esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Multiple Extended Target Tracking Algorithm Based on Spatio-Temporal Correlation
## 3 Partition Method Based on Spatio-Temporal Correlation  
Considering the correlation between the adjacent measurements and the target motion model, this paper proposes a fast partition and hierarchical processing algorithm for the measurement set. When multiple extended targets cross or are close to each other, the algorithm can also achieve accurate cardinality estimation and target state estimation, and greatly reduces the amount of calculation. At the same time, the method is not affected by the measurement density.  
The partitioning method proposed in this paper mainly includes two parts: partitioning the living target measurement set and partitioning the newborn target measurement set. Firstly, the two basic clustering algorithms used in this method are K-means++ clustering algorithm and DBSCAN clustering algorithm.
### Traditional Methods of Subglottal Pressure Estimation  
The direct measurement of Ps can be accomplished but is rarely performed due to its invasive nature, including tracheal puncturing for subglottal sensor positioning [30; 31] or transglottal placement of pressure transducers [32; 33]. Traditionally, indirect methods of Ps estimation were cumbersome and included full-body plethysmography (measuring the pressure changes outside the body in a closed-loop environment) [34; 35] and an esophageal balloon technique (measuring the pressure against the esophageal wall) [32; 36]. More routinely in current practice, indirect estimation of Ps involves the production of sustained phonation at a given pitch and loudness that is interrupted volitionally by a bilabial, unvoiced consonant (e.g., /p/) [37; 38]. Using this method, the subglottal pressure is inferred from the intraoral pressure measured during the consonant when Ps equilibrates with the intraoral pressure. The latter is measured using a pressure sensor attached to a flexible tube inserted between the lips, which form a seal around the tubing during the consonant production. A non-volitional airflow interruption technique has been developed using a mechanical system but requires additional specialized hardware and can suffer from triggering undesirable involuntary laryngeal reactions [39; 40]. Even though Ps estimates have provided valuable information about vocal function and is a standard aerodynamic measurement in the clinic [41], their information has been inherently limited to sustained vowel contexts. Thus, there is a strong desire to develop a method to estimate Ps during natural speech production where loudness, pitch, and voice quality can vary dynamically, especially in the context of real-world environments and situations where individuals experience their vocal symptoms.
## 4 Experimental Results
### Investigation Results of Ensemble Models  
As mentioned in Section 3.4, the machine learning ensemble model created and verified 26 ensemble models for all combinations of the five ML models. In addition, the DL ensemble model was composed and 26 ensemble models with five DL models were evaluated. In Table 9, machine learning ensemble models are the top five models based on F1-score among all machine learning ensemble models. We denote the ensemble model as  
Figure 5: Performance comparison of the overall models.  
the Ensemble (element: models used in combination) model. Similarly, the DL ensemble shows the top five models based on the F1-score. All five machine learning ensemble models outperformed the individual machine learning models. In particular, the Ensemble (RF, SVM, GBM) model increased the F1-score by 15.32% compared to the LightGBM model, which performed the best among individual ML models. Meanwhile, the results of the Ensemble \((\text{CNN}_{\text{S(3)}},\text{CNN}_{\text{S(4)}},\text{CNN}_{\text{S(5)}}, \text{XmCNN})\) model, which performed the best among the DL ensemble models, showed increased performance in all aspects compared to the machine learning ensemble models. The F1-score was improved by 9.58% compared to the Ensemble (RF, SVM, GBM) model.  
In addition, the Ensemble \((\text{CNN}_{\text{S(3)}},\text{CNN}_{\text{S(4)}},\text{CNN}_{\text{S(5)}}, \text{XmCNN})\) model outperformed our proposed XmCNN model. Compared to the precision value of the XmCNN model, the increase was 4.04%, indicating that the ratio of actual loan executors among the targets predicted by loan execution increases. The experiment results confirmed that the ensemble model was robust to data with class imbalance problems, such as our outbound telemarketing dataset. Additionally, we verified that the performance was significantly better than that of the machine learning ensemble model, even if all of the variables were used without feature selection.
## 4 Conclusions  
In this paper, the uncertain gravity responses of the generator rotor system are evaluated by CIM. Uncertain factors regarding the bearing's stiffness, bearing's damping, Young's modulus, and density are considered. The influences of these factors on the gravity response are analyzed in cases with a single uncertainty and double uncertainties. Some main conclusions are summarized as follows:  
1. By comparing the results of CIM with the results of the scanning method, the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method are validated.
2. Among the four uncertain factors considered in this paper, only the uncertainty in the bearing's damping cannot result in a local large-amplitude band to the response curve, and the influences of it are smaller than the influences of the other three uncertain factors.
3. In terms of the local large-amplitude band, different uncertainties have different influences on the gravity response. The response at higher rotational speed is more sensitive to uncertainties in Young's modulus and density, while the response at lower rotational speed is more sensitive to the bearing's stiffness.
