esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Methane and CO\({}_{2}\) Fluxes  
Figure 5a shows the methane flux for the studied species with an average value of 0.0010 \(\pm\) 0.06 \(\mu\)g \(\mathrm{g_{ldw}}^{-1}\) h\({}^{-1}\) and \(-\)0.061 \(\pm\) 0.41 \(\mu\)g \(\mathrm{g_{ldw}}^{-1}\) h\({}^{-1}\) for _P. \(\times\) acerifolia_ and _S. molle_, respectively; where the positive values indicate emission of the compound and the negative values indicate removal. However, a t-Student analysis showed that the methane fluxes were not significantly different from zero, suggesting that plant foliage neither release nor capture methane.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{_Platanus \(\times\) acerifolia_} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{_Schinus molle_} \\ \cline{2-9}
**Compound** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Mean EF**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**SD-EF**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**POCI**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**C Flux**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Mean EF**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**SD-EF**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**POCI**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**C Flux**} \\  & & **(\(\mu\) = 20)** & & & & & & & \\ \hline Isoprene & 20.6 & 18.40 & 2351 & 18.20 & 2.70 & 1.50 & 315 & 2.40 \\ \(\alpha\)-Pinene & 0.0026 & 0.0005 & 0.18 & 0.000 & 0.0180 & 0.0040 & 1.20 & 0.016 \\ Camphene & 0.0045 & 0.0010 & 0.03 & 0.0040 & 0.0460 & 0.0120 & 0.30 & 0.040 \\ \(\beta\)-Pinene & 0.0032 & 0.0006 & 0.23 & 0.0028 & 0.0200 & 0.0100 & 2.30 & 0.018 \\ \(\beta\)-Myrrene & 0.005 & 0.0014 & - & 0.0044 & 0.0460 & 0.0  
Different researchers found variable methane emissions in small plants [26; 27; 28]. In those works, the methane concentration chambers were connected to the ground or very close to it, so the results could include contributions of methane due to its proximity to the soil. On the other hand, in this work, we made the analysis at a 2 m height, so potential contributions from the ground would be reduced, resulting in non-significant flows. Figure 5b shows the total CO\({}_{2}\) fluxes due to photosynthesis. The mean CO\({}_{2}\) uptake value is \(-0.0033\pm 0.0032\)\(\mu\)g g\({}_{\mathrm{ldw}}\)\({}^{-1}\) h\({}^{-1}\) in _P. \(\times\)acerifolia_ and \(-0.0042\pm 0.0055\)\(\mu\)g g\({}_{\mathrm{ldw}}\)\({}^{-1}\) h\({}^{-1}\) in _S. molle_. In both cases, there was found to be a negative mean, which indicates carbon fixation by both species. Photosynthetic rates were 29% higher for _S. molle_ compared to _P. \(\times\)acerifolia_, but such difference was insignificant. It is worth noting that _P. \(\times\)acerifolia_ exhibited a total EF 6.4 times greater than for _S. molle_, for a similar photosynthetic rate.  
For _P. \(\times\)acerifolia_, measured BVOCs fluxes represented about 2% of photosynthetic rates while only representing 0.24% for _S. molle_, for which isoprene is the greatest contributor followed by limonene (Table 1, Figure 4). With _P. \(\times\)acerifolia_ outside its environmental range, it could be placed under a constant physiological stress that enhances the proportionally its BVOCs emissions compared to carbon fixation over other species particularly native ones [17].
# Persistent Homology Approach for Human Presence Detection from 60 GHz OTFS Transmissions
## 2 Orthogonal Time Frequency Space Communication
### Embedded Pilots for Channel Estimation  
A reliable channel estimation method is needed for any of the data detection approaches. A suitable way would be to use a pilot-slots approach, where the pilot time slots were interleaved with the time slots carrying the data. In such a case, the channel state information (CSI) may become obsolete in highly time-varying channels.  
Thus, the use of delay-Doppler grid embedded pilots has been proposed in [25], so that the channel estimation can be performed for each OTFS slot. The principle of the embedded pilot is illustrated in Figure 1. The pilot is placed at some chosen position \(k_{p},l_{p}\) in the delay-Doppler domain and is surrounded by the guard interval (zeros) in both domains. The remaining positions in the delay-Doppler grid serve for data transmission in the form of, e.g., QAM symbols.  
