## 3 Results and Discussion
### Evolution of the Concentrations of Cu and SO\({}_{2}\) during Wine Production
_Beverages_**2019**, _5, 70  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{a,b} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Control**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**LCu**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**HCu**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**LSO2**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**HSO2**} \\ \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Chardonay**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} \\ \hline J & 1222 \(\pm\) 49 c & 4295 \(\pm\) 92 b & 7299 \(\pm\) 227 a & 1182 \(\pm\) 21 c & 1225 \(\pm\) 87 c \\ PAF & 124 \(\pm\) 2 c & 311 \(\pm\) 4 b & 430 \(\pm\) 14 a & 124 \(\pm\) 3 c & 121 \(\pm\) 2 c \\ PCold & 86 \(\pm\) 7 c & 186 \(\pm\) 0 b & 321 \(\pm\) 47 a & 76 \(\pm\) 1 c & 73 \(\pm\) 3 c \\ PB: & & & & & & \\ nonB/Bent & 82 \(\pm\) 1d & 46 \(\pm\) 2 e & 203 \(\pm\) 2 b & 153 \(\pm\) 11 c & 335 \(\pm\) 42 a & 229 \(\pm\) 2 b & 79 \(\pm\) 5 d & 45 \(\pm\) 13 e & 73 \(\pm\) 2 de & 60 \(\pm\) 6 de \\
15 Mo: & & & & & & & \\ nonB/Bent & 11 \(\pm\) 11 d & 38 \(\pm\) 9 e & 167 \(\pm\) 10 c & 136 \(\pm\) 1 cd & 305 \(\pm\) 49 a & 204 \(\pm\) 13 b & 63 \(\pm\) 10 e & 51 \(\pm\) 10 e & 50 \(\pm\) 1 e & 44 \(\pm\) 9 e \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{_free Cu (\(\mu\)g/L)_} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} \\ \hline J & n/a & n/a & n/a & n/a & n/a & \\ PAF & 17 \(\pm\) 2 bc & 24 \(\pm\) 9 b & 52 \(\pm\) 2 a & 17 \(\pm\) 1 bc & 10 \(\pm\) 1 c \\ PCold & 28 \(\pm\) 1 c & 55 \(\pm\) 3 b & 80 \(\pm\) 6 a & 24 \(\pm\) 2 c & 22 \(\pm\) 3 c \\ PB: & & & & & & \\ nonB/Bent & 34 \(\pm\) 4 e & 26 \(\pm\) 2 g & 66 \(\pm\) 4 c & 50 \(\pm\) 6 d & 93 \(\pm\) 3 a & 75 \(\pm\) 8 b & 33 \(\pm\) 4 ef & 23 \(\pm\) 2 g & 19 \(\pm\) 1 g & 21 \(\pm\) 0 g \\
15 Mo: & & & & & & & \\ nonB/Bent & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{_bound Cu (\(\mu\)g/L)_} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} \\ \hline J & n/a & n/a & n/a & n/a & n/a & \\ PAF & 107 \(\pm\) 2 c & 287 \(\pm\) 9 b & 390 \(\pm\) 4 a & 108 \(\pm\) 2 c & 110 \(\pm\) 2 c \\ PCold & 58 \(\pm\) 8 c & 131 \(\pm\) 3 b & 224 \(\pm\) 20 a & 52 \(\pm\) 3 c & 51 \(\pm\) 6 c \\ PB: & & & & & & \\ nonB/Bent & 48 \(\pm\) 5 d & 21 \(\pm\) 1 e & 137 \(\pm\) 5 b & 103 \(\pm\) 15 c & 229 \(\pm\) 20 a & 151 \(\pm\) 4 b & 51 \(\pm\) 6 d & 22 \(\pm\) 10 e & 54 \(\pm\) 1 d & 42 \(\pm\) 1 d \\
15 Mo: & & & & & & & \\ nonB/Bent & 110 \(\pm\) 11 d & 38 \(\pm\) 9 e & 167 \(\pm\) 10 c & 136 \(\pm\) 1 cd & 305 \(\pm\) 49 a & 204 \(\pm\) 13 b & 63 \(\pm\) 10 e & 51 \(\pm\) 10 e & 50 \(\pm\) 1 e & 44 \(\pm\) 9 e \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{_total SO2 (mg/L)_} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} \\ \hline J & 8 \(\pm\) 0 c & 7 \(\pm\) 0 c & 8 \(\pm\) 0 c & 48 \(\pm\) 1 b & 66 \(\pm\) 1 a \\ PAF & 55 \(\pm\) 1 e & 64 \(\pm\) 1 d & 69 \(\pm\) 3 c & 88 \(\pm\) 3 b & 101 \(\pm\) 2 a \\ PCold & 108 \(\pm\) 1 c & 114 \(\pm\) 3 bc & 120 \(\pm\) 5 b & 144 \(\pm\) 8 a & 151 \(\pm\) 3 a \\ \(\epsilon\) PB: & & & & & & \\ nonB/Bent & 129 \(\pm\) 7 cd & 123 \(\pm\) 4 d & 156 \(\pm\) 4 ab & 152 \(\pm\) 2 b & 163 \(\pm\) 4 a & 161 \(\pm\) 2 a & 136 \(\pm\) 6 c & 131 \(\pm\) 2 c & 132 \(\pm\) 4 c & 132 \(\pm\) 4 c \\
15 Mo: & & & & & & & \\ nonB/Bent & 89 \(\pm\) 3 e & 94 \(\pm\) 10 e & 106 \(\pm\) 5 d & 111 \(\pm\) 4 cd & 119 \(\pm\) 3 b & 120 \(\pm\) 5 b & 120 \(\pm\) 2 b & 118 \(\pm\) 3 b & 129 \(\pm\) 3 a & 129 \(\pm\) 2 a \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{_free SO2 (mg/L)_} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} \\ \hline J & 0 c & 0 c & 0 c & 25 \(\pm\) 1 b & 39 \(\pm\) 1 a \\ PAF & 0 a & 0 a & 0 a & 1 \(\pm\) 0 a & 1 \(\pm\) 0 a \\ PCold & 10 \(\pm\) 2 a & 6 \(\pm\) 1 b & 2 \(\pm\) 1 c & 12 \(\pm\) 2 a & 10 \(\pm\) 1 a \\ \(\epsilon\) PB: & & & & & & & \\ nonB/Bent & 24 \(\pm\) 2 b & 25 \(\pm\) 2 ab & 26 \(\pm\) 3 ab & 29 \(\pm\) 5 a & 24 \(\pm\) 1 b & 26 \(\pm\) 1 ab & 18 \(\pm\) 1 c & 20 \(\pm\) 1 c & 11 \(\pm\) 1 d & 12 \(\pm\) 1 d \\
15 Mo: & & & & & & & \\ nonB/Bent & 4 \(\pm\) 1 ab & 5 \(\pm\) 3 a & 4 \(\pm\) 1 ab & 4 \(\pm\) 1 ab & 2 \(\pm\) 1 b & 3 \(\pm\) 1 b & 4 \(\pm\) 1 ab & 3 \(\pm\) 1 ab & 4 \(\pm\) 1 ab & 4 \(\pm\) 0 ab \\ \hlineAfter cold stabilization (PCold for Chardonnay, PB for Shiraz), an additional reduction in total Cu concentration was evident in both wines (Tables 1 and 2).