## 2 Geological Environmental Conditions
### Engineering Geological Rock Formations  
Seven categories comprise the engineering geological rock components in the research domain. Composed of late Variscan intrusive rocks, the block-like hard intrusive rock group is spread throughout the center southern mountainous area, stretching east-west. Granite and fine-grained granite make up the majority of the lithology, which has consistent lithology and good integrity. Its geological performance is suitable for engineering and it is hard and dense like a block. Thick layered carbonate rock formations, ranging in hardness from relatively hard to medium, are extensively found throughout the county's intermediate to high mountain regions, extending from the south to the north. Grayish green tuff coarse sandstone, limestone, siltstone, sandy gravel, clastic limestone gravel, and sandstone mixed with calcareous siltstone locally make up the majority of the lithology. The rock is hard and has good engineering geological conditions, generally with a layered structure. Collapses are easily formed in deep valleys and mountain fracture zones, and they serve as a source of debris for debris flows. The northern portion of the county and the Tekesdaban area are home to the blocky, layered, hard to weak clastic rock formations, which are primarily made of sandstone and are arranged in strips. With significant tectonic action, the lithology is primarily composed of sandstone, coarse sandstone, and calcareous siltstone. The majority of the rocks have been moderately to heavily worn, and the engineering geological conditions are medium. This area, which is vulnerable to earth collapse, is home to the majority of the county's coal mines. The interbedded hard to weak clastic rock formations, which are primarily made of mudstone and sandstone, are mostly found in the central region of the county in the Qiongkushitai area on the south bank of the Kurdai River. They are made up primarily of mudstone or muddy cementation, which are relatively weak Paleogene Oligocene strata. Because of their high permeability, ease of softening and collapsing when exposed to water, and hardness following water loss, loess landslides are quite common due to geological factors. Mostly made up of mudstone, layered weak clastic rock formations are found in the lower and middle reaches of valleys in the northwest of the county, including Bahalek, Jorakmis, Suasu, and the Wurtamis gullies. They are made up of weak Neogene strata that have limited resilience to weathering, primarily formed of mudstone that is brownish red and brownish yellow in color. They are in the county'shigh-risk area for landslides caused by loose soil. The majority of the aeolian deposits in Ioess are from the middle and upper Pleistocene of the Quaternary, and they are primarily pale yellow in color. Based on the distribution of Ioess, topographic considerations are crucial for the development of Ioess. It is primarily found in the valley's foothills on both sides. The upper limit of terrain elevation is found in the woodland zone, which is typically between 1800 and 2200 m high. Connected to the valley plain already, the lower limit has a minimum elevation of 900-1000 m.