esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using _Tabernaemontana ventricosa_ Extracts
## 3 Results and Discussion
### High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) Analyses
Nanoparticle tracking analysis is a valuable parameter that is often utilized by researchers in nanoscience for the effective detection of NP size and distribution, surface stability of colloidal particles, and zeta potential [52; 53]. In the present study, NTA was conducted on the various synthesized AgNPs. The hydrodynamic diameter (nm) of the AgNPs was 80.9 \(\pm\) 8.8 nm, 70.2 \(\pm\) 6.1 nm, 125.0 \(\pm\) 41.8 nm, 63.9 \(\pm\) 63.9 nm, 120.5 \(\pm\) 36.2 nm, and 147.4 \(\pm\) 7.4 nm using leaf methanol (LM), stem methanol (SM), fresh leaf (FL), fresh stem (FS), powdered leaf (PL), and powdered stem (PS), respectively (Table 3). Overall, the synthesized AgNPs' diameters from the NTA ranged from 63.9 \(\pm\) 63.9 nm to 147.4 \(\pm\) 7.4 nm. However, the particle sizes measured using HRTEM and Image J analyses displayed a range from 16.09 nm to 80.26 nm. Although there is a large variation between the particle sizes using different techniques, these values correspond with each other to an extent. It has been reported that the variable differences observed between particles using HRTEM and NTA may be attributed to the differences involved in sample preparation [54]. While HRTEM measures particles in a dried state, NTA measures particles in an aqueous medium that is closer to that expected in an in vivo system [55; 56]. A common trend recognized in both analyses is the larger particle sizes of the AgNPs synthesized using fresh leaf and powdered stem extracts. However, despite these inconsistencies, the results obtained using NTA are often preferred over HRTEM due to the hydrodynamic environment of the NTA process [57]. The above-mentioned nanoparticle diameters (nm) observed in the current study are similar to those reported by [PERSON] et al. [58], which ranged from 15 nm to 50 nm using TEM analyses and from 100 nm to 500 nm using NTA. In addition to the particle size, the zeta potential of particles in the solution was also measured to determine the surface charges (Table 3). The measurement of the surface charges is a crucial indicator of the colloidal stability of NPs [52; 53]. The zeta potential for NPs is often categorized into an acceptable range of greater than \(\pm\)30 mV since these values usually indicate improved stability, increased mobility, enhanced electrostatic repulsion, and reduced agglomeration [54]. The synthesized AgNPs across all extracts displayed poor stability and, except for AgNPs synthesized using stem methanol extracts (\(-\)30.3 \(\pm\) 0.1 mV), are suggestive of moderate colloidal stability. However, this value was significantly lower compared to reports by [PERSON] et al. [58], where a large negative zeta potential value of the AgNPs synthesized using ethanolic leaf extracts of _T. divaricata_ was observed.
# Implementation of an Attribute-Based Encryption Scheme Based on SM9
###### Abstract
It is worth noting that our implementation is not trivial, because this is the first Java implementation of SM9 to the best of our knowledge, and we have implemented the fundamental mathematical structures from scratch, since there is no appropriate Java library that can be utilized. We have not found any Java library that implements the R-Ate pairing [27] and the extension field specified by the SM9 standard simultaneously. For example, the most widely-used Java library for pairing-based cryptography, i.e., JPBC [28], supports neither the R-Ate pairing nor the demanded extension field. Therefore, we have implemented the R-Ate pairing over a BN-curve and the specified extension finite field, and then integrated them with the interfaces that were provided by the JPBC library to support SM9 IBE and the proposed ABE schemes. Our contributions are briefly summarized, as follows: (i) we have proposed an ABE scheme based on the SM9 IBE scheme; (ii) we have implemented the ABE scheme as well as the SM9 IBE; and, (iii) we have presented a hybrid ABE scheme as an optimization. The proposed schemes and implementations would benefit developers in building applications that fulfill the regulatory compliance with the Chinese commercial cryptographic standard and the forthcoming ISO standard. Additionally, the ABE schemes have advantages, such as optimized ciphertext expansion rate and anonymity of receivers. The experimental results regarding performance and energy consumption indicate that the proposed scheme works well on various platforms, such as PCs, smart phones, and embedded devices. The remainder of this paper is organized, as follows. Section 2 briefly introduces the preliminaries and the overview of the software architecture. Section 3 introduces the implementation of SM9 IBE scheme and the experimental results on performance and energy consumption. Section 4 presents an ABE scheme based on the SM9 IBE scheme, as well as the experimental results on performance and energy consumption. Section 5 presents an optimization of the ABE scheme, i.e., a hybrid ABE scheme. Section 6 concludes the paper.
