# Acceptance Model for Mobile Building Information Modeling (BIM)
## 2 Literature Review
### Theories Related Technology Acceptance  
To promote the use of mobile BIM, this study analyzed the factors and relationships affecting the acceptance of mobile BIM by construction practitioners based on the TAM and information system (IS) success model. This study considered the TAM, IS success model, model of innovation resistance ([PERSON], 1987), and diffusion theory ([PERSON], 2003), among others, and adopted the TAM and IS success models to establish the research hypothesis. The TAM is the most common theory to evaluate technology usage. The TAM expresses the relationships between factors that affect the acceptance of the technology. The IS success model is also the basis for other similar theories since it was revised in 2003. The IS success model expresses the factors that affect the use of technology. It is still used to evaluate technology such as a digital library [25], online learning [26], a mobile catering app [27], and so on. Mobile BIM is used to improve an individual's work and enhance the organization's work, such as BIM. As a result, the variables associated with an organization must be reviewed to evaluate mobile BIM. Accordingly, we adopted TAM2 to evaluate social factors and the IS success model to evaluate the success of the information system. The other theories were excluded because the model of innovation resistance diffusion theory contained many variables that have similar meaning with the TAM and IS success models. The TAM originates from the theory of reasoned action (TRA). It uses the constructs \"perceived usefulness\" and \"perceived ease of use,\" which are the individual hypotheses that are affected by external variables. The TAM is used to indicate the relationships between external variables that affect users' acceptance of technology and the factors that affect their actual behaviors. This model assumes the relationships among the external variables, perceived usefulness, and perceived ease of use (see Figure 1). However, because the TAM is founded on the individual hypothesis, it has a limitation in that the effects of social influence are ignored. To improve this, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [28] suggested the TAM2 (or ETAM) as an extension of the original TAM. TAM2 is included as external variables such as subjective norms, which are related to social influence [23]. The TAM2's external variables can be distinguished by both the social influence process and an identical tool process. The social influence process includes subjective norms, voluntariness, and image, whereas the identical tool process includes job relevance, output quality, and result demonstrability [29]. More recently, the TAM3 has been proposed, suggesting additional external variables that may affect perceived usefulness [30]. Also, [PERSON] and [PERSON] proposed the IS success model [31; 32] to assess the successful use of information systems. They proposed the original IS success model in 1992, which initially adopted system quality and information quality as the independent variables and expressed the impact as individual impact and organizational impact in four phases. Many researchers have expanded this model and the details; therefore, [PERSON] and [PERSON] proposed an advanced IS success model in 2003 (see Figure 2). In the advanced IS success model, service quality, which was perceived as a lower variable, was added as an independent variable, and the model was organized into three phases by integrating the individual and organizational impacts into net effects. The expanded IS success model is divided into six areas: system quality, information quality, service quality, use, user satisfaction, and net benefit. Mobile BIM has the characteristics of BIM as an information system used for the benefit of an organization to enhance collaborative performance and to improve the sharing of information organically.