esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
### Objective and Contributions  
The main objective of this study is to investigate the differences in the stress levels of experts and novices in SA experiment during a maritime navigation task. In this study, we investigate the following research hypotheses: First, the biosensor data from experienced experts can be distinguished from the biosensor data from students. Second, the stress levels obtained from the biosensor data show a correlation to the NASA-TLX rating results. Third, compared to the novices, the experts feel less stress during a navigation task.  
The main contribution can be summarised as follows:  
* Maritime transport requires safety and security. SA in maritime is the effective understanding of activity that could impact the security and safety. This study discovers that the stress level varies according to the experience of the seafarers, which matters in the performance of SA during the maritime navigation.
* SA training is common in the aviation domain and the maritime domain. While SA training-related stress level analysis is widely studied for aviation, SA training-related stress level analysis in maritime navigation is less studied. This paper is a pilot case study towards classifying stress level among the expert and novice seafarers. We have used a 'hybrid' convolutional neural network approach in combination with statistical, wavelet and higher-order crossing features to classify the stress level based on biosignals during the maritime navigation. We are first extracting features and then passing those features to a Convolutional Neural Network so we refer to is as a 'hybrid Convolutional Neural Network'.
# Development of a GPS Forest Signal Absorption Coefficient Index
## 2 Materials and Methods
### GPS Signal Observations  
To obtain a measurement of signal loss, GPS L1-band SNR observations were collected both in the open and inside each forest. Four Topcon Hiper Lite global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers were used, with three receivers set up inside each forest and one receiver positioned in an open area within 1 km of the others. Comparing SNR values observed from the GPS receiver in the open to those in the forest provides the signal attenuation observed at a specific site at a specific time. The three receivers that were set up inside each forest were positioned at random locations and recorded at least 60 min. of observations. The observations included multiple National Marine  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline
**ID** & **City Vicinity** & **Tree Type** & **Date (ddmmyy)** & **HT/STD (m)** & **DBH/STD (m)** & **Notes** \\ \hline
6 & Cold Spring, TX & 80\% Pine, 20\% Deiduous & 200616 & 19.5/4.7 & 0.52/0.13 & Sam Houston National Forest \\
7 & Georgetown, TX & Cedre film and Live Oak with & 220616 & 6.3/1.1 & 0.42/0.11 & North Fork of San Gabriel River \\
8 & Cloudcroft, NM & Ponderson Pine & 220616 & 233.3/2.2 & 0.41/0.12 & Lincoln National Forest \\
9 & Flagstaff, AZ & Ponderson Pine & 250616 & 19.2/6.8 & 0.41/0.07 & \\
10 & Guadalupe, CA & Eucalyptus & 020716 & 28.2/3.3 & 0.42/0.14 & \\
11 & San Luis Obego & Agridia & 030716 & 6.9/1.5 & 0.22/0.09 & Military Base \\
12 & Davenport, CA & 75\% Redwood, 25\% Douglas & 050716 & 540.6/3.3 & 1.20/0.56 & California Polytechnic Research Center \\
13 & Davenport, CA & 80\% Tanaka, 25\% Douglas Fr & 050716 & 187.7/1.4 & 0.28/0.08 & California Polytechnic Research Center \\
14 & Tahoe NF & Ponderson Pine & 070716 & 26.5/2.2 & 0.53/0.16 & University of California, Berkeley \\
15 & Nederland, CO & Aspen & 080716 & 8.4/2.6 & 0.20/0.06 & Saghen Experimental Forest \\ \hline \end{tabular} Note: Where HT is Tree Height, DBH is Diameter at Breast Height and STD is Standard Deviation.  
\end{table}
Table 1: _Cont._  
Figure 1: A map showing all the forest study sites used in this research.  
Electronic Association (NMEA) messages at a rate of 1 Hz. The recorded messages included: time, GPS SV SNR values, GPS SV zenith angle, and the azimuth of each SV with respect to the GPS receiver. We collected data from an average of 10 GPS SVs, resulting in 36,000 observations per GPS receiver, per data collection. As such, given 19 data collections, each with four GPS receivers, the data used in this research includes over 2.5 million GPS SV observations. It is important to note that for each GPS receiver setup, we calculated the mean SNR for each SV at 1-degree increments from the horizon and used these values in the modeling process.  
