esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Receiver Integration for WDM with Throughput by 100-Gb/s and beyond
In addition to performing measurements at room temperature, we also conducted environmental tests, such as temperature tracking from 5 to 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C and high-temperature storage at 85 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Mechanical vibration and shock were also investigated. In all the  
Figure 7: MM-AWG photoreceiver for 100 Gb/s. Active alignment was employed. (**a**) Schematic configuration of core assembly. (**b**) Photograph of the fabricated photoreceiver and image of footprint of Ethernet transceiver. (**c**) Responsivity spectra of the photoreceiver. (**d**) BER characteristics with experimental setup. 100 G Tx: 100-Gb/s transmitter. 100 G Rx: 100-Gb/s receiver. tests, we confirmed the loss change as low as less than 0.2 dB, which reveals the high reliability of the photoreceiver owing to our stable core assembly structure. Figure 7d shows the measured BER characteristics of the 100-Gb/s pin-PD photoreceiver. The 4 \(\times\) 25 Gb/s NRZ signals were input into a 100-Gb/s transmitter we also fabricated [38]. After 10-km fiber transmission, the WDM signal was detected at our receiver while input power was changed by a VOA. The BER of the photoreceiver was measured by CDR and an ED. As a result, we obtained the minimum receiver sensitivity of less than \(-10.9\) dBm in optical modulation amplitude (OMA) at a BER = \(10^{-12}\). As compared with back-to-back (BtoB) transmission, we also confirmed that the crosstalk penalty was negligible. These results can satisfy the specifications for 10-km 100 GbE links with a sensitivity margin of over 4 dB even though the photoreceiver is based on a pin-PD. By replacing the pin-PD with an APD, we confirmed further extended reach of 40 km. We have used our photoreceiver design concept in developing several types of other photoreceivers and aggregating configurations. For example, ramping up to 200-Gb/s throughput was achieved by adopting four-level pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM4) [18]. In addition, we have also developed a 400-Gb/s photoreceiver using eight-channel WDM together with the PAM4 format [21]. Moreover, we have demonstrated 400-Gb/s aggregations of 16 \(\lambda\times\) 25-Gb/s NRZ and 8 \(\lambda\times\) 50-Gb/s PAM4 signals by using the 100 GbE devices and functional cyclic AWGs [19; 20]. Furthermore, we have recently reported 400-Gb/s transmission with 4 \(\times\) 100-Gbit/s/\(\lambda\) WDM photoreceivers [39; 40; 41]. These consecutive studies have clearly shown our receiver integration technology is very promising for current networks as well as for future data-centric architectures.
A scheme of the LRC linings is shown in the Figure 1. In this technology, the most common lining material is steel [10; 11]. It is justified to seek substitutional sealing materials beside stainless-steel, which will make the LRC storage more available and economical. One of the potential solutions is to use polymer-based concrete or epoxy resins, which are characterized by good sealing efficiencies. Research of gas permeability was done, including different methods, different polymer materials, and different gases. These studies include, inter alia, permeability of epoxy composites, using helium and CO\({}_{2}\)[12; 13], permeability of N\({}_{2}\), O\({}_{2}\), CO\({}_{2}\), and H\({}_{2}\)O through number of polymer materials (inter alia LDPE, HDPE, PVC, polypropylene) [14], and hydrogen permeability of high density polyethylene (HDPE) [15]. However, research related with hydrogen permeability through epoxy resins are very limited [16; 17]. The purpose of this work is to compare hydrogen permeability of different materials, which could be used as the sealing liner for hydrogen storage in LRC with focus on epoxy resins modified with various additives. Additionally, permeability of typical rocks that can be found around LRC, and rock salt, were also measured in order to compare results with available data. In this work, a setup combining Steady-State Flow Method and Carrier Gas Method was used for experiments. Samples were also examined under SEM to compare their structural properties.
