esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Server Operation and Virtualization to Save Energy and Cost in Future Sustainable Computing
###### Abstract  
Since the introduction of the LTE (Long Term Evolution) service, we have lived in a time of expanding amounts of data. The amount of data produced has increased every year with the increase of smart phone distribution in particular. Telecommunication service providers have to struggle to secure sufficient network capacity in order to maintain quick access to necessary data by consumers. Nonetheless, maintaining the maximum capacity and bandwidth at all times requires considerable cost and excessive equipment. Therefore, to solve such a problem, telecommunication service providers need to maintain an appropriate level of network capacity and to provide sustainable service to customers through a quick network development in case of shortage. So far, telecommunication service providers have bought and used the network equipment directly produced by network equipment manufacturers such as Ericsson, Nokia, Cisco, and Samsung. Since the equipment is specialized for networking, which satisfied consumers with their excellent performances, they are very costly because they are developed with advanced technologies. Moreover, it takes much time due to the purchase process wherein the telecommunication service providers place an order and the manufacturer produces and delivers. Accordingly, there are cases that require signaling and two-way data traffic as well as capacity because of the diversity of IoT devices. For these purposes, the need for NFV (Network Function Virtualization) is raised. Equipment virtualization is performed so that it is operated on an x86-based compatible server instead of working on the network equipment manufacturer's dedicated hardware. By operating in some compatible servers, it can reduce the wastage of hardware and cope with the change thanks to quick hardware development. This study proposed an efficient system of reducing cost in network server operation using such NFV technology and found that the cost was reduced by 24% compared to existing network equipment. The technique proposed in this study is expected to be a foundation technology for future sustainability computing.  
server operation; virtualization; save energy; energy harvesting; NFV; vEPC, network architecture, optimization, computer architecture +
Footnote †: journal: Sustainable Computing
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Coating Characterization  
The chemical structure of the MIP coating could be confirmed to be the copolymerization product of the monomer and the crosslinker using an infrared spectroscopy study (see Figure S1 in the Supplementary Materials). NIP and MIP coating before and after washing present quite similar infrared spectra. The characteristic infrared absorption peaks were found at 2954-2963 cm\({}^{-1}\) (methyl groups), 1724-1728 cm\({}^{-1}\) (carbonyl groups), and 1387-1389 cm\({}^{-1}\) (methyl groups). Significantly, the minor peaks at 1637-1655 cm-1, which were attributed to the residual C=C bond, were found for all the coatings. Absorption peaks were observed at 3308 cm\({}^{-1}\) attributed to hydroxyl group of the MAA or/and template IBA in MIP coating. Before washing, MIP coating showed clear absorbance at 1537 cm\({}^{-1}\), which is attributed to IBA. After washing, the band had disappeared. That is the clear evidence of complete elution of the imprinted molecule from the imprinted sites. The intense absorption peak at 1102 cm\({}^{-1}\) is attributed to siloxane bond (Si-O-Si) stretching that constitutes the structural skeleton of the quartz chip. Scanning electron micrographs presenting the morphological structures of IBA MIP-coated chip are shown in Figure S2 (in the Supplementary Materials), respectively. The results demonstrated that a homogeneous surface was obtained for coatings of controlled thickness with the multiple coating procedures shown in Figure S3 (in the Supplementary Materials).
# Metal Carbides for Biomass Valorization
## 1 Introduction
On the other hand, the cost per gram of Pt (powder, purity 99.99%, Aldrich, Milano, Italy), Ru (powder, purity 99.99%, Aldrich, Milano, Italy) and Pd (foil, purity 99.9%, Aldrich, Milano, Italy) is 291, 205 and 100 EUR, respectively. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [18] reported that W-carbide and Pt have a similar electronic structure, as well as similar catalytic properties. Since then, transition metal carbide has attracted much interest in catalysis and surface science. It has been demonstrated that the catalytic properties of these cheaper metal carbides are comparable to the catalytic properties of the more expensive Pt-groups metals [19; 20; 21; 22]. In the case of dehydrogenation, hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis, which involve a transformation of hydrocarbons' C-H bonds, activities of these metal carbides are similar or better than the activities of Pt-group metals [19; 23; 24; 25]. For example, W-carbides can substitute Pt in hydro-isomerization reactions [26; 27; 28], if the correct pretreatment has been applied. Carbides were reported to be highly selective in the HDO of vegetable oils, where the C-O bonds scission and maintaining the C-C bonds intact are the prerequisites [29]. Supported molybdenum carbide was reported to be active for the phenol HDO during the hydrogenation of levulinic acid to gamma valerolactone in a continuous flow liquid phase reactor [30]. For a better understanding of such promising results, accurate attention to the synthesis and characterization of these carbides is essential. The first part of this review will describe the most common techniques used to prepare metal carbides, which have been used in the transformation of biomass. The second part will be devoted to the different applications of these metal carbides in biomass transformation. The application of metal carbides in hydrogenation and hydrodeoxidation reactions of first-generation (vegetable oils) and second-generation (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) biomass-derived molecules will be discussed (Scheme 1). In the last paragraph, we report a few examples of carbides as catalysts for reforming reactions.
