esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Numerical Studies on Rockbursts in Tunnels with High In Situ Stresses and Geothermally Rich Areas
## 6 Conclusions  
(1) After the excavation of the high-temperature tunnel, there is obvious stress concentration at the junction of the working face and tunnel wall, which is a high-incidence area of rockbursts. Ventilation and cooling reduce the minimum stress (compressive stress) of the surrounding rock and stress concentration point in the cooling area and sometimes reduce the occurrence of rockbursts. However, with the continuous cooling of the tunnel, the tunnel wall cracks and becomes unstable due to excessive cooling in the later stage.  
(2) After a large tunnel is excavated, the stress value at the stress concentration is clearly smaller than that at the stress concentration of a small tunnel, and the probability of rockbursts increases. In the normal range, with the increase in the heat transfer coefficient, the process of cooling is accelerated, the amplitude of stress reduction is larger, and the speed of restraining rockbursts also increases. However, the damage to the surrounding rock is also accelerated in the later stage.  
(3) The value between the horizontal stress and vertical stress perpendicular to the tunnel affects the location of stress concentration and the magnitude of the stress in the rock surrounding the tunnel. When the horizontal stress is greater than the vertical stress, stress concentration occurs above and below the tunnel. When the horizontal stress is less than the vertical stress, stress concentration occurs at the left and right sides of the tunnel. The greater the stress deviation is, the greater the stress value at the concentration point. The failure position of the cooling tunnel wall changes with the two stresses. The greater the axial stress is, the greater the stress concentration value at the interface between the tunnel and face.  
(4) According to the calculation results of the fault model in this paper, the stress concentration at the junction of the tunnel and fault is obvious, and it is prone to rockbursts and needs to be given close attention. When the dip angle of the fault is small, the stress value at the concentration point is large, and rockbursts are more likely to occur. The ventilation and cooling of the tunnel reduce the stress of the surrounding rock and inhibits the occurrence of rockbursts at the concentrated place. Similarly, continuous cooling also leads to tensile failure at the upper and lower sides of the junction between the fault and the tunnel.  
Conceptualization, S.T; writing--original draft preparation, Z.L; writing--review and editing, J.L.; and supervision, X.L. and L.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This project was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41941018, 51874065 and U1903112).  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
The importance of amino acids is explained by their crucial role as nutrients necessary for the human body [18], as well as their direct impact on shaping the palatability of meat and being precursors of many volatile compounds [1; 19; 20]. High-pressure processing is still considered a promising non-thermal technology for extending the shelf-life of meat, and its main advantage is the reduction in the microbiological contamination of this food product [21]. However, this technology has limitations that can negatively affect certain meat quality attributes. In addition to concerns like reduced oxidative stability and color changes [9; 14], it is important to pay attention to the potential negative impact on the sensory quality of meat caused by high-pressure processing [22]. Because implementing HPP technology is very expensive [23], it is advisable to continue research on the high-pressure processing of culinary meat to best meet the needs of the food industry. A promising approach for improving meat quality may involve combining high-pressure processing with new packaging methods and incorporating natural antioxidant ingredients [5; 24; 25]. Many researchers have assessed the effect of HPP treatment on meat quality. However, to the best of the authors' knowledge, no studies have investigated in detail the effect of HPP treatment on color, lipid oxidation, and especially free amino acids profile during the long-time storage of culinary beef. In the literature, the reported contents of free amino acids in beef are wide-ranging, as they are highly dependent on the muscle type, meat treatment, and storage time; so, it is tough to compare the results [4; 26; 27; 28]. Moreover, the literature on the impact of HPP on the transformation of the profile of free amino acids is relatively sparse, and the published results most often refer to a specific pressure value and a specific muscle and amounts of selected free amino acids. According to some authors, random increases or decreases in the content of free amino acids in meat during storage do not allow clear conclusions to be drawn [4]. That is why our studies aimed to investigate the influence of HPP (HPP, 300, 400, or 500 MPa, 5 min, 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C) and long-time storage under cooling conditions (0-4 \({}^{\circ}\)C) for 56 days on the color, lipid oxidation, and free amino acids profile of skin-packed beef.
