# Detection of Helmet Use in Motorcycle Drivers Using Convolutional Neural Network
## 1 Introduction  
The means of transport have been changing over the last few years, and the use of motorbikes has been increasing, as a result of the growth of the middle class who are looking for affordable vehicles, and also because of the urbanization from which a new demand for mobility is derived, which is mainly has seen coverage by the individual private transport industry [1]. The financing facilities to acquire these vehicles, better fuel economy, their ability to manage on different terrains and in conditions where traffic is congested, and low maintenance costs are major factors driving their use in lower-middle income countries [2, 3]. This development inevitably also exposes the users of this means of transport to negative consequences such as traffic accidents, in which the potential damage is usually high for motorcyclists and their passengers, since there is no structure of the motorcycle that protects them as if it happens in four-wheeled vehicles [4]. Road traffic crashes cause more than 1.35 million deaths annually and are the first cause of death in children and young adults; in particular, 28% of these deaths globally correspond to users of two- or three-wheeled vehicles. Among the leading causes of death, serious injury and disability of motorcyclists are head and neck injuries, whichare estimated to result in 50% of fatalities [5]. Correct helmet use is a proven effective intervention, which, decreases by 42% in the risk of fatal trauma and by 69% the risk of head trauma in road crashes [6; 7], despite this, in low- to middle-income countries (LMIC), more than 50% of motorcyclists do not use the helmets while riding. There are several factors that are related to this problem such as helmet weight, thermal discomfort, auditory/visual effects and other cultural factors [8]. Globally, 94% of the countries have a national law that require the use of helmets among motorcyclists, but, in a large number of countries the loopholes in these laws potentially limit their effectiveness, so it can be inferred that the fact of the mere enactment of mandatory helmet laws does not lead to improved helmet wearing behavior among motorcyclists [9; 10]. The international community should continue promoting actions to improve practices in the areas of road safety management and the implementation in other parts of the world of interventions that have had good results, taking into account different cultural aspects that may affect their effectiveness [6]. For the vehicle design part, certain characteristics and technology must be integrated that improve its safety by avoiding or reducing the risk of injuries for users [11]. Since 2006, different organizations worldwide have collaborated in the creation of a series of manuals in order to provide guidance on the implementation of interventions that can improve road safety, and the first of these manuals was entitled \"helmets\" in the which purpose was to encourage the use of helmets by motorcyclists [12]; similarly, in 2009 the Asian Injury Prevention Foundation (AIP Foundation) developed the \"Global Helmet Vaccine Initiative\" (GHVI), which is based on 5 strategies to increase the use of the helmet [13], in the same way, the \"International Transport Forum\" (ITF), which organizes a global dialogue for better transport, drafted a work for 2022 where priority actions are formulated with the general objective of improving the safety of motorcyclists [14]. Currently, the objective of increasing the use of certified helmets is part of the action plan to improve road safety in the decade 2021-2030 [11]. In order to detect the helmet use by motorcyclists in the traditional way, the personnel responsible for road safety install checkpoints, and visually check that drivers are indeed wearing helmets, otherwise fines are imposed according to the legislation, although this system can be circumvented or evaded by taking an alternate route [8].