# Eye-Tracking Investigation of the Train Driver's: A Case Study
## 3 Results
### Comparison of Arrival and Departure Procedures
The greatest average fixation time of 452.9 ms was identified on panel K (refer to Figure 9). All the necessary data pertaining to the train schedule (as a comprehensive train schedule, and arrival and departure times for each stop at the train section) were situated on panel K. Notations situated on panel L merely served an informative purpose. Consequently, the average fixation duration was insignificant. Nevertheless, the timetable located on panel K had a fundamental role in driving and operating the train; thus, the average fixations were the most prolonged (the cognitive process when the train driver was deciphering the text content from the timetable). Investigation of the particular Area of Interest (AOI) during train departures demonstrated the magnitude of its impact. In the course of the operation on the railway line, the highest mean values of return visits were observed in the window (front and side windows) region (18.5), Panel E (16.3), and Panel D (13.5). This more detailed analysis enabled distinguishing the disparities in the driver's actions in distinct (arrival and departure of the train) circumstances. Ultimately, it must be affirmed that the employed procedures and measuring equipment had no influence on the security of the train operations during the experimentation. In order to further investigate the patterns of driver behavior during the operation of a train arriving and departing from a station, we conducted an in-depth analysis of the activities performed. The aim of the analysis was to identify patterns of train operation based on the test subject's fixations on objects in the cab and around the train. The initial analysis showed a high degree of fragmentation of the train operator's views on the different panels in the train cab, so we decided to generalize the areas of interest to the following:  
* Front window, which will include everything in the driver's view in front of the train cab (AOI: A--Front Window and C--Railway signals)
* Side windows, which will contain everything in view to the right and left of the train cab (AOI: A--Left and right windows, B--Left and right mirrors)  
Figure 9: The comparison of the average fixation duration between arrival and departure procedures. * Control panels, which contains the set of control panels in the train cab (all panels in the train cab. AOI: panel D to panel M)
* White space, representing the fixation of the train driver on the area outside our investigation. We analyzed the average values of fixations on our defined regions of interest obtained during the six measurements in each station. The length of fixations on each region of interest over time shows the pattern of cognitive actions of the train driver during the arrival and departure of the train from the stations and railway stops. Stations and railway stops are marked in figures as A \"railway stop Predmier\", B \"station Dolny Hricov\", C \"railway stop Horny Hricov\" and D \"station Byta\". We also normalized the length of the analyzed processes and took into account the activities that took place 35 s before the train stopped in the station and 35 s after the train left the station. In Figure 10, it is possible to identify the behavior of the driver when the train arrives at the station. The operations performed by the train driver can be divided into three phases. In the initial phases, the driver's gaze is directed to the situation of what is in front of the train, i.e., the Front Window area. In the middle phase, the driver alternates his attention between the Front window and the Control panels. The driver starts to check the real speed and braking status of the train with the instruments located in the Control panels area. There is a sequence of rapid saccades between the Front window and the Control panels. In the final phase, the driver monitors the situation on the sides of the train through the side windows and mirrors (AOI Side windows). He also focuses his vision on the Control panels area, where he checks the full stop status of the train.