esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract  
This paper proposes and studies the physical layer security of a mixed radio frequency/free space optical (RF/FSO) system based on reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-aided jamming to prevent eavesdropping. This work considers Nakagami-m fading for the RF links and Malaga (M) turbulence for the FSO links. A two-hop decode-and-forward (DF) relaying method was used and the eavesdropper actively eavesdropped on the information transmitted by the RF link. The eavesdropper was thwarted by a wireless-powered jammer that transmits jamming signals, which were reflected by the RIS to the eavesdropper to ensure secure communication in the mixed RF/FSO system. The expressions of secrecy outage probability (SOP) and average secrecy capacity (ASC) of the RIS-aided mixed RF/FSO system were derived for the system model discussed above. The Monte Carlo method was utilized to verify the accuracy of these expressions. In the RIS-aided mixed RF/FSO system, the effects of the time switching factor, energy conversion efficiency, and average interference noise ratio on the system secrecy outage probability were analyzed and compared to the RIS-free mixed RF/FSO system. Meanwhile, the influence of the number of RIS reflecting elements, link distances before and after reflection, and fading severity parameter on the security performance of a mixed RF/FSO system assisted by RIS were also investigated.  
RF/FSO; physical layer security; wireless powered jammer; RIS +
Footnote †: journal: _Photonics_  
0000-0001-11193
## 1 Introduction  
A partially concrete-filled steel tube (PCFST) structure is a steel tube of circular or rectangular cross-section that is partially filled with concrete at the bottom part. The infilled concrete prevents the steel plate from buckling into the steel tube, and the restraint of the steel tube increases the compressive strength of the concrete, resulting in a significant improvement in strength, toughness, and stiffness compared to hollow steel tubes with no concrete.  
In Japan, the PCFST structure was focused on after the Kobe Earthquake occurred in 1995, which caused severe infrastructure damage. The results of a survey of the damage from that earthquake [1] showed that PCFST structures have excellent seismic performance, and research on PCFST structures, whether circular or rectangular in cross-section, are actively conducted. For example, for PCFST structures with circular cross-sections, experiments have been conducted to define the limit state [2, 3], to clarify their behavior with the diagram under static and dynamic loadings [4, 5], and to develop accurate numerical models [6, 7]. In addition, [PERSON] et al. proposed an estimation method for the horizontal load bearing capacity of concrete-filled circular section piers [8]. They proposed an equation for estimating the maximum horizontal load bearing capacity of concrete-filled circular is further cyclic horizontal loading, using experimentally obtained maximum bending moment and plastic section coefficients. Although their equation agreed well with experimental data, it required numerical integration of the cross-sectional data, and the maximum load bearing capacity cannot be easily obtained using only parameters obtained during pier design.  
Therefore, the purpose of this study is to propose a practical formula for estimating the maximum load bearing capacity of tubes without using complicated numerical analysis and estimation procedures. To clarify their effects on horizontal load bearing capacity and buckling position, the parametric analysis on concrete-filled circular section tubes with diaphragm under monotonic loading was conducted focusing on design parameters such as thickness ratio, slenderness ratio, axial force ratio, and concrete filling ratio. Furthermore, an equation for estimating the horizontal load bearing capacity of concrete-filled tubes was discussed by nonlinear regression analysis.
# Evaluation of NOx Reduction Effect and Impact on Asphalt
## 4 Conclusions  
In this study, to verify the NOx decomposition effect of the surface treatment agent applied with TiO\({}_{2}\) and an asphalt rejuvenator, bed flow photoreactors and mixed tank photoreactors were fabricated and tested. In addition, the effects of the TiO\({}_{2}\) and asphalt rejuvenator used as surface treatment agents on asphalt aging were evaluated. The results of this study are as follows:  
The mixed tank photoreactor method showed the same trend as the bed flow photoreactor method in terms of the evaluation of the NOx removal performance of the photocatalyst powder despite the difference in test specimen size. Therefore, the mixed tank photoreactor test method can be used to more clearly evaluate the performance of photocatalyst-applied construction materials without reprocessing the sample by replacing the ISO standard test, which was only possible with a limited sample size.  
As a result of the evaluation of the NOx removal performance of the surface treatment agent, including TiO\({}_{2}\) and the rejuvenator, the NO removal rate was 2.54-7.83%, depending on the type of TiO\({}_{2}\). This could be caused by a reduction in the specific surface area due to agglomeration and the precipitation of TiO\({}_{2}\) powder when the surface treatment agent was attached to the asphalt specimen.  
