esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Background
### Real Number Representations  
As mentioned above, the CT reconstruction algorithms use real numbers. In computing, real numbers are usually represented by the float or the double format. These formats are two different encodings of the standard for floating-point arithmetic (IEEE 754) [8]. This standard specifies conversions and arithmetic representations, and methods for binary and decimal floating-point arithmetic. As shown in Figure 2, the floating-point numbers are represented by their sign (\(S\)), exponent (\(E\)), and mantissa (\(M\)) bits. The floating-point value can be represented as a function of \(S\), \(E\) and \(M\), as follows:  
\[f(S,E,M)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}(\cdot)^{S}\cdot 2^{E+1-2^{e-1}}\cdot(1+M \cdot 2^{-m})&\text{for }0<E<2^{e-1}\;(4)\\ (\cdot)^{S}\cdot(1+M\cdot 2^{-m})&\text{else}\end{array}\right. \tag{5}\]  
In the formula above, \(m\) represents the amount of mantissa bits (e.g., in single precision, floating-point \(m\) is equal to 23).  
According to IEEE 754 standard, there are four different formats of encoding for the floating-point, with 16, 32, 64 and 128 bits, and they are called half-precision, single-precision, double-precision and quad-precision respectively. E and M have different data widths, based on the selected encoding, as shown in Figure 2.  
The various encodings determine number representations with different accuracy. In addition, they use different arithmetic processing units, which have different performance in terms of power consumption, execution time, memory utilization, and chip area. For example, the single-precision floating point represents numbers in the range between \(2^{-149}\) and \(2^{128}\), with a relative error of \(2^{-23}\), caused by truncating digits.  
As the target data to process are limited in a small range of values, and the accuracy of the IEEE 754 representation is not required for the target application, new custom and approximate representations have been proposed in literature, with the aim to optimize hardware resources, data resources, and execution time. A proposed solution in the literature is the **fixed-point** representation [24].  
As shown in Figure 3, this representation is composed of three parts: _sign_ (S), _integer_ (I) and _fraction_ (F) fields. There is no fixed encoding for this representation, but the hardware designer sets the size of the _data width_ (W), that is equal to S + I + F. The size of I and F depends on the values to represent, and the desired accuracy. Furthermore, math co-processors for fixed-point operations are usually faster than the respective for the IEEE-754 standard, because the same operation implemented in fixed-point precision use fewer logic gates and hardware resources than floating-point precision, but usually it has a lower accuracy and can represent a smaller range of numbers. In Section 7, we explore different settings of the parameters S, I and F for finding the optimal configuration of these parameters with an acceptable accuracy of the CT dataset.  
Figure 2: Encodings of the floating-point standard.
# Trusted Composition of Internet of Medical Things over Imperfect Networks
## 1 Introduction
### Contributions  
The major contributions of this study are as follows.  
* We present a systematic approach for achieving high assurance in IoMT systems by integrating high-assurance software with lower-assurance counterparts, thereby ensuring overall system reliability and safety.
* We demonstrate the application of Architecture Analysis & Design Language (AADL) in facilitating the trusted composition of medical devices within IoMT systems over imperfect networks. Specifically, we address uncertainties related to the timely and reliable exchange of information among devices on a communication-to-communication basis.
* We illustrate the use of the Behavior Language for Systems with Software (BLESS) for behavior specification, implementation, and verification of an IoMT system consisting of pulse oximeter, respiration monitor, patient-controlled analgesic (PCA) pump, and a control application, communicating over a network.
## 6 Conclusions  
1. A method was developed to control the water content of steel slag specimens, and the significant influence of moisture and pore space on the carbonation reaction of steel slag specimens was innovatively identified. The carbonation process relies on pores for CO2 diffusion and also requires a certain level of moisture for Ca2+ dissolution and diffusion. Increasing the water content enhances particle cementation and carbonation capacity in steel slag specimens; however, excessive water hinders CO2 diffusion. Reducing the water content can increase the carbonation depth but may compromise gelling and carbon sequestration ability. Therefore, achieving a balance is crucial in controlling the water content;
2. The pour-molding process was employed to enhance the porosity of steel slag specimens. The increase in pores reduces the density of the steel slag specimens but enhances their CO2 diffusion capacity. This is different from the common compression-molding process, achieving the absorption and fixation of approximately 217.2 kg of CO2 for each ton of LFS at a 0.35 water-solid ratio and optimum water content. This carbon sequestration capacity is at an industry-leading level;  
Figure 14: Carbonation cementation mechanism of LFS particles with (**a**) <7% water content; (**b**) >7% water content.  
