esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Model Problems and Numerical Results
### Numerical Results for Model Problem 1
#### 3.2.4 Runtime  
We plot the runtimes of the different methods in Figure 19. We compare the p-MLQMC method against p-MLMC and h-ML(Q)MC. As a reference we also plot the times for h-MC, p-MC, h-QMC and p-QMC. The p-MLQMC method consistently outperforms all the other methods. In case of a moderate stochastic dimension we observe a gain of a factor 20 with respect to h-MLMC. For a high stochastic dimension, we observe a gain of a factor 100 with respect to h-MLMC. We also observe that all MLMC simulations exhibit a cost proportional to \(\epsilon^{-2}\), as expected. The MLQMC simulations on the other hand, exhibit a cost in the range of \(\epsilon^{-1}\) to \(\epsilon^{-2}\), depending on the stochastic dimension. Interestingly, we note that for a moderate stochastic dimension, it remains advantageous to use h-MLQMC. The total runtime for h-MLQMC is indeed lower than for p-MLMC. This advantage, however, disappears for the high stochastic dimension. Here, all p-ML(Q)MC and p-MC simulations outperform the h-ML(Q)MC and h-MC simulations. p-MC even outperforms all h-ML(Q)MC simulations. This is due to the extra levels for the h-ML(Q)MC and h-MC simulations which are needed in order to satisfy their bias constraint.
###### Abstract  
Minimally invasive decompression is generally employed for treating lumbar spinal stenosis; however, it results in weakened spinal stability. To augment spinal stability, a new interspinous process device (NIPD) was developed in this study. The biomechanical features of the NIPD were evaluated in this study. Three finite-element (FE) models of the entire lumbar spine were implemented to perform biomechanical analysis: the intact, defect (DEF), and NIPD models. The DEF model was considered for lumbar spines with bilateral laminotomies and partial disectomy at L3-L4. Range of motion (ROM), disc stress, and facet joint contact force were evaluated in flexion, extension, torsion, and lateral bending in the three FE models. The results indicated that ROM in the extension increased by 23% in the DEF model but decreased by 23% in the NIPD model. In the NIPD model, the cephal adjacent disc stress in flexion and extension was within 5%, and negligible changes were noted in the facet joint contact force for torsion and lateral bending. Thus, the NIPD offers superior spinal stability and causes only a minor change in cephalic adjacent disc stress in flexion and extension during the bilateral laminotomy and partial disectomy of the lumbar spine. However, the NIPD has a minor influence on the ROM and facet joint force for lateral bending and torsion.  
Keywords:interspinous process device; lumbar spine; finite-element model; biomechanics +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 3 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Cavity Size**} & **GIC** & **CHX GIC** & **Chi-Square, _p_-Value** \\  & **Success** & **Success** & **Chi-Square, _p_-Value** \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{Cavity Depth success} \\ a. \(<\)2 mm (_n_ = 46) & 24 (52.2) & 22 (47.8) & 0.08 \\ b. 2.1–3 mm (_n_ = 79) & 40 (50.6) & 39 (49.4) & 0.09 \\ c. 3.1–4 mm (_n_ = 10) & 4 (40) & 6 (60) & 0.03 \\ \multicolumn{4}{c}{Mesio-distal width, success} \\ \(<\)2 mm (_n_ = 21) & 10 (47.6) & 11 (52.4) & 0.07 \\
2.1–3 mm (_n_ = 55) & 27 (49.1) & 28 (50.9) & 0.09 \\
3.1–4 mm (_n_ = 35) & 17 (48.6) & 18 (51.4) & 0.08 \\ \(>\)4 mm (_n_ = 24) & 14 (58.3) & 10 (41.7) & 0.06 \\ \multicolumn{4}{c}{Bucco-lingual width, success} \\ \(<\)2 mm (_n_ = 39) & 18 (46.2) & 21 (53.8) & 0.06 \\
2.1–3 mm (_n_ = 62) & 33 (53.2) & 29 (46.8) & 0.07 \\
3.1–4 mm (_n_ = 20) & 9 (45) & 11 (55) & 0.06 \\ \(>\)4 mm (_n_ = 14) & 8 (57.1) & 6 (42.9) & 0.06 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Survival Status of GIC, and CHX–GIC ART restorations based on cavity size at 24 months. The success percentage of ART restorations with cavity depths of 1.2 to 3 mm was 86.8%, which was significantly higher than cavity depth > 3 mm (71.4%). The survival success for the mesiodistal width of the cavity showed maximum success for the 2.1-3 mm (96.5%) category compared to the <2 mm category (60%). This finding was statistically significant (\(p=0.03\)). For the buccolingual dimension of the cavity, the success of survival at 24-month assessment was 62.5% and 63.8%, respectively for cavity dimensions 3.1-4 mm and > 4 mm when compared to the highest recorded success for 2.1-3 mm category, which was 98.4% (\(p=0.03\)). CHX modified GIC showed high survival percentage (60%) with depth >3 mm (\(p=0.03\)) compared to conventional GIC. There was no statistical significance between GIC and CHX-GIC success for mesiodistal and buccolingual cavity width (\(p>\)0.05). The cavity size distribution based on the cavity volume at baseline and the survival of ART restorations at 24-month assessment is summarized in Table 6. The collective overall success of 65.1% was seen in the cavity volume category of 10-29.9 mm\({}^{3}\) (Table 6).