## 4 Discussion
### Influence of Digital Imaging Tools on Self-Reported Outcomes  
A key finding of this study is the consistent and statistically significant association between the use of digital imaging tools--namely, clinical photography, intraoral scanners, and CBCT--and improved self-reported outcomes across all surveyed domains. These include job satisfaction, perceived equipment adequacy, intra-team and inter-professional communication, and patient-centered indicators such as treatment comfort and aesthetic satisfaction.  
Notably, digital photography emerged as a central facilitator of communication within the dental team. This was reflected in the very strong correlation between photography use and the ability to clearly communicate treatment plans to clinical staff (r = 0.985, \(p\) < 0.001). Photography also showed strong associations with improved communication with patients, enhanced time management, and greater confidence in clinical outcomes. These findings are in line with a prior study in the literature emphasizing the value of visual documentation in interdisciplinary collaboration, treatment planning, and patient education [1, 2, 17, 18, 19].  
Intraoral scanners also demonstrated a substantial impact, particularly on communication with dental laboratories (r = 0.985, \(p\) < 0.001) and perceived aesthetic treatment results (Figure 3). These results suggest that the high-resolution, real-time visualization capabilities of scanners not only optimize restorative workflows but also align expectations between dentist, patient, and lab technician. These results align with the literature [10, 17, 18]. However, two items--\"I have enough time to devote to my patients\" (\(p\) = 0.002) and \"I am happy with my current workload\" (\(p\) = 0.043)--showed comparatively lower, though still significant, differences between users and non-users. This may indicate that while scanners enhance efficiency, their use may not necessarily reduce perceived workload or time constraints, possibly due to associated learning curves, which are considered a requirement in the advent of digital workflows in dentistry, or integration challenges [2, 3, 20].  
CBCT use was also positively correlated with nearly all professional outcome variables, especially satisfaction with available equipment (r = 0.754, \(p\) < 0.001) and clarity in communicating treatment plans to patients (r = 0.653, \(p\) < 0.001). These findings align with the recognized diagnostic superiority of CBCT in complex pathology and surgical cases as well as its utility in patient communication by means of 3D visualization [21, 22, 23]. However, the one non-significant correlation found in this study--between CBCT use and the perception that \"my patients value my work\" (\(p\) = 0.083)--may reflect the fact that patients are less aware of CBCT's actual diagnostic impact, which is clinically significant.
## 1 Introduction
OCT XY or B-scan images of the skin of the ventral side of the human forearm were obtained from up to a depth of 500 \(\upmu\)m. The images were obtained following 20-25 min of lower limb heating in eight healthy men in their 30s. OCT speckle decorrelation XY images from a depth of 500 \(\upmu\)m were obtained prior to and after heating and they found acute changes in the cutaneous microvasculature in response to heating. However, this study did not compare age or gender. In addition, previous studies only compared OCT XY images from a certain depth; thus, an investigation of the dynamics of the changes within the skin layers remains to be carried out. In the OCT structural image, apart from the back-reflected light that is responsible for the images, there is scattered light resulting in grainy structures in the observed OCT images. In general, these grainy speckles are averaged to obtain structural images. However, these speckles could be used to map the structural changes and, thus, the scattering changes within the tissue. To map the scattering changes within the tissue, the temporal variation of the speckle intensities was characterized using a method called speckle contrast. Speckle contrast is the ratio of the standard deviation of the OCT reflectivity images to the mean of the OCT reflectivity images recorded over a period of time. We proposed and successfully demonstrated the effectiveness of the method, called biospeckle optical coherence tomography (bOCT), in the field of plant science by investigating seeds and leaves under different environments that have positive or negative effects. Our studies include the investigation of the effects under ozone exposure to leaves [13] and growth hormone on Chinese chive plant leaves [14]. In this study, we employed bOCT to investigate the dynamic changes within the skin structures under different heat stress conditions. bOCT involves using a custom-built OCT system operating at 1300 nm. A total of 20 subjects, 10 males and 10 females, participated in the study. The subject group was made up of two different age groups: 20s and 30s. Heat stress (40 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 5 min) was applied to the ventral part of forearm, and investigations into the dynamic changes in OCT images were conducted at different depths for the different genders and age groups. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to address differences in the biospeckle characteristics of OCT for different age groups and different genders.