3. An innovative three-dimensional pore structure analysis method was used to analyze the connected and closed holes, and it was found that steel slag particles with low water content have a minimal impact on pore connectivity during cementation, allowing most of the pores to remain open. Conversely, steel slag particles with higher water content result in the formation of more closed pores that hinder CO\({}_{2}\) diffusion into the interior of the steel slag specimens, leading to a lower degree of carbonation compared to their surfaces. This study reveals the key mechanisms by which pore space and moisture affect carbonation reactions.  
Conceptualization, P.C.; methodology, P.C.; software, S.L.; validation, J.L.; formal analysis, W.X.; investigation, C.H.; resources, W.X.; data curation, S.L.; writing--original draft preparation, S.L.; writing--review and editing, C.H.; visualization, Y.D.; supervision, F.L.; project administration, P.C.; funding acquisition, P.C., W.X. and C.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Guangxi Science Base and Talents Special Program (GuikeAD22035126), the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation project (2023 GXNSFBA026130), and the Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52368029 and No. 52062009).  
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 3 Results  
### Centennial Olive Trees' Traits and Productivity  
The non-productive structures of olive trees exhibited mean values as follows: height (H) of 6.98 \(\pm\) 1.75 m, diameter at breast height (DBH) of 68.03 \(\pm\) 24.39 cm, unproductive shoots (US) of 3.7 \(\pm\) 2.35, cavities of 4.5 \(\pm\) 4.04, and cavity ratio (CR) of 0.02 \(\pm\) 0.01. On the other hand, productive structures of the olive trees, such as productive shoots (PS), crown area (CA), and healthy crown (HC), displayed mean values of 10.45 \(\pm\) 6.59, 69.29 \(\pm\) 35.59 m\({}^{2}\), and 49.89 \(\pm\) 37.64 m\({}^{2}\), respectively. Detailed descriptive statistics of the olive trees' phenotypic traits are presented in Table 1.  
In terms of the mean productivity, the 44 olive trees exhibited a mean of 35.44 \(\pm\) 1.98 kg of olives over the four harvest years and a productivity range between those years of 29.79 \(\pm\) 1.98 kg. In total, the examined olive trees produced a yield of 1749 kg of olive fruit during the 2017 harvesting season, 1192 kg during 2018, 2045 kg during 2019, and 1252 kg during 2020.  
An analysis of variance revealed significant variations in annual productivity across the harvest years 2017 to 2020 [F (3, 172) = 14.37, \(p\) < 0.001]. Subsequent post hoc [PERSON]'s tests indicated that the 2017 productivity (39.75 \(\pm\) 18.00 kg) significantly differed from both  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Phenotypic Traits** & **Mean** & **SD** & **S.E** & **Min** & **Max** \\ \hline Height (m) & 6.98 & 1.75 & 1.16 & 4.85 & 13.31 \\ Diameter (cm) & 68.03 & 24.39 & 3.67 & 43.52 & 156.69 \\ Productive shoots & 10.45 & 6.59 & 0.99 & 1.00 & 23.00 \\ Unproductive shoots & 3.70 & 2.35 & 0.35 & 1.00 & 9.00 \\ Shoots ratio & 0.67 & 0.24 & 0.03 & 0.11 & 0.96 \\ Crown area (m\({}^{2}\)) & 69.29 & 35.59 & 5.36 & 16.23 & 140.43 \\ Healthy crown (m\({}^{2}\)) & 49.89 & 37.64 & 5.67 & 5.94 & 140.43 \\ Age (years) & 190.27 & 51.46 & 7.75 & 121.18 & 314.04 \\ Cavities & 4.52 & 4.04 & 0.60 & 0.00 & 18.00 \\ Cavities ratio & 0.02 & 0.01 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.06 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Phenotypic traits of the centennial olive trees (N = 44).  
