## 3 Results
### Seminiferous Tibule Morphometry  
The tubule area and diameter of the DM, DM+A, and DM+cART treated groups reduced significantly (\(p\) < 0.0001) relative to the control and DM+A+cART groups (Table 2). Further, the DM and DM+A groups showed significant decreases (\(p\) < 0.0001) in the tubular area and diameter compared to the DM+cART group. The DM, DM+A, and DM+cART treated groups had significant reductions in the epithelial height relative to the control group (\(p\) < 0.0001, \(p\) < 0.0001, and \(p\) = 0.0010, respectively) as well as in comparison with the DM+A+cART group (\(p\) < 0.0001, \(p\) < 0.0001, and \(p\) = 0.0273, respectively). However, a nonsignificant reduction (\(p\) > 0.05) was detected in the epithelial height of the DM+A+cART  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Animal Groups** & **Control** & **DM** & **DM+A** & **DM+cART** & **DM+A+cART** \\ \hline Fasting glucose (mmol/L) & 4.99 \(\pm\) 0.11 & 11.35 \(\pm\) 1.70 \({}^{\ast}\) & 13.97 \(\pm\) 1.36 \({}^{\ast}\) & 17.65 \(\pm\) 2.31 \({}^{\ast}\) & 12.06 \(\pm\) 0.82 \({}^{\ast}\) \\ Testis weight (g) & 1.91 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 1.69 \(\pm\) 0.07 & 1.31 \(\pm\) 0.27 \({}^{\ast}\) & 1.72 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 1.72 \(\pm\) 0.09 \\ Testis volume (mm\({}^{\ast}\)) & 1.88 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 1.63 \(\pm\) 0.13 & 1.2 \(\pm\) 0.2 \({}^{\ast}\) & 1.67 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 1.7 \(\pm\) 0.12 \\ Testis size (mm) & 1493 \(\pm\) 41 & 1199 \(\pm\) 85 & 9.91 \(\pm\) 96 \({}^{\ast}\) & 1271 \(\pm\) 49 & 1218 \(\pm\) 103 \\ Testicular component area fractions (AF) (\%) & & & & & \\ Epithelial (EAF) & 74.25 \(\pm\) 0.5 & 71.62 \(\pm\) 0.73 \({}^{\ast}\) & 69.69 \(\pm\) 0.58 \({}^{\ast}\) & 70.9 \(\pm\) 0.57 \({}^{\ast}\) & 74.08 \(\pm\) 0.42 \\ Lumen (LAF) & 8.56 \(\pm\) 0.29 & 7.02 \(\pm\) 0.23 \({}^{\ast}\) & 8.68 \(\pm\) 0.34 & 7.36 \(\pm\) 0.29 \({}^{\ast}\) & 7.59 \(\pm\) 0.22 \\ Interstitial space (ISAF) & 4.93 \(\pm\) 0.12 & 6.13 \(\pm\) 0.14 \({}^{\ast}\) & 6.12 \(\pm\) 0.16 \({}^{\ast}\) & 5.59 \(\pm\) 0.15 \({}^{\ast}\) & 5.76 \(\pm\) 0.16 \({}^{\ast}\) \\ Connective tissue (CTAF) & 11.97 \(\pm\) 0.31 & 14.69 \(\pm\) 0.37 \({}^{\ast}\) & 151.2 \(\pm\) 0.32 \({}^{\ast}\) & 15.77 \(\pm\) 0.39 \({}^{\ast}\) & 13.53 \(\pm\) 0.35 \({}^{\ast}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* In the same row, different superscripts: \({}^{\ast}\), \({}^{\ast}\), \({}^{\ast}\), \({}^{\ast}\) represent significant differences (\(p\) < 0.05) as analyzed by the [PERSON]’s multiple comparison test: \({}^{\ast}\) significantly different compared to the control group, \({}^{\ast}\) significantly different compared to DM+A, and \({}^{\ast}\) significantly different compared to DM+A+cART. Key: DM, diabetes; DM+A, diabetes and alcohol; DM+cART, diabetes and combination antiretroviral therapy; DM+A+cART, diabetes and alcohol and combination antiretroviral therapy.  
\end{table}
Table 1: Mean \(\pm\) SEM fasting glucose, testis morphometry, and component area fractions of the animal groups.  
group relative to the control group. The epithelial height of the DM+A group was significantly reduced (\(p\) < 0.0001) relative to the DM and DM+cART treated groups. Significant decreases were found in the lumen diameter of the DM and DM+cART treated groups relative to the control group (\(p\) = 0.0049 and \(p\) = 0.0167) and in comparison with the DM+A (\(p\) < 0.0001), and DM+A+cART groups (\(p\) < 0.0001 and \(p\) = 0.0002, respectively) (Table 2).