esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Chaotic Java Approaches to Solving Electromagnetic Optimization Benchmark Problems
## 4 Description of the Jaya Algorithm
### The Proposed Chaotic Jaya (CJ) Optimizer  
Chaos owns the features of being non-periodic and unpredictable. The implementation of a chaotic map is easy. Moreover, random numbers from a chaotic map have an inherently special ability to avoid stagnation in local optima. Thus, evolutionary algorithms enhanced with chaotic sequences [5; 6; 7; 8] have the ability to be a powerful alternative and maintain a balance between the exploration (global search) and exploitation (local search) capabilities, as well as prevent the stagnation situation and premature convergence of the population-based metaheuristics.  
Research in chaotic sequences, combined with metaheuristics, has made breakthroughs in recent decades, which has caused them to receive attention and be successfully applied in many evolutionary algorithms and swarm intelligence designs.  
In this context, some research combining chaotic sequences with Jaya has been recently proposed in the literature. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [15] proposed a chaotic Jaya method based on a tent chaotic map for obtaining random numbers. The proposed chaotic Jaya method was evaluated with success in three case studies of synthesis of linear antenna arrays. [PERSON] et al. [16] analyzed the use of the 2D cross chaotic map in three parallel approaches to improve the convergence of the Jaya optimizer. In this case, the parallel chaotic Jaya approaches were tested and obtained good solutions to the pressure vessel problem and the welded beam problem, with these two cases involving constrained engineering design problems. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [17] introduced a chaotic mutation strategy based on a logistic map into the search strategy of the Jaya algorithm to improve the population diversity and enhance and balance the exploration ability and the exploitation ability of the algorithm. [PERSON] et al. [18] presented an enhanced chaotic Jaya algorithm based on the sine map, logistics map, and tent map to classify the parameters of various photovoltaic models.  
In the proposed CJ approach, at any iteration \(k\), a solution \(x_{i,j,k}\) of the population is updated as follows:  
\[x^{\prime}_{i,j,k}=x_{i,j,k}+c_{i,j,1}\left(x_{i,j,best}-\left|x_{i,j,k} \right|\right)-c_{i,j,2}\left(x_{i,j,worst}-\left|x_{i,j,k}\right|\right) \tag{5}\]  
where \(c_{i,j,1}\) and \(c_{i,j,2}\) are two signals generated by chaotic sequences in the interval [0,1] instead of a uniform distribution, as presented in Equation (4), for the standard Jaya algorithm.  
We have introduced chaos into the Jaya algorithm by applying different chaotic maps that come from mathematical definitions. In this paper, we apply ten different variants of chaotic maps to chaotic Jaya. These are the Chebyshev, circle, Gauss, iterative, logistic, piecewise, sine, singer, sinusoidal, and tent maps. We have selected a set of chaotic maps that all have different behaviors. Additionally, we have selected 0.5 as the initial value for all adopted chaotic maps.
# Dynamic Shear Degradation of Geosynthetic-Soil Interface in Waste Landfill Sites
###### Abstract  
Geosynthetics and soil particles inevitably come into contact, resulting in a geosynthetic-soil interface. The discontinuity of the materials at the interface causes an intricate shear response, especially under dynamic loads. In the present study, the effects of chemical aggressors of the leachate from a waste landfill site on the cyclic shear behaviors of a geosynthetic-soil interface were investigated. The Multi-Purpose Interface Apparatus (M-PIA) that can simulate cyclic simple shear conditions was utilized, and 72 sets of cyclic simple shear tests were conducted. The Disturbed State Concept (DSC) was employed to quantitatively estimate the shear stress degradation. As a result, new disturbance functions and parameters that represent the characteristics of the dynamic shear degradation at the interface were evaluated. Additionally, a numerical back-prediction was performed to verify the accuracy and applicability of the DSC parameters. Numerical interpolation procedures were suggested and enabled to reproduce the degradation successfully. Consequently, a general methodology was established to estimate the cyclic shear stress degradation of the geosynthetic-soil interface in consideration of chemical effects.  
