## 2 Electromagnetic Field
In recent decades, there have been two international organizations setting exposure limits for the protection from radiofrequency radiation of living organisms, namely the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). These organizations have established limiting criteria for electrical devices due to electromagnetic compatibility concerns, aiming to minimize adverse effects on humans. This action followed a rise in negative feedback from individuals working with computing technology, who reported health deterioration, especially when using computers. Consequently, specific limits were set for electrical devices, which must also be electromagnetically compatible for safe practical use. Given the daily exposure of modern humans to electromagnetic fields of varying intensities from different sources, proof of negative effects such as cancer, mental disorders, organ damage, etc., would have significant implications [18; 19; 20]. The biological effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) depend on several objective and subjective parameters. These include [18]:  
* Physical parameters of the field, like frequency range, intensity, field character (amplitude and signal spectrum), and duration of exposure. * The physical and chemical properties of the organism, including size, weight, surface nature, thickness of layers (skin, fat, muscle), water content, current health and mental state, and the presence of other stress factors. * There are generally two main types of EMF effects [19]:  
1. Thermal effects, caused by temperature increases due to absorbed EM energy, are well understood and widely used in medicine for various therapeutic applications. 2. Non-thermal effects, which are immediate effects of the electromagnetic field. However, in practice, these two types of effects are practically inseparable. Thermal effects depend on the amount of absorbed energy and the depth of absorption, and problems can arise if the body cannot dissipate the excess heat, potentially leading to overheating of sensitive organs like the eyes, brain, and testes. Non-thermal effects are mostly determined by the immediate amplitude of high-frequency radiation, and the effects increase with repeated exposure to pulse fields. The impact of long-term, low-power EMP exposure is especially noticeable in the central nervous system, causing symptoms like fatigue, apathy, sleep disturbances, attention and memory decline, headaches, sensitivity, and reduced potency. These changes affect cellular structures and electrical properties. Non-thermal effects are analyzed at two levels in biological research:  
Findings from laboratory experiments, supplemented by epidemiological studies. Epidemiological observations are only considered valid when supported by experimentally verified hypotheses [18]. Non-thermal phenomena can have a \"window character\", only manifesting under certain specific field parameters. This effect is more pronounced in low-frequency magnetic fields. The results of numerous studies indicate [1, 5, 18, 20] changes in enzyme reactions, nerve cells, ion concentration in nerve tissue, and the defensive properties of lymphocytes. There is also a possibility of molecular-level resonance. Sometimes, non-thermal effects are thought to cause protein denaturation and changes in lipoproteins and enzymes. At very high frequencies and intensities, the penetration of fields into the human body is significantly limited.