esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Biotechnological Fungal Platforms for the Production of Biosynthetic Cannabinoids
## 4 Development of Biotechnological Fungal Platforms for the Biosynthesis of Cannabinoids
### Biosynthesis of Cannabinoids in Yeasts
In this enzyme, which synthesizes 1-methylolivetol directly from malonyl-CoA, thereby representing an advantage regarding hexanoyl-CoA supply, point mutations were included to diminish the methylation of olivetol (G1516R) or to allow the biosynthesis of both methyl-olivetol and olivetol (G1516D/G1518A). Due to genetic engineering, the yeast strains produced 66.3 mg/L methyl-CBG, 74.26 mg/L olivetol, and 42.44 mg/L methyl-olivetol [86]. In another patent, the mevalonate pathway was overexpressed in _S. cerevisiae_. In addition, an ERG20 F96W/N127W mutant was added to provide a GPP precursor source in the cell, and pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) from _Zymomonas mobilis_ was chromosomally integrated to increase the flux from pyruvate towards acetyl-CoA. The inclusion of CsPT4 led to the production of 215.6 mg/L CBGA after feeding 1 mM OA [87]. Synthetic biology approaches in _S. cerevisiae_ have also been reported in other patents [88; 89], and a cell-free system for the production of cannabinoids has been patented [90]. _Candidia vistwanathiti_ was also tested as a host microorganism for the production of cannabinoids from fatty acids. The strains generated in this patent contained an engineered \(\beta\)-oxidation pathway and an engineered pathway for the production of CBGA, yielding 0.67 mg/L (supernatants) or 1.51 mg/L (lysates) CBGA and 5.86 mg/L (supernatants) or 12.23 mg/L (lysates) OA from oleic acid [91]. The oleaginous yeast _Y. lipolytica_ has also been genetically engineered to produce the cannabinoid precursor OA. The co-expression of different enzymes, such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase, pyruvate dehydrogenase bypass, and the malic enzyme, as well as the activation of the peroxisomal \(\beta\)-oxidation pathway and the ATP export pathway, allowed the production of 9.18 mg/L OA in a shake-flask culture [92], which makes this yeast a promising microbial host cell for the biosynthesis of cannabinoids.
# Security Performance Analysis of Full-Duplex UAV Assisted Relay System Based on SWIPT Technology
###### Abstract  
In this paper, a new methodology is developed for modeling and analyzing a full-duplex UAV-assisted relay system to facilitate solving the problems of UAV energy constraints and the vulnerability of UAVs to eavesdropping in the air. Combining simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) technology, we model the downlink UAV eavesdropping channel and propose a secure transmission protocol for a full-duplex UAV-assisted relay system. Using this transmission protocol, we analyze and derive the connectivity and security of the entire communication link, including connection probability and lower bounds on secrecy outage probability. A key intermediate step in our analysis is to derive the signal-to-digital noise ratio of the destination and eavesdropping nodes of the full-duplex UAV relay link. The analyses show that the power allocation factor \(\lambda\) is a trade-off between system connectivity and security, while greater eavesdropping interference needs to be sacrificed for an equal magnitude of security performance improvement under high security demand conditions.  
physical layer security; SWIPT; UAV-relaying; full duplex; airborne eavesdropping +
Footnote †: journal: Applied  
1
Footnote 1: email: {[[https://doi.org/10.3390/app14124987](https://doi.org/10.3390/app14124987)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/app14124987](https://doi.org/10.3390/app14124987))}
# Concert Halls as Nearly Adaptive Spaces
## 2 Main Adaptive Factors for Room Acoustic Quality in Concert Halls
### Air Velocity and Air Distribution Systems  
The thermo-hygrometric variables influence the acoustic parameters, but their effects are commonly neglected. In the case of a highly different distribution of air temperature in the hall, for example, the temperature gradient might cause convective air flows from different seat positions, provoking both an important variation in acoustic parameters and a variation in the tuning of musical instruments. This effect is particularly relevant for musical instruments in which the temperature differences might cause thermal dilatations in their metals' components, and therefore their out-of-tuning.  
The influence of thermo-hygrometric conditions on acoustic parameters varies considerably with frequency, but the variation in air velocity in the room represents the most relevant environmental parameter for the change in acoustic quantities [7] inside the space.  
