esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
In the context of benzyl alcohol oxidation, studies have shown the potential of MCM-41 as support for active catalysts, including heteropolyacids [27; 28], metal complexes [29; 30], and metallic nanoparticles [31]. Few reports in the literature have dedicated attention to the catalytic activity of metal-incorporated MCM-41 (i.e., isomorphically substituted) in this subject [32; 33], although examples towards the oxidation of other substrates have been demonstrated over the years [34; 35]. Specifically, cerium-incorporated MCM-41 (Ce-MCM-41) has been explored towards oxidation reactions with positive results [36; 37], mainly because of the active Ce\({}^{4+}\)/Ce\({}^{3+}\) redox pair that allows oxygen mobility in the structure of these materials. This feature refers to the ability of oxide-based Ce\({}^{4+}\) materials to generate and relinquish oxygen vacancies, easily generating reactive sites for the activation of oxygenated species that can intermediate redox chemical processes. The insertion of cerium ions in the inorganic framework of MCM-41 could propitiate the formation of distorted coordinative environments not found on bulk materials and enhance the redox activity inherent to the element. So far, only [PERSON] and co-workers [32] has explored this characteristic in the liquid-phase oxidation of BzOH. The material obtained by the researchers, named HSCS-20, presented 28.1 wt.% of the cerium content and showed 53.5% of BzOH conversion and 100% of selectivity towards BzD at room temperature for 24 h using _tert_-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as the oxidant. Even though this result encourages the investigation of mesoporous cerium-silica catalysts in oxidation reactions, synthetic aspects involving these materials must be taken into account. For example, little has been done to unravel the effect that cerium precursors have in the catalytic activity of Ce-MCM-41 in any oxidation reaction whatsoever. This work studies the preparation of Ce-MCM-41 materials by using different metal precursors, CeCl\({}_{3}\)?H\({}_{2}\)O and Ce(NO\({}_{3}\))\({}_{3}\)?6H\({}_{2}\)O (generating the catalysts, Ce-MCM-Cl and Ce-MCM-NO\({}_{3}\), respectively). The structural, morphological, and textural differences between the two materials were demonstrated through characterization techniques (XRD, XRF, FTIR, UV-Vis, TG/DTG, DSC, N\({}_{2}\) physisorption, solid state NMR, TEM, and Raman) and correlated with disturbances in the assembly of surfactant molecules and the stability of cerium species in the synthesis medium. In addition, the catalytic activity of the materials was evaluated in the liquid-phase oxidation of BzOH with TBHP.
## 4 Proposed Methods  
### Augmented Graph  
#### 4.1.1 Graph Model  
Solving the problem described in (1) is difficult by using typical graph \(G\), since there is no information about the arrival time of each vehicle at each node. Consequently, the inter-vehicle collision problem is unable to solve. To address such a problem, instead of using typical graph \(G\), we developed a novel structure of the graph, which is called an _augmented graph_, denoted by \(G^{\text{a}}\). The augmented node can be constructed from the typical graph \(G\). Let \(G^{\text{a}}(V^{\text{a}},\,E^{\text{a}})\) be an _augmented graph_, where \(V^{\text{a}}=\left\{\psi_{i,j,l}\right\}\), as long as \(b_{i,j}=1,\,i,\ j\in\{1,\ldots,N_{\text{v}}\}\) and \(l\in\{1,2,\ldots,N_{\text{s}}\}\), is defined as a set of _augmented nodes_ and \(E^{\text{a}}=\left\{\varepsilon_{i_{1},j_{1},l_{1}}^{i_{2},j_{2},l_{2}}\right\}\), where \(\varepsilon_{i_{1},j_{1},l_{1}}^{i_{2},j_{2},l_{2}}=\left(\psi_{i_{1},j_{1},l_{ 1}},\ \psi_{i_{2},j_{2},l_{2}}\right)\) is _augmented edge_, i.e., start and end connected sub-trajectories pairs \(\psi_{i_{1},j_{1},l_{1}}\) and \(\psi_{i_{2},j_{2},l_{2}}\). Note that the notation \(\varepsilon_{i_{1},j_{1},l_{1}}^{i_{2},j_{2},l_{2}}\) implies that \(\psi_{i_{2},j_{2},l_{2}}\) must be a successor of \(\psi_{i_{1},j_{1},l_{1}}\). Therefore, it is required that \(i_{2}=j_{1}\).  