geosynthetics; geosynthetic-soil interface; cyclic simple shear; Disturbance State Concept; dynamic shear degradation; numerical back-prediction; chemical effects Article
## 5 Soft Robotic Exoskeletons for Hand Rehabilitation
### Interactive Experience Features
Mirror therapy [114] and bilateral training are often combined with robotic gloves gloves (regardless of the rigid, soft or hybrid type), creating a system in which the move ment of the healthy hand controls the robotic device on the impaired hand [110]. The combination of mirror therapy and robotic rehabilitation may result in even greater improvements than any single technique [115]. There are numerous papers in the literature dealing with the combined application of these techniques and soft exoskeletons. A hand rehabilitation system based on the concept of mirror therapy, in which a soft glove is controlled by machine learning algorithms applied to EMG signals from the unaffected hand, is presented in the work by [PERSON] et al. [116]. For bilateral training, [PERSON] et al. [86] developed a soft robotic glove that can be controlled by signals from flex sensors in a data glove worn on the healthy hand. The use of pressure sensors for air pressure in the actuators to control the developed force is very common in pneumatic gloves. This control has low precision, but simplicity is its strong point. The inherent compliance of soft gloves leads to a compromise between control precision, material flexibility, and lightness. The intrinsic compliance characteristics of actuators, thanks to the soft materials used for fabrication, allow for the intrinsic safety of soft exoskeletons. However, it is necessary to provide safety systems for use. Additional safety measures have been developed for a limited number of the devices described in the literature. This is probably due to their stage of development, which is still at an early stage [9]. One trend that can be observed is the inclusion of safety features in the control system to minimize the complexity of the device, the number of components, and the weight. Usually, feedback is inserted to control the movement and to avoid risky situations. In some cases, a maximum pressure value is set to avoid excessive forces or bending [95; 117]. In other cases, bending sensors are used [118]. * _Portability_. Only a few devices have been developed with portability in mind, but we have observed an increasing trend in recent years toward the development of devices that are fully capable of being operated by the patient at home without the need for a clinician or technician [94; 117]. Several devices have been observed to be portable thanks to the use of compact, battery-powered control units [118; 119]. These are important features given the many benefits that can be achieved through home-based rehabilitation. A wearable soft robotic glove can significantly improve the rehabilitation process at home [76]. Devices can be cheaper compared to rigid-body devices because actuators and materials are cheap.
## 1 Introduction  
The Internet of Things is one of the growing advancements of the 5G establishment [1]. It is helpful in various pieces of the lifecycle, for instance, industrialized control, sensing environments, and military areas [2]. The IoT is the correspondence between actual devices, methods for conveyance, construction slabs, and various objects that comprise installed devices, programs, actuators, and sensing tools, and the rundown continues [3]. The IoT enables smart objects to accumulate and exchange information for different purposes [4]. Regularly, WSN gives an illustration of the IoT network. It is an immense viscosity of devices with detection capabilities that are introduced to detect and screen the encompassing state of an IoT system. Each device is required to communicate accumulated information to a sink/BS through multiple midpoints. In the WSN-assisted IoT, the sensor nodes have restricted resources according to different points of view, for instance, storage, processing, energy, and so forth. In light of the fleeting power of sensors and the tremendous expense of sensor node substitution, subbing the sensor node has poor value. In this manner, expanding the network's existence time and energy resource management throughout the network is the main point while filtering the execution of routing protocols in WSN. In this situation, overwhelming routing protocols are expected to extend framework life and achieve the improved utilization of power assets.  
