## 4 Results and Discussion
### Significant Challenges of Using DT in the Construction Industry  
Figure 5 highlights three key challenges hindering the adoption of DTs: C-DT14 (lack of skilled professionals), C-DT16 (lack of national guidelines/codes of practices), and C-DT13 (resistance to changing to the new system). The contribution values of C-DT14, C-DT16, and C-DT13 are 0.068, 0.067, and 0.065, respectively, as shown in Figure 5.  
The shortage of skilled professionals who are proficient in utilizing digital twin technology within the construction industry is among the most significant challenges currently facing the sector. This challenge is closely related to human-centered issues and is commonly observed when introducing any new technology or system in different contexts. One of the root causes may be the misalignment between architecture school curricula and the advancements of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, which has led to a noticeable gap between academia and the evolving needs of the industry. Notably, the findings of this study align with previous research, which highlights the impact of insufficient experience and knowledge on the successful adoption of digital twin technology [4; 5; 44; 45].  
Regarding the lack of national guidelines/codes of practices (C-DT16), the National Digital Twin Programme (NDTP) emphasizes the importance of developing standards, processes, and tools to ensure that digital twins are safe, secure, trustworthy, and ethical. Without such guidelines, organizations may adopt digital twin technologies in inconsistent ways, leading to fragmented practices and outcomes. The program aims to create  
Figure 5: Contribution value of C-DTs.  
a functioning market for digital twins by aligning with broader strategic priorities and ensuring interoperability and scalability [78]. Moreover, numerous IoT applications, including sensors, drones, and laser scanning technologies, are employed to capture real-time project data. Despite their utility, interoperability issues often stem from inadequate IT infrastructure, poor data quality, missing datasets, and a lack of data standardization. These limitations collectively create substantial barriers to the seamless integration and utilization of real-time data within DTs frameworks, subsequently impeding their effective implementation in construction projects. This finding is consistent with [28], as common data standards are essential enablers of DT adoption. Hence, to overcome such challenges, it is essential to invest in robust IT infrastructure, develop standardized data protocols, and enhance data management practices. Such efforts would significantly improve interoperability, facilitating the successful adoption and optimization of DTs technologies in the construction sector.  
Resistance to change (C-DT13) remains a significant barrier to the adoption of transformative technology in the construction industry. This resistance persists despite advancements aimed at facilitating the transition. It is predominantly driven by high implementation costs, insufficient skills, and limited stakeholder knowledge. These findings are consistent with the literature highlighting the necessity of addressing organizational, human, and environmental challenges to successfully adopt DTs [28]. To overcome this resistance, it is essential to demonstrate the value of these technologies via training, educational programs, and social media [28].