## 6 Simulation Results and Discussion  
The proposed protocol uses only a small number of sensor nodes to cover the sensing area and then transmits data to the BS when it detects events in the sensing area. In contrast to the existing protocols, they deploy a large number of sensor nodes to cover the sensing area and then periodically transmit data to the BS. The suggested protocol is examined with EDCGRP, LEACH and MBC using Network Simulator-2 (NS-2) and the performance of the proposed protocols is evaluated with respect to average energy consumption, average end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio and control overhead. The simulation setup is given in Table 3.  
The total targeted sensing area for this experimental setup is 100 \(\times\) 100 m\({}^{2}\) and it is split into strip based on Equation (2) and has twenty five strips. The total number of mobile nodes required to cover the sensing area is 25. These twenty five nodes deployed at one end of the sensing area and each strip is covered by a single mobile nodes. The energy consumption model for the wireless communication is mentioned in Equations (5) and (6). The typical values of the energy model parameters are \(e_{dec}=50\) nJ/bit, \(e_{fs}=10\) pJ/bit/m\({}^{2}\), \(e_{mp}=0.0013\) pJ/bit/m\({}^{4}\). The energy consumption of the image compression is considered in this paper as given in [44] which was tested using StrongARM SA1100 processor. The \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Simulation Parameters** & **Values** \\ \hline Targeted sensing network area & 100 \(\times\) 100 m\({}^{2}\) \\ Number of sensor nodes & 25 \\ Sensor pole coverage radius (\(d_{c}\)) & 2 m \\ Base Station location & (50, 0) \\ Bit rate & 50 kbps \\ Initial energy of sensor nodes & 10 joules \\ Data packet size & 512 bytes \\ Control packet size & 25 bytes \\ Image size & 512 \(\times\) 512 \\ \(E_{Lice}\)[26] & 50 tJ/bits \\ \(e_{mp}\)[26] & 1.3 fJ/bits/m\({}^{4}\) \\ \(e_{fs}\)[26] & 10 pJ/bits/m\({}^{2}\) \\ \(E_{pre}\)[44] & 15 nJ/bit \\ \(E_{DCT}\)[44] & 20 nJ/bit \\ \(E_{code}\)[44] & 90 nJ/bit \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Simulation setup. size of the image is \(512\times 512\) pixels with 8 bits per pixel. The parameters values of the computation energy model are \(e_{pre}=15\) nJ/bit, \(e_{det}=20\) nJ/bit and \(e_{code}=90\) nJ/bit with the bit rate of 0.25 bpp. The performance of the proposed protocol is evaluated from Figures 6-10. The simulation results are obtained for every 60 s over the simulation run time of 360 s. Totally, 25 nodes are deployed horizontally at the sensing zone border (i.e., close to the BS border) and each strip has a single sensor node. And, the transmission range of sensor node is varied from 2 m to 100 m.  
It is observed from the Figure 6 that the proposed TRT saves a substantial quantity of battery energy as compared to EDCGRP, MBC and LEACH because it adjusts the transmission power based on distance to neighbors. Also, it utilizes multi-hop data transmission efficiently by choosing the nearest neighbor. The image compression method based on LBT and Golomb + Multiple Quantization coders is utilized in the proposed method which reduces the image size and battery energy consumption. In addition, the routing based on PRM and ACK with hop count ensures the accessibility of links and prevents the exchange of unnecessary control packets. But, when MBC finds the events, it organizes the routing between the source and the BS, so it uses more control packets. Also, MBC met the void issue because of the random deployment of sensor nodes which can't ensure the connectivity and coverage of the link, resulting in the loss of packets and retransmission of data. LEACH consumes high battery power as it communicates directly with BS for data transmission. When forming a cluster and route, EDCGRP needs additional control packets. It is concluded that the loss of packets, retransmission, and overhead control are directly contributing to energy consumption. Figure 6: Average energy consumption vs. Simulation runtime.