# Digital 3D Hologram Generation Using Spatial and Elevation Information
### Maps and Cartography  
Maps are indispensable tools for navigation, research, and exploration [4]. They serve as mathematical, generalized representations of specific areas and are available in both analog and digital formats [5]. Maps and their associated visual representations are vital across various disciplines [6], with distinct objectives guiding the development of different types of maps [7].  
Cartography, an interdisciplinary field, encompasses the conceptualization, creation, distribution, and scholarly examination of maps [6]. It involves systematically communicating information visually by selecting appropriate elements and colors and structuring content to effectively convey specific messages [8]. Cartographic representations have evolved from ancient rock paintings to sophisticated map projections, showcasing the progression of mapping technologies over time [9]. Prior to the digital era, spatial data were collected and processed using analog methods [10].  
A notable feature of early twenty-first-century cartography is the seamless integration of web-based mapping services [11; 12], complemented by the widespread adoption of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) platforms [13] and mobile applications [14]. This synergy has significantly enhanced the accessibility and functionality of GIS technology, making advanced mapping tools more user-friendly and readily available than ever [13]. Technological advancements in geospatial science are propelling cartography forward, fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, enhancing practical applications, and accelerating the development of innovative cartographic tools and methodologies [11; 14]. The adoption rate of web-based maps has increased markedly over recent decades [15].  
Web-mapping services offer significant advantages over traditional paper maps, and their adoption of 2D and 3D web-mapping techniques is expected to become standard in crisis management [16]. These technologies are highly effective in managing various crises, providing crucial support for timely and informed decision-making. Despite their notable benefits, web-mapping services have limitations and potential drawbacks, particularly when critical systems like electrical power and computer networks fail [16]. Furthermore, issues related to network security and bandwidth can impact the effectiveness of web-based maps, potentially reducing their overall utility [17]. In such cases, more advanced map types are necessary.  
Representing our three-dimensional environment accurately remains a major challenge in cartography [2]. Traditional 2D mapping products often fail to convey essential 3D information about terrain and its features [16]. Many users frequently encounter difficulties with paper maps [18], which can impede effective navigation and spatial understanding, underscoring the need for more advanced mapping solutions.  
Raised relief maps are visually appealing and effective for depicting geographic features, but they have significant limitations, including restricted precision and accuracy [2; 19], high production costs, and complex usability [20]. These shortcomings of traditional maps may be alleviated via the use of holography [2; 4]. Before exploring the role of holography in map production, the principles of holography need to be understood.