###### Abstract
investigated the generation and propagation of noise based on a standard squareback body with a blunt mirror mounted on one side of the body, and they found that the predictions obtained based on the stress-blended eddy simulation (SBES) are in good agreement with the experimental results [23; 24]. Compared to the aerodynamic characteristics of the DrivAer model captured by the delayed detached eddy simulation (DDES) and improved delayed detached eddy simulation (IDDES) methods, the SBES model predicts the aerodynamic drag of the car with excellent correlation to the measured values obtained from the tests [25]. [PERSON] et al. reproduced the flow around a realist Estate vehicle based on realizable \(k\)-\(\varepsilon\), shear stress Transport (SST) RANS, DDES models, and wind tunnel tests, and the results show that the DDES method performs the best prediction of the flow around the vehicle [26]. [PERSON] et al. examined the prediction ability of the SST \(k\)-\(\omega\), the explicit algebraic stress model (EARSM), detached eddy simulation (DES), and IDDES methods on vehicle aerodynamic characteristics based on the Ahmed body. The results show that the IDDES method has the best ability to capture the separation bubbles on the slant, and the aerodynamic characteristics are more consistent with the experimental results [27]. [PERSON] et al. compared the computational capabilities of three models (the realizable and Abe-Kondoh-Nagano (AKN) \(k\)-\(\varepsilon\) models and the shear stress transport (SST) \(k\)-\(\omega\) model), on flow fields and aerodynamic loads of the NASCAR 6 th generation race car on the basis of wind tunnel tests [28]. The aerodynamic forces, moments, and vehicle balance calculated by the AKN \(k\)-\(\varepsilon\) most closely approximated the corresponding results in wind tunnel tests, and the AKN \(k\)-\(\varepsilon\) model exhibited the greatest prediction capability for flow fields near the separating and wake zones of the vehicle. [PERSON] et al. investigated the predictive capabilities of the methods (i.e., LES, RANS, and IDDES) for information on the flow field of a simplified car [29]. The RANS model could not accurately predict the separation and reattachment of the vehicle wake, whereas the IDDES and LES methods displayed comparable prediction performance in terms of the wake dynamics and the frequency. Nevertheless, a limited number of studies have addressed the aerodynamic properties of sedans navigating dunes amidst crosswinds, considering the implications of diverse turbulence modeling approaches. This study develops an elaborate CFD dynamic mesh model for the air-sedan-dune interaction, leveraging the \"mosaic\" meshing technique, and verifies the reliability of the CFD prediction method on the basis of the test results on a real sedan in a desert hinterland experimental case. The discrete phase model (DPM) was employed to examine how the wind-sand flow impacts the aerodynamic properties of a vehicle as it traverses a dune. The predictive capabilities of three models (i.e., RNG \(k\)-\(\varepsilon\), LES, and IDDES) are compared in terms of the aerodynamic loads and flow field characteristics of a sedan crossing a dune under crosswinds. The results of this study are expected to offer theoretical bases for the CFD studies of the aerodynamic characteristics of sedans and the wind-sand flow.