esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Application of USCCD on Girth Weld Defect Detection of Oil Pipelines
## 5 Conclusions  
The conclusions made, arising from the pull testing program and the inspection performance of the UltraScan(tm) CCD inspection system, were:  
Crack-like defects can be detected as the clear edges can be found during ultrasonic propagation; however, shallow edges are easily to be missed.  
The achieved POI includes the possibility to recognize linear indications as well as to classify the correct radial position of the defects. It was not investigated whether the type of defect (including crack-like, metal loss, weld geometry etc.) can be distinguished from the linear indication.  
So far, the defect depth can only be classified and cannot be quantified for the defects in and at the weld. All of the defects with depths of \(\geq\)2.5 mm can be correctly classified; while most shallow ones were overestimated, especially for those in welds. The dynamic behavior of the sensor carrier potentially had an effect on the test data and the depth estimation. Furthermore, the different weld geometry led to lift-off in the tests. Therefore, the depth sizing specification might be compromised.  
Real run inspection data analysis is more difficult than pull test, which shows lower accuracy. Possible reasons may include: much more irregular shape of weld, tool running speed, environment impact on tool dynamic performance, etc. Possible ways to improve the tool performance shall be assessed, and would require additional excavations.  
Conceptualization, L.S.D., Q.S.F., J.S. and D.P.W.; methodology, Q.S.F. and J.S.; validation, X.Q.X., T.W. and Z.J.W.; formal analysis, L.S.D.; investigation, L.S.D. and X.Q.X.; resources, Q.S.F.; data curation, L.S.D.; writing--original draft preparation, L.S.D.; writing--review and editing, T.W.; project administration, Q.S.F.; funding acquisition, Q.S.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China [Grant No. 2016 YFC0802100] and Pipeline Research Council International (PRCI) [Grant No. PR-469-143708].  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
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# Artificial Intelligence in Ophthalmology: Advantages and Limits
## 2 Technical Introduction to AI for Clinicians
### Deep Learning (DL)
#### 2.4.4 Segmentation  
As a special case of classification, segmentation recognizes and isolates various anatomical structures.  
In many cases, segmentation is a step in analytics applications before classification. For instance, CNNs are appropriate for optic disc segmentation, helpful for glaucoma diagnosis [17], blood vessel image segmentation, as well as exudates for DR screening [25], or segmentation for drusen detection, which is useful in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) diagnosis.  
An efficient model for segmentation is U-Net [26], which may be trained with small image sets and has two sections: one of under-sampling and another of over-sampling, mutually connected in a symmetric model that permits the stage of training. In this way, a direct relation between the original and segmented images is achieved.  
An additional efficient structure is the _Recurrent Neural Network_ (_RNN_) [27], which implies recurrent connections and permits temporary storage of data from the latest inputs. The utility of RNNs is the analysis of volumetric images, such as those of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), as certain relationships can be found between successive sets of images.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Dosimetric Comparison  
Dosimetric parameters such as the PTV D100%, maximum dose in the PTV (PTV\({}_{\text{max}}\)), minimum dose in the PTV (PTV\({}_{\text{min}}\)), conformity index (CI), and homogeneity index (HI) of the PTV were calculated to analyse the quality of our RT planning. PTV D100% was the volume with minimum dose received by 100% of prescribed dose. PTV\({}_{\text{max}}\) should not exceed 107% of the dose, and PTV\({}_{\text{min}}\) should not be smaller than 95% of dose. The CI was defined as the ratio between the volume covered by the reference isodose, which according to the ICRU was 95% isodose and the target volume designated in this study was the PTVH. CI = V\({}_{\text{RI}}\)/TV, where V\({}_{\text{RI}}\) was reference isodose volume, and TV was target volume. The CI equal to 1 corresponded to the ideal dose coverage or high conformity. The CI greater than 1 indicated that irradiated volume exceeded the target volume and covered part of the healthy tissue. The CI less than 1 meant that the target volume was partially radiated. The HI was defined as the ratio of the maximum dose in the target volume to the reference isodose. HI was I\({}_{\text{max}}\)/RI, where I\({}_{\text{max}}\) was maximum isodose in the target, and RI was reference isodose. HI was an objective tool to analyze the uniformity of dose distribution in the target volume. The ideal value of HI was 1, and it increased as the plan became less homogeneous. The mean dose of the oral cavity was recorded for constraint concerning mucositis, and the V26 of bilateral parotid glands (the volume of the RT dose to 26 Gy in the parotid glands) was used for xerostomia consideration [14]. All dosimetric parameters were measured in comparison with conventional universal oral corks [15].
