## 2 Related Works  
The issue of security in industrial communications is a relatively recent challenge compared to traditional IT networks [1]. However, with the growing complexity of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) systems, the importance of network emulation and the creation of digital twins has become widely recognized. These technologies are crucial for enhancing system reliability, performance, and security. As IIoT systems become increasingly intricate, with many interconnected devices and real-time communication demands, traditional testing and validation methods often fail to ensure system robustness under varying operational conditions. In this context, network emulation--using tools such as OMNeT++ in conjunction with the INET framework--has proven to be a powerful tool for simulating real-world network behaviors, including traffic patterns, latency, and congestion, within controlled environments. OMNeT++ has been effectively employed in modeling and analyzing various network protocols and topologies, offering an efficient platform for evaluating IIoT performance scenarios [8; 9]. Recent studies underscore the importance of network emulation for testing IIoT systems prior to deployment, especially concerning industrial protocols and time-sensitive communication. For instance, the use of protocols like TCP Cubic in IIoT contexts has been explored through OMNeT++ simulations [10], highlighting the role of emulation in evaluating protocol efficiency and optimizing communication in industrial settings. Furthermore, the precision of network simulations in replicating real hardware behaviors, such as Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN), is critical for achieving reliable IIoT performance [11; 12]. This approach can also incorporate emerging technologies, such as 5G communication, to enhance IIoT network capabilities [13]. Another important development in IIoT research is the concept of digital twins, which involves creating virtual representations of physical systems. Digital twins enable predictive maintenance, performance monitoring, and system optimization by simulating real-time system dynamics and network interactions. This capability allows manufacturers to proactively identify issues and fine-tune performance parameters. The implications for industrial security are significant, as digital twins and emulation frameworks are increasingly used to assess vulnerabilities in IIoT protocols and ensure secure communication [14; 15]. Overall, the integration of network emulation and digital twin technologies provides a deeper understanding of IIoT systems' behavior, facilitating optimization and risk mitigation before deployment [5] and contributing to process optimization [16]. In addition to ensuring reliable communication, there has been an increase in research focused on securing IIoT networks. For example, a framework for anomaly detection within IIoT networks is presented in [17]. Formal methods, such as those discussed in [18], are also being utilized to validate the absence of deadlocks in IIoT communication. Furthermore, the implementation of zero-trust principles has been proposed to safeguard the security of entire IIoT deployments [19]. Formal modeling has also been proposed in evaluating IIoT networks. The authors of [20] utilize a discrete-state machine model to evaluate task scheduling in IIoT, which specifically focuses on the availability of different IoT devices in enterprise networks based on device state transition probabilities. This method showed that scheduling packets for individual networks can improve throughput and reduce the packet loss probability. In [21], the authors introduce petri-nets for network digital twin formal modeling. This approach employs petri-nets to explore all possible states of a network and validate the operation against a physical network testbed. This approach seeks to identify deadlocks or operational issues through testing, while not evaluating the protocol specification. In another work, [PERSON] et.