## 3 Results  
The prototyped scaffold adapted a single root shape of the 4 th premolar tooth (P4) or the first molar tooth (M1), which were extracted from the mandible (for M1) or the maxilla (P3) of the canine model. After scanning the extracted tooth and generating STL file format by the micro-CT, the image dataset was utilized to design a geometrically adaptable platform for the cementum layer (Figure 1). After shrinking the tooth STL file to form the 25-\(\upmu\)m difference, which could be represented as the cementogenesis platform (Figure 1). Based on the layer, 250-\(\upmu\)m PDL architectures were designed with the perpendicular directions to the cementum layer and bone scaffold was created with the track-structure, which osteogenic biologics could be loaded in (Figure 1). After slicing the design scaffold, the 3D wax printing system manufactured the sacrificial wax molds to cast polymeric materials. The polymeric material, poly-\(\varepsilon\)-caprolactone (PCL) was dissolved in 1,4-dioxane solvent with 25%, which was based on various previous studies [20]. The building wax material (blue wax) was removed by 100% ethanol and remaining supporting material (red wax) molds were utilized to cast 25% PCL solution (Figure 2). After freeze-drying the 25% PCL-mold, excessive PCL materials were trimmed and sacrificial red wax materials were dissolved with cyclohexane to obtain PCL scaffolds (Figure 2). The PDL scaffolds were perpendicularly arranged to the cementum layer with the parallel microgrooves to the directions of PDL architectures. In particular, the stair-stepping errors, which were formed during the additive manufacturing in wax molds, could be substituted to the microgrooves on PDL scaffold surfaces by freeze-casting with 25% PCL solution (Figure 3). As the previous study demonstrated [21], microgroove patterns with the 25-\(\upmu\)m intervals could control PDL cell orientations as well as promote the cell adhesion on pattern surfaces, which had the roughness that was derived from the solvent casting with the 25% PCL solution (Figure 3). Figure 1: The additive manufacturing process to produce wax molds for the prototype of the periodontal model system. After the micro-computed tomographic (micro-CT) scanning of extracted teeth, the three-dimensional (3D) image was reconstructed and generated as a STL file format. Based on the image dataset, the scaffold prototype was designed with the compartmentalization for cementum (yellow-colored), periodontal ligament (PDL; red-colored), and alveolar bone (blue-colored). The three different compartmentalized parts were assembled and the scaffold prototype was sliced, the 3D wax printer manufactured sacrificial wax molds. Figure 3: The optical image of the cross-sectioned scaffold and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images for morphological characteristics. In the bone scaffold part, the biologic-loadable tack was observed and approximately 250-\(\upmu\)m PDL architectures showed the perpendicular directions to the cementogenesis platform and 25-\(\upmu\)m interval microgroove patterns on the surface as well as the surface roughness. Figure 2: The flow scheme to produce the prototype scaffolding system with polymeric material, poly-\(\epsilon\)-caprolactone (PCL). After removing the blue wax material (build wax) by ethanol, 25% PCL in 1,4-dioxane solution was casted and frozen for the freeze-drying process. Excessive PCL materials around the red wax mold (support wax) were trimmed and cyclohexane was utilized to completely dissolve red wax materials to obtain the PCL scaffolds. After seeding and culturing 1.0 \(\times\) 103 human PDL (hPDL) cells per scaffold for seven days, the fluorescence-staining was performed to analyze deformations and angulations of cell nucleus as well as qualitatively assess cytoskeletal structures by organized F-actin bundles (Figure 4).