As a result of FT-IR and SARA analysis, it was found that the asphalt mixed with TiO\({}_{2}\) progressed the oxidation of the asphalt by about 30% under the influence of photooxidation. However, when the rejuvenator, a surface treatment agent, was used together with TiO\({}_{2}\), the oxidation of asphalt progresses only about 10%, and the aging of asphalt due to photooxidation was relatively reduced.  
The NOx decomposition effect of TiO\({}_{2}\) using the mixed tank photo reactor presented in this study was conducted using only TiO\({}_{2}\) powder and asphalt surface treatment technology. Therefore, it has been judged that it is necessary to compare these results with the existing ISO test method through additional construction material tests.  
Conceptualization: J.-W.L. and C.B.; methodology: J.-W.L. and C.B.; validation: J.-W.L. and C.B.; formal analysis: J.-W.L. and C.B.; investigation: C.B.; resources: C.B.; writing original draft preparation: J.-W.L. and C.B.; writing--review and editing: C.B.; visualization: J.-W.L.; supervision: C.B.; project administration: C.B.; funding acquisition: C.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement (KAIA) grant funded by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport (Grant No. 21 POQW-B152342-03).  
Data Availability Statement: Data sharing is not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 5 Numerical Experiments  
This section examines the operational performance metrics of the Priority Traffic Signal Intersection under two distinct strategies: the bus-only lane and the IoT-SBL approach. Key metrics analyzed include vehicle queue lengths, delays, and intersection efficiency. The findings underscore the potential of the IoT-SBL strategy to improve traffic performance at the intersection. All queue lengths are measured in passenger car unit (pcus), assuming homogeneous traffic flow. While motorcycles, trucks, and buses may exhibit different occupancy and acceleration behaviors, this study focuses on passenger vehicles to isolate the effects of the IoT-SBL strategy. Future work will incorporate heterogeneous traffic using equivalence coefficients (e.g., 1 pcu for a car, 0.5 pcu for a motorcycle, 2 pcus for a truck or bus) to better reflect real-world conditions.  
The numerical experiments evaluated the IoT-SBL strategy across four saturation levels (\(V/C=0.1,\ 0.5,\ 0.9,\ 0.97\)) to represent low-to-extreme traffic conditions. Keyvariables include bus departure frequency and IoT-SBL capacity, reflecting typical urban traffic configurations.  
The experiments presented in this section are based on simulated traffic scenarios generated using the proposed queuing model. Parameters such as signal cycle duration and saturation levels were selected to represent typical urban intersection conditions.
## 4 Experiments
### Ablation Study  
To comprehensively evaluate the performance of the proposed method, detailed ablation experiments are conducted on CrowdHuman. These experiments involve the progressive application of strong suppression (SS), weak suppression (WS), and suppression factors (SF). Table 3 shows the results of the ablation study, with the best results shown in bold. This table clearly reflects the significant performance improvement of the pedestrian detector following the sequential application of strong suppression, weak suppression, and suppression factors in MA-NMS. Specifically, when strong and weak suppression are used, there is a notable improvement of 6.1% and 1.1% in terms of \(Recall\) and \(MR^{-2}\) compared to the baseline. This indicates that the adaptive application of strong and weak suppression contributes to the retention of more pedestrians, especially those occluded pedestrians that are incorrectly removed by the Greedy NMS used at the baseline, while effectively removing duplicate proposals. Moreover, the additional application of suppression factors results in further improvement of 1.1% and 1.7% for \(AP\) and \(MR^{-2}\). This suggests that considering count attributes enables more precise suppression of duplicate proposals. Ultimately, with the complete application of MA-NMS, a substantial improvement of 4.2% and 6.5% is achieved for \(AP\) and \(Recall\), strongly verifying the superiority of the proposed MA-NMS in enhancing the performance of generic pedestrian detectors in crowded scenes.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Subsets** & **Visibility** \\ \hline Reasonable (\(R\)) & \([0.65,1]\) \\ Bare (\(B\)) & \([0.9,1.0]\) \\ Partial (\(P\)) & \([0.65,0.9]\) \\ Heavy (\(H\)) & \([0.2,0.65]\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Subsets of CityPersons dataset based on visibility.
