esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Grating Coupler
### 3 dB Alignment Tolerance of the Grating Coupler  
When aligning the SMF and grating coupler in the experiment, incident angle \(\theta\) remains unchanged and position of the SMF is continuously adjusted to get the maximum coupling efficiency. Therefore, only 3 dB alignment tolerance of the \(z\) and \(y\) is analyzed.  
When SMF deviates from the ideal position, effect of the SMF position on the coupling efficiency \(\eta_{\text{g1}}\) is shown in Figure 10a. Firstly, with the growth of the \(z\), coupling efficiency \(\eta_{\text{g1}}\) increases to its maximum and then drops. Secondly, with the growth of the \(y\), maximum of the coupling efficiency \(\eta_{\text{g1}}\) changes in the same way. When \(y\) is 3.2 \(\upmu\)m, coupling efficiency \(\eta_{\text{g1}}\) gets its maximum of 0.35 at \(z\) = 3.4 \(\upmu\)m and drops to half at \(z\) = 1.6 \(\upmu\)m or 6.8 \(\upmu\)m. Therefore, 3 dB alignment tolerance of the \(z\) is \(-\)1.8 \(\upmu\)m\(\rightarrow\)3.4 \(\upmu\)m.  
Figure 10b shows the influence of the \(y\) on the maximum of the coupling efficiency \(\eta_{\text{g1}}\) details. Coupling efficiency \(\eta_{\text{g1}}\) gets its maximum of 0.35 at \(y\) = 3.2 \(\upmu\)m and drops to half at \(y\) = 20.2 \(\upmu\)m. Limited by the thickness of the top cladding, the minimum of the \(y\) is 2 \(\upmu\)m. Therefore, 3 dB alignment tolerance of the \(y\) is \(-\)1.2 \(\upmu\)m\(\rightarrow\)12.0 \(\upmu\)m.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Characterization of MSCs
#### 2.2.2 Differentiation Assay  
Osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation capacity of MSCs and S-MSCs was evaluated, as previously described [14].  
For osteogenic differentiation, the induction medium was \(\alpha\)MEM, 10% FBS, 10\({}^{-7}\) M dexamethasone, 50 mg/mL L-ascorbic acid, and 5 mM \(\beta\)-glycerol phosphate (all from Sigma-Aldrich); for adipogenic differentiation, the induction medium was the same as that for osteogenic supplemented with 100 mg/mL insulin, 50 mM isobutyl methylxanthine (Sigma-Aldrich), and 0.5 mM indomethacin (MP Biomedica, Illkirch, France).  
In both protocols, the medium was changed twice a week, and differentiation was evaluated after 21 days.  
In vitro osteogenic differentiation was evidenced by phosphatase alkaline activity stained in blue/violet by BCIP/NBT and calcium deposition stained by Alizarin Red S (both from Sigma-Aldrich). In vitro adipogenic differentiation was evidenced by the appearance of fat droplets stained with Oil Red O (Bio Optica, Milan, Italy).
# [PERSON] and Mendell-Elston Estimation of the High-Dimensional Multivariate Normal Distribution
## 5 Results
### Relative Performance  
In view of the statistical virtues of the mc estimate but the favorable execution times for the me approximation, it is instructive to compare the algorithms in terms of a metric incorporating both of these aspects of performance. For this purpose we use the time- and error-weighted ratio used described by [PERSON] [39], and compare the performance of the algorithms for randomly chosen correlations and regions of integration (see Section 4.3). As applied here, values of this ratio greater than one tend to favor the Genz mc method, and values less than one tend to favor the me method.  
