esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Cu&Si Core-Shell Nanowire Thin Film as High-Performance Anode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Electrochemical Performance of Cu@Si CSNWFs
The diameter of the HF semicircle for the pure Si film electrode is about 310 \(\Omega\) after the first cycle, larger than that of the Cu@Si CSNWF (about 100 \(\Omega\)), indicating that the electronic conductivity of the Cu@Si CSNWFs is much better than pure Si films. As the cycle proceeds, the HF semicircle diameter for the Cu@Si CSNWF increase to about 110 \(\Omega\) after 30 cycles whereas that for pure Si films is increased up to about 530 \(\Omega\) after 20 cycles, demonstrating the better microstructure stability of the Cu@Si CSNWFs than pure Si films. Figure 6a exhibit the surface morphology of the Cu@Si  
Figure 4: (a,b) Schematic diagram of the lithium ion diffusion in pure Si film and CSNEFs, respectively. CSNWF after 30 cycles; the core-shell nanowires still preserve their shape and integrity with a diameter distribution ranging between 400 and 850 nm (Figure 6b) larger overall than those before cycling, as a result of the lithiation-induced volume expansion upon the cycled discharge-charge processes. Furthermore, after 500 cycles, the core-shell nanowire shape is hard to discern because the Cu@Si core-shell nanowires expand enough to make contact with each other and form a continuous film (Figure 6c). A more detailed analysis by cross-sectional STEM (Figure 6d) illustrates that the Si shell still adheres well to the Cu-core and the Cu nanowires remain as efficient electron transport pathways, securing a good rate capability of the Cu@Si CSNWF anode. In contrast, a large amount of cracks are observed on the surface of the pure Si film after 20 cycles, separating the Si film into 1-5 \(\upmu\)m islands (Figure 6e) and resulting in poor cycling performance. Figure 5: Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy spectra of (**a**) Cu@Si CSNWFs after 1 and 30 cycles; and (**b**) pure Si films after 1 and 20 cycles. Figure 6: (**a**,**b**) SEM image and corresponding diameter distribution of the Cu@Si CSNWFs after 30 cycles; (**c**,**d**) SEM image and cross-section STEM image of the Cu@Si CSNWFs after 500 cycles; and (**e**) SEM image of the pure Si film after 20 cycles at a current rate of 0.1 C between 0.01 and 1.5 V.
# Telehealth Secure Solution to Provide Childhood Obesity Monitoring
## 2 Related Work  
A recent review of telehealth research showed that it is as a useful tool to manage nutrition and exercise programs for pediatric obesity in times of COVID-19. According to the results, telehealth is an effective platform to perform online nutritional support and exercise training programs to promote a healthy lifestyle in children and adolescents, including for pediatric obesity [16]. Nevertheless, security algorithms and protocols must be considered to provide privacy of personal information [17].  
The properties of chaotic systems are highly related to cryptographic properties to design secure encryption algorithms, such as high sensitivity at initial conditions, mixing data, the ergodic system, the non-lineal system, and pseudorandom behavior. The spread spectrum allows multiplex code data in wireless communications to send information through a single communication channel, with robustness against noise interference [18]. The chaotic systems and spread spectrum technology have been proposed to provide security in multi-user communication systems in telemedicine, mainly focused on ensuring the privacy of biosignals such as electrocardiograms for diagnosis and disease prevention in telemedicine.  
[PERSON] et al. proposed a hybrid real-time cryptography encryption scheme for lightweight wearable medical devices by using genomic encryption and chaotic systems for health monitoring [19]. A chaos-based encryption process for clinical data has been proposed in [20], where one round of permutation and diffusion architecture was implemented for the privacy of electrocardiograms (ECG), electroencephalograms (EEG), and blood pressure (BP) biomedical signals. According to the security analysis, the proposed algorithm is secure for e-health applications. In 2019, [PERSON] et al. studied the performance of medical image transmission for cognitive radio multi-carrier in a code-division multiple access (CDMA) system with an image encryption algorithm based on a chaotic Arnold cat map, and the security analyses were presented [21]. In 2018, [PERSON] et al. presented a multi-user communication scheme based on binary phase shift keying (BPSK) and the two-dimensional Henon map in a direct sequence spread spectrum (DS/SS) system to provide privacy of biosignals privacy and security for remote health care [22]. Basic security analyses were presented, such as key analysis for sensitivity and space key, noise interference analysis, and encryption time.  
