## 2 Literature Review  
The first 72 h after the occurrence of a disaster are the most critical hours, as chances of finding survivors after this time start to swiftly decrease. The authors in [12] thus suggest that communication among the first few responders may play a pivotal role in achieving efficient coordination and may help avoid any additional deaths. Moreover, the authors followed a systematic approach to make readers understand the possibilities offered by various multi-hop ad hoc paradigms and technologies. The paper also discussed the analysis and simulation of different mobility models and suggested that the use of smartphones in post-disaster scenarios is one of the best possible options due to its common use. But although it gives the reader a very good understanding of the current study in a defined scope, it fails to come up with any practical real-world solution. An on-board vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) multi-hop wireless networking system as a TestBed was developed in [13] to evaluate the real-world performance of telematics applications. The TestBed employs a differential GPS receiver, an IEEE802.11a radio card modified to emulate the Direct Short-Range Communication (DSRC) standard, a 1 xRTT cellular-data connection, an onboard computer, and audio-visual-based equipment. The main aim was to evaluate the feasibility of high-speed inter-vehicular communication and to develop routing protocols for highly mobile networks. Vehicles communicate with each other via a magnetic-mounted wireless antenna with line-of-sight (LOS) reception. In essence, this application is suitable for V2V communication in an urban scenario, where vehicles move at a normal speed. However, in our case, mobility is not very dynamic, as vehicles are confined within an immediate disaster area. Moreover, unlike this TestBed, our work does not rely on any Internet support. The authors in [14] presented DistressNet, a system that addresses the need for search-and-rescue workers after a natural disaster, based on an urban setting. The system integrates inexpensive and heterogeneous battery-powered Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) devices, like smart phones and low-power sensors, into easy-to-deploy architecture. The overall efficiency of the system could be improved by placing sensors at certain optimal locations in the deployment area. Although the authors performed a separate evaluation for different parts of the system, no comprehensive TestBed implementation was carried out. Moreover, the dominant stack used in DistressNet as a networking backbone is IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n with an Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS) mode. Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC) motes were selected as hardware platforms, but IEEE 802.11 support is not widely available for such devices, thus severely restricting their practicality. The authors in [15] proposed a Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID)-based Indoor Localization System (ILS) for the first few responders in emergency scenarios. The authors performed various tests under different scenarios to assess the capabilities of their proposed system. However, the system turns out to have a high dependency on metrics like the number of RFID tags, the minimum read distance of RFID tags, installation angles of tags, and the RFID reader positioning on the rescuer. Therefore, the proposed system is less effective in unpredictable environments. The authors in [16] suggested a server-less peer-to-peer communication network (P2 Pnet), which is based on a Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) to support temporary group communication and an information-sharing network. According to the authors, if some of the nodes in the network are acting as gateways required to access the Internet service through some satellite communication capability, the service is passed to all the other nodes in the network. Additionally, the paper suggested the use of Walkie-Talkie hand-held devices, or WiFi-ready mini-notebook PCs as communicating nodes, which shall rely on portable generators to supply power.