## 2 Materials and Preparation  
The SiC whiskers (\(\beta\)- SiC\(w\), XFNANO Material Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China), with an average length of 50 \(\mu m\) and diameter of 0.2 \(\mu m\), were selected. Ni/SiC\(w\) composite coatings were prepared by a constant-current electrodeposition method from a nickel sulfamate electrolyte containing SiC whiskers as a reinforcement phase. Prior to the SiC\(w\) addition into the electroplating solution, it was first stirred in 3 vol. % hydrofluoric acid and refluxed for 8 h at 95 \({}^{\circ}\)C [20], then ultrasonically washed in distilled water until the pH becomes neutral, subsequently modified by \(\gamma\)-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH550). These treatments can remove the SiC\(w\) surface impurities (SiO\({}_{2}\)) and improve its wettability, as well as dispersibility. After the above treatments, SiC whiskers were added in the electrolyte by continuous magnetically stirring with a rate of 300 rpm for at least 24 h, which can prevent whiskers agglomeration and maintain them in suspension state. According to a number of optimization experiments, the optimal whisker concentration in the electrolyte was 0.8 g/L. The electrolyte composition and electrodeposition parameters are listed in Table 1. Analytical reagents and deionized water were used to prepare the plating solution. After electrodeposition, Ni/SiC\(w\) composite coatings were ultrasonically cleaned in distilled water for 10 min to remove loosely adsorbed SiC\(w\) from the surface.  
The surface morphology and microstructure of the composite coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM; ULTRA55, Zeiss, Germany). The amount of embedded SiC\(w\) was evaluated by the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) with the same system of SEM. The phase structure analysis of the coatings was conducted by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD, D8 Advance, Bruker-axes) operating with Cu K\(\alpha\) (\(\lambda\) = 1.54178 A) radiation at room temperature. The preferred XRD orientation index TC(_hkl_) was calculated, and the texture co-efficient (TC) for each (hkl) reflection is given by [21; 22]:  
\[TC(hkl)=\frac{I_{(hkl)}/I_{0(hkl)}}{\frac{1}{h}\sum I_{(hkl)}/I_{0(hkl)}} \tag{1}\]where _TC_ (_hkl_) is the texture coefficient of the specific (_hkl_) plane; \(I\) (_hkl_) and \(I\)0 (_hkl_) are the diffraction intensity of the electrodeposited nickel and the powder pattern in the JCPDS cards, respectively; n is the number of reflection peaks used in the calculation. Three peaks of (111), (200) and (221) are used to calculate the texture coefficient.
## 5 Discussion  
Drowsy driving is harmful to human society, and it is essential to detect driving drowsiness accurately and quickly. This study proposed a hybrid model of principal component analysis and artificial neural networks to detect driving drowsiness quickly and accurately using non-intrusive physiological data. We collected EDA, RESP, and PPG signals and calculated their features. Then, we used the proposed model and its comparison models to detect drowsiness. We also compared their performance to verify our hypotheses.  