The relative mean execution times, mean squared errors, and mean time-weighted efficiencies of the mc and me methods are summarized in Figure 3. Although me estimates can be markedly faster to compute--e.g., \(\sim\)100-fold faster for \(n\approx 100\) and \(\sim\)10-fold faster  
Figure 2: Relative mean execution time (\(t_{\text{ME}}/t_{\text{MC}}\)) of Genz Monte Carlo (mc) and Mendell-Elston (me) algorithms. (mc only: mean of 100 replications; requested accuracy \(\epsilon=0.01\).)  
for \(n\approx 1000\), _in these replications_)--the mean squared error of the mc estimates is consistently 10-100-fold smaller, and on this basis alone is the statistically preferable procedure. Measured by their time-weighted relative efficiency, however, the disparity in performance is less extreme; the me algorithm is comparatively efficient for \(n\lesssim 100\) dimensions, beyond which the mc algorithm becomes the more efficient approach.
# Double-Scale Adaptive Transmission in Time-Varying Channel for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks
## 6 Performance Analysis and Computational Complexity
### Performance Analysis
#### 6.1.2 Energy Cost Minimization Problem  
The objective is to minimize energy consumption and deliver a certain amount of data,  
\[min\int_{t_{0}}^{t_{5}}P_{t}dt \tag{34}\]  
subject to  
\[\int_{t_{0}}^{t_{5}}R_{t}dt=\int_{t_{0}}^{t_{5}}\rho log_{2}(1+P_{t}c_{t})dt=N _{t_{0}}^{t_{5}}=\lambda(t_{5}-t_{0}), \tag{35}\]  
where \(R_{t}\) is the transmission rate at time \(t\), \(N_{t_{0}}^{t_{5}}\) is the amount of arrival data from \(t_{0}\) to \(t_{5}\), and \(\lambda\) is the data arrival rate. If the buffer threshold \(B_{c}\) is long enough, according to the water-filling algorithm, the optimal transmission power is  
\[P_{t}=(\ \mu-\frac{1}{c_{t}})^{+}. \tag{36}\]
## 3 Similar Simulation Test Analysis
### Analysis of Test Results
#### 3.4.3 Laws of Motion of the Overburden  
To analyze the deformation, damage, and movement patterns of the overburden rock at various pull-down stages, we processed deformation data from measured points in the model's deformation monitoring system. Figure 15 presents deformation curves from monitoring points above the roof plate at different pull-down stages. Monitoring lines 1 to 9 are positioned above the roof plate of the ore body at intervals of 10 cm, covering a range from 10 cm to 90 cm, with the unit representing actual deformation in the model. The figure reveals that in the early stages of undercut area advancement, overburden rock deformation is minimal. However, once the undercut area width reaches 80 m, significant rock falls occur in the mining hollow area, with noticeable-to-obvious deformation at the top plate measuring point. As undercut area operations continue, the downward displacement and range of the top plate measuring point gradually increase [39]. Near the undercut area working face, the top plate measuring point exhibits greater movement compared to points near the peripheral rock of the ore body. Furthermore, as overburden rock movement expands, the incremental subsidence at the mining action's rear diminishes, while frontward subsidence increments gradually rise. Post-initial collapse, overburden rock subsidence shows a trend of increase followed by decrease. Extreme subsidence values at different depths indicate maximum subsidence values of 1886 mm, 3491 mm, and 4860 mm, respectively, with the subsidence coefficient increasing alongside the burial depth. Regardless of the mining stage, working face displacement and deformation follow a deep 'V' pattern. Observing roof subsidence in different mining stages reveals asymmetrical deformation on both sides of the model, attributed to the inclined ore body and non-uniform rock layer distribution.  
Figure 15: Schematic diagram of the top plate displacement and sinking: (**a**) advancement of drawdown width to 80 m, (**b**) advancement of draw-down width to 120 m, and (**c**) advancement of drawdown width to 170 m.
# Large Language Model-Informed X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Data Analysis
## 7 Integrating LLM-Informed Strategy with TANGO Control System at CELLS ALBA Synchrotron
### Detailed Integration Mechanism  
The integration of LLMs within the TANGO control system is accomplished through the following specific mechanisms:  
1. LLM Server Integration: The LLM server acts as a bridge between the TANGO control system and the LLM's analytical capabilities. This server is configured to interface with the OpenAI API, enabling it to send pre-processed XPS data for analysis and receive interpreted results.