## 4 Discussion
### Practical Implications  
The findings from this study on S10 and S12 para swimmers highlight the importance of developing personalized and adaptive training strategies that cater to individual physical constraints. By acknowledging the unique challenges and opportunities presented by physical and visual impairments, para swimmers can optimize their performance.  
There are significant implications for recovery times in stroke phases, particularly for athletes with arm disabilities. The observed differences in phase timing, especially during the catch (phase A) and recovery (phase D) between affected and unaffected sides indicate that strength imbalances can significantly impact performance. By implementing training strategies that promote balanced stroke mechanics and address the asymmetries in arm movement, athletes can potentially improve their overall stroke efficiency. Furthermore, understanding the impact of physical constraints, such as the absence of distal segments, can guide tailored drills that emphasize proper body positioning and arm coordination. This approach can optimize propulsion and recovery times, ultimately leading to better performance in the water. Coaches and athletes should prioritize adjustments in technique and training regimens to mitigate the effects of asymmetry and enhance overall swimming efficiency.  
The findings also highlight the importance of understanding coordination adaptations in para swimmers, specifically those with hand disabilities and visual impairments. Coaches and athletes can leverage these insights to tailor training regimens that focus on improving limb coordination and synchrony. In particular, the observed differences in kicking patterns between affected and unaffected sides suggest that targeted drills can enhance balance and symmetry in stroke execution. By recognizing the unique kicking curves and variations among swimmers, coaches can design exercises that accommodate individual disabilities, promoting more effective propulsion and overall performance. Ultimately, these adaptations not only aid in optimizing techniques, but also foster efficiency in athletes as they navigate their specific challenges in the water.
# Energy-Saving Breakthrough in the Point-to-Point Control of a Flexible Manipulator
## 1 Introduction
Consequently, feedforward control techniques have been introduced to address both vibration control and energy conservation in flexible manipulators. Our earlier work [34; 35] explored the point-to-point (PTP) motion in systems with flexible links, introducing a neural network-based trajectory planning method that simultaneously minimizes driving energy and residual vibration. [PERSON] et al. [36] developed a trajectory planning approach for flexible servomotor systems, aiming to achieve minimal energy consumption and zero residual vibration while adhering to state constraints on velocity, acceleration, and jerk. Furthermore, the present author [37] developed an open-loop control technique to further reduce driving energy without inducing residual vibrations in the PTP motion of flexible structures, employing a combination of cycloidal and polynomial functions for optimal trajectory generation. In the context of efforts to combat global warming, there is an increasing demand across various sectors for CO2 emission reduction (i.e., energy conservation). This trend highlights the need for more research focusing on energy-efficient approaches in flexible manipulator systems. A common hypothesis suggests that driving a flexible manipulator along a smooth trajectory, which minimizes vibration excitation, can achieve both residual vibration suppression and energy-efficient operation. But is this assumption accurate? This study seeks to answer this critical scientific question and introduces an energy-saving feed-forward control method for the PTP control problem in flexible manipulators. Simulations indicate that active deformation occurs in the manipulator during PTP motion, allowing for significant reductions in drive energy due to the interaction between the restoring force of deformation and the angular acceleration of rotation. Experimental validation further demonstrates the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method.
# Metrics-Based Comparison of OWL and XML for Representing and Querying Cognitive Radio Capabilities
## 2 Related Work  
To the best of our knowledge, we are the first group to propose a comprehensive and quantitative assessment method for the comparison of the use of OWL and XML for modeling the Radio Frequency (RF) domain. The most closely related efforts address only portions of the entire problem, which we classified into the following categories: (1) automatic device description generation, (2) automatic device capabilities query generation, (3) data transformation between the Resource Description Framework (RDF) [4; 5]/OWL and XML, and (4) query transformation between the SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language (SPARQL) [6] and XML Query Language (XQuery) [7]. Since the first two categories are fully addressed in [8; 9], this section is focused entirely on the latter two.
# A Systematic Review of the Usability of Telemedicine Interface Design for Older Adults
## 2 Methods
### Data Extraction and Analysis  
Data extraction and analysis were conducted using tables that highlighted study characteristics, including authors, study design, participant characteristics, sample size, and country of origin. Grey literature and conference papers are often preliminary or exploratory in nature and typically do not undergo peer review. Moreover, it is relatively difficult to obtain and systematically collect such documents. Therefore, to ensure the quality and reliability of the selected literature, this study excluded grey literature and conference papers.