OTFS-based communication receivers use the estimated channel state information for channel equalization. A variety of algorithms are available, ranging from iterative detection methods [26] to low-complexity approaches for OFDM-based OTFS modems [24]. As this paper targets the sensing part of the selected ICaS scenario, we will not describe the demo  
Figure 1: Symbols in delay-Doppler domain with the embedded pilot surrounded by the guard in both delay and Doppler domains. © 2023 IEEE. Reprinted, with permission from [14].
# Real-Time Tension Distribution Design for Cable-Driven Parallel Robot
## 8 Conclusions  
In order to tackle the control problem of an over-constrained cable-driven robot with tension (control input) constraints and cable redundancy, we suggest a desired computed wrench method based on a hyperbolic function. In this method, a generated continuous function containing a hyperbolic tangent function is utilized to form the tension, and the variable of this function can be chosen to satisfy any conditions. This method is effective in solving the control problem of cable-driven robots due to its ability to ensure the continuity of cable tension and its straightforward calculation procedure. In addition, we propose a method for achieving optimal tension distribution objectives, such as the minimization of cable tension norms for energy saving. According to the simulation results, our two proposed methods are effective. By comparing our method with previous real-time tension distribution methods, the advantages of handling discontinuity with our method can be seen in terms of the computed wrench, force level changes, etc.  
In future work, we intend to study the selection laws for the tracking parameters \(\alpha_{1}\) and \(\alpha_{2}\) in order to determine the best tuning laws. In addition to applying this technique in simulations, we want to utilize it in real-world scenarios involving cable-driven robots in order to perform tasks such as collision tackling, handling the cable strain and elasticity problem in the tension control, and managing the problems of aerial cable-towed robots, etc.  
Conceptualization, S.C.; Methodology, S.C.; Software, C.Q.; Writing--original draft, S.C.; Writing--review & editing, S.C.; Project administration, Z.L. and C.Q. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Physical-Layer Security in Power-Domain NOMA Based on Different Chaotic Maps
## 4 Simulation Results
### Numerical Results
#### 4.2.2 Achievable and Sum Data Rates  
Considering Equations (7) and (8), neither achievable nor sum data rates depend on transmitted data encrypted with different chaotic maps. Therefore, the rates for the four C-DL-NOMA schemes are similar. Figure 10 shows the simulation results of the achievable data rate per user and the sum rate versus the transmit SNR in dB. Notably, the achievable data rate of User 3 outperformed those of Users 1 and 2. Furthermore, the achievable data rates of Users 1 and 2 increased slightly in the low-SNR area and were saturated in the high-SNR area, but that of User 3 increased exponentially with the SNR because User 1 did not utilize SIC but only discovered the signal itself. Concurrently, User 2 needed to utilize first-order SIC first, after which User 3 should have utilized second-order SIC, implying that the effect of interference on User 1 was higher than on Users 2 and 3. Compared with the achievable rate for the three users in [34], we obtained a better data-rate performance.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline  & **User 1** & **User 2** & **User 3** \\ \cline{2-4}  & **SNR (dB)** & **SNR (dB)** & **SNR (dB)** \\ \hline NOMA & 19.6 & 26.8 & 30 \\ \hline Logistic & 19.8 & 26.9 & 30.1 \\ \hline Henon & 22 & 29.5 & 33.3 \\ \hline Arnold’s Cat & 22 & 29.5 & 33.3 \\ \hline Hyperchaotic DNA & 22.18 & 29.6 & 33.6 \\ \hline [PERSON] [14] & 26 & 30.5 & - \\ \hline BER & \(10^{-3}\) & \(10^{-3}\) & \(10^{-3}\) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: BER performance for the four C-DL-NOMA schemes with three users.  
Figure 9: BER performance for the four C-DL-NOMA schemes with three users.
