esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Exploring the Relationship Between Mixed Non-Motorized Traffic Flow Width and Other Parameters
## 5 Characteristics of Bicycle Traffic Flow
### Relationship Between Macroscopic Bicycle Traffic Flow Model and Bicycle Traffic Flow Width  
This study conducts a Pearson correlation analysis to examine the relationships among different parameters related to bicycle traffic flow, including width, speed, density, and flow under different traffic conditions across various road sections. The obtained results are presented in Table 5, where it can be seen that the width of the bicycle traffic flow on each road section is primarily related to speed in that section, but not related to flow and density.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Road Section** & **Model** & **R\({}^{2}\)** & **F-Test** \\ \hline YQ1 & \(W=1.200+0.10\times v\) & 0.408 & F = 67.444 \(p=0.000\)\({}^{*}\) \\ YZ & \(W=0.825+0.10\times v\) & 0.320 & F = 27.617 \(p=0.000\)\({}^{*}\) \\ YH & \(W=-0.20+0.12\times v\) & 0.331 & F = 29.38 \(p=0.000\)\({}^{*}\) \\ PG & \(W=0.560+0.089\times v\) & 0.412 & F = 29.38 \(p=0.000\)\({}^{*}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note. \({}^{*}\) represent significance levels of 10%.  
\end{table}
Table 6: Model obtained by fitting width and speed of mixed bicycle flow.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **LS** & **PG** & **YH** & **YZ** & **YQ1** & **YQ2** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Speed} & 0.857 & 0.642 & 0.48 & 0.469 & 0.638 & 0.561 \\  & (***) & (***) & (***) & (***) & (***) & (***) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Flow} & 0.005 & \(-\)0.018 & 0.15 & 0.273 & 0.081 & 0.166 \\  & (0.958) & (0.856) & (0.137) & (***) & (0.423) & (*) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Density} & \(-\)0.071 & \(-\)0.073 & 0.098 & 0.238 & \(-\)0.002 & 0.126 \\  & (0.483) & (0.467) & (0.330) & (**) & (0.985) & (0.212) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note. \({}^{***}\), \({}^{**}\), and \({}^{*}\) represent significance levels of 1%, 5%, and 10%, respectively.  
\end{table}
Table 5: Results of Pearson correlation analysis.  
flow becomes more congested. This is attributed to the speed factor: as the roadway traffic density increases, most vehicles maintain a similar speed, resulting in a more congested width of traffic flow.  
Figure 9: Scatter plots considering speed against the width of bicycle traffic flow.  
and width of the bicycle traffic flow. The conclusions derived from this experiment are corroborated by and consistent with findings from relevant existing studies [11; 12].  
The above analysis reveals that while the speed, density, and flow of bicycle traffic flow contribute to the overall variation in its width, a particular significant linear correlation exists between speed and width. Therefore, the width of the bicycle traffic flow can be inferred from its speed, thereby determining a suitable width for bicycle lanes. This also suggests that wider bicycle lanes are not always better. Overly wide bicycle lanes may lead to inefficient use of the lane space and a wastage of road space.  
Figure 11: Scatter plots considering flow against the width of bicycle traffic flow.
# The Power System and Microgrid Protection--A Review
###### Abstract  
In recent years, power grid infrastructures have been changing from a centralized power generation model to a paradigm where the generation capability is spread over an increasing number of small power stations relying on renewable energy sources. A microgrid is a local network including renewable and non-renewable energy sources as well as distributed loads. Microgrids can be operated in both grid-connected and islanded modes to fill the gap between the significant increase in demand and storage of electricity and transmission issues. Power electronics play an important role in microgrids due to the penetration of renewable energy sources. While microgrids have many benefits for power systems, they cause many challenges, especially in protection systems. This paper presents a comprehensive review of protection systems with the penetration of microgrids in the distribution network. The expansion of a microgrid affects the coordination and protection by a change in the current direction in the distribution network. Various solutions have been suggested in the literature to resolve the microgrid protection issues. The conventional coordination of the protection system is based on the time delays between relays as the primary and backup protection. The system protection scheme has to be changed in the presence of a microgrid, so several protection schemes have been proposed to improve the protection system. Microgrids are classified into different types based on the DC/AC system, communication infrastructure, rotating synchronous machine or inverter-based distributed generation (DG), etc. Finally, we discuss the trend of future protection schemes and compare the conventional power systems.  
