# Remote Sensing-Based Proxies for Urban Disaster Risk Management and Resilience: A Review
## 4 Remote Sensing-Based Proxies for DRM in Urban Areas
### Economic RS-based Proxies
#### 4.2.1 Macro, Regional, and Urban Economics
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt}} \hline \hline
**Proxy** & **Essence** & **Used in Disaster Phase** & **Used ES Data to Extract** & **Mono** & **Multi** & **Key References** \\ \hline \hline
**Land use** & **To extract economic activity types/location and economic** & **Damage, Recovery,** & **VHH resolution satellite** & ✓ & ✓ & **[**30,40,105,106**]** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Nightightight intensity**} & **To estimate COP and amount of economic activities** & **Quaternistics,** & **impos Landaries,** & **[**35,142**]** & **[**35,142**]** \\ \cline{2-6}  & **Increase in per length/shroger delivery industry** & **Damage, Recovery,** & **Viles inightight** & ✓ & ✓ & **[**41,110,111**]** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Pee length**} & **Increase in per length/shroger delivery industry** & **Damage, Recovery** & **Viles inages** & ✓ & ✓ & **[**44,68**]** \\ \cline{2-6}  & **which as still sourced in freshness** & **Damage, Recovery** & **Viles inages** & ✓ & ✓ & **[**34,68**]** \\ \cline{2-6}  & **flight number of routes in/shender** & **Damage, Recovery** & **Viles inages** & ✓ & ✓ & **[**34,68**]** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Presence of sharing hachners and ponds**} & **High number of ramp hachners and ponds** & **Damage, Recovery** & **Viles inages** & ✓ & ✓ & **[**34,68**]** \\ \cline{2-6}  & **storage delivery industry, which as a result of involduced** & **Damage, Recovery** & **Viles inages** & ✓ & ✓ & **[**34,68**]** \\ \cline{2-6}  & **Agriculture industry for likelihood recovery** & **Damage, Recovery** & **Viles inages** & ✓ & ✓ & **[**32**]** \\ \cline{2-6}  & **Agriculture industry for likelihood recovery** & **Doenger, Recovery** & **Viles inages** & ✓ & ✓ & **[**34,68**]** \\ \cline{2-6}  & **Presence of heavy vehicles** & **To extract industrial buildings** & **Recovery** & **Viles inages** & ✓ & ✓ & **[**34,68**]** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Unbreakers**} & **To extract industrial buildings** & **Recovery** & **Viles inages** & ✓ & ✓ & **[**34,69**]** \\ \cline{2-6}  & **Vurchoses** & **To extract industrial buildings** & **Recovery** & **Viles inages** & ✓ & ✓ & **[**34,69**]** \\ \cline{2-6}  & **preservation to move raw** & **e.g.,** conveyments,** **Epithers,** **Friends to extract** & **Recovery** & **Viles inages** & ✓ & ✓ & **[**34,69**]** \\ \cline{2-6}  & **industrial buildings** & **To extract industrial buildings** & **Rec  
Disruption of livelihood options for local population is a key component of disaster risk and resilience assessments. A number of case-based proxies assess a short-term economic recovery processes after a disaster, in particular, for the fishery and agricultural livelihood activities. These proxies include pier length, presence of boats [34], shrimp hatcheries and ponds [46], and area of arale land [49]. Although livelihood sources across study regions, generic proxies can address it in a more reliable manner than case-based ones, for example, as with the case of crop recovery [32]. Industry is one of the main pillars of an economy. Therefore, urban proxies to assess industrial recovery include presence of heavy vehicles, chimneys, warehouses, transportation to move raw materials around site (e.g., conveyors, pipelines, railroads), and roof color and materials [34; 49]. These proxies for detecting industrial buildings and industry-related activities are especially useful for assessing recovery that is associated with rebuilding and reconstruction. However, they are not always reliable when used in isolation. For example, the effectiveness of using the presence of heavy vehicles to detect an industry highly depends on the acquisition time of RS data, not to mention that not all industries use heavy vehicles. Hence, using multiple complementary proxies promises to deliver more robust assessments. Furthermore, building facade materials, in addition to rooftop materials, can also contribute to extract building use/land use information [67].