# Comparing Monitoring Networks to Assess Urban Heat Islands in Smart Cities
###### Abstract  
The increasing frequency and intensity of heat waves, combined with urban heat islands (UHIs), pose significant public health challenges. Implementing low-cost, real-time monitoring networks with distributed stations within the smart city framework faces obstacles in transforming urban spaces. Accurate data are essential for assessing these effects. This paper compares different network types in a medium-sized city in western Spain and their implications for UHI identification quality. The study first presents a purpose-built monitoring network using Open-Source platforms, IoT technology, and LoRaWAN communications, adhering to World Meteorological Organization guidelines. Additionally, it evaluates two citizen weather observer networks (CWONs): one from a commercial smart device company and another from a global community connecting environmental sensor data. The findings highlight several advantages of bespoke monitoring networks over CWON, including enhanced data accessibility and greater flexibility to meet specific requirements, facilitating adaptability and scalability for future upgrades. However, specialization is crucial for effective deployment and maintenance. Conversely, CWONs face limitations in network uniformity, data shadow zones, and insufficient knowledge of real sensor situations or component characteristics. Furthermore, CWONs exhibit some data inconsistencies in probability distribution and scatter plots during extreme heat periods, as well as improbable UHI temperature values.  
Keywords:IoT; urban heat islands; LoRaWAN; open-source platforms; smart cities; monitoring; digitalization; real time data; citizen networks; automatic weather station +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
# Modeling Transient Flows in Heterogeneous Layered Porous Media Using the Space-Time Trefftz Method
## 2 The Methodology  
### Governing Equations  
The two-dimensional diffusion equation used to describe transient flows is expressed as follows:  
\[\frac{\partial^{2}h(r,\theta,t)}{\partial r^{2}}+\frac{\partial h(r,\theta,t) }{r\partial r}+\frac{\partial^{2}h(r,\theta,t)}{r^{2}\partial\theta^{2}}= \frac{S_{S}}{k}\frac{\partial h(r,\theta,t)}{\partial t},\ (r,\theta,t)\in\Omega_{t}, \tag{1}\]  
where \(h\) is the total head, \(r\) is the radius, \(t\) is the time, \(\theta\) is the polar angle, \(S_{s}\) is the volumetric specific storage, \(k\) is the hydraulic conductivity, and \(\Omega_{t}\) is the space-time domain. For modeling transient flows in a porous media, the initial and boundary conditions are required, as follows:  
\[h=H_{0}(r,\ \theta,\ t=0),\ (r,\theta,t)\in\Omega_{t}, \tag{2}\]  
\[h=H_{D}(r,\ \theta,\ t),\ (r,\theta,t)\in\partial\Omega_{t}, \tag{3}\]  
\[h_{n}=\frac{\partial h}{\partial n}=H_{N}(r,\ \theta,\ t),\ (r,\theta,t)\in \partial\Omega_{t}, \tag{4}\]  
where \(H_{0}\) is the initial total head, \(H_{D}\) is the Dirichlet boundary data, and \(H_{N}\) is the Neumann boundary data.
# Independent System Calibration of Sentinel-1B
## 3 Internal Calibration
### Instrument Stability  
Besides the instrument stability analysis performed within one DT, the instrument stability over longer time periods is evaluated by means of the so-called Power Gain (PG) product. The PG product can be derived for each calibration sequence within a DT, thus including the calibration sequences acquired in the preamble of the DT. Calibration pulses in the preamble are acquired with the same radar parameters as the imaging pulses and can be therefore used to monitor the imaging replica energy over time, i.e., from DT to DT. In this case, the PG product is given by the compression of the measured replica (proper combination of calibration pulses with imaging settings) with the corresponding ideal chirp.  
Figure 8 shows the PG product evolution over time, in amplitude and phase, respectively. Every point in the plot represents the PG product obtained from the analysis of the calibration pulses in the preamble of one single DT. Regarding the amplitude of the PG product, three different groups can be observed, which depend on the SES Rx-gain settings with which the data have been acquired. Sentinel-1B commanded SES Rx-gain settings vary depending on the acquisition mode (EW, IW, SM, WV) and stay constant for all sub-swaths in case of multi-swath data. Disregarding the  
Figure 7: Sentinel-1B instrument internal delay for the co- and cross-polar channels observed during the CP. Calibration pulses from the preamble (**top plot**) and postamble (**bottom plot**) have been evaluated on a daily basis during the CP.  
offsets due to different SES Rx-gain settings, the amplitude of the PG product stays very stable over its lifetime. Additionally, the phase stays very stable over its lifetime with only a small increasing trend of a few degrees starting in July 2016. An increase of the PG product phase due to a variation of the instrument temperature has been disregarded since the temperature does not show any major change in that period (see Figure 9). This trend needs to be further monitored in order to detect any bigger changes. The jumps observed for the PG product phase are due to the reboot of the SES which includes the ADC in charge of the signal sampling. The same jumps were already observed for the instrument time delay shown in Figure 7.  
