## 3 Results
### Biomarker Concentrations
#### 3.3.2 Gdf-15  
GDF-15 showed a similar pattern as sST2 did. In severe AS patients with an sPAP \(<\) 40 mmHg and sPAP \(\geq\) 40 mmHg, the plasma level of GDF-15 increased 24 h after TAVR (sPAP \(<\) 40 mmHg: baseline--541.45 \(\pm\) 763.12 pg/mL, 24 h--692.60 \(\pm\) 843.94 pg/mL; not significant), sPAP \(\geq\) 40 mmHg: baseline--777.43 \(\pm\) 857.02 pg/mL, 24 h--1104.17 \(\pm\) 943.32 pg/mL; not significant) and decreased after 96 h (sPAP \(<\) 40 mmHg: 96 h--573.67 \(\pm\) 519.41 pg/mL; not significant). sPAP \(\geq\) 40 mmHg: 96 h--901.27 \(\pm\) 696.17 pg/mL; not significant). Subsequently, an increase occurred in the 3-month control (sPAP \(<\) 40 mmHg: 3 months--1055.32 \(\pm\) 920.54 pg/mL. sPAP \(\geq\) 40 mmHg: 3 months--1060.02 \(\pm\) 420.61 pg/mL) with  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{sPAP \(<\) 40 mmHg} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{sPAP \(\geq\) 40 mmHg} & \\  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{n = 32} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{n = 53} & \\ \hline
**GDF-15 (pg/mL)** & & & & & \(p\)**-value** \\ \hline GDF-15 baseline—median \(\pm\) IQR & 541.45 & 763.12 & 777.43 & 857.02 & 0.075 \\ GDF-15 24 h—median \(\pm\) IQR & 692.60 & 843.94 & 1104.17 & 943.32 & **0.016** \\ GDF-15 96 h—median \(\pm\) IQR & 573.67 & 519.41 & 901.27 & 696.17 & 0.101 \\ GDF-15 3 months—median \(\pm\) IQR & 1055.32 & 920.54 & 1060.02 & 420.61 & 0.244 \\ GDF-15 12 months—median \(\pm\) IQR & 980.16 & 498.64 & 1095.39 & 445.38 & 0.090 \\ \hline
**H-FABP (ng/mL)** & & & & & \(p\)**-value** \\ \hline H-FABP baseline—median \(\pm\) IQR & 0.00 & 0.51 & 1.50 & 2.86 & **0.022** \\ H-FABP 24 h—median \(\pm\) IQR & 0.00 & 1.48 & 1.48 & 2.77 & **0.012** \\ H-FABP 96 h—median \(\pm\) IQR & 0.09 & 1.05 & 0.87 & 3.40 & **0.037** \\ H-FABP 3 months—median \(\pm\) IQR & 0.34 & 1.41 & 1.28 & 2.07 & **0.006** \\ H-FABP12 months—median \(\pm\) IQR & 0.99 & 1.62 & 2.09 & 1.95 & **0.030** \\ \hline
**IGF-BP2 (pg/mL)** & & & & & \(p\)**-value** \\ \hline IGF-BP2 baseline—median \(\pm\) IQR & 125,163.32 & 128,179.49 & 178,630.35 & 146,366.21 & **0.029** \\ IGF-BP2 24 h—median \(\pm\) IQR & 125,163.32 & 115,595.66 & 178,630.35 & 143,275.97 & **0.012** \\ IGF-BP2 96 h—median \(\pm\) IQR & 186,473.04 & 104,689.81 & 253,454.40 & 141,091.62 & **0.001** \\ IGF-BP2 3 months—median \(\pm\) IQR & 143,038.18 & 103,202.90 & 208,982.19 & 125,501.54 & **0.015** \\ IGF-BP2 12 months—median \(\pm\) IQR & 144,259.45 & 115,646.78 & 180,755.50 & 185,500.31 & **0.022** \\ \hline
**suPAR (pg/mL)** & & & & & \(p\)**-value** \\ \hline suPAR baseline—median \(\pm\) IQR & 3322.47 & 1106.45 & 4180.44 & 2243.84 & 0.003 \\ suPAR 24 h—median \(\pm\) IQR & 3694.77 & 940.29 & 4045.97 & 2221.08 & **0.041** \\ suPAR 96 h—median \(\pm\) IQR & 3742.90 & 1813.56 & 4076.90 & 2396.88 & 0.127 \\ suPAR 3 months—median \(\pm\) IQR & 4553.73 & 2176.08 & 4469.58 & 2225.77 & **0.006** \\ suPAR 12 months—median \(\pm\) IQR & 4171.91 & 2364.61 & 4127.91 & 2706.40 & 0.477 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: _Cont._a \"steady state\" after 12 months (sPAP < 40 mmHg: 12 months--980.16 \(\pm\) 498.64 pg/mL. sPAP \(\geq\) 40 mmHg: 12 months--1095.39 \(\pm\) 445.38 pg/mL).  
Only in the 24 h analysis was there a statistically significant difference in the expression of GDF-15 between the sPAP < 40 mmHg and the sPAP \(\geq\) 40 mmHg groups (baseline: \(p\) = 0.075; 24 h: \(p\) = 0.016; 96 h: \(p\) = 0.101; 3 months: \(p\) = 0.244; 12 months: \(p\) = 0.090).