Based on the above works, we propose a telehealth secure communication scheme for monitoring parameters of childhood obesity with the aim to help in the prevention of overweight and obesity in children, which uses mainly telehealth, spread spectrum technology, and chaotic encryption in a multi-user network.
## 5 Conclusions  
A modal-energy-based neuro-controller (MENC) algorithm was presented to reduce structural vibration under seismic load. The applicability of the presented control algorithm was demonstrated through numerical analysis. A three-story nonlinear building was installed with an active mass damper, which was used to verify the applicability of the proposed control algorithm. The El Centro earthquake was adopted to train the modal-energy-based neuro-controller. Six recorded earthquakes obtained from PEER center [29] were employed to consider unknown earthquakes effects after training. The results of the proposed control algorithm were compared with those obtained from a non-controlled response and a multilayer perceptron (MLP). The key observations and findings of this research can be summarized as follows:  
1. The proposed MENC algorithm was faster compared to the MLP algorithm in the training process to control the seismic load of an active mass damper.
2. The proposed MENC algorithm is able to effectively reduce the structural responses under unknown earthquakes than conventional MLP.
3. The proposed MENC algorithm was able to significantly reduce the structural response under all used seismic loads when applied to an AMD system.
4. The structural responses and modal energy were suppressed effectively by the MENC algorithm. In addition, the first modal energy affected the whole structure's energy because the first mode is dominant in this structure's case.
5. From the restoring force results, the non-controlled structural responses exhibited nonlinear hysteretic behaviors. This nonlinear behavior almost disappeared after control by the proposed MENC algorithm. Therefore, when the structure is in the nonlinear state, the proposed MENC algorithm can effectively reduce the seismic response by the control signal in real time depending on the structural responses.  
This algorithm should be considered in future experimental research in order to achieve more practical vibration control of nonlinear building structures under seismic loads. In addition, it is necessary to suggest the possibility of applying the proposed vibration control algorithm to other electric power systems [31] and offshore wind turbines [32].  
Conceptualization, S.C. and D.S.; methodology, S.C.; software, S.C.; validation, D.S.; writing-original draft preparation, S.C.; writing-review and editing, D.S. All the authors approved the final manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE) of the Republic of Korea grant number no 20171510101960.  
Figure 13: Restoring force vs. displacement on the first floor under the seismic load: (**a**) California earthquake; (**b**) Northridge earthquake; (**c**) Landers earthquake; (**d**) Cape earthquake; (**e**) San Simeon earthquake; (**f**) Loma Prieta earthquake.  
**Acknowledgments:** This work was supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) and the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE) of the Republic of Korea (no. 20171510101960).  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Application of the Proposed Practical Quantitative Tool to the Slope Excavation Case  
### Definition of the Slope Excavation Cases  
In this part of the study, two rock mass descriptions were used in stability evaluations for a multi-benched slope excavation profile with high (case 1) and low (case 2) overburden removal, as presented in Figures 4 and 6. To observe the effect of rock strength on the disturbance factor, stability analyses were performed for weak and strong rock masses. The values of \(I_{s50}\) were selected as 1 MPa and 4 MPa for the two rock masses, and the values of _UCS_ were determined using Equation (27) proposed by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [21].  
\[UCS=\left(3.3m_{i}^{0.665}\right)I_{s50} \tag{27}\]  
The Hoek and Brown parameters of the two rock masses used in the stability analyses are summarized in Table 1. The values of \(EPI_{opt}\) were obtained from Equation (15) as 45 and 64.6 for the weak and strong rock masses, respectively. \(EPR\) was considered equal to zero (\(\Delta EPI\) = 0) due to the relatively easy excavation operation required for the weak rock mass. Therefore, \(EPI_{o}\) was taken as 45 for the weak rock mass, considering \(\Delta EPI\) = 0. On the other hand, for the excavation of rock masses composed of moderate to strong rock material, both hard and weak blasting may be needed. As a result, \(EPI_{o}\) was calculated as 84.6 by considering \(EPR\) = +50 (\(\Delta EPI\) = 20) for the moderate to strong rock mass. The values of \(DfL\) were determined by using the \(EPI_{o}\) values for both weak and moderate to strong rock material and \(H_{bench}\) = 10 m as inputs in Equation (24). The calculated values of \(DfL\) were 9.875 m and 14.942 m for the weak and moderate to strong rock masses, respectively.  