the 2018 (27.09 \(\pm\) 13.93 kg; \(p\) = 0.002, 95% C.I. = 3.66, 21.65) and 2020 (28.45 \(\pm\) 13.52 kg; \(p\) = 0.007, 95% C.I. = 2.30, 20.28) harvest years. However, there were no significant differences with the 2019 harvest year (46.47 \(\pm\) 18.86 kg; \(p\) = 0.215, 95% C.I. = \(-\)15.71, 2.26). Consistent with the productivity pattern observed in 2017, the harvest years of 2018, 2019, and 2020 followed a similar trend, exhibiting significant differences with their preceding and succeeding harvest years (Figure 4).
# Fabrication of Self-Healable Magnetic Nanocomposites via Diels - Alder Click Chemistry
## 3 Results and Discussion
Figure 9: Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) heating traces of the crosslinked PCLF/BMI/IONPs-MWCNTs hybrid samples with different amounts of IONPs-MWCNTs incorporated. The endothermic enthalpy signals indicate the occurrence of retro-DA reactions of the DA crosslinked system with increasing temperature. the phase transformations observed from the investigations. At low temperature, the crosslinked hybrid only displayed slight swelling even after 24 h, indicating the robust structure supported by the crosslinked DA network. As the hybrid sample was heated to a temperature higher than 140 \({}^{\circ}\)C, it could dissolve in the solvent medium, and a solution with good liquidity could be observed. This result clearly demonstrated the occurrence of a retro-DA reaction that disconnected the DA linkages and liberated the molecular chains and inorganic substances from the original network to a plastic state. As the sample was cooled down to a low temperature, a sol-gel transformation could be observed, indicating sufficient recovery of the crosslinked network via a DA reaction. To further examine the self-healable performance of the crosslinked PCLF/BMI/IONPs-MWCNTs hybrid system, the structural evolution of a cracked sample with a cut of 5 mm was monitored under different temperatures using an optical microscopy equipped with a heating stage. From the micrographs shown in Figure 12a-d, it could be observed that the crack was still presented without any change as the hybrid sample was thermally treated at a temperature below 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Upon increasing the heating temperature to 130 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the crack became more flatter, indicating the occurrence of a retro-DA reaction that converted the original DA crosslinked structure to a plastic state. This thermal reversible process strongly increased the chain mobility of the polymeric materials and thus led to the diffusion of polymer chains toward the crack site to heal the structural defect. When the self-healing temperature was further increased to 140 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the crack was completely closed within only a few minutes, showing that the PCLF/BMI/IONPs-MWCNTs hybrid system possessed superior self-healing properties. Furthermore, SEM was used to investigate the crack closure at a higher magnification. Figure 13a,b shows the crack evolution before and after the self-healing process, respectively. These micrographs clearly revealed efficient crack closure, consistent with the results obtained from optical microscopy measurements. Figure 11: The thermal reversible sol-gel transition of PCLF-DA-5 in DMSO via DA and retro-DA reactions.
