esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Integrating Decentralized Indoor Evacuation with Information Depositories in the Field
## 5 Results
### Information Depositories vs. Fading Memory  
Information depositories improve evacuation by enhancing the knowledge exchange and thus allow for more current awareness. The current awareness, however, has been acquired based on visiting certain parts of the environment by some agent. This means, any agent's situation awareness has some age, compared to a continuously changing environment. In order to introduce the information age into decision making, a 'fading memory' model has been proposed [2]: It improves evacuation success by relying more on more recent information.  
To find out whether information depositories improve evacuation in a more robust way than the fading memory, additional simulations have been run implementing the fading memory model and applying the same 100 emergency events.  
Figure 14 shows the number of successful evacuees for NoDepot and the fading memory strategy. The line separates the pairs of comparison for each emergency event. On the left side of the line, fading memory saved more people than NoDepot. On the right side of the line, fading memory saved fewer people than NoDepot.  
Generally, both the fading memory strategy and DepotSt saved more people than NoDepot. Fading memory outperformed DepotSt in both the quantity and the magnitude of evacuation success. Specifically, in 29 events (i.e., 29% of the total 100 events) fading memory has saved more people (6.1 more persons on average per event), which is more than twice the number of events when DepotSt saved more evacuees than NoDepot (Section 5.1). However, fading memory also saved fewer people than NoDepot (3 persons on average per event) in more cases (6 events). Thus in this simulation, fading memory is less predictable than DepotSt (Table 10).  
Figure 13: The average number of updated edges for each evacuee in 100 emergency events with depositories being deployed at staircases (DepotSt) or in corridors (DepotCr).  
Figure 15 compares evacuations with DepotSt and using fading memory. In 29 events (i.e., 29% of the total 100 events), fading memory saved more people than DepotSt (5.1 persons per event on average). In twelve events (i.e., 12% of the total 100 events), DepotSt saved more people than fading memory (2.8 persons per event on average) (Table 11). A two-tailed Wilcoxon signed-rank test shows that the differences between the number of successful evacuees for DepotSt and fading memory strategies are statistically significant (\(p=0.0011\)).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Number of Cases** & **Proportion** & **More Saved Per Case** \\ \hline FadingMemory’s Advantageous & 29 & 82.9\% & 6.1 \\ NoDepot’s Advantageous & 6 & 17.1\% & 3 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 10: The advantages of NoDepot and fading memory in terms of success rate when the numbers of the successful evacuees for NoDepot and fading memory differ.  
Figure 14: The number of successful evacuees of each emergency without depositories, compared to applying a fading memory strategy.
## 7 Conclusions  
The objective of the current research work was to interpret the subsurface structure and reservoir characterization of Kabirwala area Tola (01), located in Punjab platform, Central Indus Basin, utilizing 2D seismic and well log data. Formation evaluation for hydrocarbon potential using the reservoir properties was performed in this study. The outcomes of the current study are summarized as follows:  
* The seismic data interpretation confirms that normal faults with horst and graben structures are favorable for the accumulation of hydrocarbons.
* The high zone present in the northwestern part of the contour maps could be a possible location of hydrocarbon entrapment, which is further confirmed by the presence of the Tola01 well.
* For the marked zone of interest, the average water saturation is 18%, average total porosity is 27.8%, average effective porosity is 8.2%, and net pay thickness is 84.14 m.
* The time section confirms that the formations are shallower in the northwestern direction and deeper along the southeastern direction. The stratigraphic conditions of these Jurassic age formations led to a complete petroleum system in the area.
* As a limitation, the current study needs further and suitable calibration with more actual well data to prove reliability and efficiency.
* In the future, we will implement 3D seismic data interpretation in the proposed field of our research. Similarly, we will also attempt to use the inversion algorithm for further exploration to obtain rich information.  
Conceptualization, N.A., S.K. and A.A.-S.; methodology, N.A., S.K. and A.A.-S.; software, N.A.; validation, N.A., S.K. and A.A.-S.; formal analysis, N.A. and S.K.; investigation, N.A., S.K. and A.A.-S.; resources, S.K. and A.A.-S.; data curation, N.A.; writing--original draft preparation, N.A., S.K. and A.A.-S.; visualization, N.A. and S.K.; supervision, S.K. and A.A.-S.; project administration, S.K. and A.A.-S.; funding acquisition, A.A.-S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received funding from the College of Petroleum Engineering and Geosciences of KFUPM.  
Not applicable.  
The data are available by contacting the corresponding author.  