The stability of the cases was analyzed by considering potential failure circles that pass through only the toe of the excavated slope profile. While the simplified Bishop slice method was used in the circular type analyses, the overall strength of the rock masses was determined according to [PERSON] et al. [3]. To minimize the influences of the variables, while the slope profiles were assumed to be in drained conditions, no seismic event was taken into consideration.
# Optimal Path Routing Protocol for Warning Messages Dissemination for Highway VANET
## 1 Introduction
#### Novelty and Contributions  
We used a hybrid mechanism to disseminate warning messages. For this, we considered a cluster-based bi-directional highway scenario. The contributions and novelty are as follows:  
Figure 1: The general architecture of a VANET.  
* Dissemination of warming messages has been performed on bi-directional highway roads, but in a non-cluster scenario. The novelty of this paper is the directional-based clustering technique for disseminating warning messages on bi-directional highways.
* We propose a modified K-medoids algorithm for selecting cluster heads. To the best of our knowledge, the modified K-medoids have never been used in the literature for cluster head selection in a bi-directional highway scenario. The modified K-medoids algorithm is presented in Section 3.2.3, Equation (5).
* We use the positions and movement directions of the nodes to disseminate warning messages in a clustering-based approach. Previously, either the positions or movement directions of nodes have been used, but not both.
* We use the Hamming distance function to find the direction of a node. To the best of our knowledge, Hamming distance has never been used previously in a bi-directional clustering-based approach. It is presented in Section 3.2.1, Equation (2).
* We use Euclidean distance for cluster formation in the bi-directional highway. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first time Euclidean distance was employed for cluster formation in a bi-directional clustering-based approach.  
Simulation results reveal that OPRP outperforms renowned WMs dissemination schemes concerning information coverage, end-to-end delay (E2E), network overhead, message reliability, and PDR. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 reviews related work. Section 3 offers a system model, and Section 4 estimates its performance. Finally, Section 5 presents the conclusion and future work.
# Abrasion-Resistant and Temperature Control of
## 2 Anti-Scouring and Abrasion-Resistant Performance Test on Concrete  
### Project Overview  
Dagangshan Hydropower Station is the 14 th cascade hydropower station planned to be built on the main stream of the Dadu River. The main body of the dam is a concrete double-curvature arch dam with a maximum height of 210 m and the total installed capacity is 2.6 million kW, as shown in Figure 1. Its spillway tunnel project is arranged on the right bank of the Dadu River and consists of an intake, trunk, outlet and downstream protection project. Its trunk is a free-flow tunnel of one-slope mode with a tunnel length of 1077.50 m, a starting-point bottom elevation of 1098.32 m and a longitudinal gradient i = 0.1039; its section adopts a circular-arch straight wall form and has a net section size of 14.00-16.00 m \(\times\) 18.00-20.00 m (width \(\times\) height), as shown in Figure 2. Under the verified flood level, it has a maximum flood discharge capacity of 3352 m\({}^{3}\)/s and the highest flood discharge flow rate of approximately 42 m/s. Its sidewall uses C\({}_{90}\)50 anti-scouring and abrasion-resistant concrete, with an engineering volume of 34,300 m\({}^{3}\). In this case, the working conditions of high hydration heat, high heat production, high flow rate and high flow and the problem of hydration heat have imposed relatively high requirements on the anti-scouring and abrasion-resistant performance, as well as temperature control and crack prevention technology of lining concrete for spillway tunnels. With regard to the high anti-scouring and abrasion-resistant performance requirements and great temperature control difficulties of lining concrete for large-sized spillway tunnels, these two issues were investigated by experimental and numerical simulation methods, respectively. Material test, numerical simulation and other methods were used to study the anti-scouring and abrasion-resistant performance and temperature control technology of concrete for the spillway tunnel.  