# Recent Advances in Flexible Resistive Random Access Memory
## 3 Material System of Flexible Resistive Memory
### Summary of the Material System  
In flexible dielectric materials, the inorganic dielectric has good electrical properties and stable storage properties. The organic dielectric has good flexibility and can basically withstand more than \(10^{3}\) bending cycles under the minimum bending radius. The organic-inorganic composite material not only has excellent electrical properties and stable storage properties but also has good flexibility. In terms of material structures, there are nano porous structures, amorphous nanostructures and the metal-organic framework to be used. As mentioned above, the electrical properties and flexibility of dielectric materials can be significantly improved by using these structures.  
In the flexible electrode materials, metal electrodes are the most used flexible electrode materials. Metal electrodes have excellent conductivity and good flexibility, conductive oxide electrodes have high transmittance and carbon/nitrogen electrodes have excellent flexibility. In addition, the grid layer structure of metal nanowires can not only improve  
Figure 12: Structural formula of common polymer substrates: (**a**) PEN; (**b**) PET; (**c**) PI.  
the light transmittance but also improve the electrical conductivity and flexibility of the metal electrode. On the other hand, the shape of the crack formed by the electrode material under multiple bending cycles will also affect the function of the electrode material. For example, the labyrinth crack formed by the Pt electrode can still conduct currents although its conductivity will be reduced.  
In the flexible substrate materials, polymer substrates have been the first choice among flexible substrates, with PET and PEN being the most popular. These polymer materials have good mechanical flexibility, which can withstand repeated bending and twisting, and they also have stable physical and chemical properties. Although metal substrates and other types of substrates are used, polymer substrates are clearly the best choice in non-special cases.
## 4 Theoretical and Experimental Analyses
### Security
#### 4.3.3 Entropy  
Information entropy is used to describe the uncertainty or randomness of data. The entropy can be calculated by [PERSON]'s information entropy formula, which is calculated as follows:  
\[H(X)=-\sum\limits_{x=1}^{Z}P(x)\ log_{2}P(x). \tag{13}\]  
where \(H(X)\) denotes the entropy of random \(X\) and \(P(x)\) is the probability of \(x\). For a grayscale image, \(Z\) = 256. When all pixels have the same probability, i.e., \(P(x)=\frac{1}{256}\), \(H(X)\) achieves a theoretical maximum value, i.e., \(H(X)=-\sum\limits_{x=1}^{256}\frac{1}{256}\ log_{2}\frac{1}{256}=8\). Therefore, for a grayscale image, the closer \(H(X)\) is to, the more secure the image is. Table 1 shows the entropy of the shared images of the five test images, and the entropy of the image with only two shares is reconstructed when \(T\) = 3. An entropy close to eight indicates that this proposed scheme has a good encryption effect without preprocessing, and the shares with less than the threshold condition cannot recover the carrier image correctly. Table 1 shows that the entropy of the four generated shares is close to eight, indicating that our scheme can achieve an excellent encryption effect without preprocessing. In addition, when \(T\) = 2, the entropy of the reconstructed image is also close to eight, demonstrating that the image  
Figure 6: The visual presentation of the proposed scheme.  
reconstructed by participants with less than the threshold condition is also irregular, i.e., the carrier image cannot be recovered at this time.
# Partial Discharge Wideband Full-Band High-Gain Resonant Cavity UHF Sensor Research
## 3 Resonant Cavity UHF Antenna Sensor Design
### Partially Reflective Cladding Design and Combination  
The general partial reflection cladding with the feed antenna has a narrow bandwidth, which is because the reflection coefficient of the partial reflection layer becomes smaller in phase as the frequency increases and is a negative reflection phase gradient [18]. For this defect, a partially reflective cladding with a positive reflective phase gradient is designed in this paper.  
The partially reflective cladding unit designed in this paper adopts a single-layer double-sided asymmetric square structure, while empirically loading the perforations to make the gain performance smoother, and its structure is shown in Figure 9.  
Figure 8: Slotted dual resonant structure monopole antenna gain direction diagram.  
Figure 7: Slotted dual resonant structure monopole antenna VSWR diagram.  
To meet the desired direction of improvement, the front square patch width \(a\) is 60 mm and the back square patch width \(b\) is 64 mm. The distance of the perforation with a diameter of 2 mm from both sides of the square patch is 20 mm in both \(x\) and \(y\).  
The front unit structure is expanded into a uniformly distributed 3 \(\times\) 3 partial reflection cladding. The selection of dielectric substrate material is the same as the microstrip monopole antenna, i.e., FR-4 epoxy resin. The dimensions of the whole partial reflection cladding are also consistent with the microstrip monopole antenna, length \(\times\) width \(\times\) thickness = 205.2 mm \(\times\) 241.2 mm \(\times\) 2.8 mm, and the structure of the composed partial reflection cladding is shown in Figure 10, where \(W_{\text{b}}\) = 20.6 mm and \(L_{\text{b}}\) = 2.6 mm.  