4. The bounds influenced by two uncertainties are wider than that influenced by each of them. Two uncertainties can introduce two local large-amplitude bands to one resonance peak.
5. The sensitivities of uncertain factors obtained by the proposed method can provide guidance to the design and optimization of the rotary machinery.  
Conceptualization, Z.Z., Y.X. and D.Z.; Methodology, Z.Z., Y.X. and D.Z.; Software, Z.Z.; Validation, Y.X.; Writing--original draft, Z.Z. and Y.X.; Writing--review & editing, D.Z.  
This work is supported by Research Program supported by the 111 project (B16038), China.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results
### Final Discussion  
Experimental results showed that the combination of cutting parameters--abrasive mass flow rate (250-350 g/min) and traverse speed (0.2-0.4 m/min)--enabled the minimization of AWJ lag while maintaining the surface quality of beech plywood comparable to that of planar milling. Increasing the abrasive mass flow rate from 250 to 350 g/min slightly improved cutting accuracy, whereas a further increase to 450 g/min caused a slight widening of the cut, resulting in higher material removal and a decrease in surface quality. It was also confirmed that as the plywood thickness increased, the required cutting force rose, leading to a wider cut and potentially negatively affecting the quality of the cut surface. Economic factors, including high initial investments and operational costs such as machine price, maintenance, and consumables, may restrict the practical implementation of AWJ technology in certain industrial sectors. Technological limitations, such as focusing tube wear and the need for operators, can impact long-term efficiency and costs. For future research, it is recommended to expand the investigated parameters to include the effects of additional technological factors such as standoff distance, water jet pressure, and type of abrasive, which can significantly influence jet lag and cutting quality. The development of predictive models and simulations, as well as the application of automation and artificial intelligence for real-time optimization of cutting parameters, also appears promising. These approaches could substantially enhance the understanding and practical applicability of this technology.
# An Investigation of the Policies and Crucial Sectors of Smart Cities Based on IoT Application
## 5 Conclusions  
Future with less CO\({}_{2}\)[121], and relying upon renewable energy [122] as main fuels, are some of the most important goals of scientists and researchers. In this regard, the role of IoT in controlling CO\({}_{2}\) emissions and managing energy consumption is important. This work investigated the problems related to seven important sectors of the IoT, namely environment, public transport, utilities, smart parking, public safety, waste management, and smart lighting. Each sector was analyzed carefully to identify the challenges to be mitigated or removed such that building SCs would be possible. For instance, in the environment sector, the utilization of air and water sensors allows us to monitor air and water quality and detect the amount of CO\({}_{2}\), sulfur oxides, and nitrogen, water leakage, and changes in the pH level and chemical composition of water over time, as well as other factors that have potentially detrimental effects. In terms of road traffic, the determination of the speed, number, and locations of vehicles and monitoring of green-light timings can be achieved through the use of various types of sensors and GPS data collected from drivers' smartphones. Across the public-transport sector, IoT sensors can help enhance our travel experiences and achieve a higher level of safety and punctuality. In utility monitoring, the IoT allows users to control their home utilities for billing, consumption patterns, and remote monitoring. In particular, via cost-effective connectivity to utility companies' IT systems, customers can adjust their energy and water consumption more economically. For street lighting, utilizing both IoT systems and sensors connected to a cloud-management solution can ensure the confident monitoring of illuminance for the safe movement of people and vehicles. In terms of environmental effects, we can improve the lighting schedule and determine which areas require different intensities of light (some streets may only need a dim light, so less electricity would be used). In the waste-management sector, the use of IoT technologies can lead to the optimization of waste-collection schedules by tracking the waste levels, providing route optimization, and ensuring useful operational analytics. In this regard, each waste container would be implanted with a sensor that gathers data on the level of waste in a container. Then, a notification of filled containers would be sent to truck drivers via a mobile app. This is a strategic plan to avoid emptying half-full containers, resulting in less travel by trucks and reducing GHG emissions. In the public-safety sector, IoT-based SC technologies have a crucial role in offering real-time monitoring, enhancing public safety, and developing decision-making tools and analytics through CCTV cameras and acoustic sensors. At the same time, data from social media feeds can be carefully analyzed to improve public safety in a city and predict potential crime scenes. For the smart-parking sectors, IoT technologies can help drivers identify available parking spots
## 2 Numerical Methods  
The one-way coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian method is used in the present study. Firstly, the Eulerian method is used to predict the hydrodynamic flow field of the full submarine body with the propeller. The background flow field around the submarine body equipped with the propellers is calculated by using the RANS solver. However, the tip vortex structure predicted using the RANS solver is subject to dissipation due to the numerical damping during its convection in a downstream direction. To resolve this issue, the tip vortex flow field is reconstructed by using the Scully vortex model [27]. However, the physical dissipation of the tip vortex during its convection in a downstream direction is considered using the DVM. After the same number of tip vortex flow fields as the blade number is regenerated, the Lagrangian method is applied, which consists of the bubble dynamics model and the acoustic analogy to predict the TVC inception and cavitation noise, respectively. The initial nuclei are distributed homogeneously over a broad inlet region upstream of the propeller blade tip. The subsequent variation in the location and volume of each nucleus are traced by solving the bubble dynamics equations on the flow field obtained from the Eulerian method. For the comparison with the experiment carried out in the LCT of the KRISO, the initial size distribution of nuclei is determined by using the data for freshwater available in the literature. The time-varying data of each bubble's radius and position are fed to the acoustic solver as the input data. Assuming that each cavitation bubble is a monopole source, cavitation noise emitted by the bubble is predicted. Numerical methods used in each step are described in detail in the following subsections.