# Augmented Data-Driven Approach towards 3D Printed Concrete Mix Prediction
## 2 Methodology
### Dataset Extraction and Preparation
#### 2.1.2 Data Cleaning  
The input features are water (kg/m\({}^{3}\)), cement (kg/m\({}^{3}\)), silica fume-SF(kg/m\({}^{3}\)), fly ash-FA (kg/m\({}^{3}\)), high range water reducing admixture-HRWA (kg/m\({}^{3}\)), nano clay-NC (kg/m\({}^{3}\)), viscosity modifying agent-VMA (kg/m\({}^{3}\)), coarse aggregate-CA amount (kg/m\({}^{3}\)), max size of coarse aggregate (mm), fine aggregate-FA amount (kg/m\({}^{3}\)), max size of aggregate  
Figure 4: (**a**) Concrete printing through the extruder, (**b**) cast compressive strength, (**c**) printed compressive strength (direction 1), (**d**) printed compressive strength (direction 2), (**e**) printed compressive strength (direction 3).  
(kg/m\({}^{3}\)), fiber tensile strength (MPa), fiber elastic modulus (GPa), fiber amount (kg/m\({}^{3}\)), fiber length (mm), fiber diameter (\(\upmu\)m), cast compressive strength (MPa) as shown in Figure 4b, printed compressive strength in direction 1 (MPa) as shown in Figure 4c, printed compressive strength in direction 2 (MPa) as shown in Figure 4d, printed compressive strength in direction 3 (MPa) as shown in Figure 4e, slump flow (mm), nozzle area (mm\({}^{2}\)), and print speed (mm/sec). The data was collected to ensure that each selected mix design had the reported slump flow value (mm). Instead of the conventional method for treating missing values that relies on calculating the mean value, a more tailored approach was taken for filling in the missing values of printed compressive strength. This involves calculating the ratios between the reported strengths and then utilizing that ratio to fill in the missing compressive strength values. Ultimately, the final cleaned data included 1679 data points with 23 features.
# Remote-Controlled Method with Force and Visual Assists Based on Time to Collision for Mobile Robot
## 2 Modeling
### Force Controller  
The mobile robot is controlled by the operator using a control device, as shown in Figure 1. Based on the possibility of collision, the operator feels force feedback as a tactile sensation from the control device. To achieve force feedback, the force controllers are implemented as Equations (10) and (11). A disturbance observer (DOB) is used for acceleration control [38]. The acceleration references are then calculated.  
\[\dot{x}_{1}^{ref} = K_{f}(f_{v}^{cmd}-\dot{f}_{v}^{ext}) \tag{10}\] \[\dot{x}_{2}^{ref} = K_{f}(f_{w}^{cmd}-\dot{f}_{w}^{ext}) \tag{11}\]  
where \(\dot{x}_{1}^{ref}\) and \(\dot{x}_{2}^{ref}\) represent the acceleration references. \(f_{v}^{cmd}\) and \(f_{w}^{cmd}\) denote the force commands along the translational and angular velocities, respectively. \(\dot{f}_{v}^{ext}\) and \(\dot{f}_{w}^{ext}\) represent the reaction forces estimated using the reaction force observer (RFOB) [39]. \(K_{f}\) denotes the force feedback gain. By utilizing Equations (10) and (11), the possibility of collision makes the operator feel the tactile sensation when force commands are generated. However, the operator manipulates the control device with a small operational force when the force command is set to 0 N.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Study Area and Data  
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are widely used in the surveying and mapping industry due to their portability, flexibility, and low cost. In this paper, a university in Anhui Province and its surrounding areas were selected as the study area. The Dajiang M300 RTK UAV and a matching five-lens tilt aerial camera were used for data acquisition. The planned route type was a 5-type route, the altitude setting was 96 m, the course overlap was 80%, the side overlap was 70%, and the resolution of the captured image was 1.5 cm. The aerial flight operation was carried out in the survey area with the parameters described above. The UAV flew for 30 min, and the number of images in five directions was 4870, corresponding to one POS file. In addition, control points were arranged at intervals of approximately 200 m in the survey area, and some points were characteristic features in the campus. A total of 20 control points were collected. After the flight was completed, ContextCapture software was used to process the data and obtain the point cloud data; then, SCOP++ software (V5.6) was used to generate the 0.2 m resolution DEM as the reference DEM data for this study. Figure 1 shows an image of the final mosaic processing in the study area.
