## 3 Related Work  
Blockchain technology has made significant advancements [20; 21; 22], which have had a big impact on the development of e-voting systems. Researchers have worked for a long time on creating secure and efficient voting protocols [23], resulting in a wide variety of blockchain-based e-voting solutions. These solutions tackle important issues like accuracy, voter anonymity, auditability, privacy, reliability, and scalability. Different types of blockchain voting systems have emerged, typically grouped by their main features: privacy-preserving systems, scalable systems, and verifiable systems. For example, [PERSON] et al. [1] created a decentralized e-voting system using Ethereum, which provides secure and anonymous voting. All voting activities are managed within the Ethereum blockchain, which ensures transparency and security through the use of smart contracts, making the system both decentralized and trustworthy. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [2] proposed a blockchain-based voting system that uses smart contracts to create a secure and cost-effective election process on a private Ethereum blockchain. This system eliminates the need for a central server and verifies voter eligibility through ID numbers and recognition devices. Once verified, voters receive a unique hash address to cast their votes, which improves both security and process integrity. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [3] developed a flexible framework that adapts to different voting needs while providing a secure and tamper-proof environment. Their system allows the blockchain to be adjusted for various election processes. Further enhancing the security aspect, [PERSON] et al. [24] implemented feedback mechanisms in their blockchain voting system to constrain malicious voting behavior, using the Wilson score as the initial support rate for each candidate. [PERSON] et al. [4] tailored their system to the Indonesian voting principles, verifying votes with the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) and integrating the data into blockchain blocks. Similarly, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [5] propose a double-layer security model that can prevent fraud and minimize the effects of manipulation during the elections. Moreover, a comprehensive review of blockchain-based e-voting systems by [25] emphasizes that while many systems provide strong guarantees for security, transparency, and voter privacy, certain challenges remain unresolved, particularly scalability and accessibility. This review highlights that many existing solutions focus on small or medium-sized elections and struggle to handle the high transaction volumes of national elections, presenting a barrier to wider adoption of blockchain in large-scale democratic processes. To promote anonymity and security, In 2019, [PERSON] et al. [17] proposed a multi-chain blockchain network that includes an arbitration server, a distributed database, and a multi-device GUI through digital signatures and the Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA), coupled with Proof of Work (PoW). Their system met various e-voting requirements such as transparency, privacy, scalability, receipt-freeness, and auditability. Similarly, in 2018, [PERSON] et al. [26] achieved end-to-end verifiability by utilizing the Multichain platform, providing a comprehensive analysis that demonstrates the system's compliance with e-voting criteria. In 2018, [PERSON] et al. [27] tested a prototype e-voting application as an Ethereum smart contract utilizing Ethereum wallets and Solidity. Android could allow individuals without Ethereum wallets to vote. Ethereum blockchain will keep ballots and votes after an election. Users can vote via Android or their Ethereum wallets, and every Ethereum node handles these transaction requests. This consensus makes e-voting transparent. Further, voter anonymity is addressed in [PERSON] et al. [28] and [PERSON] et al. [29], who use Ethereum-based models that employ a unique genesis block to link votes to candidates without revealing voter identities. This method is complemented by [PERSON] et al.