## 1 Introduction
The findings consistently indicated that higher print bed temperatures and optimized layer heights contributed to increased crystallinity and consequently improved impact strength [7]. Beyond mechanical properties, the adhesion characteristics of PLA and ABS on various print bed surfaces have also been evaluated. This research demonstrates that elevated bed temperatures significantly enhance adhesion, particularly when printing on glass substrates [8]. The influence of thermal processing parameters on mechanical performance has been further explored. Investigations into the production of PLA parts revealed that variations in extrusion temperature and bed temperature significantly affected mechanical strength, thermal properties, and overall durability. Thermal analyses, including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and heat deflection temperature (HDT) testing, have shown that higher bed temperatures contribute to enhanced impact resistance and increased heat deflection temperatures [9]. Furthermore, infill density (ID) has been identified as a crucial parameter influencing both microstructure and flexural behavior. Studies employing three-point bending tests (3 PBT) have concluded that an 80% infill density provides an optimal balance between strength and durability for PLA parts [10]. Beyond material-specific investigations, research has extensively focused on the mechanical behavior of thermoplastic polymers processed by the Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) method under varying strain rates. A comparative analysis of PLA, ABS, PETG, PA6, and PP under static tensile loading conditions highlighted variations in strain rate sensitivity; PLA exhibited high sensitivity, while ABS and PP demonstrated lower responses [11]. Further studies have explored bioprinting applications, particularly in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The development of artificial skin using gelatin/chitin hydrogel via extrusion-based bioprinting has been investigated, emphasizing the influence of mechanical stress, flow rate, material density, and nozzle geometry on cell viability and structural integrity [12]. The production of high-strength composite materials through FDM has also gained interest, particularly in the fabrication of continuous carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CCFRPs). Experimental studies on applied pressure during printing have demonstrated significant enhancements in mechanical performance, with tensile and flexural strengths increasing substantially under higher pressure conditions [13]. Similarly, the integration of carbon fibers into ABS matrices has been examined, revealing that increased fiber content improves tensile strength while concurrently reducing toughness and ductility [14]. In another study, a PLA filament and a PLA filament reinforced with 80 wt% 410 L stainless steel powder were manufactured using the melted filament fabrication method. Test specimens were produced with a 3D printer according to CAD designs and at different printing parameters. Tensile strength, impact resistance, and thermal conductivity measurements were conducted. It was found that the addition of steel powder decreased the mechanical strength but increased the thermal conductivity. The significant effects of printing parameters on mechanical properties were revealed by ANOVA analysis [15]. Beyond mechanical performance, the environmental and safety aspects of 3D printing have been scrutinized. The thermal processing of thermoplastics such as ABS, PLA, PET, and nylon at elevated temperatures has been associated with the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other potentially hazardous emissions. Gas chromatography (GC) analysis of emissions during the printing process identified ABS as a major source of toxicity compared with PLA [16; 17].