2. Data Transmission Protocols: Within the TANGO system, data are transmitted between different components using the CORBA protocol. The LLM server will also utilize this protocol to ensure seamless data flow and integration within the existing framework.
3. Customized Device Server for LLM: A specialized TANGO device server is created specifically for the LLM integration. This server is responsible for handling all interactions with the LLM, including data sending, receiving analysis results, and error handling.
4. Trigger Mechanism for Analysis: The LLM server is programmed to automatically trigger the analysis process once the XPS data are pre-processed and ready. This trigger can be set manually by a user or programmed to activate upon certain conditions being met within the data.
# UAV-BS Site Planning Based on Circular Coverage Strategy
## 7 Conclusions  
This study discusses the status quo of UAV communication and UAV-BSs, focusing on the site planning of UAV-BSs. Aiming at its power consumption problem, a site planning strategy based on circular coverage power optimization is proposed. Simulation experiments show that the site planning strategy proposed in this paper can effectively reduce the system's transmit power and achieve full coverage of the target area. It provides a valuable reference for the planning and deployment of UAV-BSs, and supports the development of UAV-BS communication technology. Subsequent studies will model the UAV-BS site planning process as a large circle covered by ellipses of different sizes to simulate the process of UAV-BS equipped with directional antennas to provide communication services for a specified area. Then, the UAVCN signal coverage performance will be improved by optimizing the number of UAV-BSs and the coverage area size to further meet the needs of different users. At the same time, we will focus on the challenges brought on by the flight characteristics of UAVs, and deeply study dynamic UAVCNs to find more reliable and efficient ways to improve network performance.  
Conceptualization, J.Z.; methodology, Z.T.; software, X.L.; validation, Y.S.and Y.Z.; formal analysis, X.L.; investigation, X.L.; resources, Y.S.; data curation, Z.T. and X.L.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.Z.; writing--review and editing, J.Z.; visualization, Z.T.; supervision, Y.Z.; project administration, J.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by The Joint Fund of the Ministry of Education and Equipment Pre-research grant number 8091B032226, Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi (2024 CY2-GJHX-59) and National Key Research and Development Program of China (2020 YFB1807001).  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the manuscript. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** Author [PERSON] was employed by the company Xi'an Hackbutter Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
# Applications of Pulsed Light Decontamination Technology in Food Processing: An Overview
## 2 Overview of PL Technology
PL processing offers several benefits over conventional processing like bulk of the product remains around the ambient temperatures due to shorter energy delivery time leading to no damage of inner parts of products. However, there have been reports on products getting heated due to prolonged exposure time, which needs to be mitigated. The PL systems are advantageous as flashlamps used to generate light pulses in PL systems do not require mercury, unlike continuous UV systems [20; 21]. Apart from that, the PL systems also impart less risk from pathogens, and provide improved quality of the product than thermal processing, better economics while food processing due to low operational costs, greater flexibility, and leave no chemical/biochemical residues [23]. PL technology also stands out well as compared to other non-thermal technologies like HPP and PEF. In the case of HPP, food is needed to be usually packaged before treatment. Also, mild HPP treatment seems unable to inactivate spores, rather the process promotes germination [2]. On the other hand, PL effectively inactivates spores and decontaminate food and packaging materials. Food contact surface decontamination can also be achieved using PL [9; 10]. PEF processing, although an excellent food preservation technique, has some limitations like lower processing capacities [7]. These challenges could be mitigated to a great extent using PL processing.
## 6 Conclusions  
Bit error rate is the most accepted figure of merit for evaluating the performance of DDM in terms of security. The transmission of a stream of symbols with AWGN for every observation angle is the most common procedure to evaluate BER in DDM, but it may be time-consuming. In this work, we have proven that, taking the orthogonal vector approach as a starting point and defining an average SNR appropriately, BER for standard constellations can be calculated accurately and efficiently using well-known theoretical expressions and/or computer codes.  