Figure 1 visualizes the proposed \(G^{\text{a}}\), \(V^{\text{a}}\), and \(E^{\text{a}}\). \(G^{\text{a}}\) expands the typical \(G\) from the node-to-node relation into transition-to-transition relation. In the typical graph \(G\), the edges are weighted by node-to-node distance \(L_{i,j}\) while in the augmented graph \(G^{\text{a}}\), the augmented edges are weighted by acceleration, whose formulation is conducted using start and final speeds the node-to-node distance (see Equation (5)).  
Figure 2 shows that, for a node-to-node trajectory, there are some speed alternatives to apply: Therefore, the augmented edge between any pair of augmented nodes can represent information of acceleration and traveling time, for instance, the transition from \(\psi_{1,2,1}\) to \(\psi_{2,3,2}\). The applied initial and target speeds at the endpoint of \(\psi_{1,2,1}\) are \(s_{1}\) and \(s_{2}\), respectively. Therefore, the uniform acceleration \(a_{1,2}\) along the augmented edge is formulated as following:  
\[a_{i,j}=\frac{\left(s_{j}\right)^{2}-\left(s_{i}\right)^{2}}{2L_{i,j}}, \tag{2}\]  
where \(L_{i,j}\) is the length of the edge \(\mathrm{e}_{1,2}\), and it is plotted to the transition from \(\psi_{1,2,1}\) to \(\psi_{2,3,2}\).  
Furthermore, the traveling time, \(t\), related to the acceleration in Equation (2) is formulated as follows:  
\[t=\left\{\begin{array}{c}\frac{L_{i,j}}{s_{1}},\ \ \text{if}\ a=0,\\ \frac{-s_{i}+\sqrt{\left(s_{i}\right)^{2}+2 al_{i,j}}}{a_{i,j}},\ \text{otherwise}. \end{array}\right. \tag{3}\]
# FPGA Implementation of IEC-61131-3-Based Hardware Aided Counters for PLC
## 2 Theoretical Background  
### The Counter  
Figure 1 shows the appearance of the counter in graphical form. The interface of such FB is defined by:  
* CTUD (C_NO)--counter number or instance name,
* CU--the Count Up input; sensitive to rising edge,
* CD--the Count Down input; sensitive to rising edge,
* R--the input of resetting the counter value,
* LD--the input of resetting the counter value,
* PV--value for initializing the counter and evaluation the QU value,
* Q (QU; QD)--status of the counter,
* CV--count value.  
To show relations between inputs and outputs (also priorities), the specification of the CTUD function module with INT format number in the ST language described in standard [1] is shown in Listing 1.  
**Listing 1.** The specification of the CTUD counter in ST language [1].  
FUNCTION_BLOCK CTUD  
VAR_INPUT  
CU : BOOL R_EDGE;  
CD : BOOL R_EDGE;  
R : BOOL;  
LD : BOOL;  
PV : INT;  
END_VAR  
VAR_OUTPUT  
QU : BOOL;  
QD : BOOL;  
CV : INT;  
END_VAR  
IF R THEN CV:=0;  
ELSIF LD THEN CV:=PV;  
ELSE  
IF not (CU and CD) THEN  
IF CU and (CV<PV_MAX)  
THEN CV:=CV+1;  
ELSIF CD and (CV>PV_MIN)  
THEN CV:=CV-1;  
END_IF;  
ENDIF;  
QU := (CV>=PV);  
QD := (CV<=0);  
END_FUNCTION_BLOCK  
Implementation of a counter needs mapping of a suitable data structure in the controller memory to enable storage of the current content of the counter as well as the status of the PV input and the status of QU and QD outputs. However, QU and QD can be calculated during their reading. In such a case, the data structure may not contain them. Two more memory cells may be necessary as well to store previous statuses of the CU and CD inputs (CU' and CD'). The example data structure for a single counter unit is shown in Figure 2.  
Figure 1: The symbol of CTUD counter.
