# Roadmap Modeling and Assessment Approach for Defense Technology System of Systems
## 1 Introduction  
The development of science and technology is a fundamental driving force for the evolution of civilization and social change. A typical example is the reformation of combat patterns originating from the emergence and application of advanced defense technologies. Nowadays, military transformation is drawing massive attentions of all superpowers. As a symbolic feature of warfare in the information age, a critical factor determining the outcomes of battles is the integration of the combat system of systems, which assembles different kinds of interrelated and interactive operational units systematically [1]. Furthermore, disruptive innovations of defense technologies trigger the revolutions of warfare game rules and initiate the transformation of international political structures. The administration of the United States launched the Third Offset Strategy, of which the main objective is to defeat potential adversaries in a long-term competition [2]. Consequently, the research and development (R&D) management of defense technologies plays a critical role in both military force building and national security [2; 3; 4].  
Generally speaking, there are three principle benefits/objectives that are infused in advanced defense technologies. First, it will improve the tactical performance of weapon systems and reinforcethe capability of combat system of systems. Second, it will accelerate the structural reformation of command and control (C2) systems as well as the organization of combat units. Third, it will build and strengthen technology deterrence, which contributes to the discourse power in the negotiations of focal international security issues, such as arms control and conflict mediation. On the other hand, the strategies of national security and military modernization provide the requirements for development planning of defense technology. Based on the research achievements of technology roadmaps aiming at maintaining the technical competitiveness for commercial enterprises [5; 6; 7; 8], it is proposed that a novel roadmap modeling and assessment approach for defense technology system of systems in this article. The authors combine two significant driving forces of technology development in the proposed framework, namely requirement-pull and innovation-drive, through surveying the elements in the lifecycle of R&D and their relationships. The approaches can be used to offer an effective support to decision-making in the R&D management of defense technologies.  
The remaining components are organized as follows. Section 2 reviews the related literatures and summarizes the advantages and deficiencies of the mentioned research studies. Section 3 demonstrates the framework of roadmap modeling using multi-view theories. Moreover, the authors propose the assessment approaches of the contribution rate and the importance from the perspectives of requirement satisfaction and knowledge diffusion, respectively. In Section 4, two illustrative examples discussing the contribution rates to satisfy requirements and the importance of knowledge diffusion of focused technologies are used to demonstrate the proposed approach. Finally, Section 5 concludes the contributions and drawbacks of this work and notes possible improvements in future research.