This exploration study investigates energy management, which is a significant quality of service parameter in the WSN-assisted IoT. Besides communications, a sensor node's energy is consumed in other activities as well such as logging, processing, sensing, and a few more [5]. If a sensor node runs out of energy and is unable to send or receive packets, a part of the network coverage area may also become disconnected. Wireless sensor node usage may be found in hostile scenarios as well, which makes node replacement and recharging almost impossible. This incorporates the proficient utilization of restricted energy assets of nodes present in WSN to prolong the network lifetime. The proposed algorithm is power-effective cluster-based routing (PECR). It focuses on managing energy assets and at last broadens the lifetime of the WSN-assisted IoT. Additionally, this work incorporates the investigation of previous cluster-based routing algorithms and their performance in dealing with energy assets.
# Respiration Symptoms Monitoring in Body Area Networks
## 4 Rational of Using S-Band Sensing for Breath Detection  
This section gives an intuition about how the S-Band sensing technique leveraging wireless channel information can be used to track subtle chest movements for breath detection. Ideally, an RF signal propagates directly from transmitter to receiver when no obstacle is encountered, is known as line-of-sight (LOS) communication. When an obstacle is encountered, the signal experiences scattering, reflection, and diffraction. This is known as non-line-of-sight (NLOS) communication. The signal received through LOS and NLOS communication will have different WCI data [18; 19]. The signal propagation continuously moves back and forth between LOS and NLOS due to person's chest movement, as a result the WCI data retrieved are significantly different. For breathing pattern detection, in almost all scenarios, the minute chest movement keeps on changing the communication path between LOS and NLOS. The RF signal propagating from transmitter to the receiver will always have a LOS communication path and a lot of NLOS communication paths. When the subject is inhaling and exhaling, the received RF signal will continuously keep on changing due to reflections caused by the person's chest movement.
## 4 Real-Time Tissue Recognition and Margin Assessment
### Indocyanine Green (ICG) and Fluorescence-Guided Partial Nephrectomy  
In robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN), the use of near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging with indocyanine green (ICG) has emerged as a widely adopted strategy for real-time anatomical and functional assessment [30]. ICG is a fluorescent dye that, upon intravenous injection, binds to plasma proteins and emits fluorescence when exposed to near-infrared light, enabling intraoperative visualization of vascularized structures [31]. One of the primary applications of ICG in RAPN is the assessment of renal perfusion. Following ICG administration, the perfusion status of the renal parenchyma becomes immediately visible, allowing the surgeon to confirm the efficacy of arterial clamping--whether selective or super-selective [31]. This visualization is crucial for avoiding unnecessary devascularization of healthy tissue and ensuring that the intended ischemic zone has been accurately targeted.  
ICG is also valuable in enhancing tumor-to-parenchyma contrast, particularly in cases of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Due to defective proximal tubule function, these tumors often exhibit altered ICG uptake, appearing hypofluorescent in comparison to the surrounding normal parenchyma. This differential fluorescence assists in tumor localization, real-time guidance of excision, and delineation of surgical margins [32]. Additionally, post-resection imaging with ICG can help confirm complete tumor removal by revealing any residual fluorescence within the resection bed, which may indicate retained tumor tissue or regions of poor perfusion.  
Some surgeons further employ ICG-enhanced enucleation planes, which integrate visual and perfusion data to refine dissection accuracy. ICG has also played a role in the development of \"zero-ischemia\" techniques, where fluorescence is used to verify that non-clamped regions of the kidney remain perfused during selective arterial control [33]. Technological advancements, such as the Firefly(r) system integrated into da Vinci platforms, allow for seamless toggling between white light and NIRF modes, facilitating an efficient workflow during robotic surgery.