# On the Feasibility of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks over IEEE 802.15.5 Mesh Topologies
## 7 Conclusions  
In this paper, the transmission of video sequences using the low rate part of the IEEE 802.15.5 standard has been evaluated by means of a new simulation tool which is available in [33]. This tool implements the SES reservation-based method as energy-saving mechanism, following faithfully the standard specification. Furthermore, the simulation framework integrates the SES method and the EvalVid software, which generates compressed QCIF video sequences with different motion, encoded using H.264/AVC. These sequences are transmitted through mesh networks of different sizes. The main results of the simulations have been presented and discussed, highlighting the most important metrics such as latency, jitter, time between packets, message delivery ratio, power consumption, lifetime and PSNR. The importance of the selection of appropriate values for the _active order_ and _wakeup order_ parameters has been emphasized, observing that for \(3\leqslant AO<~{}WO\) video transmission is feasible. A 5-3 (WO-AO) configuration has been found to be the best for the scenarios studied, although, for larger networks, higher WO values can be considered. The video sequence obtained after the simulation of 5-3 and 7-2 (WO-AO) configurations for Akiyo, Foreman and Mobile QCIF can be found at [38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43].  
In addition, the developed tool can be used to evaluate different enhancements over the IEEE 802.15.5 standard. In spite of the advantages of this standard reported in this work, such as fault tolerance or the possibility that any node transmits to any other node, there is still room for improvement for data-intensive applications and, more particularly, WMSN applications. In this regard, it is possible to introduce enhancements to the original standard, with no detriment to the interoperability with other IEEE 802.15.5 devices, which take into account the particularities of WMSN and increase its performance for this type of application.  
This research has been supported by the MINECO/FEDER project grant TEC2013-47016-C2-2-R (COINS).  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived the idea and participated in the elaboration of the manuscript and in the analysis of results. [PERSON] was involved in the writing of the manuscript and in the analysis of the results. [PERSON] developed the SES module of the simulation tool. [PERSON] took part in the elaboration of the simulation tool and the execution of simulations. All authors revised the paper.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Preventing Black Hole Attacks in AODV Using RREQ Packets
## 5 Experiment  
### Summary  
We simulated a black hole attack ([[http://mohittahiliani.blogspot.com/2014/12/ns-3-blackhole-attack-simulation-in-ns-3.html](http://mohittahiliani.blogspot.com/2014/12/ns-3-blackhole-attack-simulation-in-ns-3.html)]([http://mohittahiliani.blogspot.com/2014/12/ns-3-blackhole-attack-simulation-in-ns-3.html](http://mohittahiliani.blogspot.com/2014/12/ns-3-blackhole-attack-simulation-in-ns-3.html)) (accessed on 10 December 2021)) when using the proposed method on the ns-3 network simulator, then compared the performance of our method with that of the existing AODV protocol. In this experiment, we measured the packet arrival rate and round trip time for the following situations:  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l}
**NodeNo** & **Destination** & **Gateway** & **Interface** & **Flag** & **Hops** \\ \hline  & 10.0.0.2 & 10.0.0.3 & 10.0.0.0 & UP & 4 \\ Node0 & 10.0.0.3 & 10.0.0.3 & 10.0.0.0 & UP & 1 \\ (10.0.0.0) & 192.168.19.103 & 102.102.102.102 & 102.102.102.102.102 & IN\_SEARCH & 0 \\ \hline  & 10.0.0.0 & 10.0.0.0 & 10.0.0.1 & DOWN & 1 \\ Node1(BH) & 10.0.0.2 & 10.0.0.2 & 10.0.0.1 & UP & 1 \\ (10.0.0.1) & 10.0.0.4 & 10.0.0.4 & 10.0.0.1 & UP & 1 \\ \hline  & 10.0.0.0 & 10.0.0.5 & 10.0.0.2 & UP & 4 \\ Node2 & 10.0.0.1 & 10.0.0  
* Normal AODV with a black hole node
* The proposed AODV with a black hole node
* Normal AODV without a black hole node.  