In conclusion, the PG product monitoring performed during the commissioning phase states the high stability of the Sentinel-1B instrument over its lifetime, i.e., from DT to DT, in addition to the stability within one single DT given by the instrument drift in Section 3.1.  
Figure 8: Sentinel-1B PG Product amplitude and phase evaluation results during the Commissioning Phase.
## 6 Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Artificial Intelligence
### MRI-Arplicated AI for the Estimation of the Vulnerability of the Plaque
#### 6.2.2 MRI in Carotid Plaque  
More recently, [PERSON] et al. [159] conducted a study on a cohort of 162 patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid plaques. Patients were considered symptomatic if an acute stroke or transitory ischemic attack was recently diagnosed. All the patients underwent an MRI study to evaluate the carotid arteries using a 3-T MR scanner (MAGNETOM Verio, Siemens Healthineers) with a 16-channel head coil and an 8-channel carotid coil. Afterward, MRI images were analyzed using an open-source software ITK-SNAP version 3.8.0 using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm for automated plaque segmentation. The multi-variable logistic regression analysis found 33 features to build a high-risk plaque MRI-based model (HRPMM) for estimating a risk score linked to plaque vulnerability in an automated way. The strength of the results was dampened by some limits: a small sample size, the not fully automated determination of ROIs (regions of interest), the inclusion of only two radiological characteristics (intraplaque hemorrhage and a lipid-rich necrotic core), and the radiomic analysis executed on the slice with the largest plaque area due to time restrictions, which prevented the use of the 3D analysis.  
The results obtained from the abovementioned studies suggest that MRI-based radiomic methods can find more differential features useful to characterize plaque stability than the subjective operator's evaluation. However, considering the limitations of the reported studies, the available data are limited, and prospective studies are required to provide more valuable information in the future and validate the models' ability to predict the risk of stroke.
###### Abstract  
Assessing gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy (CP) is critical for monitoring progress and planning interventions. While the Gross Motor Function Measurement (GMFM-66) is an established tool, its application can be time-intensive. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency and validity of a reduced version, the reduced Gross Motor Function Measurement (rGMFM-66). In a single-center study, 52 children with cerebral palsy were assessed using both the GMFM-66 and rGMFM-66 within a 1 to 2-day interval. The rGMFM-66 utilized an artificial intelligence algorithm to streamline the assessment process. Assessment duration and scores were compared, and agreement between the two measures was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Bland-Altman analysis. The rGMFM-66 significantly reduced assessment time (mean 17.2 vs. 38.5 min; \(p<0.001\); effect size = 1.9). It showed excellent agreement with the GMFM-66 (ICC = 0.970; 95% CI: 0.942-0.983). Scores were slightly higher for the rGMFM-66 (mean 52.2 vs. 50.7; \(p=0.008\)), which might be influenced by factors such as test familiarity or order of administration. In conclusion, the rGMFM-66 is a valid and time-efficient alternative for evaluating gross motor abilities in children with CP. Its application may support more efficient assessments in clinical settings without compromising accuracy. Further external validation in larger and more diverse populations is recommended to confirm these findings.  
cerebral palsy; GMFM-66; rGMFM-66; artificial intelligence; motor assessment; time efficiency 2025  
6527  
6527
## 4 Synthesis and Summary
### Future Directions
#### 4.4.4 Satellite Communication and Interconnectivity  
Nowadays, the majority of navigation systems employed by USVs utilize integrated approaches combining the global positioning system (GPS) and inertial navigation system(INS) methods to enhance overall navigation accuracy. To enhance and keep the performance in case of outages, interference and weakness, a continuous and accurate navigation solution was put forward via integrated GPS with micro-electro-mechanical (MEMS)-INS smartphone sensors and reduced-aided visual odometry (RAVO) using centralized Kalman filter (CKF) data fusion [93]. In case of insufficient satellites, the loose and tight integrated models of the USV navigation system were established with effective performance in a certain time range with relatively lower position errors [94]. A framework, comprised of an execution module and a multi-layered planner, was designed to enable the AUV to avoid collisions, maintain communication with the USV, and increase the sum of the rewards by reaching many of the discovered goals and demonstrate the efficiency of the approach to solve dynamic multi-goal motion-planning problems with communication constraints [7]. At the same time, some communication quality evaluation models were researched in this part, including the mobile communication quality evaluation model based on the multi-path effect, the Doppler effect and the ray beam method [95].  
