esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Sea Ice Detection Based on Differential Delay-Doppler Maps from UK TechDemoSat-1
## 2 Theory and Method  
### GNSS-R Delay-Doppler Maps  
The TDS-1, launched in July 2014, was placed into a quasi-Sun synchronous orbit with an altitude of ~635 km and an inclination of 98.4\({}^{\circ}\). The Space GNSS Receiver Remote Sensing Instrument (SGR-ReSI) built by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. (SSTL, Guildford, UK) is one of the key payloads carried on TDS-1. The ReSI supports the GPS L1 frequency band using a downward pointing antenna with a gain of ~13 dBi. More details about TDS-1 and the SGR-ReSI are introduced in [43].  
The TDS-1 receiver produces DDMs through cross correlating received scattered signals with locally generated and time-synchronized code replicas for different path delays and Doppler shifts [38]. Speckle noise has a significant influence on cross correlation, which is usually performed over 1 ms and less 20 ms of coherent integration time, so an incoherent summation of consecutive cross correlation values is employed to mitigate the noise. The typical incoherent summation time for TDS-1 DDMs is 1 s [43]. The spreading of DDM reveals the degree of roughness of the observing surface. It is well known that the surface of sea water is usually rougher than that of young ice, so the spreading in Delay and Doppler of DDMs collected over sea ice surface would be less than that of sea water, whose DDMs usually exhibit a horseshoe shape [7]. Typical DDMs from TDS-1 collected over sea ice and water are shown in Figure 1. Figure 1a depicts a DDM collected over an ice field, while a DDM of sea water is shown in Figure 1b, which clearly indicates that the DDM is heavily affected by noise and sea state.
# Delay-Sensitive NOMA-HARQ for Short Packet Communications
## 4 Numerical Results
### PER and Throughput Performance for different \(R_{1}\) and \(R_{2}\)  
In practical systems, users adopt the transmission rate according to their respective channel quality to increase reliability. Each user can transmit at a different rate according to their respective quality of service by changing \(k\). We set \(R_{1}=k_{1}/n\) and \(R_{2}=k_{2}/n\) by fixing the blocklength \(n\) and varying \(k_{1}\) and \(k_{2}\) for user 1 and user 2, respectively. We assume \(k_{1}<k_{2}\) to allow user 1 with higher decoding reliability than user 2.  
Figures 8 and 9 show the PER and throughput performance of each user with various \(k_{1}\) and \(k_{2}\). As can be seen in the figure, a higher value of \(k_{1}\) leads to lower PER reliability. The figures show that by choosing different \(k\) for each user, different levels of reliability can be achieved. The PER is reduced with smaller values of \(k\); however, it reduces the maximum achievable throughput as well as can be seen in Figure 9. This is because at SNR = 4 dB and \(n=100\) a higher rate can be chosen with an acceptable PER reliability. Also, the throughput steadily increases with \(k_{1}\); however, setting \(k_{1}\) very high decreases the PER reliability and throughput performance starts to saturate. We can see in Figure 8 that at \(k_{j}\geq 75\) results in severe PER degradation, and consequently, throughput performance starts to saturate for both users. Since user 1 is operating at higher transmission power than user 2 the throughput loss is higher in user 2 when \(k_{j}\) is very high.  
Figure 7: Throughput performance comparison between D-NOMA-HARQ and S-NOMA-HARQ at setting \(w_{1}=0.6\), (\(w_{2}=1-w_{1}\)) with CC-HARQ when \(m=1\), \(\alpha_{1}=0.5\), \(\alpha_{2}=0.4\), for various packet lengths \(n\).
## 2 Materials and Methods  
All the ZnO and SiO\({}_{2}\) thin films were deposited using an RF magnetron sputtering technique (Hanback Electronics, Korea). The standard deposition conditions included a base pressure of \(2.7\times 10^{-6}\) Torr, working pressure of \(1.0\times 10^{-2}\) Torr, and RF sputtering power of 200 W. Flexible ITO-coated polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) (Hanalin Tech, Gumi-shi, Gyeongsangbuk-Do, Korea) was used as a substrate for the purpose of making wearable devices. All samples were prepared to have the same size of \(3\) cm \(\times\)\(6\) cm.  