protection system challenges; microgrid; protection schemes; wide area protection; intelligent algorithms +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Soft
# Design of XOR Photonic Gate Using Highly Nonlinear Fiber
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper, a novel architecture for a reconfigurable photonic XOR logic gate for 8 OOK-NRZ sequence bits is proposed. The design exploits SPM and XPM phenomena, leveraging the Kerr nonlinear effects in HNLF. The phenomena of SPM and XPM are captured in the effect of the spectral broadening toward blue and red spectral edges. The proposed HNLF-based design overcomes many of the challenges in conventionally implemented gate structures based on SOA designs. For the first time, those gates were realized at operating data rates of 20 Gbps and at high extinction ratios, a low BER, and low power penalty. Moreover, no additional input beams are required such as clock signals.  
Future efforts may look into the design of the proposed gate using alternative modulation schemes, such as the non-return-to-zero polarization shift keying (NRZ-PolSK) as compared to NRZ-OOK. In this case, the design may feature light beams that propagate at different polarization modes and hence, gates can be generated by adjusting the relative polarization state between input signals. Furthermore, the proposed reconfigurable XOR photonic gate can be integrated into a cascaded design to launch optical flip flops using a set-rest (SR) latch based upon HNLF instead of SOA.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, M.A.J. and A.A.; methodology, M.A.J. and A.A.; software, M.A.J.; validation, M.A.J. and A.A.; formal analysis, A.A.; investigation, M.A.J. and A.A.; resources, M.A.J. and A.A.; data curation, A.A.; writing--original draft preparation, M.A.J. and A.A.; writing--review and editing, A.A.; visualization, A.A.; supervision, M.A.J. A.A.; project administration, A.A.; funding acquisition, A.A.  
**Funding:** This work is funded by Deanship of Scientific Research at King Faisal University, grant number 186005.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Fire Behavior
#### 3.3.2 Smoldering Combustion Performance  
For this smoldering test, the reactor was filled with samples of (A) rice husk fiber, (B) recycled textile, and (C) cellulose, which were evaluated. During the experiments, the evolution of smoldering was visualized with an infrared camera. Figure 13 shows the results: The images are presented in a sequence of seven pictures every 10 min from 50 min to 110 min. The red color corresponds to temperatures around 240-261 \({}^{\circ}\)C. In samples (A) and (B), the evident smoldering begins at 65 min, while with cellulose, it starts at 55 min.  
Figure 13 shows that after conducting the smoldering test on three samples, it was observed that rice husk fiber resisted smoldering for 60 min, reaching a temperature of 343.2 \({}^{\circ}\)C at the first thermocouple at 0.5 cm before the process began. Similarly, the recycled textile sample also withstood smoldering for 60 min, but at a lower temperature of 270.3 \({}^{\circ}\)C. In contrast, the cellulose sample initiated smoldering earlier, at 55 min, with a recorded  
Figure 12: Carbonization of the rice husk.  
Figure 13: Smoldering process thermographies. (**A**) Rice husk, (**B**) recycled textile, and (**C**) cellulose.  
temperature of 308.9 \({}^{\circ}\)C. These results suggest that the variations in the thermal behavior of the samples can be attributed to their composition, density, and structural properties, and the performance of rice husk fiber highlights its potential as a more fire-resistant insulation material.  
Figure 14 shows the temperatures recorded by the thermocouples on samples tested to a pre-set temperature of 360 \({}^{\circ}\)C; the dashed lines correspond to the temperatures measured at the hotplate surface. From these data, the smoldering velocity can be evaluated by determining the times at which each thermocouple position reaches a specific temperature, which here is chosen as 270 \({}^{\circ}\)C. (A) shows better behavior in the smoldering test than the (B) both in the temperature and velocity of smoldering, reaching maximum temperatures of 617 \({}^{\circ}\)C, while the recycled textile reaches the maximum at 652 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and the cellulose at 708 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
Figure 15 shows that the smoldering velocity is highest in the recycled textile at 6.30 mm/min, while the rice husk records a lower velocity of 3.40 mm/min, a result consistent with a previous study on rice panels produced using the pulping method [11]. The recycled textile exhibits a similar behavior to the corn pith [40], while cellulose demonstrates the slowest smoldering rate at 1.91 mm/min. This slower combustion is attributed to the presence of boron salts as a flame retardant, which are commonly added to commercially available insulation materials.  
