esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Results and Discussion
### Determination of Sequestration Activity of **1** under Biphasic Conditions  
A series of experiments were performed to determine the ability of **1** to sequester metals (in particular Cu\({}^{2+}\) and Pd\({}^{2+}\)) from various polar solvents including water under biphasic conditions. These initial studies involved sequestration of transition metal cations such as Co\({}^{2+}\), Ni\({}^{2+}\), Cu\({}^{2+}\), Pd\({}^{2+}\) and Ru\({}^{3+}\) from solutions of their salts in deionized water, methanol or acetonitrile by a heptane solution of **1**. In a typical experiment (Figure 1), a solution of sequestrant in heptane was added to the solution of CuSO\({}_{4}\) in water and shaken for 2 h with formation of an emulsion which separated into two distinct layer on standing. During this time, visually observed discoloration of the aqueous phase qualitatively indicated a high level of Cu\({}^{2+}\) sequestration. Quantitative inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) analysis of the polar phase indicated 60-fold decrease of copper content (Table 1) that confirmed this visual observation. A control experiment with pure heptane did not result in any metal extraction based on ICP-OES analysis.  
According to the results in Table 1, oligomer **1** demonstrates good to excellent sequestration efficiency for a variety of transition metals under biphasic conditions. The best results were obtained for copper, palladium and ruthenium ions (Table 1, entries 5-13). In case of Co\({}^{2+}\) and Ni\({}^{2+}\) cations, sequestration efficiency for neutral solutions was modest but it significantly increased under basic conditions. The same trend was observed for other metals. This observation can be explained by formation of poorly soluble metal hydroxides with enhanced affinity to sequestrant **1**. Although 99.5% of palladium was absorbed from water solution in only 15 min, sequestration from acetonitrile required extended times to achieve the same efficiency. This result is attributed to competitive complexation of Pd\({}^{2+}\) cation by acetonitrile.
## 2 Energy Management and Review of Surveys
### Uncertainty Modeling of EM  
[PERSON] et al. [13] presented a summary of the proposed approaches in terms of MG Type (AC, DC, AC/DC, grid-connected, and islanded) and solution methodology (deterministic, probabilistic (probability density function/uncertainty model), single/multi-objective, correlation, and EV). They mentioned some methods that were suggested for uncertain optimization such as: analytical hierarchical process, artificial bee colony/improved differential evolution algorithm, clonal selection algorithm, GA, improved teaching-learning optimization algorithm, modified firefly optimization algorithm, modified teaching-learning algorithm/fuzzy-based clustering, NSGA II, PSO/self-adaptive probabilistic mutation, probabilistic load flow, robust optimization, self-adaptive modifies honey bee optimization/fuzzy-based clustering, stochastic programming approach, stochastic programming/cuckoo optimization algorithm, and two-stage stochastic integer programming/robust optimization. Furthermore, different probability density functions/uncertainty models used for modeling the uncertain parameters are: Latin hypercube sampling, real-world values, MCS, Weibull distribution/MCS, 2m-PEM, 2m + 1 PEM, Gaussian mixture model/chance constrained, chance constrained, scenario-based, unscented transformation. In addition, the modeled uncertain parameters were described as power generation of RES, load demand, solar radiation, wind speed, fuel price, load growth, component outage, market price, islanding, a daily-driven distance of PHEVs, electricity price, wind speed, forecast error of active and reactive loads, power loss cost factor, customer interruption cost, failure rate, repair rate, cost function coefficients, the active power output of conventional units, active power flow of transmission lines, and correlated loads.  
[PERSON] et al. [1] stated that deterministic techniques cannot consider the impacts of different uncertainties, arising from the high penetration of RESs, load demand forecasting errors, etc. For this purpose, and in a technical categorization, they suggested using three main methods of MCS, analytical, and approximate methods. The first one is accurate as handling non-linear and complex problems, but it is computationally expensive. Analytical methods, which are based on some mathematical simplifications, can overcome the deficiency of MCS. The first-order second-moment method, Taylor series expansion method, Cumulant method, common uncertain source method, discretization method, and PEM are some methods to model both shortages of the two mentioned methods.
