# IoT Technologies during and Beyond COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review
## 2 Related Work
### Is the State-of-the-Art IoT Enough to Tackle COVID-19 Related Challenges?  
IoT can tackle most COVID-19 challenges. It can support control of the pandemic by using it as an alerting mechanism, a warning mechanism, or a penalty mechanism, or a combination. The mechanisms can be categorized into three levels, alerting being the first level and penalty as the third level. At the alerting level, IoT can alarm the users if, for example, an area has a dense population, cases are in a specific area, and if there is going to be a lockdown. The warning and penalty levels work together. A warning could be issued, for example, for people who arrive from another city to not leave home for 14 days, and a penalty can be applied if the warnings are ignored. These mechanisms can limit the spread of the virus and control the pandemic. However, with the increased intervention, more personal data and permissions (or consent) are required from the user, which affects user privacy and security. There is a conflict between data access to provide better services and protecting user privacy. The amount of data collected from IoT devices puts individuals at risk as they become more easily identifiable with the use of profiling, tracing, and unauthorized processing, which can violate data protection laws such as General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), due to the requirement of explicit consent from users. However, legitimate interests can play a bigger role in controlling a global pandemic such as COVID-19. Security and privacy issues associated with Coronavirus diagnosis and prognosis are discussed by the author of [12].  
During the pandemic, IoT-inspired technologies provide greater use with a reduced cost and faster disease diagnosis. For instance, the ADAMM Asthma monitor that detects asthma attack [13] and the Smart Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) [14] are of great examples of the use of IoT in the health sector. In these critical times, IoT can be of great  
Figure 1: Temperature Screening [11].  
help to the elderly as they are more vulnerable to the virus than the other age groups. They are also more prevalent due to the increase in life expectancy. IoT wearable devices that can perform biometric reading and activity tracking, such as the Apple smart health watch [15] and the Omron blood pressure monitor [16], can help in constantly monitoring their health remotely. Grandcare is also a useful system that allows elderly people to communicate with their loved ones and would be ideal for home monitoring [17].  
A study conducted by [18] proposed eight machine learning algorithms to early identify suspected COVID cases. Five of these algorithms present more than 90% accuracy in identifying potential cases. The framework also analyses the treatment response and real-time monitoring of the patient to understand the nature of the virus. This high accuracy can help in detecting many early cases and to rush with appropriate treatment. With innovation technologies, IoT is capable of creating high-quality outcomes and customized attention and benefits to the patient by reducing the associated losses [3].