# Dynamic Coal Flow-Based Energy Consumption Optimization of Scraper Conveyor  
[PERSON]  
1 School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Q.L. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.C. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Q.C. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Q.M.) [PERSON]  
1 School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Q.L. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.C. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Q.C. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Q.M.) [PERSON]  
1 School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Q.L. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.C. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Q.C. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Q.M.) [PERSON]  
3 Yuandatan Coal Mine, Yulin 719000, China; 157931622566163.com  
[PERSON]  
1 School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Q.L. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.C. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Q.C. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Q.M.) [PERSON]  
4 Congdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Computer Integrated Manufacturing System, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China  
can consume up to 60% of the total mining energy use [3,4]. As the primary equipment for coal transport, the scraper conveyor significantly impacts system efficiency and overall energy consumption [5]. Meanwhile, as coal transport systems undergo intelligent upgrades, operational safety has become an increasingly complex challenge. Ensuring safe operation remains paramount, but beyond safety, sustainability has emerged as a core objective aligned with the principles of Industry 5.0 [6,7]. However, the lack of an accurate dynamic coal flow model limits precise estimation of energy consumption, thereby hindering further optimization and restricting the industry's potential for substantial energy savings and efficiency improvements. Therefore, achieving a balance among efficient energy use, safety, and sustainability is critical for the future development of coal mining transport systems. In recent years, researchers have developed various coal flow modeling methods for scraper conveyors to improve energy efficiency and system performance. [PERSON] et al. [8] designed a scraper conveyor load model and a coal volume calculation algorithm based on array modeling, enabling real-time simulation of unit coal volume through multi-parameter mathematical modeling. [PERSON] et al. [9] proposed a laser-scanning-based system for coal release monitoring in fully mechanized caving faces, introducing a regression model for real-time coal volume estimation using the triangular micro-element method. By measuring coal flow on the upper section of the rear scraper conveyor near the discharge opening, this model effectively captured dynamic coal distribution in the working face. Expanding on laser-based modeling approaches, [PERSON] et al. [10] developed a coal-discharge-monitoring system that utilized laser scanning to capture point cloud data of coal flow contours near the discharge opening. Based on these features, a high-precision 3D model of coal accumulation on the scraper conveyor was constructed in real time. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. [11] and [PERSON] et al. [12] introduced a coal flow volume measurement method based on linear model segmentation, improving the accuracy of coal volume estimation. These studies have contributed to refining coal flow models by integrating real-time data acquisition with mathematical modeling techniques. Although current studies using laser scanning, ultrasonic sensing, and array modeling have improved coal flow modeling, existing models still have limitations. Most rely on simplified assumptions about coal distribution and do not fully account for complex flow behaviors such as accumulation, dissipation, and interactions with the conveyor. Moreover, factors like sensor accuracy, external disturbances, and the model's adaptability to different operating conditions affect the precision of coal flow modeling.