## 2 Literature Review
### Human-AI Collaboration
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Methodology** & **Reflexive DSR** & **Action DSR** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Action Research** \\ **(AR)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Mixed Methods** \\ **Research (MMR)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
**Focus/Core Goal** & \begin{tabular}{c} Reflecting on internal processes to generate generalisable knowledge and insights. \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Designing artefacts and engaging \\ stakeholders to refine and apply solutions. \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Solving practical problems \\ collaboratively with continuous reflection \\ in action. \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Generating \\ comprehensive insights by combining \\ combining \\ qualitative and \\ qualitative data. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
**Core Activities** & \begin{tabular}{c} Analyse, reflect, and refine internal frameworks and decisions. \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Co-create and apply \\ artefacts with stakeholders, reflecting on outcomes. \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Apply solutions and \\ reflect within the action cycle. \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Collect, integrate, \\ and analyse \\ qualitative and \\ quantitative data. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
**Primary Output** & \begin{tabular}{c} Generalisable frameworks and \\ design principles. \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Refined artefacts and \\ practical knowledge. \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Practical \\ improvements and \\ process insights. \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Balanced insights \\ from both \\ qualitative and \\ quantitative data. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
**Stakeholder** & \begin{tabular}{c} Developers only. \\ **Involvement** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Developers \\ and users. \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Developers \\ and users. \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Developers \\ and users. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
**Role of Reflection** & \begin{tabular}{c} Reflection is \\ continuous, focusing on lessons learned \\ from decisions. \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Reflection is \\ through engagement \\ with stakeholders \\ and application \\ of solutions. \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Reflection is \\ integrated into the \\ action process to \\ refine outcomes. \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Reflection occurs \\ during data analysis, \\ balancing insights \\ from multiple \\ sources. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
**When to Use** & \begin{tabular}{c} When critical \\ reflection on internal processes is \\ necessary. \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} When engaging \\ stakeholders to apply \\ and refine solutions. \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} When solving \\ real-world problems \\ with continuous \\ reflection. \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} When both \\ qualitative and \\ quantitative data \\ are needed. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
**Examples of** & \begin{tabular}{c} Reflecting on the \\ development process \\ of a cybersecurity roadmap. \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Testing tools such as \\ chatbots and \\ roadmaps with \\ clients and refining \\ based on feedback. \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Implementing and \\ refining frameworks \\ of business strategies \\ for small businesses. \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Collecting qualitative \\ and quantitative \\ and students. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Comparison of methodologies for research-oriented projects. using controlled, domain-specific, and company-specific data. This ensures that consulting recommendations remain relevant and consistent. A similar approach is applied in AI-assisted educational design for assessment creation, where collaborative tasks between humans and AI agents span problem-solving, planning, implementation, and refinement stages, enhancing both educational and practical outcomes [19]. The Custom GPT proposed here is a domain-specific AI agent tailored for cybersecurity consulting tasks.