## 3 Results and Discussion  
### X-ray Diffraction Analysis  
In this study, the phase/structure of silver (Ag) was a face-centred cubic (fcc) structure, while the crystal structure of TiO\({}_{2}\) was tetragonal. Figure 5 shows XRD diffractograms of pure TiO\({}_{2}\), TiO\({}_{2}\) soaked in dye DN-F05, and TiO\({}_{2}\) soaked in dye DN-F05 mixed with Ag solution. Pure TiO\({}_{2}\) (Figure 5) lattice planes were found to be consistent with JCPDS no. 21-1272. The pure TiO\({}_{2}\) semiconductor diffractogram shows the angles included in the anatase phase at 37.8\({}^{\circ}\). There is only one clearly visible anatase peak, whereas the other two peaks are faintly visible and almost invisible because the TiO\({}_{2}\) layer on the glass substrate (\(\sim\)300 nm) was not as thick as the layer in the reference (JCPDS no. 21-1272). The appearance of two new peaks at angles of 68.9\({}^{\circ}\) and 70.3\({}^{\circ}\) indicates the presence of FTO glass substrates. Furthermore, Figure 5 (TiO\({}_{2}\):DN-F05:Ag) also shows the results of XRD characterization for the TiO\({}_{2}\) substrate immersed in dye DN-F05 mixed with Ag in large concentrations. Based on ICSD database No. 87-0720, the clear peak that appears at 37.8\({}^{\circ}\) is the peak of Ag. The appearance of these peaks indicates that the presence of Ag is stable on the crystal surface and does not disturb the crystal structure of TiO\({}_{2}\)[28] due to the high concentration of Ag that can replace the atoms in the TiO\({}_{2}\) molecule (Ag impurities enter in the TiO\({}_{2}\) crystal lattice both through the interstitial) and cause atomic defects, while some of the other Ag peaks decrease and become invisible. Moreover, the TiO\({}_{2}\):DN-F05:Ag pattern looks thicker than that of TiO\({}_{2}\):DN-F05, indicating that some peaks of anatase TiO\({}_{2}\) and FTO have been removed. The possible reasons for this include the aggregation of the dye and Ag mixture. Several other Ag peaks decreased in intensity and are not visible; this is because excessively large Ag concentrations can replace atoms in TiO\({}_{2}\) molecules (Ag contamination in the TiO\({}_{2}\) crystal lattice through interstitials), resulting in atomic defects. This phenomenon is the main reason why the addition of excessively high Ag concentrations will reduce the performance of DSSCs. Figure 5: The result of X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern analysis between pure TiO\({}_{2}\), TiO\({}_{2}\): DN-F05, and TiO\({}_{2}\):DN-F05:Ag. Additionally, the XRD test results for TiO\({}_{2}\) soaked in DN-F05 dye (Figure 5. TiO\({}_{2}\): DN-F05) show the appearance of different peaks than those of the anatase structure at angles of 33.7\({}^{\circ}\) and 51.6\({}^{\circ}\), which indicate the peaks of the FTO glass used. These results are in accordance with the ICSD standard for SnO\({}_{2}\) No. 77-0452 (ICSD #039178). Dye DN-F05 is an amorphous organic dye synthesized from dye D35, thus rendering the peaks of dye DN-F05 undetectable during XRD testing. However, amorphous materials are absorbed more quickly. Therefore, the DN-F05 dye attached to the substrate will aid the maximum absorption of photons. The full width at half-maximum (FWHM) value (Table 1), which will be used to determine the size of a crystal using the Debye Scherrer equation, was obtained from the XRD test data. Debye Scherrer equations were used to determine that the sample's average TiO\({}_{2}\) crystal particle size was 37.178 nm, the dye-immersed TiO\({}_{2}\) crystal size (TiO\({}_{2}\):DN-F05) was 22.142 nm, and the crystal size in the sample with the most Ag added was quite large at 52.667 nm. The large concentration of Ag damages the semiconductor layer, which can damage the crystal structure. This is because an excessively high Ag concentration will cover the top surface of the layer, which then tries to enter the semiconductor pores and replaces the position of the TiO\({}_{2}\) molecule, resulting in atomic defects [29]. The smaller the crystal particle size, the easier it is to absorb on the surface.