Various interlayer SiO\({}_{2}\) and ZnO thin films with different thicknesses were deposited at different positions in order to determine which ZnO/SiO\({}_{2}\)-stacked multilayer configurations would generate better output voltages. At all stages of the experiments, the ZnO layer for SZS-MGs was deposited for one hour while for ZSZ-MGs, both the upper and lower ZnO layers were deposited respectively for 30 min. Immediately after depositing all the ZnO and SiO\({}_{2}\) film layers, the as-deposited device sampleswere annealed in an electric dehydration vacuum furnace (Daesung Electric Furnace, Ansan-City, Gyunggi-Do, Korea) at 150 \({}^{\circ}\)C for one hour. Then, the top Ag electrodes were made by coating Ag paste (CANS, ELCOAT P-100, Jinchemical, Korea) onto the annealed devices using the doctor blading technique [18]. Next, aluminum wires were connected to the ITO bottom electrode and to the Ag paste top electrode of each device. Each sample device was evaluated under a mechanical bending/unbending test with a fixed moving speed and interval in a linear motion bending/unbending stage (Labtech Science, Korea), as shown in Figure 1.  
First of all, to identify which SiO\({}_{2}\) layer positions would generate better output voltages, we investigated two large device groups, i.e., SZS-MGs and ZSZ-MGs, illustrated in Figures 2 and 3, respectively. Moreover, the effects of the working pressure and deposition power on the SiO\({}_{2}\) films were investigated in more detail to understand their influence on the output voltage. Both sputtering targets (ZnO: 4\" diameter \(\times\) 0.25\" thick and SiO\({}_{2}\): 4\" diameter \(\times\) 0.125\" thick) used for film deposition were manufactured by iTASCO, Korea. The output voltages were measured using a Keysight 34401A (CA, USA) digital multimeter. The piezoelectric micro-energy generators were bent with the middle part raised, also known as forward bending. The output voltages were measured while bending/unbending each device for 300 cycles.  
Figure 1: Output voltage measurement system used in this work: (**a**) schematic diagram and (**b**) real sample bending/unbending stage.  
Figure 2: Schematic diagrams of three SiO\({}_{2}\)/ZnO/SiO\({}_{2}\) micro-energy generators (SZS-MGs) with different SiO\({}_{2}\) thin films. (**a**) Upper SiO\({}_{2}\) thickness = 78 nm, lower SiO\({}_{2}\) thickness = 40 nm; (**b**) upper SiO\({}_{2}\) thickness = 90 nm, lower SiO\({}_{2}\) thickness = 63 nm; (**c**) upper SiO\({}_{2}\) thickness = 146 nm, lower SiO\({}_{2}\) thickness = 110 nm, ITO; indium tin oxide.
## 2 Important Terms
### Chaotic Maps  
#### 2.2.1 Logistic Map  
The logistic map is a chaotic system with a simple notion but complicated behavior. Because a logistic map is a one-dimensional map, each iteration of the map yields a single value, which is referred to as an iterate. A single parameter (\(a\)) is used in logistic map computations. Because of its basic though nonlinear architecture, it is probably the most often utilized chaotic maps in image encryption [24]. Mathematically, it is written as:  
\[z_{n+1}=a\times z_{n}\times(1-z_{n}) \tag{2}\]  
Figure 1: Matrix representation of SVD.  
In the equation, \(n\in\{1,2,3,4\cdots N\}\) and \(N\) is the total number of iterates. In the map, \(a\in 0,4\) is called the control parameter also. The first bifurcation in the logistic map behavior comes at \(a\sim 3\); hence, its behavior is deterministic up to that point. It becomes difficult to predict where the next iterate value will lay after many bifurcations have occurred since the number of alternative iterate value paths grows exponentially. The region about \(a=4\) exhibits the most chaotic behavior, yet there are still regions with suppressed chaos, such as at \(a=3.85\).
## 3 Results
### Mechanical and Surface Properties  
The mechanical properties of the samples were analyzed in terms of microhardness and ultimate compressive strength (UCS). Figure 6a depicts the graphical representation of both experiments performed. It was observed that the microhardness and UCS values tended to decrease when compared to pure Mg. The minimum microhardness of 28.37 HV  
Figure 5: (**a**) Raman spectroscopy of the coated and non-coated samples. (**b**) FTIR spectroscopy analysis of the developed samples.  
was displayed by the sample coated with PLA, whereas the non-coated sample showed a microhardness value of 29.35 HV. Moreover, the sample loaded with aloe vera solution did not show a significant change in the hardness value when tested under similar conditions. As compared to non-porous Mg, the values seemed to be quite low.  
