esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Numerical Simulation-Based Investigation of the Limits of Different Quasistatic Models
## 4 Numerical Validation
### Industrial Application
#### 4.1.3. Conduction and Displacement Current Densities  
When the frequency increases, the total current is divided into two parts: the conduction current in the conductive domains and the displacement current located in the non-conductive domains. This means that the displacement current intervenes in the modeling of the electric field, in addition to the eddy current.  
On one hand, the conduction current density is presented in Figure 7a in the windings for a frequency of 500 kHz. High values are observed inside each of the two conductors. Due to the skin effect, the current is concentrated in the small layer at the boundary of the conductor. Moreover, the peaks were higher near the middle section, mainly due to the magnetic coupling known as the proximity effect.  
On the other hand, as shown in Figure 7b, the displacement current density is presented in a sectional view of the magnetic core for a frequency of 500 kHz. The distribution  
Figure 6: Distribution of the electric scalar potential and the electric field in the magnetic core for \(f=500\) kHz.  
Figure 7: Distribution of the conduction current density and the displacement current density in the windings and the magnetic core, respectively.  
shows that the significant quantity of current is located between the turns, as the magnitude tends to be zero in the contact area with the windings, due to the capacitive effects.
# A Bus Signal Priority Control Method Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning
## 2 Model of Bus Signal Priority Control Reinforcement Learning Agent
### Traffic State Space Construction  
Considering that signal timing is the core principle of green time allocation based on the characteristics of traffic flow in key lanes [43; 44], this paper built the state space based on the key lanes, in which the state parameters are composed of the information of buses, the flow characteristics of intersections, and the information of signal timing. Bus information is represented by two parameters: bus location and passenger capacity, which are aggregated by the phase key lanes and 6 m per cell. The flow characteristics of intersections are selected based on the number of queuing vehicles and aggregated by the phase key lanes. The signal timing contains four parameters, that is, the current vehicle phase number, the current vehicle release time, the vehicle phase red light duration, and the pedestrian phase red light waiting time. The intersection state space is expressed as:  
\[S_{v}=\left(s_{1},\ldots\ldots,s_{i},\ldots\ldots,s_{n}\right) \tag{1}\]  
\[s_{i}=\left(d_{i},ld_{i},q_{i},rv_{i}\right) \tag{2}\]  
\[S_{p}=\left(p_{1},\ldots\ldots,p_{i},\ldots\ldots,p_{n}\right) \tag{3}\]  
\[S=\left(S_{v},S_{p},la,gl\right) \tag{4}\]  
where the state vector \(S\) is 1 \(\times\) m vector, merged through vector concatenation; \(n\) denotes the number of vehicle phases; \(k\) denotes the number of pedestrian phases; \(s_{i}\) denotes the state space of the motor vehicle phase in phase \(i\); \(d_{i}\), \(ld_{i}\), \(q_{i}\), \(rv_{i}\) denote the bus running position vector, the busload vector, the queuing vehicles vector in the \(k\) lane, and the red light duration vector in phase \(i\) of the motor vehicle, respectively; \(p_{i}\) indicates the red light waiting time of pedestrians in phase \(i\); \(la\) indicates the current vehicle phase number; \(gl\) indicates the current vehicle phase green light duration time.  
Based on key lanes, the division of cells does not need to consider the number of lanes on the approach, which can reduce feature dimension. Taking the east approach in an intersection as an example, as shown in Figure 1, the east approach consists of five lanes. The length between the parking line of the east approach and the upstream intersection is 180 m, and the length of each cell is 6 m. By using the DTSE method (as shown in Figure 1), there needs to be 30 \(\times\) 5 = 150 elements to represent the bus position in the east approach. However, there only needs to be 30 elements that represent the bus position by using the proposed method (key lanes-based method, as shown in Figure 2), and the dimension can be reduced by 80%.
