## 3 Results and Discussion
### The effect of the compounds on cell viability  
According to viability tests, the studied compounds have either a toxic or antitumor effect on LoVo and SKOV-3 human tumor cells or HUVEC human normal cells. The percentages of cell viability were calculated for each compound and cell line, and the cytotoxic effects varied depending on dose, time, and cell type. We conducted dose-effect curves for each compound to determine the most effective concentration, testing concentrations ranging from 0.3125 to 50 \(\mu\)g/mL. The curves show how a compound's concentration affects cell viability. The data indicate that tumor or normal cells' viability depends on the concentration. The cells were treated with the study compounds for either 24 h or 48 h at concentrations ranging from 0.3125 to 50 \(\mu\)g/mL. The findings can help select the optimal working dose and develop strategies to minimize the compound's side effects on normal cells. The effects of the studied compounds were analyzed compared to Cisplatin, the classic drug with known antitumor effects [52; 53]. HUVEC cells were treated with different \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Loaded Polymers** & **Entrapment Efficiency (\%)** & **Loading Capacity (\%)** \\ \hline Al-5 HF-DPCNS1 & 69.63 \(\pm\) 2.62 & 11.18 \(\pm\) 0.42 \\ Ga-5 HF-DPCNS1 & 75.28 \(\pm\) 0.78 & 11.43 \(\pm\) 0.12 \\ Al-5 HF-DPCNS2 & 81.35 \(\pm\) 1.11 & 13.07 \(\pm\) 0.18 \\ Ga-5 HF-DPCNS2 & 91.00 \(\pm\) 1.73 & 13.82 \(\pm\) 0.26 \\ Al-5 HF-PMDADCD1 & 64.96 \(\pm\) 1.92 & 10.43 \(\pm\) 0.31 \\ Ga-5 HF-PMDADCD1 & 84.77 \(\pm\) 3.04 & 12.87 \(\pm\) 0.46 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Entrapment efficiency and loading capacity for loaded polymers. concentrations of the analyzed compounds for 24 h (Figure 8a) and 48 h (Figure 8b). The viability tests demonstrated that regardless of the structure, at 24 h, the analyzed compounds affected the viability of normal cells HUVEC only at concentrations equal to or higher than 12.5 ug/mL. In the case of the Ga complex and its derivatives, at 24 h, the viability of normal HUVEC cells is affected when cells are treated with concentrations higher than 6.25 ug/mL. The analysis of the obtained viability data following the treatment of the LoVo tumor line with the Ga complex shows that after 24 h of treatment, it acts like the reference cytostatic (CisPt), significantly inhibiting cell viability regardless of the concentration. The cells were treated with the study compounds for either 24 h (Figure 9a) or 48 h (Figure 9b), at concentrations ranging from 0.3125 to 50 ug/mL. The treatment of LoVo tumor cells for 24 h with the analyzed compounds showed that the Al-5 HF compound, at low concentrations (1.56 ug/mL), killed 11.2% of the tumor cells and the Al-5 HF-DPCNS1 and Al-5 HF-DPCNS2 complexes killed 18.1% and 35.9%, respectively (Figure 9a). In the case of some compounds, such as Ga-5 HF-DPCNS1, Ga-5 HF-DPCNS2, and Ga-5 HF-PMDACD1, their actions after 48 h treatment indicate a much stronger effect than that induced by Ga-5 HF. The effect of the compound Ga-5 HF-PMDACD1 is comparable to that of CisPt, inhibiting LoVo cell viability below 50%. The SKOV-3 human ovary tumor cells were treated with analyzed compounds in different concentrations for 24 h (Figure 10a) or 48 h (Figure 10b). Figure 8: The impact of the tested compounds on the viability of normal HUVEC cells after (**a**) 24 h of treatment and after (**b**) 48 h of treatment. Figure 9: The impact of the tested compounds on the viability of LoVo colon cancer cells after (**a**) 24 h of treatment and (**b**) 48 h of treatment. In the case of SKOV-3 ovarian tumor cells, the treatment for 24 h with the compounds Al-5 HF-DPCNS1 and Al-5 HF-DPCNS2 at a concentration of 5 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/mL managed to kill about 40% and 50%, respectively, of the tumor cells. The compound Al-5 HF-DPCNS2 at this concentration has a similar effect to Cisplatin.