esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Compact N-Band Tree-Shaped Multiplexer-Based Antenna Structures for 5G/IoT Mobile Devices
## 3 Design Principle  
Devices which operate in multiple bands are highly interesting, given the wide and varied protocols that they are equipped to operate. To exemplify, the architecture of a current smartphone includes capabilities to operate with different communication technologies such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GSM, 3G/4G (LTE), GPS, NFC, among others. In addition to multiple radios, these devices require several antennas, increasing interferences and couplings, and it is an ever more difficult task to accommodate them due to the reduced space available. It is in this context that a new concept for designing a multi-band antenna, is inserted.  
Figure 2 presents a schematic example of a multi-band antenna for modern terminals. As noted, the antenna structure in the example operates in the downlink and uplink bands of 5G, SATCOM and LTE. In the illustration, instead of five antennas, with this concept it is possible to design a single antenna operating in all desired bands, with only one feeding point.  
Being an antenna shared by different radios, it is important to assure isolation between all bands, that is, that each RF frontend receives/transmits information using only its respective resonating element. The project begins with the design of all \(n\) resonant antenna elements, one for each operating frequency. After having the \(n\) radiating elements, the feeding structure ensures the high global efficiency of the antenna, forcing theoretically infinite impedances in the operating bands of neighboring elements, clearly conducting the signal towards/from the respective resonant element.  
As an example, Figure 2 can be analyzed in depth, where in the middle schematic the user wants to receive data in the SATCOM downlink band, and thus the path is clear for the respective frequency band B1, and for all the other operating bands the impedance seen will be infinite. This concept is scalable for the \(n\) different bands of the antenna. In short, this concept allows to design a \(n\)_-band_ structure as efficient as the summation of several resonant antennas in each of the \(n\) bands.
## 3 Results
### Clinical Verification with ACR Phantom  
For further verification, brain CT examinations were performed on ACR 464 accreditation phantoms using the optimal experiment that was based on the Taguchi design and the routine examination that was previously used at LKCH. The ACR 464 CT accreditation solid phantom had an acrylic PMMA block, as shown in Figure 6. The solid phantom is suitable for scanning image quality and evaluating H\({}_{\text{E}}\). It consists of four independent modules, constructed originally from a water-equivalent material. Each module is 4 cm deep and 20 cm in diameter. Module 4 contains eight bar resolution patterns of 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,  
Figure 5: **(A1)** Horizontal, **(A2)** vertical of the routine examination, (**B1**) horizontal, (**B2**) vertical of the Taguchi experiment, and (**C1**) horizontal, (**C2**) vertical of the optimal experiment in 128-slice brain CT examinations.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Routine** & **Taguchi** & **Optimal** \\ \hline Thickness (mm) & 5 & 2.5 & 2.5 \\ mAs & 350 & 400 & 350 \\ kVp & 120 & 140 & 140 \\ Filter & Standard & Sharp & Smooth \\ FOV (mm\({}^{2}\)) & 250 & 200 & 200 \\ \hline S/N & 33.13 & 35.03 & 34.89 \\ \(p\)-value & \textless{}0.001 \({}^{1}\) & \textless{}0.001 \({}^{2}\) & _Not significant_\({}^{3}\) \\ CTDI\({}_{\text{vol}}\) & 60.1 & 100.5 & 75.5 \\ E (mSv) & 2.01 & 3.34 & 2.51 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{1}\)\(p\)\(<\) 0.001 comparing the routine examination with the Taguchi experiment. \({}^{2}\)\(p\)\(<\) 0.001 comparing the routine examination with the optimal experiment. \({}^{3}\) No significant difference between the Taguchi and the optimal experiments (\(p\) = 0.137).  
\end{table}
Table 5: Comparisons among the routine examination, the Taguchi experiment, and the optimal experiment in 128-slice brain CT examinations.  
9, 10, and 12 line pairs per centimeter. It tests high-contrast resolution with eight different spatial frequency bar patterns [20].  
In Module 4, the high-contrast resolution test involved 4, 5, 6 line pairs per centimeter (lp/cm), which were easily visible in (A) the routine examination. The 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 lp/cm were easily visible in (B) the optimal brain CT, while the 9, 10, 12 lp/cm were less easily visible. A significant difference in line pairs was observed between the Taguchi experiment and the optimal experiment. As shown in Figure 6, the spatial resolution was 8.00 \(\pm\) 00 lp/cm in the routine examination and 9.33 \(\pm\) 0.50 lp/cm in the optimal experiment, with significant differences in line pairs between the two experiments (\(p<\) 0.001). The S/N values of the ACR head phantom can be improved by 16%, since 9.33/8.00 = 116%, from the optimal experiment to the routine examination. The Taguchi design is found to be an effective design in developing the optimal experiment in brain CT, although some limitations are introduced by either choosing the S/N ratio as the metric or presenting an inappropriate orthogonal array for finding the optimum levels of the parameters. Many investigators have introduced other performance measures as alternatives to the S/N ratio.
