## 2 Background  
Prior research has established the existence of perceptual distortions in extreme environments. Mars, the Moon, and deep space asteroids are just three examples. In a study of eight astronauts on board the International Space Station, [23] reported that the astronauts' judgment of size and distance was adversely impacted by microgravity. Astronauts underestimated distance in the depth plane (7.9-18.2%) and perceived a 3D cuboid to be 3.5% taller, 4.5% thinner, and 3.5% shallower than the actual dimensions, demonstrating distorted perception under microgravity conditions. [PERSON] et al. [24] investigated the perceptual distortion of slope, distance, and height estimation within lunar-like and lunar VR environments. Results showed that slope was significantly overestimated, that distance estimates also varied significantly, and that estimation accuracies were affected by viewing distance. People tend to underestimate distance at a far-viewing distance but overestimate at a near-viewing distance. Height estimates also varied considerably, ranging from \(-568\) to \(688\) m. [PERSON] et al. also showed that the perception of the height of a hill is influenced by the viewing distance. Participants overestimate the height of a small hill at both the near- and far-viewing distances. Although there is no statistical significance in the case of taller hills, there is a greater tendency to underestimate the height at a near-viewing than a far-viewing distance. The underlying causes of perceptual distortions are not fully understood, with most studies attributing distortion to Earth-discrepant gravity conditions [25; 26]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [26] used the concept of a \"gravity prior\" to describe long-term experience in the Earth gravity environment. Based on a Bayesian framework of perception, a gravity prior implies that individuals tend to rely on their strong prior experiences on Earth. Furthermore, people find it very difficult to perceptually adapt to a non-Earth gravity environment [26; 27; 28]. Few studies have directly addressed unfamiliar and limited visual cues as a source of inaccuracies in spatial perception. On Earth, visuospatial cues provided by familiar landmarks, such as roads, buildings, and trees, play an important role in creating an accurate cognitive representation of what exists [20]. Research has [29; 30] suggested that these landmarks, or non-geometric spatial features, influence the perception of distance, size, direction, and scale. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [31] also found that familiar objects may provide linear perspective and a sense of scale (familiar size) which in turn may lead to more accurate distance judgement. [PERSON] et al. [32] investigated how screen distance in VR influences perceived depth in two environments, a gray-untextured background environment and a cue-rich environment. They found that distance perception was substantially affected by screen distance for the far-distance stimuli. However, the effect lessened under a cue-rich environment. [PERSON] et al. [33] examined a 3D blind reaching task using video (VST) and optical see-through (OST) head-mounted displays and found an underestimation of distance, particularly with OST systems. [PERSON] et al. [34] studied the effect of the absence of visual cues such as aerial and linear perspective, shadows, texture gradient, and occlusion, in virtual environments. After comparing the results of a computer screen and an Head Mounted Display(HMD) group, they concluded that the screen group performed worse than the HMD group in terms of completion time. Additionally, both HMD groups, the one with and without visual cues, achieved the optimal minimum in terms of speed peaks and hand path ratio. Wayfinding research [35] has underscored the significance of landmarks when determining spatial representation and planning navigation toward a destination. The absence of spatial cues, therefore, may cause difficulties in spatial cognitive processing.