## 3 Results  
### Study Subjects  
The general characteristics of the study population are presented in Table 1. A total of 58% of participants were women and 42% were men. With respect to body mass index (BMI), 44% were in the normal range (BMI, of 18.2-25 kg/m\({}^{2}\)) according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria [36], 35% of participants presented overweight (BMI, 25-30 kg/m\({}^{2}\)), and 21% were obese (BMI \(\geq\) 30 kg/m\({}^{2}\)). A significant difference (\(p\) = 0.02) was observed in systolic blood pressure (SBP) between the sexes: males had a higher SBP than women (\(p\) = 0.02); however, no significant differences were observed in diastolic blood pressure (DBP), physical activity, alcohol and drug consumption, or smoking habits.  
Regarding PON1 concentration, in women, the PON1 concentration at the beginning of the study was 3.14 \(\upmu\)g/mL (range, 2.69-3.66 \(\upmu\)g/mL) vs. 2.73 \(\upmu\)g/mL (range, 2.38-3.13 \(\upmu\)g/mL) after the period of red wine consumption, which implied a significant reduction. No differences in PON1 concentration were found in women with respect to men [initial: 2.96 \(\upmu\)g/mL (\(\pm\)1.39) and 2.64 \(\upmu\)g/mL (\(\pm\)1.16) after wine consumption].  
Nutrient habits in the study population were characterized and described by food frequency questionnaire, results are presented in Table 2. According to our data, no significant differences in macronutrient intakes were observed before and during the red wine consumption period. Although, the participants were requested not to change their dietary habits during the study, a significant decrease (\(p<0.001\)) in caloric intake (Table 2) was observed. In addition, significant differences in the intake of vitamins and minerals before and during red wine consumption were observed (Table 3).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Men** & **Women** & \\  & **(n = 19)** & **(n = 26)** & **\(p\)** \\ \hline Age, years (95\% CI) & 28 (25–31) & 28 (25–31) & 1.00 a ** \\ \hline BMI, kg/m\({}^{2}\) (\(\pm\)SD) & 27.4 (\(\pm\)5.8) & 24.5 (\(\pm\)3.8) & 0.05 b  \\ \cline{2-4} Underweight (\(\leq\)18.5), n (\%) & 1 (5.3) & — & \\ \cline{2-4} Normal (\(>\)18.5, \(\leq\)25), n (\%) & 6 (31.6) & 14 (53.9) & \\ \cline{2-4} Overweight (\(>\)25, \(\leq\) 30), n (\%) & 7 (36.8) & 9 (34.6) & 0.27 c  \\ \cline{2-4} Obese (\(>\)30), n (\%) & 5 (26.3) & 3 (11.5) & \\ \hline SBP, mmHg (\(\pm\)SD) & 115 (\(\pm\)11) & 106 (\(\pm\)11) & **0.02 b ** \\ \hline DBP, mmHg (95\% CI) & 73 (68–78) & 67 (64–71) & 0.06 a  \\ \hline Heart rate, bpm (95\% CI) & 70 (66–74) & 72 (69–76) & 0.31 a  \\ \hline Physical activity, n (\%) & 12 (63.2) & 16 (61.5) & 0.73 d  \\ \hline Alcohol consumption, n (\%) & 19 (100) & 24 (92.3) & 0.50 c  \\ \hline Smokers & & & \\ \hline Active, n (\%) & 5 (26.3) & 3 (11.5) & 0.24 c  \\ \hline Passive, n (\%) & 1 (5.3) & 5 (19.2) & \\ \hline Past, n (\%) & 6 (31.6) & 5 (19.2) & 0.07 d  \\ \hline Drug consumption, n (\%) & 2 (10.5) & 2 (7.7) & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: General characteristics of the study population.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline  & **Initial Intake** & **Final Intake** & \(p\) \\ \hline Carbohydrates (\%) & 46.2 (\(\pm\)7.4) & 45.44 (\(\pm\)7.4) & 0.53 a  \\ \hline Protein (\%) & 11.0 (9.0–13.5) & 10.4 (8.6–12.5) & 0.61 b  \\ \hline Fat (\%) & 38.0 (\(\pm\)7.11) & 38.2 (\(\pm\)6.9) & 0.78 a  \\ \hline Calories (kCal) & 1856.1 (1571.6–2192.0) & 1694.6 (1501.3–1912.7) & **<0.001 b ** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Initial and final macronutrients intakes.