A control experiment was conducted in January 2015, where all four GPS receivers were set up within 20 m of each other in the open. No statistical difference between each GPS receivers' SNR observations was observed [15].
# No-Reference Blurred Image Quality Assessment by Structural Similarity Index
## 3 The Proposed IQA Metric
### Consistency with Subjective DMOS Scores  
We analyzed the consistency between NSSIM scores and the subjective DMOS scores on four datasets. Scatter plots of NSSIM and DMOS are shown in Figure 8. For CSIQ and LIVE II datasets, our NSSIM has negative correlation with DMOS because NSSIM has positive correlation with image blurriness while DMOS has negative correlation with image blurriness. For IVC and TID2013 datasets, NSSIM and DMOS both have positive correlation with image blurriness. The experimental results demonstrate that our NSSIM has good consistent to HVS, thus can be used for IQA effectively.
## 8 Blockchain-Based Census Enumerator System--A Prototype
### Data Structure and Privacy  
The surveyors or representatives from NGOs duly complete the survey form and upload the corresponding information onto the Hyperledger Fabric network.  
* A reference pointer to the census information is diligently preserved within the Hyperledger Fabric network (on-chain), and the actual data undergoes AES encryption prior to being stored within the IPFS repository (off-chain).  
Figure 1: Architecture design.  
* The reference associated with the data conserved in IPFS serves the purpose of accessing census-related information or verifying the identities of homeless individuals through the utilization of their thumbprint data.  
To safeguard privacy, access to the IPFS and Hyperledger Fabric networks is restricted solely to authorized users. The encryption and distributed storage of individual and housing information within the IPFS ensure that exclusively authorized verifiers possess the capability to retrieve said information. Within the Hyperledger Fabric network, the application of smart contracts ensures that data access and distribution adhere strictly to established regulations and permissions.
# Strength Analysis of Cylindrical Shells with Tangential Nozzles under Internal Pressure
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, the limit-load analysis was performed to evaluate the weakening effects of the tangential nozzles on the strength of the cylindrical shells under internal pressure. Conclusions were drawn as follows:  
1. For the strength design of cylindrical shell structure with tangential nozzles, in view of the fact that there is no accurate strength design method, this paper proposes a limit-load analysis approach based on a finite element method. 2. The weakening degree of the ultimate load-bearing capacity of cylindrical shells with tangential nozzles was defined as the strength-weakening coefficient and the influence of \(d_{o}/D_{i}\), \(t/T\) and \(D_{i}/T\) was studied. It was found that with increasing \(d_{o}/D_{i}\) and \(D_{i}/T\) and decreasing \(t/T\), the strength-weakening coefficient increases or, in other words, the ultimate load-bearing capacity of the cylindrical shell decreases. 3. With sufficient numerical calculation of the ultimate load-bearing capacity of the cylindrical shell with tangential nozzles under internal pressure, the regression equation of the strength-weakening coefficient was obtained which was numerically verified for accuracy. Clearly, by providing the formulas for strength evaluation, this work delves deeper into the subject compared to other similar studies in the literature and yields more practical outcomes. 4. Due to the use of dimensionless parameters, the regression equation is suitable for different shell diameters with a tangential nozzle structure. The regression equations of the strength-weakening coefficient provide a reference way for the strength design of cylindrical shell structures with tangential nozzles under internal pressure. It should be pointed out that in this study, only internal pressure was considered. If there are no tube forces on the end of the tangential nozzles or the tube forces are significantly smaller than the equivalent nozzle force induced by the pressure, Equations (2)-(5) are valid and have reference values for the strength design of cylindrical shell structures with tangential nozzles under internal pressure. But if the tube forces on the end of the tangential nozzles are large and cannot be neglected, the results obtained in this paper are not meaningful and the equations should be modified. Conceptualization, C.Q. and Z.W. ; Data curation, X.Z. ; Formal analysis, X.Z. and C.Q. ; Investigation, X.Z. ; Methodology, C.Q. and Z.W. ; Project administration, C.Q. and Z.W. ; Software, X.Z. ; Supervision, C.Q. and Z.W. ; Validation, X.Z. and C.Q. ; Writing--original draft, X.Z. ;
