# Hydrothermal Behavior of Cultural Heritage Buildings and Climate Change: Status and Main Challenges
## 4 Discussion
### Most Influential Publications and Research Projects
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Name** & **Ref.** & **Start End** & **Description** \\ \hline NOAHFS ARK & [61] & June 2004 May 2007 & In the project _Global CC Impact on Built Heritage and Cultural Landscapes_ (NOAHFS ARK), CC is anticipated to be globally expressed with variations in temperature and precipitation, extreme climatic events, alterations of soil conditions and groundwater, and modifications in sea level [61]. As a result, a range of direct and indirect effects are expected to be observed in the built environment, such as the acceleration, delay, or worsening of building decay. CC impacts can be identified on individual processes. However, it is difficult to assess the overall risk of a monument on the basis of currently available data. The NOAHFS ARK project aimed to address this challenge [61]. \\ \hline SMOOHFS & [62] & December 2008 November 2011 & In the project _Smart Monitoring of Historic Structures_ (SMOOHS) it was recognized that the conservation of historic structures presents a fascinating and diverse range of scientific challenges; in particular, the need to protect them effectively from environmental degradation [62]. Diagnostic monitoring thus far has been largely limited to the acquisition of climate parameters and air pollution levels used as input into functions or models predicting damage. The limitations of the approach in assessing precisely the risk of damage to a concrete historic structure in its specific environment lead inevitably to a search for scientific methods of direct tracing damage: non-invasive, continuous, simple, economic, and capable of operating in real-world conditions [62]. \\ \hline CHARISMA & [63] & October 2009 March 2014 & The project _CH Advanced Research Infrastructures: Synergy for a Multidisciplinary Approach to Conservation/Restoration_ (CHARISMA) aimed to build a new user-friendly platform of existing large-scale facilities or small/medium installations open to users and to develop a set of the widest number of scientific methodologies and techniques, in order to enable the European heritage science community to upgrade the research for diagnostics, analysis, and assessment of materials of CH, identification of artistic techniques, identification of the cause and effects of deterioration processes, and in-situ monitoring during and after restoration [63]. \\ \hline Climate for Culture & [52] & November 2009 October 2014 & The project _Climate for Culture_ estimated the impacts of changing climate conditions on historic buildings and their vast collections in Europe and the Mediterranean. A multidisciplinary research team of 27 partners aimed to identify the damage potential of CH most at risk, so as to encourage the development of strategies to mitigate the effects of CC, including through policymakers and the Intergovernmental Panel on CC (IPCC) reports. Furthermore, the project provided insight into the possible socio-economic impact of CC, given the importance of CH to Europe’s economy [52]. \\ \hline
3 ENCULT & [64] & October 2010 March 2014 & 3 ENCULT bridged the gap between the conservation of historic buildings and climate protection. It also recognized that energy-efficient retrofit is important, both for improving comfort and reducing energy demand (in terms of money and in terms of resources) and for structural protection of CH buildings. 3 ENCULT demonstrated that it is feasible to reduce the energy demand in historic buildings to 1/4 or even 1/10, depending on the case and the heritage value. \\ \hline HERCULES & [65] & December 2013 November 2016 & The project _Sustainable futures for Europe’s HERitage in CULTural landscape: Tools for understanding, managing, and protecting landscape functions and values_ (HERCULES) strived the empowerment of public and private actors to protect, manage and plan for sustainable cultural landscapes at local, national, and Pan-European scales. HERCULES aimed at increasing understanding of drivers, patterns, and social-ecological values of European cultural landscapes and to use this knowledge to develop, test, and demonstrate strategies for their protection, management, and planning [65]. \\ \hline STORM & [66] & June 2016 May 2019 & STORM provided critical decision-making tools to all European CH stakeholders responsible to face CC and natural hazards. The project improved existing processes related to three identified areas: prevention, intervention and policies, planning, and processes [66]. \\ \hline ROCK & [67] & May 2017 December 2020 & The project _Regeneration and Optimization of CH in creative and Knowledge cities_ (ROCK) aimed to develop an innovative, collaborative, and circular systemic approach for the regeneration and adaptive reuse of historic city centers. Implementing a repertoire of successful heritage-led regeneration initiatives, it also tested the replicability of the spatial approach and of successful models addressing the specific needs of historic city centers [67]. \\ \hline PROCULTHER & [68] & January 2019 December 2019 & The project _Protecting Cultural Heritage from the Consequences of Disasters_ (PROCULTHER) aimed to evaluate how CH could be protected from the consequences of disasters. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
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