## 6 Discussion  
Industry 4.0 technologies are changing the processes in the business ecosystem, whereby the computing evolution is taking centre stage, as a medium enabling the dynamic changes. Therefore, it becomes essential to develop industrial operations based on DevOps. Serverless computing enables omnichannel operation, hence it can be accessed anywhere in the world by various participants who have access to the data based on identity access management. Consequently, the convergence of digital technologies on serverless improves digital interoperability in a collaborative manufacturing environment amongst multiple stakeholders. Event-based microservices alongside smart contracts inhibit the progression of data collection and processing if a transaction is incomplete and is simultaneously flagged for fraud. Part and order provenance is enabled by AI-augmented blockchain analytics, which queries CouchDB to give metrics on supplier performance and reliability. At the operational level, the developed system performs cloud monitoring of available resources, so that orders are issued based on key performance indicators, such as the availability of machinery, raw metal-flat metal sheets, daily working shifts, delivery times, etc., of manufacturing suppliers. In addition, the BCMaaS system nears zero defects and reduces operational deficiencies in SCM, such as incorrect data capture and duplicated documents, preventing metadata manipulation, tracing changes to records, etc. The BCMaaS system performs real-time ordering and monitoring of tasks to identify idle and poorly performing machinery and suppliers, in order to remap resource scheduling based on current system constraints. The remapping of resources ensures that the railcar manufacturer produces a railcar with limited downtime and meets set targets for the delivery of the railcar. Subsequently, the railcar manufacturer benefits from digital forensics, performed to identify value systems within the (re)manufacturing of railcars. The plugin architecture of BCMaaS allows for easy plug and play into upstream supply chain operations for part integrity and identification. Furthermore, the system can be extrapolated downstream of the value chain for sheet metal suppliers.  
The application of blockchain in the supply chain is set to improve quality control in the manufacturing environment, lower overhead costs, and share data securely. The BCMaaS system improves data validation whilst reducing audit deficiencies resulting from insufficient information, as the system is accessed and processed in real time across the value chain. Supply chain analytics give an insight into reliability-centred maintenance, as metadata from railcar re-manufacturing show parts that are continuously replaced. Supplier information, inventory management, and accounting details are shared with an audit company to perform a real-time audit and transaction authentication, tracing, and validation as Fabric ledgers are immutable. The chaincode can be analyzed by auditors in search of transactional ambiguity and fraudulent activities within the enterprise SCM system. It is also used to determine audit reliability seamlessly. Part traceability in real time using a blockchain-based QR code reduces the need for paper invoicing and job cards. Performing work in real time prevents in-person travelling, especially for auditors, to authenticate documents and inventory stock, leading to a reduction in carbon footprint as audit reliability is performed in real time. Future work should focus on a multi-cloud seamless approach for collaborative enterprise management, whereby enterprise IS built on different clouds are able to handle synchronous workloads. This is critical in a digital economy with multiple manufacturers and multiple suppliers, who need to interact regardless of being hosted by different cloud service providers. Further research still needs to be conducted on the cyber security of IIoT systems for the prevention of malware sharing in machine-to-machine systems.