esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# VidBlock: A Web3.0-Enabled Decentralized Blockchain Architecture for Live Video Streaming
## 3 System Design
### VidBlock Architecture
#### 3.1.3 ViB Creator and Consumer Nodes  
These nodes represent the users within the VidBlock system, including all client devices such as mobile phones, tablets, and PCs that participate in the network.  
* **ViB creator node**: This node acts as the originator of streaming content within the VidBlock ecosystem. When a creator node initiates a live stream, it first stores the metadata of the content in a distributed storage system, ensuring that essential information about the stream is accessible to other nodes. This metadata includes details like stream title, creator ID, and a unique hash identifier. The creator node then establishes a P2P connection with consumer nodes for direct streaming, enhancing efficiency and reducing latency.
* **ViB consumer node**: Consumer nodes are users within the VidBlock system that request and receive streaming content. To access a stream, a consumer node queries a blockchain relay node for a list of active streams. Using hash values provided by the relay node, the consumer retrieves streaming information from distributed storage. This allows the consumer node to verify the authenticity and integrity of the stream data, leveraging the blockchain's immutability to ensure trustworthiness.
* **Supporting modules in ViB nodes**: This component within the VidBlock system is responsible for overseeing the security and administration of user interactions and live streaming activities. It ensures a secure environment for both content creators and consumers by managing access control and live session operations.
* **User credentials:** The authentication process is conducted via the blockchain, which verifies user credentials to ensure that only authorized creators are permitted to produce and broadcast content. By leveraging blockchain's immutable properties, VidBlock enhances security and prevents unauthorized access, providing a trusted environment for content creation.
* **Live management:** The live management system handles the full lifecycle of live streaming sessions, including the initiation, maintenance, and termination of streams. This functionality allows the system to display a list of currently active streams to users in real time. The process is secure and automated, ensuring that stream data remains protected while offering an efficient way for consumers to discover and access ongoing live broadcasts.  
These nodes interact seamlessly within VidBlock's decentralized architecture. By distributing storage and streaming processes across creator and consumer nodes, VidBlock minimizes reliance on centralized servers, thus enhancing data privacy, reducing latency, and ensuring scalability. The P2P streaming mechanism also allows nodes to bypass traditional content delivery networks (CDNs), offering a cost-effective and robust alternative for real-time streaming services.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Accelerated Corrosion Test  
The experiments were carried out on copper plates with surface area \(S=20\times 50\) mm\({}^{2}\) and thickness \(d=0.10\) mm, which were previously polished with K1000 abrasive paper and degreased in acetone. The protective inhibitor films were obtained by holding the copper plates in a water solution with the inhibitor for 60 min at 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
The experiments lasted 1 week (168 h). Three sample plates were held in an unstirred and naturally aerated of 1% HCl solution all at the same time. The plates were then washed with distilled water and treated according to GOST 9.907-83 \"Methods for the removal of corrosion products aftercorrosion tests\". The rate of corrosion was determined according to the weight loss of the samples and calculated using the formula  
\[k=\frac{m_{0}-m}{S\cdot t}\cdot 100\%, \tag{2}\]  
where \(m_{0}\) and \(m\) is the weight of the sample before and after the corrosion tests respectively. The effectiveness of the inhibition activity of the derivatives of 5-amino-1\(H\)-1,2,4-triazole was evaluated judging by the inhibition coefficient and the protection level  
\[\gamma=\frac{k_{0}}{k_{inh}}, \tag{3}\]\[Z_{k}=\frac{k_{0}-k_{inh}}{k_{inh}}\cdot 100\%, \tag{4}\]  
where \(k_{0}\) and \(k_{inh}\) are the rate of corrosion in the HCl solution with and without the inhibitor respectively. \(k_{0}\) was 44.0 g/m\({}^{-2}\)/24 h\({}^{-1}\). The corrosion inhibition effect was studied for systems with the concentration of the inhibitor being 0.01, 0.10, and 1.00 mM.  
The atmospheric corrosion of copper was accelerated by means of salt spray testing in order to determine the inhibition effect of derivatives of 5-amino-1\(H\)-1,2,4-triazole for inter-operational protection of copper products. The samples were placed in the chamber at 95%-100% relative air humidity. A 5% solution of NaCl (pH 6.5-7.2, GOST R 52763-2007) was sprayed into the chamber every hour. The samples were examined 3 times every 24 h in order to register the first signs of corrosion (\(\tau_{\text{corr}}\)).
