esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Nutritional Analysis of Plant-Based Meat: Current Advances and Future Potential
## 3 Nutritional Challenges in Plant-Based Meat Products
### Anti-Nutritional Factors  
The presence of a high amount of anti-nutritional factors, including phytic acid, lectins, oxalates, tannins, saponins, and enzyme inhibitors (Table 3), in plant-based meat is another major nutritional challenge [36]. \"Anti-nutrients\" are chemicals naturally produced by plants as a defense mechanism or synthetic compounds that interfere with nutrient absorption and reduce nutrient intake, digestion, and utilization in the human body [37]. The primary health consequence of anti-nutritional factors associated with plant-based meat is reduced nutrient bioavailability [38]. In addition, anti-nutrients can also impart an unpleasant flavor, such as bitterness, when used in plant-based meat product analogues [16]. Apart from anti-nutritional factors, plant sources may also contain indigestible constituents such as non-starch polysaccharides or fibers that limit enzyme access to proteins and reduce protein digestibility [39]. Among all anti-nutritional factors, phytic acid is of prime concern for human nutrition. It is a compound present in plants, soils, legumes, cereals, seeds, and nuts (Table 4) [40]. It can be chemically described as the hexaphospheric ester of the hexahydric cyclic alcohol meso-inositol and is the principal storage form of phosphorus in plant tissues. Its unique structure, with 12 replaceable hydrogen ions and a highly negative charge [41], helps it to strongly bind to minerals (iron, zinc, magnesium, and calcium) and amino acids [42; 43; 44], forming an insoluble complex called phytate, which inhibits protein and micronutrient absorption by the body [40; 45; 46]. Several single-meal isotope studies have shown phytate influencing absorption and bioavailability from added and inherent iron [47; 48]. phytate works in a broad pH region and has low solubility even at very low intestinal pH. Moreover, phytate can impact carbohydrate and lipid absorption as well. Phytate-carbohydrate complexes inhibit amylase activity and decrease carbohydrate degradation, hence reducing glucose's solubility, digestibility, and absorption. The formation of lipid-phytate complexes leads to metallic soaps in the gut lumen, resulting in lower lipid availability and metabolism. Hence, phytates must be eliminated to improve the nutritional value of plant-based meat. There are various preparation and processing techniques to reduce phytates in food [45; 46; 49]. In the last decade, research and development (Table 5) have focused on developing methods and solutions such as extrusion, soaking, germination, malting, cooking, fermentation, and adding isolated phytase [43; 45]. All methods help to degrade phytates in food at some level. However, enzymatic methods, such as phytase addition and fermentation, have demonstrated superior benefits over physical extraction methods [50; 51]. The use of added or native phytase during food processing or food consumption can result in complete dephytinization and increase the bioavailability
# Verification of a Probabilistic Model and Optimization in Long-Range Networks
## 3 Results

Table 7: ALOHA success probability for different traffic loads. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Scenario** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Total Energy**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Average Current (mA)**} \\ \hline Low Traffic (1 pkt/10 min) & 432 & 0.05 \\ Medium Traffic (1 pkt/5 min) & 864 & 0.10 \\ High Traffic (1 pkt/1 min) & 4320 & 0.50 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Energy consumption in real-world scenarios. RSSI decreases, the success probability remains high, reaching 83.38%, demonstrating the LoRa robust capability for reliable communication over long distances. Furthermore, the results confirm that Slotted ALOHA significantly improves transmission success compared to Pure ALOHA, particularly under high traffic loads. These observations validate that the probabilistic model developed is not only applicable in short-range scenarios but also in long-range environments where path loss and RSSI play a crucial role, thus reinforcing the LoRa utility in applications such as precision agriculture and environmental monitoring. To strengthen these findings, additional experiments in real-world environments are recommended, considering factors such as the presence of physical obstacles and non-ideal conditions, as well as configurations with multiple gateways to extend the communication range. Additionally, it would be relevant to evaluate the impact of dynamic adjustments in parameters such as spreading factor (SF) and bandwidth (BW), along with more in-depth studies on the performance of the ALOHA protocol in LoRa networks with adaptive retransmission strategies. These future analyses could further reinforce the validity of the model and its applicability in wide-range LoRa networks.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Determination of Total Se Content and Selenoamino Acid Analysis  
Samples (50 mg) were digested with 3 mL of nitric acid (for trace metal analysis, CNW Technology) in a microwave-assisted digestion system (MARS6, CEM Corp., Matthews, NC, USA) at 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 20 min. The digests were brought to 100 mL volume in polypropylene flasks with deionized water. The total Se concentration was determined using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS; ICAP TQ, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. Germering, Germany). Selenium was measured using an M-TQ-O2 with oxygen at a flow rate of 3.5 mL min\({}^{-1}\) at \(m/z\) 80. Terbium was used as an internal standard. Blanks and a certified reference material (GSB-29, pork liver, Center for Standard Reference, PRC) were included in each batch of samples for quality control and assurance. The GSB-29 recovery varied from 89% to 111%. Three biological replicates were performed for all samples.  