# CNN-BiLSTM-DNN-Based Modulation Recognition Algorithm at Low SNR
## 2 Signal Model and Signal Preprocessing
### Signal Preprocessing  
To filter out the mixed noise in the signal, the signal is denoised using the SP module [16]. The SP module design includes a pooling layer stack consisting of the MinPool1D layer and the AvgPool1D layer:  
\[R^{\prime}_{m}=AvgPool1D(MinPool1D)(R_{m}) \tag{3}\]  
where \(R^{\prime}_{m}\) represents the radio signal. MinPool and AvgPool are two operations that use a sliding window to smooth out the data. The SP module uses the MinPool1D layer for sliding window filtering, which is particularly effective for noise mitigation in low SNR conditions. Subsequently, the data are smoothed through the AvgPool1D layer to further eliminate noise and spikes introduced by MinPool operations. The combination of MinPool and AvgPool processing significantly reduces the impact of noise and improves the uniformity of feature representation. Therefore, the SP module is located in front of CNN-BiLSTM-DNN to reduce the noise mixed with signals with a low SNR and promote the uniformity of feature representation; it facilitates the extraction of features.
# Rotational Speed Control Using ANN-Based MPPT for OWC Based on Surface Elevation Measurements
## 3 Materials and Methods  
### Proposed ANN-Based Rotational Speed Control  
The continuous adjustment of the DFIG's rotational speed is on way to avoid the stalling phenomenon in the OWC which will increase the extracted power from waves [20; 21]. This way, according to Equation (7), the flow coefficient is regulated not to exceed the threshold value 0.3. Therefore, an ANN-based rotational speed control strategy is suggested to adjust the speed \(\omega_{r}\) of the DFIG in the OWC system via the back-to-back converter and hence maintaining the flow coefficient \(\phi\) below the threshold value. The Artificial Neural Network is going to be trained to be able to recognize waves entering, via measured data with the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP). The scheme of the suggested ANN rotational speed control strategy is explained by Figure 9.  
Each side of the BTB converter controls a different aspect of the plant. The GSC adjusts the DC-link voltage and reactive power, whereas the RSC adjusts the active power and rotational speed.  
Figure 8: Proposed Multi-Layer Perceptron structure.  
Figure 9: Rotational speed control scheme for a Wells turbine-based OWC wave power plant.
## 3 Results
### LAI and FPAR  
Unlike the MOD_NCEP GPP algorithm, the NCEP_GLASS GPP algorithm followed the MOD17A2 algorithm by substituting GLASS_FPAR (_i.e._, the FPAR derived from GLASS LAI datasets) for MODIS_FPAR. Therefore, comparing the MOD_NCEP GPP and NCEP_GLASS GPP algorithms was helpful for understanding the influences of FPAR on the estimating effectiveness. Similar to the MOD_Tower GPP algorithm, the NCEP_GLASS GPP algorithm was outperformed by the MOD_NCEP GPP algorithm in terms of the annual GPP estimates (Table 3). However, regarding the seasonal estimates, the effectiveness of the NCEP_GLASS GPP algorithm for estimating the Flux_Tower GPP was better than that of the MOD_Tower GPP algorithm, which was vastly inferior to the MOD_NCEP GPP algorithm. In particular, no algorithm was more accurate than the NCEP_GLASS GPP algorithm  
Figure 9: Scatterplots of the daily NCEP-DOE II meteorology against the daily tower meteorological data for: (**a**) Tavg; (**b**) Tmin; (**c**) VPDavg; and (**d**) PAR. Significance levels: ***\(p<0.01\).  
for estimating the Flux_Tower GPP in the summer. In addition, the NCEP_GLASS GPP algorithm achieved substantial improvements over the MOD_NCEP GPP algorithm for the eight-day estimates (Figure 2a,c). It estimated the Flux_Tower GPP for CBS, QYZ and DHS far more effectively than the MOD_NCEP GPP algorithm (Table 2).  
Comparisons were made between GLASS_LAI and MODIS_LAI as well as GLASS_FPAR and MODIS_FPAR (Figure 10 and Table 5). The results showed extremely significant correlations for the average values of LAI (R\({}^{2}\) = 0.93) and FPAR (R\({}^{2}\) = 0.91). MODIS_FPAR underestimated GLASS_FPAR in all of the eight sites except in NMG and DX. In particular, CBS, HB and DX exhibited the strongest correlations between MODIS_FPAR and GLASS_FPAR, and DHS, QYZ and XSBN exhibited relatively poor correlations (Figure 10b). From the perspective of the biomes, the correlations between MODIS_FPAR and GLASS_FPAR were strong for MF and poor for EBF.