Hypothesis 1 was confirmed. The results showed that the performance of the hybrid models was better than that of the single models. We speculate that this is due to the advantages of PCA, which include reducing resource requirements, enhancing data interpretability, and--most importantly--removing noise. In other words, PCA can give the model higher accuracy [41]. In addition, we found that the training times of the hybrid models were shorter than those of the single models. We speculate that the hybrid models reduced the dimensions of the extracted physiological features, leading to shorter computation times for the driving drowsiness detection models. Moreover, the results of the verification showed that the standard deviations of the accuracies, drowsiness recalls, drowsiness precisions, AUCs, and training times of the hybrid models were lower than those of the single models. This showed that PCA could assist the models in adapting to  
Figure 9: Results of sample 9 in the verification stage. Hybrid models included PCA-BPNN, PCA-CFNN, PCA-SVM, and PCA-KNN and single models included BPNN, CFNN, SVM, and KNN. * ANN—artificial neural networks; CMLA—classic machine learning algorithms.  
unknown data and enhance their stability. Thus, PCA improved the accuracy, timeliness, and guaranteed stability of the model.  
Hypothesis 2 was also confirmed. The results showed that the accuracies, drowsiness precisions, and AUCs of the artificial neural networks were higher than those of the classic machine learning algorithms. In other words, artificial neural networks can detect driving drowsiness more accurately and credibly than classic machine learning algorithms. Thus, artificial neural networks are more appropriate for application to natural driving scenes than classic machine learning algorithms. The internal mechanism behind the detection of driving drowsiness is very comprehensive. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [42] suggested that since artificial neural networks can realize any complex nonlinear transformation, they are particularly appropriate for problems with complex internal mechanisms.  
In summary, we believe that the proposed hybrid model utilizing principal component analysis and artificial neural networks meets the need for fast and accurate drowsiness detection. In the future, the proposed model may be applied in smart cars to detect the drowsiness states of drivers and promptly remind them to pay attention to their physiological states. This method can guarantee road traffic safety in the future.
# Design and Implementation of Attitude Stabilization System for Marine Satellite Tracking Antenna
## 2 Introduction of Attitude Stabilization System  
Attitude stabilization is an active research direction [12; 13; 14; 15], and is also the core part of MSTA. The diagram of the attitude stabilization system is shown in this part. Two important self-designed boards are also introduced. The motivation for self designing boards is to explore those new and high-end electronic chips. These chips usually have great potential to increase the performance of the control system while there is no corresponding commercial boards on the market.  
There are three parts in the MSTA under research, that is, the elevation part, cross-elevation part, and azimuth part. The controller design procedure for each part is almost the same and they are independent from each other. Thus, only the controller design of elevation part is selected for simplicity purpose.
## 4 Experimental Verification
### Experiment on High Power Control Algorithm of Spoofing Signal
In order to verify that the receiver in the state of lost lock recapture and cold start is spoofed, after the cold start of receiver, spoofing signal and authentic signal are injected into receiver at the  
Figure 11: Changes in ECEF three dimensional coordinates of receiver in experiment 1. Figure 10: Changes in \(C/N_{0}\) of SVID29, 30, 31 in experiment 1.  
same time. Because the code rate and carrier phase rate of spoofing signal are changed, if the receiver is controlled by spoofing signal, The positioning result of receiver will change. Because the positioning result of the receiver is constantly biased in the experiment, we can judge that the receiver is controlled by spoofing signal, but the high-power spoofing signal is not hidden enough.
