esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Robust \(H_{\infty}\) Application for Motor-Link Control Systems of Industrial Manipulators
## 3 Implementation to a Manipulator Axis
By considering the actual control problem, the controller obtained by the LMI optimization is:  
\[G_{c,p}(s)=\frac{3.6855(s+11.86)(s+0.9)(s+0.269)(s^{2}+5.785s+6005)}{s(s+2.5)(s+0. 2113)(s^{2}+1.309s+1565)} \tag{13}\]  
Figure 11 shows the motor and the link time responses obtained in simulation, by applying such a controller and evaluating the link behavior considering the following expression for the link model transfer function:  
\[G_{pl}(s)=\frac{0.005374(s+1196)}{s^{2}+1.309s+1565} \tag{14}\]  
In the software implementation, the velocity controller is converted from continuous time to discrete time, guaranteeing the maintenance of the same phase margin, and then transformed into a series of second-order IIR filters, thus avoiding any possible problem related to high-order controllers. A similar procedure, which is quite common in the industrial context, will be followed for the implementation of the position controller, too, in the next section. As it is evident from Figure 11, the simulation results are satisfying on the motor side, but they show an unacceptable behavior on the link side. The small overshoot in the motor response can be reduced or almost eliminated by the position control loop, not considered yet. On the contrary, the high vibration that characterizes the link behavior, and begins to damp only after 5 s, cannot be realistically eliminated by any control solution adopted for the position loop. For the sake of completeness, and in order to evaluate the control robustness, a more realistic situation, in which some load is connected to the link, has been tested, augmenting the link inertia by about 30% of its original value. As it is evident from Figure 12, the motor response still shows good performances, but the link vibrations are unacceptable anyway. The robustness that theoretically and intrinsically characterizes the \(H_{\infty}\) control approach is then confirmed, but unfortunately, the behavior of the part of system from which no direct measure is available, i.e., the link, is not satisfying. Considering the obtained velocity results, it is necessary to modify the velocity controller before dealing with the position control loop. Figure 10: \(T(s)\) (black line) and \(W_{t}(s)\) (red line).
# FPGA-Based Frequency Tracking Strategy with High-Accuracy for Wireless Power Transmission Systems
## 3 Frequency-Tracking Control System
### Frequency-Tracking System Design
Synchronous signal processing eliminates the glitch generated by the input signal in the hopping process and solves the content and risk problems caused by delay and combination logic. Frequency counting is counting the collected current signal \(u_{\rm i}(\theta)\) and obtaining the relationship between the current frequency and the system clock. The 0.1 ms update records the count \(N\) that appears most frequently within 0.1 ms and outputs it to other modules. The dynamic phase control module consists of a digital phase discriminator, error quantization, and a phase controller. The digital phase discriminator compares the phase of difference between the voltage and the current at the transmitting side and outputs the phase difference and the phase lead signal \(ah_{\theta}\) or phase lag signal \(be_{\theta}\). The error quantization is to determine different count values \(\Delta N_{\theta}\) according to the phase difference. The phase controller selects the output angle \(\theta\) by comparing the set values. Compare the count value of phase difference \(\Delta N_{\theta}\) with the internal set value \(E_{\rm min}=10.5^{\circ}\times N/360^{\circ}\), \(E_{\rm max}=13^{\circ}\times N/360^{\circ}\). Generate _model_ = 10 when \(\Delta N_{\theta}>E_{\rm max}\) and the leads signal \(ah_{\theta}\) is high. Generate _model_ =01 when \(E_{\rm min}<\Delta N_{\theta}<E_{\rm max}\) and the lead signal \(ah_{\theta}\) is high. Generate _model_ = 00 when \(\Delta N_{\theta}<E_{\rm min}\) or when the phase lag signal \(be_{\theta}\) is high. The phase control module determines the size of the output compensation angle \(\theta\) according to the value of the internally generated _model_. Output \(\theta=\theta+1\) when _model_ = 00. Output \(\theta=\theta\) when _model_ = 01. Output \(\theta=\theta-1\) when _model_ = 10. The phase compensation module consists of two counters. Counter one is used to delay the output signal \(u_{\rm o}(\theta)\) of the dynamic voltage divider module. Counter one starts counting when it detects that \(u_{\rm o}(\theta)\) is low, and the count value is \(N-\theta\times N/180\). The phase compensation module output \(u_{\rm out}(\theta)\) goes high, and counter two starts counting when the count value is complete. Counter two ensures that the frequency of the module output is the same as the input frequency. The output \(u_{\rm out}(\theta)\) goes low when the counter counts to \(N\). This way, phase compensation of the received \(u_{\rm o}(\theta)\) signal is achieved. Let the output signal \(u_{\rm out}(\theta)\) overtake the signal \(u_{\rm o}(\theta)\) by \(\theta\) degrees to further control the phase difference of the current and voltage at the transmitter.