###### Abstract  
In recent years, advanced footwear technology (AFT) has been shown to improve performance in long-distance road running by altering biomechanics and perceived comfort. This type of footwear is now being marketed for mountain running, although its effects in such races remain unevaluated. This study aimed to examine the impact of AFT on performance, biomechanics, and perceived comfort during a simulated mountain running event. Twelve trained mountain runners participated in a 3-day experiment, with a 7-day recovery between sessions. On the first day, a maximal aerobic speed test assessed the runners' performance levels. On the second day, participants familiarized themselves with a 5.19 km mountain circuit and comfort scale. On the third day, they completed two time trials on the same circuit, separated by 30 min of passive recovery, using conventional and AFT shoes in a randomized order. Physiological and biomechanical variables were recorded, including body mass, blood lactate, running biomechanics, vertical stiffness, shoe comfort, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). The findings indicate that AFT does not improve performance or physiological responses during a simulated mountain race, regardless of segment (uphill, downhill, or mixed). However, AFT significantly alters running biomechanics, reducing step frequency and increasing the vertical oscillation of the center of gravity, especially in uphill and downhill sections. While overall comfort remained unchanged, specific differences were observed with AFT. Coaches and practitioners should consider these findings when using AFT in mountain running training or competition.  
Keywords:trail running; carbon fiber plate; running shoes; uphill; downhill; running performance +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
## 5 Discussion
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Title** & **NWP Model and DA System** & **Simulated or Real Observations** & **Assimilation Method** & **Impact** \\ \hline Variational Analysis of & & & & \\ Simulated Ocean Surface & & & & \\ Winds from the Cyclone & & & & \\ Global Navigation & & & & \\ Satellite System & & & & \\ (CYGNSS) and & & & & \\ Evaluation Using a & & & & \\ Regional OSSE [86] & & & & \\ A Study of the HWRF & & & & \\ Analysis and Forecast & & & & \\ Impact of Realistically & & & & \\ Simulated CYGNSS & HWRF, & & & \\ Observations & EnKF/3 DVAR & Simulated & VAM vectors used for assimilation & \\ Assimilated as Scalar & & & & \\ Wind Speeds and as & & & & \\ VAM Wind Vectors [87] & & & & \\ A Study on Assimilation & & & & \\ of CYGNSS Wind Speed & & & & \\ Data for Tropical & & & & \\ Convection during 2018 & & & & \\ January MJO [90] & & & & \\ \hline Impact of & & & & \\ CYGNSS-Derived Winds & & & & \\ on Tropical Cyclone & & & & \\ Forecasts in a Global and & & & & \\ Regional Model [91] & & & & \\ \hline Impacts of Assimilating & & & & \\ CYGNSS Satellite & & & & \\ Ocean-Surface Wind on & & & & \\ Prediction of Landfalling & & & & \\ Hurricanes with the & & & & \\ HWRF Model [92] & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: \(Cont.\)is lost. We also found that by adjusting the observation errors, it might be possible to retain more GNSS-R wind speed data while improving the analyses and forecasts. RO data assimilation is evolving towards multivariable and hybrid methods. However, challenges remain: different operators adapt to different atmospheric layers, adding complexity to models, and are bound to lose a certain amount of information. Moreover, in advanced bending angle assimilation, the nonlinearity of the cost function causes some optimization problems. GNSS-R data assimilation is a relatively new approach in TC forecasting. Aside from assimilating the wind speed, we can consider assimilating more raw data, such as DDM and NBRCS, to reduce observation errors for TC intensity forecasts, which requires the creation of more complex observation operators. Moreover, the research and analysis of GNSS-R observation errors have not been extensively studied, and further research in this area is needed.
# Development of a MyData Platform Based on the Personal Health Record Data Sharing System in Korea
## 1 Introduction  
In the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the importance of data-based industries has increased significantly. Many countries are making efforts to construct high-quality data and develop efficient data distribution systems. Additionally, they have expanded the use of accumulated personal data and promoted data distribution. Recently, there has been a government-level movement to guarantee the rights of individual entities regarding the use of personal data. This movement has been specifically named as 'MyData' in South Korea and there are variants such as 'Self data', 'Midata', 'MesInfos', 'Personal Information Management Services', 'Personal Data Economy', 'MyHealthBank' and 'Internet of Me' in other countries [1, 2, 3]. A government-led MyData project in South Korea has been undertaken in eight fields (medical, finance, public, distribution/logistics, culture,communication/media, education and energy) for both the quantitative and qualitative use of personal data since 2019.  
