## 3 Results and Discussion
### Irrigation Purposes

Table 4: Irrigation water quality indices results for the different spring and well water samples investigated in the present study. The residual sodium carbonate (RSC) has an influence on water irrigation suitability in several places of the world. RSC occurs when the concentration of carbonate and bicarbonate exceeds the calcium and magnesium levels. RSC may be estimated by subtracting the alkaline earth (Ca\({}^{2+}\) + Mg\({}^{2+}\)) from the carbonate-bicarbonate (CO\({}_{3}\)\({}^{2-}\) + HCO\({}_{3}\)\({}^{-}\)). When the total carbonates is in calcium and magnesium, complete precipitation of calcium and magnesium is possible [38]. As a result, sodium carbonate raises the sodium concentration in \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Range** & **Water Quality Class** & **Number of Sample** & **(\%) Samples** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**EC**} & \(<\)250 & Excellent & 1 & 6.3 \\ \cline{2-5}  & 250–750 & Good & 13 & 81.3 \\ \cline{2-5}  & 750–2000 & Permissible & 2 & 12.5 \\ \cline{2-5}  & 2000–3000 & Doubtful & 0 & 0.0 \\ \cline{2-5}  & \(>\)3000 & Unsuitable & 0 & 0.0 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**SAR**} & 0–10 & Excellent & 16 & 100.0 \\ \cline{2-5}  & 18–Oct & Good & 0 & 0.0 \\ \cline{2-5}  & 18–26 & Doubtful & 0 & 0.0 \\ \cline{2-5}  & \(>\)26 & Unsuitable & 0 & 0.0 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**RSC**} & \(<\)1.25 & Good & 16 & 100.0 \\ \cline{2-5}  & 1.25–2.5 & Doubtful & 0 & 0.0 \\ \cline{2-5}  & \(>\)2.5 & Unsuitable & 0 & 0.0 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**KR**} & \(<\)1 & Suitable & 16 & 100.00 \\ \cline{2-5}  & \(>\)1 & Unsuitable & 0 & 0.0 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**SSP**} & \(<\)50 & Good & 16 & 100 \\ \cline{2-5}  & \(>\)50 & Bad & 0 & 0 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**PI**} & \(<\)80 & Good & 16 & 100 \\ \cline{2-5}  & 80–100 & Moderate & 0 & 0 \\ \cline{2-5}  & 100–200 & Poor & 0 & 0 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**SP**} & \(<\)20 & Excellent & 0 & 0 \\ \cline{2-5}  & 20–40 & Good & 14 & 87.5 \\ \cline{2-5}  & 40–60 & Moderate & 2 & 12.5 \\ \cline{2-5}  & 60–80 & Doubtful & 0 & 0 \\ \cline{2-5}  & \(>\)80 & Unsuitable & 0 & 0 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**MH**} & \(<\)50 & Suitable & 15 & 93.7 \\ \cline{2-5}  & \(>\)50 & Unsuitable & 1 & 6.3 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**PS**} & \(<\)3 & Suitable & 16 & 100 \\ \cline{2-5}  & \(>\)3 & Unsuitable & 0 & 0.0 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**r1**} & \(<\)1 & \multirow{2}{*}{Deep meteoric type} & 16 & 100 \\ \cline{2-5}  & \(<\)1 & & 16 & 100 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**r1**} & \(>\)1 & \multirow{2}{*}{Shallow meteoric type} & 0 & 0 \\ \cline{2-5}  & \(>\)1 & & 0 & 0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* EC: Electrical Conductivity, **SAR**: Sodium Absorption Ratio, **RSC**: Residual Sodium Carbonate, **KR**: Kelly’s Ratio, **SSP**: Soluble Sodium Percentage, **PI**: Permeability Index, **SP**: Sodium Percentage, **MH**: Magnesium Hazard, **PS**: Potential Salinity, **r1** and **r2**: Soltan Classification.  
\end{table} 
Table 5: Classification of the spring and well water samples for irrigation purposes based on various irrigation indices. water [37; 38]. If RSC is >2.5, water is not suitable for irrigation but RSC values in the study area were below 1.25 (Tables 4 and 5), and 100% of the samples fell in the good category. When determining whether or not water is suitable for irrigation, the sodium content is essential. Sodium reduces the permeability of soil by bonding with it [40; 56]. Alkaline soils are formed when sodium combines with carbonate, whereas saline soils are formed when sodium reacts with chloride. This type of soil makes it difficult for plants to grow [36]. Through a base exchange process, higher sodium levels in irrigation water cause ions to migrate towards clay particles by omitting Ca\({}^{2+}\) and Mg\({}^{2+}\) ions. As a result of this base exchange process in the soil, water movement capacity is reduced, inhibiting water flow under wet circumstances, and such soils become hard dry. The sodium content of irrigation water is called sodium, and it may be calculated using the method described below [40].