## 1 Introduction
One such study is that of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [31] who used RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) markers to conduct a broad study of 65 cultivars, from the major growing regions of the world and determined their grouping into European and North American cluster. [PERSON] [32] analyzed 51 hop cultivars and identified six clusters consistent with their breeding history and geographical origin. [PERSON] et al. [33] used Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism markers (AFLP) to examine the genetic diversity of world accessions grown in the United States based on yield, hop storage index and essential oil chemical composition and grouped them into three clusters; European, North American, and hybrid. In the study by [PERSON] et al. [34], AFLP analysis distinguished two major clusters; the first consisted of European accessions and the second of accessions of European origin mixed with wild American hops. Wild hop populations have been the focus of research by several authors. [PERSON] et al. [35] analyzed 133 wild hops from North America, Europe, and Asia using 11 microsatellite loci (SSR; Simple Sequence Repeats), while [PERSON] et al. [8] performed chemical and molecular analyzes using SSR and STS (Sequence-Tagged Site) on 136 hop genotypes from Czech Republic, France, Switzerland, and the Caucasus. Both studies allowed the distinction of two clusters, North American and Eurasian, and a lower genetic variability of the Eurasian wild accessions. In 2010, [PERSON] et al. [36] conducted a more comprehensive study in which they examined genetic variability by utilizing SSRs and STSs, and chemical diversity in European, Caucasian, Canadian, and North American wild hop. Based on chemical data, North American and European groups were distinguished, while molecular analysis separated Caucasian and European wild accessions. Italian wild hop accessions were studied by [PERSON] et al. [37]. [PERSON] et al. [38] used SSR, RAPD, and ISSR markersto assess the genetic diversity and structure of 15 wild _H. lupulus_ populations sampled in the Hyncanian forests in Northern Iran. The comparative studies on wild and cultivated hop are also available. [PERSON] et al. [PERSON] et al. (2018) analyzed genetic diversity in 124 wild (Europe, Asia, North America) and cultivated (breeding lines and cultivars) hop accessions, and also showed two distinct gene pools European and American, and higher variability within wild North American hop compared to European wild hop and hop cultivars. [PERSON] et al. [PERSON] et al. (2018) also analyzed wild and cultivated hop accessions, determining two main clusters, European and North American, and further separation of each cluster into native and cultivated subgroups. [PERSON] et al. [PERSON] et al. (2018) also found a clear separation between American and European germplasm by analyzing nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite diversity of European and American wild hop and different cultivars, while cultivars showed high similarity to European wild hops, suggesting that they are derived from clonally propagated European plants that have been bred for centuries. [PERSON] et al. [PERSON] et al. (2018) used SSR markers to elucidate the genetic diversity of Italian wild hop and to make the comparison with cultivated European and North American commercial cultivars, finding higher genetic diversity of Italian wild populations and a higher number of unique alleles The recent study by [PERSON] et al. [PERSON] et al. (2018) combined morphological, chemical, and genetic analyzes to characterize Corsican wild hop and to analyze the agronomic performance of three German cultivars in Corsican environments. Overall, all these molecular studies have provided insight into the genetic variation of wild and cultivated hop, suggesting low genetic variation in the major hop cultivars, probably because of using a limited number of parents [PERSON] et al. (2018).