## 1 Introduction  
Lotus (_Nelumbo nucifera_ [PERSON]) is a perennial aquatic herb of the genus _lotus_ in the family _Lotusaceae_, with ornamental, edible, medicinal, and economic value. Lotus has been cultivated for at least 7000 years in China, in nearly all its provinces. It has also been used as a functional food and herbal medicine in Asia for 2000 years [1]. Lotus seed, lotus plumule, lotus seedpod, lotus leaf, lotus petiole, lotus stamen, lotus root, and lotus flower are all derived from the lotus; however, they are important \"homologous and different effects\" medicinal herbs as distinct parts of the same plant with different medicinal effects [2]. Among them, lotus leaf, lotus seed, lotus plumule, lotus root, lotus stamen, and lotus seedpod are included in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The lotus seed and lotus plumule can effectively treat insomnia and spermatorhea [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. In addition, lotus seed nourishes the heart, calms the mind, strengthens the spleen, and treats diarrhea; on the other hand, lotus plumule also relaxes fire and treats delirium [6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. Lotus leaf, lotus seedpod, and lotus root can stop bleeding [7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15]. The lotus leaf also strengthens the spleen and treats diarrhea; the lotus seedpod treats postpartum stasis, and the lotus root removes blood stasis [7; 8; 9; 15]. Researchers have demonstrated that the lotus stamen can enhance kidney and astringent essence and treat frequent urination [8; 9; 15]. Two herbs, lotus flower and lotus petiole, are not included in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Nonetheless, they are included in the Chinese medicinal tablet's concection specifications of Jiangsu, Shanghai, Hubei, and other regions; they are also used as Chinese local medicines. Lotus flower and lotus petiole can eradicate summer heat. Lotus flowers can also stop bleeding, as well as exert anti-diabetic, anti-obesity effects and other properties [16]. Lotus petiole can also improve chest tightness and treat diseases including dysentery and gonorrhea [17]. Research on the isolation of chemical constituents from different lotus tissues has revealed that the varying efficacy of the lotus's medicinal parts is due to differences in their chemical composition, particularly in regard to metabolites. These chemical components primarily include flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, triterpenoids, proteins, polysaccharides, starch, steroids, and other components [18; 19]. Lotus leaf, lotus petiole, lotus seed, and lotus plumule are dominated by alkaloid components [2; 18], with major pharmacological effects including antioxidant activity and anti-tumor, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering, and hypoglycemic effects [20]. Flavonoids are primarily found in light-exposed tissues of the lotus, including the leaf, flower, and seedpod [18]. These compounds demonstrate diverse pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects. Additionally, they show potential in managing conditions like Alzheimer's disease, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus [7; 16; 18; 21; 22]. While lotus has been extensively studied for its phytochemical constituents and traditional medicinal applications, the molecular mechanisms underlying the pharmacological activity differences among various tissues remain unclear. This knowledge gap substantially limits the in-depth development and quality control of lotus resources. Omics technologies, including metabolomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, offer comprehensive insights into the dynamic changes and functional mechanisms of biological systems at different molecular levels, serving as crucial tools to address this issue. Recent advancements in lotus research employing these omics approaches have yielded critical insights.