## 7 Conclusions  
In this paper, we presented three authentication methods for multi-zone communications, based on the bilinear pairing cryptography and short signatures. The 5G-V2X standards support the installation of many base stations at short distances, which can be utilized to provide a dynamic key generation and multi-hop authentication for vehicles. In  
Figure 15: Comparison of signature verification time for the three proposed authentication methods and the two previous methods for multi-zone scenarios.  
this paper, we divide the network into N zones, each zone covered by n BSs. Each vehicle communicates securely using different keys per zone, which enhances the security level and supports updated keys through different zones. In the proposed TCA method, the signature generation and verification depend on the transmitter zone parameters. In the proposed SCA method, the transmitter generates a concatenated signature that can be verified individually by all receivers, using their corresponding zone parameters. Transmitters and receivers in the RCA method aggregate the security parameters of the communicated neighboring zones to generate and verify signatures. The proposed three authentication methods support message signing and verification at a low cost, using short signatures over bilinear pairing curves. We compared the communication and computation cost of the proposed authentication methods and six previous methods for single-zone and multi-zone scenarios. The proposed methods significantly reduce the signature generation time by 16 times-80 times, as compared to the compared previous methods. Additionally, the proposed methods significantly reduce the signature verification time by 10 times-16 times, as compared to the two previous methods. The three proposed authentication methods achieved substantial speed-up in the signature generation time and verification time, using a short bilinear pairing signature.  
S.A.A.H. did the data collection, conceptualization, experiments, software implementation, writing the draft, editing, and reviewing. H.K. did the conceptualization, editing, reviewing, and funding. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by IITP grant (No. 2020-0-01304), Development of Self-learnable Mobile Recursive Neural Network Processor Technology Project, and also supported by the Grand Information Technology Research Center support program (IITP-2020-0-01462) supervised by the IITP and funded by the MSIT (Ministry of Science and ICT), Korean government. It was also supported by Industry coupled IoT Semiconductor System Convergence Nurturing Center under System Semiconductor Convergence Specialist Nurturing Project funded by the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea (2020M3H2A107678611).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# A Method to Reduce Eddy Current Loss of Underwater Wireless Power Transmission by Current Control
## 1 Introduction
The energy transmission efficiency is relatively unchanged under a small lateral misalignment and decreased sharply when the lateral misalignment kept growing. However, reducing the eddy current loss of underwater WPT system using current control has not been widely studied. The researchers mentioned above reduced the eddy current loss of underwater wireless power transmission by changing the frequency of the AC power supply, the number of turns of the coil, or the structure of the coil. These methods will change the coordination and matching of the entire system. However, the method of reducing eddy current loss using current control, as proposed in this paper, only changes the parameters of the components in the compensation circuit, and does not change the characteristics of the system itself, so it is more convenient to operate and implement. In this article, the circuit of the WPT system in the air and sea is modeled sequentially, and the parameter changes caused by the eddy current loss of the seawater are analyzed. The methods of reducing eddy current loss using current control are obtained from the theoretical solutions given by past research. Increasing the current phase difference and changing the current modulus ratio in the coil can reduce the eddy current loss effectively, and the optimal modulus ratio for reducing eddy current loss is obtained through theoretical calculations. In this paper, the planar dual-coil WPT system is taken as an example, the Figure 1 shows the physical diagram and coil diagram of the planar dual-coil WPT system. And a electromagnetic field simulation of the two methods is carried out. The simulation results verify the correctness of the methods and obtain the law stipulating that the eddy current loss can be reduced by increasing the current phase. The organization of this paper is as follows. Section 2 introduces the WPT system in the air and calculates the compensation circuit. Section 3 introduces the WPT system in the seawater and analyzes the compensation circuit, and proposes two methods to reduce the underwater eddy current loss by controlling the circuit current. In Section 4, the correctness of the two methods is verified using electromagnetic field simulation software, and the laws describing the two methods with which to reduce eddy current loss through current control are summarized in Section 5.