Several experiments have been carried out to verify that the proposed solution perfectly predicts BER for different modulation schemes, efficiencies and SNR as long as the injected artificial noise follows a zero-mean Gaussian distribution. We have also shown that, under some general conditions that are not difficult to fulfill, our solution is still valid when the artificial noise distribution is zero-mean non-Gaussian.  
The possibility of evaluating BER using only information from the transmitted radiation patterns also allows for a non-iterative synthesis of DDM imposing independent BER restrictions for the information beam width and the side lobes region. In this way, a more efficient use of the interfering power is achieved, since it is concentrated in the observation  
Figure 10: Compact antenna of [37]. QPSK modulation, \(\phi_{0}=180^{\circ}\), SNR(\(\phi_{0}\)) = 12 dB, \(PE_{DDM}\) = 45%, \(P=64\). Zero-mean artificial non-Gaussian noise. Average radiation pattern (**a**) and BER (**b**) in the XY plane.  
angles where the information is most vulnerable to potential eavesdroppers. A general DDM synthesis procedure has been presented and applied to improve the performance, in terms of security, of a multiport compact antenna with 360\({}^{\circ}\) beam steering that generates a radiation pattern with very high side lobes.  
Conceptualization, J.P. and A.T.; methodology, J.P.; software, J.P. and E.C.-H.; validation, E.C.-H.; formal analysis, J.P.; investigation, J.P. and E.C.-H.; resources, J.P. and A.T.; writing--original draft preparation, J.P.; writing--review and editing, J.P., E.C.-H. and A.T.; visualization, J.P. and E.C.-H.; supervision, J.P. and A.T.; project administration, J.P.; funding acquisition, J.P. and A.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, FEDER funds and the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (RTI2018-096019-B-C33).  
Data are contained within the article. Matlab codes used to generate the results are available from the corresponding author upon request.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# A Novel Alternating \(\mu\)-Law Companding Algorithm for PAPR Reduction in OFDM Systems
###### Abstract  
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) inherits multi-carrier systems' inevitable high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) problem. In this paper, a novel alternating companding technique is proposed to combat the harassment of high PAPR. The sequential \(\mu\)-law companding (SULC) and a tone with a lower PAPR result in only partial tones needing companding. The SULC scheme's PAPR and bit error rate (BER) performance has been balanced and improved. However, the computational complexity is still too high to be implemented. Therefore, this study sorted the transmission signals according to their amplitudes. Then, all the tones are divided into two groups by estimating the rough companding amount (around 54% of the subcarriers), using traditional parallel companding for the first group and the other group only by partial \(\mu\)-law companding. This alternating \(\mu\)-law companding (AULC) is proposed to improve the PAPR performance and simultaneously reduce complexity. Simulation results show that the proposed AULC method appreciably reduces the PAPR by about 5 dB (around 45%) compared with the original \(\mu\)-law at complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) equal to \(10^{-4}\). Moreover, it only requires a moderate complexity to outperform the other companding schemes without sacrificing the BER performance in the OFDM systems.  