Selenoamino acid analysis was performed as described previously [7]. Briefly, 100 mg of powdered freeze-dried mycelia samples was mixed with 15 mg of protease E (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) and 7 mL 30 mM tris-HCl (pH 7.5) and incubated for 8 h at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C with shaking. The samples were centrifuged at 12,000 rpm at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 10 min. The supernatant was collected and filtered through a 0.22 \(\upmu\)m mixed cellulose nitrate filter. HPLC (Thermo U3000, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Germering, Germany) equipped with a GOLD C8 column (250 \(\times\) 4.6 mm, 5 \(\upmu\)m, Thermo Scientific Hypersil) was used to separate selenoamino acids with a mobile phase (20 mM KH\({}_{2}\)PO\({}_{4}\), 5% methanol, 0.05% heptafluorobutyric acid) at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min, and the retention times for \({}^{80}\)Se isotopes were simultaneously monitored by ICP-MS. Peaks were identified according to the retention times of the standards (SeCys\({}_{2}\), MeSeCys, and SeMet). The identified selenoamino acids were quantified based on the peak areas of the standard compounds.
## 6 Discussion and Future Challenges
### The Comprehensive Subjective Equipment Evaluation Model Based on Effects Mechanism Analysis  
In current research, several kinds of evaluation models aim to capture the different effects of electromagnetic radiation on equipment. Evidently, a quantitative evaluation method adopting a single evaluation index simplifies this model to a certain extent. In addition, the equipment is an indivisible whole, so it is one-sided to evaluate the electromagnetic environmental effect on the performance of equipment from any independent model, which cannot fully reflect the anti-jamming ability of the equipment. Therefore, it is very urgent to construct a comprehensive evaluation model for equipment that integrates multiple interference effects (multi-frequency interference, noise interference, and third-order intermodulation interference) based on the analysis of the cross-linking relationships of each independent model in the study of effect mechanisms. On the one hand, it will simplify the engineering application of the interference effect evaluation with a few evaluation indexes; on the other hand, it can comprehensively evaluate the electromagnetic environmental effects on equipment. Meanwhile, it is also a crucial research direction to examine the universality of the effects evaluation models.
# Radiator Enablers for Wireless Communication Evolution
## 3 Radiators' Novel Technologies, Design, and Implementation Issues
### Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces  
#### 3.2.1 General Description  
RIS allows the control over the propagation of electromagnetic (EM) waves (refs. [60; 61]). To maximize wireless network performance, these surfaces are made up of programmable reflecting or refractive elements that adjust wave properties, including the phase, amplitude, and polarization (refs. [60; 62]). Future 6G networks will be built on top of RIS technologies because of the various benefits they offer, such as enhanced spectral and energy efficiency, extended coverage, and interference mitigation (ref. [61]). RIS systems are categorized depending on their operational capabilities into active, passive, and dual-band RIS. Passive RIS reflects the signal without amplifying it, while active RIS, to avoid problems like multiplicative fading, amplifies the signal (ref. [61]). Dual-Band RIS allows simultaneous operation in different bands like sub-6 GHz and mmWaves, which is rather necessary in 6G (ref. [63]).