To increase air velocity uniformity, under-floor air distribution (UFAD) systems are increasingly used in concert halls. UFAD improve energy savings, indoor air quality, and thermal comfort. In UFAD systems, an underfloor plenum delivers conditioned air to the air supply diffusers (Figure 2), which controls the distribution of internal air velocity and static pressure inside the space and determines the uniformity of the airflow in the stalls. In fact, at the diffusers, the uniformity of the air supply velocity significantly affects the indoor airflow uniformity and thermal comfort environment of the entire concert hall [17].  
In UFAD, air is directly supplied to the occupants' area. Due to thermal stratifications caused by occupants' heat load, it is usually exhausted from the ceiling [18]. UFAD systems achieve good indoor air quality and provide good thermal comfort conditions for occupied halls, reducing the energy supply in comparison with conventional mixing ventilation systems [19]. In halls ventilated with UFAD systems, lower vertical temperature gradients are also verified in comparison with other distributions systems [20]. Compared to mixing ventilation [18; 19], UFAD systems are very efficient in concert halls as they only condition the occupied stalls rather than the whole room. Because it is also recommended to limit the background noise in concert halls, noise minimizations must be introduced in the plenum. Since low background noise is, in fact, difficult to achieve with UFAD systems, in which local vortexes appear in the plenum with increasing air velocity. To improve the acoustic performance of UFAD systems, branches extending into the plenum can be added. In this case, outflows become parallel to one another with less interference, reducing local vortexes and increasing the uniformity of air supply (Figure 2).
## 2 Brillouin Scattering in Optical Fibers  
When a light beam is injected into a fiber under test (FUT), it interacts with acoustic phonons, generating backscattered light called Stokes light. This phenomenon is called SpBS. Since the phonons decay exponentially, the backscattered Brillouin light spectrum, known as BGS, takes the shape ofLorentzian function with the bandwidth of several tens of MHz. If the power of the pump light is higher than the Brillouin threshold power \(P_{\mathrm{th}}\), the Stokes light caused by SpBS acts as a seed of stimulated scattering, and there occurs a transition from SpBS to SBS. As a result, the power of the Stokes light is drastically enhanced. \(P_{\mathrm{th}}\) is given as [7]  
\[P_{\mathrm{th}}=\frac{21\,b\ A_{\mathit{eff}}}{K\ g_{B}\ L_{\mathit{eff}}} \tag{1}\]  
where \(b\) is the correction factor for multimode fibers [33], which can be treated as 2 when the numerical aperture (NA) is \(\sim\)0.2; \(A_{\mathit{eff}}\) is the effective cross-sectional area, which is approximately in proportion to the core diameter for multimode fibers [34,35]; \(K\) is the polarization coefficient, which is 1, if polarization is maintained and 0.667 otherwise; \(g_{\mathrm{B}}\) is the Brillouin gain coefficient; and \(L_{\mathrm{eff}}\) is the effective fiber length defined as  
\[L_{\mathit{eff}}=\left[1-\exp\left(-\alpha L\right)\right]/\alpha \tag{2}\]  
where \(\alpha\) is the propagation loss and \(L\) is the fiber length.  
Both in SpBS and in SBS, the frequency where the peak power is obtained in the BGS is downshifted by several GHz from the incident light frequency, and the amount of this frequency shift is called BFS. In optical fibers, the BFS \(v_{\mathrm{B}}\) is given by [7]  
\[\
u_{B}=\frac{2n\,v_{A}}{\lambda_{p}} \tag{3}\]  
where \(n\) is the refractive index, \(v_{\mathrm{A}}\) is the acoustic velocity in the fiber, \(\lambda_{\mathrm{p}}\) is the wavelength of the incident pump light. If tensile strain is applied or temperature is changed in a standard silica SMF, the BFS moves to higher frequency in proportion to the applied strain (+580 MHz/%) [36] and the temperature change (+1.18 MHz/K) [37]. In some specialty fibers, such as tellurite glass fibers, it is known that the BFS moves to lower frequency with increasing applied strain (\(-\)230 MHz/%) [20] and temperature (\(-\)1.14 MHz/K) [24]. In both cases, we can derive the strain amplitude and temperature change by measuring the BFS in the fiber.