# Aerial Coverage Analysis of Cellular Systems at LTE and mmWave Frequencies Using 3D City Models
## 2 System Model
### Network Model  
To study the influence of interference on the network performance for UAVs, a downlink simulator combining multi-band channel models with a 3D map of a real city was designed. Table 1 contains the main simulation parameters.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Values** \\ \hline Carrier frequencies & 1.8 GHz, 38 GHz \\ Signal bandwidth, B & 20 MHz, 400 MHz \\ White noise power density, \(N_{0}\)[20] & \(-174\) dBm/Hz \\ UE noise figure, F [20] & 9 dB \\ Active ground user density, \(\rho\) & 20 users/km\({}^{2}\) \\ \# iterations & 100 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Simulation parameters.
## 7 Validation and Results  
As explained, the proposed approach is composed of three steps: (i) named entity recognition; (ii) negation and speculation detection; and (iii) linking dates to cancer entities.The validation methodology that was used will be presented first, followed by the results that were obtained for each step. For validation purposes, the following standard measurements were used: Precision (P), Recall (R), and F-score (F1). An implementation for the proposed approach can be found in GitHub ([[https://github.com/solarte7/lung_cancer_diagnosis](https://github.com/solarte7/lung_cancer_diagnosis)]([https://github.com/solarte7/lung_cancer_diagnosis](https://github.com/solarte7/lung_cancer_diagnosis))).
# The Role of Fungi in Food Production and Processing
## 2 Understanding the Research Prospects
### Factors Influencing Fungal Growth and spoilage in Different Food Matrices
#### 2.4.2 Extrinsic Factors  
Extrinsic factors encompass environmental conditions and external influences that affect fungal growth and spoilage in food products. Temperature is one of the most significant extrinsic factors, as fungi exhibit specific temperature requirements for growth and proliferation. Mesophilic fungi, such as _Aspergillus_ and _Penicillium_ species, thrive in moderate temperatures (20-30 \({}^{\circ}\)C) [94], while psychrophilic fungi, such as molds of the genus _Cladosporium_, can grow at lower temperatures (0-10 \({}^{\circ}\)C) [95]. Thermophilic fungi can grow at temperatures above 45 \({}^{\circ}\)C and have a minimum temperature for growth of or above 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C [94]. Oxygen availability also plays a crucial role in fungal growth, with aerobic fungi requiring oxygen for respiration and anaerobic fungi thriving in oxygen-deprived environments [96]. Furthermore, the storage conditions, such as the humidity levels, packaging materials, and exposure to light, can influence fungal growth and spoilage in food products.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Control Algorithm Design  
Three independent algorithms were developed for the control of the electronic subsystems that are integrated in the test bench. The first of the algorithms is in charge of measuring, calculating, and showing the tilt angle of the mobile platform that supports the tested ATV-Quad. The CF was implemented, following Equation (4), to obtain a measurement less distorted by electronic noise. Additionally, an appropriate refresh frequency of the display was configured to make a real-time representation of the tilt angle possible.  
The second of the developed algorithms determines the rollover angle of the vehicle. Figure 13 shows the flowchart of this algorithm, implemented in an Arduino microcontroller. There are four different stages in the flow control of the algorithm: (i) checking if the signal of the load cells (\(P_{m,left}\), \(P_{m,right}\)) is higher than a preset value, given by the user of the bench (\(P_{max}\)), meaning that the four wheels of the vehicle stand on the platform; (ii) checking if the signal of the load cells more distant to the axis of rotation of the mobile platform is lower than a preset value, meaning that the wheels over the mentioned cells do not keep contact anymore with their respective cells; hence, the overturn has started; (iii) recording the value of the rollover angle \(\theta_{tilt}\), (iv) the mobile platform continues rotating until the maximal value of the tilt angle (\(\theta_{max}\)), preset by the user, is reached.  
The third and last algorithm developed in this project performs the measurement of the damage suffered by the dummy. A scale of damage was defined to check the values of the acceleration that provide the sensors installed on the dummy. This scale allows one to determine if the damage suffered by the dummy in a rollover test correspond to mild effects or serious, or even fatal, injuries.  