# EDDA: An Efficient Distributed Data Replication Algorithm in VANETs
###### Abstract  
Efficient data dissemination in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is a challenging issue due to the dynamic nature of the network. To improve the performance of data dissemination, we study distributed data replication algorithms in VANETs for exchanging information and computing in an arbitrarily-connected network of vehicle nodes. To achieve low dissemination delay and improve the network performance, we control the number of message copies that can be disseminated in the network and then propose an efficient distributed data replication algorithm (EDDA). The key idea is to let the data carrier distribute the data dissemination tasks to multiple nodes to speed up the dissemination process. We calculate the number of communication stages for the network to enter into a balanced status and show that the proposed distributed algorithm can converge to a consensus in a small number of communication stages. Most of the theoretical results described in this paper are to study the complexity of network convergence. The lower bound and upper bound are also provided in the analysis of the algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed EDDA can efficiently disseminate messages to vehicles in a specific area with low dissemination delay and system overhead.  
VANETs; data dissemination; bounded number of messages; distributed consensus; sensor 201818547; doi:10.3390/s18020547
# Microwave Photonic Signal Processing and Sensing Based on Optical Filtering
## 1 Introduction  
The low-loss and large available time-bandwidth product capability of fiber optic systems makes them attractive, not only for transmission of signals, but also for processing of high-speed signals [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6]. The inter-disciplinary field of microwave photonics, which combines microwave engineering and optoelectronics, has rapidly expanded due to the microwave photonics offers, including immunity to electromagnetic interference, the ability to realize true-time delay lines [7; 8], the ability to tune the filter center frequency over a wide range with shape invariance [9], the ability to control both phase and amplitude independently [10], and a fully programmable capability [11; 12]. The ability to tackle wideband fibre-fed distributed antenna signal processing allows microwave photonics to have diverse applications primarily targeting areas in defense, fiber-radio, and radio astronomy.  
Optical filters are an enabling technology for photonic systems with the most obvious application being to demultiplex very closely spaced channels, and they also play a major role in gain equalization and dispersion compensation [13]. They are one of the most essential and fundamental building blocks for various signal-processing operations. Work in this field has attracted a great deal of attention, with recent trends being directed towards photonic integration, as reported by several groups spanning platforms such as silicon photonics [1; 14; 15], silicon nitride [16], and III-V semiconductors [17].  
In this paper, we present recent new optical filtering techniques for wideband signal processing via microwave photonics including optical single sideband modulation and spectral characterization, single passband microwave photonic filters exhibiting narrowband radio frequency (RF) response and shape-invariant tuning, and microwave photonics for sensing applications. This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes integrated optic approaches for optical single sideband (OSSB)modulation. Section 3 presents single passband microwave photonic filters, which can suppress the harmonic passbands. Finally, Section 4 describes microwave photonic for sensing with extremely high-resolution performance.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Bond Strength after Exposure to High Temperatures
#### 3.4.2 Comparison between Modified MPC and Epoxy  
Double-shear tests were carried out on nine groups of specimens after exposure to temperatures from room temperature to 500 \({}^{\circ}\)C for evaluating the effect of temperature on bond strength of different types of adhesives (MPC and epoxy resin). The specified compressive strength of the modified MPC was 32 MPa at 28 days (the addition of 10% wollastonite). Three specimens were tested at each temperature and bond strength was evaluated as the average of bond strength obtained from these three tests. The bond strength of modified MPC and epoxy resin variation with temperature were shown in Figure 5. It can be clearly found that epoxy resin exhibits lower bond strength than MPC at ambient temperature, and retains much lower bond strength after exposures of temperatures ranging from 105 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 500 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
For the epoxy resin specimens, more than a half of bond strength was lost when the temperature increased from room temperature to 105 \({}^{\circ}\)C. When the temperature was increased to 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the bond strength of epoxy resin specimens decreased to 0.17 MPa, which was accompanied with serious carbonation. Full carbonation with almost 0 MPa was detected for the epoxy resin specimen after exposure to temperature of 300 \({}^{\circ}\)C, while only 40% reduction of bond strength was found for the MPC specimen.  