# Enhancing Robotic-Assisted Lower Limb Rehabilitation Using Augmented Reality and Serious Gaming
## 3 Serious Gaming Application Developed for LegUp
### Hardware
#### 3.1.1 Electronic Goniometers  
A goniometer is an instrument used to measure angles, particularly the range of motion at a joint. Traditional goniometers typically include two movable arms that align with the angles being measured, along with a protractor scale for reading the angle.  
In contrast, electronic goniometers measure angular displacement using sensors and data-collecting devices.  
Biometrics Ltd.'s twin-axis goniometers [31] use the strain gauge technique to measure angular motion in two planes simultaneously. These devices employ strain gauges attached to flexible substrates, which alter their electrical resistance in response to deformation caused by joint movement.  
The goniometer flexes in response to limb movement when placed over a joint, causing the strain gauges to bend and generate electrical signals that are proportional to the angular displacement. A data-gathering system processes these signals, enabling real-time monitoring.
# LEACH-MTC: A Network Energy Optimization Algorithm Constraint as Moving Target Prediction
## 3 Method: LEACH-MTC Based on Moving Target State Prediction
### Node Sleep Strategy Under Moving Target Constraint  
In ellipse, based on the back focus \(F_{1}\big{(}T_{x},T_{y}\big{)}\) and the front focus \(F_{2}\big{(}J_{x},J_{y}\big{)}\), the sleep threshold \(T_{SW}(k)\) of the network node \(s_{i}(x_{i},y_{i})\) can be defined at time \(K\):  
\[T_{SW}(k)=\sqrt{\big{(}x_{i}-T_{x}(k)\big{)}^{2}+\big{(}y_{i}-T_{y}(k)\big{)}^{ 2}}+\sqrt{\big{(}x_{i}-J_{x}(k)\big{)}^{2}+\big{(}y_{i}-J_{x}(k)\big{)}^{2}} \tag{24}\]Therefore, a strategy of sleep node is developed which can select working nodes more effectively and cost-effectively, and reduce the number of working nodes and network energy consumption:  
1. If \(T_{\text{S}w}(k)\leq 2a(k)\), the node \(s_{i}\) inside the elliptical coverage area, it is in working state and performs the monitoring task, at the same time, this node \(s_{i}\) is added to the working node set \(G_{k}^{\prime}\).
2. If \(T_{\text{S}w}(k)>2a(k)\), the node \(s_{i}\) is not in the elliptical coverage area; it is in a sleep state and does not perform any monitoring task.
## 2 Proposed Solution
### Distance Estimation  
This section discusses the method for estimating the distance between identified individuals. The distance between people was estimated in three steps: first, by identifying the people's standing locations in the video, then by performing perspective transform and finally by measuring their Euclidean distance [52].  
First, the standing locations of the people \(s_{(i,t)}\) (denoted by thick black dots in Figure 3) were determined using the bounding box data as follows,  
\[s_{(i,t)}=(u,v+0.5h). \tag{3}\]  
The standing locations were then transformed via perspective transform from an overhead wall mount camera viewpoint to a two-dimensional bird's eye viewpoint. The required transformation matrix \(M_{T}\) was obtained as follows,  
\[\begin{split} R^{\prime}&=M_{T}R\\ R^{\prime}R^{T}&=M_{T}RR^{T}\\ R^{\prime}R^{T}(RR^{T})^{-1}&=M_{T}(RR^{T})(RR^{ T})^{-1}\\ M_{T}&=R^{\prime}R^{T}(RR^{T})^{-1}\end{split} \tag{4}\]  
Figure 2: The parameters for the bounding boxes.  
where the \(R\) values are \(2\times 4\) matrices that contain the coordinates of four reference points in the video frame (refer blue trapezoid in Figure 3--left) and the corresponding coordinates of those four points in the two-dimensional plane. This two-dimensional plane is referred to as the \"floor plane\" (refer Figure 3--right). The projections were performed as,  
\[floorLocation_{(i,t)}=M_{T}\,s_{(i,t)} \tag{5}\]  
where \(s_{(i,t)}\) are the input coordinates from (3) and \(floorLocation_{(i,t)}\) are the output coordinates on the floor plane. Finally, the distances between each pair of people \(i\) and \(j\) in frame \(t\) were calculated as  
\[dist_{(i,j,t)}=||floorLocation_{(i,t)}-floorLocation_{(j,t)}|| \tag{6}\]  
Since the detected bounding boxes of people cannot be directly used to estimate distances between people due to the overhead camera viewing angle, the estimation is performed after perspective transform. The transform is performed based on the following assumptions. These assumptions hold for most of the scenes with a CCTV camera.  