Figure 12: Mobile platform of the test bench.
# Multilayered Network Model for Mobile Network Infrastructure Disruption
## 4 Routing in MNM  
As described in previous sections, the MNM is composed of three layers that work independently, so the routing protocols on each layer also works independently. The network disruption scenario is the exceptional situation, in which routing protocols used by each layer need to provide required actions to recognize urgent data and deliver it to the Cloud through AP. Therefore, the content of this section will focus on the recommendations of appropriate routing techniques and algorithms for individual layers and also on their necessary modifications for proper functioning in MNM.
## 6 Results and Discussion  
Different simulations have been performed to test the proposed optimization tool. Four core-settings have been considered: deterministic optimization with and without BESS allocation (i.e., data and resources' behaviour are assumed known exactly and equal to their expected values without any uncertainty), and robust optimization with and without BESS allocation.  
Moreover, an initial study has been executed on a single hour, to check the correct working of the robust linear programming implementation; then, the analysis has been extended to the whole time period \(T\) (24 h in ordinary conditions, and 5 h of repair time in emergency conditions), in order to identify some general remarks in the exploitation of flexibility services and the potential support of storage devices.
# A Novel OFDM-Based Time Domain Quadrature GSM for Visible Light Communication System
## 4 Detection Methods  
In this section, we first review the traditional ML-MRC detection algorithm employed in most generalized MIMO schemes, and then the proposed IVC-based OMP detection algorithm for the two proposed OFDM-based QG-MIMO systems is detailed accordingly.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Tailpipe Versus Dilution Tunnel  
#### 3.2.1 CO\({}_{2}\) Distance Specific Results  
Figure 9 presents the differences of the PEMS and the tailpipe analyzers to the dilution tunnel results for each phase of the WLTC (smaller symbols without frame) or the lab-RDE cycles (smaller symbols with frame) for the two vehicles. The larger symbols are the overall cycle results. The dashed lines show permissible tolerance according to regulation [4]. Each point is the mean value of three repetitions.  
The CO\({}_{2}\) emissions were 110-200 g/km for the SI vehicle and 90-150 g/km for the CI vehicle. The differences of the PEMS and the tailpipe measurements compared to the CVS results were within the permissible range of the regulation limits (10 g/km or 10%, whichever is larger), with a few exceptions, namely: for the SI vehicle, PEMS #1 was outside the (lower) limits for the lab-RDE test (urban phase), and similarly, for the CI vehicle, PEMS #2 and PEMS #3 were outside the limits for the lab-RDE test (urban phase). The real data signals revealed that these differences were probably due to the underestimation of the mass emissions (in particular exhaust gas flow) at idle for the SI vehicle (Figure 3 or Figure 4) and the CO\({}_{2}\) concentrations for the CI vehicle (Figure 6).  
Most researchers have found differences below 3.6% [11; 12; 13; 15; 16] for CO\({}_{2}\) mass emissions, and one study found a difference of 8% for one PEMS [13] compared with the laboratory equipment. The higher differences found in this study have to do with the higher flow rate uncertainties discussed previously (Figure 3).  
Figure 8: Examples of NOx concentration [ppm] real time profiles. **Left panel**: SI vehicle. The first spike of 2000 ppm with the SI vehicle is not shown so as to improve the readability at the lower range. **Right panel**: CI vehicle.  
Figure 9: CO\({}_{2}\) emission differences of PEMS and tailpipe analyzers from bags (WLTC) or dilution tunnel (lab-RDE). **Left panel:** SI vehicle. **Right panel:** CI vehicle. The dashed lines are the permissible tolerance according to the regulation [4].
## 7 Telemedicine and AI Support Systems
### Contingency Plans for Planetary Missions  
Medical kits for long-duration space missions must incorporate advanced tools, including portable 3D bioprinters for on-demand fabrication of corneal constructs and other tissues. Paired with reservoirs of stem cells and bioinks tailored for corneal repair, these bioprinters address severe injuries, such as ulcers or abrasions, in isolated environments [15; 26].  