# Effects of Different Pretreatments on the GABA Content of
###### Abstract  
Brown rice germination increases \(\gamma\)-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels and enhances its antioxidant activity. In this study, Kaohsiung 145 brown rice was used as the raw material, and soaked in various solutions for 6 h before being processed with either high-pressure processing (HPP) or ultrasonic treatment to increase the GABA content. The GABA and antioxidant components of brown rice were analyzed after 42 h of germination and subsequent air-drying to obtain a moisture content of 14%. The results showed that non-germinated brown rice had GABA at 7.10 mg/100 g and treatment with various soaking solutions (0.1% CaCl\({}_{2}\), 0.1% Glu, 0.2% CaCl\({}_{2}\), and 0.2% Glu) increased GABA contents. Specifically, 0.1% CaCl\({}_{2}\) and 0.1% Glu exhibited higher GABA content, at 42.51 and 44.64 mg/100 g. Furthermore, the GABA content increased synergistically when combined with HPP (100 MPa, 10 min) and ultrasonic (20 min) treatments after soaking. The results showed that the GABA contents in germinated rice were the greatest after ultrasonic treatment, followed by HPP treatment, and the least with only soaking treatment. The treatments with 0.1% CaCl\({}_{2}\) and 0.2% Glu combined with ultrasonic processing for 20 min resulted in the highest GABA content at 102.38 and 110.88 mg/100 g, respectively. Finally, 0.1% CaCl\({}_{2}\) with ultrasonic treatment for 20 min was chosen, as it demonstrated a considerable improvement in total polyphenols content and DPPH scavenging abilities, as seen by improved scores in subsequent taste evaluations.  
germination; brown rice; soaking; GABA Article
# Analysis of Ground Subsidence Vulnerability in Urban Areas Using Spatial Regression Analysis
## 2 Flow and Data of the Study
### Data  
In this study, historical information on ground subsidence and attribute information on underground utilities were extracted using GIS. The target area was divided into a total of 61,707 cells with a size of 100 m \(\times\) 100 m, and the number of ground subsidence incidents contained in each cell and the attribute information of six types of underground facilities were used as data. The six types of underground facilities were grouped into one type to extract data.  
The history information of ground subsidence was data generated from 2008 to 2020, which consist of 9478 cases. The six types of underground utilities in the target area were water pipelines, sewer pipelines, power cables, communication pipes, heating pipelines, and gas pipes, and their attribute information was collected. The attribute information, the diameter, average depth, age, and density of the pipes were selected. The collected data of diameter and average depth were used without any change, and the age data were calculated based on the year of burial. The density was calculated through linear density  
Figure 1: Flow chart.  
analysis using GIS. The density was calculated based on the length of pipes per unit area using GIS. It was calculated through a linear density analysis.  
Table 1 presents the data characteristics (minimum, maximum, average, and standard deviation) where missing values and outliers were removed from the attribute information data of the collected underground utilities. The outliers were found mainly in the age data. If the burial year of the pipeline was difficult to identify, data marked as 103 years or older were deleted.
# Gamma Ray Shielding Properties of Yb\({}^{3+}\)-Doped Calcium Borotellurite Glasses
## 4 Conclusions  
The gamma ray shielding properties of five calcium borotellurite glasses were theoretically investigated using the Phy-X/PSD. All the glasses had different compositions and were numbered from TeBYb1 to TeBYb5 in order of their densities. \(\mu/\varrho\) was found to increase as the TeO\({}_{2}\) content in the glasses increased, as it was equal to 0.109, 0.112, 0.114, 0.117, and 0.123 cm\({}^{2}\)/g at 0.347 MeV for TeBYb1, TeBYb2, TeBYb3, TeBYb4, and TeBYb5, respectively. TeBYb5 also had the greatest \(\mu\), such as 0.687 cm\({}^{-1}\) at 2.506 MeV. The smallest TF values were observed at 0.284 MeV, since the incoming photons have a harder time penetrating through the glasses at low energies. TeBYb1 had a greater TF than TeBYb5 at all thicknesses and energies, demonstrating that TeBYb5 is more effective than TeBYb1 at shielding radiation. In terms of RPE, TeBYb5 had the greater percentages at all energies and thicknesses, such as 18.63% at 0.284 MeV and a thickness of 0.3 cm, compared to 10.94% for TeBYb1 in the same conditions. \(Z_{\rm eff}\) was shown to have a positive correlation with the TeO\({}_{2}\) content in the glasses, and since TeBYb5 has the greatest amount of TeO\({}_{2}\), 54 mol\(\%\), it naturally had the greatest \(Z_{\rm eff}\). The HVL varied between 5.791 cm (for TeBYb1) and 4.068 cm (for TeBYb5) at 2.506 MeV. Since the ratio between the TVL values of TeBYb1 and TeBYb5 is always greater than one, TeBYb1 requires a greater thickness to shield radiation at all energies. The MFP of the samples were compared against other radiation shields and were found to be more effective than Rider, PHP, and ordinary concrete, but a worse attenuator than RS-360. The results from the parameters proved the potential of the glass samples in radiation applications, with TeBYb5 having the greatest potential as a radiation shield.  