The right to data portability is one of the most important properties of this project because it warrants control rights to data subjects. The term of data portability appears in various fields, such as data protection, competition law, intellectual property rights and consumer protection [4]. In other words, individuals should be able to exercise integrated and practical rights regarding their own data distributed across multiple services based on the defined data portability rights.  
The General Data Protection Regulation is a regulation in European Union (EU) law related to data protection and privacy in EU and European Economic Area (EEA). It includes rights associated with the transfer of personal data outside the EU and EEA areas [5]. Additionally, data portability related to healthcare in the United States is based on the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act and Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act [6].  
South Korea passed three data-related bills, namely the Individual Privacy Protection Act, Telecommunications Network Act and Credit Protection Act, in 2020. The free portability of personal data in the MyData project facilitates the interoperability of platforms and has become a powerful tool for data subjects. In this sense, each country's data portability rights share commonalities in terms of pursuing an open and decentralised personal data ecosystem focusing on data subjects by giving them control over their own data [7].
# Integrated Components and Solutions for High-Speed Short-Reach Data Transmission
## 2 Transmitter for Short-Reach Transmission Systems
### Electro-Absorption Modulated Laser
and may be a potential candidate for the next-generation 400-Gbit/s, even 800-Gbit/s data transmission systems.
# Optimizing Time-Sensitive Traffic Scheduling in Low-Earth-Orbit Satellite Networks
## 4 Simulation Analysis  
### System Design  
In this section, we evaluate the performance of the proposed TPC-CQF algorithm through simulation and compare it with several typical TSN techniques. The evaluation primarily focuses on the following key metrics: packet timeout ratio, packet loss rate, end-to-end delay, and system throughput. Additionally, we analyze the algorithm's scalability under varying load conditions. For comparison, we select the following baseline algorithms: CQF based on the IEEE 802.1 Qch standard [21] and traditional Ethernet switch (ES). The ES treats all traffic as regular traffic without distinguishing time-sensitive characteristics, processing it solely on a first-in-first-out (FIFO) basis. We compare the TPC-CQF algorithm with these two algorithms, focusing on the timeout ratio, packet loss rate, average delay, and throughput of the traffic. The simulation experiments are conducted on a personal laptop with an Intel Core i7-14650 HX CPU and 32 GB of memory. The simulation environment is developed using PyCharm 2023.2.5 Community Edition, with core logic implemented in Python version 3.11.6, and integrates Systems Tool Kit (STK) software version 11.6 to generate the topology and dynamic characteristics of the satellite network.  
In the simulation scenario, we designed a satellite network based on a Walker constellation for testing. Each satellite is equipped with four ISLs, connecting to the preceding and following satellites in the same orbit, as well as the left and right satellites in adjacent orbits. Some constellation parameters are shown in Table 1.  
To simulate realistic satellite network traffic, we adopted an \"ON/OFF\" model to generate traffic flows. All compared techniques use the same random seed, ensuring that the traffic time series for all algorithms are identical. Packet sizes follow a bimodal distribution, while flow sizes follow a Pareto distribution. The ratio of TSFs to regular flows is 1:4. The network normalized load is controlled between 0.1 and 1, where the normalized load is defined as the ratio of the average generated traffic to the uplink bandwidth. We assume 100 users randomly generate traffic within the coverage area of each satellite. The deadlines for TSFs are randomly generated between 2 ms and 8 ms, excluding propagation delay, while the non-TS flow has an out-of-date latency of 1000 ms, which is the retransmission time-out latency of TCP. All flows are assumed to be unicast flows, with multicast flows monitored by decomposing them into multiple unicast flows.
## 3 Proposed Method  
Link state routing protocols such as OLSR update routing paths to a destination based on parameters' calculation provided by a link metric. The selected paths are then used as the default routes for data flow to the destination in the network. In order for the routing decision to consider the parameters or priority of the application traffic types transmitted in NAN, a combination of ETX, Minimum Delay (MD) and Minimum Loss (ML) with OLSR is used to select the best route for a target application traffic type. The proposal by [22; 23] is tailored for use in NAN based on WMN. The implementation procedure of the proposed routing protocol named OLSR\({}_{MM}\) is discussed in the following subsections.
## 5 Group Communication Using Unicasts
### Entity Usage  
Once an entity has been created, a response is sent back to the client. This response contains the URI of the entity, which was either requested by the client or assigned dynamically by the EM. The client can now interact with the entity by issuing a single CoAP request to the resource representing the entity. When a request for an entity arrives, the process flow shown in Figure 9 is executed. The EM breaks down the request into its components and sends the individual requests to the respective smart objects using unicast CoAP messages. It can either do that in parallel or sequentially with a configurable delay between requests to the members in order to avoid potential network congestion. Once all needed answers have been received, the EM creates a response to the client based on the individual responses and sends it to the client. Note that aspects such as how many members should respond, how the response is composed, how it should look like, depend on the entity profile and can be customized using URI queries as will be explained later on.  
