esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Structural Assessment of the Reference WCLL COB Segment BC Region
### Reference BC Region v0
#### 3.1.2 Results  
Results in terms of Von Mises Stress fields are reported in Figure 5 for both the selected steady-state loading scenarios. It is important to notice that the upper surface of the elementary cell shows high stress values due to the applied displacement field. A stress linearisation procedure has been performed along some paths individuated within the model in correspondence with the most stressed region. No paths have been considered within the Baffle Plates as they have any structural role. In particular, six paths have been selected within the vertical SPs and four along the Cap, depicted in Figures 6 and 7 within the FW, as reported in Figure 7, where different sets of paths (AB, CD and EF) are coloured differently. Figure 4: Displacement field applied onto the upper surface in NO and OP analyses. Figure 3: WCLL COB reference BC region thermal field. Then, the fulfilment of the RCC-MRx structural design criteria has been checked. In particular, the NO loading scenario, representing the normal operating conditions, falls under the service Level A, whereas the OP scenario, deriving from an off-normal event, is classified as Level D. Four criteria have been taken into account: Immediate Excessive Deformation (IED, \(\mathrm{P_{m}}/\mathrm{S_{m}}\)), Immediate Plastic Instability (IPI, \(\mathrm{(P_{m}+P_{b})}/\mathrm{(K_{eff}\cdot S_{m})}\)), Immediate Plastic Flow Localisation (IPFL, \(\mathrm{(P_{m}+Q_{m})}/\mathrm{S_{em}}\)) and Immediate Fracture due to exhaustion of ductility (IF, \(\mathrm{(P_{m}+P_{b}+Q+F)/S_{et}}\)). The first two criteria only consider the primary stresses; instead, the others also take into account secondary stresses occurring along the analysed path. For each criterion, the stress limit values have been calculated for the service level to which each loading scenario analysed relates, in accordance with the structural material and the average path temperature. Figure 5: [PERSON] stress field under NO and OP loading scenario. Reference BC region v0. Figure 6: Selected paths within SPs and Cap. The results of the verification of the RCC-MRx design criteria are reported in terms of the ratio between the obtained equivalent stresses along the paths and the corresponding stress limit values for each criterion. Ratios values exceeding unity indicate that the respective criterion is not fulfilled and are highlighted in red; instead, values greater than 0.8 are coloured orange, thereby indicating regions in which the criterion is verified with a small margin, so remaining potentially critical. Results show that all the Level A criteria are fulfilled along all the selected paths, whereas some issues and critical regions are observed along different paths for the Level D criteria. In particular, all the paths within the vertical SPs do not fulfil or reach high values of the IED and IPI criteria, whereas all the paths selected along the Cap thickness reach critical values of the IPI criterion (Table 1).
# Analysis of Power Allocation for NOMA-Based D2D Communications Using GADIA
## 3 5G Overview
### URLLC  
URLLC is a new communication service that is recognized for cellular systems. This service is crucial for sustaining numerous emerging mission-critical applications, mainly industrial automation, vehicular safety communications, and remote surgery. URLLC has rigorous requirements on availability, latency, and reliability [45]. This implies that the communication link should be available most of the time to transfer data in a short period and with high reliability. The 3 GPP intended to provide URLLC for short data payloads (up to 32 Bytes) with the user plane latency of 1 ms (measured at layer 2 and layer 3) and the reliability of 1-\(10^{-5}\) (99.999%). An asymmetric latency budget of 0.5 ms is defined for both up-link and down-link to assure the latency target. The information must be carried at the higher layers quickly and error-free with a significant level of integrity, reliability, and confidentiality [46]. As long as these specifications are adequate for many mission-critical applications, some other applications have more precise requirements and further demands. Therefore, the 3 GPP may define more rigorous requirements for URLLC service in later 5G releases.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline
**Generation** & **The Key Technologies** & **Services** \\ \hline
**1G** & AMPS & Analog voice service \\ \hline
**2G** & GSM, TDMA, CDMA & Digital voice service \\ \hline
**3G** & WCDMA, CDMA2000, TD-SCDMA, WiMAX & Simultaneous transmission of voice and data \\ \hline
**4G** & TD-LTE, FDD-LTE & Fast transmission of voice, data, video, image. \\ \hline
**5G** & Millimeter Wave, Massive MIMO, Micro Base Station, D2D, Beamforming, NOMA & HD video, smart home, etc \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: The evolution of telecommunication technology.
