# Trusted Energy-Aware Hierarchical Routing (TEAHR) for Wireless Sensor Networks
## 2 Related Studies  
As security is one of the major concerns apart from energy, data transfer, unreliable communication, etc. Figure 1 displays the kind of attack in WSN using TM. We can classify the attacks in two ways, i.e., direct and indirect. In direct attacks, the targeted attacks on the TM system result in a decline in TM system performance and cause inaccurate decision-making. Hence, the attack diminishes the efficiency of the network. In the context of secure routing, if the Traffic Manager (TM) is unable to identify hostile nodes owing to on-off or bad-mouthing assaults effectively, these malicious nodes can be chosen as routing nodes for packet transmission. Therefore, the network experienced an elevated number of dropped packets. TM can be customized using abundant parameters, such as TE interval, rewarding and punishing processes, trust threshold, forgetting factor, dynamic trust parameter changes, and trust aggregation parameters. The optimal configuration of a Traffic Manager (TM) is contingent upon the specific use of TM, prevailing security conditions inside the network, and intended design objectives. Nevertheless, a TM system must meet specific fundamental criteria, including its ability to withstand rudimentary attacks. The purpose of trust management is to identify and protect against malicious node attacks to strengthen network security. For instance, if a malevolent node fails to transmit received data, the level of Trust diminishes.  
In indirect attacks, the assaults do not specifically target the TM system, but the TM system can detect and prevent them. Such attacks may include deliberate data manipulation, depletion of energy resources, disruption of time synchronization, inaccurate reporting of sensor data, and several other malevolent behaviors. Addressing such threats and malicious behavior are the primary goals of TM systems. A defense system against these attacks adheres to a standard process. Node performance was regularly monitored, observed, and documented. The defense procedure is mostly adjusted when employed to address various kinds of attacks. These attacks can be further classified as packet-dropping attacks in which malicious nodes attempt to impair the network operation by intentionally discarding packets using various methods, such as blackhole attacks, grayhole attacks, and wormhole attacks. Another type is different misbehaviors. In general, nodes that misbehave can be categorized into the following two types: selfish nodes, which prioritize their own gain even if they harm others, and malevolent nodes, which intentionally undermine the performance of the system or other nodes without seeking personal benefits. Attacks can vary depending on the intentions of the misbehaving nodes. If a malicious node wants to deplete the energy of other nodes, it sends a substantial volume of traffic  
Figure 1: Attack in WSN.  
and forces the other nodes to respond. Another instance involves the transmission of forged, modified, or repeated routing information with the intention of causing routing loops, manipulating network traffic, altering source routes, generating false error messages, dividing the network, increasing the time it takes for data to travel from one end to another, and so forth. Owing to these attacks, the trust value was impacted.