# Adapting Data-Driven Research to the Fields of Social Sciences and the Humanities
## 8 Visualizations and Analytics--The Swiss Media Criticism Portal
### Case Study: New Year's Eve Sexual Assaults in Cologne
Institutionalization means that there is at least a personal specialization or an organizational beat in the topic field of media journalism. According to structuration theory, institutionalization of media criticism should lead to more regular and more qualitative coverage [41]. Moreover, the coverage's geographic distribution becomes visible; therefore, it is also more discernible if one regional press cooperation reports more often than another. The deepening analysis in Table 3 points out that only 22 of the 185 mass media titles covered the event from a media-critical point of view. This corresponds to an average of 0.31 contributed articles per title in the category of the mass media. The reaction of the professional media in this case was even lower. Only 8 of the 100 professional public media titles covered the issue. This corresponds to an average of 0.13 contributed articles per title in the category of the professional public. This result shows that mass media criticism cannot be fully substituted with criticism by professional public agents. Moreover, the analysis allows a comparison between tabloid papers and quality press. In the sample, we found 24 articles coming from five quality press titles, but only five articles in five tabloid press titles. We could argue that substantial media criticism is not something that tabloid press is predestined for due to its meta-level nature and its complex context with ethics or law. Therefore, media criticism is a topic that tabloids seem to avoid, fearing they could perform poorly. The data show that forms of institutionalized media criticism structures within the newsroom do indeed lead to more coverage. In the category of the media with institutionalized media criticism, we found an average of 3.4 contributed articles per title, whereas editorial teams without such specialization published far fewer articles. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c} \hline \hline
**Category** & **Articles (Agents)** & **Average per Medium** \\ \hline _Top Categories_ & & \\ Mass media & 59 (185) & 0.31 \\ Professional public & 13 (100) & 0.13 \\ \hline _Sub-Categories_ & & \\ Quality media & 24 (5) & 4.80 \\ Tabloid press & 5 (5) & 1.00 \\ Institutionalized media criticism & 17 (5) & 3.40 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Average number of articles per medium. Figure 7: Cropped screenshot of the Swiss Media Criticism portal demonstrating the most frequent sources of the selected articles. Included are the source name (_Quelle_), number of documents (_Anzahl_), reach (_Reichweite_), influence (_Einfluss_), and sentiment. Although the analysis shows certain tendencies, it is clear that one case study is not enough to determine whether institutionalization is meaningful or not. Just by skimming the articles, it becomes evident that the expression \"lying press\" is hardly existent in Swiss mass media coverage. The Swiss journalists do not seem to be willing to support the polemical use of this inadequate term. In addition, mass media only perform \"embedded media criticism\", which means that critical content is not the main topic of an article, but is peripherally mentioned in a few sentences. Figure 8 shows the sentiment for the press coverage of the New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Cologne. The figure indicates the framing behavior of the involved agents--more precisely, whether an issue is mainly framed with positive, neutral, or negative terms. This allows, for example, the creation of hypotheses regarding the effects of this coverage on the audience. In the case of Cologne, once more, we recognized a typical pattern known from general media coverage: There is often a first outrage wave among journalists when such an issue emerges. A highly emotionalized coverage arises, leading to a very negative issue sentiment. Indeed, most of the media-critical Cologne coverage was clearly negatively framed. After a few weeks, the sentiment becomes more neutral, as journalists gain distance from an event and contextualize an incident.