# Recent Developments in Materials Science for the Conservation and Restoration of Historic Artifacts
## 7 Conclusions and Future Developments  
### Modern vs. Traditional Materials in Conservation Science  
* Efficacy and longevity  
Nanomaterials often provide superior efficacy due to their unique properties. For example, silver nanoparticles have been shown to effectively inhibit microbial growth on surfaces compared to traditional biocides that may degrade over time [129]. However, concerns about long-term stability remain. Advanced polymers typically offer enhanced performance over traditional adhesives and consolidants due to their customizable properties. For instance, Paraloid B72 was favored over traditional glues for its superior adhesion and reversibility [130], until more recent findings raised questions regarding its application on particular heritage objects (such as stone or mortars) due to the negative behavior of the polymer on these materials, negatively influencing the treatment reversibility, compatibility with inorganic substrates, and durability.
* Invasiveness and reversibility  
Many nanomaterial applications are minimally invasive; coatings can be applied without significant alteration to the artifact's original state. In contrast, traditional methods often require more invasive procedures that can compromise the integrity of artifacts during application [16]. Biopolymer treatments also tend to be less invasive than traditional methods because they can often be applied without extensive preparation or removal of existing materials. For example, gelatin adhesives are reversible through heat application, allowing conservators flexibility during restoration processes [131].  
* Integrated approaches  
Combining multiple materials for enhanced conservation is increasingly recognized as a valuable strategy in heritage science. The integration of nanomaterials with biopolymers can yield enhanced properties that benefit conservation efforts. For instance, biopolymer coatings infused with nanoparticles could provide both protection against environmental factors and antimicrobial properties while also being biodegradable [132].  
As presented in the previous sections, each material type--nanomaterials, advanced polymers, modern pigments and dyes, biopolymers, and smart materials--offers unique benefits and limitations within heritage science applications. While smart materials excel in responsiveness and adaptability, biopolymers provide sustainability through biodegradability and low toxicity. By comparison, traditional methods often lack the efficacy or reversibility offered by these innovative materials but still play an essential role in certain applications where long-term durability is paramount. Integrated approaches combining multiple material types present exciting opportunities for enhancing conservation outcomes while addressing challenges posed by environmental factors. As research continues into optimizing formulations and expanding applications within conservation practices, these innovative materials will undoubtedly play an increasingly prominent role in safeguarding our cultural heritage for future generations.