Compact imaging systems, when integrated with therapeutic devices such as femtosecond lasers, can significantly enhance astronauts' ability to autonomously manage acute ocular conditions. Femtosecond lasers have revolutionized ophthalmic surgeries, including corneal procedures and cataract surgeries, due to their precision and minimal tissue damage [22; 76; 96]. Automated diagnostic systems linked to AI platforms further streamline assessment and treatment, ensuring effective medical responses even during emergencies [97]. These systems provide real-time contextual recommendations, enabling astronauts to handle both acute and chronic conditions far from Earth [98].  
The modularity of medical kits allows customization based on mission specifics, such as crew size, duration, and anticipated health risks. Standardized checklists and high-fidelity training simulations ensure astronauts can effectively utilize medical kits under high-stress conditions. Given the constraints of space missions, these kits must be designed to be compact, accessible, and multifunctional, ensuring that astronauts have the necessary tools to manage ocular injuries, including corneal abrasions and infections, with minimal external support [97].  
Additionally, advanced countermeasures for risks associated with prolonged microgravity, such as cephalad fluid shifts leading to neuro-ocular complications, are essential. Equipment for intraocular pressure monitoring and interventions for managing spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) ensure comprehensive ocular care [9].  
By integrating cutting-edge diagnostic, therapeutic, and training resources, these medical kits optimize crew health and safety, enabling mission success despite the challenges of long-duration space exploration.
# A Contemporary Novel Classification of Voltage Stability Indices
## 2 The Proposed Classification Scheme
### From Formulation Perspective  
The system variable and the Jacobian matrix basis voltage stability indices are often derived from the two-bus system, which is based on power flow analysis and Jacobian matrix [18; 31]. These indices are classified into two classes; bus and line indices. Jacobian matrix-based voltage stability indices can be used to determine the voltage collapse point; in other words, Jacobian matrix-based voltage stability indices demonstrate maximum loadability and determine voltage stability margin. An interconnected power system's Jacobian matrix in an online operation seems complicated. Jacobian matrix computation is more time consuming. Therefore, it is not viable for a voltage stability online assessment.  
The system variable-based voltage stability indices deal with power system elements such as weak bus or area assessment, line loadability limit considering admittance matrix. It can be demonstrated with inefficiency of application to estimate roughly the voltage stability margin. Usually, these indices apply for online assessment of the crucial element of a power system [32]. PMU technology is another category that has been used for monitoring the voltage stability indices rather than instability prediction. Nowadays, the PMU hardware technology is known as an accurate and advanced time-synchronized technology for voltage instability monitoring for tracking system dynamics in real time [33]. The PMU-based voltage monitoring techniques are classified into two major classes, which are based on local measurements and relied on Thevenin impedance calculations, and wide-area monitoring (global) measurements [33]. However, the Thevenin method has its deficiency due to the parameter's variation during the two measurements.
# Membrane Engineering for Sustainable Development: A Perspective
## 2 Membrane Operations in Sustainable Development: Case Scenario
### Industrial Waste Gases Exploitation  
Water consumption by industries represents around 22% of water global consumption. Its largest single use is in power generation. A coal-fired power station requires 1.6 liters of water per kWh of energy produced, or, in other words, a 500 MW thermoelectric power plant utilizes 45,000 m\({}^{3}\)/h of water. Up to now, much effort has been put in the treatment and reuse of wastewater \"produced\" or \"released\". In contrast, despite there are always huge quantities of water emitted in the air, there is not an available commercial technology for evaporated wastewater treatment and recovery. Moreover, the new stringent rules on emissions in the atmosphere limit the amount of vapor that can be discharged due to the environmental concerns that these emissions imply in terms of greenhouse effects. Therefore, the separation and recovery of the water contained in the waste gaseous streams, on one hand is a constrain to be addressed, on the other can represent a new source of water.  
