# Influencing Factors of Solar-Powered Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Hail City, Saudi Arabia
## 5 Conclusions and Recommendations  
As part of the global effort to promote sustainable urban development and reduce carbon emissions, Hail City is setting the standard for using state-of-the-art technology to enhance its urban infrastructure. This study examined the factors, such as car consumption rate, charger power, car slots per station, and battery capacity, influencing solar charging station network deployment and outlined the necessary strategic plans. It was decided to create a solar-powered electric car charger. This study thoroughly analyzed the technical aspects influencing the number of required charging stations. Hail City wants to enhance its infrastructure effectively and sustainably by adopting proactive measures to address these concerns. Regarding the factors affecting the NS', the following results were obtained:  
* The diminishing returns on increasing car slots become apparent beyond 200 slots, where the NS' plateaus, suggesting an optimal range for station capacity depending on the average vehicle efficiency in the fleet.
* Higher consumption rates generally correspond to a higher number of required stations across most battery capacities, illustrating that less efficient vehicles with higher consumption rates demand a more extensive charging infrastructure.
* Increasing the car slots up to 200 leads to an apparent decrease in the required NS', after which it remains almost constant. On the other hand, the effect of battery capacity on the NS' required is limited. This confirms that the car slots per station required should be around 200.
* Increasing the charger power leads to an apparent decrease in the number of stations, while the effect of the battery capacity on the NS' required is limited, especially for values of charger power more significant than 30 kWh.  
Regarding the PV system designed at one of the sites with a capacity of 700.56 kWp, the following data were obtained:  
* The total annual energy output was 1373.659 MWh, with 1359.12 MWh used for charging EVs. This equates to a higher power consumption rate of 99.8% and a solar fraction of 44.3%.
* The system's efficiency and dependability are demonstrated by its performance measures, which show its output during 30 years of 1960.7 kWh/kWp and a high-performance ratio of 88.7%.  
If the results are applied, this study will help make Hail City more sustainable. The results can also be used to study other areas similar to Hail City with regard to climatic, social, and technical conditions. The authors propose building a pilot solar electric vehicle charging station in Hail City, exploring the practical case, and continuing to study the  
Figure 10: Panel degradation impact.  
impact of electronic control system loads on the local grid, considering grid integration constraints, transformer capacities, and load balancing mechanisms.  
Conceptualization, R.A.A.; Methodology, R.A.A.; Software, A.A.A.-f.; Formal analysis, R.A.A.; Resources, A.A.A.-f.; Data curation, A.A.A.-f.; Writing--original draft, A.A.A.-f.; Writing--review & editing, R.A.A.; Supervision, R.A.A.; Project administration, R.A.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.  
The Researchers would like to thank the Deanship of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research at Qassim University for financial support (QU-APC-2025) and K.A.CARE for their cooperation and provision of climate data.  
Author [PERSON] was employed by the company Saudi Electricity Company. The remaining author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.