## 3 Dynamics of Self-Localization
The aforementioned limited probability of the spatial motion can be estimated by the inter lattice-site coherence (\(\equiv\text{C}(\Delta),\ \Delta\
eq 0\)) of exciton, which is given as,  
\[\text{C}(\Delta)\ =\ \sum_{I}<\text{STE}|\text{F}_{I+\Delta}^{+}\text{F}_{I}\ |\text{STE}>. \tag{11}\]  
It becomes almost zero when the exciton-photon coupling is very strong  
\[\text{C}(\Delta)\to 0\ (,\ =\ <0\Big{|}\text{e}^{-\text{S}\frac{\partial}{ \partial\text{Q}_{I}+\Delta}}|0>\ <0|\text{e}^{-\text{S}\frac{\partial}{\partial\text{Q}_{I}}}\Big{|}0> \,\ \text{S}\gg 1). \tag{12}\]  
While, at the initial FC state, this inter lattice-site coherence (\(\equiv\text{C}_{\text{FC}}(\Delta),\ \Delta\
eq 0\)) is given as  
\[\text{C}_{\text{FC}}(\Delta)\equiv\sum_{I}<\text{FC}|\text{F}_{I+\Delta}^{+} \text{F}_{I}|\text{FC}>\ =\ 1, \tag{13}\]  
and remains finite. Thus, we can say, the spatial, or the inter-site quantum coherence of exciton becomes zero when the exciton-phonon coupling is very strong, although it was finite at the FC state, as schematically shown in Figure 2. This is nothing, but the spontaneous translational symmetry breaking, and finally makes a classical and local picture for exciton valid. This relaxation with the large lattice distortion from the Bloch wave to the self-localized one can occur even at absolute zero temperature. The above arguments related with Figure 2 for the exciton self-localization, however, are quite formal and too conceptual. For this reason, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [15] have calculated the rate of this symmetry breaking transition in detail, using more realistic models. In Figure 1, this transition is described as if it occurs only within the one-dimensional space spanned by Q\({}_{0}\). In reality, however, it will occur in a multi-dimensional space spanned by many phonon mode coordinates. Moreover, the FC sate and the STE are not completely orthogonal with each other. These points are taken into account in the context of the multi-phonon non-radiative transition, and the rate is obtained as a function of the exciton bandwidth, coupling constants of the optical and acoustic phonons, and the exciton Wannier radius. It is in the region from \(10^{-1}\omega_{1}\) to \(10^{-2}\omega_{1}\) (\(\omega_{1}\equiv\) the averaged acoustic phonon energy), being more probable than the ordinary radiative decay rate of an exciton, in good agreement with the experimental results in alkali iodides and rare gas solids. As for the PISPT, the self-localization is not the final destination, but the exciton further proliferates to result in a localized semi-macroscopic domain of a new phase [10]. However, we have to surely pass this early stage dynamics with the symmetry breakage.
## 3 Results
### Comparisons of VPP Estimates with MODIS-LSP
The magnitude of bias between SOG and MODIS-SOS increased for DBF with a decrease in latitude, implying that the difference between SOG and MODIS-SOS in tropical regions was larger than that in temperate regions. The spatial variations in bias between SOG and MODIS-SOS, and between EOG and MODIS-EOS, for CRO were also very clear. A large bias between SOG and MODIS-SOS was found for CRO in arid tropical regions (H20V07), while a large bias between EOG and MODIS-EOS was found for CRO in arid tropical and temperate Asian regions. The SOG (DOY 109) was clearly biased and occurred earlier than the MODIS-SOS (DOY 169), while the EOG (DOY 271) also occurred earlier than the MODIS-EOS (DOY 325) in arid tropical regions for CRO. A large discrepancy between SOG and MODIS-SOS was also found for GRA. The SOG (DOY 148) was earlier than the MODIS-SOS (DOY 174), and there was no bias between EOG (DOY 319) and the MODIS-EOS (DOY 319) in arid tropical regions for GRA. For the majority of PFTs, the bias between VPP and MODIS-LSP was larger in the European Mediterranean region (H18V04 tile) than in temperate and boreal North America and Subarctic Eurasia. Furthermore, our results show large discrepancies between VPP and MODIS-LSP in the European Mediterranean region and in arid and humid tropical regions compared with temperate and boreal North America and Subarctic Eurasia.
# QuietPlace: An Ultrasound-Based Proof of Location Protocol with Strong Identities
## 1 Introduction
### Malicious Users and Types of Attacks  
There has been an extensive study on the vulnerabilities and attacks in a proof of location context [1; 4; 5; 6; 16]. Depending on the role, a malicious user has specific purposes which are detailed in the sequel.  
