## 1 Introduction  
The agglomeration of residues into briquettes is one way to handle the challenge of reducing the amount of material disposed in landfill and the amount of primary raw materials. Especially during the production of steel by the electric arc furnace (EAF) route different types of by-products occur. These by-products vary in quality and quantity. Some examples are slags, dusts, sludges and scale. The amount of each by-product differs for each plant and ranges from a few 100 t/y up to over 200,000 t/y. Most of these by-products are not recycled due to a lack of low-cost pre-treatment methods for their recycling. At the moment, they are being disposed in landfill or being used as construction material. Changes in the worldwide environmental policies towards the stricter regulation of applications outside steel plants and restrictions on landfill necessitate integrated pollution prevention and lead to the development of new processes [1; 2; 3]. Most of the processes for the recycling of steel production are dedicated to the recovery of metallic oxides like Zn [4; 5; 6; 7]. The most known process for the recycling of EAF dusts is the Waelz process. A rotary kiln is used to recover the zinc from EAF dusts. However, besides the poor quality because of impurities, this is a solution for a single by-product and not internal recycling [5]. Because of their low metal content, the recycling of refractory material for the internal use is a less investigated topic [2]. Due to the high content of CaO and MgO, refractory material can be used as slag former in the EAF [8; 9]. Ladle furnace slag can also be utilized as slag former and substitute primary raw materials such as limestone or dolomite lime. In the theory, the slag could be charged in a liquid state into the EAF, but the coordination of both processes and the handling make it practically impossible. In long-term trials, the possibility of the injection of slag powder was proven [8; 9; 10; 11; 12]. Although the agglomeration of EAF by-products via roller press or extrusion press were the aim of many studies, their focus was on by-products with high Cr-content and EAF-dusts [13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18]. However, a simple solution for the internal recycling of the different kinds of EAF-steel plant by-products is still missing.  
The aim of the Fines2 EAF-Project (funded by the European Research Fund for Coal and Steel) is the on-site agglomeration of by-products of the EAF-steel route. Three European steel plants are participating in the project to find a low-cost and flexible solution to recycle their residues/by-products internally. The stamp press is the central element of the project because it can easily be adapted for different materials and requires a lower amount of binding agent compared to the pelletizing process. Because of the simple technic and the lower content of binder the capital and operational expenditures can be kept low level and contribute to the achievement of economic viability of the process [19]. Furthermore, the adjustable press force, pressing speed and mold size as well as grain size flexibility are specifically beneficial properties of the stamp press for the agglomeration of the different by-products of the steel plants. Another benefit is that the stamp press does not require an additional drying process, as is the case with the pelletizing process [20; 21].  
This work presents tests to prove the suitability of the agglomerated residues in briquette form for later use in electric arc furnaces as a secondary raw material. The scope is the analysis of the thermal behavior through thermal gravity analysis combined with mass spectrometry. Additional melts in a pilot-scale 45-litre electric arc furnace were carried out to investigate the melting behavior and the metallurgical influence on the steel and slag. An economical and environmental evaluation of the agglomeration process is not part of this work and will be part of a separate work.