# Evaluation and Prediction of Ecological Benefits in Song-Liao River Basin
## 3 Results  
### Result of Macro-Ecosystem Structure  
In this study, the macro-structure changes of the ecosystem in the Song-Liao River Basin are evaluated every 10 years from 1990 to 2020 using the land use transfer matrix, and the rate of change of ecosystem types during this time is recorded (Figure 3a step1). The result of Macro-Ecosystem Structure analysis is shown in Figure 4.  
Figure 4a-c demonstrated how the macro-ecosystem structure varied significantly between 1990-2000 and 2010-2020 but not significantly between 2000-2010. Regarding spatial distribution, the Song-Liao River Basin's center region saw the most Barren growth between 1990 and 2000. In contrast, the Woodland increase was widespread and was associated with the actively pushed afforestation effort in SRB. Between 2000 and 2010, there was new Cropland in the northeast and the ecosystem pattern of SRB stayed steady. The newly increasing Barren was primarily focused in the center and northern regions between 2010 and 2020, with significant changes occurring in Heilongjiang Province's northern region. The growth of Grassland and Woodland is primarily centered in regions like eastern Inner Mongolia and southern Liaoning Province, which have moderate temperatures and lots of precipitation. The macro-ecosystem change rate across these three research periods is displayed in Figure 4d-f. With a growth rate of 10.43%, Cropland saw the most significant gain between 1990 and 2000, while Residence saw a growth rate of 2.16%. Residence has  
increased due to urban expansion, and population growth will encourage the growth of crops. The area of the different ecosystems stayed steady between 2000 and 2010, except the Residence, which grew at a rate of 2.54%.  
The macro-ecological structure of SRB underwent significant change between 2010 and 2020, with the growth rate of Barren reaching 21.19% and primarily concentrated in the center and northern regions. The expansion of urban agglomerations was the primary factor contributing to the increased rate of Residence, which achieved its maximum value over the entire research period of 24.71%. It is important to note that Woodland and Grassland are decreasing annually throughout the study period. The mutual evolution of several  
Figure 4: Change in macro-ecosystem structure. Note: (**a-c**) are the spatial distribution characteristics of land use transformation in 1990–2000, 2000–2010, and 2010–2020, respectively; (**d–f**) is the growth ratio of various land use types in the periods of 1990–2000, 2000–2010, and 2010–2020, respectively; (**g–i**) is the string diagram of land use transformation in the periods of 1990–2000, 2000–2010, and 2010–2020, respectively.  
habitats in the Song-Liao River Basin between 1990 and 2020 is depicted in Figure 4g-i. Due to human intervention in natural evolution, ongoing urbanization, and the impact of climate change, different ecosystems exhibit intricate mechanisms of alteration.  
To sum up, the Song-Liao River Basin's areas of Residence, Barren, and Cropland continued to grow over the research period of 1990 to 2020, while the areas of Woodland, Grassland, and Water continued to decline. Significant alterations to the macro-ecosystem structure occurred in 2010. The two leading causes of the shift in the macro-ecosystem pattern may be urbanization and human environmental impact.