# Function-Based Design Principles for Additive Manufacturing
## 3 Design Principles for Additive Manufacturing
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c l} \hline \hline \# & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Design Principles for AM**} \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\#DP11} & **Enhance energy magnitude by shaping internal chamber for the use case** \\  & AM enables the creation of complex internal geometry. Create custom internal chambers with geometry that will help change the magnitude of the energy (e.g., increase/decrease pressure, change acoustic or kinetic energy). \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\#DP12} & **Conduct mechanical energy and forces by applying lattice structures** \\  & AM enables easy manufacturing of lattice structures, on multiple levels of hierarchy, through the entire geometry or only in part of the geometry. Use the lattice structures to conduct mechanical energy through the product and create a lightweight but stiff product. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\#DP13} & **Conduct mechanical energy and forces by applying topologically optimised geometry** \\  & AM enables manufacturing of complex geometries. Use this possibility to create topologically optimised geometry to create optimised designs with reduced mass and/or increased performance that will conduct mechanical energy or forces. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\#DP14} & **Conduct mechanical energy and forces by using void structures** \\  & AM enables manufacturing of complex geometries. Use this possibility to create void structures to conduct mechanical energy or forces with reduced weight. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\#DP15} & **Conduct energy by using material with appropriate properties** \\  & AM processes can utilise a variety of different materials. Use appropriate material for the use case. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\#DP16} & **Interact with object or material by customising geometry for the use case** \\  & AM enables easy customisation of geometry. Customise geometry for the particular use case to enable interaction with the object of interest to ensure an adequate fit. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\#DP17} & **Import/export fluid by applying appropriate openings** \\  & With AM, it is easy to create custom openings on the surface. Customise the openings according to fluid dynamics to increase the overall performance during import or export of fluids from the system. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\#DP18} & **Conduct energy by embracing anisotropy and layered structure** \\  & One of the characteristics of most AM processes is the anisotropic properties in a final product. Utilise the product \\  & orientation a layer like structure to increase the strength of the part in the direction of energy flow. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\#DP19} & **Enable movement of the system by using compliant mechanism** \\  & Compliant mechanisms enable desired motions through relative flexibility of the mechanism shape. The AM capability of manufacturing complex shapes with varying wall thickness provides a means to create custom 2D and 3D single-body compliant mechanisms. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\#DP20} & **Achieve degree of freedom/desired behaviour by applying custom material distribution** \\  & AM enables manufacturing of shapes with varying wall thicknesses. Use the material distribution to achieve movement \\  & and desired behaviour with the relative movement of a single body part. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\#DP21} & **Solve function with non-AM component by using integrated attachment point/geometry** \\  & Sometimes AM cannot solve the product function, or the function can be solved more easily or cheaply with a non-AM component. Use the customisability of AM to create an attachment point or geometry for easy integration of non-AM \\  & components into a product. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\#DP22} & **Detect and indicate temperature change by using thermal sensitive material** \\  & AM can process a variety of materials, including thermal sensitive polymers. Use thermal sensitive polymer to indicate a change in temperature to the user without the need for a dedicated sensor. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\#DP23} & **Connect another part or flexible end of a part by using integrated attachment point/geometry** \\  & When a multi-part design or part opening is needed to solve the function, integrate the attachments into a product to ease the assembly and disassembly without the need for additional fastening elements. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\#DP24} & **Allow pass through of fluid by using lattice structures** \\  & AM enables easy manufacturing of lattice structures on multiple levels of hierarchy, through the entire geometry or only in part of the geometry. Use the lattice structures to allow the pass through of fluid over a larger surface area. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\#DP25} & **Convey information with colour by using multicolour AM** \\  & Some AM processes are capable of building multi-material structures. Use the multi-material capability to embed and convey information through colour. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\#DP26} & **Convey information by customising geometry** \\  & AM enables easy manufacturing of complex geometry on multiple levels of hierarchy. Use custom geometry to convey information to the user by embedding it directly to the part. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}