###### Abstract  
Genetic diversity can remarkably impact the quality of derived products. This study focused on _Adenophora triphylla_, an herbaceous perennial used in East Asian traditional medicine. It is known for its diverse therapeutic effects that are attributed to phytochemicals. However, despite its therapeutic potential, a comprehensive exploration of the influence of genetic diversity on the pharmaceutical properties of various _A. triphylla_ genotypes remains unknown. To address this knowledge gap, we employed DNA barcoding regions (ITS2, matK, and psbA-trmH) to elucidate the genetic diversity among the collected genotypes. The combined application of these barcoding regions is a robust method to identify _A. triphylla_ genotypes. In addition, leaf extracts consistently exhibited higher antioxidant potential than root extracts. Nitric oxide production was strongly inhibited by the leaf extracts of the BC genotype (IC\({}_{50}\) = 124.52 \(\pm\) 12.97 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro m}\)/mL), and the leaf extracts (200 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro m}\)/mL) of the BT genotype contained significant antimelanogenic properties (IC\({}_{50}\) = 181.56 \(\pm\) 16.17 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro m}\)/mL). Various genotypes displayed diverse levels of phytochemical content, and the total saponin content exhibited a strong correlation with various biological activities of _A. triphylla_, suggesting a genetic influence on their pharmaceutical attributes. These findings highlight the significance of genotype selection for optimizing health benefits and promoting the potential utilization of specific genotypes in various industries, such as cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.  
Adenophora triphylla; anti-inflammatory activity; antimelanogenic activity; antioxidant activity; genetic diversity +
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is crucial for ensuring the quality control of medicinal plant-based products. Nevertheless, a comprehensive comparative analysis of these activities among genotypes is lacking.  
_Adenophora triphyllla_, an herbaceous perennial plant from the Campanulaceae family, has been employed in traditional East Asian herbal medicine to treat a range of illnesses, including cough, phlegm, asthma, and airway inflammatory diseases [7]. The extract of _A. triphyllla_ has been reported to exhibit various beneficial effects, including antiobesity, antioxidant, antifungal, antimelanogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities. These effects have been attributed to the presence of diverse phytochemicals within the extract, such as saponin, inulin, polysthicol, lupenone, \(\beta\)-sitosterol, triphylllo, and daucosterol [7; 8; 9; 10; 11]. Interestingly, _A. triphyllla_ demonstrates a broad range of morphological characteristics and genetic traits among individual plants, even within the same species [9], indicating its genetic diversity. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that the pharmaceutical properties differ among the _A. triphyllla_ genotypes.  
In this study, we differentiated five _A. triphyllla_ genotypes using the DNA barcoding approach, which is an increasingly popular method for accurate species identification based on reliable DNA regions. Moreover, 70% of ethanol extracts from the five different genotypes of _A. triphyllla_ differed in their antioxidant, antimelanogenic, and anti-inflammatory effects, indicating that their biological activities are influenced by genetic differences. Furthermore, phytochemical and marker compound analysis revealed that variations in their biological activities were attributed to varying levels of phytochemicals. The results of this investigation will promote further research into the potential utilization of specific _A. triphyllla_ genotypes as valuable plant breeding and genetic resources. The enhancement of the phytochemical contents of _A. triphyllla_ genotypes will enable their increased application in diverse industries, including cosmetics, functional foods, and pharmaceuticals.