## 4 Results
### Results from Dose Optimization for Shitiake FBs  
To determine the optimal quantity of shitiake FBs for maximizing rice seedling growth and biomass accumulation, we evaluated the effects of different amounts of shitiake FBs on these growth parameters. The appearance of rice seedlings in Figure 3A shows the effect of varying quantities of shitiake FBs VCs on rice seedling growth and biomass production. The results demonstrate a clear dose-dependent effect of VCs emitted from shitiake FBs on rice seedling growth parameters, including dry weight, plant height, and root length. Dry weight significantly increased with 15, 30, 60 g of shitiake FBs. Seedlings exposed to 60 g had the highest dry weight (103.6 \(\pm\) 9.07 mg, labeled a), representing a 138.7% increase compared to the control (43.4 \(\pm\) 4.04 mg, labeled d, \(p\)\(<\) 0.0001). Similarly, seedlings exposed to 30 g showed a significant increase to 88.8 \(\pm\) 5.76 mg (labeled b), a 104.6% increase relative to the control (\(p\)\(<\) 0.0001). At 15 g, dry weight was 59.8 \(\pm\) 9.41 mg (labeled c) and significantly higher than the control (43.44 \(\pm\) 4.04 mg) (\(p\) = 0.0062). In contrast, lower doses (1 g and 5 g) showed no significant differences compared to the control (44.2 \(\pm\) 3.03 mg and 45.2 \(\pm\) 4.76 mg, both labeled d, \(p\)\(>\) 0.05) (Figure 3B).  
Plant height showed a dose-dependent response, with significant increases at 30 g and 60 g. Seedlings at 30 g and 60 g exhibited average plant heights of 40.2 \(\pm\) 4.31 cm and 40.82 \(\pm\) 3.54 cm, both labeled a, and significantly greater than the control (34.04 \(\pm\) 3.40 cm, labeled b, c, \(p\)\(=\) 0.0305 and \(p\)\(=\) 0.0156, respectively). Lower doses, including 1 g, showed no significant difference from the control (36.5 \(\pm\) 2.44 cm, labeled b, c, \(p\)\(>\) 0.05).  
Root length exhibited a contrasting trend compared to dry weight and plant height, showing reductions across treatments. Seedlings exposed to 15 g had the shortest root lengths (5.22 \(\pm\) 0.73 cm, labeled a, \(p\)\(=\) 0.0106), representing a significant 26.5% decrease compared to the control (7.1 \(\pm\) 1.10 cm, labeled a). A significant reduction was also observed at 1 g (5.4 \(\pm\) 1.18 cm, labeled a, \(p\)\(=\) 0.0255). For seedlings exposed to 5 g, root length averaged 5.92 \(\pm\) 0.84 cm (labeled a), showing no statistical difference from the control (\(p\)\(>\) 0.05). However, at 30 g and 60 g, root lengths partially recovered to 6.88 \(\pm\) 1.23 cm  
Figure 2: Effect of VCs emitted from enokitake and shitiake fungi beds on rice seedling growth and biomass accumulation. (**A**) Representative images of rice seedlings exposed to VCs from enokitake and shitiake fungi beds compared to control seedlings (scale bar = 5 cm is shown as white bar at the left). (**B**) Dry weight (mg) of rice seedlings after 14 days of exposure. (**C**) Plant height (cm) of rice seedlings. (**D**) Root length (cm) of rice seedlings. Distinct letters (a, b, c) denote statistically significant differences (\(p\)\(<\) 0.05) among the treatments. The data are presented as mean \(\pm\) standard deviation (SD) with n = 5. Error bars represent the standard deviation (\(\pm\)SD).  
and 6.64 \(\pm\) 0.69 cm, respectively, with no significant differences compared to the control (\(p\) > 0.05, labeled a) (Figure 3D).  
These results suggest that increasing the quantity of FBs leads to a dose-dependent effect on rice seedling growth, with higher dose quantities potentially influencing biomass accumulation and development.