# LCA as a Tool for the Environmental Management of Car Tire Manufacturing
## 4 Results and Discussion  
The results are summarized in three sections, corresponding to the respective assessment methods Eco-indicator 99 (Section 4.1), CED (Section 4.2), and IPCC (Section 4.3). The results from the characterization stage are given in Table 2, and from the grouping and weighting stages in Tables 3-8 and Figures 5-10. The results describe each stage of traditional and ecological tire life cycles, accounting for their total life cycle impact and five environmental damage categories eliciting the highest levels of detrimental effects established in the study: carcinogens, respiratory inorganics, climate change, acidification/eutrophication, and fossil fuels. The outcomes of the study are the environmental factors quantified as eco-indicator points (Pt), i.e., easily comprehensible parameters facilitating the comparative analysis of dissimilar environmental impacts. One thousand points express an annual impact of an average European resident on the environment. Figure 5: Results of grouping and weighting of environmental damage at individual stages of the traditional and ecological tire life cycle, including impact categories. Figure 6: Results of grouping and weighting of environmental damage from carcinogens at individual stages of the traditional and ecological tire life cycle. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Impact Category**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Production**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**USE**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**End of Life**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Unit**} \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{5-8}  & **Traditional Tire** & **Eco Tire** & **Traditional Tire** & **Eco Tire** & **Traditional Tire** & **Eco Tire** \\ \hline Carcinogens & \(5.81\times 10^{-5}\) & \(4.53\times 10^{-5}\) & \(3.58\times 10^{-8}\) & \(3.58\times 10^{-8}\) & \(-1.55\times 10^{-7}\) & \(1.17\times 10^{-7}\) & DALY \\ \hline Respiratory organics & \(8.97\times 10^{-8}\) & \(5.77\times 10^{-8}\) & \(6.60\times 10^{-7}\) & \(6.25\times 10^{-7}\) & \(-1.32\times 10^{-8}\) & \(-2.22\times 10^{-8}\) & DALY \\ \hline Respiratory inorganics & \(1.91\times 10^{-4}\) & \(1.48\times 10^{-4}\) & \(1.09\times 10^{-3}\) & \(1.03\times 10^{-3}\) & \(-8.54\times 10^{-7}\) & \(-1.49\times 10^{-6}\) & DALY \\ \hline Climate change & \(6.95\times 10^{-5}\) & \(5.40\times 10^{-5}\) & \(4.76\times 10^{-4}\) & \(4.51\times 10^{-4}\) & \(-4.41\times 10^{-7}\) & \(-5.31\times 10^{-8}\) & DALY \\ \hline Radiation & \(1.04\times 10^{-7}\) & \(7.99\times 10^{-8}\) & \(6.46\times 10^{-12}\) & \(6.46\times 10^{-12}\) & \(0.00\times 10^{0}\) & \(0.00\times 10^{0}\) & DALY \\ \hline Ozone layer & \(1.43\times 10^{-8}\) & \(2.55\times 10^{-9}\) & \(1.67\times 10^{-13}\) & \(1.67\times 10^{-13}\) & \(-4.22\times 10^{-10}\) & \(-2.12\times 10^{-10}\) & DALY \\ \hline Ecotoxicity & \(2.90\times 10^{10}\) & \(1.85\times 10^{-1}\) & \(3.44\times 10^{-2}\) & \(3.44\times 10^{-2}\) & \(2.87\times 10^{-1}\) & \(4.66\times 10^{-1}\) & PAF \(\times\) m\({}^{2}\) x year \\ \hline Acidification/Eutrophica-ion & \(4.75\times 10^{0}\) & \(3.69\times 10^{0}\) & \(3.64\times 10^{1}\) & \(3.45\times 10^{-1}\) & \(-4.45\times 10^{-2}\) & \(-7.83\times 10^{-2}\) & PDF \(\times\) m\({}^{2}\) x year \\ \hline Land use & \(2.47\times 10^{0}\) & \(2.30\times 10^{0}\) & \(5.97\times 10^{-5}\) & \(5.97\times 10^{-5}\) & \(0.00\times 10^{0}\) & \(0.00\times 10^{0}\) & PDF \(\times\) m\({}^{2}\) x year \\ \hline Minerals & \(5.16\times 10^{-1}\) & \(3.52\times 10^{-1}\) & \(2.82\times 10^{-4}\) & \(2.82\times 10^{-4}\) & \(-7.14\times 10^{-2}\) & \(-1.65\times 10^{-4}\) & MJ \\ \hline Fossil fuels & \(1.34\times 10^{2}\) & \(9.78\times 10^{1}\) & \(4.11\times 10^{0}\) & \(3.89\times 10^{3}\) & \(-5.58\times 10^{0}\) & \(-8.32\times 10^{0}\) & MJ \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Results of Eco-indicator 99 characterization of environmental damage at individual stages of the traditional and ecological tire life cycle, including impact categories.