# Enhanced IoT-Based End-To-End Emergency and Disaster Relief System
## 2 Related Works
Then, the remaining energy in leaf nodes is utilized to increase the lifetime and the reliability. An optimal packet size is given for energy efficiency. [PERSON] et al. claim that an inevitably slight overhead accompanies CLDO processing for different factors. First, during network initialization, complex procedures are run. Second, the algorithm uses a certain number of iterations, which influences the overall performance. Third, CLDO lacks the capacity to manage dynamic location situations. Another approach presented by [PERSON] et al. in [19] relies on [PERSON]'s algorithm augmented with novel link cost function designed to balance energy consumption across the network. This latter technique avoids relaying through nodes, which spent more accumulated energy than others. Indeed, routing decisions are made based on the energy optimization. The authors claim that the proposed approach increases the network lifetime by 40% with a slight increase of the energy consumed per bit. However, this work does not fulfill the operational application requirements, which rely on the BBN network for connectivity and routing. [PERSON] et al. in [4] introduced a new approach able to handle the uncertainty that affects traffic demands in the Multi-Period Capacitated Network Design Problem (MP-CNDP). Additionally, a hybrid primal heuristic based on the combination of a randomized fixing algorithm was proposed by the authors based on ant colony optimization and exact large neighborhood search. This previous strategy has been improved by [PERSON] et al. in [20]. The authors adopt a best performance solution based on the min-max approach algorithm, which relies on a combination of a probabilistic fixing procedure, guided by linear relaxations, and an exact large variable neighborhood search, which has been proposed in [4]. [PERSON] et al. extended their preliminary work [20] by the new Integer Linear Programming (ILP) heuristic to solve the design problem. Furthermore, new techniques detailed in [21] fix the variables expressing routing decisions and employ an initial deterministic fixing phase of the variables modeling the activation of relay nodes. Experiments conducted in this work show that the proposed approach outperforms the existing optimization solvers' strategies. [PERSON] et al. in [22] implemented and evaluated a complete Common Recognition and Identification Platform (CRIP) for the healthcare IoT. CRIP enables a basic configuration and communication standardization of healthcare 'things'. Security and privacy and health devices' integration are also covered within this approach. [PERSON] et al. deployed CRIP according to different communication standards, such as NFC, biometrics (fingerprints) and Bluetooth. The above proposed approaches are limited for various reasons according to two main classes (O: Operational; T: Technical): (O1) the implemented network is not open to be connected to extended networks (i.e., Internet or military communication platforms); (O2) no command center is considered on-the-field for operations conduct, and therefore, nodes only share their status between each other; (O3) limited services (i.e., alert messages, notifications, etc., only); (T1) nodes in the network have no visibility on the neighborhood and the network topology; (T2) routes (which do not exist for some non-multihop approaches) are neither updated according to the quality of the links' variations based on the mobility, nor according to energy efficiency and commanding proximity. To summarize the various protocols and systems, a benchmark comparison is given in Table 1.