In addition, the ultimate compressive strength (UCS) of the sample was analyzed at a strain rate of 8.29 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\) s\({}^{-1}\). It was observed that the coating provided an impressive resistance against compressive load by enhancing the UCS value of the porous Mg sample to 50.1 MPa. The UCS value of the non-coated sample was seen to be 39.28 MPa and that of the aloe vera solution loaded at 41.5 MPa. The porosity of the samples plays an important role in strengthening the matrix; the higher the porosity, the lower the strength [62]. These results are consistent with the compressive characteristics of cancellous bone [63].  
In addition, the surface properties were examined to analyze the effect of coating and aloe vera impregnation on the surface roughness and surface hydrophobicity of the samples. Figure 6b,c shows a graphical representation of the developed samples' average surface roughness and contact angle values. It can be observed that the coating reduced the roughness (0.43 \(\upmu\)m) of the surface immensely, with a corresponding reduction in surface hydrophilicity. However, the native sample showed a higher level of roughness value with a high amount of surface hydrophobicity. Adding aloe vera solution to the substrate material also helped subside the roughness values by 1.13 \(\upmu\)m from 2.05 \(\upmu\)m. The maximum hydrophobicity with a contact angle value of 88.2\({}^{\circ}\) was achieved with the base matrix material, whereas the minimum contact angle value of 45.2\({}^{\circ}\) was attained after coating with a layer of PLA. These properties are beneficial when considered for cell adhesion over the surface, as discussed in the forthcoming sections.  
Figure 6: Graphical representation of (**a**) microhardness and compressive strength of the developed samples, (**b**) contact angle analysis, and (**c**) surface roughness values.
# Analysis of 5G and LTE Signals for Opportunistic Navigation and Time Holdover
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Parameter Set Used for Recordings  
The common settings found in Table 1 were used for recording all data sets. The cell-specific settings, which are the carrier frequency and the physical cell ID, can be found in Table 2. All of the parameters that are not specifically mentioned here are the default parameters used by STARE and can be found in the manual [18]. The sample rate is the product of FFT size and subcarrier spacing; thus, it is indirectly specified by the information contained in Table 1.
## 2 The Proposed Method
### Numerical Effectiveness and Elimination of Trend Error  
It should be noted that the amplitude, namely coefficient \(A(k)\) or \(V(k)\), of a high-order Walsh series is very small, such that the corresponding integral contributes little to the overall displacement. Additionally, analogous to Fourier series, high-frequency components in the original signal are usually regarded as noise that ought to be filtered off. Therefore, in the WATEBI algorithm, only the low-order series are retained for use. By doing so, the computational time is reduced by approximately half as well. In general, the first half of Walsh series suffices the accuracy requirement while the second half are truncated, i.e.  
\[A(k)=V(k)=0;\;k=\frac{N}{2},\frac{N}{2}+1,\ldots,N-1 \tag{8}\]  
Considering that this WATEBI algorithm only uses first-order integrals of Walsh series in the linear formation, the accumulation of integral errors of the derived velocity is insignificant.  
For displacement, although the linear superposition of Walsh series is performed for one more time, the integral kernels in Figure 2 are unchanged. Hence, the accumulated error is one order lower than the square term from conventional time-domain integration methods. Nevertheless, the trend error still exists and should be removed in order to eliminate its subsequent influence on the displacement. In this study, the least-squares method is employed to fit the linear term in trend error of velocity and displacement.
# Survey on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Mars Exploration: Deployment Use Case
## 2 Space Exploration through Different Methods/Vehicles
### Space Exploration through UAVs
#### 2.1.4 Designing Mars UAV
The entire mass of the UAV is estimated to be roughly 6 kg [44]. In the CAD modelling section of this project, parts of the onboard payload and system requirements will be explored. A radioisotope thermoelectric generator is now used to power Mars rovers. However, radioisotope thermoelectric generators have poor efficiency, and it is not suited for UAVs due to the hefty subsystem necessary to regulate the heat created. The Mars UAV is meant to run entirely on solar power. The Mars UAV's longer arms help mount roll-out solar arrays. These solar panels may be extended for charging and retracted for flight. Flight data from the Ingenuity helicopter project will assist in determining whether or not a powered fight is conceivable in Mars' atmosphere and how to pursue this notion in terms of boosting payload mass while lowering system mass [45]. For more details, the design of UAV for Mars exploration is discussed in detail in [44; 46; 47].
