## 2 Literature Review
### Facts and Issues of IFM  
Food safety and high-quality is one pillar of public health that ensures a healthy community. In 1939, [PERSON] raised the issue of low-income countries using IFMs as a health risk when she spoke on Milk and Murder, and concerns over IFMs increased in 1974 after the publication of The Baby Killer report [6]. adulteration, contamination, and other IFM issues are certainly not limited to low-income countries; they are common, and cases were discovered in high-income countries too. A recent example is Abbott Laboratories' massive 2022 recall of IFMs due to Salmonella Newport and _Cronobacter sakazakii_ bacteria, also known as _Enterobacter sakazakii_ (E.S.).  
It can be argued that IFMs are more associated with biological food safety issues, such as parasites, pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella or pathogenic _Escherichia coli_,  
Figure 1: Literature identification and collection.  
also known as _E. coli_, and foodborne viruses such as Norovirus that cause vomiting and diarrhea [7]. In addition, Bacillus cereus contamination in IFMs has been well-documented in past literature [8; 9]. IFM, whether in liquid or powder form, is an ideal medium for bacterial growth that poses a potential risk of foodborne illness [10]. Consequently, such pathogens are more likely to infect babies and infants than adults because their immune systems are less developed, and their intestinal flora is less competitive [11]. Several factors determine the microflora of dried milk powders, including raw milk or milk by-products, preheating temperature, operating conditions, evaporator and/or dryer, and plant hygiene [12].  
Food adulteration poses several food safety concerns. These issues affect IFM, including incidents such as the 2008 China milk scandal, where melamine was added to milk to appear more protein-rich. Melamine is a triazine compound with the formula C\({}_{3}\)H\({}_{6}\)N\({}_{6}\) used to manufacture household utensils and ornaments [13]. Melamine is a component of flame retardants, glues, and plastics but is prohibited for human or animal consumption [14]. Nevertheless, it has been used illegally as an additive to food such as rice [15] and IFMs [16]. As a legal ingredient in packaging materials and feeds for poultry and livestock, melamine can be present but at low levels.  
It could also be a metabolite of the cyromazine pesticide [17]. It has harmful effects on infants, melamine can retard their growth, cause urinary stones, and damage their kidneys. Children exposed to this kind of toxicity at an early age may suffer uncertain long-term effects [18]. Therefore, milk safety regulators should focus their monitoring resources on supervising milk sold in reputedly trustworthy stores and not allow exemptions from inspections [19].  
There is limited potential for regulating the IFM industry globally, but improvements can be made. Global regulation must be based on a negotiated consensus among nations. These regulations are not intended to set forth detailed, binding requirements for these nations but to define fundamental principles that national governments will follow and implement through their national laws. Therefore, a global governance system exists even sans a global government [6]. In addition, IFM producers and distributors must adhere to a high level of microbiological quality control while producing, distributing, and using IFM for newborn infants. Several extrinsic indicators can be used to determine a product's safety, including venue, brand, and company names or certifications concerning safety. Producers, processors, retailers, or safety supervisors often attach indicators like these during food production and supply processes rather than integrating them into physical structures. A consumer's confidence in extrinsic indicators heavily depends on their credibility as safety indicators [20]. IFM must be prepared with good hygienic procedures, quickly cooled, and consumed as soon as possible to minimize the risk of these adulterations and microbial contamination [21].