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Data
#### 2.2.3 Meteorological Data and Drought Index  
The monthly precipitation dataset with 1 km spatial resolution was downloaded from the Science Data Bank ([[http://www.scidb.cn/cstr/31253.11.sciencedb.01607](http://www.scidb.cn/cstr/31253.11.sciencedb.01607)]([http://www.scidb.cn/cstr/31253.11.sciencedb.01607](http://www.scidb.cn/cstr/31253.11.sciencedb.01607)) (accessed on 10 January 2023)). This dataset was derived from monthly precipitation data observed at more than 2400 meteorological stations in China from 1960 to 2020. The daily air temperature dataset (1979-2018) produced by [PERSON], [PERSON] [69] was used. This temperature dataset is of 0.1\({}^{\circ}\) spatial resolution, and is available from [[https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5502275](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5502275)]([https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5502275](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5502275)) (accessed on 9 December 2022).  
Standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) not only takes into account the sensitivity of drought to temperature, but also preserves multiple time scales and allows for flexible comparability [70]. This index is calculated based on a water balance equation represented by the difference between precipitation and potential evapotranspiration [71]. SPEI is suitable for multi-scale and multi-spatial comparisons, and has been widely used to monitor drought at regional and global scales [70; 72; 73]. According to [PERSON],  
Figure 1: (**a**) Sketch map of the study area and (**b**) spatial distribution of the 0.05\({}^{\circ}\) grids with proportions of sugarcane-planting areas above 50% over the study area.  
Begueria [70] and [PERSON] [PERSON] [74], SPEI was calculated on a 3-month time scale to indicate meteorological drought conditions in this work.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Study Area  
The present study was conducted in the Podgorski Kras plateau located in the sub-mediterranean region of south-west Slovenia (longitude 13\({}^{\circ}\)55'27.714\"E; latitude 45\({}^{\circ}\)33'2.858\"N). The area has undergone major human influences due to its position at the transition between the Mediterranean and central Europe. In fact, agricultural practices such as overgrazing in the past centuries led to pronounced destruction of the vegetation cover, causing severe soil erosion and resulting into a stony and bare landscape. However, thanks to the economic development causing the near-abandonment of agriculture practices in the area, a succession is taking place and different vegetation types, ranging from grasslands to secondary oak forests, are now present [33].  
The bedrock is mainly composed of limestone from Paleocene and Eocene [34]. The chemical weathering known as karst phenomena led to the formation of Leptosols and Cambisols, which represent insoluble fractions of carbonates. As a result, the soil is superficial, with depths ranging from 0 cm to several decimeters in soil pockets between rocks. The organic matter represents about 12-15% of the topsoil [33].  
The climate is often referred to as sub-Mediterranean, with a mean annual temperature of 10.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C, a mean daily temperature of 1.8 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 19.9 \({}^{\circ}\)C in January and June respectively, and an average annual precipitation around 1370 mm. Climate statistics represent 30 years' average (1971-2000) of four meteorological stations in the region [35]. Winters are windy (Bora wind), with periodic snow cover. The growing season ranges from March or April to October [33].  
The present study considered a homogenous grassland (Figure 1), where only herbaceous species were present with the exception of few shrubs. The most abundant species were _Bromopsis erecta_ (Huds.) [PERSON], _Carex humilis_ [PERSON], _Stipa eriocaulis_ [PERSON], _Centaurea rupestris_ [PERSON], _Potentilla tomusiniiana_ [PERSON]. [PERSON], _Anthyllis vulneraria_ L., _Galium corridifolium_ [PERSON] and _Teucrium montanum_ L.