1. All the people are on the same plane.
2. The camera is not a fisheye-like camera.
3. The camera is placed at an overhead level.
## 2 Raw Materials and Experimental Methods
### Experimental Scheme
#### 2.2.2 Experimental Scheme for Vibration Molding  
The vertical vibration compaction instrument used in this study imitates the working principle and structural characteristics of a directional vibratory roller, which can better simulate site construction. The adjustable parameters of the vertical vibration test method (VVTM) include the mass of the loading system, the mass of the unloading system, the working frequency, and the static eccentric moment. Amplitude and static pressure are adjusted by changing the counterweight; the working frequency is changed by adjusting the output frequency of the motor; and the size of the eccentric moment is adjusted by changing the angle between the fixed and movable eccentric blocks. Combined with the existing vibration parameter optimization study and test verification, the vibration parameter configuration selected for use in this study is shown in Table 4. The surface vibration compactor used in this study is shown in Figure 1.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Performance Indicators** & **Test Results** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Technical Requirements** \\ **(High Speed and Primary Roads)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Coarse aggregates} & Crushing value (\%) & 18.8 & \(\leq\)22 \\  & Content of needle-like particles (\%) & 11.5 & \(\leq\)18 \\  & Dust content below 0.075 mm (\%) & 0.5 & \(\leq\)1.2 \\  & Soft stone content (\%) & 1.1 & \(\leq\)3 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Fine aggregates} & Particle analysis & Qualified & Meet grading requirements \\  & Plasticity Index & 12 & \(\leq\)17 \\  & Organic matter content (\%) & 0.6 & \(\leq\)2 \\  & Sulfate content (\%) & 0.12 & \(\leq\)0.25 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Test results of aggregates’ technical indexes.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{8}{c}{**Mass Passing Percentage of Each SIEVE Aperture (\%)**} \\ \hline Sieve size & 0.075 & 0.15 & 0.3 & 0.6 & 1.18 & 2.36 & 4.75 & 9.5 & 13.2 & 16 & 19 & 26.5 \\ Gradation & 3.6 & 6.8 & 10 & 14.3 & 18.3 & 23.6 & 36.1 & 59.9 & 68.3 & 75.3 & 83.5 & 100.0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Test gradation of cement-stabilized macadam.  
The vibration molding specimens were cylindrical; their diameter \(\times\) height = 152 mm \(\times\) 180 mm. Specimens were vibrated and compacted for 100 s after configuring the working parameters of the vibratory compaction instrument according to Table 4.
## 1 Introduction
### Novelty and Contributions  
To address the limitations of the existing hardware accelerators, this work aims to design and implement a novel hardware accelerator of the Booth polynomial multiplier to perform multiplication over two polynomials without considering the timing and side-channel attacks. We list our contributions below:  
* We implement a parameterized/flexible hardware accelerator design for the Booth polynomial multiplication method that allows users to perform multiplication over various operand lengths instead of the specified operand sizes. Our flexible accelerator is 1.34\(\times\) faster in computation time and 1.05\(\times\) more area-efficient than the most recent dedicated polynomial multiplication accelerator (for operand sizes of 1024 \(\times\) 1024).
* To minimize the area cost of the proposed flexible hardware accelerator of the Booth multiplier, we reuse the hardware resources.
* To provide efficient control functionalities, we implement a dedicated finite-state machine (FSM)-based controller.
* Finally, a comprehensive evaluation of the results concerning the throughput/area ratio is provided.