The authors appreciate and acknowledge the support provided by King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), KSA.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# A Survey of Wi-Fi 6: Technologies, Advances, and Challenges
## 6 TWT in Wi-Fi 6
### Target Wake Time (TWT) Mechanism in Wi-Fi 6
#### 6.2.2 Basic Operation  
The stations negotiate their communication needs with the access point. The access point then acts as a central controller and schedules activity and inactivity periods for stations during which they may transmit/receive or sleep. These times are called service periods (SPs) and wake intervals. The SPs are also denoted as TWT sessions. Wake intervals can be longer than beacon intervals, which solves the first problem mentioned in Section 6.1. The stations with data to send can sleep until the next SP, which solves the second mentioned problem. Moreover, assigning the SPs to the stations greatly reducescontention issues within a BSS. Within the SPs, the stations can exchange data and control packets. If a station has more urgent data to send, it can also transmit data during the wake intervals using the normal DCF procedure.  
The negotiations define the duration of the SPs (TWT duration), which are multiples of either 256 \(\upmu\)s or 1024 \(\upmu\)s, and the duration of the wake intervals. A TWT channel is a temporary channel, e.g., an RU that a station can use as the primary channel. Finally, TWT protection is defined to protect an SP from external transmissions. An example is the use of RTS/CTS at the beginning of an SP.
###### Abstract  
Cerebral palsy (CP) is the leading cause of lifelong physical disability, affecting approximately 17 million individuals worldwide. Upper extremity dysfunction, alongside spasticity and coordination challenges, significantly impacts independence in daily activities. Whole-Body Vibration (WBV) has been proposed as a therapeutic modality to improve functionality in neurological populations, though its effects on upper extremity function in children with CP remain relatively unclear. This pilot study assessed the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of Upper Extremity Vibration Therapy using a Whole-Body Vibration Platform (UEVT-WBV) combined with conventional physiotherapy, in enhancing upper extremity function and reducing spasticity in children with CP. Ten children aged 4.5-18 years with upper extremity dysfunction due to CP were randomly assigned to either an intervention group receiving UEVT-WBV alongside conventional physiotherapy or a control group receiving only conventional physiotherapy. Both interventions were implemented over eight weeks. Assessments were conducted at baseline, week 4, and week 8 using the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) (spasticity), ABILHAND (manual ability), and a quality-of-life questionnaire. Both groups demonstrated significant reductions in spasticity and improvements in upper extremity function over time, as measured by MAS and ABILHAND, respectively. However, no statistically significant differences were found between groups, indicating comparable outcomes between UEVT-WBV and conventional physiotherapy alone. While hemiplegic participants achieved greater functional gains than those with quadriplegia regardless of intervention, quality-of-life improvements were minor and limited to emotional well-being and pain reduction in the intervention group. This pilot study highlights the feasibility of UEVT-WBV as an adjunct therapy in pediatric CP rehabilitation, providing foundational data for future studies. Further studies are needed to isolate the effects of UEVT-WBV and to identify its potential in targeted subpopulations.  
cerebral palsy; upper extremity function; vibration therapy; spasticity; physiotherapy; ABILHAND; modified Ashworth scale; pediatric rehabilitation +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences  
Article
# Deep Learning Based Android Anomaly Detection Using a Combination of Vulnerabilities Dataset
## 5 Related Work
### Hybrid Analysis  
Hybrid analysis techniques (e.g., [15; 32]) entails the use of both static and dynamic elements. This dual perspective improve the identification's accuracy but may come with more resource consumption, especially when the analysis is done on a mobile device.  
[PERSON] at al. [33] presented a machine learning-based method for malware detection that makes use of over 200 features collected from both static and dynamic analysis of Android apps. The comparison of modelling results reveals that the deep learning technique is particularly well-suited for Android malware detection, with a high level of 96% accuracy when applied to real-world Android application collections. their dataset contains 250 malware samples from Contagio Mobile and 250 benign apps from Google Play Store.  
In a subsequent work, [PERSON] at al. [34] developed another model based on the DBN: the Droid Detector. The proposed method was validated against a broad unbalanced dataset containing 20,000 benign and malicious samples. The results showed that DBN performed well, with an accuracy of 96.76%. Around the same time, [PERSON] et al. [35] proposed an approach for identifying Android malware that relies on autoencoders to analyse the app's features. It then uses an SVM classifier to classify the apps as malicious or trustworthy. They conducted experiments on a dataset of 5888 benign and malware apps, analysing static and dynamic elements separately and found that static features outperformed dynamic features.  
Some other security researchers deployed machine learning techniques to propose related approaches. For instance, in [13], authors were mostly concerned with metamorphic malware. The primary objective of this research is to provide a mechanism for classifying malware based on its behaviour. They began their investigation by building a dataset of API calls performed on the Windows operating system that reflects malicious software behaviour. LSTM was utilised to classify the data in this investigation. (Long Short-Term Memory). The classifier's result indicates an accuracy of up to 95% with an F1-score of 0.83. The use of machine learning to handle security vulnerabilities is similar to their approach. However, we have chosen to concentrate on Android platform security issues rather than other platforms.  