# Optimizing Airfoil Aerodynamic Characteristics by Using Proposed CSA-KJ Method
## 5 Conclusions  
The CSA-KJ4412 airfoil was obtained by applying the proposed CSA-KJ method to optimize the NACA4412 method, and the aerodynamic characteristics were compared and analyzed. The main conclusions drawn are as follows:  
1. The CSA-KJ method better improves the aerodynamic characteristics of the airfoil, whose profile described by the fourth-order constant-free polynomial function is relatively smooth. The average lift-drag ratio of CSA-KJ4412 increases by 4.53% compared with that of NACA4412.
2. At different angles of attack, the lift-drag ratio of CSA-KJ4412 at each incoming wind speed is higher than that of the original NACA4412. The difference in lift-drag ratio between the two airfoils uninterruptedly increases with the increase of incoming wind speed.
3. When the angle of attack is not more than 15\({}^{\circ}\), the pressure difference distribution of CSA-KJ4412 is better than that of NACA4412, and the average pressure difference at each calculated attack angle is higher.  
Figure 8: Pressure difference of two airfoils at different angles of attack.  
* The CSA-KJ4412 airfoil has a better effect in the range of small angle of attack. The CSA-KJ method can be popularized and applied to the optimization of airfoils such as wings, aircraft engine turbines and wind turbine blades.  
Conceptualization, J.Z.; Funding acquisition, J.Z. and P.Z.; Methodology, J.Z.; Resources, P.Z.; Software, W.G. and H.J.; Validation, H.J.; Visualization, J.Z. and W.G.; Writing--review & editing, W.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was sponsored by the Program of Foundation of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (22 dz1204202, 22 dz1206005), National Natural Science Foundation of China (12172228, 11572187), and Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (22 ZR1444400).  
Not applicable.  
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the author, [[PERSON]], upon reasonable request.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# The Applications of MALDI-TOF MS in the Diagnosis of Microbiological Food Contamination
## 5 Future Perspectives
### Strain-Level Discrimination and Typing  
As foodborne outbreaks become more complex and globally dispersed, the ability to resolve microorganisms at the strain level will be increasingly vital. Ongoing efforts to improve the discriminatory power of MALDI-TOF MS include the incorporation of high-resolution mass spectrometers (e.g., MALDI-TOF/TOF or MALDI-FTCR), development of biomarker panels for clonal lineages, and hybrid approaches combining spectral and genomic data (proteogenomics). These strategies will support high-resolution typing suitable for outbreak-source tracing, virulence profiling, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance. Coupling MALDI-TOF MS with rapid genotypic assays--such as CRISPR-based detection or multiplex qPCR--may offer powerful hybrid platforms for both phenotypic and genetic characterization in one workflow [59; 138; 150].
# Deep Learning Applications for Dyslexia Prediction
## 3 Research Strategy  
In this paper, a critical review of the literature has been performed to collect a broad variety of studies that used DL methods for dyslexia prediction and classification and to investigate the research points listed above. The identification and selection of pertinent articles followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines [23]. As shown in Figure 2, the article selection process included three phases: identification, screening, and inclusion phases.  
In the identification phase, we searched for appropriate articles from 2010 to 2022 in different databases (Figure 2), including IEEE Xplore, Google Scholar, PubMed, Springer, Web of Science (WoS), and Science Direct. The following keywords were used in the search queries: \"Dyslexia classification\", \"Dyslexia Prediction\", \"ML in Dyslexia\", \"Deep Learning in Dyslexia\", \"Diagnosis Dyslexia\", and \"CNN in Dyslexia\". The search produced 1995 articles, of which 138 were from IEEE, 667 from Google Scholar, 665 from PubMed,  
Figure 2: PRISMA flow diagram for selecting 19 definitive articles.  
217 from Springer, and 248 and 60 from WoS and Science Direct, respectively. We excluded 13 non-English articles and 411 duplicate articles.  
In the screening phase, there were 1571 articles we needed to screen. The reviewers excluded 1428 irrelevant articles. Then, of the remaining 143 articles, 101 articles were excluded for different reasons. Some of the articles focused on dyslexia with other learning disorders, some focused on predicting dyslexia using games and applications, and some others were review papers. Then, the screening advanced after fulfillment of the inclusion criteria.  
