## 5 Case Study
### Network Model  
Figure 9 presents the network model of WSN-based smart irrigation using the proposed scheme, which is a modified version of the network model presented in [8]. In this figure, the sensor nodes are strategically placed in agricultural fields to observe and gather a wide range of environmental and agricultural data. This includes parameters such as the air temperature, humidity, light intensity, soil conditions, and moisture levels, alongside the other relevant factors. At regular intervals, these sensor nodes send the collected data to CHs, which consolidate the information and transmit it to the BS and to the helper nodes, and it is then collected by the mobile sink. Subsequently, the data are forwarded to the control center and server through the internet. This collected data serves as valuable information for farmers, enabling them to make well-informed decisions to optimize crop yields and ensure the overall health of the farm.  
Figure 9: The network model of WSN-based smart irrigation using the proposed scheme.  
Figure 10 illustrates a one-day contrast in water consumption between conventional irrigation, the smart irrigation method in [32], and smart irrigation using the proposed scheme. In this analysis, and according to Figure 6 in [32], the farmer opens the valve at the beginning of the day for one hour in the conventional irrigation method. Assuming a pump with a rate of 16,000 mL per hour, the conventional irrigation method requires 16,000 mL per day for irrigation. On the other side, based on the results presented in [32; 33; 34], the smart irrigation method operates four times a day, with irrigation durations varying depending on the applied scheme, as shown in Table 3[34]. The irrigation times listed in Table 3 were determined using SAS 9.4M8 software [35], which calculates the optimal irrigation duration for each method. This duration represents the time interval between the activation and deactivation of the electric valve based on sensor readings.  
According to this figure, it is clear that the smart irrigation that uses the proposed scheme consumes less water when compared to the conventional irrigation method and the smart irrigation method in [32]. Specifically, it can save about 20% of consumed water when compared to other methods. Moreover, the conventional irrigation method exhibits fluctuating moisture levels, resulting in the soil being wet for brief periods and dry for extended durations. In contrast, the smart irrigation method ensures stable moisture levels, maintaining the soil at an optimal moisture content consistently. This stability in moisture levels is anticipated to enhance plant quality significantly when compared to the conventional irrigation method.  
Figure 10: One-day comparison of water consumption between conventional, smart irrigation method in ref. [30] and proposed scheme.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Irrigation Method** & **Irrigation Time** \\ \hline Conventional irrigation & 60 min \\ \hline Smart irrigation presented in [32] & 4 \(\times\) 13.2 min = 52.8 min \\ \hline Smart irrigation using proposed scheme & 4 \(\times\) 12 min = 48 min \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Irrigation time and water consumption comparison.