# User Armor: An Extension for AppArmor
## 4 Literature Review
These techniques provide a more fine-grained and immediate reaction to potential security threats, without requiring cloud infrastructure. Among the various dynamic profiling approaches, containerized environments, particularly Docker-based infrastructures, have received significant attention due to their unique security challenges. Since containers package applications with their dependencies, they are vulnerable to container breakout attacks and misconfigurations that may lead to privilege escalation. Research works such as [16; 17] propose automated profile generation techniques for containers, leveraging Audittd and SystemTap to analyze the required permissions dynamically. These solutions have been further integrated into a unified framework [13], which combines the strengths of both methods, ensuring a more robust security model. Another significant advancement is given by [18], which introduces dynamic runtime updates for container security policies. This mechanism allows security rules to be adjusted on the fly as the application state evolves, reducing the need for manual intervention. With the widespread adoption of container orchestrators like Kubernetes, [PERSON]. [19] extends these profiling techniques to automatically generate AppArmor profiles for distributed containers in Kubernetes clusters. This automation streamlines security management and reduces misconfiguration risks in large-scale cloud environments. These studies share the overarching goal of optimizing security enforcement--either by introducing new functionalities or enhancing existing mechanisms. UserArmor aligns with these objectives, but instead of focusing on runtime profiling, it introduces structural improvements to AppArmor by enabling user-specific profile enforcement and hierarchical policy inheritance. While dynamic profiling aims to enhance security by adapting to application behavior, UserArmor provides a systematic and scalable approach to user-aware security policies, ensuring multi-user protection and reducing policy redundancy. Furthermore, the ability of UserArmor to limit process resource usage (e.g., CPU, memory, open files) makes it a complementary solution to dynamic profiling methods, contributing to a more robust and flexible security ecosystem. Finally, we acknowledge that Linux already provides Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) via SELinux. However, SELinux is significantly more complex than AppArmor and is typically used with predefined policies rather than custom configurations per user [6; 20; 21]. Organizations that deploy SELinux often rely on standard policies without distinguishing between different users running the same application, because customizing SELinux requires deep knowledge of the security contexts, domains, and type enforcement. UserArmor, on the other hand, complements the simpler AppArmor security mechanisms by introducing a finer-grained, user-specific confinement model, ensuring that each user receives a tailored security profile without modifying global policies.
# The Applications and Challenges of Digital Twin Technology in Smart Grids: A Comprehensive Review
## 5 Challenges and Limitations  
Overall, the examples of applications we discussed in the previous section illustrate that for the entire duration of the data lifecycle of the physical twin, the practices of data identification and storage for the Digital Twin will require a level of planning and governance beyond that currently used to access the same data and may impede the perceived ease and speed at which data can be used in decision-making [94].  