## 4 Pharmacological Properties of _Elaeedendron_ Species
### Anti-diabetic Activity  
In an alloxanized rat model, [PERSON] et al. investigated the anti-diabetic effect of stem bark methanolic extract of _E. glaucum_[20]. The goal of the investigation was to quantify the total phenolic content of ED methanolic extract (MED) and assess its antidiabetic potential in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The trial employed inbred adult male Charles-Foster (CF) albino rats for antidiabetic activity in OGTT and nondiabetic rats, as well as antidiabetic activity in alloxan-induced rats. MED responded positively for carbohydrates, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins saponins, triterpenes, and sterols, according to phytochemical analysis. The MED also revealed a total phenolic content of 285.2 mg/g. In diabetic control experimental rats, the increasing level of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is exactly proportionate to the reduced level of total hemoglobin. For assessing the degree of protein glycation during diabetes mellitus, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is utilized as the most accurate marker and standard diagnostic technique. Protein glycation is a non-enzymatic process that occurs when excess glucose in the blood reacts with free amino groups on hemoglobin's globin component. The HbA1c level is used to determine long-term glycemic status and to connect with different problems associated with diabetes. In experimental rats, oral treatment with MED dramatically reduced HbA1c levels, probably due to normoglycemic control mechanisms, which also reflected lower protein glycation condensation reactions, and the results were consistent with prior findings [20]. The continuing post-treatment with MED for 21 days demonstrated potential hypoglycemic action in OGTT and normoglycemic rats, as well as antidiabetic activity in alloxan-induced rat models, according to the findings. This suggests that plants may have an insulin-like function, which might assist to lower the risk of lipid-related problems. Significant lipid management may help to prevent the coexistence of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, as well as lower cardiovascular risk factors [20]. In an alloxan-induced diabetes model, MED was discovered to be a promising antidiabetic extract by lowering oxidative damage and regulating antioxidant enzymes in a dose-dependent way. In the future, isolation and establishment of the exact mechanism of action of particular chemicals derived from MED will be carried out [20].
## 2 Background and Related Work
### Scalability  
Global adoption is enabled by the property of scalability, which refers to a system's capability to adjust to increased loads. Bitcoin and Ethereum, two of the most widely used blockchain technologies, can process a maximum of seven and twelve transactions per second (TPS) unlike Visa, which can process 65,000 TPS [39]. Moreover, EOS [40], which is designed to be scalable, claims a throughput of around 2000 TPS but promises to be able to process millions of transactions in the future at the price of decentralisation.
# Comparison of Abrasive Wear Resistance of Hardox Steel and Hadfield Cast Steel
## 5 Conclusions  
Based on the presented results of the study, the following conclusions can be drawn:  
* The microstructure of the analyzed high-manganese steels, used for parts of the components in the mining industry, is composed of coarse-grained austenite with precipitations of intermetallic phases within the grains and at their boundaries. Locally, uncrystallized interdendritic spaces can be seen. The hardness is 299 HBW (sample 1, designation GX120 MnCr17-2) and 256 HBW (sample 2, designation L120G13T).
* The microstructure of Hardox steels is composed of fine lath tempering martensite; however, in the case of steels with lower carbon content, i.e., Hardox 450 and Hardox 500, some areas of hardening martensite are observed. Hardness is in the range of 434-618 HBW.
* Abrasive wear resistance tests performed in the presence of a loose abrasive (electro-corundum) show a linear relationship with respect to hardness within the martensitic microstructures. On the other hand, both tested high-manganese steels show similar wear rates to Hardox 600, that is to a steel with a hardness of 600 HBW.
* The main wear mechanism of high-manganese steels is microploughing, plastic deformation and breakouts of larger fragments of material. In the case of Hardox 450 and Hardox 500 steels, the predominant wear mechanisms are microploughing and breaking out of material fragments. As the hardness of the steel increases, the proportion of wear by microcutting and scratching predominates.