## 3 Test Results and Discussion
### Axial Displacement Behaviour  
Before the furnace ignition, a small initial reduction in the wall height under applied vertical load was observed in Tests 2 and 3 (LVDT 4 and 5, see Figure 6). The small initial expansion of the wall in the case of Test 1 was caused by the short pre-heating of the furnace, caused by technical problems with the furnace controller. However, soon after the ignition of the furnace burners, the wall experienced heat-induced expansion, which induced pressing against the load introduction beam placed between the wall head and the hydraulic cylinder with the load cell. To reduce the unnecessary increase in the applied load, the oil pressure was adjusted during the test to keep the load constant. The recorded temperature-induced expansion was at its most intensive in the case of Specim 3, which confirms that the thicker insulation caused the fire-exposed load-bearing layer to be more thermally loaded than in the case of Specim 1. Entirely different behaviour was observed in the case of Specim 2, where the insulation and fire-exposed facing wythe acted as a fire protection for the vertically loaded load-bearing wythe, which experienced expansion of around 1 mm, which is equal to only about 10% and 7% of the thermal axial expansion of Specimens 1 and 3 at the end of the test, respectively.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Test 1** & **Test 2** & **Test 3** \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{Load-bearing capacity} \\ \hline Axial height reduction (mm) & \(9.90<C~{}^{(1)}=-30\) & \(2.05<C=-30\) & \(18.76<C=-30\) \\ Rate of the axial height reduction & \(0.33<dC/dt~{}^{(2)}=9\) & \(0.27<dC/dt=9\) & \(0.61<dC/dt=9\) \\ \multicolumn{4}{c}{(mm/min)} \\ Deflection (mm) & \(45.38<D~{}^{(3)}=160,7\) & \(10.23<D=160.7\) & \(56.89<D=160.7\) \\ Deflection rate (mm/min) & \(1.40<dD/dt~{}^{(4)}=7.14\) & \(1.25<dD/dt=7.14\) & \(2.63<dD/dt=7.14\) \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{Thermal insulation} \\ \hline Mean temperature increase on the & \(52.7~{}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}<140~{}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}\) & \(29.7~{}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}<140~{}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}\) & \(51.0~{}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}<140~{}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}\) \\ \multicolumn{4}{c}{side not exposed to fire} \\ Maximal temperature increases above & \(56.4~{}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}<180~{}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}\) & \(31.1~{}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}<180~{}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}\) & \(56.1~{}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}<180~{}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{(1)}\) is the maximal allowable axial height reduction in mm, \({}^{(2)}\) is the maximal allowable rate of the axial reduction in mm/min, \({}^{(3)}\) is the maximal allowable deflection in mm, \({}^{(4)}\) is the maximal allowable deflection rate in mm/min.  
\end{table}
Table 2: The performance criteria according to DIN EN 13501-2 for load-bearing members with a space-enclosing function.  
It should be mentioned that the axial deformation observed in the tests was opposite (extension) to the one foreseen in the testing standards (the limit values refer to the reduction in the height) [30]. Nevertheless, the final value and rate of these deformations did not exceed the allowable values.
## 4 Research Results
### Analysis of the Research Results  
Based on the research results of 250 Polish metal and automotive industry manufacturing companies, the research model (Figure 1) was studied using a correlation and regression approach in order to estimate the impact of using AM technologies in Polish manufacturing enterprises. An analysis of the research results was carried out using Statistica ver.13.3. The data were carefully examined with respect to linearity, equality of variance and normality. No significant deviations were detected. Table 2 presents the correlation analysis, where only the variables, for which the relationships were significant, were summarised, that is, where the technologies used were: FDM, EBM, welding, heat bonding, laser cutting. Figure 5: Restrictions affecting the decision to implement AM in the metal and automotive industry manufacturing companies surveyed. Figure 6: Restrictions affecting the decision to implement AM, in the metal and automotive industry manufacturing companies surveyed. Answers given by the respondents. The analysis shows significant relationships between:  
1. The FDM technology used and the impact of its use vis-a-vis the increased freedom gained when it comes to product design. 2. Heat bonding and reducing waste/lower energy consumption as a result of using this technology. 3. Between the introduction and application of laser cutting technology and the company's development.
## 2 Methods  
An analysis of a formation of the magnetized plasma during the interaction of laser radiation with thin dense targets was carried out by numerical simulation of a complete self-consistent system of Maxwell equations for electromagnetic fields and kinetic Vlasov equations for plasma species by means of a particle-in-cell method using the PICADOR software package [26]. Modeling was carried out in two-dimensional geometry. The length of the box was selected in the range from 280 to 380, depending on the intensity and duration of the laser pulse, so that by the end of the simulation the plasma did not reach the right boundary. The box width was 80. A grid step along both axes was 0.02. The calculation time was 3000 fs and the time step was 0.02 fs. Absorbing boundary conditions were used at all boundaries both for particles and fields. The number of particles in the cell at the initial moment of time was 200.  
An aluminum foil with a thickness of 2 was used as the target. It was located at a distance of 30 from the left boundary of the box. Ions were pre-ionized to the Al\({}^{9+}\) state. Their concentration at the initial moment of time was \(5\times 10^{22}\) cm\({}^{-3}\). The boundaries of the target were initially assumed to be perfectly sharp. A layer of fully ionized hydrogen with a thickness of 0.02 was added to the rear surface of the target, which imitated a natural contamination of the target surface, and also accelerated the expansion of the plasma due to the smaller mass of protons compared to the mass of aluminum ions.  
