## 4 Vehicle Storage Analysis
### p-Value Analysis
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Benchmarks**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Throughput (MB/s)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**IOPS**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Latency (\(\mu\)s)**} \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Temperature**} & 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C vs. 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C vs. 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C vs. 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Sequential**} & write zero & 1.91E-01 \({}^{\mathrm{N}}\) & 1.78E-01 \({}^{\mathrm{*}}\) & 4.49E-01 \({}^{\mathrm{N}}\) \\  & read zero & 9.95E-05 \({}^{\mathrm{**}}\) & 8.80E-02 \({}^{\mathrm{N}}\) & 9.59E-02 \({}^{\mathrm{N}}\) \\  & write random & 8.51E-04 \({}^{\mathrm{**}}\) & 1.16E-03 \({}^{\mathrm{**}}\) & 1.32E-01 \({}^{\mathrm{N}}\) \\  & read random & 7.26E-04 & 4.76E-02 \({}^{\mathrm{**}}\) & 1.68E-01 \({}^{\mathrm{N}}\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Random**} & random read & 1.70E-08 \({}^{\mathrm{**}}\) & 5.94E-07 \({}^{\mathrm{**}}\) & 1.09E-04 \({}^{\mathrm{**}}\) \\  & random write & 3.70E-03 \({}^{\mathrm{**}}\) & 1.13E-02 \({}^{\mathrm{*}}\) & 3.81E-02 \({}^{\mathrm{*}}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} N indicates \(p\)-value \(>\) 0.05, i.e., the performance is NOT significant; \({}^{\mathrm{*}}\) indicates \(p\)-value \(\leq\) 0.05, i.e., the performance is significant; \({}^{\mathrm{**}}\) indicates \(p\)-value \(\leq\) 0.01, i.e., the difference is highly significant.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Model A SSD \(p\)-values Performance. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Benchmarks**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Throughput (MB/s)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**IOPS**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Latency (\(\mu\)s)**} \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Temperature**} & 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C vs. 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C vs. 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C vs. 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Sequential**} & write zero & 8.85E-05 \({}^{\mathrm{**}}\) & 1.17E-04 \({}^{\mathrm{**}}\) & 8.39E-01 \({}^{\mathrm{N}}\) \\  & read zero & 7.41E-04 \({}^{\mathrm{**}}\) & 4.52E-03 \({}^{\mathrm{**}}\) & 4.01E-01 \({}^{\mathrm{N}}\) \\  & write random & 3.51E-05 \({}^{\mathrm{**}}\) & 2.81E-04 \({}^{\mathrm{**}}\) & 5.56E-01 \({}^{\mathrm{N}}\) \\  & read random & 9.12E-04 \({}^{\mathrm{**}}\) & 2.80E-03 \({}^{\mathrm{**}}\) & 1.68E-01 \({}^{\mathrm{N}}\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Random**} & random read & 9.50E-04 \({}^{\mathrm{**}}\) & 1.94E-03 \({}^{\mathrm{**}}\) & 8.49E-01 \({}^{\mathrm{N}}\) \\  & random write & 1.01E-04 \({}^{\mathrm{**}}\) & 2.04E-04 \({}^{\mathrm{**}}\) & 2.10E-01 \({}^{\mathrm{N}}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} N indicates \(p\)-value \(>\) 0.05, i.e., the performance is NOT significant; \({}^{\mathrm{*}}\) indicates \(p\)-value \(\leq\) 0.05, i.e., the performance is significant; \({}^{\mathrm{**}}\) indicates \(p\)-value \(\leq\) 0.01, i.e., the difference is highly significant.  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Model B SSD \(p\)-values Performance. significant. In terms of latency, only the random read and write benchmarks in Model A exhibit significant degradation. Random I/O operations are more susceptible to degradation due to temperature increases compared to sequential I/O operations. For Model B, all throughput and IOPS benchmarks show highly significant degradation, while no significant changes are observed in the latency benchmarks. Based on the analysis of average values, percentages, and p-values from the benchmark tests, the following major findings emerge:  
1. As temperatures exceed the normal operating range, QLC SSDs generally exhibit reduced throughput and IOPS, indicating a decline in data read/write speeds. However, latency (the delay before a data transfer begins following an instruction) does not exhibit significant changes at higher temperatures. 2. The two QLC SSD models respond differently to temperature variations. Model A experiences greater adverse effects on read tasks, while Model B is more sensitive to temperature increases during write tasks.