# Plant Iridoids Affect Intraocular Pressure and Vascular Flow in the Rabbit Eye
## 4 Discussion
Behavioral improvements were associated with a higher survival of neuronal- and oligodendrocyte, which increased the ability of the injured spinal cord to form myelin and repair tissue, ultimately contributing to improved neurological outcomes. Morroniside treatment decreased oxygen free radical levels and increased antioxidant enzyme activity [48]. In rat studies, oleuropein, the main component of olive leaves, reduces oxidative stress, displaying antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects in a model of kidney damage caused by ureteral obstruction [37]. _Relmanniae Radix_ and _Cornus officinalis_ are a typical pair of Chinese medicinal herbs used in clinical practice to treat diabetic nephropathy. The main active constituents are catapol and loganin, respectively. In a diabetic nephropathy model, it was found that LOGA and CATAL alone or in combination protected renal function from damage, prevented extracellular matrix hyperplasia and glycogen deposition, and alleviated podocyte loss detected by histological and immunohistochemical tests. LOGA and CATAL alone or in combination attenuated AGEs-induced podocyte apoptosis in vitro. LOGA and CATAL alone or in combination inhibited the activation of the RAGE/p38 MAPK/p65 NF-kB and RAGE/Nox4/p65 NF-kB pathways in podocytes. The inhibitory effects of the drug combination were more pronounced than the effects of individual treatment. Both compounds inhibited apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation [49]. Also, [PERSON] et al. have proven the interaction of loganin with muscarine receptors present in the eyes [50]. Stimulation of M3 receptors by loganin in the ciliary muscle contractions as a result of the stretching of the trabeculae facilitated the outflow of aqueous fluid through Schlemm's canal, lowering of intraocular pressure. This mechanism is similar to pilocarpine, a known muscarine agonist, used in glaucoma treatment. In the treatment of glaucoma, strategies that delay or arrest the loss of RGC have been recognized as potentially beneficial for vision preservation, but their success depends on a thorough understanding of the mechanisms that lead to RGC dysfunction and death. The main pharmacological treatment strategies include reducing intraocular pressure, improving vascular flow, and neuroprotection. The mainstay of glaucoma treatment is the reduction in intraocular pressure, most commonly via topical eye drop medications and less commonly, using laser or surgical procedures. Most drug therapies focus on reducing the formation of aqueous fluid and increasing choroidal outflow or conventional outflow through the angle of glaucoma [8]. Known pharmaceuticals currently used in ophthalmological practice administered intraconjunctivally could act on different mechanisms. Prostaglandins bind to specific F2\(\alpha\) receptors in the cells of the ciliary body and the trabecular meshwork, causing an improvement in aqueous humor through the uveoscleral pathway, which is a significant route for fluid drainage from the eye. As a consequence, the reduction in fluid volume lowers IOP. The \(\beta\)-blockers, such as timolol, inhibit the production of aqueous humor by the ciliary body and also alter the vascular dynamics in the eye, potentially reducing blood flow to the ciliary body and further decreasing aqueous humor production. Finaly, \(\beta\)-blockers could act indirectly by reducing the pressure gradient across the trabecular meshwork, which can enhance aqueous humor drainage. \(\alpha\)-2 adrenergic agonists such as brimonidine bind to \(\alpha\)-2 adrenergic receptors in the ciliary body, which leads to reduced production of aqueous humor. Additionally, it enhances the flow of aqueous humor through the uveoscleral pathway, further contributing to a decrease in IOP. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors such as brimzolamide inhibit anhydrase in the ciliary body, leading to decreased bicarbonate production. This results in reduced fluid transport and lower aqueous humor production, thus decreasing IOP.