## 3 Overview of IoT System Security Applications in the Industrial Field
### Comparative Analysis Referred to Cybersecurity  
Cybersecurity is a complex challenge, given the high interconnectedness and increasing number of devices. The solutions presented highlight the importance of holistic approaches integrating cryptography, risk management, and robust security protocols to protect industrial systems from growing cyber threats. Each initiative contributes to building a more secure and trusted ecosystem, which is essential for the future evolution of IoT technologies. Security in IoT devices is crucial; millions of devices are connected and vulnerable to attacks. Security initiatives in IoT ecosystems, innovations in data security, and approaches to new paradigms are recent strategies studied in the previously analyzed articles, aiming to ensure data security and system reliability:  
* Security Initiatives in IoT Ecosystems: 512-bit RSA and firm hash algorithms are used to protect IoT data. This approach is combined with effective clustering methods based on parameters such as node degree, distance, residual energy, and fitness, with the Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA) used to determine suitability in the context of the sensor network. In some cases, for security in CPSs, they put the system into safe mode when boundary criteria are exceeded, resulting in a rapid response to critical solutions. Risk management is an essential aspect. It is possible to proactively address emerging threats by managing risk in three phases: detection, analysis, and reconfiguration. Finally, a further initiative to ensure cybersecurity concerns the importance of security protocols in wireless networks. * Innovations in Data Security: One innovation in data security is blockchain, which ensures that data is stored securely by strengthening trust in the peer-to-peer system. Also innovative is the implementation of deep protection combined with an encryption algorithm to ensure end-to-end security, particularly important context given that data can pass through vulnerable entities. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**Reference** & **IoT Entity** & **Communication Technologies** & **Detected/Inferred Quantity** & **Detection Algorithm** & **Cost–Benefits and Implementations** \\ \hline [PERSON] & Smart band & GSM & Body temperature, heart rate, and posture & Algorithm proposed by the authors & Low-cost smart PPE and easy implementation \\ \hline [PERSON]. [PERSON] et al. [61] & Wearable band & GPRS & Worker position with respect to the vehicle & Algorithm proposed by the authors & Reduces the risk of accidents on construction sites with low investment and operating costs \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [64] & Smart band & GPS, LoRa & PPG, body temperature, and position & Fuzzy logic & Effective platform to monitor a worker’s physiological data \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [67] & Smart PPE & WiFi, MQTT & Biophysical and environmental parameters & DCNN & Significant investment for companies with excellent security benefits \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [71] & PPE with UHF-RFID & BLE & Worker or obstacle position & Position algorithm & Low implementation costs but with limitations in the application of RFID tags for better effectiveness \\ \hline [PERSON]. [PERSON] et al. [68] & PPE with UHF-RFID & EPCglobal Class-1 Generation-2 & Appropriate PPE usage & N.A. & Low-cost technology and easy to implement on other PPE \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [72] & Sensor node with camera & N.A. & Monitoring that operators wear PPE & Deep learning YOLOv4 & High performance at moderate cost of application \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: _Cont._New Paradigm Approaches: Two new cybersecurity paradigms are IIoT-enabled flexible systems and hybrid edge CComputing routers. First, using techniques such as mutual authentication and key agreement, the new approach overcomes the limitations of previous technologies that improve data analysis and operational efficiency.