The load versus displacement curves of specimens at selected temperatures are given in Figure 11. The behavior was basically linear until an abrupt load drop took place. The effect of elevated temperatures was substantial on the load-displacement curves of the epoxy resin specimens, as  
Figure 10: Effect of wollastonite content on the bond strength of MPC after exposure to different temperatures.  
shown in Figure 11c,d for 105 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The thermal exposure also affected the load-displacement curves of the MPC specimens (Figure 11a,b), while the degree of influence was relatively minor [26].
## 6 Results and Discussion
### Comparing the Proposed Framework with Celebrated Multipath TCP  
Our _LD-MPSP_ has been tested by comparing it with the leading MPTCP algorithms: DALIA [11] and LIA [23]. We set up a testbed with seven links EDMG-SC 802.11_ay_ networks and eight spatial streaming. We use 1500 bytes packets and set 20 milliseconds target delay. Our fluid modeling and simulation settings are flexible to handle various data speeds and network parameters.  
In Figure 5 above, we compare the evolution of the WiFi throughputs between regular TCP and MPTCP flows as observed in ns-3 simulations. We found that, due to the inbuilt packet cloning mechanism, the results of the throughput with _LD-MPSP_ are more stable and highly improved as compared to that with _DALIA_ (highly fluctuating) even with a high wireless loss.  
Next, to investigate the robustness of our algorithm to delay variations, we have performed extensive numerical experiments. In Figure 11, we did this by changing the number of flows over links in time, i.e., _LD-MPSP_ flows are competing with TCP flows in the 802.11_ay_ links. By changing the number of flows, we guarantee that there will be fluctuations in the shared buffer occupancy at the AP, thus creating delay variations. LD-MPSP outperforms MPTCP DALIA in terms of ameliorating the adverse impact of fluctuating channel and delay dynamics. In addition, we observed that the LD-MPSP algorithm is robust and remains stable against such delay changes. It is also interesting to observe that, with the injected delay variations, the throughputs perceived by all existing MPTCP flows oscillate sometimes before they converge (which is prevalent in a single-path TCP as well).  
Figure 10: Performance comparison of the proposed multipath MS-UCB with MPTCP-based BUSH and HEKATON over seven links EDMG-SC 802.11_ay_ networks with spatial streaming (up to eight). MPTCP LIA performance over 802.11 ad is taken as a baseline.  
Another performance assessment of our LD-MPSP is shown in Figure 12 with the following settings extended from Figure 6: (i) between the server and two devices, we used five MPTCP connections (each with five subflows selected from seven links EDMG-SC 802.11_ay_ networks with spatial streaming up to eight); (ii) A setup of seven APs where devices are always moving at a speed of 25 m per sec from one AP towards another AP and so on; (ii) Files from an HTTP server created the emulated packet traffic, ranging in size from 2 MB to 10 MB. Observe in Figure 12 that LD-MPSP outperforms the state-of-the-art MPTCP protocols in terms of 'network utility maximization (NUM)' considerably. More importantly, for the motivating example discussed in Table 1 earlier, the throughputs perceived by the two devices with LD-MPSP are 56.20 Gbps (EDMG SC) and 61.01 Gbps (EDMG OFDM); see Table 3.
