###### Abstract
On the one hand, when the pH is below a certain value (<pH 11), a phenomenon occurs when the concrete becomes carbonated [26], and on the other hand, it occurs when the chlorides exceed a certain threshold concentration [27]. Generally, the action of carbon dioxide basically consists of the neutralization of the lime by hydrolysis of the cement, with a consequent reduction in the initial alkalinity of the concrete (pH, approximately 12.5). Carbonated concrete, in fact, has a pH value of about 9.5, far below the critical value for maintaining the passive layer of the reinforcing rods. The destruction of the passivating protective film can also occur as a result of the attack of Clions. The corrosion mechanism, in this case, is expressed in an incisive and localized manner (pitting), with a significant reduction in the resistant section of the reinforcements [28]. In this context, the important link between research and high-level engineering applications is clear. Further, since the monitoring of the bridge is not only a matter of structural mechanical behavior, this paper aims at introducing an integrated procedure for structural and material monitoring. Regarding structural monitoring, in this paper, an innovative procedure for monitoring based on Vehicle by Bridge Interaction (VBI) will be presented. The validity of this procedure has been investigated theoretically in recent studies for the first time [29; 30]. In this context, the analysis is performed using a common vehicle, fully equipped with several accelerometers, to record the vertical accelerations of the test car while passing over the bridge. Specifically, both traditional monitoring techniques based on Operational Modal Analysis (OMA) identification methods and innovative ones based on the VBI have been applied on the same bridge near the city of Dubai. It should be noted that the latter approach is very competitive, since no equipment is required on the structure, but only a few sensors in the vehicle [31]. Furthermore, thanks to the use of a limited number of sensors, it follows that the computational burden is significantly reduced if compared to semi-automated or automated methodologies [32; 33]. The results of the preceding experimental tests suggest that a VBI approach used for monitoring purposes is particularly reliable for the identification of the first bridge's frequency. These results were further supported by the traditional OMA test, conducted on the same bridge, which led to similar outcomes with acceptable discrepancies. On the other hand, regarding both the concrete degradation and the corrosion risk, that is to say the material monitoring, a non-invasive method based on electrochemical sensors embedded in the concrete cover of the bridge's structural elements is presented. This was carried out in order to measure pH and chlorides in structural concrete, to verify the state of the degradation and to evaluate the aging in a certain time frame. The proposed experimental method is based on the measurement of the electrode potential of a 1-mm-diameter sensor inserted into the concrete during the casting or post-jet phase. The electrode potential can be measured using two types of reference electrodes, with liquid junction or in a solid state. This method offers the advantage of achieving a predictive diagnosis of deterioration and an accurate estimate of the risk of corrosion of the reinforcement [34]. Furthermore, a new, sulfate-selective electrode is currently under experimental study to validate its functionality, and its setup is introduced below. Finally, an automatic data transmission system based on GSM technology has been used to achieve continuous updates on the chemical-physical parameters in those cases of hardly accessible points of the structure. Actually, these studies have been developed in two different bridges in Dubai due to logistical problems. However, this situation does not decrease the efficiency of either method applied separately; on the contrary, it displays a strong image if they are applied to the same bridge.