Figure 1: Three-dimensional rendering of Dagangshan Hydropower Station.
## 3 Stability Analysis and Discussion
### Single DOF Model of VHCVSS
#### 3.1.2 Simulation and Analysis
For instance, the values of absolute (minimum) depth of cut for \(\Omega\) = 3600 rpm in Figure 4b-d, can reach up to 5.4, 5.4, 5.5, and 6.5 mm, which are nearly 2-fold as high as these for processes I and II and are about 1.3-fold for Process III. The values of \(\chi\) associated with SLDs in Figure 4 are compared and shown in Figure 5. It can be seen that Process IV could also gain the biggest \(\chi\). From Process I to II to III to IV, the obtained values of \(\chi\) keep increasing gradually. Compared with Processes I, II, and III, the average increases of stability region for Process IV at different RVF values are about 30.4%, 23.5%, and 1.5%, respectively. This illustrates that the application of Process IV can realize a further suppression of milling chatter. However, it should be noted that compared with the stable region difference between Processes IV and III, the difference between Processes IV and II is more obvious. This seems indicate that although Processes II and III both play a contribution for realizing the combination effect, the contribution degree is obviously different. Figure 6 shows the contribution factors of Processes II and III to the combination effect for different RVF values, based on Equation (27). It can be seen that although the values of \(\kappa\) for Process II is almost larger with the increase of RVF, Process III obviously has a greater contribution (the values of \(\kappa_{III}\) are all greater than 85%). This seems indicate that Process III plays a more important role in affecting the cutting stability of Process IV. In other words, VHCVSS is essentially a process in which VHC plays an absolutely leading role but VSS plays an auxiliary role, in terms of cutting stability. Figure 4: Comparisons of the SLDs associated with Processes I, II, III, and IV for the 1-DOF system. Note that the SLDs for Processes II and IV are plotted under the conditions of different RVF: (**a**) RVF = 0.05; (**b**) RVF = 0.1; (**c**) RVF = 0.2; and (**d**) RVF = 0.5. Figure 5: Comparisons of the values of \(\chi\) associated with SLDs in Figure 4.
###### Abstract
Especially for the traditional recycled pervious concrete, only the very thin layers of cement paste are used as the binder between its aggregates [22], which causes the mechanical properties to often depend approximately on the strength of ITZ. [PERSON] et al. [23] found that the mechanical properties and abrasion resistance were negatively affected due to the poor ITZ in traditional recycled pervious concrete. [PERSON] et al. [17] observed the decrease of mechanical properties of pervious concrete with the increase of RCA replacement. These studies showed that the maximum compressive strength of traditional recycled pervious concrete was less than 10 MPa, and when the RCA replacement rate exceeded 70%, the compressive strength decreased sharply and approximately had no strength anymore. However, IRPC is prepared by reserving top-bottom interconnected pores in advance in the concrete matrix, which makes its initial compressive strength and durability much higher than traditional ones. Various durability factors, such as chloride ion erosion, sulfate attack and vehicle abrasion, will occur in the practical use of IRPC. Coastal and inland saline regions are rich in caustic ions, such as sulfate ions [24], which will make IRPC exposed to corrosive environments and more susceptible to potential durability problems [25; 26]. Sulfate attack is one of the most common types of corrosion and can lead to serious internal expansion failure, strength degradation and durability problems of concrete [26]. The external sulfate ions penetrate into the concrete and react with the dissolved calcium hydroxide to form gypsum, and further react with the hydration aluminate products of cement paste to form ettringite [27]. The volume of ettringite grows inside the pores of the concrete, and then the expansive stress is exerted on the pore wall, causing micro-cracking and damage to the concrete [27]. In addition, IRPC pavements are worn by passing vehicles, which could be exacerbated under sulfate attacks. Therefore, it is worth studying the durability and abrasion resistance of IRPC under sulfate attack, but it is not receiving enough attention right now. This research aims to investigate the feasibility of using RCA with the innovative pervious concrete to prepare IRPC. Three different quality grades (high, medium and low qualities) and five different replacement rates (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) of RCA were analyzed. The compressive strength, permeability coefficient and abrasion resistance of IRPC under different sulfate wetting-drying cycles (0, 30 and 60) were discussed. The variations of the ITZ of IRPC after sulfate attack were characterized by SEM. The obtained experimental results and data would be beneficial for future applications of the utilization of IRPC in pavement engineering.