* An 'eavesdropper' listens to the communication and aims to learn the identity or the location of the legitimate users.
* A'malicious prover' aims to obtain a PoL for a location they have never been to or have been to at a different time. They collude with other witnesses or try to steal another prover's PoL. They can also create fake witnesses, such as in the case of a Sybil attack [17].
* A'malicious verifier' exposes the prover's identity and/or location or tries to reuse their PoL.
* A'malicious witness' may decline to cooperate with the prover, cancel valid claims or send no LPS, send an LPS validating an invalid location, send more than one LPS or try to obtain more information on the prover's identity.
* A'malicious certificate authority' does not perform validations correctly, favors some users, or tries to expose their identity.  
Malicious users deploy various attacks by themselves or by colluding with others:  
* In 'distance fraud', a malicious prover tries to convince a witness that they are closer than in reality. Proximity tests, which are described later, attempt to tackle this attack.
* In'mafia fraud', a man-in-the-middle M carries the messages between a prover [PERSON] and a witness [PERSON], to convince [PERSON] that [PERSON] is close to them. [PERSON] appears as a witness to [PERSON] and as a prover to [PERSON].
* In 'distance hijacking' attacks, a man-in-the-middle M tries to steal the session between [PERSON] and [PERSON] to obtain [PERSON]'s LPSs.
* In 'P-P collusion (terrorist fraud)', a prover [PERSON]\({}_{1}\) in location X colludes with a prover [PERSON]\({}_{2}\) in location Y, so that [PERSON]\({}_{2}\) gathers LPSs from neighboring witnesses and creates a proof that presents [PERSON]\({}_{1}\) as being at location Y. The man-in-the-middle prover [PERSON]\({}_{2}\) may act as a simple relay or may possess [PERSON]\({}_{1}\)'s credentials.  
* In 'W-W collusion', witnesses collude to either validate an invalid claim by the prover, to invalidate a valid claim by the prover, or to not participate in the protocol execution at all.
* In 'P-W collusion', a prover cooperates with a witness to provide them with one or more LPSs for a false location.  
As it becomes evident from the above, the main goals in PoL protocols are to provide unforgeable proofs that respect the users' privacy and are also able to detect and tackle the above attacks.
## 1 Introduction
investigated the impact of parameters such as electrode shape, pressure, gap spacing, and repetition frequency on the breakdown voltage in the corona-stabilized switch during low PRFs (<100 Hz). The results were analyzed from the perspective of the critical volume. The findings indicate that a smaller critical volume leads to more concentrated voltage fluctuations and better stabilization effects for corona discharge. Optimizing the critical volume can reduce voltage fluctuations at low repetition rates [18]. Currently, investigations into corona-stabilized switches are primarily focused on its insulation recovery performance. The investigation into the stability of repetitive breakdowns mainly focuses on time delay or voltage dispersity at low frequencies (<100 Hz), however, there are still some issues that need to be solved regarding the factors and mechanisms that affect switch stability. Therefore, this paper systematically investigates the influence of crucial parameters such as electric field inhomogeneity, gas type, operating pressure, and gap spacing on the breakdown voltage and voltage dispersion of the repetitive corona-stabilized breakdowns. The results are analyzed based on both the corona stabilization effect and the memory effect.
# A Review on Rainfall Measurement Based on Commercial Microwave Links in Wireless Cellular Networks
## 4 Signal Processing from RSL to Rainfall Map
### Wet/dry Classification  
After obtaining the RSL data, the first step is to identify the corresponding duration of rainfall from the original rough RSL data. As long as the time period of rainfall is identified, the attenuation for a microwave link during the corresponding time period can be more accurately evaluated to calculate the rainfall intensity. At present, various wet/dry classification methods are widely used to identify the rainfall period and can be mainly categorized into three types.