esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction  
Colorimetric and fluorescent assays are among the most popular techniques for quantifying target analytes in a liquid sample. Such quantification has varied applications, including food safety, water quality monitoring, biomarker detection, and pathogen detection [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. Fluorescence detection of chemically tagged biomolecules is a widely used method in diagnostic assays, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or protein detection assays and immunoassays, due to its excellent sensitivity [6, 7, 8]. In fluorescent assays, the intensity of a specific wavelength can be monitored to be correlated with the analyte concentration. By contrast, colorimetric assays, such as the commonly used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for biomolecule detection [9], typically measure changes in the color or intensity of a liquid sample through the reaction of reagents with the targeted analyte to produce colored products [2, 9]. The absorbance at a specific wavelength can be correlated with the analyte concentration in the liquid sample.  
To measure the fluorescence or absorbance, a photodiode with an appropriate optical filter can be used depending on the fluorophores or colorimetric reagents [2, 10]. However, in the absence of the spectral information, only the intensity variation can be determined. Spectrometers are often used to obtain both intensity and spectral information. However, traditional spectrometers are bulky, costly, and difficult to integrate with sensor chips to realize miniaturized systems for current point-of-care diagnostics [5]. [PERSON] et al. [5] proposed a detection platform for fluorescence and absorption spectrum measurement that contains a linear variable filter on top of a complementary metal oxide semiconductor. This simple configuration has the potential of integrating biomolecule analysis capabilities into smartphones or other portable devices for point-of-care applications. The current paper proposes a miniaturized platform for fluorescence-based and colorimetric detection. The detection platform includes a gradient grating period guided-mode resonance (GGP-GMR) device on top of a linear charge-coupled device (CCD). The GGP-GMR filter exhibits spatially dependent resonance characteristics and converts spectral information into spatial information in the CCD, which allows intensity and wavelength information from fluorescence emission or colorimetric assays to be directly determined with the CCD without the requirement of a bulky and expensive spectrometer.
# An Efficient Grid-Based Geocasting Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks
## 4 Simulation Results
### Number of Alive Nodes versus Number of Rounds  
In this work, the network lifetime is defined as the number of rounds before the sensor nodes are unable to transmit sensing data to the sink. Figure 10 shows the network lifetime performance for the three geocasting schemes. In this simulation, the number of nodes is 1200 and the target region is 5. With the initial power 0.25 J, the number of transmission rounds is about 800 for GB-FERMA, 675 for FERMA-QL, 575 for FERMA, and 500 for GEAR; however, with the initial power 0.5 J, the number of transmission rounds is about 1100 for GB-FERMA, 1025 for FERMA-QL, 925 for FERMA, and 825 for GEAR. Simulation results show that GB-FERMA can effectively increase the number of surviving nodes, thereby prolonging the network lifetime.  
Figure 8: Average energy consumed versus number of target regions: (**a**) initial power 0.25 J, (**b**) initial power 0.5 J.  
Figure 9: Number of rounds versus number of nodes: (**a**) initial power 0.25 J; (**b**) initial power 0.5 J.
# Current Trends on Green Wireless Sensor Networks
## 2 Energy Conservation
### Radio Optimization
#### 2.1.1 Modulation Optimization  
The goal of modulation optimization is to find the optimal modulation parameters to minimize the energy consumed by the radio. Existing research studies try to find a good trade-off between the information rate, the transmission delay, the constellation size, the distance between the nodes and the signal-to-noise ratio. [PERSON] et al. [11] showed that to minimize the total energy consumption, for a given BER and delay requirement, the transmission time needs to be optimized, showing that it is possible to achieve up to 80% energy savings. The literature provides some evidence that low-order modulations such as BPSK are suboptimal for short transmission distances. In [12] it is shown that each modulation scheme has a single optimal SNR at which the energy consumption is minimized. The optimal SNR and the minimal energy consumption are larger for higher values of BER. Therefore, they found that operated at its optimal SNR, BPSK and QPSK are the optimal choices for long transmission distances, but as the transmission distance shortens, the optimal modulation size grows to 16-QAM and even to 64-QAM.  
In recent years little interest has been shown in this research topic and only the work in [13] is noteworthy, where DMS (Dynamic Modulation Scaling), a technique which manages the constellation size to change the transmission time and energy consumption, is used in combination with topology control (see Section 2.3.4).
