# A Twitter-Based Comparative Analysis of Emotions and
## 5 Discussion
### Emotion Analysis
#### 5.1.2 High-Arousal vs. Low-Arousal Emotions  
From a different perspective, according to [27], high-arousal emotions are more prevalent among Westerners than low-arousal emotions. In contrast, people in Eastern or collectivist cultures experience and choose low-arousal emotions more than high-arousal emotions. The author further claims that in Western or individualist civilizations, high-arousal emotions are rewarded and encouraged more than low-arousal emotions. High-arousal emotions are more prevalent among Westerners than low-arousal emotions. In contrast,people in Eastern or collectivist cultures experience and choose low-arousal emotions more than high-arousal emotions. It can be argued that emotions with low levels of arousal are valued more highly than those with high arousal in Eastern and collectivist countries. As a result, low-arousal emotions are more common and preferred in the East than high-arousal emotions [27]. In summary, these arguments suggest that emotional arousal reduces as the collectivistic score increases within the collectivistic margin. According to the previously mentioned global cross-cultural research, the Arab world is more collectivistic than South America; hence, high-arousal emotions are more widespread among Hispanics than low-arousal emotions. The opposite is true among Arabs: low-arousal emotions are more prevalent than high-arousal emotions. The data depicted in Table 1 were examined in terms of the collectivistic level of Arabs and Hispanics, and the results are demonstrated in Table 2. For instance, in the literature, amusement is classified as a high-arousal emotion. Our results suggested that the Spanish percentage was greater than the Arab percentage (44.44% vs. 22.28%), which was in line with research that found that among Hispanics, high-arousal emotions are more common than low-arousal emotions. Accordingly, we marked amusement in the table as consistent. Furthermore, the second emotion shown in the table (admiration), was classified in the literature as a low-arousal emotion. The findings revealed that the Spanish percentage was lower than the Arab percentage (8.8% vs. 15.11%), which was in line with research that found that among Hispanics, low-arousal emotions are less common than high-arousal emotions. Accordingly, we marked admiration in the table as consistent. Additionally, the third emotion shown in the table (sadness), was classified in the literature as a low-arousal emotion. The findings revealed that the Spanish percentage was lower than the Arab percentage (6.06% vs. 14.13%), which was in line with research that found that among Hispanics, low-arousal emotions are less common than high-arousal emotions. Accordingly, we marked it in the table as consistent. The results revealed that, of the 14 emotions extracted from the tweets, ten were classified according to the arousal-valence space: amusement, admiration, sadness, joy, excitement, gratitude, love, anger, surprise, and annoyance. Eight of the ten emotions were consistent with the literature, whereas two were not. These results were determined based on our prior conclusions that low-arousal emotions are more prevalent than high-arousal emotions among Arabs, and that high-arousal emotions are more common than low-arousal emotions among Hispanics. As mentioned above, the table contains question marks to indicate emotions whose arousal level could not be identified from the literature. Figure 5: The relationship between individualism and collectivism. Our analysis demonstrated that the emotional differences between speakers of Arabic and Spanish are consistent with their respective collectivist cultures. This can in turn seen as a sign that the machine translation did not destroy the emotional context in the tweets, but rather preserved it to some extent. However, it is important to mention that, among the total number of the tweets collected during the specified timeframe (5186 tweets in Arabic and 398 in Spanish), 811 tweets in Arabic and 94 tweets in Spanish were emotionally classified.