# (R-ISSUES) Rural Interoperable System of Systems for Unified Environmental Stewardship
## 2 Materials and Methods  
Demonstrating digital technologies can be useful but challenging, and to try to answer Q1 according to the strategy, it is necessary to investigate the EU CORDIS Research and Development (R&D) database to detect the use of some key enabling technologies (KETs) in energy, water, or food R&D projects. We need to see if such projects are using systems engineering (SE) practices like those described in the International Council on systems engineering (INCOSE) handbook [30]. Section 3 shows a classification based on ERA challenges and the authors' criteria to provide results  
Once KETs and SE have been assessed, it makes sense to explore a motivational example of the economics of a mineral water plant to be involved in R&D projects and the replicability potential for using R&D results in Spain. As a motivational case study, a simplified, integrated cost model is used to assess the feasibility of conducting such R&D by a theoretically leading mineral water plant in Spain. The model is calibrated with the AWS reports [9] and complemented with a Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis. This is shown in Section 4. This is necessary to demonstrate that digital technologies can be affordable and to try to answer Q3 according to the strategy. \begin{table}
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**High-Level Objectives** & **Question** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Conceptual Model’s Relationships**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Assumption**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Strategy**} \\ \hline Digital Technologies can be affordable. & (Q3) How can replicability of a set of solutions for resilience be assessed in practice? & Demonstrate responsibility and resilience to water risk & A1—Water Stewardship can benefit from Resilience resilience to water risk & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Digital Technologies can be reliable.} & (Q4) Is investing in resilience in the investment scope of private firms? & Mineral and spring water industrial business (in an) object of Water & \multirow{4}{*}{A4—Engineering systems providing resilience can benefit from a System of Systems (SoS) approach.} & \multirow{4}{*}{Economic assessment and sample statistics.} \\  & (Q4) Is investing in resilience in the investment scope of private firms? & Stewardship certification. Systems providing resilience to fire risk include early fire detection, water storage for extinction, and electricity storage. & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
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Table 1: \(Cont.\) \begin{table}
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**Solution for Resilience for Forest Fire Risk Event** & **Operational Independence** & **Manager Independence** & **Geographical Distribution** & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Emergent Behaviour or Evolutionary Development Processes**} \\ \hline Early fire detection system & The systems are operated independently using their respective processes but can be operated with the same staff if adequately trained. The electricity supply and other risks, like cyber threats, make these systems interdependent, too. & Requires collaboration with different Public Administrations. & Satellites and mass are used to cover the whole watershed. & Ground detection may grow in time, depending on the actual satellite resolution. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Water storage system for fire fighting} & & & Water reservoirs. & The water reservoir could be used to produce electricity in some sites. \\ \cline{2-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
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Table 2: Systems providing resilience and SoS characteristics mapping. With the previous research and motivational case, it is possible to introduce a model called R-ISSUES to promote early interoperability between energy and environment systems engineering towards the shared mission of designing digital and rural jobs and preserving our biosphere, corresponding to the motivational case.