## 2 Materials and Methods
### Setting of Computational Model and Boundary Conditions  
The architectural and computational domain models for the CFD simulation experiments were both created using SketchUp software (Figure 5). Based on various experimental wind directions and the maximum height (Hb) of the ancestral hall building, domain dimensions were calculated to meet specific requirements [23; 24]: the distance from the inflow boundary to the building is 5 xHb, and the distance from the outflow boundary to the building is 10 xHb. The width of the domain must be greater than 4 times the windward width of the building [25]. The distance from the top boundary to the building must be 4 xHb, and the blockage ratio along the wind direction of the building should not exceed 5% (Figure 6). Grid partitioning in the Fluent software utilized an unstructured grid type with automatically generated tetrahedral (triangular) grids. The grid density for the ancestral hall building area was set to 0.25 m, while the grid density for the surrounding computational domain was set to 1 m. To ensure accurate boundary layer resolution, building surfaces were discretized using a combination of default tetrahedral grids and locally refined polyhedral grids, with a minimum of 10 layers ideally expanding to 20 layers for optimal results. The simulation employed a pressure-based solver with the SST k-\(\omega\) turbulence model, known for its accuracy near walls without requiring wall functions. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**No.** & **Simulation Conditions** & **Wind Direction Angle** & **Test Model** \\ \hline
1 & Courtyard remains open without enclosure & 0\({}^{\circ}\), 45\({}^{\circ}\), 90\({}^{\circ}\) & Case 1, Case 2, Case 3 \\
2 & Courtyard enclosed with glass curtain walls on all sides & 0\({}^{\circ}\), 45\({}^{\circ}\), 90\({}^{\circ}\) & Case 4, Case 5, Case 6 \\
3 & Courtyard equipped with a fully enclosed glass canopy & 0\({}^{\circ}\), 45\({}^{\circ}\), 90\({}^{\circ}\) & Case 7, Case 8, Case 9 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Simulation conditions. While Large Eddy Simulation (LES) offers more precise results compared to the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) method [19], it involves significantly higher computational complexity and costs, typically increasing by 80 to 100 times [20]. Despite RANS simulations' limitations in fully capturing turbulent kinetic energy, they serve as valuable engineering references [26]. This explains their continued widespread use in both research and engineering applications [27]. The entrance boundary condition used a gradient wind inlet with a wind speed profile defined by a user-defined function (UDF) file incorporating an exponential function [17]. The power-law wind speed profile is described by Equation (1), with a turbulence intensity distribution calculated using Equation (2) [28]. The roughness coefficient \(\alpha\) was set to 0.22,  
Figure 5: Definition of simulation test model and wind direction angles. (**a**) Courtyard remains open without enclosure; (**b**) courtyard enclosed with glass curtain walls on all sides; (**c**) courtyard equipped with a fully enclosed glass canopy; (**d**) setting of wind angles. Figure 6: Geometries of the computational model: (**a**) computational domain; (**b**) front view; (**c**) computational grids; (**d**) top view and (**e**) side view. typical for densely built urban areas, with a standard wind speed height of 10 m calibrated to match historical maximum wind speeds recorded during typhoons in Guangzhou, reaching 28.3 m/s. The turbulence intensity at 10 m height was set to 0.23. \[U_{z}=28.3\times\left(\frac{Z}{10}\right)^{\alpha} \tag{1}\]  
where \(Z\) is the height (m), and \(U_{z}\) represents the wind speed (m/s) at the height \(Z\). \[I_{z}=0.23\times\left(\frac{Z}{10}\right)^{-\alpha} \tag{2}\]  
where \(I_{z}\) represents the turbulence intensity at the height \(Z\). The exit boundary condition was set to a pressure outlet, while the side and top boundaries were set to symmetric boundaries.