# Enhancing Space Management through Digital Twin: A Case Study of the Lazio Region Headquarters
## 2 Materials and Methods
It is therefore recommended that systems capable of providing comprehensive dashboards and data processing be selected. The use of wireless field sensors permits a high degree of flexibility in the relocation, addition, or subtraction of equipment, with minimal impact. The system should permit customization and management by both the software house and the plant team. The evolution of technology and industry has been a symbiotic process for many years. Indeed, digital innovation has brought about numerous changes to the production process of companies, resulting in enhanced value. The deployment of smart sensors represents a pivotal aspect of Industry 4.0, whereby the technological process is enhanced through the establishment of a networked and autonomous production environment. These devices are networked and analyze data, thereby optimizing production logistics. The real-time monitoring capabilities of these new digital tools enable them to autonomously organize the acquisition and processing of data and information. Smart sensors are next-generation devices that work intelligently, processing information and sending it to the cloud to be shared with machines, data scientists, and active process users authorized by the FM. As smart sensors evolve and machines become more connected, information is constantly collected and analyzed in real time for specific applications. In this way, tailored solutions and configurations can be found to improve efficiency and productivity day after day. The ultimate goal is to optimize resources and time. By constantly monitoring production processes and using the latest technology, logistics can be improved and production made more efficient. In the event of problems or breakdowns, it is important to intervene immediately, as permitted by the real-time management of critical issues, in order to maintain a very high level of efficiency and quality. The Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) of buildings is of paramount importance today, as people spend about 87% of their time in the indoor built environment. This reached almost 100% during the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic raised the issue of the spread of the virus through poor indoor ventilation. This inevitably led to the need to improve indoor air quality (IAQ) [42]. The performance of lighting, heating, ventilation,and air-conditioning systems is closely and consistently linked to the performance of indoor air quality. Six factors have been identified that cause variations in energy use in different types of buildings [43], as follows:  
- Climate;  
- Building envelope;  
- M&E systems;  
- Interior design criteria and operation;  
- Maintenance of building energy use;  
- Occupant behavior. Information on the occupancy of indoor spaces, such as residential, office, or school buildings, plays an increasingly important role in the development of smart applications and services. This type of information can be obtained thanks to IoT devices such as the sensors described above. Through these sensors, it is possible to have a collection of data that is useful for determining what is happening in the environment, as they are able to capture data such as temperature, air quality, and vibrations generated; thus, it is possible to determine what is happening by triggering a consequent action through actuators. With this amount of data collected, it is possible to implement useful strategies for resource optimization, building management, and user comfort. Significant energy savings can be achieved through the advanced management of HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems by adjusting them according to the number of people in each room, detected by sensors that communicate directly with the air-conditioning system to close/reduce airflow, with the electrical system turning off excess lighting and the thermostat setting the temperature. Variations in building energy use due to occupants can be divided into two main categories:  
1. Variations due to the active interaction of occupants with building systems.