Box 112612, United Arab Emirates  
5 Department of Electrical Engineering, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87300, Pakistan  
6 Department of Artificial Intelligence, Tashkent State University of Economics, Tashkent 100066, Uzbekistan  
7 Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.S. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (I.U.) Zhanoyun Sun  
1 Information Engineering School, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710061, China  
2 School of Computer Science & Technology, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China  
2 School of Computer Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Sujeong-gu, Republic of Korea  
4 Department of Computer Science, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 112612, United Arab Emirates  
5 Department of Electrical Engineering, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87300, Pakistan  
6 Department of Artificial Intelligence, Tashkent State University of Economics, Tashkent 100066, Uzbekistan  
7 Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.S. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (I.U.) [PERSON]  
1 Information Engineering School, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710061, China  
2 School of Computer Science & Technology, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China  
2 School of Computer Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Sujeong-gu, Republic of Korea  
4 Department of Computer Science, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 112612, United Arab Emirates  
5 Department of Electrical Engineering, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
traditional wired and non-communicative technologies for monitoring and investigating underwater environments. The underwater wireless communication capabilities of UWSN nodes enable monitoring, reconfiguration of operating systems, and fault detection [4]. This innovative technology aids researchers and industry professionals in underwater surveillance. Ocean exploration, marine and offshore sampling, navigational aids, and military security cameras are among the many applications of sonar. UWSNs rely on water-based communication [5]. While radio waves function well in terrestrial wired sensor networks (TWSNs), they are significantly attenuated in aquatic environments. It is essential to observe that sound waves in water have a very narrow bandwidth and travel six orders of magnitude slower than radio waves in the air. A scenario of NBEER routing protocol is illustrated in Figure 1.  
In addition, underwater acoustic modems consume significantly more power than radio modems. Multipath effects, Doppler frequency shift phenomena, and other disruptions contribute to transient connection failures [6]. Additionally, most applications involve nodes that move with water flow. GPS systems do not function underwater [7]. This analysis concludes that routing protocols designed for TWSNs are inappropriate for underwater applications. UWSNs comprise a diverse range of sensors and vehicles positioned strategically within a specific region to engage in collaborative efforts for observation duties. Although practical applications and implementations of underwater transportation have existed for quite some time [8; 9], a considerable number of individuals still possess limited familiarity with underwater networks. The identification of subsea assets and hydrocarbon fields is critical. Additionally, the mapping of underwater cable installation routes is essential. UWSNs are also capable of detecting multiple threats, such as tsunamis. Facilitating submerged transportation is essential for the accomplishment of these objectives. Wireless underwater acoustic networks make these applications possible. UWSNs have a variety of applications, including the detection of underwater hydrocarbon fields and natural disasters and the determination of submarine positioning routes [10; 11].