# Dual-Slope Diffuse Reflectance Instrument for Calibration-Free Broadband Spectroscopy
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Techniques  
#### 2.1.1 Frequency-Domain Near-Infrared Spectroscopy  
Frequency-Domain Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (FD-NIRS) was implemented with the purpose of measuring absolute optical properties of highly scattering media. Those being the absorption coefficient (\(\mu_{a}\)) and the reduced scattering coefficient (\(\mu_{s}^{{}^{\prime}}\)). A commercial FD-NIRS instrument was used (Imagent V2, ISS, Champaign, IL, USA) operating with a modulation frequency of 140.625 MHz and optical wavelengths of 690 and 830 nm.  
FD-NIRS was implemented in a Multi-Distance scan (MD FD-NIRS). To achieve this, a single detector fiber bundle (\(\diameter 3\) mm) was held at a fixed location and two co-localized source fibers (\(\diameter 600\) um; two wavelengths) were scanned via a linear stage (Figure 1a). In doing so, the complex reflectance (amplitude and phase) was measured at eleven distances (from 15 to 25 mm spaced by 1 mm; Figure 1b). This MD scan allowed for measurements of complex reflectance slopes (amplitude and phase) versus source-detector distance without the need for calibration (assuming unchanging coupling with the sample since the same fibers are used for each distance and the fiber/sample contact remains about the same during the linear scan). These measurements were used to calculate the absolute optical properties of the diffuse medium as described in Section 2.3.
# New Insights into the Neuromyogenic Spectrum of a Gain of Function Mutation in SPTLC1
## 4 Discussion  
### Clinical and Microscopic Findings of the p.(A20S)-Sptlc1-Patient  
Our patient presents with a rapidly progressive motor decline which started with proximal weakness. This clinical aspect is in contrast with the phenotypical presentation  
Figure 6: SPTLC1 expression in lymphocytes: RNA was extracted from immortalized lymphocytes derived from the patient and healthy controls. cDNA was generated with random hexamer primers to perform expression analysis of SPTLC1. mRNA expression was calculated via \(\Delta\Delta\)Ct method using B2M for normalization. The SPTLC1 expression was normalized to the healthy controls. Boxes indicate the lower and upper interquartiles, horizontal lines indicate the median, and whiskers indicate the minimum-to-maximum values. **+**_p_ < 0.01, n. s. not significant, by Mann–Whitney test. (**A**) SPTLC1 expression of all transcripts. (**B**) SPTLC1 expression of transcripts containing exon 2. cDNA from healthy controls and the patient were amplified and used for ligation-based nanopore library preparation and sequencing. IGV coverage plots of SPTLC1 exons 1–3 (**C**) or exon 2 (**D**), respectively. (**E**) Compositions of the different SPTLC1 transcript detected by nanopore sequencing in the patient.  
of a \"typical juvenile ALS disease course,\" usually predominated by distal muscular atrophy, increased deep tendon reflexes, spasticity, and fasciculations [7]. Although muscle biopsy findings strongly indicated a primary neurogenic defect, NCV studies revealed almost normal findings. Given that neurogenic changes in muscle biopsies could also be found in several limb-girdle-muscular-dystrophies (LGMDs) [19], in combination with the proximal weakness in our case, a primary myopathic disease was assumed. He developed severe dysphagia and respiratory insufficiency later before he lost his ability to walk in his early teens due to the active progression. This rapid decline of motor function within the first 15 years of life is mostly seen in severe muscular dystrophies such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, but in contrast to them, in some patients with Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy (UCMD), non-invasive nocturnal ventilatory support may become necessary before the ability to walk is lost [20]. Increased deep tendon reflexes, spasticity, fasciculations, and the distal atrophy as typical features for juvenile ALS were not seen in our patient. The initial proximal muscular involvement and the rapid motor decline were misleading toward a severe LGMD phenotype and should thus be considered in the clinical diagnosis of juvenile ALS based on pathogenic dominant SPTLC1 variants.