## 1 Introduction
### Motivations and Contributions  
This work aims to provide a flexible, accurate, and efficient path planning strategy for autonomous vehicles traveling on half-structured roads: (1) bringing higher efficiency compared to traditional sampling strategies, especially in vast areas [4]; (2) bringing more flexibility compared to state machine-based planning strategies and avoiding unintended hazards due to fault transmission [15]; and (3) bringing a higher degree of interpretability compared to numerical optimization strategies [16], where the output paths are filtered from within the path candidates.  
Half-structured roads include, but are not limited to, rural roads, urban non-main roads, and industrial district roads. Similar to the structured road scenario, there will be a recommended route on the map and there will be road markings. There are some distinctions and difficulties to be aware of while comparing structured road scenarios. (1) The traffic constraints are soft constraints on half-structured roads, more like mobile robot scenarios, where the movements of the vehicle are not strictly constrained by lanes. It is impossible to separate the path planning problem into straightforward driving planning issues like adaptive cruise control, lane change, or vehicle following [17]. The scenarios cannot be used with the behavior-based planning strategy [18]. (2) In half structured road scenarios, the planning area may be vast, which requires the planning strategy to be efficient and flexible enough to obtain feasible paths from the vast area. By generating flexible paths, path planning strategies with small planning steps may handle narrow gap collision avoidance scenarios; however, it is difficult for them to handle wide area scenarios. There should be a balance between planning efficiency and planning flexibility.  
It is now evident how to solve the path planning issue on the half-structured road. (1) Issues with simplification for vast planning areas. (2) Issues in balancing flexibility and efficiency in trajectory planning.  
In this work, the path planning problem on vast half-structured roads is successfully solved by combining the discrete multi-source cost optimization problem with a straightforward guideline finding problem. (1) The RRT-based guideline planner reduces the wide planning area into smaller areas, generating smaller passable areas for vehicles to avoid obstacles. Compared to traditional driving behavior-based strategies [2], this offers flexibility and great efficiency. (2) In the resulting reduced planning area, the path planning problem is converted into a discrete multi-source cost optimization problem. A weighted directed graph is created, after which a Dijkstra algorithm optimizer is used, enhancing the path planning for obstacle avoidance with high accuracy.
# Long Distance Moving Vehicle Tracking with a Multirotor Based on IMM-Directional Track Association
## 6 Conclusions  
In the paper, two strategies were newly developed for multi-target tracking by a multirotor. One is the IMM estimator equipped with track association. The other is the directional track association. The IMM-CA scheme was compared with the IMM-CV when applying track association or directional track association. It was found that the IMM-CA using the directional track association outperformed other methods.  
Compprising two stages of moving object detection and multi-target tracking, the overall process is effective for computing as it does not require high-resolution video streaming or storage. However, the object recognition is not included in the process.  
This system is suitable for vehicle tracking and traffic control or vehicle counting. It can be extended to various security, surveillance, and other applications including a large number of people and animal tracking over long distances. Target tracking with a dynamic drone with various perspectives remains for future study.  
The following are available online at [[https://zenodo.org/record/574612](https://zenodo.org/record/574612)]([https://zenodo.org/record/574612](https://zenodo.org/record/574612)) 4, Video S1: IMM-CV-TA, Video S2: IMM-CV-DTA, Video S3: IMM-CA-TA, Video S4: IMM-CA-DTA.  
This research was supported by Daegu University Research Grant 2018.  
Not Applicable.  
I am thankful to [PERSON] for his assistance in capturing the video.  
The author declares no conflict of interest.
# Personalized Context-Aware Authentication Protocols in IoT
## 3 Results
### Context Tracking--CPRA-CAPTCHA  
As long as access to the digital footprint (public/authorized social media feeds of an individual) is granted to the device or a network of devices, additional methods of identity tracking can be instituted during the login procedure or occasional identity checks during prolonged service usage (to prevent session hijacking). Any device accessing this feed might use the following simple algorithm for CPRA-CAPTCHA (used as a safety method in addition to those of Sections 3.1-3.3):  
* Input from the sensors is taken according to the chosen LAAP/CAAP. Only visual/audio/location sensors are used.