Figure 10 shows an example of using the entity that was created previously in Figure 7. The client issues a GET request on the entity's resource \"/1\". This results in the EM issuing two GET requests to the individual members, waiting for replies from both of them and then sending both results in one combined response back to the client.  
Figure 9: Simplified entity usage process flow.  
The client can decide to query the entity using its default behavior as described in the entity profile or to customize its behavior. To customize the behavior the client can include URI queries in its request to the entity. The supported URI queries that can currently be used are: Entity Operation (eo), Entity Number of Replies (enr) and Delay Between Requests (delay) as described in Section 5.3. For example, to obtain the average value of the two temperatures of the entity /1 in Figure 10, the client should use the URI: coap://[EM]/1?eo=\"avg\" and should use coap://[EM]/1?enr=\"1\" to indicate to the EM that it is enough to send just any one of the two member replies as a reply to the entity. This last example demonstrates how our solution can be used to achieve a behavior similar to anycast requests when there are redundant members available.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Characterization
#### 3.2.3 Zeta Potential Analysis  
Figure 4 depicts the variation in the zeta potential of ATP and nZVI@ATP with pH. The zeta potential of ATP tended to decrease with an increasing pH, with an isoelectric point of 3.0. The ATP surface was positively charged for the solution with a pH \(<\) 3 and negatively charged for the solution with a pH \(>\) 3. However, the zeta potential of the nZVI@ATP tended to first increase and then decrease with an increasing pH, and its isoelectric point was about 9.40. When the pH was 2-10, its zeta potential was greater than that of the ATP; this shift can be attributed to the negative charge of the ATP itself and the iron oxides produced upon oxidation on the nZVI surface [24].  
The variation of the surface potential of the nZVI@ATP under different pH conditions plays a crucial role in its effectiveness for Ni\({}^{2+}\) removal. Under acidic conditions, ATP surfaces carry positive charges, facilitating the adsorption of Ni\({}^{2+}\), while under alkaline conditions, the surface charge of nZVI@ATP becomes negative, promoting the removal of Ni\({}^{2+}\). Overall, the collaborative effect of surface potential changes and pH plays a critical role in the interaction and adsorption efficiency of substances during the reaction process.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Item** & **nZVI@ATP** \\ \hline BET specific surface area (m\({}^{2}\)/g) & 51.79 \\ Single point total pore volume (cm\({}^{3}\)/g) & \(11.93\times 10^{-2}\) \\ BJH adsorption accumulation pore volume (cm\({}^{3}\)/g) & \(11.76\times 10^{-2}\) \\ BET average pore size (4 V/A by BET) (nm) & 9.22 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: nZVI@ATP specific surface area parameters.  
Figure 3: nZVI@ATP adsorption and desorption curve.
### Conventional Communication Channels
#### 2.1.1 Through-Wire and Hybrid Scheme  
In the harsh environment of underground mines, a fixed infrastructure of wires can always be the source of problems for mine workers. Lacking a stable wireless communication framework, signal transmission is carried out with the aid of cables called through-the-wire (TW) communication [3]. Coaxial cables and the optical fibers are typically used in mines for data transmission, but that does not provide network accessibility in all areas of a mine [8]. For the protection of a wired system, various schemes have been introduced including the deployment of pipes and placing cables via borehole connections to the mainline.  
In some cases, hybrid systems are used that consist of leaky feeder cables that radiate signals for data reception [9]. However, such techniques require higher maintenance effort, and an independent stable wireless network is still required in mines. The fundamental methodologies used in conventional communication schemes are shown in Figure 2.
###### Abstract  
This study proposes a stability index to quantitatively evaluate the psychological stability of drivers during truck platooning. Truck platooning is a technique in which a manually driven lead truck is followed by automated trucks using V2X communication and onboard sensors. While significant technical advances have been made in truck platooning, research on drivers' psychological comfort remains limited. Due to the shorter intervehicle time gaps compared to conventional trucking, truck platooning raises concerns regarding drivers' psychological stability. The proposed index quantifies this aspect and is validated using a driving simulator. Both the stability index calculations and the survey consistently indicate that when the time gap decreases to 0.6 s (approximately 15 m) or less, drivers' psychological stability deteriorates. However, increasing the time gap beyond 0.6 s does not significantly improve it. Furthermore, this study investigates the effect of the see-through functionality, which provides real-time front-view footage of the preceding vehicle to the following driver. The results confirm that this functionality enhances psychological stability, even under a short time gap. The stability index should serve as a practical indicator for designing truck platooning systems that consider drivers' psychological stability and may be extended to various advanced driving technologies, including general vehicle platooning.  
stability index; psychological stability; see-through functionality; truck platooning; intervehicle time gap; driving simulator Article