# Combating Pathogens Using Carbon-Fiber Ionizers (CFIs) for Air Purification: A Narrative Review
## 2 Material and Methods
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Microorganism** & **Outcome of Ionization \({}^{*}\)** & **Ion Type and Performance** & **Ozone Levels** & **References** \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Bacteria**} \\ \hline _Escherichia coli_ & Complete inactivation with more than a 5-log reduction (see also viruses) & (99.999\(\mu\)) in 90 min & bipolar & \textless{}24 ppb & [23] \\ _Escherichia coli_ & Pre-charging enhances collection efficiency & – ions & N/A & [24] \\ _Pseudomonas fluorescars_, _Reclins_ & Particle deposition (microorganism viability not measured) & – ions & 39 ppb & [25] \\ _Pseudomonas fluorescars_, _Reclins_ & Easier and more efficient collection (from 70\% without charge to 80-90\%) & + ions & N/A & [26] \\ _(see also fungi)_ & & Synergistic bactericidal action (decreased microbial load), morphologically deformed & Combined – air ions and C. _citratus_ & N/A & [27] \\ _Pseudomonas fluorescars_, _Envitia_ & & & essential oil vapor & Yes (noted synergy between \\ _carotears_, _Escherichia coli_ & Bactericidal effect, _P. fluorescars_ most vulnerable & – air ions & ozone and NAIs) & [28] \\ _Escherichia coli_ & Antibacterial & Released + ions from copper/silver & N/A & [29] \\ _Escherichia coli_ & & Antibacterial & (metals proved to be synergistic) & No ozone, but oxygen species \\ _Escherichia coli_ & & & – ions generated by a cold plasma & and oxygen-containing radicals, \\ _Escherichia coli_ & & & tube & UV-C, and short-term heating of \\ _Escherichia coli_ & & & – and + ions, free radicals, all fall & microorganisms \\ _Escherichia coli_ & & & into the category of the fourth state & Harnessed ozone as part of the \\ _Escherichia coli_ & & & of matter (cold plasma) & study to maximize disinfection \\ _Serratia macroces_ & Significant bactericidal effects & – and + air ions (NAIs showing & N/A & [33] \\ _Pseudomonas ivromii_ & Destroyed cells in a starved, and thus highly impenetrable, state & Both – and + ions of electric corona & N/A & [34] \\ _Pseudomonas ivromii_ & via the predicted ionic porous formation of the cell wall (due to ion accumulation on surfaced) & Both – air ions created by ionizer, tested & \\ _Reclins subtilis_ & & Antimicrobial effects, reduced number of bioaerosols & – air ions created by ionizer, tested & Yes & [35] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Cont. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Microorganism** & **Outcome of Ionization \({}^{*}\)** & **Ion Type and Performance** & **Ozone Levels** & **References** \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Bacteria**} \\ \hline _Canyondebacture jriani, E. coli, Salmonella entertilis, Listeria monocytogenes, Saphylococcus aureus, Bacillus starothermophilus_ & Significantly decreased microbial load (levels in biofilm) & Supercharged – air ions & N/A & [36] \\ \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Myobacterium parapfruit**} \\ \hline _Myobacterium tuberculosis tuberculosis Logionella_ & Cell inactivation and biocidal qualities via electroporation mechanisms & – air ions & Yes, but not the principal cause of destruction & [37] \\ \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Myobacterium tuberculosis tuberculosis**} \\ \hline _Myobacterium tuberculosis Logionella_ & Precurred most airborne TB & – air ions & N/A & [38] \\ \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Ios find the – charged cell walls of pathogens and destroy them**} \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Salismella entertilis**} \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Salismella entertilis**} \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Salismella entertilis**} \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Cont. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Microorganism** & **Outcome of Ionization \({}^{*}\)** & **Ion Type and Performance** & **Ozone Levels** & **References** \\ \hline
**Fungi** & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{_Poncillium rotatatat_} & Lowered penicillin production (mostly by \(-\) ions), reduced germination of spores (mostly by \(+\) ions), lowered CO\({}_{2}\) production & \(-\) and \(+\) air ions & N/A & [49] \\  & & & production & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{