Table 9 presents the feature, dataset, and classifier used in each related work as well as our approach. In particular, this table allows us to conclude that: (1) our work has been tested on a dataset that includes more sort of features than the ones used by other approaches; and (2) it outperforms existing approaches.
## 3 Materials and Methods  
### Electromagnetic and Magnetic Field Response Modeling  
In geophysical exploration, both electromagnetic (EM) and magnetic methods are utilized to investigate subsurface properties by detecting contrasts in conductivity and magnetization, respectively. In this study, a dipole model is employed for both EM and magnetic forward modeling, allowing for a unified and consistent description of the target's response across both modalities. The magnetic polarizability tensor (MPT) serves as the principal descriptor of the target's intrinsic magnetization properties, ensuring that the EM and magnetic responses can be coherently integrated.
# State-of-the-Art Review of Structural Vibration Control: Overview and Research Gaps
## 7 Research Gaps and Future Directions  
Research in the field of structural control systems has made significant progress; however, challenges to practical implementation require further investigation. In theory, structural control offers significant potential for enhancing the performance and safety of structures, particularly under dynamic loading such as earthquakes. However, its practical implementation often presents challenges that are not fully addressed in academic research. Therefore, greater emphasis should be placed on translating theoretical advancements into practical solutions. Future research should prioritize the development of control systems that are not only technically effective but also feasible and straightforward to implement from the perspective of builders and engineers in the field. Bridging this gap between theory and practice is essential to facilitate the broader adoption of structural control technologies in real-world construction projects.  
Several significant gaps remain in the existing literature on adaptive control systems for structural engineering applications. One key area lacking sufficient research is the use of adaptive and intelligent controllers for mitigating seismic responses in structures employing control systems. This topic warrants further study to develop robust strategies suited for time-varying systems with inherent uncertainties. Another underexplored area is the use of indirect adaptive control, which is especially useful when the system model is either unknown or subject to change. Despite its potential to enhance performance and seismic resilience, its application remains limited. Addressing these shortcomings in crucial for advancing adaptive control technologies that aim to mitigate seismic impacts on structures.  
To address these challenges and close the existing research gaps, several directions for future work can be considered. First, there is a need for the development of robust, multi-functional control systems that combine intelligent and adaptive control strategies. Such systems could offer more flexible and responsive solutions to structural vibrations. Second, the formulation of multi-objective control schemes that optimize both vibration mitigation performance and cost-efficiency would be highly beneficial, particularly for practical implementation. Third, since ensuring a stable energy supply during earthquakes is a significant challenge, future research should explore energy harvesting techniques and their seamless integration with vibration control systems to enable autonomous or semi-autonomous operation. Lastly, combining vibration control systems with structural health monitoring technologies can create a more holistic and responsive approach to managing structural performance, especially in post-earthquake scenarios.
## 5 Conclusions  
This paper investigates the nonlinear characteristics of a tuned mass damper (TMD) resulting from large displacements and the utilization of a limiting device. The system under study is a two-degree-of-freedom system comprising a primary structure subjected to harmonic excitation and a TMD. The approximate analytical solution of the system response is obtained through the complex variable averaging method, and the nonlinear design formulation of the NTMD is derived from it. The main contents and conclusions of this paper can be broadly divided into the following sections:  
1. The frequency design formula for the NTMD was derived using the approximate analytical solution obtained through the complex variable averaging method. The results obtained from the approximate analytical solution and the nonlinear design equation were compared with those obtained from the conventional numerical method. The comparison results demonstrate good agreement between the results obtained from the modulation-demodulation equation derived through the complex variable averaging method and the numerical method. Furthermore, the error in the optimal NTMD design frequency obtained from the nonlinear design formula is small compared to the results obtained from the numerical method, indicating that the accuracy meets the analysis requirements.
2. The control performance of the NTMD was investigated based on the damping condition, and the undamped frequency design formula for the NTMD was derived. The results demonstrate that the amplitudes of both the transient and steady-state phases in the NTMD system designed using the undamped frequency design formula are effectively controlled. The damping of the NTMD can be tailored to different excitation frequency conditions, leading to improved control. These findings hold significant reference value for the analysis and design of similar systems.
3. The control performance of the NTMD was investigated under the 1:1 resonance condition. The analysis results show that increasing the mass ratio within a certain range can enhance the control bandwidth and improve the control performance of the NTMD. The control performance of the nonlinear-design-based NTMD is generally superior to that of the linear-design-based NTMD, and the nonlinear coefficients can be employed as design parameters to adjust the optimal frequency ratio of the structure while keeping the remaining conditions constant. These findings have valuable reference for further studies on the control performance of the NTMD under 1:1 resonance conditions.
