## 3 Results
### CO\({}_{2}\) Loading Relative to Standard MEA
The results obtained from Figures 9 and 10 indicate that ZIF-8 exhibits favorable CO2 adsorption properties, suggesting its efficacy as a CO2 adsorbent. Furthermore, in the case of ZCAF, increasing the pulp-to-powder ratio correlates with higher CO2 loading, which aligns with the earlier findings. This observation provides additional support to the previous results, indicating that a higher pulp-to-powder ratio enhances CO2 adsorption in ZCAF. Based on our sample results, it is evident that ZIF-8, an inorganic filter material, continues to gain recognition for its remarkable ability to improve CO2 adsorption. Consistent with previous studies, the incorporation of ZIF-8 has demonstrated a similar trend in enhancing CO2 adsorption. Numerous researchers have reported that including ZIF-8 in various matrices leads to a significant increase in their CO2 adsorption capacity. Specifically, in related studies, the integration of ZIF-8 (45 nm) as a filler in polybenzimidazole (PBI)-based mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) resulted in an impressive enhancement in membrane performance, with an approximately 46% increase [35]. In a study by [PERSON] et al. [36], the addition of 20 wt.% ZIF-8 (50 nm) to PBI-based MMMs resulted in a six-fold increase in H2 permeability and a nearly 55% increase in H2/CO2 selectivity compared with the pure PBI polymer membrane. Incorporating 5 wt% ZIF-8 (45-450 nm) into the polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM) to form MMMs has been shown to enhance CO2 permeability by approximately 43% and selectivity by approximately 6.4%, particularly for ZIF-8 (120 nm), due to the homogeneous dispersion [21]. In another investigation, the CO2 uptake of ZIF-8 was found to be approximately 0.60, 0.88, and 1.41 mmol/g, while particle sizes of ZIF-8 were 30, 60, and 90 nm, respectively [37]. In this study, we evaluated the CO2 adsorption in terms of CO2 loading by comparing it with a standard MEA solution. The calculated results showed a percentage increase in CO2 loading of approximately 41% for ZIF-8 (ZS3) and 22% for ZCAF (ZCAF3). These findings are consistent with what has been reported in the literature, indicating that our results align with existing research. The CO2 adsorption performance of the ZIF-8 samples is intimately linked to their microstructural characteristics, as evidenced by the results. ZS1, with its smaller and more uniform particles, demonstrated a notable increase in CO2 loading. This can be attributed to the enhanced surface area provided by the uniform particles, which allows for greater CO2 interaction and adsorption. The lack of surface roughness in ZS1 might reduce the number of high-energy sites, favoring a more uniform and stable adsorption process, which is particularly beneficial in achieving higher equilibrium adsorption capacities. In contrast, ZS3, despite its larger particle size, shows comparable CO2 loading efficiency, likely due to the synergistic effects of surface roughness and mesopore formation. The rougher surface and the presence of larger pores in ZS3 could facilitate faster diffusion of CO2 molecules into the deeper adsorption sites, potentially offering better performance in applications where rapid kinetics are crucial. These findings suggest that optimizing the microstructure of ZIF-8--by controlling not only the primary particle size but also the secondary features like porosity and surface roughness--can significantly enhance CO\({}_{2}\) capture efficiency. Future studies could focus on fine-tuning these parameters to develop ZIF-8 materials with tailored adsorption properties for specific industrial applications. In order to ensure the reliability and reproducibility of the CO\({}_{2}\) adsorption measurements, statistical validation was conducted on the data collected for each ZIF-8 sample and ZCAF composite. The experiments were repeated three times for each sample, and the results were analyzed using statistical measures such as the mean, standard deviation, and confidence intervals.