###### Abstract
For instance, the regolith's cohesionlessness facilitates the excavation operation conducted by construction robots, thereby requiring less energy for regolith removal and haulage. On the contrary, lunar and Martian dust storms perpetually disperse such cohesionless regolith particles in the atmosphere, thereby covering the robots' cameras and lenses and, even worse, penetrating their working units [10]. The latter issue can entirely or partially hamper robots from the construction process. To revert to underground outposts, it can be said that although the excavation of any foundation, channel, trench, and tunnel can be easily carried out in loose regolith, the instability of the roof of such structures is highly problematic. Most importantly, temperature fluctuations frequently change the physical properties of soils [11; 12]. This may lead to potential failure in the underground walls of the outpost. Extraterrestrial outpost designs were initially proposed three decades ago. [PERSON] et al. proposed inflatable structures made of lightweight composites to build lunar habitats [13]. Aside from lightness, these inflatable structures could easily be compacted during transportation from the Earth to the Moon. Moreover, the outpost's erection could be carried out using low amounts of energy, and this is carried out by construction robots. [PERSON] and [PERSON] suggested the utilization of a 3D flat truss for the development of lunar bases (Figure 1 (left)) [14]. The members of the truss were made of light aluminum. Furthermore, the truss was installed on a naturally available lunar valley. To protect the outpost from the outer harsh environmental conditions, the roof of the truss was covered by the local regolith. Shortly thereafter, [PERSON] put forward the idea of using tensegrity assemblies for space habitats [15]. Tensegrity structures includes a series of interlocking cables and bars capable of forming an intertwined structure (Figure 1 (Right)). In the middle of the 2000s, the concept of deployable modules was suggested for the establishment of extraterrestrial outposts [17]. The deployable structures encompass size-variable components, which can be stowed during Earth-to-space transportation, and then, they can be expanded to a desirable size and shape. For example, two typical deployable structures include the umbrella and TV antenna. In the same years, the idea of arch structures was also offered by [18; 19]. In these propositions, the main structural module was a semicircular arch made of light aluminum together with a regolith-based roof for sheltering human habitants against hostile environmental conditions (Figure 2). In subsequent years, the next-generation technology of 3D-printed structures started to absorb the attention of extraterrestrial researchers and engineers [20; 21]. This is why gigantic space agencies such as NASA and ESA have dedicated extensive funds to the feasibility studies of 3D printing applications in extraterrestrial habitat construction [20; 21]. In general, in this automated manufacturing technique, with cutting-edge 3D printing machines erected on advanced rovers, local regolith can be sintered (molten) up to a certain temperature, and then, it is combined with an additive such as aluminum powder to make a low-porosity material with much more strength than the in situ regolith. In Section 2.2, the aggregate ability of the in situ regolith is discussed. The artificially produced material can then be utilized in the fabrication of desirable building components, such as bricks, domes, etc. The main advantage of the 3D printing technique is that the local regolith is directly used in the construction process, thereby leading to a reduction in the cost of interplanetary transportation. It should be noted that 3D printing technology can also be utilized in conjunction with other techniques, such as inflatable modules and arc structures [18; 19; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26].