## 4 Features of the Transport and Dissolution of Substances in Polymer Nanocomposites
### Patents on Polymer Nanocomposites Membranes for Environmental Applications  
[PERSON] et al. (2021) patented a filter that is modified with a polymer-carbon based nanomaterial nanocomposite envisioned to substantially enhance the performance of filtration and remediation of an extensive variety of chemicals, metal ions, organic matters, and living species. Polymeric materials, such as poly-\(N\)-vinyl carbazole, are joined with (1) graphene and/or graphene-like materials-based nanomaterials and (2) chemically modified graphene oxide with a chelating agent (ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid). The nanocomposite was evenly deposited on the membrane surface. [PERSON] et al. (2003) patented membrane (100) for liquid separation. The membrane comprises of a polymer matrix (that is chlorine tolerant) that comprises of the thickness (115) and plurality of water-selectively-permeable particles (120), having a diameter that is approximately the same as the thickness of the polymer film, disposed within the said polymer matrix. The invention was aimed at molecular sieve inclusion nanocomposite membranes for liquid separations. Particularly, molecular sieve inclusion nanocomposite membranes possess high solute selectivity and have the capacity to withstand harsh chemicals and feed materials. Applications of molecular sieve inclusion nanocomposite membranes include osmotic processes (reverse and engineered osmosis) and pervaporation; though they are not limited to the listed applications. [PERSON] (2004) patented a nanocomposite mixed-matrix membrane. The membrane was synthesized from Halloysite nanotubes implanted in a hydrophobic polymer matrix. The nanotubes were a 1:1 layered alumino-silicate clay moulded into multi-layered hollow cylinders possessing walls, made from interchanging stratums of alumina and silica. The membrane was fabricated through the extrusion of the nanocomposite, which stretches over rollers in the course of the fabrication; the membrane was then annealed, cold stretched at ambient temperature, and then hot stretched. The subsequent membrane was microporous and could be employed as a membrane distillation. [PERSON] et al. (2015) patented a nanocomposite membrane via the green synthesis route. The nanocomposite membrane comprises of a macroporous polymer membrane that exhibits a plurality of pores. A plurality of metal nanoparticles was synthesized and immobilized in the interior of the plurality of pores. The nanoparticles were abridged and covered with a green reducing and covering agent--green tea extract. The resulting nanoparticles were favourably protected from oxidation and agglomeration; and thus, offer more effectual and effective reductive degradation of 30 toxic chlorinated organic compounds and additional target contaminants of a water supply. There is also some patented work on polymer nanocomposites membranes for gas separation. [PERSON] et al. (2006) patented a nanocomposite membrane that consists of an Ag-nanoparticle/polymer nanocomposite, which was evenly distributed in the polymer matrix, and a support membrane for aiding the nanocomposite, together with the process of synthesizing the membrane. The nanocomposite membrane is chemically stable, possesses an exceptional extended period of operation performance characteristics, together with exhibiting high selectivity and penetability. Hence, it could be favourably employed for separating olefin from an olefin/paraffin blend. [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2007) patented a composite membrane for separation of gases. The membrane possessed a selective separation stratum. The membrane is made of a producing polymer solution from at least one ammonium salt and at least one polymer, which is compatible with the ammonium salt. The polymer solution made a film that produces the selective separation stratum from the film via drying. An in dependent claim for the membrane is preferably for gas separation membrane. [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2008) patented a polymer nanocomposite for the separation of an aimed gas from a second gas in a gaseous mixture.