## 1 Introduction  
Computer-guided dynamic navigation systems have emerged as an alternative to conventional template guidance techniques. The system functionality relies on capturing reference markers rigidly placed on the patient and on the surgical instruments with the use of sensors (mainly cameras) capable of capturing the environment in real time [1]. The preparation of the system to be used in the surgery involves several steps, such as taking a cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan of the patient, planning the guidance, calibrating the implant drill, and pairing the CBCT data with the tracking marker placed on the patient. Guidance during the operation is usually carried out by the surgeon focusing on the display on which the patient's CBCT data are shown along with the current position of the surgical instrument in relation to the patient's marker. By examining the display, the surgeon can adjust the implant drill position and angle based on guidance indicators overlayed on the patient's CBCT data. However, the guidance using such systems requires the surgeon's frequent distraction from the patient to the display of the system, increasing the risk of accidental implant drill positional changes [2]. In addition, some operating sites might be too confined for currently available systems, such as Navident (ClaroNav, Toronto, ON, Canada), ImplaNav (ImplaNav, BresMedical, Sydney, Australia), X-Guide (X-Nav Technologies, Lansdale, PA, USA), or AqNavi (AQNavi, TITC Ltd., Kaohsiung, Taiwan). These inconveniences can be eliminated by replacing the display with an augmented reality (AR) headset, which has been the subject of research in various other medical fields: neurosurgery [3], urology [3], ophthalmology [4], orthopedic [5], and plastic [6] surgery. AR allows superimposing digital information into the physical surrounding, thereby enhancing the user's perception of their environment [7]. In terms of a computer-guided dynamic navigation system, it would allow surgeons to concentrate on both the operating site and guiding instructions given by the system without the need for redundant movement. More importantly, depth sensors that are integrated into headsets can offer an alternative to bulky camera setups that are commonly used in conventional systems. Similarly, as in conventional dynamic navigation systems, real and digital world interaction also remains a crucial component in AR systems. Two common approaches used in AR systems for tracking and registering the environment are marker-based and marker-less methods. Each method provides its own benefits and drawbacks. In the marker-based approach, factors such as simplicity and computational performance play a major role in their prevalent choice among researchers [8]. Here, the selection of markers to be tracked can encompass a range of options, including IR-reflective markers, fiducials, or landmark-based markers. In the medical field, these landmark-based markers can refer to any rigid anatomical landmark, which could be easily identifiable with an AR tracking system. The utilization of a marker-less approach can offer benefits in scenarios where marker occlusion is expected. Furthermore, it provides a more sterile method since tracking relies solely on the objects present in the scene, eliminating the need for additional objects. Nonetheless, a significant advantage of the marker-based approach over the marker-less method is its superior precision [9]. This advantage is of utmost importance for the success of surgical procedures, and it was chosen as the primary rationale for employing the marker-based approach in this study. With the introduction of HoloLens \(1\) (Microsoft, [PERSON], WA, USA), which is considered to be the first commercially available autonomous optical see-through AR headset, a shift towards more self-contained system development has gained substantial popularity among researchers [10]. The advantages of utilizing commercially available headsets lie in their ease of use and development environments, which can be effortlessly deployed.