## 4 Discussion
A smooth and polished surface is characterized by a low surface energy, which has the effect of reducing the formation and accumulation of plaque, which slows the initiation and development of caries and periodontal disease [54]. Plaque adheres in greater amounts when the surface of the material is uneven. Grooves and other surface defects lead to an increase in potential surface area for seeding and are sites that favor microbial niche formation. Biofilm primarily develops in surface depressions through the irreversible attachment of pioneer planktonic bacteria [38]. On the other hand, the reduced surface roughness associated with glazing and polishing improves the mechanical and service properties of the material. The reduction in surface roughness, and therefore the reduction in roughness value, is aimed at obtaining a homogeneous material that would be able to transmit loads uniformly throughout its volume without the development of stress concentrations that could lead to the initiation and propagation of microcracks, which is very unfavorable for ceramics due to the brittle nature of the material and its catastrophic failure. Greater surface roughness leads to greater microbial colonization because it provides shelter from shear forces, particularly during initial attachment [40]. In a study by [PERSON] et al., the strongest adhesion ability to resin material was shown by _S. mutans_ and Actinomyces viscosous. In contrast, the adhesion of _S. mutans_ and _A. viscosous_ to glass-ionomer material was lower than that to resin material. At the same time, there was no significant difference in the number of both _S. mutans_ and _A. viscosous_ bacteria adhering to glass-ionomer material [55]. Zirconia crowns used in pediatric dentistry, like any material used in the oral environment, will be exposed to various factors and stimuli. According to [PERSON] et al., who compared stainless steel crowns, preformed zirconia crowns used in pediatric dentistry to preserve the tissue of posterior primary teeth show a similar success rate. However, zirconia crowns show slightly poorer retention and marginal integrity, and, according to their findings, accumulate more plaque on their surface. According to this study, both methods are an excellent way to preserve tissue; the only significant difference is esthetics [56]. [PERSON] et al. compared SSC to zirconia crowns. Both crowns were bonded with glass-ionomer luting cement, with a GC gold label. Zirconia crowns have also been shown to develop microcracks under occlusal forces. In the case of gingival tissues, both types of crowns initially cause soft tissue inflammation with slightly increased severity in the case of zirconia crowns, which is associated with more aggressive grinding [57]. In clinical studies, many authors have shown a definite advantage of zirconia crowns over strip crowns. [PERSON] et al. conducted studies at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months on zirconia, SSC, and strip crowns. They found that the polished, smooth surfaces of zirconia crowns may contribute to less plaque buildup and thus less gingival irritation [58]. A similar study was conducted by [PERSON] et al. The team restored teeth in a 4-year-old boy with zirconia crowns. After a 30-month follow-up, the crowns showed normal functioning, including no discoloration, no loss of filling, and no plaque accumulation, unlike composite strip crowns [59]. [PERSON]'s team measured the degree of adhesion of _S. mutans_ bacteria to zirconia and stainless steel crowns in a clinical study and compared the degree of plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation over a 1-year period in children. _S. mutans_ adhered more to SSCs compared to zirconia crowns in all control studies [29]. [PERSON]. [PERSON] evaluated the adhesion of \(S\). _mutans_ and _Lactobacillus_ to zirconia and SSCs in primary molars. A swab was taken from the occlusal and buccal surfaces. The researchers found that zirconia crowns performed better than SSCs in terms of preventing plaque adhesion [60]. [PERSON] et al.