# A Novel Visual SLAM Based on Multiple Deep Neural Networks
## 3 The Proposed SLAM
### Feature Extraction and Matching  
SuperPoint [26] and SuperGlue [27] networks were used to build feature detector (extractor) and matcher in this system.  
As illustrated in Figure 4, the KeyPoint Encoder module of SuperGlue and SuperPoint are combined to form a \(SG\)-Detector, and the remaining modules of SuperGlue are combined to form a \(SG\)-Matcher. This allows \(SG\)-Matcher the matching with only the input descriptors as traditional matchers used in visual SLAM pipelines.  
Figure 3: The overall framework of the proposed visual SLAM system. Image-**n** (**n** = 0, 1,... **N**) is the current frame. Key-**m** (**m** = 0, 1,... **M**) is the current reference keyframe, which is created from previous image frames (such as Image-**n**-10). After estimating the pose of the current frame, Visual Odometry determines whether to create a new keyframe. The condition for creating keyframes in this system: the current frame has passed 10 frames from the image frame where the keyframe was last created, or the number of map points tracked in the current frame is less than 60%.  
The \(SG\)-Detector is only used to propose keypoints (features) of the input image in Visual Odometry. The \(SG\)-Matcher is used to track map points in the reference keyframe and temporary map points from the last frame in Visual Odometry, as well as to calculate corrected poses in Loop Closing.
## 2 Literature Review
### Surface Reconstruction Techniques  
Surface reconstruction is a critical process in converting raw sensor data into usable terrain models. Early methods, such as the work of [PERSON] et al. [1], introduced algorithms for reconstructing surfaces from unorganized points. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [2] proposed volumetric approaches that leveraged signed distance fields to create accurate models. [PERSON] et al. [3] advanced this with Poisson surface reconstruction, offering improved robustness against noise but at a high computational cost.  
In the study of [PERSON] et al. [7], point set surfaces utilized Moving Least Squares (MLS) for smooth reconstructions but struggled in dynamic environments. Real-time methods like KinectFusion [4] and its derivatives [8] combined depth sensors with GPU acceleration for rapid reconstruction. [PERSON] et al. [5] further enhanced real-time 3D reconstruction with BundleFusion, which ensured globally consistent surface maps in dynamic scenes.  
Techniques like DeepVoxels [6] and Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF) [9] have recently leveraged neural networks to model surfaces, though they remain computationally intensive for real-time applications. Fusion-based methods [10] and implicit representation techniques [11] offer promising directions for integrating machine learning into reconstruction pipelines.
# Group Authentication Scheme for Neighbourhood Area Networks (NANs) in Smart Grids
## 2 Group Authentication
### Related Work
The unified key management mechanism is suitable for smart grid use cases, especially for smart metering, where smart meters are assumed to be low-cost wireless devices for which repeated peer entity authentication attempts for each protocol can contribute to increased system overhead. The proposed mechanism is flexible in that peer entity authentication can be treated as either network access authentication or application-level authentication. However, the mechanism has established that information discovery for bootstrap application ciphering is an important and as yet missing piece to realize the unified key management framework vision. This part needs further analysis by researchers. In summary, the key features that we intend to utilize for authentication and key management are a relatively simple authentication scheme for a group of devices, an activity monitor that characterizes the traffic from the devices, as well as a means of authenticated forwarding. In Section 2.2, we clarify what we mean by group authentication in our context and define each of the features we require for our scheme, compare the availability of these features with the schemes discussed so far, and establish the security requirements of our scheme. The requirements are drawn for the SG model detailed in Section 3. These requirements are in addition to the basic security requirements, namely, confidentiality, integrity, non-repudiation, and forward/backward secrecy.