## 4 Natural Additives in the Context of Active Food Packaging
### Plant Extracts of Various Biomasses
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Extracted biomass** & **Packaging matrix** & **Results** & **Reference** \\ \hline Coffee beans and de-fatted cocoa beans & \multirow{2}{*}{Starch} & Synergistic antioxidant effect, decreased water vapor permeability, increased shelf life of palm oil & [299] \\ Grapefruit seed extract & PCL and Chitosan & \multirow{2}{*}{Films showed better mechanical properties and inhibited bacterial growth of _E. coli_ and _P. aeruginosa_ for up to 6 days; successful tests with packaged salmon and bread & [300] \\ _Herba Lophather_ extract & \multirow{2}{*}{Chitosan} & Moisture and oil resistance are enhanced, both antioxidant and antimicrobial activities observed (_E. coli_, _S. aureus_) & [301] \\ Kombucha tea extract & \multirow{2}{*}{Chitosan} & \multirow{2}{*}{Decreased water vapor permeability and improved antioxidant, photoabsorbing, and antimicrobial effects (against _E. coli_ and _S. aureus_); 3 days extended shelf life for packaged minced beef Enhanced antioxidant and antimicrobial activity (total mesophilic aerobic bacteria, coliforms, _E. coli_, _L. monocytogenes_, _S. aureus_, and _P. aeruginosa_; shelf-life extension of refrigerated, vacuum-packed chicken breast fillets) & [302] \\ Rosemary extract & \multirow{2}{*}{Starch} & \multirow{2}{*}{Significant antioxidant effect, increased UV-stability Antimicrobial effects measured for mesophilic total viable plate counts, lactic acid bacteria, psychotropic bacteria, and _Pseudomonas_; synergistic effects observed; lower microbial load on packaged chicken & [303] \\ Sumac extract and _Zataria_ & \multirow{2}{*}{Chitosan} & \multirow{2}{*}{Antivoxidant effects and prolonged shelf life on packaged meat observed; antimicrobial activity against different bacteria (e.g., _Pseudomonas_ spp.) & [304] \\ Propolis extract and _Zataria multilora_ EO & \multirow{2}{*}{PLA} & Increased shelf life of packaged sausages, antimicrobial effects against common food pathogens (_S. aureus_, _E. coli_, _Vibrio_ & [305] \\  & & _parahaemolyticus_, _L. monocytogenes_) & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Abbreviations: _Escherichia coli—E. coli; Pseudomonas aeruginosa—P. aeruginosa; Staphylococcus aureus—S. aureus; Listeria monocytogenes—L. monocytogenes._  
\end{table} 
Table 7: Spotlight literature for plant extracts used in the context of active food packaging. results confirm that encapsulated plant oils are able to improve water vapor permeability, transparency, and tensile strength as well as antioxidant and antimicrobial effects.
## 4 Building Damage Prediction Based on the Calculated Ground Motions  
### Motivation  
The earthquake off the Pacific coast of Tohoku, Japan (Tohoku) of 11 March 2011, of Mw9.0 forced a radical revision of previously hypothesized source characteristics for subduction zone earthquakes along the Pacific coast of Japan. The CDMC doubled or tripled the hypocentral areas and its magnitude of a hypothesized whole rupture scenario along the Nankai Trough in March 2012 and simultaneously made public the estimated seismic intensity distributions and tsunami heights of various sites. Then, in August 2012, the CDMC revised the tsunami height prediction and estimated structural damage and subsequent human casualties [32]. Their estimation suggested a maximum of 320,000 casualties, half of which would be associated with structural damage and subsequent fire. However, this estimation uses an empirical building damage prediction formula (i.e., the so-called vulnerability function) derived primarily from the field survey data during the 1995 Hyogoken Nanbu earthquake, which may be leading to an overestimation for the subduction zone earthquake because of the large difference of their frequency content, as evidenced by the observed damage during the 2011 Tohoku earthquake [33]. Therefore, structural damage prediction with much higher precision is necessary which employs a method of using dynamic nonlinear response analysis for the calculated seismic waveform. Such a method can reflect the difference in the input ground motion characteristics between crustal and subduction-zone earthquakes. In this section, we used the calculated strong ground motions of the hypothesized (independent) Tonankai earthquake and the whole rupture scenario obtained in the previous section. Nonlinear response analyses based on nonlinear building properties with statistical variabilities [2; 3; 4] were carried out to calculate damage ratio distributions that consider characteristics such as the building structure type, height, and the construction age in the epicentral regions of these two large earthquake scenarios along the Nankai Trough in southwestern Japan.