Figure 10: Comparison between the mean free path for the TeBYbX samples with some shielding materials at 0.284 MeV.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, A.H.A. and M.I.S.; methodology, M.I.S.; software, A.H.A. and M.I.S.; validation, M.I.S., resources, A.H.A.; writing--original draft preparation, M.I.S.; writing --review and editing, A.H.A.; supervision, M.I.S.; project administration, A.H.A.; funding acquisition, A.H.A. Both authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Princess Nourah hint Abdulrahman University through the Fast-track Research Funding Program to support publication in the top journal (Grant no. 42-FTTJ-37).  
**Infrared Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
The approximate error results from the limitation of the detector sampling frequency, and it will exist in a star centroid estimation method when the maximum spatial frequency of the sensor image is larger than the detector sampling frequency; the truncation error appears under the condition that the Gaussian width of the starlight energy distribution is relatively large, causing the signal of the detected star to fall out of the range of the sampling window and to be truncated asymmetrically by the window. To eliminate systematic error, we propose a new compensation method based on the BA-ELM model, in which the input weights matrix and hidden layer biases in ELM are optimized by utilizing the search ability of BA to remove adverse effects of random parameters, and the optimal results can be used to enhance the stability and prediction accuracy of the network with a lesser number of hidden neurons. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can eliminate the systematic error and achieve much higher compensation accuracy compared with other methods. The remainder of the paper is structured as follows: In Section 2, the error in the CoM method is analyzed through frequency field analysis and numerical simulations. In Section 3, a detailed description of the proposed BA-ELM compensation method is presented. In Section 4, several simulations are performed to evaluate the BA-ELM compensation method. Finally, a summary of the main conclusions is outlined in Section 5.
## 1 Introduction
Compared with the signal\(-\)to\(-\)noise of the original image, adaptive coherent weighting improves the signal\(-\)to\(-\)noise ratio of TFM [22] (total focusing method) and CPWC [23] (coherent plane wave compounding) images. At present, adaptive coherent weighted imaging technology has been widely used in CPWC and TFM imaging. In contrast with CPWC and TFM, the adaptive coherent weighting of phased array ultrasonic sector scan imaging requires the calculation of the phase information of RF signals at each phase angle. In addition, noise resulting from the structure of the bolt shank and pseudo defects will disturb the identification of real defects. Therefore, the adaptive weighting methods based on amplitude of signal is not applicable to the detection of such components [24]. In contrast with the adaptive weighting method based on ratio and standard deviation [25; 26], a series of adaptive weighting method based on instantaneous phase is proposed and wildly used in plane wave imaging [27] and the total focusing method [28; 29]. Among them, VCF (vector coherence factor), a phase coherent weighting factor, is proposed by [PERSON] et al. [23] and is more sensitive to the phase of the signal and suitable for the coherent weighting of sector scan RF signal data at each phase angle compared with the adaptive weighting factor based on amplitude of the signal. However, there is no literature report about phase\(-\)coherent weighted imaging of phased array sector scans. In this paper, we firstly apply VCF to phased array sector scan imaging to detect microcracks with large buried depths effectively and improve the signal\(-\)to\(-\)noise ratio of the crack images. In addition, the phased array ultrasonic detection ability of the helicopter bolt shank crack is analyzed and demonstrated by the echo response of the artificial groove. Furthermore, the crack detection limit of the key loaded position of the damper bolt screw crack is determined and then provides theoretical and practical guidance for the bolt safety service evaluation.
