## 4 Discussion
The MN40 extract demonstrated moderate anti-inflammatory activity (Table 3), with inhibition increasing progressively from 15.89% at 1 h to 35.36% at 5 h, approaching the efficacy of quercetin. In contrast, the MN70 extract exhibited higher activity at all time points compared to MN40. The maximum anti-inflammatory effect of MN70 (46.24%) was observed 5 h after administration of the phlogogenic agent, surpassing the activity of quercetin (37.30%) and approaching that of diclofenac sodium (60.69%). Importantly, the differences between MN70 and MN40 were statistically significant at 3 h (\(p\) < 0.05) and 5 h (\(p\) < 0.05), as evidenced by lower rat paw volume increases for MN70 (27.88 \(\pm\) 1.98% and 24.38 \(\pm\) 1.46%) compared to MN40 (32.13 \(\pm\) 3.33% and 29.31 \(\pm\) 5.92%). These findings reinforce the superior anti-inflammatory potential of MN70, likely attributable to its richer composition of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, including quercetin and hydroxycinnamic acids, which may synergistically enhance its pharmacological activity. These findings indicate that liquid extracts of _M. nemorosum_ herb, administered at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight, exert anti-inflammatory effects of varying intensity in the formalin-induced paw oedema model. The extract MN70 (70% ethanol as extractant) showed greater efficacy than MN40 (40% ethanol), with MN70 outperforming quercetin and approaching the activity level of diclofenac sodium by the fifth hour of the experiment. These results are consistent with previous studies demonstrating the anti-inflammatory potential of ethanol-based plant extracts in formalin-induced paw oedema models; however, extracts of _M. nemorosum_ herb were investigated in this context for the first time. For example, tannin-rich and flavonoid-containing preparations have shown significant oedema inhibition and modulation of myeloperoxidase activity in similar experimental models [64]. The enhanced activity of MN70 may be attributed to the greater solubility and extraction efficiency of bioactive polyphenols in 70% ethanol, as reported in comparative studies of ethanolic extracts from _Bougainvillea butitiana_ and _Sanghuang_ species [65; 66]. Statistical analysis of the content of the main identified phenolic compounds (Table 1) revealed significant differences in the levels of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, \(p\)-coumaric acid, _trans_-ferulic acid, _trans_-cinnamic acid, rutin, naringin, neohesperidin, quercetin, naringenin, apigenin, rhamnetin, kaempfer, catechin, and gallocatechin in the extracts MN40 and MN70. Likewise, the content of flavonoids and total polyphenols in the liquid extract, as determined by spectrophotometry, differed significantly. Their concentrations were higher in the MN70 extract. The superior performance of MN70 compared to quercetin aligns with findings that whole-plant extracts often exert synergistic effects due to the combined action of multiple bioactive constituentssuch as rutin, apigenin, and caffe acid, which are known to modulate key inflammatory pathways, including NF-kB and COX-2 [43; 67; 68]. The results of the study (Table 4) demonstrate that topical application of liquid extracts MN40 and MN70 from _M. memorosum_ herb led to a reduction in bleeding time by 38.49% and 45.48%, respectively, compared to the control group. However, when compared to the reference drug, water pepper liquid extract, the haemostatic activity of the _M. memorosum_ herb extracts was less pronounced, as evidenced by an increase in bleeding time by 44.75% (MN40) and 28.30% (MN70) relative to the water pepper group. Water pepper liquid extract reduced bleeding time by 57.51% compared to the control group. Thus, the liquid extracts of _M. memorosum_ herb exhibit haemostatic activity when applied topically to a wound, reducing bleeding time by 1.62-fold (MN40) and 1.83-fold (MN70) compared to the control. The MN70 extract demonstrated the most pronounced effect, exceeding the activity of MN40 by 11.36% in terms of bleeding time reduction.