* The above observations are confirmed by images of cross sections of surfaces subjected to wear tests. The greatest change in profile height, width of grooves and their depth is characterized by high-manganese steel. For Hardox 450 and Hardox 500 steels, the deformation of the microstructure under the influence of the movement of abrasive grains under pressure is characteristic. For Hardox 600 and Hardox Extreme steels, sharp edges are observed, the resulting pits are narrower and shallower, and the texture is less favoured and oriented (directed).  
Conceptualization, M.Z. and L.K.; methodology, M.Z., K.L. and L.K.; validation, M.Z. and L.K.; formal analysis, M.Z. and L.K.; investigation, M.Z. and K.L.; resources, L.K., M.Z. and K.L.; data curation, M.Z.; writing--original draft preparation, M.Z.; writing--review and editing, L.K. and K.J.; visualization, M.Z.; supervision, L.K. and K.J.; funding acquisition, K.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity in Edible Flower Species from Oxaxa
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Evaluation of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity
#### 2.3.2 Analysis of the Total Polyphenol Content  
Polyphenol analysis was carried out following the methodology described by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [28]. A total of 400 \(\mu\)L of the extract was placed in amber vials, mixed with deionized water and Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and allowed to stand for 5-8 min, after which a 7% solution of Na\({}_{2}\)CO\({}_{3}\) was added. The mixture was vortexed (Genie 2T model SI-T236, Scientific Industries, Inc., Bohemia, NY, USA) and allowed to incubate for one hour at room temperature. Subsequently, absorbance readings were taken using a spectrophotometer (UV-Vis Velab model VE-5600 UV PC, Pharr, TX, USA) at a wavelength of 750 nm. The concentration of phenolic compounds was calculated with reference to a standard curve of gallic acid (0.021 to 0.165 mg mL\({}^{-1}\); r\({}^{2}\) = 0.9999) in triplicate samples and was expressed in mg equivalents of gallic acid per gram of dry weight (mg GAE g\({}^{-1}\) dw).
## 4 Evaluation of BER for Dynamic Directional Modulation  
In this section, we use (12) to evaluate BER efficiently and accurately when zero mean artificial noise is injected to generate DDM. It must be pointed out that, in (12), no assumption has been made regarding the transmitted constellation; therefore, this approach applies for any standard modulation scheme.
# A Sentence-Matching Model Based on Multi-Granularity Contextual Key Semantic Interaction
## 3 Multi-Granularity Contextual Key Semantic Interaction Model
### Contextual Representation Layer  
The contextual representation layer consists of two steps: embedding representation and context feature extraction. For two-sentence sequences, denoted as \(P=\{p_{1},p_{2},\ldots,p_{m}\}\) and \(Q=\{q_{1},q_{2},\ldots,q_{n}\}\), a pre-trained language model (such as BERT) is utilized as the encoder for the sentence pair. Special tokens, namely [CLS] and [SEP], are added to the sequences to distinguish them. The embedding representation of the sentence pair, denoted as \(\mathbf{X}_{emb}\), is obtained through the following encoding process:  
\[X=[[CLS],\ P,\ [SEP],\ Q,\ [SEP]] \tag{1}\]  
\[\mathbf{X}_{emb}=BERT(X)=\big{[}\mathbf{h}_{cls},\mathbf{h}_{p_{1}},\ldots,\mathbf{h}_{p_{m}}, \mathbf{h}_{sep},\mathbf{h}_{q_{1}},\ldots,\mathbf{h}_{q_{n}},\mathbf{h}_{sep}\big{]} \tag{2}\]  
where \(X\) represents the input sequence containing special markers and sentence pairs \(P\) and \(Q\). These sequences are encoded using a pre-trained language model, such as BERT, resulting in the embedded representation \(\mathbf{X}_{emb}\in\mathbb{R}^{h\times(m+n+3)}\) of the entire sequence. \(\mathbf{h}\in\mathbb{R}^{h}\) represents an embedding vector, with h denoting the dimensionality of the encoder's hidden layer. Notably, \(\mathbf{h}_{cls}\in\mathbb{R}^{h}\) can serve as a coarse-grained feature, summarizing the semantic information of the entire sentence pair. Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are commonly employed for modeling sequential data. However, RNN models are susceptible to problems like vanishing or exploding gradients. Hence, this study adopts an efficient model called a Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit (BiGRU) to further encode the embedded sequences and extract context features for each of the two sentences. Additionally, a  
Figure 1: The overall architecture of MCKI model.  
