## 4 The Behavior of _Saccharomyces cerevisiae_ in Stressors Action
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Cell Stress Genes** & **Biological Stress Response** \\ \hline _HSP104_ & \begin{tabular}{c} involved in cellular heat acclimation (IMP), chaperone cofactor-dependent protein refolding (IDA), protein folding in endoplasmic reticulum (IMP), protein unfolding (IMP), trehalose metabolism in response to heat stress (IMP), responds to stresses including heat, ethanol, and sodium arsenite \\ \hline _HSP12_ & \begin{tabular}{c} involved in cell adhesion (IDA), in plasma membrane organization (IMP), cellular response to heat \\ (IMP), osmotic stress (IMP), and oxidative stress (IMP) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline _HSP26_ & \begin{tabular}{c} involved in cellular response to heat (IDA) and in protein folding (IDA) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline _HSP42_ & \begin{tabular}{c} involved in cytoskeleton organization after heat shock (IMP) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline _HSP78_ & \begin{tabular}{c} involved in cellular response to heat (IMP, IGI), mitochondrial genome maintenance (IGI), protein refolding (IDA, IMP), stabilization (IMP, IGI), and unfolding (IMP) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline _NCE103_ & \begin{tabular}{c} involved in cellular response to carbon dioxide (IMP) and oxidative stress (IMP) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline _PPZ2_ & \begin{tabular}{c} involved in intracellular sodium ion homeostasis (IMP) and regulation of potassium transport, which affects osmotic stability \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline _SSA4_ & \begin{tabular}{c} involved in protein folding (IGI), cellular response to heat, and role in SRP-dependent cotranslational protein-membrane targeting to membrane and translocation (IMP) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline _TRR2_ & \begin{tabular}{c} involved in protection against oxidative stress (IMP) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline _TTR1_ & \begin{tabular}{c} involved in cellular response to oxidative stress (IMP) and in glutathione metabolic process (IGI) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline _XBP1_ & \begin{tabular}{c} involved in negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II (IMP), induced by stress or starvation during mitosis, and late in meiosis \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline _TSA2_ & \begin{tabular}{c} involved in cell redox homeostasis (IDA, IMP), in cellular response to oxidative stress (IGI, IMP), and protein folding (IDA) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline _NQM1_ & \
\begin{tabular}{c} involved in cellular response to oxidative stress (IMP) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline _RCN1_ &
\begin{tabular}{c} involved in response to osmotic and ionic changes \\ concentration \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* IMP—Inferred from Mutant Phenotype, IGI—Inferred from Genetic Interaction, IDA—Inferred from Direct Assay.  
\end{table} 
Table 7: _Cont._the catalytic subunits Tpk1-3, and thus, an increase in Tpk1-3 activity results. At the same time, Msn2/4 phosphorylation occurs, followed by expulsion from the cell nucleus [82]. Another signaling pathway present in _S. cerevisiae_ cells is that of nitrogen or TORC1 (target of rapamycin 1). It includes Sch9 (protein kinase), TORC1 (is the key regulator, stimulated by nitrogen, activates Sch9 by phosphorylation), Deh1, and Dal80 (represses transcription) and Gat1, Glu3, and Msn 2/4 (activates transcription). The role of the TORC1 signaling pathway is to phosphorylate Glu3, Gat1, and Msn 2/4 and to inhibit the phosphorylation of Deh1 and Dal80. These actions only occur in the presence of high concentrations of nitrogen and amino acids. As long as the nitrogen signaling pathway is active, the expression of the genes responsible for inducing cellular stress is stopped [83; 84].