## 5 Discussion  
Previous studies have suggested that rapid expansion in Mongolia has resulted in an inequality in livelihood [7; 15], growing air pollution [20], unevenly distributed social goods [21; 23], etc., which implies that the urbanization of Mongolia is characterized by a chronic imbalance. However, few studies have incorporated the lack of coordination urbanization into Mongolian urban studies, and most studies have focused only on land expansion [25; 95] and environmental changes [96]. This paper has explored the CCD between urbanization and urban residents' livelihood level and its driving forces in detail. These results provide not only essential insights into understanding the lack of coordination \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Independent Variables**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Random Spatial Effects, Fixed Time-Period Effects**} \\ \cline{2-4}  & **Coef** & \(T\)**-Test** & \(p\)**-Value** \\ \hline Direct effect Log (\(CU\)) & 0.0771 & 1.26 & 0.207 \\ Direct effect Log (\(RE\)) & 0.2952 & 2.92 & 0.004 \\ Direct effect Log (\(VH\)) & 0.1021 & 0.97 & 0.331 \\ Direct effect Log (\(SE\)) & 0.3122 & 5.28 & 0.000 \\ Direct effect Log (\(CR\)) & \(-\)0.0233 & \(-\)0.77 & 0.440 \\ Direct effect Log (\(EX\)) & \(-\)0.0425 & \(-\)0.34 & 0.735 \\ Direct effect Log (\(TE\)) & 0.0584 & 1.05 & 0.293 \\ Indirect effect Log (\(CU\)) & 0.1516 & 0.53 & 0.594 \\ Indirect effect Log (\(RE\)) & 0.1030 & 0.30 & 0.762 \\ Indirect effect Log (\(VH\)) & \(-\)0.1346 & \(-\)0.39 & 0.695 \\ Indirect effect Log (\(SE\)) & \(-\)0.0432 & \(-\)0.18 & 0.854 \\ Indirect effect Log (\(CR\)) & \(-\)0.0052 & \(-\)0.03 & 0.975 \\ Indirect effect Log (\(EX\)) & \(-\)0.0884 & \(-\)0.28 & 0.780 \\ Indirect effect Log (\(TE\)) & \(-\)0.0583 & \(-\)0.27 & 0.784 \\ Total effect Log (\(CUI\)) & 0.2287 & 0.89 & 0.373 \\ Total effect Log (\(RE\)) & 0.3982 & 1.16 & 0.245 \\ Total effect Log (\(VH\)) & \(-\)0.0325 & \(-\)0.09 & 0.926 \\ Total effect Log (\(SE\)) & 0.2690 & 1.09 & 0.275 \\ Total effect Log (\(CR\)) & \(-\)0.0285 & \(-\)0.16 & 0.874 \\ Total effect Log (\(EX\)) & \(-\)0.1309 & \(-\)0.50 & 0.614 \\ Total effect Log (\(TE\)) & 0.0001 & 0.00 & 1.000 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Notes: Coef denotes the coefficient.  
\end{table} 
Table 5: The direct, indirect, and total effects of variables based on the SDM. between urbanization and urban residents' livelihood level in Mongolia, but also effective insights for the government to promote the sustainable development of urbanization. It is important to understand the spatiotemporal changes of the level of urbanization and the livelihood level of urban residents before conducting research on the CCD between the two systems. The results obtained with the entropy weight method demonstrated the spatiotemporal patterns of the two systems. The regions with a higher level of urbanization in Mongolia were mostly distributed in the central regions with developed industries and the border regions with developed foreign trade (Figure 1). However, an improvement of the urbanization level did not create a simultaneous improvement in the livelihood level of urban residents. The large-scale migration of herdsmen that was caused by natural disasters in 2010 [22; 80] led to a shortage of infrastructure in some industrialized areas (e.g., Orkhon, and Darkhan-Uul), which seriously affected the livelihood levels of urban residents [10; 15; 23]. However, in some western regions (e.g., Zavkhan, Arkhangai, and Uvurkhangai), the infrastructure was relatively adequate due to the sharp decline in population. Meanwhile, with the rapid development of mining and transportation [97; 98], the livelihood levels of urban residents in some western regions were relatively higher than those in the central and eastern regions. Additionally, a serious imbalance in the coordination of urban development and urban residents' livelihood among the Aimags of Mongolia was indicated by the spatial distribution of the CCD values from 2004 to 2016.