###### Abstract  
This prospective clinical study evaluated the experiences and preferences of both patients and clinicians when performing class I-V cavity preparation procedures using a 9300 nm CO2 laser without anesthetic. A total of 233 procedures were performed on 103 patients. Following treatment, patients were asked to describe discomfort/pain levels and preferences for future treatment with either laser treatment or traditional therapy. Additionally, clinicians were asked to rate their experiences with the procedures in three technical domains: speed, ease-of-use, and precision. In total, 98% of patients preferred laser treatment to traditional therapy and 93% of all procedures performed were completed with no anesthesia. Younger patients and patients receiving multiple restorations reported significantly higher discomfort, though discomfort scores were very low overall (below 3 on a 10-point pain scale). While there were significant differences in clinician experiences, each clinician reported having generally high satisfaction using the laser with respect to speed, ease of use, and precision. In conclusion, the 9300 nm CO2 laser provides clinicians a viable option for cavity preparations in dentistry as evidenced by high rates of anesthesia-free procedures with low reported discomfort, the fact that nearly all patients would opt for laser use on future cavity preparations, and generally positive experiences reported by clinicians.  
CO2 laser; cavity preparations; operative dentistry; analgesia Article
## 3 Results
### Detailed Analysis of Developments in Selected Specialties
#### 3.7.14. Telepsychiatry  
Psychiatry has been instrumental in introducing telemedicine in Poland, with research encompassing telepsychiatric compliance studies, clinical trials, mental health interventions during COVID-19, mobile app support for addictions, and studies on cyberchondria related to health literacy. Foundational studies on Early Telepsychiatry Adoption and Compliance (2015-2019) concentrated on enhancing compliance in patients with paranoid schizophrenia through telemedicine systems [180]. A trial involving the MONEO platform with paranoid schizophrenia patients demonstrated the feasibility of remote monitoring [181]. Surveys have evaluated patient and psychiat attitudes towards telepsychiatry and identified levels of acceptance [182]. Commentaries have underscored the role of psychiatry in telemedicine, highlighting opportunities in mental healthcare [183]. The Expansion to Broader Mental Health Interventions and Tools (2017-2022) reviewed telemedicine interventions during COVID-19, summarizing the challenges of telepsychiatry delivery [184]. A pictogram-based tool was developed for individuals with communication impairments [185]. Mobile health applications have been evaluated to aid recovery from alcohol use disorders [186]. Reviews have identified strategies for occupational e-mental health interventions [187]. Studies have examined the mental health effects of COVID-19 on pregnant women [188]. Recent Cross-Sectional and Interventional Studies (2024) have explored cyberchondria and its connection with health literacy and eHealth literacy [189]. Sociodemographic factors have been linked to eHealth tool usage patterns among psychiatric populations [190]. A study comparing the Geriatric Depression Scale-30 assessments conducted face-to-face and telephone interviews [191]. Interviews analyzed user experiences with mobile apps for alcohol-use disorders [186]. Overall, psychiatry has become one of the leading specializations in Poland in terms of telemedicine integration, especially for serious mental illnesses. Clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of telepsychiatric platforms, alongside innovations in digital therapeutics. The scope of research has expanded owing to COVID-19, with studies focusing on digital behaviors and mental health. Tools have been developed to address communication impairments, and telepsychiatry has been extended to geriatric and occupational health.
## 2 Experimental Equipment and Methodology  
### Experimental Equipment  
The specimens were obtained from the pre-selected area of the Gansu Beishan site, which is a potential location for the high-level radioactive waste disposal facility in China. A geological drilling rig with a drill bit of 122 mm was used to drill the underground for core extraction; rock cores with a burial depth of about 500 mm was selected and transported to the laboratory for processing the standard specimens (Figure 1). The specimens were processed according to the precise requirements and dimensions of the experiment, resulting in standard specimens with a diameter of 50 mm and a height of 100 mm. The allowable deviation range of diameter is less than 0.2 mm, the allowable deviation range of unevenness on both ends is less than 0.05 mm, and the vertical deviation between two end faces and the axis does not exceed \(\pm\)0.25\({}^{\circ}\).  
