# From Transactions to Transformations: A Bibliometric Study on Technology Convergence in E-Payments
## 4 Result Analysis  
### Descriptive Analysis  
Table 3 summarizes bibliometric data from a search on e-payment topics, as retrieved from the Web of Science database, from 1990 to 2024. The search yielded 6153 documents from 1742 sources, such as journals and books. These documents are characterized by an annual growth rate of 8.69%, indicating a steady increase in publications on this subject over the years. The average age of these documents is roughly 11 years, and each document has been cited 31.8 times, which shows their relevance and impact on the academic community. A total of 184,433 references have been used across all documents, signifying extensive research and a rich network of related work. There are 4225 \"Keywords Plus\" and 12,967 \"Author's Keywords\" listed, which are terms associated with e-payment and used to index and retrieve relevant documents. Regarding authorship, there are 12,971 authors involved, with 881 of them having written single-authored documents. The data also indicate that, on average, there are about 2.88 co-authors per document, suggesting a moderate level of collaboration. Notably, 24.15% of the documents feature international co-authorships, which highlights the global collaboration in the field of e-payment research. Figure 2 and Table 4 show the flow of research efforts from different countries to their respective academic institutions and subsequently to the key topics or keywords that are prevalent in their research papers. Identifying key players in the e-payment technological landscape, such as potential collaborators or emerging research trends, is essential. On the leftmost side, countries are ranked vertically, with the thickness of the horizontal bands representing the volume of e-payment research associated with each country. The United States (USA) has the thickest band, suggesting it contributes the largest volume of research in e-payment technology. Other countries like China, India, Korea, Germany, Canada, Malaysia, Australia, and the United Kingdom contribute, but to a lesser extent, as indicated by the thinner bands. The middle section lists the institutions, such as the State University System of Florida, the University of Texas System, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Indian Institute of Management, and others. Each institution has bands originating from one or multiple countries, illustrating the global collaboration or the distribution of research work across geographical boundaries. The width of these bands suggests the quantity of research output from each institution. For example, a broad band connecting the USA to the State University System of Florida implies that a significant amount of the USA's research in e-payment technology is concentrated in that system. On the rightmost side, keywords are displayed, highlighting the research papers' focus areas. The size of the boxes and the connecting bands to the institutions reveal the prominence and frequency of each keyword in the institution's research. For instance, \"electronic commerce\" may have multiple thick bands connecting to it from different institutions, indicating that it is a major area of focus within e-payment research across these institutions. Other keywords like \"trust,\" \"model,\" \"adoption,\" \"information technology,\" \"impact,\" \"user acceptance,\" \" \"internet,\" \"technology,\" and \"acceptance\" represent specific themes or topics that are being actively explored in the e-payment technology research.