###### Abstract  
Background: This systematic review was performed to investigate the potential diagnostic role of fibroblast activation protein (FAP)-targeted radiopharmaceuticals in hepatocarcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Methods: Relevant studies published between 2019 and 2023 were selected by searching PubMed and Scopus. The following data were extracted: authors, radiopharmaceuticals, sample size, country and year of publication, study design, and main results. Selected studies were analyzed using a modified version of the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP). Results: A total of 15 papers were finally selected, where 5 (33%) were retrospective, and 10 (67%) were prospective, with an overall number of 331 involved patients. Most of the studies (14/15, 93%) employed the FAP inhibitor series (FAPI), while only one research study used cyclic peptides as FAP-binding motifs. Twelve papers (80%) compared these FAP-targeted radiopharmaceuticals with \({}^{18}\)F-FDG. The other 3/15 (20%) were not comparative studies and used exclusively \({}^{68}\)Ga-FAPI-04. \({}^{68}\)Ga-FAPI-04 is the most used radiopharmaceutical in analyzed studies (11/15, 73%), while other tracers, including \({}^{18}\)F-FAPI, \({}^{68}\)Ga-FAPI-46, and \({}^{68}\)Ga-FAP-2286, were used in the remaining ones. Conclusions: FAP-targeted radiopharmaceuticals have good diagnostic accuracy in HCC and CCA, with potential and promising theragnostic applications.  
FAP-targeted; hepatic tumors; systematic review; PET/CT; nuclear medicine 2020 January 2020
# Underwater Target Recognition Based on Multi-Decision
## 7 Future Works  
This paper uses deep-learning methods to provide a framework to realize underwater target recognition. This algorithm shows excellent underwater target-recognition ability, and has great application value in many aspects such as seabed exploration, oil platform monitoring and economic fish detection. It can not only predict dangerous objects in advance, improve the safety of ship navigation, but also create greater economic benefits. However, there are still some shortcomings that need to be resolved.  
1. Most studies on underwater target recognition do not disclose data sources for reasons such as confidentiality. There is also a lack of unified and standardized data sets in the industry. The actual measured ship radiated noise data set used in this article is already one of the few publicly available underwater acoustic data sets. However, the data set itself is seriously disturbed by marine environmental noise. The number of samples of various types of ships is unevenly distributed, and the total number of samples is also insufficient. Therefore, how to combine underwater target recognition with deep learning under limited conditions is a big problem.
2. Because the data set is seriously disturbed, this paper adopts a series of feature-enhancing preprocessing methods to improve the recognition rate, and has achieved excellent results. In fact, further reducing the impact of ocean noise and evaluating the impact of various neural networks on the recognition effect can be considered in the future work.  
Conceptualization, J.C.; methodology, J.C., B.H., X.M. and J.Z.; software, B.H. and X.M.; validation, B.H. and X.M.; formal analysis, J.C. and B.H.; investigation, J.C. and B.H.; resources, J.C. and B.H.; data curation, J.C., B.H., X.M. and J.Z.; writing--original draft preparation, J.C. and B.H.; writing--review and editing, J.C. and B.H.; visualization, J.C. and B.H.; supervision, J.C.; project administration, J.C.; funding acquisition, J.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the China National Key R&D Program under grant 2020 YFB1807700.  
Not Applicable, the study does not report any data.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 5 Performance Evaluation and Discussion
### Study on Mobile Sink Number  
Much of the research on sink mobility technology has proven that the use of sink mobility technology can significantly improve sensor network performance. In addition, compared with mobile sensor nodes, mobile sink nodes are relatively easy to implement. Thus, we focus on studying the influence of multiple mobile sink nodes on energy consumption and network lifetime. In this paper, we mainly discuss the performance of a sensor network separately using three mobile sinks, two mobile sinks, and one mobile sink node.  
In Figure 7, \"3-msn\" represents that there are three mobile sink nodes working for the network. In Figure 7a, we compare the energy consumption of a sensor network with different numbers of mobile sink nodes. From Figure 7a, we can observe that the network residual energy performance is quite related with the number of mobile sink nodes. The performance of a sensor network using multiple mobile sink nodes is superior to that using a single mobile sink node. Network residual energy can be  
Figure 6: Residual energy comparison.  
preserved with longer network lifetime at the cost of higher mobile sink numbers. From a practical application point of view, a trade-off is needed by considering both network performance and mobile sink cost.  
The comparison of network lifetime factor using different numbers of mobile sink nodes is illustrated in Figure 7b. Network lifetime is defined as the time when the first sensor node depletes its energy. The vertical axis in Figure 7b represents the number of nodes remaining in the network. We can see that number of live sensors decreases sharply when there is only one mobile sink node, while the performance becomes better with more sink nodes.  