The 2D simulations were carried out so that the linearly polarized laser light was in the plane of the simulations. The beam was incident onto the target from the left along the normal to the surface and focused into a spot 4 in diameter at FWHM (Full Width at Half Maximum). The calculations were performed with pulses with a duration of 100, 400, 700, and 1000 fs at FWHM. The results for pulses with the duration of 400 fs and longer are in qualitative agreement with each other so only qualitatively different cases of 100 fs and 700 fs are presented in the paper. The pulse envelope in both coordinates was a Gaussian.  
The noisy distributions of electron density, electron energy density and magnetic field obtained as a result of modeling were smoothed by a Gaussian filter with a width of 0.2. All transformations have then been carried out on smoothed distributions. To obtain a magnetic field gradient, we used a convolution of the initial distribution of the magnetic field with the first derivative of the Gaussian function in both directions with the same width of 0.2.
## 4 Medium Access and Network Layer Protocols  
### Medium Access Layer Protocols  
Data transfer between two hydroacoustic modems in point-to-point (P2P) mode involves one modem connected to the data source and the second modem connected to the receiver. The transfer uses physical layer algorithms and is limited by the mutual coverage area. However, if more than two modems are within this coverage area, stable data transmission is not guaranteed due to collisions and mutual interference.  
To manage multiple devices within the same coverage area, we need methods for the media access control layer (also known as the data link layer). These methods ensure the resolution of collisions between data packets.  
To ensure the functioning of multiple digital hydroacoustic communication devices within the same coverage area, specialized control algorithms are being developed at the channel level of the OSI model. These algorithms consider the time dispersion and propagation delays of the hydroacoustic signal.  
To enhance operational efficiency in a hydroacoustic signal propagation environment and mitigate collisions during data exchange and delivery to modems lacking synchronous operation capabilities, a data transmission algorithm was devised. This algorithm utilizes the DACAP [17] channel layer protocol, which operates asynchronously, and relies on individual connections between network nodes to minimize access time to the signal propagation environment.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Data Collection
#### 2.2.2 Environmental Variables  
According to the soil spatial prediction function with spatially autocorrelated errors, the reference (Scorpan-SSPFe), and the characteristics of the soil pH, we selected a suite of factors to represent soil-forming environments. These factors were closely related to organisms, soil, climate, and relief. The factor of \"organisms, vegetation, fauna or human activities\" consisted of Sentinel-1's radar backscatter and Sentinel-2's spectral bands and indices, cropland type, and crop rotation systems. All variables in raster format were resampled to 10 m using the bilinear method and were used as the candidate independent variables in predicting the soil pH (Table 1).  
Figure 1: The study region and soil samples: (**a**) location of the Guangdong Province and Zengcheng District in China, overlaid with the soil pH map from [37]; (**b**) elevation, distribution of soil samples in Zengcheng, and measured pH values.
# Anatomical-Based Customized Cervical Orthosis Design in Automation
## 2 Materials and Methods  
Cervical orthosis is designed to immobilize and support the neck. It usually encircles the neck with fabric, resilient material, or rigid plastic. Rigid cervical orthosis is recommended for neck trauma to reduce neurological disability and provide spinal stability. Soft collars have been proposed as a good alternative because of the complications related to rigid collars. Rigid collars provided significantly higher stability than soft collars in terms of ROM (range of motion) [13]. No cervical orthoses could provide enough immobilization for neck extension or vertebra's intersegmental motion. More rigidity means more restriction on the neck and more effective immobility. However, it may lead to discomfort and possible complications. In this situation, the willingness to wear it for a specific period decreases, which may affect the effect of rehabilitation treatment.  
This study adopts a two-piece cervical orthosis that covers the subsurface bones surrounding the neck. As shown in Figure 1, the designed cervical orthosis accommodates 12 anatomical features. They include the chin, mandibular angles, side neck points, clavicles, sternum in the front piece, external occipital protuberance, mastoid processes, and spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra (C7) in the back piece. All these features are located on the subsurface of the corresponding anatomical bone.