# Cracks in Arch Dams: An Overview of Documented Instances
## 2 Observational Data/Material: Summary of Case Studies
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Dam** & **Main Causes of Cracking** & **Cracked Zone** & **Location of Cracks** & **Crack Dimensions** & **Published Records** \\ \hline
1 & Baishan & - & Downstream surface & Along the entire surface. & Max. width: 3.5 mm. & Evolution of crack opening of 24 cracks. \\ \hline
2 & Cabirl & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Inadequate design or execution \\ of the construction. The change \\ in the project during the construction phase lead to a more rigid crest. \\ \end{tabular} & Upstream surface. & Upstream surface. & Horizontal at the top. At 112-122 m & - & - &
\begin{tabular}{c} Precise placement of the cracks. Displacements on the central cantilever. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
3 & Castro de las & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Thermal effects. Shrinkage \\ Cogotas \\ \end{tabular} & Internal. & Internal. &
\begin{tabular}{c} Between the \\ downstream face \\ and the perimeter \\ \end{tabular} & Max. width: 1.3 mm. & Crack opening evolution. \\ \hline
4 & Chencun & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Thermal effects. Combination of \\ high air temperature and low \\ reservoir level. Short pouring \\ interval, so the shrinkage \\ deformation of the second phase \\ concrete is under strong \\ constraint. \\ \end{tabular} & Downstream surface. & Horizontal at the top. & Max. width: 4 mm. &
\begin{tabular}{c} Evolution of crack \\ opening. Precise placement of the cracks. \\ Material displacements (in the dam blocks and \\ foundations). \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
5 & Copper Basin & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Chemical effects. \\ Wetting-drying cycles \\ connected with the expansion of the dam mass. Reaction: \\ Alkali-silica. \\ \end{tabular} & Downstream surface. & Horizontal and oblique. Center and abutments. & - &
\begin{tabular}{c} Precise placement of the cracks. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
6 & Dagangshan &
\begin{tabular}{c} Seismic events. Microscismic. \\ Dam weight and overhang. \\ \end{tabular} & Internal. & At 15 m and 45 m & Max. length: 5 m. Max. \\ \hline
7 & Daniel- & \begin{tabular}{c} Thermal effects. Inadequate \\ design or execution of the \\ construction. Seasonal \\ temperature. Geometric \\ discontinuities. \\ \end{tabular} & Downstream and upstream surfaces. & Upstream at the heel. Downstream & - & \begin{tabular}{c} Displacements \\ (measured by \\ pendulum). \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline - & Dam A & \
\begin{tabular}{c} The pouring interval is short, so \\ the shrinkage deformation of \\ the second phase concrete is \\ under a strong constraint. \\ \end{tabular} & Downstream surface. & Horizontal at the & Max. width: 4 mm. &
\begin{tabular}{c} Evolution of crack \\ opening. Radial \\ displacements (in the \\ dam blocks and \\ foundations). \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
8 & Dam B & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Thermal effects. Seasonal \\ temperature variations. \\ \end{tabular} & Downstream surface. & Oblique. Lower and central area. & - & - &
\begin{tabular}{c} Precise placement of the \\ (on the crest and in the \\ center of the dam). \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
9 & Dam C & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Soil displacements. Grouting or \\ uneven deformation of the \\ foundation. \\ \end{tabular} & Internal. & Bottom gallery. & Max. width: 0.19 mm. &
\begin{tabular}{c} Crack opening evolution. \\ Precise placement of the \\ cracks. Displacements. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
10 & Dam D & - & Downstream and & At 78-138 m above & - &
\begin{tabular}{c} Evolution of crack \\ opening. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
11 & Dam E & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Thermal effects. The \\ temperature of the dam \\ dropped during the flood \\ period. \\ \end{tabular} & Upstream surface. & Seven cracks at the center 41,9 m above & Max. width: 2.5 mm. &
\begin{tabular}{c} Max. width: 2.5 mm. \\ Max. depth: 15 m. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
12 & Dam F & - & - & - & - & Max. width: 0.7 mm. & Crack opening evolution. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Crack features and dam monitoring records.