On the other hand, many pieces of data from the physical twin will already have existing data storage systems with governance processes around it already being used in the organization. An example would be maintenance records for a piece of equipment. In order for the Digital Twin to simulate the effect of changes to the maintenance schedule on the performance data of the piece of equipment, the maintenance records must also be integrated into the digital environment [95]. An understanding of the existence of the maintenance data in the data storage system for the physical twin, as well as the importance and purpose of the data and how it will be accessed, will be required before deciding to duplicate the data into the digital environment. This process will be unfamiliar to the engineers responsible for their own piece of equipment who can access the data they need on an ad hoc basis from their storage systems, often without consideration as to what the data actually are and additional processes to ensure the availability and quality [96; 97]. Without going into too much detail on data management best practice, we know that practices will involve identifying what data are important, creating data storage systems, specifying the availability need for access and the level of data quality, creating processes to ensure data quality, and removing weak data. All these processes must be performed for data from the Digital Twin [98].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline
**Research Aspect** & **Number of Papers** & **Percentage \({}^{*}\)** & **Key References** \\ \hline Technology Focus: & & & \\ \hline AI/ML integration & 6 & 67\% & [55] \\ \hline Real-time processing & 9 & 100\% & All papers \\ \hline Blockchain & 2 & 22\% & [39; 56] \\ \hline IoT integration & 5 & 56\% & [36; 39; 41; 42; 92] \\ \hline Application Domain: & & & \\ \hline Disaster management & 3 & 33\% & [38; 40; 92] \\ \hline Security and privacy & 4 & 44\% & [39; 40; 55; 56] \\ \hline Grid optimization & 3 & 33\% & [41; 42; 56] \\ \hline Asset management & 2 & 22\% & [38] \\ \hline Research Type: & & & \\ \hline Theoretical framework & 4 & 44\% & [39; 40; 55; 56] \\ \hline Simulation results & 7 & 78\% & [38] \\ \hline Real-world implementation & 7 & 44\% & [38] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{*}\)Number of papers (From column 2) divided by total of covered papers (9) in this section  
\end{table}
Table 4: Distribution of research focused on Digital Twin applications (2022–2024).
## 4 Results and Discussions
### Numerical Results
It is observed that the velocity changes almost linearly for the flat absorber surface (C3). In the other cases, (C1 and C2), it follows a fluctuating course along the channel. The average velocity obtained for the C1 case is highest of all. Similarly, the highest temperature is obtained for C1. The comparison graphs are respectively given in Figure 10a,b by means of air velocity and collector exit temperature variations along the selected path, which is already defined in the previous paragraph. The effect of the scourers can be evaluated by means of the augmentation of the velocity and temperature by comparing the C1 and C2 cases with C3. In the C1-type collector, there is an increase of around 7.2% in air velocity compared to the C3 type. When the air velocity obtained from the C2-type collector is compared to the air velocity obtained from the C3-type collector, an increase of approximately 6.6% is achieved. Figure 10: Variation of (**a**) Velocity and (**b**) Temperature along a selected path. Figure 9: Contours of glass temperatures on each absorber surface; (**a**) C1, (**b**) C2, (**c**) C3. In terms of temperature, it can be seen that the temperature obtained with the C1-type collector increases by 7.4% compared to the C3-type collector, and the increase is 5% with the C2-type collector. The efficiency is the last extracted result from the numerical analysis. By using Equations (1) and (2), the efficiency was calculated. It should be noted that, for the numerical analysis, the heat flux and radiation values were kept constant, as mentioned in the previous section. The efficiency values for the collector types C1, C2, and C3 were respectively found to be 74%, 67% and 55%. It can be seen that the C1 case has the highest efficiency, meaning the arrangement style of the stainless-steel scourers affects the efficiency directly. Another point that is obvious when looking at the efficiency values is that the efficiency of the flat-plate collector type has the lowest value. When the C1-type collector is used, the efficiency increases 1.34 times compared to the flat-plate collector. Similarly, when the C2-type collector is used, the efficiency increases 1.21 times.
