# Blockchain Technology: Emerging Applications and Use Cases for Secure and Trustworthy Smart Systems
## 4 Applications and Use Cases of Blockchain
### Wireless Networks and Virtualization  
Wireless network is suffering from explosive growth of IoT and CPS applications and there have been different approach studied to enhance the network capacity and coverage [52; 53] Blockchain can be used to sublease wireless resources such as RF slices to network service providers or third-party like mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs) in a verifiable way so that quality of service of the users would be met by preventing double spending/subleasing of same wireless resource to multiple parties in a distributed manner [12; 54].  
4.13. Real State  
Blockchain technology as a distributed ledger database system can offer benefit for the real estate industry. Property title recording can be done using blocks with transactions in Blockchain rather than using traditional/current record keeping system [55].  
4.14. Smart Contracts  
Smart contracts digital entity written in a Turing-complete byte language, called Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) bytecode [56]. They are essentially a set of functions where each function is a sequence of instructions. Such contracts are embedded with conditional statements which enables them to self-execute. Smart contracts can be a replacement to intermediaries which make sure that all parties are obliged by the agreed terms. Thus, with Blockchain, such regulatory bodies become redundant. Smart contracts based on Blockchain ensures that the participants know the contract details and the agreement are automatically implemented once the conditions are fulfilled. In order to make the smart contracts work, there is a group of mutually \"untrusted\" peers called miners who verify the transactions related to the contract. Each transaction broadcast to the Blockchain network is collected by the miners and verified before they are encoded to a new block and appended to the Blockchain. Any potential conflict is resolved through the consensus protocol which is based on \"proof-of-work\". Thus, a smart contract only works if there is no bias or a majority in the computational power of the network, thus ensuring the decentralization in the network. The miners are rewarded for creating new blocks under the protocol everyone miners are required to follow. Any miner's work is discredited by other miners if he/she does not follow the protocol, thus there is an incentive for each miner to follow the rules.  
4.15. Identity Management  
In this section, we present brief overview of different identity management-based applications and how they could benefit from Blockchain technology.  
4.15.1. Academic Records  
Blockchain can be used to store academic records for students and universities in a decentralized ledgers [7]. This academic record keeping system will be tamper-proof, verifiable, immutable, and secure [7].  
4.15.2. Blockchain Music  
In music industry, it is a huge challenge to own products via ownership rights, and benefit from royalty distribution. In order to monetize digital music products, ownership rights are required. The Blockchain and smart contracts technology can be used to create a comprehensive and accurate decentralized database of music rights. Meanwhile, the ledger can be used to provide a transparent information regarding the artist royalties and real time distributions to all the labels involved. Digital currency can be deployed to make the payments as per the terms of contracts.  
4.15.3. Birth, Marriage, and Death Certificates  
The record of birth, marriage and death are important records of a citizen as they are used to confirm citizenship of citizens, and grant rights as per their status such as voting rights and work permits. While keeping such records in a conventional method can be slow and prone to error, such issues can be fixed with the public ledger such as Blockchain. The Blockchain can make such records more reliable by encrypting the records [57, 58].