# Impacts of Flight Operations on the Risk of Runway Excursions
## 6 Conclusions  
In this study, we investigated the operational risks associated with runway excursions and conducted an analysis of pilots with different operational styles based on curve similarity to explore the factors influencing touchdown distances. The research findings indicate that Style 2 pilots exhibit conservative operational behaviors, resulting in greater touchdown and landing distances, thereby elevating the risk of runway excursions. Style 1 pilots tend to maintain a higher pitch angle prior to touchdown to dissipate energy and reduce vertical speed. However, under high attitude and vertical speed flight conditions, susceptibility to wind shear may lead to tail strikes and hard landings. Ultimately, an analysis of pilot operations based on curve similarity was conducted, comparing them with a standard curve across seven dimensions using canonical correlation analysis to explore their relationship with touchdown distances. The final discovery reveals that the trend component in curve similarity has the greatest impact on the correlation between \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Style**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Typical**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Trend**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**MSE**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**R**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Horizontal**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Vertical**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Shift**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Curve**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Wind**} \\  & & & & & **Squared** & & & **Scaling** & & **Correlation** & **Speed** \\ \hline
1 & 0.497 & 0.806 & \(-2.049\) & \(-2.457\) & 0.260 & \(-0.019\) & 0.320 & \(-0.349\) & \(-0.276\) \\
2 & 0.343 & 1.109 & \(-0.654\) & 0.354 & \(-0.128\) & \(-0.005\) & 0.492 & \(-2.148\) & 0.005 \\
3 & 0.560 & 1.404 & \(-0.181\) & \(-0.594\) & \(-0.357\) & \(-0.004\) & 0.643 & \(-0.775\) & \(-0.412\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 10: Standardized typical correlation coefficient. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Indicators**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Pearson Correlation**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Significance (Two-Tailed)**} \\ \hline R squared & \(-0.063\) & 0.363 \\ Horizontal scaling & \(0.202\) ** & 0.003 \\ Vertical scaling & \(0.223\) ** & 0.001 \\ Shift & \(0.236\) ** & 0.001 \\ Correlation & \(-0.064\) & 0.353 \\ Wind speed & \(-0.283\) ** & 0.000 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: _Cont._ \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Style**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Typical**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Eigenvalue**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Wilks**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**F**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Molecular**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Denominator**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Significance**} \\  & & & & & & & & \\
3 & 0.560 & 0.458 & 0.686 & 11.506 & 8.000 & 201.000 & 0.000 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Typical correlations of Style 3.  
touchdown distance and operations. Utilizing the predictive curve obtained from the trend provides valuable guidance to pilots in performing the flare operation. These studies still have limitations, as some methods are in the exploratory stage and require more in-depth analysis for better understanding and application, with limited consideration of environmental factors. Firstly, while this paper addresses the impact of wind, it only considers wind speed and does not provide a thorough analysis of wind direction. In future research on the effects of wind on control wheel operations, we will analyze wind direction, wind speed, and the angle between wind direction and heading. Secondly, although this paper analyzes operations, operational risks have not yet been quantified. We plan to establish a model for evaluating the risk of runway excursions based on the operational process and outcomes. Thirdly, in the study of environmental impact, due to the lack of weather data and runway surface data, the influence of runway friction coefficient in rainy and snowy conditions has not been considered.