# Flue Gas Composition and Treatment Potential of a Waste Incineration Plant
## 3 Results
### Adopted Flue Gas Cleaning System for the Proposed Plant
The governing chemical equation for the interaction between the solid spherical carbon materials and CO\({}_{2}\) gas is as follows:  
\[\text{CO}_{2}(\text{g})+\text{C}(\text{s})\to 2\text{CO}(\text{g})\]  
As can be seen, the chemical molar equality states that each mole of carbon grabs one mole of carbon dioxide, and as a result, this interaction produces two moles of carbon monoxide (CO). It is important to mention that carbon monoxide does not directly contribute to global climate change, but it does react in the atmosphere to produce methane and ozone [30]. Methane and ozone are similar to carbon dioxide in the contribution they make to human-caused climate change. Despite this, carbon monoxide was not identified in the suite of greenhouse gases addressed by the Kyoto Protocol or in most other international agreements aimed at reducing climate change. Carbon monoxide has not been targeted as a greenhouse gas in part because its effects on the climate depend on the locations from which it is emitted. The generated carbon monoxide can reproduce carbon dioxide by interacting with the oxygen in the atmosphere, and while CO is both formed and oxidized in the upper atmosphere, the rate of oxidation of CO in the dense lower atmosphere is not known with certainty [36]. It has been indicated that no direct chemical oxidation of CO by oxygen in sunlight has ever been observed. The concentrations of atomic oxygen (O) and the rate coefficients, particularly in the lower atmosphere, are too low to cause appreciable loss. Carbon monoxide is chemically oxidized slowly by molecular oxygen in the lower atmosphere via the process:  
\[\text{CO}+\text{O}_{2}\to\text{CO}_{2}+\text{O}\]  
Additionally, via the water gas reaction:  
\[\text{CO}+\text{H}_{2}\text{O}\leftrightarrow\text{CO}_{2}+\text{H}_{2}\]  
As can be seen, the reaction of carbon monoxide with water vapor is a reversible and unfixed reaction. Both the above-mentioned reactions require a massive amount of energy to be accomplished in nature (atmosphere), where 213,384 KJ/mol of energy is required for interacting carbon monoxide with oxygen and 280,328 KJ/mol is required to react with water vapor [36]. The enormous amount of energy required is the main barrier to achieving these reactions in the atmosphere, due to which reproducing carbon dioxide by oxidation of carbon monoxide seems to be difficult in the lower part of the atmospheric wrap. In nature, many sinks probably exist for carbon monoxide gas, and large-scale atmospheric mixing is sufficient to move the CO to an upper atmospheric sink. Another possible sink is when the CO is in contact with soil that may be oxidized and converted by commonly found specific anaerobic methane-producing soil microorganisms. The ocean may also serve as a potential sink for CO. Carbon monoxide is soluble to a degree in sea water to the order of 0.032 to 0.017 (volume of gas, absorbed by a unit volume of water when the pressure of the gas equals 1 atm) at a temperature range of \(-2\) to 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C [36]. Table 13 shows the results from the simulated spherical carbon injection to reduce the CO\({}_{2}\) emissions of the flue gas in Epsilon. As can be seen in Table 13, the CO\({}_{2}\) emissions before the reactor were 180.9 g/m\({}^{3}\) which is equivalent to 35 kg/s, where the mass flow rate of the flue gas according to Epsilon's results was 195.25 m\({}^{3}\)/s. This means that there are around 1.4 tons of CO \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Compound** & **Molar Weight (g/mol)** & **Epsilon Emissions before Treatment (mg/m\({}^{3}\))** & **Epsilon Emissions after Treatment (mg/m\({}^{3}\))** \\ \hline CO\({}_{2}\) & 44.01 & 180,960.66 & 4014.7 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 13: CO\({}_{2}\) emissions before and after the reactor of CO\({}_{2}\) purification. emissions generated from this facility, which matches the values for CO\({}_{2}\) emissions in the literature [37], where the range is around 0.7-1.7 tons for each ton of waste burned in WtE systems.