4. An investigation was conducted on the NTMD that possesses softening stiffness nonlinearity. The results indicate that, for the NTMD exhibiting softening stiffness nonlinearity, an offset-based nonlinear design formulation is suitable for achieving improved control performance. In scenarios approaching 1:1 resonance with unknown excitation frequency, the improved design method based on the offset can achieve optimal control effectiveness. These findings hold reference significance for future studies on the softening stiffness nonlinearity of the NTMD.
## Materials and Methods
### Image Acquisition and Preprocessing  
About nine Sentinel-2A images were freely acquired from the European Space Agency data hub dated from 26 December 2015 to 11 October 2016 (Table 1). The image was comprised of 13 bands ranging from visible to shortwave infrared [18]. Of the available bands or wavelength, there are two red edge bands centred at 705 and 740 nm. The atmospheric correction was implemented using the Sentinel-2 atmospheric correction tool (Sen2 Cor) performed on Sandbox handled by Terradue and CSIR's Meraka Institute. Sen2 cor is a prototype processor or tool that undertakes atmospheric, terrain and cirrus correction. It is implemented with a large database of look-up tables (LUT) compiled using an atmospheric radiative transfer model based on libRadtran1. The LUT include a wide variety of atmospheric conditions, solar geometries and ground elevations computed with high spectral resolution of 0.6 nm. In order to get the sensor specific functions for Sentine-2, the database have been spectrally resampled using the Sentinel-2 spectral response function ([[http://step.esa.int/main/third-party-plugins-2/sen2](http://step.esa.int/main/third-party-plugins-2/sen2) cor/]([http://step.esa.int/main/third-party-plugins-2/sen2](http://step.esa.int/main/third-party-plugins-2/sen2) cor/)).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Image No.** & **Reference** & **Dates** \\ \hline
1 & S2A\_T36 JUT\_R092\_20151226 & 16 December 2015 \\
2 & S2A\_T36 JUT\_R092\_20160504 & 4 April 2016 \\
3 & S2A\_T36 JUT\_R092\_20160524 & 23 April 2016 \\
4 & S2A\_T36 JUT\_R092\_20160723 & 23 July 2016 \\
5 & S2A\_T36 JUT\_R092\_20160812 & 12 August 2016 \\
6 & S2A\_T36 JUT\_R092\_20160822 & 22 August 2016 \\
7 & S2A\_T36 JUT\_R092\_20160901 & 1 September 2016 \\
8 & S2A\_T36 JUT\_R092\_20160921 & 21 September 2016 \\
9 & S2A\_T36 JUT\_R092\_20161011 & 11 October 2016 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: List of Sentinel-2 images used in the study.  
Figure 2: Flow chart conceptualizing the process or methods followed in this study.
## 5 Experimental Results
### Performance of FFSP-AGV Parameters
#### 5.4.3 The Type of Parallel Machines in the Shop  
It can be found in Tables 3 and 4 and Figures 7 and 8 that, in most cases, the makespan of the UPM is usually smaller than that of the IPM. For example, in the case of J6-S2-M3 in Table 3, the total completion time for the UPM is 51, while the total completion time for the IPM is 74. Similarly, in the case of J9-S2-M3 in Table 4, the makespan of the UPM is 67, while the makespan of the IPM is 98. The potential reasons are summarized as follows: (a) Machine flexibility: In UPMs, since the time required for each machine to process each job is independent, the shop manager can allocate jobs based on the different processing times. This flexibility allows for more optimal scheduling, which may reduce the makespan. (b) UPMs provide more optimization space for scheduling. In UPMs, the capacity differences among machines are known and fixed; each machine has different processing times for different jobs, and the scheduler can choose the most suitable machine according to the characteristics of different jobs, thus improving scheduling efficiency and reducing unnecessary waste of time.  
In the actual production, deciding whether the machines are unrelated or whether they can be deemed identical involves the following three aspects:  
1. Machine processing time differences: Machines with minimal time differences for the same operation can be roughly identical, simplifying the model if the differences fall within an acceptable error range.
2. Production demand: Standardized products prefer IPMs for minor scheduling deviations and resource balance; customized production requires UPMs to shorten completion time and boost AGV utilization.
3. Model simplification needs: Machines with similar characteristics may be treated the same in actual applications to simplify model complexity, aiding scheduling and optimization.  
In addition, the two distinct machine types, i.e., UPM and IPM, both have a marginal effect. Namely, as the number of AGVs increases, the production cycle time gradually stabilizes around a fixed value. Based on this effect or phenomenon, it is realistic for a company to focus on the machines' preventive maintenance activities and minimize the capacity gap among machines in the processing stage, given the limited number of AGVs.