Figure 14: Temperature evolution for thermocouples located at each 3 cm along material. Pre-set temperature of the hot plate is 360 \({}^{\circ}\)C. (**A**) Rice husk, (**B**) recycled textile, (**C**) cellulose.
## 2 Data and Methods  
### Seismic Data  
According to the China Earthquake Networks Center (CENC) and the United States Geological Survey (USGS), four strong EQ events with magnitudes Ms 6.9 to Ms 7.4 occurred in southeast Asia and northern Oceania from August to October 2018. The detailed information is described in Table 1 and Figure 1. These strong EQs happened in the adjacent areas--south of the circum-Pacific seismic belt--within 50 days, and the focal depths are all between 17 km and 39 km.  
Among them, two EQs happened in the Loyalty Islands, and southeast of the Loyalty Islands are less than 100 km away. The Indonesia Ms 7.4 EQ and the Papua New Guinea Ms 7.1 EQ occurred at similar latitudes, with a distance of less than 5.5\({}^{\circ}\) in latitude. Similar occurrence characteristics provide an excellent research opportunity for studying EQ precursors.
# Experimental Investigation on Shear Behavior of Dune Sand Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams
## 3 Results  
### Crack Pattern and Failure Mode  
The crack propagation pattern and failure mode for each test beam are shown in Figure 6a-i. In Figure 6, the thickened line indicates the penetration diagonal crack, and the red line indicates the initial crack. The initial crack width and corresponding load, the first inclined crack width and corresponding load, the peak load, shear force, and failure mode for each specimen represented in Table 6. The shear span-to-depth ratio had a significant effect on the damage patterns of DSRC deep beams. Specimens B1 and B2 failed in bending shear, and all other specimens failed in compression shear when the shear span-to-depth ratio was increased.  
Figure 5: Test setup of DSRC deep beams.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Series** & **Beam** & \(b\) **(mm)** & \(a\) **(mm)** & \(h_{0}\) **(mm)** & \(l_{0}\) **(mm)** & \(f_{cu}\) **(MPa)** & \(\lambda\) & **DS (\%)** & \(\rho_{sw}\) **(\%)** \\ \hline Cross-control specimens & CC1 & 200 & 600 & 430 & 1500 & 45.3 & 1.4 & 30 & 0.168 \\ A & A1 & 200 & 600 & 430 & 1500 & 43.5 & 1.4 & 0 & 0.168 \\ A & A2 & 200 & 600 & 430 & 1500 & 42.1 & 1.4 & 50 & 0.168 \\ B & B1 & 200 & 450 & 430 & 1500 & 45.3 & 1.05 & 30 & 0.168 \\ B & B2 & 200 & 300 & 430 & 1500 & 45.3 & 0.7 & 30 & 0.168 \\ C & C1 & 200 & 600 & 430 & 1500 & 45.3 & 1.4 & 30 & 0.252 \\ C & C2 & 200 & 600 & 430 & 1500 & 45.3 & 1.4 & 30 & 0 \\ D & D1 & 200 & 600 & 430 & 1500 & 34.2 & 1.4 & 30 & 0.168 \\ D & D2 & 200 & 600 & 430 & 1500 & 52.6 & 1.4 & 30 & 0.168 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Details of test beams.  
Figure 6: Crack pattern of the specimen. (**a**) CCI. (**b**) A1. (**c**) A2. (**d**) B1. (**e**) B2. (**f**) C1. (**g**) C2. (**h**) DI. (**i**) D2.  