# Modeling Shearing and Bending Behavior of Kiwifruit Branches Using the Discrete Element Method
###### Abstract  
Returning pruned branches into the field is a key procedure in kiwifruit cultivation. It utilizes discarded branches and aids in orchard management. Shearing and bending behaviors dominate the mechanized process of branch return; however, current research lacks appropriate modeling methods for these processes. In this study, we developed a discrete element method (DEM) model to simulate the shearing and bending behaviors of kiwifruit branches. Initially, laboratory experiments determined the shear strength and elastic modulus of branch samples to be 31.38 MPa and 1.21 GPa, respectively. An annular kiwifruit branch DEM model was constructed. A Plackett-Burman design test identified significant influencing factors: effective modulus of bond, bond cohesion, effective modulus between ball and wall, and the normal-to-shear stiffness ratio. Utilizing the response surface method, we derived relationships between DEM parameters and mechanical responses. Optimal parameter combinations were found: an effective modulus of bond at \(2.2\times 10^{9}\) Pa, bond cohesion at \(2.56\times 10^{8}\) Pa, effective modulus between ball and wall at \(1.27\times 10^{8}\) Pa, and a normal-to-shear stiffness ratio of 1.16. Finally, simulations of the shearing and bending processes were conducted. The optimal parameter combination was verified with a relative error of 4.5%. Displacement-force curves showed general consistency, indicating reliability in the modeling approach.  
kiwifruit branch; DEM; shearing test; three-point bend test; parameter calibration +
Footnote †: journal: applied sciences
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effects of the Rotational Speed
At the same time, due to the unique design of the spiral structure, an upward eddy current will be generated locally during rotation to drive cuttings to transport upward, gradually transport to the inclined section to return to the wellhead smoothly. Figure 6 shows the time-averaged vorticity and streamline distribution of the hole cleaning device (\(\alpha=0^{\circ}\)) under four different rotational speeds. A vortex opposite to the direction of blade rotation under the action of blade rotation, namely the tip leakage vortex, will appear near the wellbore behind the suction surface due to the fluid leakage through the tip clearance under the action of the pressure difference between the pressure surface and the suction surface. The tangential kinetic energy in the spiral flow's main flow area increases with the rotational speed, and the tip leakage vortex gradually moves to the outside. The main flow's absorption capacity increases, making the distribution area of the tip leakage vortex smaller. Next, the time-averaged annular cuttings concentration contour was obtained, as shown in Figure 7. With the continuous flow of solid-liquid two phases of cuttings drilling fluid in the annulus, cuttings transportation can be gradually divided into three flow patterns, namely the cuttings suspension zone, the moving bed zone, and the fixed bed zone. The cuttings concentration in the annulus decreases significantly with the gradual increase in rotational speed. The blade rotation will change the circumferential flow of cuttings-drilling two-phase flow, which will change the distribution form of cuttings and make the cuttings bed swing. A higher cuttings bed height can be seen on one side compared with the other side, but on the whole, the area of the cuttings bed continues to decrease. Figure 5: Fluid circumferential velocity distribution at different cross sections of the blade under different rotational speeds (\(\alpha=0^{\circ}\)). Figure 6: Vorticity and streamline distribution of the hole cleaning device (\(\alpha\) = 0\({}^{\circ}\)) under different rotational speeds. Figure 7: Annular cuttings concentration contour at different rotational speed conditions.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Correlation Analysis between the Test Result Indexes of SCB and IDEAL Tests  