* The most current media feed of the person is accessed, and similar data are taken.
* A sanity check is performed. Are the location coordinates consistent with the latest ones (e.g., within traveling distance or half a world away)? If the location being shown is consistent with the subject's home/office/another already documented place, is the visual data feed consistent with previous data taken from the location in question? If the subject's calendar is accessible to the device, does the actual location match the itinerary?
* In cases of discrepancies, a CAPTCHA-like check might be applied to allow the continued use of the device. The check can be performed again using some of the subject's stored data, making the subject pick pictures known to him or made by him from a random batch. It can include a location-based check, where the pictures show nearby locations that the subject has visited, or a knowledge-based check, where a set of images connected to the subject's vocation or people they interact with on a daily basis are shown to pick from. The actual check can be performed without much interaction by using eye tracking (if permitted by the device) [13].  
As can be seen, this method does not guarantee uniqueness and can only work as intended if given access to a substantial amount of the subject's data, which may or may not be viewed favorably by the subject. As such, it could only be used as a supporting method to ensure that the device has not been stolen and the session has not been hijacked.
# Rainfall Similarity Search Based on Deep Learning by Using Precipitation Images
## 3 Rainfall Similarity Search Based on NDCG-IPSO
### Feature Extraction
#### 3.1.2 Precipitation Distribution  
Regional precipitation can roughly represent the total amount of regional precipitation within a given area, but it is difficult to reflect the spatial distribution characteristics of precipitation. Therefore, the block-based color histogram is used to divide the watershed image into rectangular blocks with \(m\) rows and \(n\) columns after truncating redundant annotation. That is, the precipitation image is divided into \(m^{\ast}n\) small grids. Additionally, the regional precipitation for each small grid can be calculated according to formula (4), respectively. Let \(P_{(i,j)}\) be the regional precipitation for the grid located at the \(i^{\text{th}}\) row and the \(j^{\text{th}}\) column. The precipitation distribution matrix, denoted as \(R\), is defined to characterize the spatial distribution feature for the precipitation image, which can be calculated as follows:  
\[R=\begin{bmatrix}P_{(1,1)},P_{(1,2)},\dots,P_{(1,n)}\\ P_{(2,1)},P_{(2,2)},\dots,P_{(2,n)}\\ \dots\\ P_{(m,1)},P_{(m,2)},\dots,P_{(m,n)}\end{bmatrix} \tag{6}\]  
Figure 3 shows the precipitation distribution matrix after blocking operation for the precipitation image.  
Let \(R_{(a,b)}\) be one of the blocks around \(R_{(i,j)}\) in image \(B\), where \(a\in\{i-1,i,i+1\}\), \(b\in\{j-1,\)\(j,+1\}\). Let \(D_{AB(i,j)}\) be the distance between elements in the \(i^{\text{th}}\) row and the \(j^{\text{th}}\) column of precipitation distribution matrix \(R_{A}\) and \(R_{B}\), which can be calculated using the method shown in Figure 4. If the distance between \(R_{A(i,j)}\) and \(R_{B(i,j)}\), denoted as \(D_{1}\), is smaller than that between \(R_{A(i,j)}\) and \(R_{B(a,b)}\) (\(a\in\{i-1,i,i+1\}\), \(b\in\{j-1,j,j+1\}\)), denoted as \(D_{2}\), \(D_{AB(i,j)}\) can be represented by \(D_{1}\), else \(D_{AB(i,j)}\) is represented by the mean of \(D_{1}\) and \(D_{2}\).  
Figure 3: The precipitation distribution matrix.  
Thus, the distance of the precipitation distributions of two precipitation images, defined as \(D_{R}\), can be calculated as follows:  
\[D_{R}=\sum_{i=1}^{m}\sum_{j=1}^{n}D_{AB(i,j)} \tag{7}\]
## 2 Results and Discussion
### Unsupervised Analyses of Cinnamon by SPME/GC-MS
#### 2.2.2 Analysis of Authenticated Cinnamon Drugs VOCs Dataset  
In order to confirm previous findings and aid in identifying markers for each drug, authenticated drugs dataset was analyzed separately in a new model (Supplementary Figure S2A,B). The PCA score plot (Supplementary Figure S2A) resulted in a stronger model with a total variance of 63.8%, with PC1 accounting for 47.7%. CA and CT were segregated from CV and CVM along PC1 in agreement with Figure 3B results, while CI was shown to be clustered away from CV and CVM along PC2. The geographical origin of _C. verum_ was not a determinant factor in sample segregation with CV and CVM clustering together (Supplementary Figure S2A). Asides, coumarin appeared in the loading plot (Supplementary Figure S2B) to be associated with CA and CT, while (_E_)-cinnamaldehyde was correlated with CV, CVM, and CI, confirming the quantification results presented in Table S1.  