Table 1 shows the specific round together with corresponding node ID when the first sensor node dies. We can find that three mobile sink nodes can best prolong the network lifetime than the other two scenarios, and the network lifetime is almost two times longer than the case with one sink node. However, the cost of mobile sink nodes is also higher than that of normal sensor nodes. Thus, we need to decide the number of mobile sink nodes according to the practical demand to achieve a trade-off between these factors.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### MIR Model  
MIR model (briefly described here) can be regarded as a prediction of peaks in the distribution of hydrophobic residues along the sequence, because it is not randomly distributed. By hydrophobic we mean any residue from this list: F, I, L, M, V, W and Y. A simulation of the folding process is performed by means of successive random displacements of the alpha carbons of the protein chain, initially randomly distributed at the nodes of a grid, with the constraint of respecting the constant distance between two residues neighbors along the sequence [42]. At each trial of a new conformation corresponding to the displacement of one alpha carbon to an empty node of the lattice, Metropolis criterion is used to decide rejection or acceptation of the new conformation. Periodically, the number of neighbors non-covalently linked (NCNs) is recorded for each amino acid along the chain. At the end of the simulation this number is smoothed, and the local maxima in this distribution are called smoothed most interacting residues (SMIRs). We previously showed that they capture, at some medium resolution, the distribution of hydrophobicity along the peptide chain that is at the principle of secondary structure formation [43].  
We already compared FOD and MIR approaches on the immunoglobulin and flavodoxin folds [44]. When several structures are available, a very limited number of positions are both SMIR and in agreement with the FOD model. It was shown for these two folds that these specific positions are, actually, the folding nucleus, i.e., the first set of amino acids which mutual interaction is compulsory for the folding of the chain.
## 3 Drone Routing Algorithms
### Trajectory Planning
#### 3.1.4 Reinforcement Learning-Based Truck-and-Drone Coordinated Delivery (RL-TDCD)  
The scheme proposed in (RL-TDCD) [42] considers an unmanned delivery system where a truck and a drone perform the delivery work in a coordinated manner. The truck acts as CS as well as a landing station for the drone. The truck and drone routing problem was formulated using RL. The formulated delivery problem is initially presented as a mixed integer programing (MIP) problem, which is further broken down into three subproblems to further reduce its complexity. Using k-means clustering, the service or coverage area for the parcel delivery is determined. Moreover, an encoder-decoder framework is designed in addition to RL to address the routing problem. However, the encoder-decoder framework combined with reinforcement learning for solving the routing problem may have difficulties in adapting to more complex scenarios.
# LR-MPIBS: A LoRa-Based Maritime Position-Indicating Beacon System
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Overall System Design  
#### 2.1.1 Function Analysis  
Rapid alarm and positioning are the keys to efficient rescue, especially in the emergency rescue process of personnel falling into the water. Considering actual rescue scenarios and methods, the LR-MPIBS should meet the following requirements:  
1. The automatic detection function of man overboard is an important guarantee for improving the alarm rate in such emergency situations. The height from the ship deck to the sea surface is generally greater than 3 m, and the drowning person may lose consciousness or go into shock, making it difficult to manually operate the alarm. It is necessary to implement the automatic detection of such incidents. This will improve the timeliness of the alarm.
2. Accurately locating people overboard is the basis of efficient marine rescue. Rescue teams can use accurate location information to make reasonable rescue decisions [21]. The LR-MPIBS is required to provide accurate global positioning information for a person in distress overboard.
3. The timely acquisition of rescue information is the core of man overboard rescue. Rescue teams need to obtain position information and identify people in distress as early as possible. LR-MPIBS can utilize long-distance wireless communication to reliably and securely transmit location information to rescue teams.  
* The important function of the beacon system is to display the operating status of the equipment in a prominent and clear manner. Drowning people are prone to negative emotions such as fear, anxiety, and despair. They use the visual indicators to check the system status and external rescue information, which helps to stabilize their emotions.
# Pediatric Endoscopy, Update 2020
## 8 Capsule Endoscopy  
The indications for capsule endoscopy in children are: Undiagnosed gastrointestinal bleeding, suspected small bowel Crohn's disease, celiac disease, and polyposis syndromes. In the United States, capsule endoscopy is approved from the age of 2 (FDA approval). If the capsule cannot be swallowed, endoscopic placement of the capsule can become necessary. A capsule retention in children is a rare side effect, reported in less than 1% of the procedures [130; 131; 132; 133].  
It is suggested that magnetic resonance imaging and wireless capsule endoscopy have a complementary role in the assessment of small bowel involvement in Crohn's Disease. Wireless capsule endoscopy detected small bowel diseases with a much higher specificity while magnetic resonance enterography had a higher sensitivity [134].
