## 1 Introduction  
Container handling is a core aspect of port operations, requiring precise handling and strong safety awareness from operators, which directly impacts the successful delivery of goods. However, the frequent use of heavy machinery at container terminals often leads to accidents, resulting in severe economic losses, injuries, and even fatalities [1]. Since absolute safety cannot be guaranteed in these operations, and given the significant risks involved, safety training is particularly crucial. One of the main causes of frequent accidents is improper handling by operators. Traditional port operator training relies on real equipment operation and experience-based guidance, which is costly and risky. Moreover, it cannot comprehensively simulate various emergency situations or recreate accident scenarios, thus limiting the effectiveness and scope of training. Researching and developing effective safety training methods and techniques to improve operators' safety awareness and precision can reduce the frequency and severity of accidents, as well as significantly lower economic losses and personal injuries. Traditional port operator training relies on real equipment operation and experience-based guidance to develop the skills necessary for crane operation. However, this method is costly and risky. On-site crane operation training often unavoidably hinders normal construction processes and exposes novice operators to danger, as even a minor mistake can lead to serious incidents, such as injuries, delays, and budget overruns [2]. The advent of virtual reality (VR) technology has effectively replaced the traditional hands-on training model by offering a realistic experience while reducing costs and risks [3; 4]. VR-based safety training not only provides a comprehensive and long-lasting platform to develop perceptual experiences and cognitive abilities in solving problems and making decisions under complex and stressful situations but also eliminates real-time exposure to danger or environmental conditions [5]. In crane training, VR technology is often used to train operators [2; 6]. [PERSON] et al. [7] demonstrated the use of 4D-BIM technology to create real-time augmented reality (AR) visualizations for crane operations, thereby optimizing both operational safety and efficiency. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [8] designed a multi-user virtual 3D training environment to improve teamwork between crane operators and ground personnel. [PERSON] et al. [9] developed a crane simulator named SimCrane 3D, which applies kinesthetic feedback and stereoscopic vision to the virtual crane simulator to enhance operator training. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [10] proposed an immersive virtual reality simulator that uses a stereoscopic head-mounted display to deliver visual and auditory stimuli, thereby training tower crane operators. [PERSON] et al. [11] researched a training system that allows operators to safely and effectively master the operation of electric overhead cranes while suppressing load sway. Additionally, a distributed virtual reality bridge crane simulator system based on a 3D engine has been developed [12]. Although many existing virtual crane training systems can develop operators' practical skills, they mainly focus on enhancing performance and lack the simulation of potential accidents during operations. These systems also do not include the design of corresponding risk simulation modules, which makes them ineffective in enhancing operators' safety risk awareness. Since container handling at container terminals is one of the most accident-prone activities in port operations, enhancing drivers' risk awareness and providing comprehensive training for port operators is particularly important. Safety risk assessment is a crucial part of safety management and an essential component of safety system engineering [13]. Safety risk assessments mainly focus on areas such as coal mining [14], subway stations [15], construction sites [16], and ports [17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23].