The experiments were conducted using the MTS815 Flex Test GT rock mechanics testing system, which is manufactured in the United States (Figure 2). The specimen is located in center of the test bed (Figure 3). In this experiment, the PCI-2 AE detection system produced by a physical acoustics company in the United States was used to detect the AE events. The acquisition frequency of AE sensors was set to 200 kHz, and the threshold value for signal acquisition was set to 26 dB. Amplification factor for signal acquisition was set to 40. The arrangement of the AE sensors is shown in Figure 3. Each specimen is symmetrically equipped with eight AE sensors, which are evenly arranged on the upper and lower sections. The center of the bottom surface of the specimen is the origin of the coordinates, with the \(y\)-axis being in the vertical direction and the \(x\)-axis and \(z\)-axis being in the horizontal direction. The coordinates of each sensor are shown in Table 1. In the beginning of the experiment, the AE detection system and the loading equipment were started simultaneously to ensure that both devices recorded AE and mechanical data at the same time. During the experiment, extensometers were used to measure the axial and circumferential deformation of the specimens. Extensometers are produced by China Changchun Chuangyuan Testing Equipment Co., Ltd. (Changchun, China), and the testing accuracy of the is extensometers is 0.001 mm.  
Figure 1: Image of drill core.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Thermal Properties of Polyurethane
#### 3.2.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis  
[PERSON] suggested that one way to reduce the burning of polymers is to add charcoal-forming additives like phosphor [16]. [PERSON] developed a method for measuring flame retardancy from polymers that produce charcoal with TGA [17]. The phosphor used in this study for flame retardancy is known to react with a combustible material during combustion and form a carbonized layer on the surface of the material. In addition, the phosphorous flame retardant produces phosphoric acid and polyphosphoric acid by pyrolysis, resulting in the formation of a HPO\({}_{2}\) or PO radical that stabilizes the active OH or \(\cdot\)H radicals [18; 19]. TGA analysis was carried out to evaluate the thermal stabilities of Ref PU and EPPU by comparing the pyrolysis temperatures at 5% and 20% weight loss ratios. Furthermore, flame retardancy was evaluated by measuring the total residual amount of material remaining after thermal decomposition related to the degree of formation of char. Plots of the weight reduction rate versus the temperature measured under a N\({}_{2}\), or air atmosphere are displayed in Figures 6 and 7, and the results are summarized in Tables 2 and 3. In Figure 6, EP-DOPO with a large amount of phosphorus showed a residual amount of 11.9% at over 400 \({}^{\circ}\)C under nitrogen gas. Ref PU without phosphorus showed a small residual amount of 0.2%. However, EPPU and EPPU-2 have phosphorus  
Figure 5: Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data for Ref PU and EPPU.  
in their structures, but their residual amounts were 1.2% and 3.0%, respectively. The results of TGA analysis under an oxygen atmosphere show that the residual amount of EP-DOPO at temperatures over 400 \({}^{\circ}\)C was 28.2% (Figure 7), which is higher than that measured in the N\({}_{2}\) atmosphere (Figure 6). In addition, the residual amount of EPPU and EPPU-2, which showed a small residual amount in the N\({}_{2}\) atmosphere, increased to 13.9% and 16.8% in the oxygen atmosphere, respectively. It was confirmed that the flame-retardant effect of phosphorus in the air atmosphere was better than that in the nitrogen atmosphere. This result agrees with a previous report which showed that the residual amount increases as the phosphorus content increases [20]. The temperatures at which EPPU lost 5% and 20% of its initial weight were as high as 16 and 58 \({}^{\circ}\)C compared to those of Ref PU, respectively. Since EPPU is rich in aromatic groups that improve heat resistance, the pyrolysis temperature of EPPU is higher than that of Ref PU. Furthermore, EPPU-2 having higher content of phosphorous than that of EPPU showed better thermal stability than EPPU. The high thermal stability of EPPU is useful in industrial applications, such as cables or wires.
## 5 Experimental Evaluation
### Results and Discussion
#### 5.4.2 Performance Evaluation under Request Rates  
The request rate indicates the frequency at which content files are requested by users. This parameter is essential in measuring the cache network's responsiveness in serving all user requests. In this evaluation, depicted in the first sub-figure of Figure 4, the proposed scheme shows a steady performance with increasing request rates. It performs better than  
Figure 3: Performance of cache size variation on hit rate, latency, and backhaul traffic.  
all the baseline schemes. Conclusively, an increase in the request rates has no negative impact on the scheme's ability to achieve good hit rates.  
Latency performance on varying request rates shows a steady performance for all simulated caching schemes. The figure illustrates the good performance of the proposed scheme. The LFRU is outperformed by FIFO in this latency comparison. A reason for this is that the more requests the MAN servers receive, the better the chances of knowing and caching popular contents during cache replacement periods.  