## 6 Intrusion Detection System  
Encryption and authentication are unavoidable considerations for the security of any communication system. These parameters are vital for reliability, confidentiality and integrity of sensor network. Detection of attack or intrusion is also imperative to make the system robust against attacks. Intrusion detection system (IDS) can be termed as a subsequent security measure and defense mechanism against cyber-attacks [82]. IDS observes the network and identifies anomalous activities. IDS can be defined as a unification of hardware and software tools which are meant to detect internal or external cyber-attacks. IDS is essential for fault tolerance, security and reliability of WSN. IDS also investigates the physical tampering of sensor node. This ensures secured routing of information over WSN. The principle tasks of IDS are prevention and detection of attacks, situational awareness, evidence collection, and administration of connection topologies [77; 78; 79; 80; 81; 82; 83]. Security of WSN is more complex compared to Mobile and Adhoc Networks (MANETs) due to  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Layer** & **Attack** & **Countermeasures** \\ \hline Physical & DOS (denial of service), Jamming, Node Capture & Spread spectrum technology, Adaptive antennas \\ \hline Data Link & Wormhole, Sink hole, Sybil, Resource exhaustion & Link layer cryptography \\ \hline Network & DOS, Misdirection, Selective forwarding, Eavesdropping & Key management, Secured routing, Topology control \\ \hline Transport & Flooding, Session hacking, Resource exhaustion, DOS & Intrusion detection, encryption \\ \hline Application & DOS, Data corruption, Malicious node & Intrusion detection, Malicious node isolation \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Various cyber-attacks in WSN and their countermeasures.  
resource constraints in WSN [83]. This calls for an efficient IDS for secured WSN communication. The main components of IDS are as follows.  
* Sensor: It collects statistics from the system being monitored.
* Detector: It analyzes collected data to identify intrusions.
* Information Base: It supports the detector by providing attack signatures.
* Response Manager: It manages the responses to the cyber-attacks. The general block diagram of IDS is shown in Figure 6.  
The strategies for attacks and detection system for WSNs are different from other wireless or wired networks due to their structure and limited battery life. Intrusion detection approaches for WSN are classified as follows [82; 83; 84; 85; 86].
## 3 Telecom AC/DC PFC Boost Converter Operation Principle and Design
### Design of the Inner Current-Control Loop
\[\mathrm{G_{i}(s)=\frac{i_{Lb}^{*}(s)}{d^{*}(s)}=\frac{2V_{o}}{R(1-D)^{2}}\cdot \frac{1+\frac{8 RC_{b}}{2}}{1+\frac{8L_{b}}{R(1-D)^{2}}+\frac{s^{2}L_{b}C_{b}}{ (1-D)^{2}}}. \tag{34}\]7 Root locus of the closed loop T.F of the inner current control loop. \[\mathrm{G_{i}(s)=\frac{i_{Lb}^{*}(s)}{d^{*}(s)}=\frac{2V_{o}}{R(1-D)^{2}}\cdot \frac{1+\frac{8 RC_{b}}{2}}{1+\frac{8L_{b}}{R(1-D)^{2}}+\frac{s^{2}L_{b}C_{b}}{ (1-D)^{2}}}. \tag{34}\]8 Block diagram of the inner current control system with the proposed IP controller. To perform the comparison study between the PI and IP controllers based on the reliability of reducing the current distortion around the zero-crossing point, IP controller parameters were designed under the same operating condition and system stability criteria that were used in the design of the PI controller. Therefore, the closed-loop TF of the inner current-control loop using the IP controller can be expressed as  
\[\mathrm{G_{i}(s)=\frac{i_{Lb}^{*}(s)}{d^{*}(s)}=\frac{2V_{o}}{R(1-D)^{2}}\cdot \frac{1+\frac{8 RC_{b}}{2}}{1+\frac{8L_{b}}{R(1-D)^{2}}+\frac{s^{2}L_{b}C_{b}}{ (1-D)^{2}}}. \tag{34}\]9  
Figure 16 shows the bode plot of the closed-loop TF of the current-control loop with the IP controller, which demonstrates that the controller offers unity gain for frequencies less than 823 Hz. This current control system with the IP controller also works as a low pass filter, which helps to remove the switching frequency noise. The Eigenvalues of the PI and IP controller are the same, which shows that the closed-loop TF of the current controller with the IP controller is also stable. Figure 17 shows the bode plot of the closed-loop TF using the PI and IP controllers, demonstrating that the overshoot using the PI controller was eliminated using the IP controller. Figure 18 depicts the step response using both controllers; the overshoot of the current controller due to the input step response was reduced from 21.7% with the PI controller to 5.40% using the proposed IP controller.