## 4 Discussion  
The hypothesis of the study is partially rejected as statistically significant value losses or unfavorable results were obtained in some groups of boron derivatives for each method compared to the control group. Contemporary composites are comprised of an organic polymer matrix phase, an inorganic phase containing filler particles, and an intermediate phase [18]. The structure of the organic polymer matrix phase in resin composites includes dimethacrylate oligomers such as Bis-GMA or UDMA, along with initiator and accelerator systems for free radical polymerization, and stabilizer systems to enhance chemical and storage stability. Due to the high viscosity of UDMA and Bis-GMA, low molecular weight diacrylates such as TEGDMA are added to reduce viscosity [19]. Free radical polymerization is a key synthesis route for obtaining a wide variety of different polymers and material composites, and it involves the successive addition of free radicals to form a polymer chain. Additionally, living free radical polymerization and controlled free radical polymerization are techniques used to produce organic/inorganic hybrid composites with well-dispersed polymer solid composites [20]. In recent years, various therapeutic agents, strength-enhancing additives, antibacterial, and similar substances can be incorporated into the structure of dental composites [12; 21; 22]. Boron is an element of significant importance that can be examined as a material used in the dental field. Some studies suggest that boron may impart positive effects on structural strength, antibacterial activity, vital situation and progression. However, there is a limited number of studies on this subject, especially regarding biocompatibility [5]. Therefore, further research is needed to explore the potential use of boron in dental materials. In this study, five different boron materials, namely zinc borate, boric acid, borax pentahydrate, etifert, and eticol-ceramic, were incorporated into a microhybrid-based dental composite structure at 5% (\(w/w\)) using a precision balance. The experimental composites were produced by adding these materials to achieve the desired composition. Boron elements, which play an active role in various systems such as neurological development, the endocrine system, the functioning of the body's defense mechanisms, and bone structure, can induce osteogenic differentiation even at very low levels. Boron derivatives such as zinc borate and boric acid activate genes related to bone formation by significantly stimulating alkaline phosphatase activity and also contribute to calcium storage. Particularly, the significance of zinc borate as a crucial osteoinductive agent for osteoblastic differentiation has been substantiated through the utilization of human exfoliated deciduous teeth [23]. The incorporation of zinc borate into the structure of non-dental composites based on polycarbonate or polypropylene has been identified as a means to enhance the mechanical properties of the structure. It has been observed that the tribological and hardness performance also improves [24; 25]. The impact of adding boric acid, colemanite, and borax to polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-based denture base material on flexural strength and surface hardness values was examined. As a result of this study, it was determined that 1% colemanite improves the mechanical properties of PMMA, and at the same time, boric acid was observed to enhance surface microhardness [26]. Additionally, various boron derivatives were utilized in various studies to investigate their cytotoxicity, anticancer, and antibacterial properties. It has been proven that borax pentahydrate disrupts the metabolism of cancer cells, reducing their proliferation and suggesting its potential as a novel antiangiogenic agent [27]. The addition of boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) to the structure of dental composites has been proposed to exhibit improved mechanical and antibacterial efficacy [12].