Increasing the request rates decreases the backhaul traffic of the edge caching network. More requests mean learning more about users' preferences. The learned user preferences are well exploited to inform the next cache decisions. Popularity tables of contents are updated when specific contents receive more requests than other files. In this way, caching files that are more likely to be requested reduces the traffic of transferring requested files from the ROC that have not been cached at the network edges.
## 1 Introduction
1,2,4,5-Tetrazine and its derivatives are compounds with applications in various fields, including high energy density materials (HEDMs), which are the subject of this publication, and biorthogonal chemistry, where they serve as markers for monitoring or imaging cancer cells (**M**, **N**, **O**, Figure 2). Due to the presence of low-energy n\(\rightarrow\)\(\pi^{\ast}\) electronic transitions, they can be utilized in optoelectronics to fabricate organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) (**K**, **L**, Figure 2). Conversely, \(\pi\)\(\rightarrow\)\(\pi^{\ast}\) transitions are responsible for their excellent photoluminescent properties [17,20]. Furthermore, many of these compounds exhibit biological activities, including antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, and antimalarial properties (**G**, Figure 2) [21,22]. In recent years, derivatives of 1,2,4,5-tetrazine, classified as nitrogen-rich high energy density materials, have attracted particular interest among scientists. This interest has been reflected in several review articles published between 1998 and 2023 [23,24,25,26,27]. High energy density materials (HEDMs) represent a specific group of chemical compounds characterized by a high ratio of potential energy to density. Key parameters used to assess the potential applications of such compounds include detonation velocity and pressure, heat of explosion, thermal stability, and sensitivities to impact, friction, and electrostatic discharge. Figure 3: Number of relevant articles related to 1,2,4,5-tetrazine published between 2000 and 2024. The data were obtained from Scopus. Search: 1,2,4,5-tetrazine; all fields. The aim of this study is to review methods for the construction of 1,2,4,5-tetrazines in transformations involving acyclic reagents and their subsequent chemical modification, leading to high energy density materials. The reaction conditions are presented, and the detonation performance of functionalized 1,2,4,5-tetrazines is discussed, including those substituted at positions 3 and 6 with explosion-enhancing groups, fused bicyclic and tricyclic tetrazines, and finally, \(N\)-oxides generated at both endo- and exocyclic nitrogen atoms.
## 2 Methodology
### Description of the Machine Learning Algorithms
#### 2.2.2 Group Method Data Handling (GMDH) Algorithm  
[PERSON] [53] developed GMDH in 1971 as a self-organizing artificial neural network (ANN) for modeling complex systems with multiple variables and nonlinear relationships between inputs and outputs. The relationship between the output and input variables is mathematically described using a process called the Kolmogorov-Gabor polynomial [53]:  
\[\mathrm{y}=\mathrm{a}_{0}+\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}\mathrm{a}_{i}\mathrm{x}_{i}+ \sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}\sum\limits_{j=1}^{n}\mathrm{a}_{\mathrm{j}}\mathrm{x}_{i} \mathrm{y}_{j}+\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}\sum\limits_{j=1}^{n}\sum\limits_{k=1}^{n }\mathrm{a}_{\mathrm{ijk}}\mathrm{x}_{i}\mathrm{y}_{j}\mathrm{x}_{k}+\ldots \tag{10}\]  
In Equation (7), \(n\) represents the number of input variables, \((\mathrm{x}_{1},\mathrm{x}_{2},\ldots,\mathrm{x}_{n})\) stands for the input features, and \((\mathrm{a}_{0},\mathrm{a}_{1},\ldots,\mathrm{a}_{n})\) the coefficients. The Kolmogorov-Gabor polynomial arrangement involving only two parameters can be expressed as [53]:  
\[\mathrm{\widehat{y}_{i}}=\mathrm{a}_{0}+\mathrm{a}_{1}\mathrm{x}_{i}+\mathrm{ a}_{2}\mathrm{y}_{j}++\mathrm{a}_{3}\mathrm{x}_{i}^{2}+\mathrm{a}_{4}\mathrm{x}_{j}^{2 }+\mathrm{a}_{5}\mathrm{x}_{i}\mathrm{x}_{j} \tag{11}\]  
For two features having an M dataset, using Equation (11), the following matrix can be generated by relating the input with the output [53].  
