# Anti-Breast Cancer Activity of Essential Oil:
## 3 Result
### Bioactivity of Essential Oils as Anti-Breast Cancer Agents
#### 3.4.1 Monoterpenes
According to reports, _Oxycedrus_ L. triggered caspase-9 activation and mitochondrial potential loss in ER + breast cancer cells, indicating that the fruit oils activated the intrinsic mechanism of death in these cells [99]. According to a different study, the essential oils of _Pallines spinosa_'s flowers were substantially more effective than those of the oil leaves against MCF-7 (IC\({}_{50}\) 0.25 \(\pm\) 0.03 \(\upmu\)g/mL) and MDA-MB-231 (IC\({}_{50}\) 0.21 \(\pm\) 0.03 \(\upmu\)g/mL), respectively. When compared to breast cancerand cell hematology, the toxicity of flower oils was five to eight times lower in normal MCF-10-2A (IC\({}_{50}\) 1.3 \(\pm\) 0.2 \(\upmu\)g/mL) and blood mononuclear cells (2.80 \(\pm\) 0.45 \(\upmu\)g/mL), respectively. Both oils change the levels of the proteins Bcl-2 and Bax and cause caspase-dependent and MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell-dependent apoptosis. Additionally, the oils control the production of cyclin D1, CDK4, and p21 proteins to suppress the cell cycle in both cancer cell lines at the G0/G1 phase [60]. Ferulaassa-foetida and Decatropis bicolor (Zucc.) also contain monoterenes having anti-breast cancer effectiveness. The cytotoxic impact on MDA-MB-231 cells is dosage- and time-dependent, with an IC\({}_{50}\) of 53.81 \(\pm\) 1.691 \(\upmu\)g/mL, but is independent of the breast epithelial cell line MCF10A (207.51 \(\pm\) 3.26 \(\upmu\)g/mL). However, ferulic acid did not show any significant effect until 500 \(\upmu\)g/mL [100; 101]. The essential oils from _Cinnamom longgeniculatum_ were mainly terpinen-4-ol, \(\alpha\)-terpineol, and safrole, which are known to induces apoptosis or substantial necrosis in human A549 lung cancer and MCF-7 breast cancer cells [106]. Among the four main components of Korean pine essential oils, d-limonene, 3-carene, \(\alpha\)-pinene, and \(\beta\)-myrcene demonstrated the highest suppression of nuclear factor \(\upkappa\)B (NF-\(\upkappa\)B) triggered by the tumor necrosis factor (TNF\(\upkappa\)) [105]. The active substance in the essential oils could inhibit the growth of MCF-7 cells within 24 h (\(p\) < 0.05), which is consistent with the results of live/dead cell fluorescent staining. Chenopodium ambrosoidesL inhibited essential oils by 58.98%, 1-isopropyl-4-methylbenzene by 37.8%, and \(\alpha\)-terpinene by 32.09%. In comparison to the control, the relative MDA content increased considerably (\(p\) 0.05) up to concentrations of 1.25, 0.21, and 0.17 \(\upmu\)g/mL for essential oils 1-isopropyl-4-methylbenzene, and \(\alpha\)-terpinene, respectively, and subsequently declined (\(p\) < 0.05) [61]. The molecular profile of lemon essential oils against breast cancer was examined using GC/MS analysis. Limonene (47.24% and 55.23%), geranial (14.48% and 7.94%), and neral (12.1% and 6.1%) made up most of the mixture. At an IC\({}_{50}\) of 10% (\(\
u\)/\(\
u\)), the oils from the leaves exhibited cytotoxic action against breast cancer cells (MCF-7). According to the results (compared to untreated cells; \(p\) < 0.05), there was a significant increase in the expression level of the apoptotic protein caspase-8, a significant decrease in the expression level of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, and a significant increase in the expression level of the proliferative marker Ki-67 [113; 123]. Another test conducted on red algae _Plocamium_ extract with monoterenes as the dominant compound was against MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer cells. The results showed that it is able to disrupt mitochondria, activate caspase-3/7, externalize phosphatidylserine, reduce the number of polyploid cells, and is DNA fragmentation consistent with the induction of apoptosis with an IC\({}_{50}\) value of 16 \(\pm\) 2.2 \(\upmu\)M, 7.3 \(\pm\) 0.4 \(\upmu\)M, and 3.3 \(\pm\) 0.5 \(\upmu\)M after 24 h, 48 h, dan 72 h, respectively [124].