the nodes’ threshold value & Adaptive schemes & Better nodes working in the network in comparison to the LEACH & It with the threshold value for all nodes, itself considered as an additional burden on the network \\ \hline Energy Efficient distributed cluster head scheduling scheme for two-tiered WSNs [25] & 2015 & Remaining energy/Cluster optimal centrality degree & Adaptive schemes & Overcome frequent election of cluster head and fair energy load balancing among cluster-based networks & The residual energy level measurement and signal strength to each node adds more burdens to the network, resulting in more energy consumed \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{2015} & Calculating the remaining energy and the times of being elected as cluster head & Combined metric schemes & Energy consumption and better construction time & Calculating the remaining energy and election times as the cluster head for each sensor node adds more load to the network. \\ \hline Cluster head selection optimization based on genetic algorithm [28] & 2015 & Calculating the residual energy, inter-and-intra-cluster distance & Adaptive scheme & Good lifetime and network load balancing & Repetitive residual energy and distances calculation adds more burdens, leading to whole-network delay and quick power depletion \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}