# Effect of Furnace Structure on Burden Distribution and Gas Flow in Sinter Vertical Cooling Furnace
###### Abstract  
Sinter sensible heat recovery via a vertical cooling furnace is a new type of waste heat recovery process proposed based on coke dry quenching. However, the segregation of the burden in a vertical cooling furnace is serious, resulting in a large amount of cooling gas escaping from the short-circuit channel of the vertical cooling furnace, which seriously affects the uniform gas-solid heat transfer in the furnace. To improve the burden distribution and gas flow in such a furnace, this paper proposes a Venturi-type vertical cooling furnace. Based on the single silo of a vertical cooling furnace in Meishan Steel, a slot model was established, and the improvement effect of the Venturi furnace structure on the burden distribution and gas flow was studied using the DEM-CFD coupling method. The results show that compared with the existing furnace type, the inclined wall of the Venturi furnace changed the direction of the high \(D_{\mathrm{nv}}\) (average diameter) channel from vertical to inclined-vertical and reduced the \(D_{\mathrm{nv}}\) from >0.033 m to 0.028-0.03 m in the vertical part of the variable-diameter section, thus reducing the influence area of the high \(D_{\mathrm{nv}}\) channel. The minimum and average values of the voidage in the contraction part of the variable-diameter section increased from 0.28 and 0.315 to 0.31 and 0.33, respectively, which caused the voidage distribution to change from U-shaped to W-shaped along the longitudinal direction while simultaneously reducing the longitudinal fluctuation range of the voidage from 0.28-0.39 to 0.298-0.37. The gas flow direction changed from vertical-upward to vertical-inclined-upward, which increased the gas-solid contact. The gas velocity increased significantly. In the vertical section, the average gas velocity was 2.34 m/s, which was 30.73% higher than the velocity of 1.79 m/s of the existing furnace type. In the variable-diameter section, the average gas velocity was 3.52 m/s, which was 72.55% higher than the velocity of 2.04 m/s of the existing furnace type. The high-speed gas channel basically only existed in the sidewall area and the center area of the vertical section, and the length was reduced from 3.11 m to 2.52 m, which reduced the influence area. In the variable-diameter section, the high-speed gas channel disappeared, and the uniformity of the gas velocity distribution was greatly improved. The gas pressure drop increased from 4140 Pa to 6410 Pa, with an increase of 54.83%. Therefore, when designing the Venturi furnace type, it was necessary to take into consideration the improvement in the gas velocity distribution and the increase in the pressure drop. The research results of this paper can provide guidance for the structure optimization of the sinter vertical cooling furnace.  
sinter; vertical cooling furnace; Venturi furnace type; voidage; size distribution; gas flow Article
## 2 Mathematical Modeling of p53 Pathway
### p53 Pathway Model by [PERSON]  
The model concerns four different concentrations (nM): p53 protein, \(x_{1}\); _MDM_2 mRNA, \(x_{2}\); MDM2, \(x_{3}\); p53-MDM2 complex, \(x_{4}\); these are represented by the following ODEs:  
\[\frac{dx_{1}}{dt} =\sigma_{pr}-\alpha_{i}x_{1}-k_{rf}x_{1}x_{3}+k_{rb}x_{4}+\gamma_{ rd}x_{4} \tag{1}\] \[\frac{dx_{2}}{dt} =k_{rt}x_{1}^{2}-\beta_{rd}x_{2}\] (2) \[\frac{dx_{3}}{dt} =k_{rl}x_{2}-k_{rf}x_{1}x_{3}+k_{rb}x_{4}+\alpha_{d}x_{4}-K_{B3}x_ {3}\] (3) \[\frac{dx_{4}}{dt} =k_{rf}x_{1}x_{3}-k_{rb}x_{4}-\alpha_{d}x_{4}-\gamma_{rd}x_{4} \tag{4}\]Table 1 lists and describes the variables utilized in the p53 model. Here, the symbols (\(\alpha_{i}\beta_{rd}\), \(\gamma_{rd}\), \(\alpha_{d}\)) depict the degradation rates. The variable \(\alpha_{i}\) describes all the actions leading to an MDM2-independent decay of the p53 protein. The variable \(\alpha_{d}\) represents the decay of p53 exclusively through MDM2. The _MDM2_ mRNA decay rate is represented by variable \(\beta_{rd}\), whereas the variable \(\gamma_{rd}\) models the decay of the MDM2 protein through the auto-ubiquitination process.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c l} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Description** \\ \hline \(\sigma_{pr}\) & Production rate of p53 \\ \hline \(\alpha_{i}\) & MDM2-independent deactivation/degradation of p53 \\ \hline \(\alpha_{d}\) & MDM2-dependent deactivation/degradation of p53 \\ \hline \(\gamma_{rd}\) & MDM2 degradation \\ \hline \(k_{rt}\) & Transcription of MDM2 \\ \hline \(\beta_{rd}\) & Degradation rate of _MDM2_ mRNA \\ \hline \(k_{rl}\) & Translation of MDM2 \\ \hline \(k_{rn}\) & Nutlin rate constant \\ \hline \(\psi\) & Matched disturbance \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Parameters of the p53 model.  
