# Overview of Startups Developing Artificial Intelligence for the Energy Sector
## 3 Quantum Computing  
Quantum theory, a significant scientific achievement of the last century, was combined with computer technology to produce quantum computation. [PERSON] [49] initially proposed quantum computers in 1982, observing that classical computers could not effectively imitate some quantum phenomena. [PERSON] [50] formalized these ideas in 1985, describing quantum parallelism and arguing that quantum computers could outperform classical computers in certain calculations. [PERSON]'s [51] polynomial-time technique for prime factorization and [PERSON]'s [52] Quicker database search algorithms were major advances in 1994 and 1996, respectively. These advances triggered a surge in QC research. QC's influence on computer science extends to AI. AI has two primary objectives: creating intelligent robots and comprehending intelligent behaviors [53].  
[PERSON] [54] proposed \"computational intelligence\" as a more appropriate word for AI, stressing the computer's role. QC is intended to help AI engineers achieve their goal of speeding up computational operations. However, developing more efficient quantum algorithms for AI issues than existing classical ones is difficult. It is unknown how quantum processing can help AI achieve its scientific goals, and there has been minimal research in this field. Interestingly, there is a large body of research on the applications of quantum theory in AI and vice versa, rather than quantum computation. Quantum theory's probabilistic character appears to be more compatible with numerical AI than logical AI. Furthermore, recent developments in quantum machine learning (QML) show promise [55].  
Quantum computers, driven by quantum physics, work differently than traditional computers by handling atomic particles [56]. They are expected to transform technology and business, with big corporations investing in their advancement [57]. Quantum superposition and entanglement enable quantum computers to process information more quickly and effectively than classical computers [58]. They have conceivable uses in security and healthcare [59], such as unassailable encryption and enhanced molecular research. Unlike classical bits, quantum bits (qubits) can be in multiple positions concurrently, allowing for substantially more complicated computations [60; 61]. In terms of business intelligence processing [62; 63], QC has the potential to dramatically improve data processing, analysis, and decision-making skills [64; 65], though it raises data security concerns, prompting the creation of quantum-resistant encryption algorithms. Ultimately, QC has the potential to disrupt several businesses by enabling faster, more accurate data processing and decision-making processes. The integration of QC with AI also raises philosophical and ethical questions. As AI systems become more powerful with QC, issues related to control, privacy, and the ethical use of AI become more pressing. It is crucial to address these concerns alongside the technical advancements to ensure that the development of quantum AI benefits society as a whole [66].  
Quantum computers, built on quantum mechanics, were initially proposed by [PERSON] in 1982 and later formalized by [PERSON] in 1985. Significant advances, such as [PERSON]'s prime factorization and [PERSON]'s database search algorithms, further fueled research in quantum computing. Quantum computers are distinguished from classical ones by their use of qubits, which leverage superposition and entanglement to perform computations more efficiently. These capabilities could greatly impact fields such as AI, where quantum computing may enhance computational tasks and optimization, though practical applications and theoretical energy savings are still under exploration.  
The integration of quantum computing with AI could lead to faster and more effective data processing, but it also raises ethical and security concerns. As quantum technology advances, addressing these concerns will be crucial to ensure its benefits are realized responsibly [67].