# From Transactions to Transformations: A Bibliometric Study on Technology Convergence in E-Payments
## 3 Research Methodology
### Phase 1: Data Retrieval  
The data had been taken from the Web of Science (WoS) database, as it offered the strongest publication coverage. The ISI only indexes quality sources within the scope of the WoS database. WoS further offers the most pertinent metadata for scientometrics analysis and reliably presents detailed, formatted, full citation record information [21].  
Research Limitation  
While the search strategy retrieved 6153 peer-reviewed publications from the Web of Science Core Collection (SCI-Expanded, SSCI, A&HCI), it is important to acknowledge certain limitations. Notably, critical infrastructures such as SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications)--despite their centrality in global e-payment systems--are largely absent from the retrieved dataset. This is because SWIFT is more commonly discussed in industry white papers, government reports, technical manuals, and geopolitical policy documents, rather than in academic journal articles indexed by WoS. Moreover, terms like \"SWIFT\" or \"interbank settlement\" rarely co-occur with the search  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Search String** & **Results** \\ \hline (“electronic payment” OR “digital payment” OR “online payment” OR “e-payment”) OR (“payment technology” OR “electronic transactions” OR “electronic commerce”) OR (“mobile payment” OR “contactless payment” OR “digital wallets”) & 6153 \\ Refine Criteria: Languages: (English); Document types:(Article or Proceedings paper or Early access); Indexes: (Sci-Expanded, SSCI, A\&HCI) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Search strategy.  
Figure 1: Research process.  
strings used (e.g., \"digital payment,\" \"blockchain,\" \"AI\"). This limitation reflects a broader challenge in bibliometric studies: the underrepresentation of practical infrastructure and regulatory content that falls outside traditional academic publishing.
# An IoT-Based Solution for Intelligent Farming +
## 2 Related Work
### IoT/M2M Protocols and Communication Technologies
#### Transport Layer  
The Transport Layer, also known as Host-to-Host Transport Layer, is directly transposed from IP to the IoT domain. Here, the two most important protocols are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). TCP is a connection oriented protocol that ensures a reliable data delivery with end-to-end error detection and correction in exchange for a higher overhead and lower data transmission speed compared to UDP. Contrary, UDP is a connection-less low-overhead protocol that does not ensure any kind of acknowledgement, privileging the data transmission speed over the data transmission quality. Both protocols are commonly used by different applications and its choice is closely dependent on the application requirements.
# Operation of Water Supply Systems in the Czech Republic--Risk Analysis
## 1 Introduction
### Safety and Availability of Drinking Water Supply  
The World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines for drinking water quality recommend the development of water safety plans (WSPs) as the most effective means of ensuring the consistent safety and availability of drinking water supplies. WSPs are based on a comprehensive approach to assessment and risk management throughout the drinking water supply chain [9]. In the European region, this approach is increasingly accepted by water supply companies developing their own risk analyses. The process of risk assessment in the production and distribution of drinking water (the Czech equivalent of the globally used water safety plan) was implemented into Czech legislation through the amendment to Act 258/2000 Coll. on the Protection of Public Health, which came into force on 1 November 2017 [10; 11]. Within six years of the Act's entry into force (i.e., by 1 November 2023), drinking water suppliers were obliged to prepare a risk analysis and reflect its conclusions in their operating regulations. However, many mistakes (i.e., inadequate expertise, imperfect knowledge of the system assessed, and lack of field surveys) can be made in the risk analysis itself, consequently devaluing the whole process. Risks must not only be correctly identified (including field investigations) but also correctly assessed. Different methods can be used for risk assessment; however, it is essential that the method used provides results in a form that will present the character of the risk and how to address it [12]. Proposed measures to reduce or eliminate risks must then be realistic and achievable. A properly conducted risk assessment and the implementation of the proposed measures can contribute to improving water quality, the better protection of water resources, better monitoring, and a reduction in the number of failures of the water supply system, as well as a reduction in operational costs for the implementation of the corrective measures and improvement of the health status of drinking water users. For small operators and contractors in particular, risk assessments can be difficult to comprehend, for example due to their lack of expertise. The aim of this article is, among other things, to provide owners and operators with guidance on how to proceed with the risk analysis of water system operations.