# Atomistic Investigation of Plastic Deformation and Dislocation Motion in Uranium Mononitride
## 3 Results
### Deformation Behavior
It should be pointed out that at a strain rate of \(10^{8}\) s\({}^{-1}\), the Tseplyaev potential shows no sign of dislocation formation or slip. The reason for this is that the formation of dislocations in a defect-free structure requires high energy deposition rates to form and move dislocations of large Burgers vectors [42; 49], which are only attainable at high strain rates. It should be emphasized that no dislocation nucleation is observed for the Kocevski potential, regardless of strain rate. As expected, supercells with free surfaces (Figure 2c,d) show no signs of plastic behavior [6]. Based on these curves, we have calculated estimates of the nanoindentation hardness that are outlined in Table 1. To obtain these values, the maximum stresses of the stress-strain curves for supercells with free surfaces strained at rates of \(10^{7}\), \(10^{8}\), and \(10^{9}\) s\({}^{-1}\) have been linearly extrapolated to a zero strain rate. It can be seen that the nanoindentation hardness estimated by the Kocevski potential is very close to the experimental value calculated by [PERSON] et al. [44] at 300 K, whereas that estimated by the Tseplyaev potential is overestimated by more than a factor of 3. It should be emphasized that this method is based on an observed empirical correlation between the yield stress of the supercell with free surfaces and the nanoindentation hardness, despite the deformation mechanisms in both being different. That is, nanoindentation experiments are associated with the formation of a plastic zone (with many dislocations) below the indent [43], whereas the brittle fracture of the supercells with free surfaces shows no signs of plasticity. This correlation is justified because, although UN fails through plastic deformation, its brittle fracture provides insight into the yield stress of the material [50] (which is often correlated with the hardness [51]), at which point the elastic limit is reached and plastic deformation initiates. The nanoindentation hardness of UN could not be measured by [PERSON] et al. [44] at \(T>473\) K due to the formation of an oxidation layer on the surfaces of UN samples at higher temperatures. In MD simulations, the formation of an oxidation layer is not an issue. Thus, this method can be used to estimate the nanoindentation hardness at higher temperatures provided we demonstrate that the empirical potential accurately predicts the mechanical behavior at the relevant temperatures.
# Aerothermoelastic Analysis of Conical Shell in Supersonic Flow
## 4 Numerical Results and Discussions
### Aerothermoelastic Stability Analysis
The variations in the critical free-stream static pressure of the conical shell with different temperature change \(\Delta T\) are studied. As shown in Figure 12, the flutter stability of the composite conical shell under the four temperature conditions of \(\Delta T=0\), \(\Delta T=0.2\Delta T_{cr}\), \(\Delta T=0.4\Delta T_{cr}\) and \(\Delta T=0.6\Delta T_{cr}\) is analyzed, respectively. It is found that as the temperature change increases, the critical free-stream static pressure gradually decreases.
## 3 Results
### Barrier Properties  
Table 4 lists the obtained OTR and WVTR values for the tested films. Multiplying the obtained OTR values (cc STP/m\({}^{2}\)/day) with the average film thickness (m) the Oxygen Permeability (Pe\({}_{\text{O2}}\) cc STP/m/day) values were calculated and presented. Assuming that the silica absorber in the WVTR handmade device absorbs 100% of the permeated humidity, and knowing that according to the ASTM E96/E 96M-05 method in the opposite side of the examined film the RH is 50 % (i.e., 22.86747 g/cm\({}^{3}\)), we could assume that the concentration difference \(\Delta\)C between the two sides of the film is \(\Delta\)C = 22.86747 g/cm\({}^{3}\). Solving [PERSON]'s 1 st law to the diffusion coefficient D (cm\({}^{2}\)/s) we see that we can calculate this parameter by multiplying the measured WVTR (g/s) average values with the average film thickness \(\Delta\)x (cm) and divide by the difference of concentration \(\Delta\)C (g/cm\({}^{3}\)) and by the cross-sectional area of the film A = 4.91 cm\({}^{2}\). Results are presented in Table 4.  
It is obvious from these values that both water and oxygen permeability follow the same trend, i.e., both the water and oxygen barrier values of both the PSNaMt and PSxOO@NaMt films decreased while the same properties of both the PScoMAxOO@NaMt and PSxOO@OrgMt films increased. Water and oxygen barrier values trend is following the structural characterization results of films where an exfoliated, partial intercalated and strong intercalated structure was revealed for PSxOO@NaMt, PScoMAxOO@NaMt, and PSxOO@OrgMt films, respectively. The lowest water and oxygen permeability values are obtained for PS3 OO@OrgMt and PS5 OO@OrgMt samples. XRD results indicate an intercalated nanocomposite structure for both these samples.
## 4 Analysis of Numerical Results
### Influence of the Tunnel Depth  
Five working conditions of the tunnel depth (22 m, 25 m, 28 m, 31 m and 34 m) were selected for the simulation of stepwise excavation, as shown in Table 2.  
