## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Microclimatic and Biological Monitoring  
#### 3.1.1 Indoor Air Temperature and Relative Humidity  
The dataset available from the wireless sensor system was processed over one year, from May 2021 (normal operation of sensors) to May 2022 (although monitoring continues), considering only the K0 and K1 positions (side opposite the windows) as representative, respectively, of the lower and mezzanine levels. The temporal profiles of temperature and relative humidity, minimum, medium and maximum values of temperature and relative humidity, daily gradients of temperature (\(\Delta\text{T}_{24}\)) and relative humidity (\(\Delta\text{RH}_{24}\)) of these two points were analysed. As regards indoor air temperature, Figure 5 shows an annual trend: from May the temperature increases and in the warm seasons the mezzanine's values are higher than the floor-level ones, due to the direct solar radiation coming through the windows, while in the cold seasons conditions are the opposite because of the heating system. Figure 6 shows the weekly trends of specific months, representative of the seasons: May, July, October and December. In Spring (a), the thermal inertia of the thick walls keeps the indoor temperature lower than outside; the temperature values are similar at both levels, even if on the mezzanine the effect of solar radiation in the afternoon (from 18:30 to 19:00), with peaks of over 3 \({}^{\circ}\)C difference, is already evident. In Summer (b), the effect of solar radiation is stronger and at this time, temperatures tend to be warmer, more than 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and thermal layering stratifies the air, also due to the effect of the solar gains from the upper windows. The increase on the mezzanine level has high peaks from 18:30 to 19:30. Figure 5: Indoor and outdoor temperature, annual trend (hourly averaged data). In Autumn (c), the heat accumulated during the warm months makes the internal temperature higher than the average daily temperatures. In the selected week, on workdays the heating was already turned on, with evident differences from the weekend, when it was turned off. In this period, because of the effect of heating, the floor level was warmer than the mezzanine level (by about 1 \({}^{\circ}\)C). In December (d), even when the heating system was on, the temperature did not reach 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C: this was a positive condition for the conservation of the volumes but not for people. Conditions worsened during the Christmas break when the heating system was off for several consecutive days and temperatures dropped as low as 14 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
Table 8 shows the maximum, average and minimum indoor temperature values, divided into representative seasonal periods in which times of heating are highlighted; in addition to these parameters, the table also shows daily temperature variations, maximum and average. As described above, the winter season is critical because of the daily temperature variation caused by the radiators: when the heating system is off (at night, on the weekend and holidays) the temperature drops below 14 \({}^{\circ}\)C. It then rises when the heating is on (especially on the floor level where this effect is greater). There is a slight vertical temperature gradient between the two levels of the room: during the summer season, the side opposite the windows of the balcony is warmer because of the sunlight, especially in the late afternoon, while in the winter months, the inertia of the walls maintains the lower level warmer than the balcony. When the heating is on, the temperature tends to stratify at the upper level. Figure 6: Weekly indoor and outdoor temperature trends during Spring (a), Summer (b), Autumn (c) and Winter (d). The same type of analysis was carried out for relative humidity; this parameter also presents a historical yearly trend which is shown in Figure 7. During the cold season, the relative humidity values of the mezzanine level are higher than the lower level, in accordance with the temperature trend.