## 3 Materials and Methods
### Characteristics of 5G NR Networks  
Tables 2 and 3 provide deployment-related and user equipment characteristics that were used in the simulation, taking into account that for the 4800-4990 MHz range, contiguous coverage is not expected in this frequency range in rural areas, and the study analyzes  
Figure 1: Scenario for the victim receiver station is located at 12 nautical miles from the coastline: (**a**) aeronautical mobile station at 12 nautical miles from the coastline, and (**b**) maritime mobile station moves along the border of territorial waters. Figure 2: Typical 5G NR urban network topology. interference only from urban deployment. These characteristics were derived from 3 GPP specifications as well as from the Working Party 5D that is responsible for studying 5G technology within the ITU. Nowadays, the development of antenna technologies for 5G NR sub-6-GHz has led to more effective channels as well as a reduction in interference. A lot of publications have been devoted to that issue [1; 2; 3]. In this study, active antenna systems (AAS) with beamforming were simulated, and non-AAS systems were not considered since they are not expected to be implemented in 4800-4990 MHz. The AAS antenna array model is determined by the array element pattern, array factor, and signals applied to the array system. One difference between a passive antenna system (e.g., based on Recommendation ITU-R F.1336) and an active advanced antenna system (AAS) is that for the AAS, the unwanted (out-of-the-block) emission sees a different antenna behavior compared to the wanted (in-block) emission. A 5G NR system using an AAS actively controls all individual signals being fed to individual antenna elements in the antenna array to shape and direct the antenna emission diagram to a wanted shape, e.g., a narrow beam towards a user. Table 4 shows the beamforming characteristics of the 5G NR base station in the frequency 4800-4990 MHz frequency band. Based on the characteristics above, Figure 3 shows composite sub-array IMT antenna pattern in the 4800-4990 MHz frequency band that was used in the study. When simulating beamforming, three spatially directive signals were transmitted pointing to each UE within the sector, and the UEs were distributed randomly within the sector, equally distributing the power of each beam between the users [15; 16; 17]. The beamforming antenna is based on an antenna array and consists of many identical radiating elements located in the \(yz\)-plane with a fixed separation distance (e.g., \(1/2\)), all elements having identical radiation patterns and \"pointing\" (having maximum directivity) along the \(x\)-axis. Figure 4 presents 3D modeling of the beamforming antenna pattern that was used in the simulations. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** \\ \hline Cell radius & Typical cell radius 0.4 km urban \\ Base station antenna height & 20 m urban \\ Sectorization & 3 sectors \\ Frequency reuse & 1 \\ Typical channel bandwidth & 40 or 80 or 100 MHz \\ Network loading factor (base station load probability X\%) & 20\%, \\ TDD/FDD & TDD \\ BS TDD activity factor & 75\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Deployment characteristics of 5G NR networks in the 4800–4990 MHz frequency band. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** \\ \hline Indoor user terminal usage & 70\% \\ Indoor user terminal penetration loss & Rec. ITU-R P.2109 \\ User equipment density for terminals that are transmitting & 3 UEs per sector \\ simultaneously & UE height & 1.5 m \\ Average user terminal output power & Use transmit power control \\ Typical antenna gain for user terminals & \(-4\) dBi \\ Body loss & 4 dB \\ UE TDD activity factor & 25\% \\ Power control model & Refer to Recommendation ITU-R M.2101 Annex 1, Section 4.1 \\ Maximum user terminal output power, PCMAX & 23 dBm \\ Power (dBm) target value per RB, P0\_PUSCH & \(-92.2\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}