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM); peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR); sequential \(\mu\)-law companding (SULC); alternating \(\mu\)-law companding (AULC); complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF)  
202413694. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13040694](https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13040694)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13040694](https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13040694))
# 4D Printing of Origami Structures for Minimally Invasive Surgeries Using Functional Scaffold
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Deformation and Shape Recovery of the PLA Filaments
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Intended Test Angle**} & \(\mathbf{30^{\circ}}\) & \(\mathbf{60^{\circ}}\) & \(\mathbf{90^{\circ}}\) & \(\mathbf{120^{\circ}}\) & \(\mathbf{150^{\circ}}\) & \(\mathbf{180^{\circ}}\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Repeat 2**} & Actual test angle & \(30^{\circ}\) & \(53^{\circ}\) & \(81^{\circ}\) & \(110^{\circ}\) & \(133^{\circ}\) & \(160^{\circ}\) \\ \cline{2-7}  & Angle post-recovery & 12 & 22 & 28 & 42 & 50 & 58 \\ \cline{2-7}  & Percentage recovered & 60.0\% & 58.5\% & 65.4\% & 61.8\% & 62.4\% & 63.8\% \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Repeat 2**} & Actual test angle & \(31^{\circ}\) & \(50^{\circ}\) & \(80^{\circ}\) & \(112^{\circ}\) & \(131^{\circ}\) & \(158^{\circ}\) \\ \cline{2-7}  & Angle post-recovery & 15 & 22 & 27 & 32 & 50 & 66 \\ \cline{2-7}  & Percentage recovered & 51.6\% & 56\% & 66.3\% & 71.4\% & 61.8\% & 58.2\% \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Repeat 3**} & Actual test angle & \(23^{\circ}\) & \(52^{\circ}\) & \(77^{\circ}\) & \(108^{\circ}\) & \(136^{\circ}\) & \(157^{\circ}\) \\ \cline{2-7}  & Angle post-recovery & 8 & 24 & 31 & 37 & 50 & 61 \\ \cline{2-7}  & Percentage recovered & 65.2\% & 53.8\% & 59.7\% & 65.7\% & 63.2\% & 61.1\% \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Repeat 4**} & Actual test angle & \(30^{\circ}\) & \(49^{\circ}\) & \(79^{\circ}\) & \(108^{\circ}\) & \(137^{\circ}\) & \(156^{\circ}\) \\ \cline{2-7}  & Angle post-recovery & 14 & 18 & 28 & 40 & 53 & 60 \\ \cline{2-7}  & Percentage recovered & 53.3\% & 63.3\% & 64.6\% & 63.0\% & 61.3\% & 61.5\% \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Repeat 5**} & Actual test angle & \(34^{\circ}\) & \(54^{\circ}\) & \(82^{\circ}\) & \(106^{\circ}\) & \(142^{\circ}\) & \(158^{\circ}\) \\ \cline{2-7}  & Angle post-recovery & 13 & 23 & 29 & 41 & 48 & 60 \\ \cline{2-7}  & Percentage recovered & 61.8\% & 57.4\% & 64.6\% & 61.3\% & 66.2\% & 62.0\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: The quantified results of the deformation and recovery of the PLA filaments.
# Applications of Raman Microscopy/Spectroscopy-Based Techniques to Plant Disease Diagnosis
## 1 Introduction  
Plant pathogenic microorganisms cause significant yield losses in many economically important crops, leading to social and economic change. The spread of these plant pathogens and the emergence of new diseases are facilitated by human practices such as monoculture farming and global trade. Therefore, it is crucial to detect and identify these pathogens early to minimize agricultural losses [1].  
New strategies and new knowledge on plant pathogen life cycles show that the study of pre-symptomatic disease detection in the latent period is crucial for crop production and for food security [2]. Literature studies have highlighted the importance of understanding latent infections of soybean and seeds by fungi [3] and the importance of understanding _Phomopsis durionis_ leaf spot and latent infection to develop effective strategies for management and control, respectively [4].  
Recent studies such as whole-genome sequencing of plant pathogens can improve diagnostic accuracy [5; 6; 7], but this kind of diagnosis (using new-generation sequencing technology in the diagnosis of fungal plant pathogens) usually generates big data that need sophisticated bioinformatic tools (machine learning, artificial intelligence) for their management [8; 9; 10; 11; 12]. Furthermore, early detection of plant diseases using spectral data is a rapidly growing field that combines the power of spectroscopy with machine learning and artificial intelligence [13; 14].  
Existing literature on plant diseases may not always provide accurate results due to various factors, such as methodology limitations (PCR or serology may produce varying results) or variability in disease expression, so combining innovative techniques with traditional-modern methods to improve our understanding of plant diseases and develop more accurate diagnostic tools is required. To address these limitations, in this article, we explore new techniques and technologies, such as advanced microscopy techniques like Raman microscopy and Raman spectroscopy, in order to develop more accurate diagnostic tools for plant pathology.