# Use of Surface Acoustic Waves for Crack Detection on Railway Track Components--Laboratory Tests
## 2 Test Specim and Methods
### Scattering of Rayleigh Waves at Surface Breaking Cracks--Theoretical Considerations  
The scattering of elastic Rayleigh waves at surface breaking cracks, for idealized crack geometries (infinite half-space with a crack parallel to the surface normal) in the far field, has been solved analytically by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [11]. As shown in Figure 4, reflection, transmission and mode conversion from Rayleigh to bulk waves depend on the ratio of crack depth to wavelength \(d/\lambda_{R}\) and the angle of incidence (where 0\({}^{\circ}\) means wave propagation perpendicular to the crack). Reflection, transmission and mode conversion are relatively independent of the angle of incidence for angles < 60\({}^{\circ}\), cf. Figure 4a-c. Moreover, for small cracks (\(d/\lambda_{R}<1\)) the transmission coefficient is more sensitive to changes of crack  
Figure 3: Sketch illustrating the positions of SAW sender and receiver with respect to the rail damage location. Explanations of the abbreviations are given in the text.  
length compared to the reflection coefficient. In general, the transmission coefficient is non-monotonous but has a monotonous region with high crack depth sensitivity for ratios \(d/\lambda_{R}\) < 0.3, see Figure 4d.  
As a first approximation, the wavelength of the Rayleigh waves in steel (with Young's modulus \(E\), Poisson's ratio \(\
u\) and mass density \(\rho\), see Table 1) is given by \(\lambda=\frac{v_{S}}{f}\approx\frac{(0.87+1.12\
u)v_{S}}{(1+\
u)f}\approx \frac{0.926\ v_{S}}{f}\approx\frac{2920}{f}\), where the shear velocity is \(v_{S}=\sqrt{G/\rho})\approx 3153\) m/s for a shear modulus of \(G=\frac{E}{2(1+\
u)}\approx\,77.5\) GPa. This corresponds to a wavelength of \(\lambda\)\(\sim\)2.9 mm at a frequency of \(f\) = 1 MHz. Thus, according to the considerations above, an unambiguous relationship between crack depth and transmission coefficient should be present for crack depths up to \(\sim\)1 mm. Due to the insensitivity of the transmitted Rayleigh wave to the angle of incidence for the angles of interest (the inclination of the cracks with respect to the rolling direction is significantly smaller than 60\({}^{\circ}\)) it is sufficient to perform simulation studies on wave propagation in rail cross-sections for 2D geometries only.
## 3 Sensitivity Analysis of Influencing Factors on Stress and Deformation of CFRDs
### Sensitivity Analysis of Factors Affecting Stress and Deformation  
Tables 4 and 5 display the relative weight contribution values of the influencing factors on the characteristics of the dam and panel, as calculated using projection pursuit regression technology. Among them, F1, F2, F3, and F4 represent the influencing factors of dam height, bank slope gradient, panel phased construction, and water storage, respectively. Figures 4 and 5 are plotted based on the values calculated for the storage period.  
Taking dam settlement during the impinging period as an example, the relative influence weights of dam height, bank slope gradient, panel phased construction, and storage on dam settlement are 1.000, 0.439, 0.014, and 0.025, respectively. In other words, the sensitivity of each influencing factor to dam settlement during the storage period ranges from strong to weak, as follows: dam height > bank slope gradient > water storage > panel phased construction. Similarly, it can be observed from Table 4 and Figure 4 that the sensitivity of each influencing factor to dam body settlement, river displacement, and dam axial displacement remains consistent, regardless of completion period or water storage period.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Materials** & **R\({}_{\text{f}}\)** & **K** & **n** & \(\varphi\)/\({}^{\circ}\) & **K\({}_{\text{b}}\)** & **m** & **K\({}_{\text{ur}}\)** & \(\rho_{\text{d}}\)/(g\(\cdot\)cm\({}^{-3}\))** \\ \hline Cushion material & 0.82 & 850 & 0.45 & 49.90 & 350 & 0.08 & 1700 & 2.29 \\ Transition material & 0.70 & 870 & 0.52 & 55.30 & 580 & 0.20 & 1740 & 2.23 \\ Rockfill material & 0.75 & 1250 & 0.30 & 52.20 & 920 & 0.11 & 2500 & 2.20 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Duncan Chang E-B model parameters of the rock-filling materials.  