Generally, the test results of the IDEAL test and the SCB test showed similar change patterns. However, the specific relationship of the test result indexes of IDEAL test and the SCB test could make it more clear when we use these two test methods to comprehensively evaluate the anti-cracking ability of asphalt mixtures. To evaluate the sensitivity and correlation of different indexes, \(G_{\text{initial}}\), \(CT_{\text{index}}\), \(G_{\text{f}}\), and FI of asphalt mixture with and without basalt fiber were selected. As is shown in Figure 23, the test result of sample 1 was selected as the comparison data (the test results of sample 1 were marked as 1.00), the test results of other samples were being normalized according to the test results of sample 1 (the test results of other samples were marked as the quotient of the original test results of the corresponding sample and sample 1). The final normalized test results were shown in Figure 23. It could be concluded that the overall change pattern of all these indexes are very similar, however, the \(CT_{\text{index}}\) and the FI value showed similar changing range, and the \(G_{\text{initial}}\) and \(G_{\text{f}}\) showed similar changing range. Meanwhile, the FI value and the \(CT_{\text{index}}\) were more sensitive to the change of the test samples because the changing range of the FI value and \(CT_{\text{index}}\) were bigger than that of the \(G_{\text{initial}}\) and \(G_{\text{f}}\), which means that it would be more clear to see the difference of the anti-cracking ability of different kinds of asphalt mixtures. Therefore, it is more reasonable to use the FI value and \(CT_{\text{index}}\) to evaluate the anti-cracking ability of asphalt mixtures. Furthermore, as it can be seen from Figure 24, the correlation between the FI value and the \(CT_{\text{index}}\) is also good. The coefficient of determination (R\({}^{2}\)) is 0.72427.  
Figure 22: Effect of asphalt type on FI value.
## 4 Discussion and Conclusions
However, at lower frequencies, the trend in the acoustic spectra is more ambiguous: the differences between the three models are less significant and, for example, at the third harmonic, the WALE model gives even lower SPLs than the One-Equation model. Thus, the differences cannot be attributed only to the amplitude of the underlying fluid flow pulsation. It may be concluded that the WALE SGS model performs better not only in the CFD simulation, where we know from theory that it handles more correctly the boundary and shear layers, but that its effect is also beneficial for the subsequent aeroacoustic simulations of the human voice, where it promotes the higher harmonic content in the acoustic spectrum. **Author Contributions**: Writing--original draft preparation, M.L. ; writing--review and editing, P.S., M.K. and S.S.; supervision, P.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. **Funding**: The research was supported by the Czech Science Foundation, project 19-04477S Modelling and measurements of fluid-structure-acoustic interactions in biomechanics of human voice production, and by the Student Grant Scheme at the Technical University of Liberec through project no. SGS-2020-3068. Computational resources were supplied by the project \"e-Infrastruktura CZ\" (e-INFRA LM2018140) provided within the program Projects of Large Research, Development and Innovations Infrastructures. **Informed Consent Statement**: Not applicable. **Data Availability Statement**: The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author (M.L.). **Conflicts of Interest**: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Soil Hg Contamination Impact on Earthworms'
###### Abstract  
Mercury (Hg) is one of the most toxic heavy metals and is known for its persistence in the environment and potential to accumulate along the food chain. In many terrestrial polluted sites, earthworms are in direct contact with Hg contamination by ingesting large quantities of soil. However, little is known about the impact of Hg soil pollution on earthworms' gut microbiome. In this study, two incubation experiments involving earthworms in soils from a long-term Hg-polluted site were conducted to assess: (1) the effect of soil Hg contamination on the diversity and structure of microbial communities in earthworm, cast and soil samples; and (2) how the gut microbiome of different digestive track parts of the earthworm responds to soil Hg contamination. The large accumulation of total Hg and methyl-Hg within the earthworm tissues clearly impacted the bacterial and fungal gut community structures, drastically decreasing the relative abundance of the dominating gut bacterial class Molicutes. Hg-tolerant taxa were found to be taxonomically widespread but consistent along the different parts of the earthworm digestive tract. This study revealed that although Hg might not directly affect the health of macro-organisms in the food-web such as earthworms, their metabolism and legacy in the soil might be impacted through changes in their gut microbiome.  