The simulation time was 100 s, and the source node sent a ping message to the destination node every second. The black hole node replied to all received RREQ packets with forged RREP packets, and did not relay RREQ packets.  
The evaluation items are as described in Section 5.3, and the results of ten trials for each item are stated below.
## 1 Introduction  
The epicardium is the inner serous layer of the pericardium located between the mesothelial cell layer and myocardiumNormally, EAT is localized on the free wall of the right ventricle, on the left ventricular apex, around the atria, and around the two appendages [1; 2].  
Histologically, epicardial fat is predominantly composed of adipocytes, nerves, inflammatory, and stromovascular cells [2; 3]. The expansion of epicardial adipocytes is associated with the upregulation of pro-inflammatory factors and inflammatory cell infiltration including T and B cells and macrophages [4].  
Extensive evidence shows that EAT thickness is closely correlated with coronary artery disease (CAD) [5], atrial fibrillation [6], and heart failure [7], in particular. [PERSON] et al. [8] found that the size of fat depots around the heart is an independent risk predictor for cardiovascular dysfunction in CAD patients. According to [PERSON] et al. [9], EAT thickness is increased in patients suffering from CAD, including those with thoracic obesity [10; 11]. [PERSON] et al. [8] found that increased EAT thickness was the strongest determinant of left ventricular (LV) mass, meanwhile, recent studies have shown that patients with heart failure (HF) have a reduction in EAT volume compared with normal controls [11; 12].  
Other authors [13; 14] appreciated that the extension of inflammation and angiogenesis in fat tissue may be important markers of \"abnormal\" adipose tissues. They consider that the macrophages number infiltrating fat tissue increases in obesity-related cardiovascular disease and angiogenesis is involved in adipose tissue remodeling and expansion.  
Our study is focused on the role of EAT as a biomarker of CAD. We obtained EAT biopsies from CAD patients undergoing cardiac surgery. We proposed to evaluate the relationship between some cardiovascular (CV) risk factors (diabetes, obesity, and others) and morphological EAT features represented by histological evidence of EAT thickness, inflammation, and angiogenesis, in patients diagnosed with CAD with or without concomitant CHF.
