## 3 Results and Discussion
### Suitability of the Electrical Method for Controlling Quality Parameters  
The last stage of our research involved a two-stage statistical analysis aiming to determine which of the standard physicochemical tests can be replaced by measurements of electrical properties. Stage 1. Analysis of the degree of similarity of changes in the tested physicochemical parameters (qualitative and health-promoting) among the seven honey varieties showed that the first cluster of honey quality parameters most similar to each other was cluster no. 1, including the following: water content, acidity, and color parameters L* and b*. The second cluster characterized by a very high degree of similarity and a large number of parameters was cluster no. 2, including the following: sucrose, 5-HMF, TP, diastase number, DPPH, reducing sugars, and color parameter a* (Figure 3). The second stage of the analysis aimed to demonstrate the correlation between dependent variables (variables grouped into clusters 1 and 2) and independent (electrical) variables. Profit analysis was conducted to this end, which enabled understanding of how different levels of dependent variables affect the physicochemical, health-promoting, and color parameters of the honeys, as well as which features of individual honey species are the most important (Figure 3). The obtained perception map (multidimensional scaling--MDS) (Figure 4) of electrical conductivity parameters (\(Z\) and \(G\)) of honeys in relation to their four quality parameters, characterized as cluster 1 (Figure 4a), indicates the existence of strong correlations between  
Figure 3: Hierarchical structure of the set (clusters 1 and 2) of variables due to the similarity between changes in the average values of physicochemical, health-promoting, and color parameters. water content and \(G\) (in the entire frequency range) of the buckwheat and lime honeys, and between the color parameter L* and Z of rapeseed honey (f = 100 Hz, 1-100 kHz) and phacelia honey (f = 1-2 MHz). In the variant of the analysis of dielectric parameters (\(Cs\) and \(Cp\)) in relation to the parameters of cluster 1 (Figure 4b), correlations were found between them in the lime, phacelia, and goldenrod honeys. Significant correlations were also found between acidity and water content and the \(Cs\) parameter (f = 100 Hz, f = 1-100 kHz) of goldenrod honey, and between the color parameters (L*, b*) and Cp100 Hz and Cp1 kHz of the linden and phacelia honeys. The distribution of points and vectors for physicochemical and color parameters (cluster 1) and electrical parameters (Z, G, Cp, Cs) indicates that preference assessments are mainly determined by two dimensions. The most expected from the point of view of assessing water content in the buckwheat and linden honeys is the use of the G parameter (irrespective of the measurement frequency), and the 0 parameter for goldenrod honey (f = 100 Hz, f = 1-100 kHz). The color lightness (L*) of phacelia honey can be assessed using the Z parameter (at high frequencies 1-2 MHz), whereas the Cp100 Hz and Cp1 kHz parameters are found suitable in assessing the lightness and yellow color (L*, b*) of the linden and phacelia honeys. The significant correlations obtained indicate the feasibility of replacing water content determination in honeys with measurements of conductivity parameters, in order to assess their quality non-invasively and quickly. The water content of honey is a key quality parameter, as it affects its stability, ability to crystallize, and susceptibility to fermentation [36]. Another advantage of the observed possibilities of quick quality control of honeys, especially in the case of lime honey (alleviating cold symptoms and supporting the health of the respiratory tract) and buckwheat honey (supporting the circulatory system and the ability to neutralize free radicals), is that they are often chosen by consumers in many countries [78], including Poland, due to their health benefits. Studies conducted by [PERSON] et al.