# Angiography Simulation and Planning Using a Multi-Fluid Approach
## 3 Diffusion Simulation of Contrast Media  
Contrast media in interventional radiology enhances vascular imaging to help doctors visualize blood vessels under the X-ray for making reliable diagnosis. The injected contrast media is mixed with the blood flow inside the blood vessel without chemical reactions. The contrast media diffuses into the blood and mixes with it to form a two-fluids mixture, which is simulated using fluid simulation algorithms.  
multi-fluid simulation is a hard-computational problem, since the two-fluids flow consists of contrast media and blood both are miscible fluids with each other. We ignored the related immiscible fluid methods to focus on the miscible fluid simulation. Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) [16] has been proposed to deal with miscible multi-fluid flows, but the method has a significantly high memory cost. Both grid-based fluid simulation solvers [17; 18] and smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) algorithms [19; 20] have adopted the volume fraction concept [21] to simulate multi-fluid flows. [PERSON] et al. [17], [PERSON] et al. [18] and [PERSON] et al. [19] took different phases or components as a whole mixture moving at the same bulk velocity, and therefore mixing different phases or components due to concentration differences only. Considering the underlying distribution of motions and forces of a multi-fluids flow, [PERSON] et al. [20] introduced a drift velocity of phases to capture the underlying interactions between phases. This approach achieved good visual effects and can be done in real time with particles, but this mixture model did not consider the influence of the simulation boundary.  
The previous angiography simulators [6] and angiography simulation methods [4; 22] simulated the diffusion of the contrast media within the blood using simple model to save the computation cost. These methods treated the blood vessel as regular tubes which consists of the blood vessel center structure and the radius of every tube. However, the blood vessel is not regular tubes, especially at the location of lesions. It is difficult to use the Poiseuille's law to simulate the real complex blood vessel extracted from the patient. Moreover, ignoring the interactive dynamics of two-phase flows of the  
Figure 2: The proposed syringe device tool.  
contrast media and the blood, simulation results of these methods lacks vital details of the angiography process within complex blood vessel structures. Therefore, we adopt the miscible mixture model [20] to simulate the blood-contrast media as a two-fluids flow and introduced a non-slip boundary handling technique. Unlike previous angiography simulations, our proposed method can simulate the diffusion of the contrast media with accurate dynamics in real time with an accurate pressure, velocity field of the simulation space and detailed development of the fluids inside a blood vessel.
## 2 Islanding Detection Methods
### Signal Processing Based Methods
#### 2.5.5 Miscellaneous Signal Processing Based Methods  
The power or energy signals are measured to extract the information using limited summation limits in the autocorrelation function method. The measured voltage or current signals are employed in the Kalman filter method to extract the harmonic characteristics using a time-frequency domain. For non-stationary and non-linear signals, the Hilbert-Huang transformer is a novel signal processing technique that combines the empirical mode decomposition and Hilbert transformer. The input signal is divided into various band-limited intrinsic mode functions in the variational mode decomposition approach. The morphological filters, i.e., in mathematical morphology, a time-domain analysis technique that deals with set theory, integral geometry, and signal shape, employ tools for nonlinear signal processing. In the transient monitoring function method, depending on the precision of signal estimation, the difference between the original signal and the estimated or reconstructed signal is computed.
## 2 Background and Related Works
### Related 3D Reconstruction Cultural Heritage Projects and Frameworks
The review paper aims to provide a complete and critical analysis of the state-of-the-art until the end of 2021 of the most important published methods on pottery analysis, classification, and 3D reconstruction. In case of complex cultural heritage objects, 3D laser scanning is combined with 3D modeling techniques to define 3D reconstructions. A case study that combines cultural heritage and ship design is presented by the authors [PERSON] et al., for a traditional Greek Boat with Trechadiri hull type named after \"_[PERSON]_\"; the boat is characterized as a modern cultural heritage monument by the Greek Ministry of Culture [35]. The use of 3D laser scanning and additive technologies for the reconstruction of damaged and destroyed cultural heritage objects is presented by the authors [PERSON] et al. ; they have been successfully used for outdoor sculptures in St. Petersburg that have been destroyed during WWII [6]. Other researchers have proposed a reconstruction and analysis method for a bronze battle axe, and have compared the inflicted damage injuries using neutron tomography, manufacturing modeling, and X-ray microtomography data [36]. As presented by other researchers, the main risk of a virtual reconstruction is the lack of a faithful reconstruction. Their work proposed a systematic workflow that integrates 2D and 3D sources [37]. Another recently published state-of-the-art approach that has the advantage of making the reconstruction activities easier and less arbitrary is to integrate iconographic 3D comparison elements within the reconstruction process [38]. Implementing 3D reconstruction within digital interactive applications represents an important tool in safeguarding cultural heritage and making it available to future generations, and supporting immersive learning opportunities [39].