## 2 Theory
### Connectivity and Society  
In the international arena, there are Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically SDG 9 \"Build resilient infrastructure, promote sustainable industrialization and foster innovation\". Figure 3 displays a correlation graph between the SDG score, the ICT Development Index (IDI) score, and the IMD digital competitiveness score of 50 countries as part of the SDG accomplishment accelerator. The graph demonstrates that an increase in a country's ICT capabilities will correspond with the achievement of certain SDGs. The highest-scoring countries in ICT are those with high levels of ICT investment and innovation, as well as high levels of economic prosperity, literacy, and the ability to use digital technology. The proposed 17 grid-forming indicators include this.  
It is believed that the benefits of Internet access are so significant that it is almost essential in the current period. It cannot be denied that the Internet is useful. For instance, Internet purchasing eliminates time-consuming activities such as long-distance travel, rush hour, and traffic congestion; hence, the time saved might be considered an enhancement in life quality. In addition, Internet access is a requirement for current scientific studies. In the past, scientists and graduate students were required to spend months in libraries and archives to locate the necessary content. This time has been reduced to a few weeks, if not hours, thanks to the Internet. In addition, the COVID pandemic changed the habit of most people using the Internet. Based on these arguments, it would appear that the benefits of Internet access significantly outweigh the hazards, making it an indispensable component of our life.  
However, as shown in Figure 4, most of the world's population is covered by a mobile-broadband signal, but there are still blind areas [38; 39; 40]. In most developing nations, mobile broadband (3G or higher) is the primary and often only means of accessing the Internet [41]. It is a necessary condition, but it is not sufficient, as potential users encounter numerous obstacles to connectivity. In Indonesia, there are still indigenous villages seeking to preserve their culture without outside interference, such as telecommunications equipment and signals. One such example is that of Wae Rebo, as shown in Figure 5. Wae Rebo is a remote and secluded traditional village in Manggarai Regency, East Nusa Tenggara. Waerebo Village itself is 1200 years old and has entered the 20 th generation where 1 generation is 60 years old. The Wae Rebo people still maintain a way of life according to the culture and traditions passed down by their ancestors. Moreover, even in developed countries such as the United States, 7% of Americans do not use the Internet [42]. Therefore, while nearly  
Figure 3: SDG, IDI, and Digital Competitiveness Scores by Country [34; 35; 36]. Reprinted/adapted with permission from Ref. [37]. 2022, IMD World Digital Competitiveness Ranking: IMD World Competitiveness Center, Switzerland.  
every urban area in the globe is covered by a mobile broadband network, there are still significant gaps in rural areas.  
Figure 4: 5G Coverage Map Worldwide Year 2023 and Population Coverage by Type of Mobile Network and Area Year 2021, Original Mapping from [43] and Redrawn from [41].