## 5 Toxicological Data
### Other Animal Data  
As previously mentioned, consuming date seeds may impact metabolic processes and have an antidiabetic effect due to their high fiber content and the presence of secondary plant metabolites. A study conducted in vitro using rat intestinal \(\alpha\)-glucosidase investigated the influence of bound polyphenols on starch digestion [55]. The polyphenic compounds found in date seeds exhibited an inhibitory effect against rat intestinal \(\alpha\)-glucosidase. Simultaneously, the inhibitory effect on \(\alpha\)-amylase was low, which suggests potent antihyperglycemic properties [55].  
Additionally, an in vivo study provided insight into the antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects of date fruit and date seed extracts against adjuvant arthritis [88]. The study utilized white male albino rats as test animals, which were divided into five groups. Three of these groups were administered daily doses of either date fruit methanolic or water extracts, as well as date seed methanolic extracts, via oral administration at a rate of 500 mg/kg rat b.w. for 14 consecutive days. At the beginning of the experiment, all test animals, except for one healthy control group, received an injection in the right hindfoot paw to induce the adjuvant arthritis. On day three of the experiment, the maximum inflammation was measured in foot thickness. Afterward, the swelling continuously decreased. The test groups treated with date fruit and seed extracts showed lesser inflammation in the paw. By the end of the study, the date seed extract group showed a reduction of 35.5% (date fruits: 61.3-67.8%). The antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects were confirmed [88].  
Date seed coffee may have a positive impact on cognitive impairment caused by Alzheimer's disease (AD) [90]. In a study, four groups of adult male Wistar albino rats were treated with different combinations of aluminum chloride (10 mg/kg b.w., i.p.), _C. arabica_ coffee, and date seed powder extracts (240 mg/kg b.w., i.p.) daily for a total of two weeks. The comparison of the time needed for the food search showed superior effects in the _C. arabica_ coffee group in terms of cognitive function. On the other hand, the group of rats that consumed date seed coffee showed improved AD-modifying ability by reducing the A\({}_{\beta}\) protein levels. Possibly due to the high flavonoid content in date seeds, the consumption of C. _Arabica_ and date seed coffee led to a direct reduction in A\({}_{\beta}\) levels in the serum. Additionally, liver and kidney functional blood parameters showed an improvement compared to the group treated with only aluminum chloride. [90]. Therefore, further research should be conducted to investigate the potential of date seed coffee on the reduction in A\({}_{\beta}\) and the possibility of providing a treatment option for AD disease.  
The poultry industry is actively seeking solutions to combat aflatoxinosis in poultry livestock, caused by the intake of aflatoxin-contaminated feed. This can lead to various health problems in the livestock. Typically, chemical mycotoxin binders such as HSCAS(hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate) are added to the feed, but they also have adverse effects. In a study, the effectiveness of adding date seeds to the basal diet was compared to that of HSCAS. Aflatoxin was added at a rate of 100 ug/kg basal diet for 35 days. The test groups showed damage to the liver and kidney, including histopathological changes, interstitial nephritis, and mononuclear cell infiltrations. Both groups fed with date seeds (2% and 4%, respectively) demonstrated a positive effect against the damage caused by aflatoxin comparable to or better than HSCAS. The best results were achieved with 4% date seeds mixed into the basal diet [91].