The specimens were in the elastic stress phase at the start of the test, and there were no cracks on the surface. When the load reached 14-22.7% of the ultimate load, initial cracking occurred at the midspan of the beams, with the initial width varying from 0.01 to 0.05 mm. Bending cracks appeared near the pure bending zone of the beam as the external load was increased further. When the external load was around 45% of the ultimate load, the first diagonal crack appeared. With an initial width ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 mm, the crack expanded from the support to the loading point. The maximum failure crack width ranged between 1.50 and 4.00 mm. Finally, after the load was increased to the peak load, the load-carrying capacity dropped sharply, and the main diagonal crack suddenly penetrated the beam, and the specimen exhibited shear failure mode.  
The cracks in the specimen A2 had a denser distribution than the sparse cracks in the normal specimens or the specimens A1. This difference occurred probably because DS has extremely fine grains. The pores between the coarse and fine aggregates were filled, which increased the density of the specimen and strengthened the concrete to some extent. In this way, stress can be transferred within the beam effectively, which can help in avoiding stress concentrations.
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Validation of HT-BA\(\upmu\)E-\(\upmu\)LD/LVI-GC-MS(SIM) Methodology  
Method validation was performed in accordance to similar reported analytical approaches [13; 17]. The following parameters were studied: selectivity, linearity, sensitivity, accuracy and precision, as well as recovery and matrix effects. All validation assays were performed in triplicate, except when specified otherwise.  
Sensitivity was assessed through the LOD and LLOQ. The former was calculated using a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 3/1. The latter was determined as the lowest concentration values that was within acceptable accuracy and precision levels, i.e., the lowest calibration level.  
The calibration plots (\(n=10\)) were calculated using spiked blank urine samples ranging from 5.0 to 1000.0 \(\upmu\)g L\({}^{-1}\). The linearity was estimated using lack-of-fit test, as well as by checking the respective determination coefficients (\(r^{2}\)) and residual plots.  
Accuracy and precision were evaluated using quality control urine samples (QC) spiked with 5.0, 50.0, 200.0 and 1000.0 \(\upmu\)g L\({}^{-1}\). Inter-day precision and accuracy were evaluated in three consecutive days. Precision was expressed as the RSDs (%) of the six assays for one day and eighteen assays for three consecutive days. Accuracy followed the same procedure but calculated as relative residuals (RRs) and was expressed as percent of the nominal concentration (%). The acceptance criterion for accuracy and precision was that RRs and RSDs should be \(\leq 15.0\%\).  
Matrix effect and average recovery assays were also determined concomitantly (\(n=6\)). Average recovery yields were calculated as the ratio between the mean relative peak areas of the analytes obtained from QC before microextraction and samples spiked after microextraction using four concentration levels (5.0, 50.0, 200.0 and 1000.0 \(\upmu\)g L\({}^{-1}\)). Matrix effect was expressed as the ratio between the mean relative peak area obtained from QC spiked after microextraction and neat standard solutions at those same concentrations. Additionally, the RSDs of these two parameters were calculated to evaluate the variations that might arise from the matrix samples originating from different sources.
# Enhanced Matching Game for Decoupled Uplink Downlink Context-Aware Handover
## 4 Proposed Model  
The strategy of coupled association with a similar BS for uplink and downlink no longer ensures a rate optimality to UE in a two-tier network, where a UE benefit is mainly influenced by the varying transmit powers, distance, and unbalancing a load of traffic for BSs in both the downlink and uplink. Consequently, we consider the issue of maximizing the general uplink and downlink transmission rates for the UE in a two-tier HetNet with supplied decoupled affiliation. Specifically, we model the context-aware handover issue as an assignment technique and the UE affiliation issue as a matching game.  
To our best knowledge, few works have been published addressing a DUDe handover-based matching game. Throughout this paper, a solution that provides a self-organization technique based on QoS-context aware of an urban model has been proposed for LTE and Wi-Fi environments. The differences between our proposed approach and the existing ones are as follows: (i) We adopted a new strategy, where we express the BSs detected by a UE in an agent BS set, which offers a beneficial service in terms of QoS for uplink and downlink; (ii) Through the defined utility function, the handover is realized while achieving fairness between BSs; (iii) Since the approach will be proposed for a mobile UE, consideration has been given to the convergence time which must be minimized; (iv) A new concept of externalities was addressed. This externality treats the nomadic UE preference, which is strongly influenced by other UEs asking for the association at the same time. Therefore, we decided to deal with this externality using dismissing-matching.  
