## 2 Digitalization and Cybernation of Work Processes in Manufacturing Systems
### Towards Industry 5.0  
The term Industry 5.0 has started to appear in scientific publications [66, 67, 68, 69, 70] in the past five years. The first authors to use the term Industry 5.0 were [PERSON] and [PERSON] [66]; they described how human agency and technology can be reconciled in an increasingly connected world. According to [71], [PERSON] [67] proposes another demand for Industry 5.0, emphasizing the need to find a solution that allows manufacturers to increase productivity without removing human workers from the manufacturing. Different industry practitioners and researchers have provided various definitions of Industry 5.0. In [72], Industry 5.0 is seen as the next industrial evolution. \"Industry 5.0 brings the human workforce back to the factory, where humans and machines are paired to increase process efficiency by utilizing human intelligence and creativity through the integration of workflows with intelligent systems\" [67]. According to [73], Industry 5.0 is a necessary advance from Industry 4.0 and offers a different focus and underlines the importance of research and innovation to support industry in its long-term service to humanity within the planetary boundaries. The concept of _Industry 5.0_ was defined by the European Commission as follows [73]:  
_\"Industry 5.0 recognizes the power of industry to achieve societal goals beyond jobs and growth to become a resilient provider of prosperity, by making production respect the boundaries for our planet and placing the wellbeing of the industrial worker at the centre of the production process\"._  
Based on a literature review, resilience, sustainability and human- centricity represent key concepts at the heart of the new industrial revolution, the so-called Industry 5.0 [73, 74, 75]. According to [71], resilience refers to the attitude of manufacturing systems and organisation to overcome economic crises and maintain competitive advantages over competitors; sustainable refers to manufacturing systems that promote energy-efficient, cleaner manufacturing and circular economy practices; the human-centricity refers to the development of the new manufacturing systems that involve workers. In [76] the authors present the use of product-design strategies to implement the circular economy. The new idea of Industry 5.0 appeared as an extension of Industry 4.0 with social and ecological dimensions [74]. In [77] the authors emphasize that Industry 5.0 is envisioned as a coexisting industrial revolution [78] for which two visions have emerged: (1) human-robotcollaboration and (2) a bioeconomy in which renewable energies are used as biologically resources to transform existing industries [79]. The concept of Industry 4.0 is more technology-oriented, while Industry 5.0 is more value-oriented towards practical implementations of available enabling technologies in industry [80]. The development from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0 is shown in Figure 14.  
The industrial production of the 21 st century, under the constant pressure of globalization, is characterized by regionalization, widespread presence and the increasing personalization of products, with each customer looking for a product according to his/her own wishes, which significantly increases the variants of each product and their diversity with regard to the required production quantities. In [81] the authors identified the framework of the concept of Industry 5.0. The framework of the Industry 5.0 concept is based on the symbiosis of the three segments: technology, social affairs and ecology form the essence of Industry 5.0 [81]. Also in [81] the authors presented a collection of scientific studies emphasizing the need for human symbiosis with new technologies. The human symbiosis with technology was presented in [82]. Similarly, [PERSON] and [PERSON] described _\"Smart Working\"_ practices in [83]. Figure 14: Evolution from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0.