## 4 Discussion  
In this paper, a procedure to assess sea water elevation caused by coastal flooding at Kastela Bay is presented, together with the monitoring system infrastructure scheme and sea water elevation prediction module. In its origin, the procedure relies on the real-time monitoring IoT-based system for sea level-relevant parameter monitoring to capture wind-generated wave heights and barometric pressure-induced sea level changes.  
The latter offers the possibility to determine wind-generated wave heights in front of the coast, with an incorporation of shoreline reflection features as assessed by the sea water depth and type of structure found at the site, and long- and short-term changes in the mean sea water level. Tidal-induced sea level changes are forecasted based on the data series observation from the nearest relevant tidal gauge.  
After wind speed/direction and barometric pressure sensors are installed at the site to enable real-time monitoring, a LoRaWAN-based IoT monitoring system was employed, along with the dedicated cross-platform mobile application, which was used as an early  
Figure 15: Calculated sea level height during the period from 15 December 2021–7 February 2022 caused by: (**a**) tidal effect, (**b**) barometric pressure-induced sea level changes, (**c**) wind-generated wave height and (**d**) absolute sea level height.  
warning notification system. Therein, registered end users can set early warning notifications based on their zone of interest.  
As stated, the origin of the presented approach relies on the capability of the monitoring system to observe the wind speed/direction and barometric pressure at the site. The selection of the location of the monitoring infrastructure is performed at the location of interest to neglect spatial variations in barometric pressure variations and offer reliable input for barometric pressure-induced sea level changes.  
Relevant mechanisms acting to assess the sea water elevation are selected based on the phenomena characterizing the study area and fit suitable for the pre-assumed conditions mostly found on site. The effect of barometric pressure changes and their influence on mean sea water elevation refers to the sea in a calm state and static conditions when no significant changes in the barometric pressure field are observed. In case this requirement is not met, such as when the storm is moving, a difference in predicted sea level changes compared to real ones can be obtained.  
Our results demonstrate the capability of the proposed methodology to enable a realistic and reliable forecast of the sea water elevation by taking into consideration local conditions: (i) wind information, (ii) barometric pressure, (iii) tidal forcing, (iv) water depth and (v) coastal structure or type information.  
When coupled with the shoreline's absolute height, one is enabled to assess flooding risk or the vulnerability of the coast to sea level-induced flooding. The developed monitoring system, coupled with data collection from LoRaWAN-based sensor device and assessment procedure, presents a unique and robust approach to be used along different coastal areas of the Adriatic Sea.  
Apart from this, different coastal structures found along the specific site can easily be taken into consideration by assessing the reflectance features from the structure type and bathymetric features in front of the coastline.