linear layer is utilized to merge the embedding representations, facilitating the comprehensive utilization of both the original and contextual information of the sequences. The representation process is illustrated as follows:  
\[\mathbf{P}_{context}=BiGRU\big{(}\big{[}\mathbf{h}_{p_{1}},\dots,\mathbf{h}_{p_{m}}\big{]} \big{)}+Linear\big{(}\big{[}\mathbf{h}_{p_{1}},\dots,\mathbf{h}_{p_{m}}\big{]}\big{)} \tag{3}\]  
\[\mathbf{Q}_{context}=BiGRU\big{(}\big{[}\mathbf{h}_{q_{1}},\dots,\mathbf{h}_{q_{n}}\big{]} \big{)}+Linear\big{(}\big{[}\mathbf{h}_{q_{1}},\dots,\mathbf{h}_{q_{n}}\big{]}\big{)} \tag{4}\]  
\[BiGRU(\mathbf{H})=Concat\bigg{(}\overset{\rightarrow}{GRU}(\mathbf{H}),\overset{ \leftarrow}{GRU}(\mathbf{H})\bigg{)} \tag{5}\]  
where \(\mathbf{P}_{context}\in\mathbb{R}^{m\times 2d}\), \(\mathbf{Q}_{context}\in\mathbb{R}^{n\times 2d}\), and \(m\) and \(n\) represent the lengths of the sentences, while \(d\) denotes the hidden dimension of the unidirectional GRU.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Implications for the Environmental Fate of Litter: Sourcing of Secondary Microplastics  
As previously highlighted by different studies [22; 54; 79; 80; 81] the presence of MPs in water environments may pose several threats to water ecosystems. Despite the existence of different sources of MPs, this study aims to point out the sources and processes for sourcing secondary MPs that are mostly derived from the degradation of larger items [82]. This choice was made because these MPs are the most abundant in water systems [83]. Their presence, in fact, can lead to various negative effects upon water environments, such as their uptake by different organisms [50; 84]. Moreover, due to the consequences of deterioration processes on the surface properties, these could act as sources and sinks for other contaminants (releasing additives and adsorbing waterborne pollutants) [85; 86], potentially enhancing negative effects upon aquatic organisms. This aspect could be worsening in sediments where, due to the local chemical conditions, anthropogenic contaminants can easily concentrate [87; 88]. It is therefore crucial to obtain a clearer vision regarding the sources of secondary MPs in sediments.  
This study highlighted that both local (direct littering, and urbanization) and regional (main wind and currents) conditions can alter the fate of plastic litter in freshwater bodies. Moreover, further confirmation of the accumulation of mostly light polymers in beaches, derived from longitudinal transportation on the water surface, was observed. This process is widely recognized in seashores [36], but it is analyzed in a more limited fashion in freshwater bodies [78]. The FTIR analyses of these plastic polymers contributed to their recognition and also indicated an abundant degree of ageing for plastic objects, with the presence of surface oxygen containing functional groups and biofouling. These processes are known to affect all dispersed litter, and they may possibly lead to the formation of secondary microplastics, which can be directly sourced from the aged litter in the beach sediment [89; 90]. Although MPs are not exclusively derived from the deterioration of larger objects, and the deterioration processes are still poorly understood, these observations provide key insights into the formation of secondary microplastics in beach sediments, suggesting that even these particles will likely be represented by a similar polymeric composition, and a greater abundance of low-density polymers (especially PE and PP). In this way, an awareness of the presence of low-density polymers can assist with the selection of an efficient extraction method for microplastics through density separation, with the selection of less hazardous and more cost-effective saline solutions (e.g., saturated NaCl), to ensure a good degree of recovery [91].