## 7 Results and Discussion
### Limited Fuel Availability  
One weakness confronting the reliance on nuclear power for energy production is the limited fuel availability it poses. Unlike fossil fuel, which is almost readily available in most countries, uranium, which is the source of nuclear energy, is a very scarce resource and exists only in a few countries. Even where available, permission is required from several international bodies and authorities before building a nuclear plant. Additionally, unless breeder reactors or nuclear fusion are created, the energy supply from nuclear plants can dry up, and this could affect the possibility of generating energy with nuclear power plants in the nearest future. It is ultimately considered as a weakness because, despite the very high price tag, nuclear power is envisaged as a temporal solution [45]. Furthermore, studies by [PERSON] et al. [50] and [PERSON] [51] indicated nuclear as having limited fuel availability,whereas a study review by [PERSON] et al. [52] indicated the abundance of uranium is in greater quantity particularly from phosphate rock.  
Risks of Nuclear Accidents  
There are very strict safety measures in place in any nuclear plant. Nevertheless, accidents can happen irrespective of the safety measures in place. Surrounding areas to a nuclear power plant can witness a disastrous impact from a nuclear meltdown. Some known events from such a catastrophe include the likes of Chernobyl, Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania, and the Fukushima disaster. In the occurrence of a nuclear meltdown, there are high chances of harmful radiation, which can leak and cause severe effects on the environment as well as human health. In the case of the 1986 incident in Chernobyl, thousands of deaths were recorded with an estimated range from 4000 to around 60,000 deaths. Additionally, more than 2 million people are still struggling with health-related problems due to the Chernobyl crisis [47]. Today, after more than 30 years, access is still limited in the 19-mile Chernobyl exclusion zone. However, these accidents are rare [53].  
Inadequate Manpower/Technical Know-How  
The backbone to the realization of any technology is adequate manpower and the technical know-how of using such technology. With regards to the exploration of nuclear power production, South Africa is constrained by manpower and, as such, agreed with several nuclear power developers to train some South African personnel. As part of the strategic agreement on nuclear power operations, 50 South Africans had to undergo training in China. Part of the training among others included the physical characteristics of nuclear power plants, material sciences, water chemistry, mechanical equipment, steam power conversion, nuclear island and conventional island equipment, control theories and radiation instrumentation, operation theories, and nuclear safety culture [18].
## 5 Results and Discussion
### Model Comparative Experiment

Table 6: Comparison of model experiment results. To demonstrate the contribution of GPRL, it was compared with several existing studies on entity and relation extraction based on the datasets CMeIE and DuIE2.0 (Table 8). Despite variations in experimental environment configurations and parameters, the performance of GPRL is better than most models, as indicated by the P, R, and F1 values, which also suggests that GPRL outperforms some of the existing research results.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Discussion  
As the above results show, the model can accurately predict the friction force of the piston-cylinder interface. As shown in Figures 5 and 6, the structure's elastic deformation and temperature have a great influence on the film pressure field and the fluid's dynamic viscosity. Therefore, to accurately calculate the film characteristics, it is necessary to consider the influence of the elastic deformation and temperature. Compared with the fluid model, the fluid-structure model, and the fluid-thermal model, the fluid-structure-thermal model is more comprehensive. We used COMSOL's finite element solver to reduce the difficulty of calculating the elastic deformation. We set the average film temperature as the boundary condition to calculate the thermoelastic deformation of the structure, which greatly simplified the calculation process. In addition, we also gave a novel method to calculate the extra friction force.  
However, compared with other models, it is still more complicated. The process of the structures' temperature rise is ignored, and it is difficult to calculate the characteristics of the film in the process.  
The calculation process of the fluid-structure-thermal model is time-consuming, which is related to the size of the grid, the time step, and the performance of the computer. As mentioned above, we set the average temperature of the film as the boundary condition to calculate the thermoelastic deformation, skipping the process of the temperature rise. It is also easy to calculate elastic deformation with COMSOL. In other fluid-structure-thermal models, such as the [PERSON]'s model, the averaged heat fluxes are used to determine the solid parts temperature distribution. This process will cost a lot of time. Therefore, the calculation of our model should be quick theoretically, under the same conditions.