Based on the results achieved in MD technology, in the last years another membrane-assisted technology for water recovery from gaseous stream is in its developing phase: membrane-assisted condensation. The latter belongs to membrane contactor processes. Its operating principle consists in condensing and recovering the water contained in a saturated gas. For reaching its goal, membrane condenser uses a hydrophobic membrane that impedes to the water droplets present in a saturated gas to pass through. Moreover, the hydrophobic membrane promote water vapor condensation due to the reduced activation energy of heterogeneous condensation. It has been demostrated that, in general, more than 65% of the water present in the gaseous waste stream (with temperature of the gaseous stream from 40 to 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C) can be recovered with cooling lower than 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C [28]. Moreover, depending on the chemical-physical properties of the membrane and on the process parameters (temperature, relative humidity, flowrate, etc.), the composition of the recovered liquid water can be controlled very precisely [29]. The possibility of controlling, by opportunely tuning the operating conditions, the condensation of contaminants suggests two different options for its use: as a unit for water recovery, minimizing the contaminants content, or, as the pre-treatment stage, forcing most of the contaminants to be retained.  
Figure 4: Theoretical flux as function of solution concentration at various feed temperatures for LiCl solution. The vertical dashed line shows the minimum solution concentration required to achieve the crystals from solution. Reproduced with permission from [27]. Copyright Elsevier, 2016.
# Inspection of Coated Hydrogen Transportation Pipelines
## 4 Evaluation of Current Pipeline Inspection Methods for Hydrogen Pipelines
### Coatings
#### 4.2.1 Effectiveness of Coatings  
Before the effectiveness of coatings can be discussed, they need to be categorised. Current literature does not appear to have a consensus on how coatings should be categorised.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Defect** & **ASME B31.12** & **BS 7910** \\ \hline Fatigue Crack & & Clause 8 \\ SCC & Refer to API 1104 & Clause 10.3.3 \\ HIC & Clause 10.3.3 \\ Corrosion & & Clause 10.3.2 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: An overview of the acceptance criteria for each defect produced during operation according to ASME B31.12 and BS 7910 [94; 95; 96; 97].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Method** & **Hydrogen Damage** & **Evaluation** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{UT} & \multirow{4}{*}{HIC, HSC, HIBC, SOHIC [15]} & UT tools can detect, with a 95\% confidence level, the affected area with a tolerance of \(\pm\)0.3 mm to \(\pm\)0.6 mm. However, the requirement for coupling means this would be difficult to do in-line [11] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{EMAT} & \multirow{4}{*}{HIC, HSC, HIBC, SOHIC [15]} & [PERSON] [98] describes an \"8-element EMAT phased array\" at an operating frequency of 1 MHz being able to detect defects with a width of 0.2 mm and a depth of 0.8 mm present on the opposite surface of the array.  
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline RT & HIC, HSC, HIBC, SOHIC [15] & The choice of an image quality indicator (IQI) and subsequent processing will determine the sensitivity of the RT conducted [99]. The smallest IQI appears to be 1 mm in diameter. [99] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{MFL} & \multirow{4}{*}{\"Metal loss\" (e.g., corrosion) [15]} & Statistical analysis of MFL data to obtain defect shape parameters can reach up to 90\% accuracy for length, 84\% for width and 78\% for depth [100]. [PERSON] et al. [101] describes combining EMAT, MFL and EC to accurately measure the wall thickness of a specimen and determine the location of metal loss in the wall of the specimen. However, the sensitivity of this method is not discussed.  
\end{table}
Table 8: An evaluation of the discussed NDE methods in relation to the hydrogen damage that they can inspect.  
For instance, [PERSON] [102] divided coatings up into two categories--brittle and ductile, whereas [PERSON] [103] appears to group coatings according to whether they are \"on top\" or \"diffusion\" coatings.  
To aid further discussions about inspection methods, this review shall categorise coatings as metallic and non-metallic. Metallic coatings will encompass the metals and alloys described in current literature. Non-metallic coatings will then refer to coatings consisting of compounds. Table 9 categorises coatings and evaluates their effectiveness against hydrogen damage.  
The following table outlines categories of coatings and their usefulness in reducing HE.