As shown in Table 1, the inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) articles released between 2010 and 2022 in English, (2) articles that utilized a DL method or combinations with traditional ML for the identification of dyslexia, and (3) articles that utilized datasets related to dyslexia.  
Subsequently, in the inclusion phase, the articles were reviewed for further consideration of their eligibility, based on the criteria shown in Table 1. Ultimately, only 19 articles were chosen for critical review. Following a previous study [13], we included ANN and MLP models in this review, where ANN include DL feed-forward networks as well as MLP. Figure 3 illustrates the number of articles selected per year from 2010 to 2022.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Signals Acquisition and Their Filtration in the Proposed Method  
Bearing in mind that in general to determine the performance index, sensory information is used from sources with different precision of estimation of the position and orientation of an UAV, therefore in the auto-tuning procedure it is proposed to use:  
* the signals from the UAV odometry--processed using commonly used Kalman filtration. Thanks to that, it is possible to fuse data from several standard UAV on-board sensors,
* low-pass filtration (presented and tested primarily in [26]), expressed by a transfer function of first-order inertia type \[G(s)=\frac{k}{1+T_{f}s},\] (13) where \(k\) is its gain, and \(T_{f}\) is a chosen time constant (here: \(k=1\), \(T_{f}=0.1\) sec. For the implementation of the GLD method, the discretized, recursive version of the low-pass filter (13) for the chosen sampling period \(T_{s}\), is used: \[y\left(n\right)=a\left(n-1\right)+\left(1-a\right)u\left(n-1\right),\] (14) where \[a=\exp\left(-T_{s}/T_{f}\right),\] (15) and \(y(n)\) and \(u(n)\) are filtered and pure errors at sample \(n\), respectively.
* (optional) measurement information from an external high-precision measurement system--for example, the motion capture system (for indoor flights) or GNSS (outdoor), treated as the ground truth in estimating the difference to UAV avionics measurements.
## 1 Geological Survey of Iran, Zagros 68149-93113, Iran
###### Abstract  
In this study, the active tectonics, paleoseismicity, and seismic hazards of the Doroud Fault are examined through high-resolution satellite image interpretations, field investigations, outcrop and trench excavations, and the dating of geochronology samples. The Doroud Fault (DF), one of the essential segments of the Main Recent Fault in the northern margin of the Zagros mountain range, has a historical and instrumental background of high seismicity. We present the first constraints from tectonic geomorphology and paleoseismology along the Doroud Fault near the capital city of Doroud. Detailed observations from satellite imagery, field investigations, real-time kinematic (RTK) measurements, paleoseismological trenching, the radiocarbon (C14), and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) as ages allowed us to map the fault in detail, describe and characterize its kinematics, and document its recent activity and seismic behavior (cumulative displacements, paleoseismicity, and magnitude, as well as recurrence interval) relevant to the recent seismic activity of the Doroud Fault during the late Holocene as one of the most important seismogenic faults in Zagros. Modern alluvial terraces of gullies and loess accumulations are systematically deflected and/or offset with co-seismic rupture, landslides, and scarps, indicating that the Doroud Fault has been active in the late Quaternary and is characterized by dextral strike-slip movements with a normal component. In addition, our findings provide a comprehensive analysis of the fault displacement, the timing of paleoearthquakes, and the right-lateral slip rate of the Doroud Fault. The late Holocene slip rate of the Doroud Fault using the OSL dating the gully is as follows: the minimum and maximum horizontal slip rates are estimated to be 1.82 and 2.71 mm/yr, and vertical slip rates of 1.03 and 1.53 mm/yr are calculated for the past 4600 \(\pm\) 900 years in the middle segment of the fault. This study focused on a paleoseismological trench within the archeological sites of Darbe-Astanen. The central portion of the fault has historically hosted more than nine earthquakes in the last 66 ka years, according to the study's findings. According to paleoseismology studies, the Doroud Fault has the seismic capability to cause earthquakes with a magnitude of more than 7.4 and a total slip rate of about 3.83 \(\pm\) 0.1 m. The average recurrence interval for the identified paleoearthquakes is approximately 104 \(\pm\) 7 years.  
paleoseismology; slip rate; geomorphology; Main Recent Fault; Doroud Fault; Zagros mountain range +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences