esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Related Work
In [20], the authors propose a novel localized Integrated Location Service and Routing (ILSR) scheme for data communications from sensors to a mobile sink in wireless sensor networks. In ILSR, sinks update their location to neighboring sensors after or before a link breaks and whenever a link creation is observed. ILSR is the first localized protocol that considers both unpredictable and controllable sink mobility. It further reduces message cost, without jeopardizing this property, by dynamically controlling the level of location updating. In [21], to address the issue that a mobile sink with constant speed has limited communication time to collect data from sensor nodes deployed randomly, a Maximum Amount Shortest Path (MASP) collection scheme has been proposed. The MASP scheme can increase network throughput and conserves energy by optimizing the assignment of sensor nodes. In [22], a simulation-based analysis of the energy efficiency of WSNs with static and mobile sinks was proposed. It focused on mobility path of the sink and duty cycling value of the nodes. It also revealed that it is important to consider both \(E_{\text{max}}\) and \(E_{\text{bar}}\) in the energy analysis of a routing protocol, as improvement in one can result in degradation of the other and _vice versa_. It has also been observed that adopting a mobile sink and reducing the duty cycle of the nodes does not necessarily reduce the energy dissipation of the WSNs. In [40], the authors proposed an improved stable election protocol based on mobile sinks for WSNs. However, the only thing that was taken into consideration was to combine SEP with the mobile sink which makes the evaluation of network lifetime not long enough. In this paper, we try to improve upon the work in [40], and further improvements with more explanation and comparisons will be proposed in the following sections.
# Remote Technologies as Common Practice in Industrial Maintenance: What Do Experts Say?
## 4 Results
### Category System
#### 4.1.2 Category 2--Performance Requirements
* Subcategory 2.4 _Communication Capability_ refers to all statements on the efficient exchange of information via remote technologies and the influence of the technical know-how of sender and receiver. A prerequisite for the instruction of a person via remote is corresponding know-how on the part of both or all communication partners. A task transfer can only be instructed remotely to another expert, since a standardised interface must be available for successful communication (Interview B). This means that the operator must have special expertise in order to understand processes, machine settings and complex technical interrelationships (Interview B).
# A Novel Variable Step Size Incremental Conductance Method with an Adaptive Scaling Factor
## 5 Discussions and Limitations
### Tracking Energy Loss  
The overall tracking efficiency of the system can be increased by simultaneously improving the transient tracking speed and steady-state tracking accuracy. According to the experimental results, the proposed method can improve the tracking energy loss by 43.9% and 29.9% under the tested increasing and decreasing irradiance level conditions, respectively. Therefore, the proposed method has the best MPP tracking performance.
# Identifying Mis-Configured Author Profiles on Google Scholar Using Deep Learning
## 9 Related Work
### Name Disambiguation  
Name ambiguity is a critical issue in digital libraries, which stems from the fact that many scholars share an identical name or a scholar has several distinct names. This issue may affect the performance of scholar information integration and document retrieval. Name disambiguation is usually viewed as a clustering problem and the corresponding solutions can be categorized into two types.  
Feature-based methods: The typical approach for name disambiguation is to define similarities between literatures based on features extracted from the literature and then conduct clustering for each person's name based on the similarity. [PERSON] et al. [43] proposed a two-stage clustering method to learn feature representation, which only used strong features (e.g., named entities, compound keywords and URLs) in the first stage and leveraged bootstrapping techniques to assign weights to weak features (single words). [PERSON] et al. [44] proposed a constraint-based clustering algorithm utilizing DBSCAN with a pairwise distance based on random forests. [PERSON] et al. [45] performed semi-supervised hierarchical clustering of publications by distinct authors.  
Linkage-based methods: Another type of method for name disambiguation is to leverage the information extracted from the academic social network. GHOST (GrapH-based framework Ork for name diStincTion) [46] built a co-author graph in which authors sharing an ambiguous name are treated as different nodes (document graph for each name). Furthermore, they exploited the relationship between every pair of papers. A clustering algorithm called Affinity Propagation (AP) algorithm was used to generate clustering results. [PERSON] et al. [47] designed a representation learning model to obtain the low-dimensional document embedding from graphs based on document similarity and co-author relationship. Name disambiguation can be solved using a hierarchical agglomerative clustering algorithm. [PERSON] et al. [13] proposed the ArnetMiner system to extract and mine academic social networks. A probabilistic framework is proposed to deal with the name ambiguity problem. Hidden Markov Random Fields were utilized by [PERSON] et al. [48] to incorporate node features and edge features in a unified probabilistic framework. [PERSON] et al. [49] proposed a unified framework, which leverages global metric and local linkage to estimate the number of people sharing the same name and deal with the name ambiguity problem. Particularly, they involved human effort to improve the accuracy.
# Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from _Ulva lactuca_
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Phenolics Profile  
Several different phenolic compounds are present in most macroalgae species. As shown in Figure 7, the HPLC analysis of the _U. lactuca_ E12 extract resulted in the identification of four phenolic compounds: gallic acid (Peak 1), caffeic acid (Peak 2), catechin (Peak 3), and rutin (Peak 4).  
Gallic acid is one of the most abundant phenolic acids and is frequently used as a standard in the quantification of extracts' total phenolic content, as in the present work. The presence of gallic acid has been previously reported in methanol, ethanol, and aqueous _U. lactuca_ extracts [45; 46]. Caffeic acid is among the hydroxycinnamic acids that have been found in _U. lactuca_ extract obtained using water as a solvent [46]. Catechin is a well-known flavonoid abundant in brown algae [47], and also present in methanolic extracts of macroalgae _U. fascita_ and _U. lactuca_[46; 48] according to the literature. Rutin is another flavonoid whose presence in _U. lactuca_ extracts obtained from different methanolic solvent systems has been reported [47].  
These compounds, being powerful antioxidants, exhibit further diverse bioactivities such as antiviral, antimicrobial, antitumoral, anti-inflammatory, etc., which are important for human well-being [7].  
Figure 7: HPLC chromatogram of the E12 _U. lactuca_ extract. Peaks: 1 gallic acid, 2 caffeic acid, 3 catechin, 4 rutin.
# Two-Stage Short-Term Power Load Forecasting Based on SSA-VMD and Feature Selection
## 4 Load Forecasting Methodology
### Feature Selection
#### 4.3.3 Autocorrelation Function  
Autocorrelation Function is a function that describes the degree of correlation between different moments in a random sequence. The formula for calculating the autocorrelation function is as follows:  
\[R(\tau)=\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}x(t)x(t+\tau)dt \tag{26}\]  
where \(t\) is the current moment; \(\tau\) is the time lag.  
ACF is a time-shifted even function that can detect periodic components in non-stationary series. Therefore, in the short-term load forecasting undertaken in this paper, when performing the feature selection work, the load values of moments with high influence on the current moment are selected by calculating the ACF function, and these are involved in the construction of the feature vector as feature values.  
The graph of the ACF analysis of Place 1 is shown in Figure 5. It can be seen from this graph of the power load that there are several moments with large ACF values. In order to ensure a more lightweight construction of the feature vectors, the top eight ACF values of Place 1 are listed in Table 3.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Time Lag after Moment t** & **ACF** \\ \hline t + 1 & 0.93179404 \\ t + 2 & 0.821509785 \\ t + 23 & 0.830599002 \\ t + 24 & 0.891476616 \\ t + 25 & 0.823931258 \\ t + 48 & 0.830191602 \\ t + 72 & 0.808749547 \\ t + 168 & 0.838642637 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: The top 8 ACF values of Place 1.  
After the analyses of ACF shown in Figure 5 and Table 3, it is found that there are eight lag moments at time t, which have strong autocorrelation with the current load. At the same time, ACF is a time-shifted even function, which is axisymmetric. Therefore, the autocorrelation between the load values at moments \(t-1\), \(t-2\), \(t-23\), \(t-24\), \(t-25\), \(t-48\), \(t-72\) and \(t-168\) and the moment to be predicted is strong. In addition, considering that in the two-stage hybrid forecasting model of this paper, the load values of the four moments \(t-1\), \(t-2\), \(t-23\) and \(t-24\) have already been input into the first stage of forecasting, in order to avoid the duplication of data input (which would increase redundancy) and unnecessary increases in feature dimensions. The proposed method only inputs the load values of the four moments \(t-25\), \(t-48\), \(t-72\) and \(t-168\) into the fully connected layer as the feature values for the second stage of the model.
## 5 Conclusions  
A large amount of effort has been put into identity management and the federation of such systems, and a large number of solutions exist today. However, some of the fundamental problems related to being able to trust both the infrastructure and the end-points at the other end remain inadequately addressed. For many applications and scenarios, this may be the blocking factor that differentiates success from failure. We have presented an architecture based on Virtual Infrastructure Sessions (VIS) that allows for a flexible build-up of a trusted connectivity between 2 or more end-points. The architecture provides a more controlled way of ensuring reliable connectivity without linking a lot of the data or identities, supporting privacy, while at the same time ensuring via security mechanisms that control the VIS that the sessions can be trusted and are not susceptible to be hijacked via man-in-the-middle attacks. Thus both privacy and trust are supported.  
This paper has consolidated some of the findings of the EU projects SWIFT and Daidalos and enhanced the architectures developed there to cope with supporting trust and privacy from the infrastructure. It goes well beyond the contributions of these projects, since it takes a more consistent view on how identities can be used beyond the endpoints, and establishes a perspective on how communication can be perceived both from the endpoints and the nodes in between. Potentially, this approach can lead to more intelligent networks with reduced control messaging and a more coherent cross-application protocol stack. We will work on validating this architecture via new projects, such as EU FP7 ATTPS, which will be building the infrastructure for trials. In this context, we will also need to focus on a range of possible attack scenarios to ensure that the claim of support of privacy and trust is actually validated.  
Figure 3: Simple scenario.
# Advances in Ionospheric Space Weather by Using FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2 GNSS Radio Occultations
## 3 Equatorial and Low-Latitude Ionosphere
### Equatorial Ionization Anomaly
However, again, the detailed results (Movie S2) showed that instead of December, the electron density in January was more similar to that in June, but with the opposite latitudinal distribution. Meanwhile, the large enhancement of the electron density in December 2021 might also be due to the increase in solar activity from December 2020 to December 2021, with the sunspot number (10.7 cm solar flux, F10.7) increasing from 23 to 67 (87 to 102 sfu). Nevertheless, these high temporal and spatial resolutions of F7/C2 RO observations have significantly advanced the understanding of the electrodynamics in the equatorial and low-latitude ionosphere. In addition to the seasonal effect, we also examined the response of EIA evolution with varying magnetic declination. Figure 4 illustrates the time evolution of EIA over various altitude-latitude cuts along the longitudes of 165\({}^{\circ}\) W (declination angle 9.7\({}^{\circ}\)), 70\({}^{\circ}\) W (declination of \(-9.7^{\circ}\)), and 50\({}^{\circ}\) W (\(-18.5^{\circ}\)) in December 2021. In Figure 4a, the EIA development was more similar to equinox conditions, whereas a strong hemispheric asymmetry was expected for the December month, similar to that in Figure 4b,c. Among these three longitudes, the geomagnetic and geographic equators almost overlapped over 165\({}^{\circ}\) W and 50\({}^{\circ}\) W, but there was a large offset over 70\({}^{\circ}\) W. The mostly symmetrical EIA development over 165\({}^{\circ}\) W indicates the major role of the equatorial plasma fountain, with minimal contribution by trans-equatorial winds. However, over 70\({}^{\circ}\) W, neutral wind yielded an extremely strong north-south asymmetry. These variations agree with previous studies showing that neutral wind is more effective in re-organizing plasma distribution when the separation between geomagnetic and geographic equators is larger, with a much smaller role by the declination angle [43]. However, over 50\({}^{\circ}\) W, which is also similar to 165\({}^{\circ}\) W with large declination and overlapping equators, the neutral wind is still effective in modifying the latitude electron density structure. This hemispheric pattern at 50\({}^{\circ}\) W could not be well-explained by [PERSON] et al. [43] and suggests that declination angle effects are also important. Possible longitudinal variations in neutral wind can also yield such differences. Meanwhile, the longitudinal features of wavenumber-4 [41; 42; 86] might also result in discrepancy between current and previous studies. Nevertheless, advances in F7/C2 RO observations should shed more light on uncovering the declination effects.
## 4 Simulation Results
### Effectiveness Validation of the Proposed STPAP Beamforming Algorithm
#### 4.1.1 Array Pattern in the Joint Space-Time-Polarization Domain
Note that the normalized frequency, which refers to the ratio between the actual frequency and the maximum frequency, is adopted in this simulation for simplicity. Specifically, the maximum frequency is set as 20.46 MHz that is identical to the frequency band of the BD2 signal in the simulation. Using the proposed STPAP beamforming algorithm, as depicted in Figure 4, a null forms at the incident direction of \(\pi/3\) in the whole frequency band when the polarized parameter is set as that of the interference. Moreover, as shown in Figure 4, when the spatial parameter and temporal parameters are fixed as those of the interference, a null forms in the polarization domain at (\(\pi/6\), \(\pi/3\)), which is exactly the polarized parameter of the interference. According to the results in Figure 4, one can obtain that the proposed STPAP beamforming algorithm can successfully form nulls towards the interference in the joint space-time-polarization domain. Furthermore, we can also observe whether beams form towards the two desired BD2 signals using the proposed STPAP beamforming algorithm. As depicted in Figure 5, beams form in the space domain and time domain when the polarized parameter is set as that of the desired BD2 signal. Similarly, beams form in the polarization domain when the spatial parameter and temporal parameters are respectively fixed as those of the two desired BD2 signals, as shown in Figure 5,c. The results obviously indicate that the desired BD2 signals are well preserved when the interference is cancelled in the joint space-time-polarization domain with the proposed STPAP beamforming algorithm. Figure 4: Array patterns when parameters are fixed as that of the interference using the proposed STPAP beamforming algorithm. (**a**) Null forms in the space domain and time domain towards the interference. (**b**) Null forms in the polarization domain towards the interference. Figure 5: _Cont._
# Research on Feature Identification and Trajectory Planning of Pavement Cracks
## 3 Intelligent pavement Crack Detection and Repair Algorithm
### K-Means Clustering and Fitting Trajectory Output  
In real road crack inspection work, the shape of the camera-collected image is often uncertain, resulting in different lengths and widths of crack features. However, the Hough space line fitting algorithm would include all the feature points located inside the crack boundary one by one into the statistical category. For cracks with larger widths, directly using the line set fitted by the algorithm as the coordinates of the repair trajectory is prone to the situation of trajectory redundancy as shown in Figure 12. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a trajectory-fitting method based on the K-Means clustering algorithm, which can significantly reduce the number of trajectory endpoints while efficiently fitting the crack feature.  
The K-Means clustering algorithm is a clustering algorithm based on the Euclidean distance of feature endpoints. Its core idea is to determine that the closer the distance between two targets, the greater the similarity. By iterative calculating Equations (5), each point in the endpoint set is divided into corresponding clusters by the algorithm [21], where \(S\) represents the set of all cluster center points while \(S_{i}\) represents the \(i\)th cluster divided by the algorithm, and \(x\) represents the coordinates of any feature point located in cluster \(S_{i}\).  
\[\underset{S}{arg\;min}\sum_{i=1}^{k}\sum_{x\in S_{i}}||x-\mu||^{2}=\underset {S}{arg\;min}\sum_{i=1}^{k}|S_{i}|\times VarS_{i} \tag{5}\]  
The trajectory fitting process based on the K-Means clustering algorithm proposed in this paper is shown in Figure 13.  
Figure 11: Schematic diagram of non-maximum suppression.  
Figure 12: Canny operator & Hough line fitting results.  
The K-Means algorithm performs cluster analysis on all trajectory endpoints generated in the Hough space line fitting process, and divides the endpoint set into a corresponding number of clusters according to the morphological complexity of the crack, as shown in Figure 14.  
Finally, the algorithm identifies the k cluster centers obtained as the endpoints of the road repair trajectory, and connects them end to end based on the shortest Euclidean distance of the endpoints of the trajectory to obtain the complete fitting trajectory. The fitting results are shown in Figure 15.  
Figure 14: Cluster crack feature endpoint collection.  
Figure 13: K-Means clustering algorithm flow.  
Figure 15: Algorithm fitting results.
# A Review and Future Directions on the Deterioration Evaluation of Concrete Utility Poles
## 3 The Current Status and Issues of Concrete Utility Pole
### Deterioration Factors  
Previous studies have investigated the corrosion of reinforcement bars and cracking of concrete due to salt damage and neutralization [14; 15] (shown in Figure 2) and alkali-aggregate reactions [16]. Regarding the deterioration of concrete poles, [PERSON] et al. [14] confirmed that the salt damage to concrete poles may be caused by salt penetration through the vulnerable joints of the formwork when producing the poles. Focusing on salt damage and acid degradation of utility poles, [PERSON] et al. [15] conducted appearance surveys of utility poles in seaside areas, hot spring areas, and urban areas and summarized the effects of the surrounding environment. The visual survey results showed that the deterioration progressed rapidly in the seaside location. In addition, hydrogen embrittlement has also been studied in Japan as a degradation event specific to concrete poles. Hydrogen embrittlement is the process by which steel bars lose their elasticity due to hydrogen absorption, resulting in brittle rupture. This phenomenon occurs suddenly without warning signs, such as cracking or rusting. Hydrogen embrittlement occurs under three specific conditions: high-strength materials, stresses in the steel, and hydrogen supplied to the steel. Due to the high strength and prestressing forces applied to Japanese concrete poles, hydrogen embrittlement can occur when the progression of steel corrosion supplies hydrogen. Some cases have been confirmed in which hydrogen embrittlement has occurred. In previous studies, [PERSON] et al. [17] and [PERSON] et al. [18] have investigated the remaining life assessment of degradation due to hydrogen embrittlement and the optimization of inspection cycles for concrete poles.  
Other than environmental factors, damage to concrete poles caused by natural disasters such as earthquakes and typhoons has been confirmed in post-disaster surveys [19; 20]. Previous studies have summarized most of the deterioration factors of concrete utility poles that should be considered.  
Figure 2: Deterioration of concrete utility pole (rusting and cracks).
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Measurements of Plasma Emissions
#### 2.2.3 NOx and Ozone Measurements  
NOx measurements were made using an Enviro Technology 200E Chemiluminescence NOx Analyser, and ozone measurements were made using an Enviro Technology 400E Photometric O\({}_{3}\) Analyser. The NOx and ozone measurement systems were set up next to each other, but due to the nature of the gas measurement process, the measurement experiments were run sequentially: first, the NOx data were recorded, and then the ozone data were recorded. Both measurement systems had pipes that extended to the desired measurement locations; however, open pipe ends were not appropriate for this type of experiment as they would not record the maximum gas levels, so a bespoke funnel was 3D printed from PLA+ (a polymer material made from polylactic acid) and attached to the end of the measurement pipe being used. The funnel was designed so that the large opening was circular and matched the diameter of the treatment area (bottom of the cage) of the SteriPlas, which is defined in these experiments as distance = 0 mm.  
The NOx and ozone measurement systems both required a 24 h period of calibration with ambient conditions before recording measurements, so both systems were left to run for a 48 h period over the weekend to ensure a full calibration cycle before the SteriPlas was switched on and measurements were recorded. The NOx and ozone measurements were then recorded at the same distances that were used in the UV measurements work package. Five repeats of each experiment were conducted to ensure that the results were consistently repeatable.