### Tocopherol Synthesis
#### 2.1.3 Genetic Approaches for Boosting Isoprenoid Production in Plants
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Proteins** & **Species** & **Target Genes** & **Anti-Oxidants** & **Editing Type** & **Result** \\ \hline LDOX, leucatho-cyanidin & _Oryza sativa_L. (black rice) & _Os0 Ig0372500_ (_OsLDOX_) & \begin{tabular}{c} Pronthoods, cyanidin, \\ cyanidin \\ dixygenase \\ \end{tabular} & Knockout as a result of deletions and insertions & \begin{tabular}{c} Brown seeds, much \\ lower total \\ anthocyanin content \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline UGTs, UDP-glucosyltransferase & _A. thaliana_ & _UGT79B2_ (_At4g27560_), _UGT79B3_, _(_At4g27570_) & \begin{tabular}{c} Modulating \\ anthocyanin \\ \end{tabular} & Knockout as a result of deletions and insertions & \begin{tabular}{c} Reduced levels of \\ flavonoids and \\ increased \\ susceptibility to \\ abiotic stress [155] \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline _GI5 GT_, & & & & & \\ anthocyanin 5-O-glucosyltransferase; & _Gti5 GT_, & _Gti5 GT_, & & & \\ anthocyanin 5-O-glucosyltransferase; & _Gti5 GT_, & _Gti5 GT_, & & & \\ _GI5/3_AT_, & _triflora_\(\times\)_Gentian_ & _Gt5/3_AT_ & & & \\ anthocyanin & _ascabra_ & & & \\ \(5/3^{\prime}\)-aromatic & & & & & \\ acyltransferase & & & & & \\ \hline PAP1, production of anthocyanin pigment 1 (MYB transcription factor (TF)) & _A. thaliana_ & _AT1G56650_ (_PAP1_) & Flavonoids & \begin{tabular}{c} CRISPR/Cas9 activation \\ system with the \\ p65-HSF activators to \\ increase endogenous \\ transcriptional levels \\ \end{tabular} & Purple pigmentation of the leaves under a \\ \hline _ANTI_, anthocyanin mutant 1 (Myb TFs) & _ANT1_ & \begin{tabular}{c} Gene targeting upstream \\ of the _ANTI_ gene \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Overexpression and \\ ectopic accumulation \\ of pigments in tomato \\ tissues [158] \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline SIAN2-like, (R2R3-MYB TFs) & _S. lycopenetium_ & _Solyc10g086290_ (_SIAN2-like_) & Flavonoids & Knockout as a result of deletion & \begin{tabular}{c} Lower accumulation \\ of anthocyanins, \\ downregulation of \\ multiple \\ anthocyanin-related \\ genes [160] \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline SIAN2 (R2R3-MYB TFs) & _SIAN2_ & \begin{tabular}{c} Flavonoids \\ _SIAN2_ \\ \end{tabular} & Knockout as a result of deletion & \begin{tabular}{c} Flowonoid content and \\ the relative expression \\ levels of several \\ anthocyanin-related \\ genes in vegetative \\ tissues were \\ significantly \\ lower [161] \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline DcPDS and DcMYBB113-like (R2R3-MYB TFs) & _D. carota_ & _DcPDS_, _DcMYBB113-like_ & Knockout as a result of deletions & \begin{tabular}{c} Regenerated albino \\ shoots [54] \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline PrtMYB57 (R2R3-MYB TFs) & _Populus_ & _PtrMYB57_ & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Anthocyanin \\ and proantho- \\ cyanidin \\ \end{tabular} & Knockout as a result of deletions &
\begin{tabular}{c} High anthocyanin and \\ proanthocyanidin \\ phenotype [162] \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: _Cont._  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Proteins** & **Species** & **Target Genes** & **Anti-Oxidants** & **Editing Type** & **Result** \\ \hline FtMYB45 (R2R3-MYB TFs) & _Fagopryum_ & _FtMYB45_ & Flavonoids & Knockout as a result of deletions and insertion & Content of rutin, catechin, and other flavonoids was increased in hairy root mutants [163] \\ \hline  & & & Accumulation of metabolites (narinigenin chalcone, naringenin, dihydroflavonols, and cyanidin-3-O-glucose); synthesis of stilbenes (\(\alpha\)-vinfinerin), lignans, and some flavonoids (including quercetin-3-O-rhammoside and kaempfer-7-O-rhammoside) was significantly inhibited [164]. \\ \hline TTG1, Transparent Testa Glabral (MYB-bHLH-WD40 TFs) & _A. thaliana_ & _TTG1_ & & Mutants produce pale seeds and lack trichomes [165] \\ \hline TTG1, Transparent Testa Glabral (MYB-bHLH-WD40 TFs) & _A. thaliana_ & _TTG1_ & & \\ \hline TTG1, Transparent Testa Glabral (MYB-bHLH-WD40 TFs) & _A.