The feed antenna designed in Section 3.1 and the partial reflection cladding designed in Section 3.2 are combined together by nylon screws, and the height between the lower feed antenna and the upper partial reflection cladding is d = 25 mm, which constitutes the physical structure of Fabry-Perot resonant cavity monopole antenna, as shown in Figure 11 below.  
Figure 11: _Cont._  
Figure 9: Partial reflective cladding unit diagram.
# Research and Development of Inland Green and Smart Ship Technologies in China
## 3 Current Inland Green and Smart Ship Technology in China
### Smart Ship Technology  
Smart ship technology refers to the using of information technology to automatically perceive and obtain information and data on the ship itself, marine environment, logistics, and ports so that intelligent operation can be realized in terms of navigation, management, maintenance, and cargo transportation [44]. Smart ship technology makes ships safer, more environmentally friendly, more economical and more reliable.
# Performance Evaluation of Bluetooth Low Energy: A Systematic Review
## 2 BLE Functioning  
### BLE Protocol Stack  
The BLE protocol is structured in a stack composed of three main blocks [48; 49; 50; 51], as shown in Figure 1:* The _Application_ (_App_) is the highest block of the stack, and it represents the direct interface with the user. It defines some profiles thanks to which different applications, which reuse common functionality, are able to interoperate. These application profiles are specified by the Bluetooth SIG and encourage interoperability between devices from different manufacturers. Bluetooth specification allows also defining vendor-specific profiles for use cases not covered by the SIG-defined profiles.
* The _Host_ includes the following layers:
* Generic Access Profile (GAP)
* Generic Attribute Profile (GATT)
* Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2 CAP)
* Attribute Protocol (ATT)
* Security Manager Protocol (SMP)
* Host Controller Interface (HCI), _Host_ side
* The _Controller_ is structured in the following layers:
* Host Controller Interface (HCI), _Controller_ side
* Link Layer (LL)
* Physical Layer (PHY)  
Each layer in the protocol incorporates its lower layer. The raw data, acquired from the antenna, are consequently encapsulated in a standard BLE packet, shown by the arrow on the left. On the other side, a BLE packet that shall be sent by a transmitter is fragmented in raw data and then managed by the PHY layer, as the arrow on the right shows. The BLE architecture has maintained some common parts of Classic Bluetooth, in order to allow the development of devices compatible with both standards (_Smart Ready_ devices). In Figure 2 are shown the protocol architectures of Classic Bluetooth, BLE and _Smart Ready_ devices, pointing out different and equal blocks between the protocols. As can be seen in the figure, the dual mode shares some common parts with both standards (PHY, HCI, L2 CAP and _App_ layer), while other layers are typical of the Basic Rate/Enhanced Data Rate (BR/EDR) (Link Manager  
Figure 1: BLE protocol stack. The three main blocks are the _Controller_ (grey), the _Host_ (blue) and the _App_ (green). The _HCI_ (red) is the interface that manages the communication between the _Controller_ and the _Host_. The rectangular frames represent the different layers of the protocol, and they are ordered in a stack, which starts from the bottom, with the PHY part, and ends at the higher level, that is the _App_. The arrows show how encapsulation and fragmentation work. Adapted from [48].  
Protocol (LM), Radio Frequency Communication (RFCOMM) and Service Discovery Protocol (SDP)) or belong to the BLE only (LL, ATT, GATT, SMP and GAPP).  
In the following sections, all the layers of the protocol stack will be described in detail.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Dataset
#### 2.2.2 Airborne Laser Scanning Data  
To validate Carbon Sinks and Aerosol LiDAR (CASAL) elevation estimation accuracy, we utilized airborne laser scanning (ALS) data acquired by a RIEGL VQ-1560i system (RIEGL Laser Measurement Systems, Horn, Austria) mounted on a Cessna 208B aircraft (Textron Aviation, Wichita, KS, USA) in August-September 2018. The data were referenced to the China Geodetic Coordinate System 2000 (CGCS2000) with elevation values based on the 1985 National Elevation Datum, projected using a 3\({}^{\circ}\) Gauss-Kruger coordinate system and acquired at a point density of 16 pulses/m\({}^{2}\). Point cloud preprocessing, including noise removal and classification, was performed using LiDAR360 v2.2. Classified point clouds were interpolated via triangular irregular network (TIN) modeling to generate 1 m resolution digital surface models (DSMs) and a digital elevation model (DEM). To ensure elevation reference consistency, we performed datum conversion between the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) WGS84 coordinate system used for ALS products and the Geoid12A vertical datum, aligning them with the WGS84 ellipsoid reference of CASAL data prior to accuracy assessment.