## 3 Results and Discussion
### Edge Band Studies
#### 3.1.1 The Influence of the Type of Glue on Quality of the Glued Joint  
The type of glue used in furniture construction significantly affects the strength and durability of joints. Different types of glue have different adhesive properties and bonding strengths, which can affect joints of different edge band material and/or overall furniture joint performance (Table 3). [PERSON] et al. [29] found that the combined use of dowel and spline joints with polyvinyl acetate (PVAC) glue resulted in the highest tension strength in the corner joints. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [15] further emphasized the importance of the glue type, with PVAC adhesive leading to higher diagonal tension and compression strength in case-type furniture corner joints. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [30] investigated the gluing of a wooden edge strip to the edge of a particleboard and found that the use of a PVAC adhesive resulted in the highest bonding strength. [PERSON] et al. [31] further emphasized the importance of the type of adhesive, where the PVAC adhesive along with the screw provides the highest moment-carrying capacity in L-type corner joints. Therefore, it is crucial to consider glue application techniques, surface quality, and edge banding materials when aiming for high-quality glued joints in furniture design. Different glue application techniques can also affect the quality of the glued joint of the edge band on a three-layer particleboard in the furniture design. The surface quality of the particleboard plays a significant role in the wetting and adhesion of glue. Preparation of the surface before gluing can affect superficial deterioration and local weaknesses in the joint [32]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [28] highlighted the potential impact of temperature on the stability of glue joints, with a decrease in the joint stability observed at higher temperatures. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [3] explained the correlation between pressure and tension forces on adhesive tapes and the quality of furniture. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [22] pointed out the variability in glue applications owing to gaps between the edge material and the application roller due to deviation of the edge to the wider side of the panel in terms of the angle and  
Figure 1: Test samples and appropriate devices for various methods to evaluate the edge bonding quality: (**a**) pull-off test according to EN 311:2014 [24] adapted to EN ISO 4624:2017 [21]; (**b**) adhesion test using EN 311:2004 [24] to evaluate surface soundness and adhesion of edge banding; (**c**) peeling test in line according to EN 28510-1:2014 [23]; (**d**) peeling test for curved edges according to Chinese standard QB/T3655 [27] ((**a,c**) were reprinted from [PERSON] and [PERSON] [28], Figure 1d was reprinted from [PERSON] et al. [26]). straightness of the joint, which occurred during the milling process before the edge banding and can lead to uneven adhesive layers with potentially weaker bonds. Also, the introduction of laser technology in edge banding enhances the conventional gluing process by melting a pre-applied adhesive layer on edge bands using a laser to generate controlled heat (Figure 2). This precise application allows optimal adhesive distribution and strengthens the bond between the edge band and the panel [7].