These findings were consistent with those previously described in the literature regarding the high content of coumarin in _C. cassia_ in comparison to _C. verum_[9]. It is noteworthy  
Figure 3: Unsupervised data analysis of the whole cinnamon dataset based on SPME-GC/MS results. (**A**) Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA); (**B**) Principal component analysis (PCA) score plot, and (**C**) PCA loading plot. The samples code is listed in Table 1.  
to report that the presence of coumarin as a marker of _C. tamala_ is reported in the current study for the first time.
# Optimization Design for Sparse Planar Array in Satellite Communications
## 5 Summary and Outlook  
In this paper, the optimization design of sparse planar arrays in satellite communication scenarios was studied, the mathematical foundation of antenna arrays was introduced, and the optimization design model of sparse planar arrays was established. Then, the influence of different array layout methods on the sparse planar array antenna pattern was analyzed and compared, and the recent new design trend of array material design was also introduced. Then, four types of methods (analysis methods, local optimization methods, intelligent optimization methods, and hybrid methods) were reviewed. On this basis, the frequently used iterative Fourier analysis method, the four traditional intelligence methods and emerging artificial intelligence methods, the methods based on convex optimization technology and compressed sensing theory, and the three-type hybrid method based on the combination of the above were introduced, while the advantages and disadvantages of each method were summarized.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Literature Comparison
The measured NO-N\({}_{2}\) broadening coefficient shows a better agreement with the literature value in Ref. [28] than the value in Ref. [29]. There are significant deviations of about 10 to 20% for NO-Ar and NO-He broadening coefficients compared to the measured results in Ref. [20]. This is due to the temperature difference. The broadening coefficients reported in Ref. [20] are for 300 K. Moreover, in this work as well as in the literature [20], the broadening coefficients of R11.5 \(\Omega\)3/2 lines should be larger than R11.5 \(\Omega\)1/2. However, in Ref. [20], the reported R11.5 NO-Ar broadening coefficients are the opposite. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline  & **R11.5 \(\Omega\)3/2** & **R11.5 \(\Omega\)1/2** \\ \hline \(\gamma_{\rm He}\) [10\({}^{3}\) cm\({}^{-1}\)/atm] & 44.17 \(\pm\) 0.23 & 37.79 \(\pm\) 0.20 \\ Pressure range [atm] & 0.1–1.0 & 0.1–1.0 \\ Relative error [\%] & 0.52\% & 0.53\% \\ Ref. [20] & 51.86(0.76) & 48.64(1.5) \\ \hline \(\gamma_{\rm Air}\) [10\({}^{3}\) cm\({}^{-1}\)/atm] & 58.04 \(\pm\) 0.71 & 50.82 \(\pm\) 0.63 \\ Pressure range [atm] & 0.1–0.9 & 0.1–0.9 \\ Relative error [\%] & 1.23\% & 1.23\% \\ Ref. [31] & 59 & \\ Ref. [25] & 56.1(2.8) & 53.7(2.7) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: _Cont._  
Figure 8: Comparison of our findings to published data from the literature. Solid points: R11.5 \(\Omega\)3/2, Open points: R11.5 \(\Omega\)1/2 [20; 28; 29; 30; 31].
## 4 Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Algorithm
### FUZZY Algorithm  
The Fuzzy algorithm overcomes the disadvantages of the P&O algorithm. Fuzzy is one of the most optimal and attractive technical tools in all control fields as it deals with indefinite and uncertain information and makes decisions like humans. Thus, fuzzy control is applied to non-linear systems. The solar panel is a powerful, non-linear system. Various control algorithms have been worked out under the maximum power point tracking algorithm [29; 30]. The fuzzy-based control algorithm is efficient because it can automatically adjust the output deviation to a constant value based on specific fuzzy rules. The control rules are framed, and the elements are determined based on the theory that in the transient state significant errors need coarse control which requires coarse input/output, while small errors need fine control which requires excellent input/output variables. Based on this, the elements of the rule table are obtained.
