# Sonoporation, a Novel Frontier for Cancer Treatment: A Review of the Literature  
[PERSON]  
1 Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Florence, Italy; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.R.j. )[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (E.B. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.D. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.C.)2 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
[PERSON]  
1 Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Florence, Italy; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.R.j. )[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (E.B. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.D. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.C.)2 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
[PERSON]  
1 Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Florence, Italy; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.R.j. )[PERSON]ESS] (E.B. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.D. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.C.)2 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
[PERSON]  
2 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
[PERSON]  
2 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Footnote 2: email: carativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Footnote 12: email: amarrosa. Furthermore, measurements of the radial temperature field show that enhanced heating effects remain localized. This localized heating effect could have important implications and applications in various fields such as ablation. The HIFU technique holds significant promise, particularly in localized heating effects, with applications in ablation procedures for various medical conditions. Ultrasound's therapeutic potential extends to minimally invasive endoscopic surgery, exemplified by procedures like kidney stone and uterine fibroid removal. Ultrasound waves are utilized to mechanically disrupt these structures while minimizing invasiveness [4; 5]. The present article is focused on ultrasound-induced sonoporation, which represents the transient permeabilization of the cell membrane. This process enables the uptake and cellular release of macro- and micro-molecules [6] due to the development of nano- and micrometer-sized pores on the surface. However, it is still a challenge to achieve a controlled and secure opening mechanism due to the lack of real-time monitoring methods; in fact, the mechanisms remain not fully known. This introductory section outlines the two main themes of the paper: the collection of different types of ultrasound verification techniques presented in the various papers selected, or, put another way, determining how the penetration of a molecule into the cell was verified; and then the collection of parameters with a precise modus operandi to unify the variables from a methodological and scientific point of view. The Biological and Physical Mechanisms behind Sonoporation: Standardize the Post-Stimulation Verification Methodology  
The basic principle of ultrasound-induced sonoporation is supposed to be the cavitation effect. During the alternating cycles of rarefaction and compression generated by an ultrasonic field, microbubbles expand and contract repeatedly due to the change in acoustic pressure [7]. At low levels of the latter, the microbubbles exhibit stable cavitation, oscillating with a relatively small amplitude around their balance volume. When, however, the acoustic intensity (ISATA) exceeds a certain threshold, typically \(5\) W/cm\({}^{2}\)[8; 9], the microbubble collapses forcefully, mechanically breaking the membrane; this effect is called inertial cavitation. Understanding this process is essential for a better understanding of the opening and closing mechanics of the membrane.