## 3 Automated Pipe Jacking Friction Resistance Identification and Warning System
### Design of an Automated Pipe Jacking Friction Resistance Identification and Warning System  
The automatic resistance identification and warning system, as depicted in Figure 5, comprises several key components.  
The sensors, which are primarily employed to gauge the pressure during the pipe jacking construction process, form the first line of data collection. These raw data are then harvested by the data acquisition unit, which uses digital converters and microcontrollers to transform the sensor signals into a digital format.  
The digitized data are subsequently transmitted to the monitoring and analysis system via the communication module, which employs various communication technologies. The monitoring and analysis system, equipped with specialized software, performs real-time monitoring and analysis of the collected data, processing and visualizing it for further use.  
The warning system, a crucial component of the setup, sets thresholds based on the data from the construction site. It employs statistical analysis, machine learning, or artificial intelligence technology to identify any anomalies in resistance.  
The user interface serves as a visual representation of real-time data, resistance identification situations, and warning information, presenting it to the operator in an easily interpretable format.  
Figure 4: Lateral disturbance soil partition and resistance sensor installation location.  
Figure 5: Fundamental structure of the system.  
Resistance sensors are capable of the real-time monitoring of resistance during the jacking process. The collected resistance is then transmitted to the detection host through a resistance collector via a communication line. The detection host receives the resistance signal, stores it, and plots the complete resistance curve. The resistance display visually reflects the resistance distribution during pipe jacking. The shape of the resistance sensor and the architecture of the automatic resistance identification and warning system are shown in Figure 6.  
The working principle for the resistance sensor is that the elastic component undergoes elastic deformation under external force, causing conversion elements, such as the resistance transducer attached to its surface, resulting in a change in the resistance value. This resistance change is then converted into an electrical signal through the corresponding measurement circuit, completing the process of converting the external force into an electrical signal. The jacking resistance during the construction process of pipe jacking is calculated according to resistance calculation Equation (4). The resistance sensors, developed by the Wauteco company, consist of soil pressure sensor modules that have undergone LGA packaging and assembly with the pressure modules. This design enables the sensors to provide calibrated output signals at a predetermined ratio. The resistance collector, also developed by the Wauteco company, then receives the signals from sensors.  
The resistance data are transmitted in real time to the indoor monitoring terminal through a communication line. In the monitoring host, the resistance pre-alarm warning value is set through the warning system. Once the detected resistance exceeds the threshold, an automatic alarm is triggered to promptly notify the operators and maintenance personnel to analyze and understand the resistance status of the pipe jacking machine. This allows for timely maintenance and grouting adjustment. The control process is illustrated in Figure 7.  
Figure 6: Diagram of the automatic resistance identification and warning system.