Figure 3: Finite element model of a 250 m CFRD.  
Figure 2: Standard cross-section of a 250 m CFRD.  
and axial, the ranking is as follows: water storage > bank slope > dam height gradient > panel phased construction. Under conditions of multiple water impacts, the panel endures considerable stress and deformation during the initial collision. With the increase in subsequent impingement times, the panel's deformation and tensile stress are mitigated, and the tension area of some parts of the panel is transformed into a compression area. This evidence suggests that water storage exerts a profound influence on the panel's tensile stress. Regarding sensitivity to axial compressive stress, the ranking is as follows: bank slope gradient > dam height > water storage > panel phased construction. Finally, sensitivity to compressive stress along the slope is ranked as follows: bank slope gradient > dam height > panel phased construction > water storage. As the bank slope gradient intensifies, the panel's lateral restraint diminishes, leading to a decrease in the panel's extrusion efficacy. Consequently, there is a notable reduction in the panel's compressive stresses.
# Reliability Assessment of Cyber-Physical Distribution Systems Considering Cyber Disturbances
## 6 Conclusions  
A reliability assessment model of a distribution network CPS is constructed in this paper by considering the coupling characteristics of the physical system and cyber system of the distribution network using a combination of a fault tree and Petri net. The reliability assessment indices of distribution network CPSs considering cyber disturbances are defined. The effects of different cyber disturbances on system reliability are analyzed to meet the development of new distribution systems with increasing scale and complex structure. The main conclusions are as follows.  
1. The proposed reliability model for distribution network CPSs and the combination of fault trees and Petri nets greatly improve the modeling efficiency.
2. The defined reliability assessment indices for distribution network CPSs considering cyber disturbances are able to characterize changes in system reliability caused by control failures due to failures of physical components and cyber disturbances, enabling a comprehensive quantitative assessment of CPS reliability, with simple modifications to be applied to other kinds of disturbances that affect the system state.
3. The impact in the different cyber disturbances on system reliability is analyzed, concluding that the changes in failure rate of different information components have different degrees of impact on system reliability, the number and location of objects of cyberattacks also have a greater impact on system reliability, and a certain impact of access network structure is also caused. With the methods in this paper, system planning, construction, operation, and maintenance protection can be provided for reference.  
Conceptualization, B.Z. and T.Z.; methodology, Y.C. and J.W.; software, Y.C. and B.S.; validation, B.Z., Y.C. and T.Z.; formal analysis, Y.C. and T.Z.; investigation, Y.C. and J.W.; resources, Y.C. and B.S.; data curation, Y.C. and S.C.; writing--original draft preparation, B.Z., Y.C. and T.Z.; writing--review and editing, B.Z., Y.C., T.Z. and S.C.; visualization, T.Z. and Y.C.; supervision, B.Z. and T.Z.; project administration, T.Z. and B.Z.; funding acquisition, T.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported in part by the National Science Foundation of China (No. 51907097) and National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2021 YFB4000500).  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Towards Efficient Wireless Body Area Network Using Two-Way Relay Cooperation
## 6 Joint Network-Channel Coding over Cooperative Link
### Simulation and Performance Evaluation
A trade-off is observed between efficient link length and overhead. The complexity, encoding and decoding powers will also add to the overhead despite providing efficiency in transmit energy. The choice of the coding scheme would be application dependent, depending on throughput, computational complexity, coding gain and the processing delay it can handle in any given situation to make the overall system reliable and efficient.