# Microbial Biopolymers: From Production to Environmental Applications--A Review
## 2 Microbial Polymers  
Based on origin, microbial biopolymers are categorized into three categories: (i) From bacteria, (ii) From fungi, and (iii) From algae. Bacteria are capable of producing both intracellular and extracellular biopolymers. In bacterial metabolic synthesis, polysaccharides, rides, polyamides, polyesters, and polyphosphates are originated as metabolites [11; 12]. Biopolymers produced from different bacterial strains are represented in Table 1.  
Biopolymers produced from both fungi and algae are represented in Tables 2 and 3. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Biopolymer** & **Category** & **Bacterial Strain** & **References** \\ \hline Alginate & Polysaccharide & _Laminaria digitata spp., Macrospits pyrifera_ & [13] \\ Pseudomonas spp. & & [14] \\  & & _Komagatehaucter saccharovians_ & [15] \\ Bacterial Cellulose & Polysaccharide & _Komagatehaucter_ spp. FXV3, Komatagatehaucter spp. NFK3, and & [16] \\  & & _K. intermedins_ LMG 18909 & \\ \(\beta\)-glucan & Polysaccharide & _Bacillus subtilis_ & [17] \\  & & _Xanthomonas campestris, Bacillus matto_ & [18] \\  & & _Mytilus gallopvinocnikalis_ & [19] \\  & & _Streptococcus zoepidicnica_ & [20] \\ Polyhydroayalkanoates & Polyester & _Bacillus megaterium_ OUAT 016 & [21] \\  & & _Bacillus cereus_ RBL6 and _Pseudomonas pseudocalaliogens_ RBL7 & [22] \\ Poly (\(\gamma\)-glutamic acid) & Polyamide & _B. megaterium_ WH320 & [23] \\  & & _B. licheniformis_ 9945a and _B. subtilis_ & [24] \\ Xanthan gum & Polysaccharide & _Xanthomonas campestris bacterium_ & [25] \\  & & _Xanthomonas campestris_ WXLB-006 & [26] \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Fabrication of biopolymers from Bacteria. The array of biopolymers that fungi effectively create possesses a characteristic of numerous interests, which renders them beneficial assets for broad-spectrum environmental applications, including as biosurfactant agents [48] and in soil carbon sequestration [49], enzyme immobilization [50], the biosorption of heavy metals, and soil emendation [51]. Algae are photosynthetic microbes that can be grown on wastewater and are not only reliant upon pure water. Among all biopolymers, polysaccharides and polyesters have significant importance from an environmental perspective. A general overview of the production of several microbial biopolymer studies through fermentation is provided in Table 4. It illustrates the microbial biopolymers synthesized from various carbon and nitrogen sources, the nutrients used in fermentation, and the yields produced under ideal fermentation conditions, as well as emerging environmental applications. In the subsequent segment, significant microbial biopolymers and their environmental applications are reviewed. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Biopolymer** & **Category** & **Fungal Strain** & **References** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{\(\beta\)-glucan} & & _Aureobosidium pullulans ATCC 15233_ & [27] \\  & & _Aureobosidium pullulans ATCC 1991_ & [28] \\  & & _Aureobosidium pullulans HIT-LCY3_ & [29] \\  & & _Aureobosidium pullulans ATCC 15233_ & [30] \\  & & _Saccharomyces cerevisiae_ & [31] \\  & & _Lasiodiglola tieochrome CCT 3966_ & [32] \\  & & _Aureobosidium thiulandanese_ NNRL 85843_ & [33] \\  & & _Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus ovgae_ & [18] \\  & & _Rizizopus stololololifera_ & [34] \\  & & _Mucorales_ & [35] \\  & & _Rocella montagenet._ & [36] \\  & & _Absatia ccentrica and Gongronella butleri_ & [37] \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Fabrication of biopolymers from Fungi.