# Emotion Analysis AI Model for Sensing Architecture Using EEG
## 4 Application and Usage of Brainwave-Based Fine-Tuned Model in Architectural Spaces
### Fine-Tuned Model Validation and Performance Evaluation
#### 4.1.3 Comparing Predictions Against Ground-Truth Labels  
To systematically compare the predicted labels with the ground-truth labels, the actual labels were extracted from the JSONL dataset and standardised into the three-class scheme (\(-1\): negative, 0: neutral, 1: positive). A label-mapping function was implemented to normalise variations in label representation, ensuring consistency in evaluation.  
After retrieving both the predicted and true labels for each sample, they were appended to separate lists for comparative analysis. Additionally, the tqdm library was utilised to provide a real-time progress bar, ensuring efficient tracking of large-scale validation processes and intermediate performance estimates.
# Joint Resource Allocation for Multiuser Opportunistic Beamforming Systems with OFDM-NOMA
## 3 An Optimization Problem to Maximize SE
### Constraints  
NOMA power constraint: Based on the assumption \(P_{1_{n_{c}}}\geq P_{2_{n_{c}}}\) and SIC power difference requirement, the power of users satisfies  
\[\mathcal{C}1:P_{1_{n_{c}}}-P_{2_{n_{c}}}\geq P_{\Delta}, \tag{19}\]  
where \(P_{\Delta}\) (\(0\leq P_{\Delta}<P_{\text{total}}\)) denotes the minimum power difference between the users to distinguish users' signals.  
Total power constraint: To guarantee a stable transmit power, we set that the total power of each subcarrier equals a constant, as  
\[\mathcal{C}2:P_{1_{n_{c}}}+P_{2_{n_{c}}}=P_{\text{total}}, \tag{20}\]  
where \(P_{\text{total}}\) is the total power of each subcarrier.  
Users' quality of service (QoS) constraint: To ensure the QoS of the selected users, we assume that the SE of the \(k_{nc}\)th user on the \(n_{c}\)th subcarrier is larger than a required minimum SE, as  
\[\mathcal{C}3:\frac{R_{k_{nc}}}{B_{sub}}\geq e_{k_{nc}}. \tag{21}\]  
User pairing constraint: The BS selects \(K=2\) users from \(U\) waiting users to pair, thus, all the user pair combinations can be represented as a set, given as  
\[\mathbb{U}_{s}=\{(1,2),\ldots,(1,U),(2,1),\ldots,(2,U),\ldots,(u_{1},u_{2}), \ldots,(U,1),\ldots,(U,U-1)\}, \tag{22}\]  
where \((u_{1},u_{2})\) represents a user pair combination, \(1\leq u_{1},u_{2}\leq U\) and \(u_{1}\
eq u_{2}\).  
According to (22), user pairing constraint is given by  
\[\mathcal{C}4:(1_{n_{c}},2_{n_{c}})\in\mathbb{U}_{s}. \tag{23}\]
## 4 Results
### Field Test Simulating Space Environment  
The sensor's operation must be verified under oxygen-free conditions on the sensor's surface and exposure to UV-C radiation for use in spacecraft. To test its usability in an oxygen-free environment, the measurement chamber was kept in a vacuum for an extended period. Then, nitrogen (N\({}_{2}\)) was introduced to remove any oxygen adsorbed on the surface of the sensing material. Following this, NO\({}_{2}\) gas was introduced to the sensor surface with increasing concentration over 60 s, and a significant frequency change, consistent with the calibration tests, was observed (Figure 13a). This confirmed that the sensor operates effectively, even in the absence of oxygen. Afterward, when nitrogen (N\({}_{2}\)) was injected as the control gas, the sensor's output frequency returned to its original state. The same frequency change was observed across multiple cycles, further confirming the sensor's reliability in an oxygen-free environment.  
Additionally, the sensor was tested under UV-C illumination, and no frequency change was observed, thanks to the built-in compensation system of the two sensors (Figure 13b). Future studies will focus on examining the sensor's characteristics under gravity-free conditions.  
Figure 12: Frequency variations in the sensor system, with and without reference SAW devices. (**a**) Frequency variations in relative humidity (RH) from 10% to 90% RH and (**b**) frequency changes in temperature from 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 90 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
Figure 13: Frequency variation of the sensor due to (**a**) NO\({}_{2}\) infusion in an oxygen-free environment and (**b**) exposure to UV-C radiation.