## 3 Results  
In the last two decades, numerous natural bioactive molecules were shown to stimulate either a unique subtype or even more subtypes of PPARs, which have been implicated in the molecular mechanisms of diverse pathophysiological states as described in Table 1.  
_Hippocamp starifanum_ (Kraenzl. ), _R.S.Oliveira_ and _Dutill_ (Amaryllidaceae) constitutes an endemical plant species that thrives in the Brazilian savannah, which can exert diverse biological and pharmacological properties [44]. A recent study evaluated the potential effects of _H. stapfianum_ leaf ethanol derivatives on the activity of the acetylcholinesteraseinesterase enzyme and their effects on both PPAR-\(\alpha\) and -\(\gamma\)[44]. It was observed that the _H. stapfianum_ ethanol extracts stimulated PPAR-\(\alpha\) and -\(\gamma\), suppressed the acetylcholinesteraseinesterase enzyme, and possessed antioxidant properties in vitro. The most prominent natural compounds  
Figure 1: Flow chart diagram of study enrollment. found were 7-demethoxy-9-O-methylhostasine and lycorine [44]. According to this preliminary evidence, _H. stapfianum_ could be considered as a drug candidate for Alzheimer's disease by activating PPAR-\(\alpha\) and -\(\gamma\), inhibiting acetylcholinesterasekinase, and attenuating antioxidant activity [44]. The ability of _Morus nigra_ L. to exert anti-inflammation properties in lipopolysaccharide-ride (LPS)-stimulated murine macrophage cells was also examined [45]. The inflammatory inhibitory effect was evaluated by the measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROSs), nitric oxide (NO), and tumor necrosis factor-\(\alpha\) (TNF-\(\alpha\)) production in RAW 264.7 cells along with the treatment with LPS from _Escherichia coli_. This study showed that the extracts from the leaves of Morus nigra can stimulate the activation of both PPAR-\(\alpha\) and -\(\gamma\)[45]. The above finding appears to be due to the synergistic influence of their natural constituents as their main molecules, rutin and isoquercitrin, could not stimulate PPAR-\(\alpha\) and -\(\gamma\) distinctly. Collectively, the _Morus nigra_ L. extracts demonstrated sufficient anti-inflammation properties by attenuating the ROS, NO, and TNF-\(\alpha\) release in LPS-exposed stimulated RAW 264.7 cells [45]. The triterpen saponin asperosaponin VI, one of the active compounds of the traditional Chinese medicine _Radix dipsaci_, has been shown to be effective in osteoporosis treatment, demonstrating anti-inflammatory activity [46]. It can also penetrate to the central nervous system (CNS), overcoming the blood-brain barrier, providing protection to the neurons, and improving several symptoms induced by neurological diseases [46]. In this aspect, [PERSON] et al. evaluated the potential beneficial impact of asperosaponin VI on mice treated for chronic mild stress (CMS), highlighting the fundamental molecular mechanism of its action [46]. In fact, the CMS in the mice induced a pro-inflammation state in the microglia, which caused decreased crosstalk between the microglia and neurons, an inflammatory state, and synopsis dysregulation in the hippocampus, resulting in depression-like behaviors. Based on the above evidence, asperosaponin VI could improve the negative impacts of CMS by triggering microglia to present PPAR-\(\gamma\)-supported neuroprotection [46]. Methoxygenol is a molecule found in certain edible raw materials like _Myristicia fragrans_ Houtt and Brazilian red propolisis. The methoxygenol included in the above raw materials is broadly utilized for the treatment of liver and gastrointestinal disorders. However, there are no data on the preventive effects against fibrotic liver damage [47]. In this context, [PERSON] et al. investigated the potential properties of methoxyeugenol on hepatic stellate cell phenotype regulation in both human and murine cells [47].