## 5 Experiments and Results
### Results Analysis
#### 5.2.1 Localization Models
Interestingly, although the EfficientNetB7-UNet introduced approximately 4\(\times\) more parameters than the ResNet34-UNet model, they both performed nearly the same. On the other hand, inserting the SKM at the endpoint of the fifth model, generating the EfficientNetB7-SK-UNet model, obviously improved its performance by about 5% in precision, 7% in recall, 6% in F1-score, and 7% in IoU. The efficiency of SKM is highlighted by the fact that it only introduced about 5 thousand new parameters to the total number of trainable parameters of the network. Additionally, boxplots indicate that the model, which was empowered by SKM, had fewer outliers, and its box is more compact, showing that the standard deviation of metrics' values had decreased, which is another indicator of improved performance and accuracy. Figure 15 presents several samples of the localization stage from the considered models for visual investigations. In this figure, pre-disaster images and the localization predictions from the six models are illustrated and compared with the corresponding ground truth labels. For a better understanding of the models' performances, we visualized the four variables that define evaluation metrics with four colors: green for TP, blue for FP, red for FN, and white for TN. These variables were obtained by comparing the results of each localization output with the ground truth of the corresponding image. Wherever the model predicted the buildings correctly, as in the ground truth, it was considered TP and colored green. Everywhere that should not be assigned to the building class and was predicted correctly in the localization stage was considered TN and colored white. Red and blue were associated with pixels that the localization models were predicting incorrectly. Blue represents pixels that were not buildings but were incorrectly detected as buildings and red pixels refer to the reverse case. It can be seen that EfficientNetB7-SKM-UNet introduced the least number of FPs and FNs. Results provided in Figure 15 show that the proposed model provides more accurate predictions with fewer FP and FN pixels. This indicates a superior performance compared to other models in the localization task, which is the first step towards obtaining more accurate building damage assessment maps.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Support Vector Machines  
SVM is a technique widely implemented for the categorization of nonlinear regression. It was first proposed by [PERSON] [59]. There is a wide availability of published materials describing the theoretical background of SVM [60, 61]. The \(\varepsilon\)-SVM regression model was implemented for this research. The training dataset is required to apply the SVM technique. The structure of the dataset is as follows: (\(x_{1}\),\(y_{1}\)), (\(x_{2}\),\(y_{2}\)), (\(x_{3}\), \(y_{3}\)),..., (\(x_{n}\), \(y_{n}\)) where \(x\in\Re^{m}\) is the input data and \(y_{i}\in\Re\) is the corresponding target. The objective of a support vector machine is to estimate the regression function, defined as:  
\[f(x)=w^{T}\varphi(x)+b \tag{2}\]  
where \(w\in\Re^{m}\) is the vector of weights and \(b\) is the bias.  
During the training process, vector w is optimized as long as the deviation from the actual target is less than the predetermined constant, \(\varepsilon\), which can be described as:  
\[Min\ \frac{1}{2}||w||^{2} \tag{3}\]  
subject to  
\[y_{i}-w^{T}x_{i}-b\leq\varepsilon \tag{4}\]  
\[w^{T}x_{i}+b-y_{i}\leq\varepsilon\]  
\[i=1,\ \ldots,\ n.\]  
[PERSON] [62] introduced the nonnegative slack variables \(\xi\) and \(\xi^{*}\) to deal with the feasible constraints of the above optimization problem. This changed the problem in (2) to the following form (for nonlinear regression):  
\[Min\ \frac{1}{2}||w||^{2}+C\sum_{i=1}^{n}\xi_{i}+C\sum_{i=1}^{n}\xi_{i}^{*} \tag{5}\]  
subject to the constraints  
\[y_{i}-w^{T}\varphi(x_{i})-b\leq\varepsilon+\xi_{i} \tag{6}\]  
\[w^{T}\varphi(x_{i})+b-y_{i}\leq\varepsilon+\xi_{i}^{*}\]  
\[\xi_{i},\ \xi_{i}^{*}\geq 0,\ i=1,\ \ldots,\ N\]  
where \(C\) is the capacity constant, which can be interpreted as a coefficient of a penalty, and \(\varphi(x)\) is the kernel function, which is decisive for the SVM model performance. In this research, the Gaussian radial basis function (7) was employed.  
\[K(x_{i},x)=\exp(-\gamma||x-x_{i}||_{2}) \tag{7}\]  
In the case of an \(\varepsilon\)-SVM regression model with RBF kernel function, the three parameters, namely, \(\gamma\), should be modified to optimize the generalization capacity of the model. In this study, the optimum values of the \(C\), \(\varepsilon\), and \(\gamma\) parameters were found with a trial-and-error method. In total, 75% of the data was randomly chosen as a training set and 25% of the data was used as a validation set. The ten-fold cross-validation method was used. The Statistica v. 13 software was used for the development of support vector machine models.