\[\begin{bmatrix}\mathrm{y}_{1}\\ \mathrm{y}_{2}\\ \vdots\\ \mathrm{y}_{N}\end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix}1&\mathrm{x}_{1p}&\mathrm{x}_{1q}& \mathrm{x}_{1p}\mathrm{x}_{1q}&\mathrm{x}_{1p}^{2}&\mathrm{x}_{1q}^{2}\\ 1&\mathrm{x}_{2p}&\mathrm{x}_{2q}&\mathrm{x}_{2p}\mathrm{x}_{2q}&\mathrm{x}_{ 2p}^{2}&\mathrm{x}_{2p}^{2}\\ \vdots&\vdots&\vdots&&\vdots&\vdots\\ 1&\mathrm{x}_{\mathrm{Mp}}&\mathrm{x}_{\mathrm{Mp}}&\mathrm{x}_{\mathrm{Mp}} \mathrm{x}_{\mathrm{Mq}}&\mathrm{x}_{\mathrm{Mp}}^{2}&\mathrm{x}_{\mathrm{Mq }}^{2}\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}\mathrm{a}_{0}\\ \mathrm{a}_{1}\\ \vdots\\ \mathrm{a}_{N}\end{bmatrix} \tag{12}\]  
Representing the \(y_{i}\) column by Y, the input features part of the matrix by X, and the coefficient matrix as A. Equation (12) can be written in short form as:  
\[\mathrm{Y}=\mathrm{XA} \tag{13}\]  
By using matrix inversion, the coefficient can be computed from X and Y as [53]:  
\[\mathrm{A}=\left(\mathrm{X}^{\mathrm{T}}\mathrm{X}\right)^{-1}\mathrm{X}^{ \mathrm{T}}.\mathrm{Y} \tag{14}\]
# An Updated Review of Smac Mimetics, LCL161, Birinapant, and GDC-0152 in Cancer Treatment
## 9 Current Status of Birinapant in Clinical Trials  
Clinical trials of birinapant are listed in Table 2. A phase 1 trial study reported the maximum tolerated dose, safety, and pharmacokinetic properties of birinapant in solid tumors [99]. The maximum tolerated dose of birinapant is 47 mg/m\({}^{2}\)[99]. The half-life of birinapant is 30-35 h [99]. A phase 2 clinical trial demonstrated that birinapant has a plasma half-life of 31 h and a tumor tissue half-life of 52 h [100]. Birinapant accumulates in tumor tissues, resulting in the downregulated protein expression level of cIAP1 and apoptosis induced in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and cancer cells [99]. However, birinapant does not increase the protein level of TNF, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), or interleukin 1, 6, and 8 [99]. For treating patients with cancer, birinapant is used as a single agent or in combination therapy with chemotherapeutic drugs (i.e., pembrolizumab, carboplatin, docetaxel, and gemcitabine) and radiotherapy. However, some birinapant clinical trials were terminated because birinapant lacked anti-cancer efficacy (NCT02147873, NCT02587962, NCT01681368), or the sponsors did not fund further work (NCT01573780).
## 3 SF-PPP Performance Analysis of Multi-GNSS Stations
### Positioning Performance Analysis of Geodetic Receivers
The statistics of positioning errors after convergence and the average convergence time for all stations results are summarized in Table 2. In terms of positioning accuracy, both the GRAPHIC and uncombined SF-PPP approaches could reach accuracies of 0.1 m in the horizontal direction and 0.2 m in the vertical direction. A similar experiment was conducted in [30] with only GPS observations, and accuracies of 0.15 m and 0.3 m were obtained for the horizontal component and vertical component, respectively. This indicates that the fusion of the multi-GNSS system of GPS, BDS, and Galileo improves the positioning accuracy. The convergence times of the uncombined approach were 16.1, 14.4, and 26.1 min in the E, N, and U directions, respectively, which were significantly shorter than those for the GRAPHIC with convergence time of 30.3, 18.1, and 30.2 min, respectively. Compared to the GRAPHIC model, the convergence times of the uncombined model were improved by 40.7%, 20.0%, and 13.8% in the E, N, and U components, respectively. The reason the east component needed a longer convergence time than the north component can be explained by the satellite constellation configuration [29]. From the above investigation, it can be concluded that for geodetic receivers, both the GRAPHIC and uncombined SF-PPP approaches can obtain a positioning accuracy of about 0.1 m in the horizontal components and 0.2 m in vertical components, while the uncombined approach presents faster convergence speed.