## 3 New Concept for Assessing the Technical Condition of HV Switching Bay Devices
### A New Concept for Calculating the Technical Condition of a Disconnector  
The criteria for calculating the technical condition \(c\) of the D were introduced based on Equation (2). A single multiplicative criterion, \(CR_{-1}\), was defined, identical to that used for the CB. Additionally, seven additive criteria were selected (with \(M=7\) and \(j\in\{1,2,\ldots,7\}\)). The additive criteria set is \(CR_{\text{ad}}=\{CR_{1},\,CR_{2},\,\ldots,CR_{7}\}\). The urgency of remedial action for the D, as evaluated using criterion \(CR_{-1}\), is in the same manner as the grade \(GCR_{-1}\) for the CB. The levels of potential DIDs in the D are detailed in Table 2. The flow chart for determining the partial \(GCR_{-1}\) rating follows the procedure outlined in Figure 3. The concept of the seven additive criteria covering the operating history of the D is shown in Table 4. Criteria \(CR_{1}\) to \(CR_{4}\) are determined using the same procedure as described for the CB. Criterion \(CR_{5}\)--the operating time in years--is the most critical additive criterion for the disconnector. Its grade \(GCR_{5}\) is determined using a procedure similar to that used for the CB, with the main difference being that this criterion is divided into more categories for the D than for the CB. Criterion \(CR_{6}\)--a disconnector function--addresses the function or role of the disconnector in the switchyard. The criterion is divided into busbar Ds and other types of Ds (transmission and earthing). Busbar Ds have many more close-open operations than Ds for other purposes, resulting in a lower grade. The function of the D is predetermined and does not change during its operation. The weight of this criterion is \(w_{6}=4\). Criterion \(CR_{7}\) addresses whether spare parts are available from a specific manufacturer in the warehouse for a particular D. If they are unavailable, it is necessary to determine whether spare parts will be available in less or more than 14 days. The criterion is divided into three categories, with corresponding decreasing grades. These category grade values are predetermined and related to spare parts supplied to emergency storage facilities. The impact on the final grade is medium: \(w_{7}=4\). The grade of this criterion is determined, and it aligns with expert judgment.
## 5 Results and Analysis  
This section presents the experimental results and corresponding analysis. It first compares the predictive performances of CeT with the baselines. Then, the section conducts ablation studies to examine the impact of different components of CeT on predictive results. Furthermore, the impacts of hyperparameters and model sensitivity are also discussed in this section.
# Intent to Adopt Location Sharing for Logging Safety Applications
## Appendix A  
Table A1 lists survey questions as they appeared for participants at the logger workshops. Also shown are associated themes related to the study objectives: background information (i.e., \"Background\"), Theory of Planned Behavior assessment (i.e., \"TPB\"), and other adoption elements (i.e., \"Adoption\"). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Theme** & **Survey Question** \\ \hline Background & 1. & Have you ever used the following location-sharing devices during logging operations? \\  & \(\bullet\) Emergency search and rescue receivers (e.g., SPOT, inReach) \\  & \(\bullet\) 2-way radios with location-sharing (e.g., Garmin Rino) \\  & \(\bullet\) Devices that use smartphones to share locations (e.g., goTenna) \\ Adoption & 2. & In your opinion, would the following types of location-sharing devices improve safety on active logging operations? \\  & \(\bullet\) Emergency search and rescue receivers (e.g., SPOT, inReach) \\  & \(\bullet\) 2-way radios with location-sharing (e.g., Garmin Rino) \\ Adoption & 3. & In your opinion, would the following features of location-sharing devices help improve workplace safety? \\ Adoption & \(\bullet\) Alerts when workers enter dangerous areas \\  & \(\bullet\) Automatic updates of user positions to coworkers at the jobsite \\  & \(\bullet\) Automatic updates of user positions to supervisors at the office \\  & \(\bullet\) SOS or Help button to contact coworkers at the jobsite \\  & \(\bullet\) SOS or Help button to contact supervisors at the office \\  & \(\bullet\) SOS or Help button to contact emergency services \\ Adoption & 4. & Would you be concerned about worker privacy if workers’ real-time locations were seen by the following people? \\  & \(\bullet\) Coworkers at the jobsite \\ Background & 5. & (a) Do you own a smartphone? \\  & (b) How often do you carry your smartphone with you while working on logging operations (either turned on or off)? \\ Adoption & 6. & How concerned would you be about having to carry an extra device (such as on the belt or in a pocket) while working on logging operations? \\ Adoption & 7. & How can location-sharing devices best be used to improve safety on logging operations? \\ Adoption & _Please rank the following in order of importance (1,2,3,4), where 1 = the most important safety application, and 4 = the least important safety application._ \\  & \(\bullet\) Contacting off-site emergency response \\  & \(\bullet\) Finding injured workers quickly \\  & \(\bullet\) Alerting coworkers when someone needs help \\  & \(\bullet\) Preventing accidents on the jobsite \\ Background & 8. & How important or unimportant is it to find new ways of improving safety on logging operations? \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table A1: Survey instrument.