## 4 Removal of Pharmaceuticals during Wastewater Treatment
### Sorption Process for the Removal of Pharmaceutical Products  
The adsorption process by solid adsorbents shows potential as one of the most efficient for the treatment of a wide range of waters and wastewaters ([PERSON], 2018) that contain pharmaceutical products. In fact, there are excellent studies of carbon materials used to remove pharmaceutical pollutants, which is a financially attractive alternative for wastewater treatment.  
Different types of adsorbents are classified into natural and synthetic adsorbents. Natural adsorbents include charcoal, clays, clay minerals, zeolites, and ores. These natural materials, in many cases, are relatively low-cost and abundantly available and have significant potential to modify and ultimately improve their adsorption capacities. Synthetic adsorbents are adsorbents prepared from agricultural products and waste, household waste, industrial waste, sewage sludge, and polymeric adsorbents. Each adsorbent has its own characteristics such as porosity, pore structure and the nature of its adsorbent surfaces. Many wastes used include fruit waste, coconuts, date nuts, used tires, bark and other tannin-rich materials, sawdust, rice husk, petroleum waste, fertilizer waste, fly ash, sugar industry waste, blast furnace slag, chitosan and seafood processing waste, and algae, peat, clays, red mud, zeolites, sediment and soil, ores, etc. ([PERSON] et al., 2018).  
The current application of advanced materials for the removal of PPCPs from wastewater can be viewed from three main perspectives: activated carbon (AC), clays. and biochar. Other more recent materials have also been reported, such as molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs), thermo-responsive gel, and magnetic nanoparticles, though comparatively, they still lack development and supporting case studies.
# Machine-Learning-Based Rollover Risk Prediction for Autonomous Trucks: A Dynamic Stability Analysis
## 4 Discussion and Limitations
### Future Work  
This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by proposing a simulation-based RNN (recurrent neural network) model for LTR prediction, tailored for autonomous heavy trucks. Unlike traditional ESC evaluation methods or previous ML-based approaches, the proposed framework leverages lateral acceleration--derived from curvature and speed--as a predictive feature to enhance rollover risk assessment. Moreover, this study addresses the need for cost-effective dynamic stability assessments that align with evolving national regulations, particularly in the context of South Korea's 2023 ESC mandate for heavy trucks. Future studies will focus on the following:  
* Collecting experimental data from full-scale vehicle tests to validate the machine learning models.
* Integrating sensor noise models to evaluate real-world performance.  
Figure 17: LTR Prediction results with RFR learning models (driving scenario: DLC test).  
Exploring hybrid models combining physics-based simulations with data-driven learning.
* Investigating model explainability to ensure safer integration into autonomous control systems.
# Classification Models for Nitrogen Concentration in Hop Leaves Using Digital Image Processing
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Cross-Validation  
The performance of the models was analyzed via cross-validation with the leave-one-out (LOO) method, using the MASS package. The LOO method is a specific case of _k-fold_ cross-validation when the number of folds (k) is equal to the number of individuals in the data set (n), i.e., when k = n. Thus, the data set is divided into n folds, with each fold containing one individual. At each iteration, one individual is separated to serve as validation, the model is trained on the remaining individuals, and it is tested only on the separated individual. This process is repeated until all individuals have been used once to validate the model, totaling n iterations. Therefore, 72 iterations were carried out for mobile phone data, while 150 iterations were carried out for scanner data. One of the main advantages of the LOO method is that it generates practically unbiased performance indicators, but it can be computationally intensive when n is very large [39].