# Neuroimaging of Pediatric Cerebellum in Inherited Neurodegenerative Diseases
## 1 Introduction
### Lysosomal Storage Disorders: GM2-Gangliosidosis and Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinos  
In lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs), neurodegeneration can involve multiple brain structures such as the thalami, cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum. The selective vulnerability of Purkinje cells is responsible for the important damage of the cerebellar cortex [26; 27].  
Late-onset GM2-gangliosidosis is the prototype of LSD characterized by isolated cerebellar atrophy. The disease is caused by beta-hexosaminidase A deficiency or combined beta-hexosaminidaseA and B. In late-onset phenotype, neurological symptoms include cerebellar ataxia, psychiatric disorders, dystonia, and anterior motor neuron disease. The most common MRI findings show severe, isolated cerebellum-vermian atrophy. In a minority of cases, imaging shows important cerebral atrophy and white matter abnormal signal intensity secondary to axonal degeneration [27].  
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinos (NCLs) are a group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the intracellular accumulation of autofluorescence ceroid lipopigments due to different gene mutations. Currently, 14 different genetic forms have been described [28], divided in clinical groups based on the age of onset.  
There are three main childhood NCL phenotypes: infantile, late infantile, and juvenile. The most common genetic form of infantile NCL is _CLN1_ due to a mutation in the gene that encodes the enzyme palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1). Late infantile NCL is often caused by mutations in the _CLN2_ gene, causing tripeptidyl-peptidase 1 deficiency (TPP1). The disease begins around the third year of life in previously healthy children, with epilepsy of sudden onset or unexpected delay of psychomotor development. Mutations cause juvenile NCL (JNCL) in _CLN3_. The main clinical sign of this type of NCL (JNCL, _CLN3_, juvenile-onset Batten's disease, Spielmeyer-Vogt syndrome), starting around the age of 4 to 7 years, is a visual failure that leads to blindness usually within a few years [29]. Overall, the most frequent forms of NCL are the juvenile form (Batten disease, CLN3) and late infantile form (Jansky-Bielschowsky disease, CLN2).  
The neuroradiological findings in the different forms of NCL are quite similar: thalamic involvement with T2 hypointensity fading away with increasing age of onset; infra and supratentorial atrophy with distinct thinning of the cerebral cortex, and white matter T2 hyperintensity, usually not marked, with appearance only in adolescence and juvenile forms [30] (Figure 6).
# Panoramic Digital Image Correlation for 360-Deg Full-Field Displacement Measurement
###### Abstract  
In full-field 3D displacement measurement, stereo digital image correlation (Stereo-DIC) has strong capabilities. However, as a result of difficulties with stereo camera calibration and surface merging, 360-deg panoramic displacement measurements remain a challenge. This paper proposes a panoramic displacement field measurement method in order to accurately measure the shape and panoramic displacement field of complex shaped objects with natural textures. The proposed method is based on the robust subset-based DIC algorithm and the well-known Zhang's calibration method to reconstruct the 3D shape and estimate the full-field displacements of a complex surface from multi-view stereo camera pairs. The method is used in the determination of the scale factor of the 3D reconstructed surface and the stitching of multiple 3D reconstructed surfaces with the aid of the laser point cloud data of the object under test. Based on a discussion of the challenges faced by panoramic DIC, this paper details the proposed solution and describes the specific algorithms implemented. The paper tests the performance of the proposed method using an experimental system with a 360-deg six camera setup. The system was evaluated by measuring the rigid body motion of a cylindrical log sample with known 3D point cloud data. The results confirm that the proposed method is able to accurately measure the panoramic shape and full-field displacement of objects with complex morphologies.  
panoramic digital image correlation; stereo camera calibration; full-field 3D displacement measurement; scale factor +
Footnote †: journal: Medical Imaging  
1 School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China 1  
[PERSON]  
1 School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China 12 Key Lab of State Forestry Administration on Forestry Equipment and Automation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China 2  
Footnote 2: email: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]