Figure 11 shows that the ground settlement curve changes from a W-shaped curve to a V-shaped curve, and the maximum value of the ground settlement is shifted from the surface above the right hole vault to the vertical centerline. At the same time, the ground settlement value increases with the increase in burial depth, as shown in Figure 12. When the burial depth of the tunnel increases, the maximum settlement values of the ground surface are 2.745 mm, 3.508 mm, 3.735 mm, 3.851 mm and 4.084 mm. The maximum sedimentation value increased by 27.80%, 6.47%, 3.11% and 6.05%. As the tunnel depth increases from 22 m to 25 m, the ground settlement value increases significantly, but when the tunnel depth is 28 m, 31 m and 34 m, the maximum ground settlement value is closer, and the sensitivity of ground settlement to the tunnel depth decreases. This is due to the fact that when the tunnel depth reaches a certain level, a soil arch will form. The soil arch effect is formed when the tunnel depth reaches a certain level and can mitigate the ground settlement effect.  
Figure 10: Distribution diagram of settlement area and plastic area. (**a**) Before the excavation of the left tunnel. (**b**) After the excavation of the left tunnel.  
The ground settlement deformation is smaller when the tunnel is at a depth of 22 m. This is mainly because the thickness of the overburden above the tunnel is relatively small when the tunnel is shallow, and the load acting on the tunnel structure is smaller, which causes less ground loss, and the final surface soil settlement is smaller. When the tunnel depth is greater than 25 m, the tunnel is in a moderately weathered argillaceous siltstone layer. Due to the high strength of the surrounding rock, the ground loss that occurred during excavation is smaller, so the impact of the burial depth growth on the ground settlement is also smaller.
## Results
### Characteristics of Included Studies  
The studies included in the systematic review were conducted in India, Australia, Germany, Thailand, Serbia, Iran, and Brazil, and were published between 2012 and 2022. These were comparative in vivo studies performed in periodontal patients to evaluate the adjunctive use of photodynamic therapy to SRP. In all the studies, the number of participants ranged from 16 to 50, with an age range of 18 to 75 years. The studies are summarized in Table 1[14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27]. Different types of lasers with various parameters (power, energy, energy density, wavelength, application time, frequency, and emission mode) were used: an unspecified diode laser [14; 15; 19; 20; 24], AsGaAl diode laser [17; 21; 23], PAD Lit 600 [16], Periowave diode laser [18], Diode laser, Elexion Claros pico [22], Picasso diode laser, AMD [26], and HELBO diode laser [25; 27]. Among these, four studies used methylene blue photoactivator dye [14; 17; 18; 24], five studies employed indocyanine green dye [15; 21; 22; 23; 26], two used toluidine blue photoactivator [16; 19], and three used phenothiazze chloride dye [20; 25; 27]. All studies assessed parameters at baseline and at 3 months, six studies also performed an additional assessment at 1 month [15; 17; 18; 20; 22; 27], and five other studies also performed a parameter measurement at 6 months [15; 17; 18; 20; 22; 27]. All studies treated patients with chronic periodontitis, except one that treated patients with aggressive periodontitis [19].  
Figure 1: Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA) flow diagram for studies retrieved through the searching and selection process.
# A Presentation of Ionic Liquids as Lubricants: Some Critical Comments
## 2 Why Should ILs Be Used as Lubricants?
### Specificity of Surfaces  
Even in the first application of ILs as lubricants, evidenced by [PERSON] et al. in 2001, who used alkylimidazolium tetrafluoroborates to lubricate steel, aluminium, copper, silica crystal, and ceramics, the influence of the chemical composition of the surface already emerged [4]. In that work, the authors used 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate and 1-ethyl-3-hexylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate to test the reduction of friction and wear phenomena in a ball-on-disc system (Figure 4).  
The results of ILs compared with two classical fluorine-containing lubricants, phosphorazene (X-1P) and perfluoropolyether (PFPE), are reported in Table 1. The values, aside from highlighting a promising and versatile lubricant effect of ILs, show bigger % changes in the friction coefficient as a function of the materials of the frictional disk. This clearly suggests a major dependence of IL lubrication performance on the surface material. Moreover, harsh conditions of friction can promote the decomposition of the tetrafluoroborate anion to form fluoride active as an antiscratch component.