# Electromagnetic Field-Aware Radio Resource Management for 5G and Beyond: A Survey
## 4 EMF Exposure Level and 5G Technologies
### EMF-Aware Radio Resource Management
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt}} \hline \hline
**Ref** & **Requirements** & **Purposes** & **Constraints** & **Algorithm** & **Pros (+) Limitation (+)** & **Architecture** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[100]} & Overall sum of transmit power minimization & \(\bullet\) & Subcarrier indexing of user & \(\bullet\) & MPE SAR & Joint optimal resource scheduling solution & +Optimal solutions are obtained. & Single-cell downlink OFDMA \\  & Overall sum of transmit power minimization & \(\bullet\) & Power allocation & \(\bullet\) & QoS & \(\text{convex optimization}\) & +Low complexity. & \\  & & Subcarrier selection exposure & \(\bullet\) & Maximum transmit power & Convex optimization problem & +Limited UEs in a single cell & Single uplink NOMA cell \\  & & & Assignment & \(\bullet\) & number of users & & \(\text{are considered.}\) & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[106]} & Uplink electromagnetic exposure minimization & \(\bullet\) & Subcarrier selection & \(\bullet\) & QoS & \(\text{\begin{tabular}{}{}^{\end{tabular}}}\) & +Reduces EMF exposure compared to \\  & & Selection & \(\bullet\) & SIC & \(\text{\begin{tabular}{}{}^{\end{tabular}}}\) & +Low complexity. & Single uplink NOMA cell \\  & & Power assignment & \(\bullet\) & Number of users per subcarrier & \(\text{\begin{tabular}{}{}^{\end{tabular}}}\) & +Low complexity. & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[73]} & Maximization of data rate & Power allocation & \(\bullet\) & Maximum transmit power & Enhanced EMF-aware BF scheme & +Low complexity. & MU-MIMO RIS-aided \\  & & & \(\bullet\) & EMF constraint & BF scheme & \(\text{\
\begin{tabular}{}{}^{\end{tabular}}}\) & +Softness the RIS-aided \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[74]} & Energy efficiency optimization & \(\bullet\) & Beamforming weight design & \(\bullet\) & Transmit power Uplink and downlink SAR & Maximization by alternating optimization & +Low complexity. & MIMO with single RIS in LoS \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[76]} & EI optimization & \(\bullet\) & Power assignment & \(\bullet\) & Spectral efficiency & \(\bullet\) & Optimal step size sub-algorithm & +Achieves 20\% reduction in EL. & MIMO with single RIS in LoS \\  & & & Precoding weight design & \(\bullet\) & Transmit power & \(\bullet\) & \(\text{
\begin{tabular}{}{}^{\end{tabular}}}\) & +Low complexity. & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[108]} & Enhanced spectral efficiency & Downlink data rate & \(\bullet\) & EMF constraint Received power & Beamforming truncation & +Low complexity. & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[75]} & Maximizes the received power & \(\bullet\) & Beamforming weight design & \(\bullet\) & EMF constraint virtual propagation channel & +Low complexity. & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[109]} & Maximize coverage probability & \(\bullet\) & Restricted area allocation & \(\bullet\) & Restricted distance & Dimension search algorithm (bi-sectional or golden section) & +Low complexity. & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[110]} & Maximize achievable rate & \(\bullet\) & Number of antennas & \(\bullet\) & SNR threshold & +Low complexity. & mMIMO with \\  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Summary of recent studies in EMF-aware 5G radio resource management. Beamforming (BF) techniques with EMF awareness were explored in [75; 108]. These studies introduced innovative BF schemes and compared them to conventional techniques, including maximum ratio transmission (MRT) and zero forcing, with and without RIS integration.