# Realistic Simulation for Body Area and Body-To-Body Networks
## 2 Related Works, Simulators and Theirs Limits
### Summary  
To summarize, there are a number of general simulators; however, BAN and BBN require specific channels, radio links, mobility models, protocols and algorithms, which are not completely covered by most of these simulators. With regards to BAN-specific simulators, there are a number of specific contributions as highlighted (in Section 2.2.2): the frameworks of OMNET++ and the WSNet extensions through physical simulator PyLayers and co-simulation platform HarvWSNet. All of these contributions are in bits and pieces, and there is no single all-in-one package that can provide a complete and realistic BAN simulator. One of the main limitations with these simulators is that BAN-specific standards' (_i.e._, IEEE 802.15.6 or IEEE 802.15.4j) compliance is not available, and consequently, there is no BAN-specific benchmark. Please note, in this study, we have used the WSNet simulator, because it is an open source and modular wireless network simulator. Furthermore, this simulator was shown to provide more realistic and comprehensive radio link and channel modeling in comparison to existing simulators (e.g., NS-2, GloMoSim, JiST/SWANS, _etc._), especially regarding interference management [58]. This is one of our motivations, to provide a standard compliant benchmark simulator, and therefore, the WSNet simulator is extended to be an IEEE 802.15.6-compliant simulator. In addition to that, as body-to-body networks are a new emerging extension of BAN, the existing simulators do not contain specific features, such as data dissemination strategies [59], appropriate routing protocols [60], multi-standard compliance networking and coexistence strategies [19; 61] and standard specific MAC design [16; 62]. These are the key additions to existing WSNet simulators to provide (all-in-one) realistic platforms for BAN and BBN.  
Finally, please note that, most of the developed modules and corresponding repository will be freely available to the wider research community at [63].
# Hyperspectral Molecular Orientation Mapping in Metamaterials
## 4 Conclusions and Outlook  
It was demonstrated that the four polarisation method can be applied to characterise thin film (60 nm polyimide) in MIM metamaterial patterns. The plasmonic band was designed for plasmonic response at a specific IR wavelength defined by the diameter of nanodisks and period of the lattice. By choice of isotorpic triangular array of nanodisks, the orientation effects, if any, in the nanofilm of isolator/dielectric in MIM metasurface can be determined from the orientation maps of \(\theta_{O}\). The plasmonic band of nanodisks and the triangular lattice has isoisotropic plasmonic response. It was shown that a lateral shift compensation and baseline correction were critically important to obtain reliable fits since the matching pixels in the four images were compared for the absorbance values. With this alignment compensation, there were no edge artefacts observed in the orientation maps.  
The plasmonic band is shown to affect the absorbance however does not impose orientational anisotropy in the detected absorbance. The field enhancement typical to such structures is on the order of 5-10 for the local E-field at the edges of nanodisks and below it. This enhancement is responsible for detection of minute absorption changes in the nanofilm of polymer. Plasmonic spectral tunability of E-field enhancement and absorbance is promising for design of spectrally narrow emitters for the IR band. Indeed, the Kirchhoff's law defines reciprocity between the absorbance \(A\) and emittance \(A=E\), where \(E=1-R\) for transmittance \(T\to 0\). We experimentally tested it for the chemical mapping IR region [38]. For the MIM design with reflectance \(R\to 0\) a perfect absorber \(A=1\) can be made, which will be an equally efficient emitter. This can be useful for IR and visible plasmonic sensors [39; 40]. Metasurface based filters and emitters are promising for the space applications where faster, cheaper, and lighter are driving practical solutions.  
Conceptualisation, M.R., Y.N. and J.M.; methodology, M.R.; software, M.R.; validation, M.R. and J.M.; formal analysis, M.R., Y.N., J.M. and S.J.; investigation, M.R., Y.N., A.K.; resources, J.M., A.K., Y.N.; sample fabrication, S.M., N.T., H.R.M., data curation, J.H., S.H.N., Y.N.; writing--original draft preparation, M.R., J.M. and S.J.; writing--review and editing, all the authors; visualisation, M.R., J.M. and S.J.; supervision, Y.N. and J.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the JST CREST Grant Number JPMJCR19J3, Japan and ARC Linkage LP19010050 grants. Initial study for this project was carried out during M12107 beamtime at the Australian synchrotron, ANSTO.  
Not applicable.  
All the experimental data presented in figures can be provided in a numerical format upon a reasonable request.  
Support of operational costs of Nanotechnology facility by Swinburne University of Technology in 2020 is acknowledged. We are grateful to [PERSON] for discussions about satellite imaging.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.