# Possible Health Effects of Road Dust in Winter: Studies in Poland
## 3 Results
### Other Indices
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline
**PI** & **1** & **2** & **3** & **4** & **5** & **6** & **Average** & **Average** \\  & & & & & & & **Upper Silesia** & **Lower** \\  & & & & & & & **Silesia** \\ \hline PI Al & 0.01 & 0.08 & 0.14 & 0.18 & 3.17 & 0.21 & 1.19 & 0.08 \\ \hline PI Mg & 0.47 & 0.43 & 0.47 & 2.41 & 6.19 & 8.44 & 3.98 & 0.46 \\ \hline PI Mn & 0.57 & 0.44 & 0.47 & 0.13 & 1.94 & 1.46 & 1.18 & 0.49 \\ \hline PI Cr & **1.64** & 0.96 & 3.61 & 0.22 & 11.4 & 1.88 & 4.41 & **3.07** \\ \hline PI Zn & 2.17 & 5.45 & 2.92 & 76.39 & 135.42 & 69.64 & 93.82 & **3.51** \\ \hline PI Ni & **5.77** & 0.94 & 2.45 & 0.18 & 2.1 & 1.55 & 1.28 & **3.05** \\ \hline PI Cu & 2.69 & 2.85 & 2.98 & 0.45 & **5.3** & 10.91 & 4.9 & **3.50** \\ \hline PI Co & 1.02 & 0.36 & 0.49 & 0.13 & 0.39 & 0.59 & 0.37 & 0.63 \\ \hline PI Pb & 0.96 & 2.18 & 2.03 & 0.28 & 1.88 & 101.22 & 34.46 & 1.72 \\ \hline PI V & 0.41 & 0.36 & 0.3 & 0.12 & 0.43 & 0.54 & 0.36 & 0.36 \\ \hline PI As & 1.26 & 1.48 & 3.77 & 0.24 & 1.01 & 407.58 & 136.28 & **2.17** \\ \hline PI Cd & 1.08 & 2.35 & 6.27 & 0.49 & 1.76 & 126.08 & 42.75 & **3.24** \\ \hline PLI & 0.91 & 0.88 & 1.32 & 0.43 & 2.79 & 6.29 & 5.2 & 1.15 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Values of PI and PLI indices for the elements in URD in both studied agglomerations (light grey—low pollution, dark grey—moderate pollution, very dark grey—high pollution). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline
**Site** & **Mn** & **Ni** & **Cu** & **Zn** & **As** & **Cr** & **Mg** & **Co** & **Pb** & **Cd** & **V** \\ \hline \(1\) & **2.18** & 431.42 & 201.18 & 162.26 & 94.27 & 317.45 & **35.5** & **76.63** & **71.7** & 80.7 & **30.72** \\ \hline \(2\) & 5.29 & 11.37 & **34.48** & **65.81** & 17.92 & 11.65 & 5.23 & 4.37 & **26.95** & **28.50** & **4.36** \\ \hline \(3\) & 3.47 & 18.02 & **36.69** & **33.63** & **27.78** & **26.95** & 3.43 & **3.61** & 14.99 & 46.24 & 2.25 \\ \hline \(4\) & 0.74 & 1.01 & 2.51 & 42.52 & 1.33 & 1.19 & 13.31 & 0.69 & 1.55 & 2.71 & 0.66 \\ \hline \(5\) & 0.61 & 0.66 & 1.04 & **42.76** & 0.32 & **3.52** & 1.95 & 0.12 & 0.59 & 0.56 & 0.14 \\ \hline \(6\) & 6.86 & **7.24** & 51.10 & 326.05 & 1908.28 & **8.82** & 15.64 & 2.75 & 47.392 & 590.30 & 2.53 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: EF values in URD for both studied agglomerations (light grey—poor enrichment, dark grey—moderate enrichment, very dark grey—moderately strong enrichment, creamy—strong enrichment, brown—very strong enrichment, blue—extremely strong enrichment). Finally, the recorded concentrations of elements from our studies were compared with data obtained by other authors in various regions of the world to assess the contamination level in both studied regions (Table 7). In general, the Upper Silesia agglomeration was characterised by higher concentrations of metals (Zn, As, Mg, and Al) in URD in winter. The concentration of these elements in URD samples was several dozen times higher than at other sites all over the world. The recorded concentrations in the Lower Silesia region were not as high as those in Upper Silesia, although the content of Mn, Ni, and Al was quite high. For other elements, the values were similar to those recorded for other sites in the world. The most important comparison was the assessment of how seasonal variation, especially coal combustion, considered as one of the main sources of pollution, could contribute to the significantly higher concentrations of metal elements in the heating period compared with the non-heating period. Severe weather conditions in winter and using winter tires and different road wear particles could contribute to significant differences in the seasonal sources of air pollution [44,45]. In the work of [PERSON] et al. (2020) [25], studies were conducted at similar sites in both regions in August, although the number of sampling sites in the Upper Silesia region was greater than that in our studies.