# An Organizational Perspective on Robotic Process Automation Adoption and Usage Factors
## 2 Methodology and Qualitative Data Analysis
### Exploratory Study  
Given the novelty of the concept and the absence of theoretical models aimed at the determinants of RPA adoption, we conducted a study to validate the potential RPA adoption determinants and explore additional insights that could support future investigations. The empirical content was obtained from in-depth semi-structured interviews [31], with key informants [32], and published articles (e.g., [5; 33; 34], etc.).  
Drawing on the value hierarchy outlined in Figure 1 and previous investigations, it appears that RPA is likely to improve operational efficiency and the quality of service, integrate and leverage the potential of existing information technology resources, reduce risk, and increase reliability.  
The qualitative study aims to validate the definitions and measures of the factors that are likely to influence the propension for RPA adoption and use. The sample of interviewees was selected based on a purposeful sampling strategy; that is, only people with RPA knowledge or experience were selected. The diversity of sectors of operation of the individuals surveyed increases the usability of the results [35]. In Portugal, there is already a large number of organizations with investments in information technologies, and it is expected that, in 2023, according to IDC, 45% of Portuguese companies will increase their investment in digital initiatives and sustainable technologies by 10% [36].  
The exploratory study selected 6 organizations (energy sector, postal services, banking, telecommunications) with significant use of RPA and interviewed one person familiar with RPA projects from each of these organizations. Additionally, an academic with RPA research was also interviewed. Appendix A presents the demographics of the respondents.  
The number of interviews was determined by achieving saturation, the common standard for data gathering in qualitative studies [37]. Saturation was achieved at the 6 th interview, with a previously scheduled interview also being carried out, with a total of 7 interviews being carried out. The interviews were carried out in 2021, each of which lasted for about 1 h and was carried out in Portuguese. These sessions were audio-recorded and subsequently transcribed. To clarify some reasonings in the transcription of the interviews, telephone conversations were carried out and emails were exchanged.  
Exploratory Study Data Analysis and Results  
The analysis of the responses to the interviews was carried out by counting the number of times each interviewee mentioned the factors driving RPA adoption in organizations. The results are presented in Table 1.  
RPAs are presented as a solution to automate commercial and operational processes, carried out manually, which involve extensive labor and the risk of human error, aiming to increase the productivity of organizations, reduce costs, create value, increase customer satisfaction, and improve the competitiveness of the organization.  
The results obtained provided information on the determinants that lead organizations to adopt RPA. The construct presented in Table 1 (and its components) on adoption determinants emerged from the literature review and was largely confirmed during the interviews. Several drivers were identified, with a particular emphasis on reducing routine work and increasing process quality/efficiency. RPA enables the automation of repetitive manual processes, helping to reduce the time spent on certain tasks, to prevent fatigue caused by such activities, to minimize human errors, and to increase employee satisfaction. The strategic reallocation of employees allows them to focus more on analytical and value-added tasks. Additionally, RPA promotes standardization, as robots follow predefinedrules, ensuring process consistency and reducing operational risks, which, in turn, enhances quality and efficiency.