## 4 Discussion
However, it differs due to its lower Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) and Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) content, indicating lower reactivity in chemical activation processes, a crucial aspect for techniques such as geopolymerization. For example, its low lime content (CaO = 1.73%) limits pozzolanic reactions compared to India (3.28%) and Saudi Arabia (9.31%), which may affect the effectiveness of traditional stabilizers such as lime. In contrast to the lower Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) and Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) contents of Ecuadorian clay and its low CaO content, the low presence of reactive oxides in the Ecuadorian soil suggests that the use of alternative stabilizers, such as highly reactive agricultural byproducts (rice husk ash, silica, etc. ), could be more effective (Table 8). This difference justifies the article's focus on using innovative and sustainable materials that provide the chemical compounds necessary for stabilizing Ecuadorian coastal soils. Table 9 shows that coconut and jute fibers have a high proportion of cellulose, with jute fiber (85%) significantly exceeding coconut fiber (43-44%). This high cellulose content is associated with improved soil mechanical reinforcement, especially regarding tensile strength and crack control. In Ecuador, where natural fibers such as plantain and abaca are produced at a high rate, an opportunity arises to study their performance as sustainable reinforcement. In Table 10, agricultural byproducts such as rice husk ash show high silica contents (up to 97.69%), which give them outstanding pozzolanic properties, ideal for stabilizing \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Location** & **Quartz** & **Montmorillonite** & **Kaolinite** & **Feldspar** & **Plagioclase** & **Diopside** & **Others** & **Reference** \\ \hline Ecuador & 16 & 2 & 30 & - & 13 & 12 & 28 & [44] \\ Saudi Arabia & 46.1 & 34.7 & 11.4 & 3.1 & - & - & 4.7 & [91] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Mineralogical composition of expansive soils in percentage for high plasticity clays. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Location** & **SiO\({}_{2}\)** & **Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)** & **Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)** & **FeO** & **CaO** & **MgO** & **Na\({}_{2}\)O** & **TiO\({}_{2}\)** & **K\({}_{2}\)O** & **CO\({}_{2}\)** & **SO\({}_{3}\)** & **Others** & **Reference** \\ \hline Ecuador & 57.13 & 17.63 & 6.89 & - & 1.73 & 1.71 & 1.96 & 0.68 & 1.74 & - & - & 0.11 & [44] \\ Saudi Arabia & 59.34 & 23.42 & - & 9.31 & 3.07 & 1.94 & - & 1.78 & 0.71 & - & - & 0.43 & [91] \\ India & 56.00 & 19.00 & 7.80 & - & 3.28 & 2.63 & 5.20 & 0.21 & - & - & - & 0.23 & [60] \\ Malasia & 75.84 & 12.09 & 3.47 & - & 0.72 & 1.33 & 1.13 & 0.68 & 1.51 & - & - & 0.09 & [133] \\ India \({}^{1}\) & 33.55 & 22.31 & 19.40 & - & - & 2.07 & - & - & 16.71 & 3.65 & 1.98 & 0.11 & [134] \\ Irak \({}^{2}\) & 51.30 & 33.10 & 1.40 & - & 1.60 & 0.60 & - & - & - & - & - & 12.00 & [135] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
\({}^{1}\) In lacritic soils. \({}^{2}\) For kaolinite clay.  
\end{table} 
Table 8: Chemical composition of expansive soils in percentage for high plasticity clays. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Type** & **Cellulose** & **L Lignin** & **Water Soluble** & **Hemicellulose** & **Pectin and Similar** & **Wax** & **References** \\ \hline Coconut & 44.00 & 48.00 & 6.00 & - & - & - & - & [133] \\ Coconut & 43.44 & 45.84 & 5.25 & 0.25 & 3.00 & - & [134] \\ Jute & 60.50 & 13.00 & - & 12.00 & - & - & [135] \\ Jute & 85.00 & 13.00 & - & - & - & 0.60 & [136] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Chemical analysis of natural fibers (in percentage). CaO-poor soils such as those along the Ecuadorian coast. Sugarcane bagasse ash also shows good concentrations of SiO\({}_{2}\) and CaO, making it useful in chemically activated mixtures. These materials are present in Ecuador and could be used locally, replacing traditional stabilizers such as lime or cement.