In this section, we will first itemize the adaptation of the assignment method to form the new BSs players as a set of agent BSs. At that point, we characterize the preference list count strategy for various players in the planned many-to-one matching game [25]. Finally, we depict the implementation details of the proposed context-aware handover algorithm.
# Point Cloud Deep Learning Network Based on Local Domain Multi-Level Feature
## 6 Conclusions  
This paper proposes a point cloud deep learning network based on multi-level feature fusion in a local domain, which is used in the field of point cloud classification and segmentation. We first used the dynamic graph convolutional network to extract feature information. Then, the feature points were used as input in reconstructing the local domain to obtain the low-dimensional relationship information between the feature points, which was mapped to higher dimensions by MLP to further extract the point cloud features. The proposed method was applied in the field of classification and segmentation on the ModelNet40 and ShapeNet datasets and compared with other networks. For the ModelNet40 dataset, the proposed method can accurately classify most of the objects, and the OA of the classification by the proposed method is 93.8%. The classification accuracy of the proposed method is slightly higher than DGCNN, RS-CNN and PointConv, and better than the latest MASHANet. Furthermore, the mIoU of part segmentation of the proposed method is 86.3%, and it is similar to RS-CNN. Simultaneously, the mIoU of these two networks is superior to other networks. The proposed method has better performance in the field of semantic segmentation. It can achieve the best segmentation results on 8 of the 13 categories on the S3 DIS dataset. The OA and mIoU of the semantic segmentation by the proposed method are 89.5% and 73.0%. The segmentation result of the proposed method is better than the DGCNN and RS-SNN, and slightly higher than Point Transformer.  
However, there are still some shortcomings of the proposed method, and the network is deficient in analyzing object classes in complex environments. The proposed method cannot accurately judge the edge points of some objects that are close to each other and have similar geometric features. The structure around an object will affect the judgment of the total structure of an object, and then affect the semantic segmentation of the object. Therefore, our future work will focus on the application of the proposed method in complex scenes and the ability to handle the edge of an object.  
Conceptualization, X.H.; methodology, X.C. validation, H.D.; software, P.W.; formal analysis, J.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 42271447, 42171428 and 42001374) and in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Public Welfare Research Institutes (Grant Nos. CKSF2021449/GC and CKSF2021448/GC).  
Not applicable.  
All data are public data and are referenced in the paper.  
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Payload Board Prototype  
The prototype of the payload board is built upon the Zynq Ultrascale+ MPSoC FPGA device. This MPSoC includes, in addition to the reconfigurable logic, a quad-core Cortex-A53 processor, a dual-core Cortex-R5 micro-controller and 2 GB of DDR4 memory (Figure 2). Communication is articulated around an AXI-Stream Interconnect (AXIS-IC) allowing the processor and the reconfigurable partitions to exchange data information through the DDR4 memory. A bridge performs stream packet conversion to permit communication between the memory-mapped domain (i.e., the processor and its DDR memory) and the stream domain (i.e., the reconfigurable partitions).  
Figure 1: Nano-satellite system overview.  
On the Cortex-A53, the first core hosts the payload application which runs on top of a FreeRTOS operating system [15]. Three more cores are available to run other software tasks or operating systems if necessary. The main core manages the communication with the OBC through the serial link (UART), the application execution and the hardware tasks deployment over the reconfigurable partitions.  
RPs are packed into flexible TMR partitions providing the datapath and voters logic to enable the TMR mechanism (TMR In and TMR Out). In addition to the individual stream of each partition, the three partitions inside a TMR set are linked via direct streams allowing implementation of efficient dataflow processing. This communication interface with the reconfigurable partitions has been thought to provide the ability to switch from a High-Performance mode to a Safe mode, and vice-versa.  
In High-Performance mode, each partition in the set can run a different hardware tasks and communicate with the rest of the system though its dedicated stream interface. In Safe mode, the three partitions share the TMR interface. The switch between the two modes is controlled by the processor via dedicated AXI4-Lite registers. The decision to switch is based on the monitoring information provided by the Soft-Error Mitigation (SEM) Controller.