Hence, it is presumed that USVs will make wider use of satellite communication technology for remote telemetry and remote control. Additionally, they will be better equipped to engage in real-time communication and collaborative operations with other USV, vessels and terrestrial stations. It is hoped that the 6G communication [46] will be a recipe for the ground-breaking progress of USVs.
# SLMAS: A Secure and Light Weight Mutual Authentication Scheme for the Smart Wheelchair
## 4 Security Evaluation of the Proposed Methodology
### Informal Analysis
#### 4.1.3 Anonymity  
In our proposed system, \(V_{temp1}=H(SKEV_{TA,n}||SN_{ID_{n}})\), \(RND_{3}^{{}^{\prime}}=RND_{3}\oplus V_{temp1}\), \(AUTH_{n}=H(R_{3}||V_{temp1}||T_{SN})\) the sensor's node identification \(SN_{ID_{n}}\) is communicated in a masked form rather than directly in plain text. Additionally, \(SN_{ID_{n}}\) is included in \(M1=\langle RND_{3}^{{}^{\prime}},AUTH_{n},PR_{ID_{n}},T_{SN}\rangle\). Due to the difficulty of predicting a 160-bit random integer, it is simply not possible for the attacker \(\mathcal{A}\) to determine the true identity of the \(SN\) without knowing the mask key \(MSK\). The suggested technique can consequently ensure anonymity.
# Survey for Soil Sensing with IOT and Traditional Systems
## 2 Tradicitonal Soil Sensing System
### Soil Sample Pretreatment  
This section details the preparation and preliminary processing of soil samples prior to spectral analysis. Regarding soil sample preparation, there are two common methodologies. Some studies involve collecting samples directly from the field [32, 33, 34, 35], while others prefer to amalgamate raw soil with a solution that contains target elements to achieve the desired concentration levels [36]. During the pre-processing phase, multiple steps are undertaken--whether the sample is natural or mixed--to ensure the soil's homogeneity and to mitigate interference from other sources like moisture or particle size variations.
# Vibration Reduction on Circular Disks with Vibroacoustic Metamaterials
### Vibrations of Rotating Disks  
The natural modes of a system consist of natural frequencies and their corresponding mode shapes. Mode shapes represent specific vibration patterns that the structure assumes when excited at the natural frequency associated with that mode. For circular disks, the mode shapes are characterized by the formation of nodal diameters (\(k\)) and nodal circles (\(n\)) depending on the specific mode. Figure 2b illustrates typical mode shapes of circular disk structures.  
For the influence of rotation on natural frequencies, the choice of the reference system is crucial. One option is to measure the vibration from the perspective of a rotating observer. This implies that the measurement system used to capture the structural response has the same rotational speed as the object being measured. Consequently, the position of the measurement point on the object remains constant during the measurement.  
The other option involves consideration from the viewpoint of a stationary observer. In this case, the measurement system remains fixed, while the observed measurement point on the object undergoes changes due to rotation.
# Geosynthetic Interface Friction at Low Normal Stress: Two Approaches with Increasing Shear Loading
## 1 Introduction  
Starting from the evidence of the undoubted advantages that the use of geosynthetics entails in geotechnical works, a continuous improvement of the knowledge on the short and long-term behavior of these polymeric materials could be desirable, in order to use these products knowledgably. In this context, an adequate expertise of the friction that these materials can mobilize when placed in contact with each other is necessary, since it is a common practice to combine layers of geosynthetics, having different functions, thus forming multilayer packages. Consequently, each contact surface between two geosynthetics, as well as those between geosynthetic and soil, represent a potential critical element for the stability, given the modest friction values that these surfaces generally can mobilize. This aspect assumes considerable relevance in the design phase and can be a source of serious errors if not properly addressed, even because a correct characterization of the interface friction is not so simple, having to take into account also the peculiarities of the behavior of the polymeric materials.  
With reference to the evaluation of the static interface friction, several types of laboratory tests have been developed over the years [1; 2] such as the direct shear test, the inclined plane test [3; 4; 5; 6], the annular shear test [7; 8] and the cylindrical shear test [9].  
However, few types of tests are suitable for evaluating the interface friction at very low normal stress: one of these is the inclined plane test, usually carried out under avertical stress of 5 kPa. This type of test, although not without critical aspects, represents an interesting tool for investigating the behavior of interfaces. For this reason, a short discussion on the main differences between the inclined plane and the direct shear tests will be first introduced, in order to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each methodology. Later, a comparison of the results obtained with the inclined plane and a non-standard horizontal shear device will be proposed. This latter device allows performing horizontal shear test at the same vertical stress of the inclined plane and it is characterized by a sliding force gradually increasing over time.