## 2 Sensing Field  
Many works found in literature address the sensing field in industrial environments (blocks 1, 2, and 3 of Figure 1). Innovative sensors such as optoelectronic sensors are a part of the sensing field and of innovative electronic/mechanic systems that are interconnected to detection algorithms (see Figure 1). Specifically, Complementary Metal-Oxide  
Figure 2: Block diagram of the adopted methodology followed to construct the proposed work. Semiconductor (CMOS) and laser-based technologies [10; 11; 12] are typically applied to implement and to improve image vision techniques detecting colors, temperatures, and defects in manufacturing production processes. Looking forward-, advanced systems could include cameras integrated to other sensor systems, switching automatically in cases of defective cameras and detecting intelligently specific defect regions. For example, the scanning of small regions could be performed by means of intelligent algorithms controlling zooming. Nanocomite optoelectronic sensors [13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25] are characterized by a fast detection response and by a high sensitivity, and are suitable for the detection of gases, energy-harvesting applications, pressure sensing, detection of notches and surface defects such as cracks, and three dimensional (3D) object morphologies and colors. High sensitivity and a fast response rate are very important in workpiece processing requiring a micrometric manipulation and very low processing tolerances (high-precision workstations), and for fully optical systems requiring a working frequency in the THz band. Advanced solutions could be implemented in worker security systems that detect small quantities of gases or liquids, thus enabling automatically alerting systems and security procedures. Concerning the robotic handling process, a high sensitivity pressure response allows the use of nanocomposite sensors for soft handling or for production systems characterized simultaneously by both hard and soft pressure forces; an intelligent system could calibrate the robotic handling by reading simultaneously strong and soft pressure forces to accurately control the product's handling, and to detect possible millimeter-sized defects on the surface. The possibility of controlling the chemical composition of polymeric materials would allow tuning of the sensitivity of the optical response, which would allow the design of sensors which have different pressure working ranges that can adapt to the system of control. The control logic to be implemented could be improved by an auto-adaptive feedback control system which could intelligently drive robotic motors. An advanced nanocomposite sensor system could include both touch and no-touching sensors that detect 3D object morphology and other parameters such as colors and temperatures. The research topics give particular attention to the leakage detection of oil, water and gases, including pipeline and electrical leakages [26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36; 37; 38]. Advanced solutions could include the adoption of AI tools for the pollution and leakage detections (as for production processes using liquids), and the integration of different technologies interconnected to renewable energy routing systems (sustainable production systems). Finally, optoelectronic and fiberoptic systems are applied in manufacturing processes by controlling cutting machines, assessing the quality of surfaces of processed workpieces, and in additive manufacturing processes [39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44]. Advanced Industry 5.0 solutions could be addressed on reverse engineering approaches that automatically optimize laser cutting operations, that also integrate image vision techniques, or AI data driven systems that enable self-adaptive manufacturing processes. Specifically, additive manufacturing processes could be controlled intelligently with an AI self-tuning the machine parameters.