Figure 2: An integrated model of the Nutlin PBK and p53 pathway. The integrated framework incorporates the pharmacokinetic effects of Nutlin on cancerous cells to attain the real picture inside the cell.  
A constant rate is assumed for p53 synthesis and is shown by the subscripted characters, such as the variable \(\sigma_{p}\). The transcription rate of _MDM2_ mRNA is represented by constant \(k_{rt}\), whereas the translation rate of the MDM2 protein is represented by \(k_{rt}\). The rate constants \(k_{rf}\) represent the development of the p53-MDM2 complex, and \(k_{rb}\) represents the breakup of the MDM2-p53 complex. Although nearly all variables are constrained, the parameters \(k_{rf}\), \(\gamma_{rd}\), and \(\alpha_{d}\) can change due to the environmental parameters of the cell and due to cell-cell fluctuation.
# Performance Analysis of Post-Quantum Cryptography Algorithms for Digital Signature
## 3 Post-Quantum Cryptography
### Quantum Algorithms  
One of the most well-known concepts in the field of quantum technology is the Shor's algorithm. This is a quantum algorithm introduced by [PERSON] in 1994 [9]. It was designed for the purpose of integer factorisation. Currently, this problem is too demanding for classical computers to perform the calculation in measurable time. The computational complexity of classical algorithms is exponential, while the [PERSON]'s algorithm offers polynomial complexity, which results in significantly faster computations. This solution combines conventional mathematical approaches and the principles of quantum mechanics [10]. The currently widely used RSA algorithm is based precisely on the complexity of the large number factorisation problem.  
Another example is the [PERSON]'s algorithm. It was designed by [PERSON] in 1996, and its purpose is to search in unordered databases [11]. Whereas this task with the classical algorithm has a computational complexity of \(O(N)\), the Grover algorithm achieves a complexity of \(O(\sqrt{N})\). The reason for this is the use of quantum superposition, which results in the ability to check multiple potential solutions simultaneously [12]. Its practical application may threaten cryptography algorithms, but the leap in speed is not that significant. It is believed that the lengthening of the keys is sufficient to constitute resistance to attacks involving it. Nevertheless, even if the Grover algorithm does not represent a major threat as the [PERSON]'s algorithm, it also has a notable role regarding the risk to current cybersecurity.
# Fault Detection of Resilient Navigation System Based on GNSS Pseudo-Range Measurement
###### Abstract  
Because of the resilient frame structure, the factor graph is often used in navigation systems to solve the sensor asynchrony problem and realize plug-and-play effectively in the navigation information fusion method. To improve the fault detection performance of resilient integrated navigation systems under complex interference environments, a fault detection method in factor graph navigation framework based on INS measurements and GNSS pseudo-range measurements is proposed in this paper. The proposed method can effectively locate the fault satellite pseudo-range information based on the Chi-square fault detection method. Due to the plug-and-play characteristic of the factor graph framework, this method can quickly isolate faults to improve navigation accuracy. Finally, the effect of the method is verified by simulation and experiment. Compared with the Chi-square fault detection method, positioning accuracy is improved by more than 40%.  
fault detection; factor graph; disturbance environment; resilient integrated navigation; pseudo-range measurement +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences  
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