# Methodological Framework to Collect, Process, Analyze and Visualize Cyber Threat Intelligence Data
## 2 Threat Intelligence Background
### CTI Standards
#### 2.3.1. Mitre Att@CK  
According to MITRE [15], \"ATT&CK is largely a knowledge base of adversarial techniques--a breakdown and classification of offensively oriented actions that can be used against particular platforms, such as Windows. Unlike prior work in this area, the focus is not on the tools and malware that adversaries use but on how they interact with systems during an operation\". It is, therefore, an important tool to deal with threats and their mitigation, as it allows the sharing of information in a structured and standardized manner, being widely used in various threat intelligence tools available on the market [16; 17]. MITRE ATT&CK Enterprise Matrix contains 14 Windows, macOS, Linux, PRE, Azure AD, Office 365, Google Workspace, SaaS, IaaS, Network and Containers tactics representing an adversary's tactical objective for acting.  
MITRE ATT&CK Enterprise Matrix's 14 tactics include the following: Reconnaissance, Resource Development, Initial Access, Execution, Persistence, Privilege Escalation, Defense Evasion, Credential Access, Discovery, Lateral Movement, Collection, Command and Control, Exfiltration and Impact. They all represent possible a attack pattern in which an attacker can use to infiltrate a system and/or network.
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Atom Utilization  
Atom utilization was calculated using Equation (9) (see Figure 8). Since the atom utilization is based on the waste generated in reactions, the obtained results from the WCO conversion appear to be low; however, as previously stated, this is due to the fact that glycerol was considered a waste. Therefore, these results can be improved if a proper use is given to glycerol or it is considered as a beneficial product.  
Figure 8: Atom utilization for the simultaneous effect of MW/US in WCO transesterification. Effect of (**a**) different reaction time; (**b**) alcohol to oil molar ratio; (**c**) catalyst concentration and (**d**) sample (oil) volume.  
Figure 7: Reaction mass efficiency or Material efficiency for the simultaneous effect of MW/US in WCO transesterification. Effect of (**a**) different reaction time; (**b**) alcohol to oil molar ratio; (**c**) catalyst concentration and (**d**) sample (oil) volume.
# Design and Implementation of a Polar Wind and Solar Hybrid Power Supply Controller
## 2 Overall Architecture of the Power Supply System  
Figure 1 shows the topology of a controlled micro-environment aeroponic, stereoscopic cultivation wind and solar hybrid power supply system. The system consists of a wind turbine, a photovoltaic array, an energy storage system, an intelligent controller (as indicated by the dashed box), an inverter, an AC/DC load and an unloading circuit.  
\(\bullet\) Power generation part:  
It consists of a 1200 W/48 V wind turbine and 750 W/30 V PV array (three parallel boards with a 250 W single board). The three-phase electricity generated by wind power is converted into DC power through a three-phase rectifier bridge. The rectified wind power and photovoltaic arrays output direct current are respectively boosted by respective control circuits, and then connected to the intermediate DC bus; the energy flows in one direction. The boost circuit is composed of the boost converter, which is efficient and easy to achieve maximum power tracking [9].  
\(\bullet\) Energy storage part:  
The battery pack plays the role of energy regulation and balance load in the power supply system [10]. The capacity of this system is 1421 Ah/24 V, so there are 14 batteries (two in series and seven in parallel) with a 200 Ah/12 V single battery. Electrical energy flows between the DC bus and the energy storage system through a bidirectional DC/DC. The bidirectional DC/DC adopts a Buck/Boost structure, which is a Buck charging mode from the bus side to the storage side, and a Boost discharge mode from the storage side to the bus side. The circuit can realize the charging and discharging of the battery, and can achieve overcharging and over discharge protection at the same time.  
Figure 1: Overall architecture of the power supply system.  
\(\bullet\) Power consumption part  
The power consumption part is 757 W for AC load and DC load, and the DC load power is very small, which is directly provided by the energy storage battery. The AC load power is supplied through the inverter, which converts the DC power in the left busbar into AC power for the load. At the same time, the inverter can stabilize the bus voltage, and also help to improve the quality of the load supply [11].  
\(\bullet\) Intelligent control part  
The intelligent control part includes wind power rectifier circuit, unloading circuit and its Boost control circuit, photovoltaic power generation Boost control circuit and bidirectional Buck/Boost circuit. The specific parameters of each circuit component need to refer to the maximum load power consumption and average daily power generation. At the same time, the maximum power consumption is helpful to select the appropriate inverters, and the average daily power generation is helpful to allocate the capacity of wind, light and storage reasonably [12].