mercury; earthworm; gut microbiome; bacteria; fungi; soil; mercury reductase +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 3 Methodology
### Image Preprocessing
Straight lines that are transformed from points lying on the same line in Cartesian coordinate space will intersect at the same point in polar coordinate space. Then, the number of straight lines intersecting at the point \((\rho_{i},\theta_{i})\) will be recorded in A\((\rho_{i},\theta_{i})\), which represents the number of edge points lying on the same straight line. After all detected edge points are processed, the A\((\rho,\theta)\) cells are examined. Large counts in cells A\((\rho,\theta)\) correspond to collinear edge points that can be fitted by a straight line with the \((\rho,\theta)\) parameters. Small counts in cells usually represent isolated points or noise points that can be deleted. Through the Hough transform, straight lines longer than one-four of the height of an image are detected while straight lines shorter than one-four of the height of an image are abandoned as they are seen as noisy lines (preliminary study showed that the threshold of one-four of the height of an image can cover most of the vertical boundary lines of structural elements in images). \[\rho=xcos\theta+ysin\theta. \tag{7}\]  
Traditional shape-based methods assumed that the boundary lines of structural elements in an image are precisely vertical, which lead to the failure detection of slant structural elements resulting from camera tilting or perspective illusion. The proposed method improves shape-based methods by setting an allowed inclination (\(\pm 5^{\circ}\)) of boundary lines with the vertical direction to more flexibly detect structural elements. After the Hough transform, an image is divided into several quadrilateral sub-regions, each of which is formed by two adjacent detected lines.
# Design of Exergaming Platform for Upper Limb Rehabilitation Using Surface Electromyography
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Requirements Elicitation  
The design was driven by the idea that an exergame should be a complementary tool in physical therapy, complementing, rather than replacing, conventional sessions. During the initial requirements gathering phase, three key pillars were identified: inclusivity, i.e., to ensure that the game is accessible to a wide range of users; portability, i.e., to focus on facilitating play primarily at home; and supervision, i.e., to enable health professionals to effectively monitor and guide the rehabilitation process.  
To prevent exclusion due to technological skills or economic status, the game should avoid the use of expensive and not widely available devices like those of immersive virtual reality and instead run adequately on low-end computers; ideally be made available for various devices, i.e., mobile phones and tablets; and be easy to set up. In addition, given the wide range of physical disabilities, the game should target a specific part of the body to optimize exercise and allow for specialized technology and design. It is also necessary to provide the physiotherapist or doctor supervising the patient with some kind of information about the patient's performance, which requires a dedicated interface.  
The choice of the body part to focus on was thoroughly considered. In recent years, research has shown that neurological disorders, i.e., disorders of the nervous system, are the leading cause of disability worldwide [30]. Patients with central nervous system pathologies or trauma, such as stroke, Multiple Sclerosis, or basal ganglia dysfunction, experience various forms of abnormal motor behavior and symptoms. Spasticity, weakness, tremor, and ataxia are some of these symptoms, caused by altered inputs from the corticospinal tract and other descending motor pathways to the spinal cord neural circuits [31]. These symptoms lead to motor deficits in the upper limbs, particularly affecting the hands. Hand disability is one of the most significant dysfunctions, as it is involved in almost all everyday activities, causing problems with the patient's functionality and autonomy [32]. Therefore, it is crucial that every form of rehabilitation, whether traditional physiotherapy or an exergame, includes exercises for the hands [15].  
In addition, personae and scenarios were created after discussions with the intended end-users to guide the game's design, and a series of interviews were conducted with healthcare professionals to obtain recommendations on the therapeutic nature of the game. These recommendations included clearly defined exercise formats with parameters that can be modified by each healthcare professional to suit individual patient needs. For the pilot testing, we implemented a specific protocol, which we will explain in detail later.