# Assessing Interactive Web-Based Systems Using Behavioral Measurement Techniques
## 2 Literature Review  
### Usability  
Usability means the ease of using an interface [10], how friendly the application is in meeting users' requirements, flexibility, and controllability of the application [7]. Usability is a vital component for electronic businesses [23]. It is essential to collect and analyze the user's feedback on particular design elements that prevent or motivate users to behave in a certain way [24]. In general, assessing the usability of interfaces is a central and essential part of human-computer interaction (HCI) development [25; 26]. Therefore, it has become a vital component for the success of various applications. According to ISO 9421-11, usability is defined as \"The extent to which a product can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction in a specified context of use\" [27]. The ISO definition refers to three attributes, namely, effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction. Effectiveness describes completeness and how accurate the process is of accomplishing particular goals [5]. Effectiveness shows whether users are able to complete a task within a specified time [28], and the webpage is judged to have poor usability if the task cannot be completed within this time, hence, it does not meet the design specifications [29]. For websites, the effectiveness measures include the percentage of successfully completed tasks, error rates, placement accuracy, ratio of correct to retrieved information, the ability of users to recall information from the webpage, completeness, quality of outcomes, and capability of understanding information from the interface [30]. When it comes to efficiency, it depends on the resources required to achieve goals [4]. It is an important aspect when measuring usability in regular usability testing that investigators compare products by recording the time each task takes to be completed [31]. However, efficiency and effectiveness include more than just task completion time and success; consequently, studies have also developed task difficulty ratings as measures of efficiency [32]. Satisfaction is the acceptability and comfortability of use [5]. To measure participants' satisfaction, a range of validated and standardized usability surveys exist. For instance, the questionnaire for UI satisfaction [33], the system usability scale (SUS) [34], and the Single Ease Question (SEQ) [35].  
Since usability is a vital aspect of websites, it is essential to have methods for measuring the appropriateness of the usability level [36]. Usability analysis is performed through conventional as well as modern methods. However, the conventional measures are not capable of addressing aspects that the technology-centered applications present. Methods like observation or questionnaire surveys are not capable of providing direct information about a user's cognitive and thinking processes. Such aspects are challenging to evaluate through such traditional methods [12]. In addition, it is argued that \"for different levels of user performance, different types of information are processed, and users will make different types of errors. Based on the error's immediate cause and the information being processed, usability problems can be classified into three categories. They are usability problems associated with skill-based, rule-based, and knowledge-based levels of performance\" [37]. This reflects how detecting usability issues is related to users' performance and knowledge. Reaching this point, using measurement techniques for measuring such aspects and for finding how they influence usability is vital for the successful assessment of usability to ultimately improve e-commerce websites.