## 2 The Use of TsADs in Orthodontics
A smaller but still significant number was achieved by searching for “CBCT AND artificial intelligence”—more results in Web of Science (266), the vast majority of which concern the years 2020–2024 (251 results). In other cases, the number of articles received is several to a dozen at most, as in the case of “TSAD AND orthodontics”, where most of the articles were written in the last 4 years (8/13 and 5/7). It is worth paying attention to the rapidly growing interest in the use of artificial intelligence in CBCT cone beam tomography in recent years. Access on 2 March 2024.  
the therapeutic process with greater accuracy and predict its effect. However, this method often requires reinforced anchorage due to the larger number of teeth incorporated into the fixation unit [44; 46]. The use of TSADs allows for tooth movement control regardless of attachment to other teeth [13]. There are usually four types of fixations of TSADs to the bone, i.e., miniscrews, minipulates, implants, and onplants, of which miniscrews and minipulates are most often used [15]. The thickness of the palatal bone or alveolar ridge plays an important role in the stability of the anchor device--the screw length should be carefully adjusted to avoid bone perforation (although according to some sources, such a situation is desirable due to the supposed more permanent fixation [16]). This thickness must be at least 1 mm. Appropriate bone density and mucosa thickness are also important for maintaining the plate [15]. In the case of en mass retraction, miniscrews and minipulates are usually used, attached to the palatine bones. This method allows for maximum stable anchorage, which is crucial for the success of therapy in the case of one-stage retraction [15]. It is also important that when the front teeth are retracted, the position of the rear teeth changes only minimally. The camera can be attached indirectly or directly. The indirect method also uses arches, lingual or transpalatal, attached to premolars or molars [47; 48]. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging is helpful in selecting a suitable site for anchoring the device, taking into account the appropriate bone thickness. This method, described in more detail later in this article, allows precise evaluation of the craniofacial region, including soft tissues, and treatment planning with TSAD [2]. The effectiveness of TSADs as a device maintaining a sufficiently stable anchorage of the appliance using miniscrews was determined to be over 90%, which is a much higher result compared to devices mounted in the buccal interdental space [49; 50]. In the work of [PERSON] et al. [51], they assessed differences in the thickness of the buccal alveolar bone in six zones in patients with different morphological structures of the facial skeleton in order to determine a safe location for TSAD installation. It has been determined that the safest, universal space for insertion of the fixation miniscrew is 11 mm from the alveolar crest between the maxillary first and second molars and at the medial root of the second molar. Moreover, it is stated that the placement of the miniscrew in the palatal suture, age (especially > 15 years), and skill of the surgeon predispose to the success of the therapy [15; 49]. In a study by [PERSON] et al. [52], the effects of retraction of six anterior teeth using TSADs as the sole source of anchorage after extraction of premolars were assessed in 17 patients. It was found that the goal was achieved without the need for lateral appliances, but in some cases a loss of anchorage comparable to traditional methods was observed. In turn, the study by [PERSON] et al. [53] compared the effectiveness of TSAD and conventional methods of anchoring the appliance when closing the arch by retraction of the anterior teeth. The obtained results indicated better protection of the device anchorage compared to traditional methods, as well as greater incisor retention using TSADs.