## 2 Methodology
### Data Input for Mapping Energy Flows
#### 2.3.1 Malaysia National Energy Balance 2011 and the Data Treatment
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Energy type**} & **Definition [22]** \\ \hline Primary & Crude oil & A natural product that is extracted from mineral deposits and that consists \\ energy & & essentially of many different non-aromatic hydrocarbons. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Natural gas} & A mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons (mainly methane), which occur in either gas \\  & & fields or in association with crude oil fields. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Coal and coke} & Coal in the energy balance is mainly bituminous with some anthracite. \\  & & Coke is obtained from coal by heating at high temperature. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Secondary energy} & Hydropower & The inferred primary energy available for electricity. \\ \cline{1-1}  & Aviation & Aviation fuel. A special blended grade of gasoline for use in aircraft engine of the \\ \cline{1-1}  & gasoline (AV) & piston type. The distillation range is 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Secondary energy} & Aviation turbine & Aviation Fuel. Fuel for use in aviation gas turbines mainly refined from kerosene. \\  & fuel (ATF) & The distillation range is between 150 and 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Diesel} & Distillation falls within 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 340 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Diesel fuel for high-speed diesel \\  & engines is more critical of fuel quality than diesel for stationary and marine diesel \\  & engines. Marine oil usually consists of a blend of diesel oil and some residual \\  & (asphaltic) materials. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Fuel oil} & Electricity & Electricity generated. \\ \cline{1-1}  & Heavy distillates, residues or blends of these, used as fuel for production heat and \\ \cline{1-1}  & power. Fuel oil production at the refinery is essentially a matter of selective \\ \cline{1-1}  & blending of available components rather than of special processing. Fuel oil \\ \cline{1-1}  & viscosities vary widely depending on the blend of distillates and residues. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Kerosene} & A straight-run fraction from crude oil, with a boiling range from 150 to 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C. \\  & Its main uses are for domestic lighting and cooking. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Liquefied natural gas (LNG)} & Natural gas that is liquefied for ocean transportation and export. \\ \cline{1-1}  & Liquefied petroleum & A mixture of propane and butane gases that are held in the liquid state by pressure \\ \cline{1-1}  & gas (LPG) & or refrigeration. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Secondary (Petrol)} & Motor gasoline & Petroleum distillate used as fuel in spark-ignition internal combustion engines. \\ \cline{1-1}  & (Petrol) & The distillation range is within 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Refinery gas} & The gas released during the distillation of crude oil and contains methane, ethane, \\ \cline{1-1}  & Refinery gas & propane and butane. Most refinery gas is retained in the refinery and used as fuel in \\ \cline{1-1}  & & plant operations. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Non-energy use} & \multirow{4}{*}{Non-energy products} & Naphtha, bitumen and lubricants, which are obtained by the refinery process from \\ \cline{1-1}  & petroleum but used for non-energy purposes. Naphtha is a refined or partly refined \\ \cline{1-1}  & & light distillate, which is further blended into motor gasoline or used as feedstock in \\ \cline{1-1}  & & the chemical industry. Bitumen is a viscous liquid or solid, non-volatile and \\ \cline{1-1}  & & possesses waterproofing and adhesive properties. Lubricating oil is used for \\ \cline{1-1}  & & lubricating purposes and has a distillation range from 380 to 500 \({}^{\circ}\)C. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Main energy types considered in the mapping.