# A Review on Augmented Reality in Education and Geography: State of the Art and Perspectives
## 8 Conclusions  
Augmented Reality has a lot of proven benefits in the education of students and, specifically, in geographical education. Augmented Reality was developed starting with one of the first devices that introduced humans into a virtual world: the \"head-mounted three-dimensional display\" [2]. Then, with the development of technology, many more devices have made their debut in a reasonable number of domains. In 2013, Google Glasses, a revolutionary device, appeared on the market for general use, marking the introduction of contemporary VR and AR applications. Even though the AR and VR devices grew together, the AR devices have many more benefits than the VR ones. Next, the AR applications in one of the most important domains, the educational domain, were presented. According to [14] the AR applications in the educational domain are divided into three categories: the first category is the Hardware-based AR devices, which were present from 1995 to 2010; the second category is the Application-based AR, which were present from 2010 to 2020; and the last one, the contemporary one, is the Smart Glasses Web-based AR applications. For each of the enumerated categories, AR applications were presented: the HMD from the medical domain, developed by the University of North Carolina in 1995 [15]; then the MagicBook [17], developed by [PERSON], which was based on a marker; and in the end, for the last category, the Apple Vision Pro, where AI and AR started to interconnect. Future systems could benefit from AI-enhanced interactivity by:  
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* Dynamically adjusting lesson difficulty;
* Providing real-time feedback during class interaction;
* Offering intelligent student progress analysis, via machine learning, to teachers. The advantages of using AR-based applications in the educational domain are numerous; some of them are the following:  
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* The students are able to observe and learn abstract topics well and more efficiently. * The students can develop skills related to communication and collaboration. * Through AR applications, students spend less time in front of screens and increase their focus during classes. Because AR in education is very important for student development, particularly around technology, the geography subject was chosen to be studied further, as it is a practical domain in which the benefits of AR could be used to the maximum extent. The advantages of using AR in the students' geographical education were demonstrated by several researchers. For example, refs. [27; 29] proved the advantages of using AR applications in geographical education. The authors highlighted some key findings:  
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* An increase in information recall and in spatial awareness. * The professors admitted that the idea of teaching the students through an AR application is an improvement because the students are more engaged in the learning process without realizing that they are learning. Even though there are many applications using AR technology, which can be used in geographical education, one of the most used applications with the most advantages is the AR Sandbox. The first implementation is described in [34] and is called Illumina Clay. The second implementation, SandScape, is presented in the same paper [34], and it turns out to be an important improvement to the Illumina Clay system. The final implementation, AR Sandbox, is described in [36]. Analyzing and comparing the three implementations, it can be observed that:AR Sandbox offers the most robust, low-cost, and scalable solution;
* Illuminating Clay provides high precision but lacks portability;
* SandScape introduces innovative IR-based scanning, though at a higher cost and lower safety for younger users. Being the best implementation out of the three, AR Sandbox is further considered for future development.