# Progress in Improving Photovoltaics Longevity
## 4 Results
### Mitigation Strategies for BIPV Longevity  
To enhance the longevity of BIPV systems, selecting robust materials with high thermal stability and low moisture permeability is essential. Advanced encapsulants such as EVA offer protection against UV radiation and moisture ingress, extending the module's lifespan [198]. Additionally, glass/glass module designs and the integration of nanomaterials improve durability and resistance to environmental factors. Flexible or laminated BIPV modules are better at absorbing and distributing mechanical loads, reducing the risk of damage. Protective coatings [199] that enhance UV resistance and minimize water permeation further contribute to module longevity [200]. Proper sealing of module edges and electrical junctions is crucial for preventing moisture ingress, particularly in humid climates. Reflective coatings can also help reduce heat absorption, thus mitigating thermal stress and prolonging the life of BIPV systems. Effective thermal management is crucial for optimizing the performance and longevity of BIPV modules. Passive cooling techniques, such as ventilated facades and thermally conductive backsheets, can help regulate operating temperatures. Integrating radiative cooling coatings and phase change materials (PCMs) [201] or proper heat dissipation, such as air gaps, heat sinks, and ventilation, is essential to avoid excessive heat buildup. [PERSON] et al. [202] indicate that well-ventilated BIPV systems can exceed their 25-year warranty across various climates, while inadequate ventilation, particularly in hot and humid regions, can significantly shorten module lifespans. BIPV systems often experience higher temperatures due to limited rear-side ventilation, increasing thermo-mechanical stresses, and accelerating degradation. [PERSON] et al. (2003) observed that BIPV modules in Southern Switzerland operated at temperatures 20-30 \({}^{\circ}\)C higher than those in open-rack systems, with daily temperature swings up to 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C more, underscoring the need for more stringent indoor qualification and safety tests, especially for modules exposed to extreme temperatures beyond standard International Electrotechnical Commission's (IEC) guidelines. Innovative cooling solutions, such as the closed-loop photovoltaic cooling system developed by [PERSON] et al. (2019), have significantly improved PV module lifespan and efficiency, particularly in hot and arid regions. This system, designed to operate continuously, reduces temperature fluctuations and enhances performance, achieving an 8.2% increase in module lifespan compared to conventional designs. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. (2014) introduced a BIPV system that enhances passive cooling through increased surface emissivity beneath PV panels, resulting in a 3 K reduction in operating temperature, which boosts efficiency and extends module lifespan by up to 21%. Proper O&M practices are essential to ensure the long-term reliability of BIPV systems. Routine inspections should focus on detecting moisture ingress, checking for signs of delamination and discoloration, and the effectiveness of thermal management systems. Preventive maintenance, such as regularly cleaning modules to remove dust and debris, is crucial for optimal performance. Using both experimental and simulated data, [PERSON] et al. (2015) underscored the importance of addressing crack issues during installation and maintenance to preserve BIPV system longevity, noting that such damage can cause output reductions of up to 43%. Enhancing the longevity of BIPV systems requires a holistic approach that considers the unique degradation mechanisms associated with building integration. Adopting advanced material solutions, effective thermal management strategies, protective measures, and robust O&M practices can significantly extend the operational lifetime of BIPV systems. This not only contributes to the sustainability of building-integrated renewable energy solutions but also improves their cost-effectiveness.