## 3 Results and Discussion
However, in most of the analyzed plants, their aerial parts contained more sodium than the roots. [PERSON] et al. [33] in an experiment with _Zea mays_ L. noted a high concentration of sodium in both tested varieties of this plant, with the highest concentration of this component observed at a dose of 200 mg L\({}^{-1}\) NaF. According to [PERSON] et al. [34], the significant accumulation of sodium in tissues causes a number of unfavorable changes in cellular metabolism, mainly inhibiting the synthetic activity of plants. Research by [PERSON] et al. [35] showed a significantly positively correlated relationship between soil bioavailable fluoride and exchangeable sodium (0.462, \(p\) = 0.05). Moreover, [PERSON] et al. [36] reported a significantly positive correlation between fluoride and exchangeable sodium. According to [PERSON] et al. [37], the reported positive relationship between the content of fluorine and sodium is likely explained by the accumulation of a large amount of minerals in the soil in the form of cryolite (Na\({}_{3}\)AlF\({}_{6}\)). A general overview of the research results reveals more distinct differences in the shaping of two analyzed macronutrients content under the impact of soil pollution with fluoride for sodium rather than sulphur. Thus, the largest average decrease in the sodium content was noted in the roots of narrow lupine and the roots of winter oilseed rape, where it reached 49 and 32%, respectively, in comparison with the series not polluted with fluoride. The fluoride soil contamination and the applied neutralizing substances only slightly differentiated the sulphur content in the test plants (Tables 4 and 5). The highest average sulphur content was determined in the aerial parts of yellow lupine, with 3.8 g S kg\({}^{-1}\) DM, while the lowest was in the aerial parts of spring tritticale, with 1.3 g S kg\({}^{-1}\) DM. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [38] recorded the highest content of sulphur in lichens growing in the nearest proximity to the Lubon Chemical Plant. However, [PERSON] [39] did not observe any influence of the distance to the Phosphate Fertilizer Manufacturing Plant in Lubon on the content of sulphur in the tested plants. The statistical analysis of the research results elucidated a highly significant negative impact of increasing fluorine soil pollution on the sulphur content in the aerial parts of yellow lupine (\(r\) = \(-\)0.82 **), the aerial parts (\(r\) = \(-\)0.90 **) and roots of winter oilseed rape (\(r\) = \(-\)0.82 **), and the aerial parts of phacelia (\(r\) = \(-\)0.81 **). In contrast, the fluorine soil contamination contributed to a highly significant increase in the sulphur content in black radish roots (\(r\) = 0.84 **) and spring tritticale aerial parts (\(r\) = 0.93 **). The obtained results confirm the thesis available in the literature that the presence of fluoride in the soil can change the quality of crops [14; 15; 16; 17; 18] and their feed suitability. Statistical processing of the experimental data also demonstrated a significant effect of the soil application of materials immobilizing fluorine on the plant content of both sodium and sulphur (Tables 2-5). The soil application of lime as a substance immobilizing fluorine, in most cases, contributed to a decrease in the average sodium content in the tested crops relative to the control series, i.e., not contaminated with this xenobiotic (Tables 2 and 3). The highest decrease in the content of this macronutrient was noted in the aerial parts of phacelia (\(-\)22%), the aerial parts of black radish (\(-\)21%), and the roots of narrow-lupine (\(-\)16%). As for the content of sulphur in this series of experiments, it was similar or identical to the control series, that is, the unpolluted one. On the other hand, it is worth noting that the application of lime did not limit the impact of fluorine on the sodium content in plants, which in most cases was negative.