# Development of Intelligent Core Network for Tactile Internet and Future Smart Systems
## 1 Introduction  
Tactile Internet is expected to be a novel approach in the human-to-machine (H2M) communication by moving from the content delivery to the skill-set delivery. The main application that is supported by the Tactile Internet system will be the haptic communication in real time [1]. It will be a revolution in the area of information and communication technology with enormous applications in many fields [2]. Powered by the 5G cellular network, Tactile Internet will provide a way for human to transfer their tough and actuation in real time form. Tactile Internet is one of the main use cases of the near future 5G cellular system, as announced by International Telecommunication Union (ITU) [3]. Through the Tactile Internet, physical habits will be communicated remotely. The construction of the Tactile Internet system can be viewed as three main parts as presented in Figure 1[4]. The network part connects the master and the slave parts through a huge infrastructure of fiber cables and network elements. Here, we consider this part to enable live time communication between transmitter and receiver by means of employing modern technologies throughout the cellular network. Designing Tactile Internet system and realizing it meets some challenges that are presented in [5]. The main challenge is the 1 ms end-to-end latency. The end-to-end latency differ from the user plane latency and can be defined as the time duration starts from the transmission of a small data packet from the transmitter's application layer and ends by the reception of the data by the receiver's application layer, including the response feedback that is dedicated by the communication process [6]. Thus, the end-to-end latency depends on the number of network nodes that are involved in the communication process. In order to reduce the round trip latency and achieve the 1 ms latency requirement for the Tactile Internet system, the number of network nodes involved in the communication process should be reduced and bring them as near as possible to the user equipment. This is can be achieved by employing software defined networking (SDN), network function virtualization (NFV), and mobile edge computing (MEC) with the 5G cellular system. SDN, NFV, and MEC technologies provide powerful solutions for the challenges that are associated with the design of 5G cellular system and Tactile Internet system, specially the 1 ms latency. Thus, the academia and the industry pay a great attention to the research and development in these areas. In today's cellular networks, the network services are handled by means of various network functions that are connected in static manner [7]. Thus, it is not easy to add new services, this is because the cost, energy and integration difficulties of hardware required. To overcome these problems NFV and SDN are developed. NFV provides fixed network functions by means of software run on a virtualized environment, which increases the flexibility of the overall system. NFV employs virtualization technologies on programmable hardware, such as storage devices, general purpose servers, and switches to separate the software implementation of network functions from the dedicated hardware. In another word, NFV set up the network functions by means of software virtualization techniques on commodity hardware [8]. Several projects are launched, for developing open source, commercial solutions, and standardizations for NFV. The most important projects are the Service Programming and Orchestration for Virtualized Software Networks (SONATA) project and Management and Orchestration (MANO) project. SONATA is constructed with a vision of increasing the programmability and flexibility of 5G cellular system. It aims to make the service platforms easier and modular to be suitable for the requirements of the  
Figure 1: General view of Tactile Internet System. different service providers. Also, it stands with the network function orchestration and provides a development model for the developers [9].