## 1 Introduction
In addition to analytical approaches for ratcheting assessment of AM samples, the literature holds a limited number of studies to simulate cyclic behavior through FE analysis. An overview of recent progresses of ratcheting response of materials through experimental investigation and finite element analysis was comprehended by [PERSON] et al. [21]. Safety design, protocol, and assessment of engineering structures against ratcheting and related boundaries have been examined by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [22] through experimental and FEM research. They simulated the ratcheting response of pressurized pipes made of Z2 CND18.12 N austenitic stainless steel through ANSYS software (2022 R1) by applying the modified Ohno-Wang model. [PERSON] et al. [23] simulated the fatigue response of AM AlSi10 Mg samples within high-cycle and very-high-cycle regimes by means of the crystal plasticity finite element method. They found that samples with defects have a much shorter fatigue life than samples with no defects. In their studies, aluminum specimens with 0\({}^{\circ}\) angles performed better under fatigue cycles than those specimens with 90\({}^{\circ}\) angles. To predict the fatigue life of 3-D printed IN718 specimens, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [24] encountered the effect of manufacturing pores in crystal plasticity FEM simulations. Their method offered a safe-life design criterion for the additively manufactured aircraft components assessed for their fatigue crack initiation lives. To study the influence of pores on the fatigue response of materials, fatigue damage metrics were also incorporated to include plastic strain accumulation and dissipative energy, along with refinement of pores near the meshing elements [25]. Using the dislocation-density-based crystal plasticity theory, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [25] developed an FEA model framework to assess microstructural evolution during ultrasonic consolidation in aluminum foils. A quasistatic formulation of large plastic deformation, a material model based on non-local dislocation density, and process boundary conditions were employed in their simulation modeling. The simulated average grain diameter was reduced from 13 \(\upmu\)m prior to processing to 1.2 \(\upmu\)m after processing which was found in a close agreement with the experimental results. [PERSON] et al. [26] simulated the ratcheting of AM titanium samples through the finite element method in order to gain a better understanding of the correlation between micro- and macro-scale deformation behavior. [PERSON] et al. [27] predicted the ratcheting response of AM samples employing the A-V hardening rule. They further simulated the ratcheting-fatigue damage interaction of SS304L and AISi10 Mg samples undergoing asymmetric loading cycles through the FE analysis. They employed a model to partition overall damage into ratcheting damage and fatigue damage enabling a robust design of additively manufactured samples against progressive deformation and failure. The hardening framework and a finite element method (FEM) [28] were employed to evaluate the backstress evolution, the yield surface translation, and the ratcheting response of various AM Al 4043, SS316L, and Ti-6 Al-4V samples. The present study intends to investigate the impact of element type, shape, and number on the ratcheting response of AM aluminum 4043 samples. The choice of AM aluminum samples in this study is mainly attributed to the high strength, fracture toughness, specific modulus, corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance plus the applicability of this material in the aerospace industry and medical equipment [29; 30]. Ratcheting simulation of Al 4043 was conducted through finite element Ansys software [31] and through a nonlinear material model developed by [PERSON] [32]. The backstress evolution and the corresponding yield surface translation for different element types of linear brick, quadratic tetrahedron, and quadratic brick were discussed as Al4 034 were tested at various uniaxial asymmetric stress cycles.