# Integration of a Mobile Node into a Hybrid Wireless Sensor Network for Urban Environments +
## 2 Description of the Static Wireless Sensor Network  
### System Architecture  
The system is based on a static wireless sensor network developed for urban applications, called Urban Information System (UIS) [7]. The UIS has a modular architecture to adapt the system configuration to the needs of the area of interest. Two different types of nodes were originally developed: Transmitter nodes and Receiver nodes. The basic configuration of the UIS platform comprises several Transmitter nodes and at least one Receiver node. The Transmitter nodes collect urban environment information such as Bluetooth MACs, number of vehicles crossing the ultrasound beam, gases concentration like NO\({}_{x}\), CO, CO\({}_{2}\), O\({}_{2}\), NH\({}_{3}\), VOC, light intensity, noise or dust. The UIS can be deployed with a different number of Transmitter nodes [58]. The Receiver node configures and manages the UIS network. Once the network has been set up, the Transmitter nodes carry out the data acquisition and processing. Then the data are sent to the Receiver node, where an internal database is updated and synchronized with the database in an external server (see Figure 1). A graphical Human-Machine Interface (HMI) presents data from the database related to their geographic position. A solar kit can be installed in all the nodes so that they can be independent from the electric power grid, and autonomous from an energy point of view. This way, deployment of the nodes gain flexibility.  
The flexibility in the deployment is one of the advantages of WSNs compared with fixed infrastructure. Sensors can be positioned easily and in short time, but they can also be distributed to study a particular phenomenon. For instance, in the case of UIS, nodes can be deployed to estimate the origin-destination matrix (O-D matrix) for a particular set of points [17]. This matrix represents the number of vehicles going from origin i to destination j. To estimate this number, a relevant sample of the vehicles traveling from i to j has to be identified. The proposed UIS does so by positioning Bluetooth nodes nearby the points of interest [7]. These nodes collect the MAC address of Bluetooth devices within their range, and transmit them to the Receiver node. All this information is synchronized with the database in the server, and then the O-D matrix is estimated, given that the location of the Bluetooth nodes is known [23]. Thus, freedom to select the points where the transmitter nodes are deployed is key for this feature to be useful for traffic managers.
## 3 Results  
### Grasping with the Human Hand  
#### 3.1.1 Grasp Size  
The experimental results of DTT are shown in Figure 6a, which shows that all subjects had the smallest grasp size under the IMRL-L condition and the largest grasp size under free conditions, with an increase of 4.67 \(\pm\) 1.93 mm. The most significant gap is 7.33 mm (S2). Defining the grasp size under the free condition as the baseline, the average difference between it and the grasp size under the IM-L, MRL-L, IMRL-L conditions are 0.78 mm, 1.67 mm, and 4.67 mm, respectively. It should be noted that there were two identical cases: the grasp sizes of S1 under the Free and MRL-L conditions were both 183.33 mm; and the grasp sizes of S4 under the Free and IM-L conditions were both 168 mm. This can be explained by the fact that when grasping a disk, at least three fingers are usually used to contact to gain a balanced state. Therefore, there is still at least one finger (except the thumb and the middle finger) to abduct to form a larger grasp workspace under IM-L and MRL-L conditions. Figure 6b shows the normalized grasp size, which was evaluated using the Wilcoxon test, and the results are shown in Table 2. There was a significant difference between the free condition and the IMRL-L condition.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **IM-L versus Free** & **MRL-L versus Free** & **IMRL-L versus Free** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Grasping with human hand} & Normalized grasp size & \(p=0.335\) & \(p=0.619\) & \(p=0.009*\) \\ \cline{2-4}  & Normalized grasp force & \(p=0.335\) & \(p=0.295\) & \(p=0.039*\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Grasping with simulator} & Average grasp quality & \(p=0.3095\) & \(p=0.0931\) & \(p=0.0649\) \\ \cline{2-4}  & Success rate & — & \(p=0.0043*\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Significant results.  
\end{table}
Table 2: Results of Wilcoxon test.  
Figure 6: Results of the disk-tower test. (**a**) Grasp size, (**b**) normalized grasp size.
## 2 Structure and Operating Principle  
To rotate a disk-shaped rotor, three bending vibration transducers are clamped on the base, and they are set circumferentially with space angle of 120\({}^{\circ}\), as shown in Figure 1. The proposed transducer has a simple structure as we only need to bond four pieces of PZT plates on a square beam. A cone-shaped horn is machined on one end of the beam to achieve the improvement of vibration amplitude and velocity. The transducers contact with the side surface of the disk-shaped rotor by their horn tips, and a nut-spring system is used to apply the preload.  
To drive the rotor circularly, the horn tip should vibrate along two directions: an axial one and a tangential one. The axial motion will overcome the preload while the tangential one can rotate the rotor. We use two first bending modes of the bonded-type transducer to obtain these two displacementsrespectively, and their vibration shapes are shown in Figure 2. It can be clearly recognized that the vertical bending will produce axial movement of the end tip, while the tangential motion will be generated by the horizontal bending. To excite these two bending vibrations, the polarizations of the PZT plates and the exiting signals should be arranged as shown in Figure 1d.  
Figure 1: Structure of the proposed piezoelectric motor: **(a)** three-dimensional model; **(b)** section view; **(c)** the bending transducer; **(d)** polarizations of the PZT plates.  
Figure 2: Two first bending vibrations of the transducer: **(a)** horizontal mode; **(b)** vertical mode.  
The proposed bending transducer has a symmetrical structure, which favors the two first bending modes have the same resonance frequency. Therefore, when applied sine and cosine signals on the PZT plates as shown in Figure 1d, the vertical and horizontal bending modes will be generated with a temporal shift of 90\({}^{\circ}\), which can form elliptical movement on the horn tip finally. Thus, horizontal and vertical displacements are controlled by the amplitudes of the sine and cosine voltages respectively; this means that we can keep the amplitude of the cosine voltage as a constant and change the amplitude of the sine voltage to obtain different output speeds. Furthermore, the vibration shapes shown in Figure 2 also indicate that the contact parts between the transducer and the clamper locate near the bending wave loops, where have the minute transverse displacements in resonant vibration mode. Thus, this fixing position will bring in as little effect on its natural vibrations as possible.
# Developing a Fire Monitoring System Based on MQTT, ESP-NOW, and a REM in Industrial Environments
## 2 System Architecture  
The proposed monitoring system employs a multi-hop wireless network built on the ESP-NOW protocol to enable reliable and efficient communication between sensor nodes and the central monitoring server. This network architecture is designed to overcome the challenges of large-scale industrial environments by ensuring robust data transmission over long distances and around physical obstructions. An overview of the proposed fire monitoring system is presented in Figure 1, showing ESP32-CAM sensors connected via ESP-NOW in a multi-hop network, including an introductory reference to the source node (SN), relay node (RN), and gateway node (GN), relaying data to a central server via MQTT in real-time. The key components of the system are as follows.  
Figure 1: Overview of the proposed fire monitoring system.
## 2 Results
### Terpenoid Products from SmMTPSLs Have an Anti-Bacterial Activity In Vitro  
Terpenoids play an important role in the part of direct and indirect defense systems against herbivores and pathogens. Therefore, this work investigated the antibacterial properties and mode of action of terpenoid products, synthesized by three SmMTPSLs (SmMTPSL3, -33, and -37), against two pathogenic bacteria including _Pseudomonas syringae_ pv. _tomato (Pst)_ DC3000 and _Staphylococcus aureus_. Many terpenoid compounds identified to be constitutively emitted from plant leaves have been reported to have an anti-bacterial or anti-fungal effect on various species [19; 20; 21; 22]. For example, ethanolic and hexane extracts from the aerial parts of _Juniperus lucayana_, with sesquiterpenes as the dominant compounds, were documented to have an anti-fungal effect on _Botrytis cinerea_[23]. In our study, it had been shown that enzymatic products of three SmMTPSLs (SmMTPSL23, -33, and -37) significantly inhibited the growth of _S. aureus_, with an inhibition rate of 13.6%, 7.6%, and 11.4%, respectively (Figure 7A). In addition, strains of the gram-negative bacterial pathogen, _Pst_ DC3000, were also be used to test the anti-bacteria effects of reaction products. Compared with _S. aureus_, the enzymatic products of three _SmMTPSLs_ showed a  
Figure 5: GC-MS of the products generated in vitro by eight recombinant SmMTPSLs proteins provided with FPP as the substrate. (**A**) Total ion chromatogram of the sesquiterpene products and (**B**) their structure. Products were identified as 1: \(\beta\)-farnesene; 2: \(\beta\)-elemene; 3: nerolidol; 4: germacrene; 5: farnesol; 6: aromadendrene; 7: patchouli alcohol; 8: isoshyobunone; 9: shyobunone.  
little weaker inhibition to the _Pst_ DC3000, with an inhibition rate of 10.9%, 8.3%, and 8.9%, respectively (Figure 7B). These results showed that the enzymatic products of SmMTP-SLs exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against tested bacterial, especially against _S. aureus_, gram-positive bacteria.  
Figure 6: Gene expression of three _SmMTPSLs_ in the leaves of _S. moellendorffii_ treated by ALA (**A**) and MeJA (**B**) treatments. The expression level of _S. moellendorffii GAPDH_ gene was used to normalize the expression of _SmMTSLs._* indicates significance at the statistical level (_p_ < 0.05) compared to the control.  
Figure 7: Inhibition effect of products from three SmMTPSLs on the growth of two pathogenic bacterial species: _S. aureus_ (**A**) and _Pst_ DC3000 (**B**). Three replicates of treatment and the control for each bacterial species was conducted. Data are presented as means \(\pm\) standard deviations based on three replicates. * indicates significance at the statistical level (_p_ < 0.05) compared to the control.
## 1 Introduction
### Contributions
Therefore, the three-dimensional matching can use the pricing strategy to achieve a sub-optimal solution. In the three-dimensional matching process, we also consider the power optimization for both D2D TXs and RSs to maximize the EE of D2D links, as well as avoid excessive interference to CUEs. * The properties of the proposed three-dimensional matching and two-dimensional matching algorithm, such as optimality, stability, convergence and complexity, are analyzed theoretically. In the simulation, we compare the proposed matching algorithm with the exhaustive optimal and random matching algorithm in terms of the achieved EE for D2D UEs under different system configurations. Numerical results show that our proposed scheme can achieve a considerable performance gain, and the average percentage of served users is substantially improved compared with that without any relay. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we provide a brief review of the related works. In Section 3, we describe the system model. The formulation of the four-dimensional matching problem is introduced in Section 4. In Section 5, we present the proposed pricing-based matching algorithm, and the simulation results are shown in Section 7 with related discussions. Finally, we conclude the paper in Section 8.
## 4 Experimental Results and Analysis  
### Damage Performance Test  
The results of the damage performance test corresponding to different IBS removal depths are shown in Table 2. A phenomenon beyond existing knowledge is that the damage threshold of the sputtered surfaces after ultrasonic cleaning is significantly lower than that of the surfaces that have only been sputtered, and the damage threshold test results are reduced by 21%, 23%, and 14%, respectively. Additionally, the damage threshold of the IBS surface after ultrasonic cleaning is almost all lower than that of the HF acid-etched surfaces.  
The experimental results give us a thought: What is the reason for the significant reduction in the damage threshold by about 20% after the sputtered surface is cleaned with deionized water? Revealing the mechanism of this change plays an important role in in-depth research on the influence of IBS on optical material characteristics and its laser damage resistance performance, which then optimizes the IBS process and provides technical guidance for the optimization of combined process parameters.