## 3 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Parameters** & **Value** \\ \hline Supply voltage & 0.3 V \\ \hline Bias current \(I_{B}\) & 10 nA \\ \hline Technology & 0.18 \(\mu\)m \\ \hline DC current swings: \(I_{p}\), \(I_{n}\) & \(\pm\)100 nA \\ \hline Current gains: \(I_{z}/I_{p}\), \(I_{z}/I_{n}\) & 0.997, 0.998 \\ \hline Current offset \(I_{z}\big{(}I_{p}=I_{n}\)= 0) & 1.35 nA \\ \hline –3 dB bandwidth: \(I_{z}/I_{p}\), \(I_{z}/I_{n}\) & [79.4, 100] kHz \\ \hline DC voltage swings: \(V_{w}\) & \(\pm\)120 mV \\ \hline Voltage gain: \(V_{w}/V_{z}\) & 0.996 \\ \hline Voltage offset \(V_{w}(V_{z}=0)\) & 2.4 mV \\ \hline –3 dB bandwidth:\(V_{w}/V_{z}(C_{L}=5\)pF) & 35 kHz \\ \hline \(z_{p}\), \(z_{n}\), \(z_{w}\) & 17 k\(\Omega\) \\ \hline \(z_{z}\) & 24.5 M\(\Omega\) \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{Power dissipation} \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Performance data of the proposed CDBA. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline
**Factor** & **Unit** & **Proposed** & **[12] 2006** & **[29] 2010** & **[31] 2014** & **[49] 2024** \\ \hline Technology & \(\mu\)m & 0.18 & 0.5 & 0.18 & 0.18 & 0.045 \\ \hline Voltage supply & V & 0.3 & \(\pm\)1.25 & \(\pm\)0.6 & \(  
Figure 10 presents the frequency magnitude characteristics of the low-pass filter (LPF) under four different conditions--(a) process corners, (b) voltage supply variations, (c) temperature fluctuations, and (d) Monte Carlo (MC) analysis. The process variations considered for the MOS transistors include fast-fast, fast-slow, slow-fast, and slow-slow corners. Additionally, the supply voltage was varied by \(\pm\)10% around the nominal value, and the temperature was tested at \(-\)10 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C. In the Monte Carlo analysis, which includes process variations and mismatch, 200 simulation runs were performed. The resulting curves, as depicted in the figure, either overlap or remain closely aligned, confirming the filter's robustness under diverse process, voltage, temperature (PVT), and MC conditions. Figure 11a shows the transient response of the filter with different applied sine wave signals of 1, 2, 4, and 8 nA applied to the input, with a 10 Hz amplitude. The total harmonic distortion (THD) of the output signal was around 0.68%. The THD for the filter is shown up to an 80 nA input signal, where the THD of the output signal reaches 1%, as shown in Figure 11b. The equivalent output current noise of the filter is shown in Figure 12. The integrated noise over the frequency range of 0.1-110 Hz was calculated to be 68 pA. The dynamic range for 1% THD was calculated to be 57.2 dB. The performance of the low-pass filter in filtering ECG signals was evaluated by introducing noise into a clean ECG signal. A 3 nA noise at 400 Hz was added to the ECG, creating a noisy signal that was then passed through the LP filter. The unfiltered noisy ECG signal is shown in Figure 13a. After filtering, the output, which shows the ECG with reduced noise, is presented in Figure 13b. This demonstrates the filter's ability to effectively suppress high-frequency noise while preserving the essential features of the ECG signal. Figure 8: Frequency magnitude and phase characteristics of the LPF. Figure 9: Frequency magnitude and phase characteristics of the LPF with various \(C\). Figure 11: (**a**) Transient response of the filter with different input current \(\rm I_{in}\), and (**b**) the THD of the output signal versus the amplitude of \(l_{in}\). Figure 10: Frequency magnitude characteristics of the LPF with (**a**) process corners, (**b**) voltage supply corners, (**c**) temperature corners, and (**d**) MC.