## 5 Benchmark Testing and Performance Analysis of MRSO
### Statistical Analysis
These values demonstrate that the performance differences for these functions are highly unlikely to be due to random variation, as illustrated in Table 2. Conversely, the \(p\)-values for functions F1 (1.053 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-1}\)), F4 (6.275 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-1}\)), F5 (6.076 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-1}\)), and F8 (9.215 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-1}\)) suggest that the differences in performance between the MRSO and the RSO for these functions are not statistically significant. This indicates that for these specific functions, the modifications in the MRSO did not result in substantial performance improvements compared to the standard RSO. Figure 2: Convergence curves comparing MRSO variants and the RSO on the CEC 2019 test using the fitness function. Overall, the significant \(p\)-values for the majority of the functions tested confirm that the MRSO generally performs better than the RSO, particularly in functions where statistical significance was achieved. These results highlight the effectiveness of the modifications introduced in the MRSO, leading to improved optimization capabilities and better performance across a variety of benchmark test functions.
## 2 Results
### Results Subsection
#### 2.1.2 Transcriptomic Study
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Mechanism**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Gene *} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Description**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**ST258-KFC3 CA**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**ST846-OXA48 CA**} \\ \cline{4-7}  & & & **Log2 FoldChange** & **ID Gene** & **Log2 FoldChange** & **ID Gene** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{**Transporter**} & smvA & Methyl viologonin protein & \multirow{2}{*}{3.635} & HGAILKPD\_00917 & 1.209 & EMNICGE\_00314 \\  & actP & Acetate permease ActP & 2.724 & HGAILKPD\_00571 & 0.649 & EMNICGE\_002128 \\  & ccbX & MES superfamily & 2.549 & HGAILKPD\_04325 & 0.618 & EMNICGE\_04796 \\  & lldP & L-lactate permease & 2.486 & HGAILKPD\_04496 & 0.085 & EMNICGE\_00243 \\  & cy8W & ferric iron ABC transporter & 2.181 & HGAILKPD\_02877 & -0.266 & EMNICGE\_02673 \\  & potA & ABC transporter & 1.749 & HGAILKPD\_02785 & -0.351 & EMNICGE\_03352 \\ \cline{2-7}  & pmtD & Signal transduction protein & - & - & 2.360 & EMNICGE\_04427 \\  & pmtK & Polymynin resistance protein & - & - & 1.570 & EMNICGE\_0289 \\  & pmtK & PmtK (colistin resistance) & - & - & 1.570 & EMNICGE\_00355 \\ \hline
**ATP metabolism** & aipD & ATP synthase beta chain & \(-\)0.209 & HGAILKPD\_02375 & \(-\)0.232 & EMNICGE\_00435 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**TA systems**} & ortT & Orphan toxin CrT & 0.731 & HGAILKPD\_02791 & 0.727 & EMNICGE\_00055 \\  & pemI & Programmed cell death & - & - & -0.100 & EMNICGE\_00507 \\  & pemK & Optimum rem & - & - & \(-\)0.302 & EMNICGE\_05098 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-7}  & ppmC & Guangosine\_57-tripphosphate,3\_4-diphosphate & \(-\)0.765 & HGAILKPD\_02586 & \(-\)0.399 & EMNICGE\_03280 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**ROS response**} & cydA & Cytochrome d ubiquinol & \multirow{3}{*}{1.318} & HGAILKPD\_03209 & 0.441 & EMNICGE\_03423 \\  & cybB & Cytochrome 561 & 0.456 & HGAILKPD\_02756 & 0.196 & EMNICGE\_00060 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**SOS system**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Puttive SOS} & \multirow{3}{*}{1.117} & HGAILKPD\_04848 & 0.003 & EMNICGE\_04152 \\  & & & peptidase Yekt & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & yebG & DNA damage-inducible gene & \multirow{3}{*}{0.722} & HGAILKPD\_02193 & 0.455 & EMNICGE\_04716 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-7}  & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* All gene expression showed have a value \(<\) 0.05, and overexpression and repression were considered from as a Log2 fold change of at least 1.5 and 0.5, respectively. {} Not detected. The rows shaded differently reveal those genes of high relevance in this study; the cationic blockade resistance gene, the colistin resistance genes, and the novel TA system PemI/PemK. Background colour indicates the genes of most interest from this study.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Gene expression in response to CHLX in the strain ST258-KFC3 CA and ST846-OXA48 CA.
# Flooding Conceptual Review: Sustainability-Focalized Best Practices in Nigeria
## 3 Statement of Problem  
In 2010, approximately 1550 people died and 258,000 displaced by 19 flood events [17]. Two years later in 2012, floods claimed 361 lives and displaced 3.8 million inhabitants [18], recording a monetary loss of approximately US$ 6.5 billion in damages despite an effort, the years before, to make the environment more habitable [18, 19]. Nigeria's National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) stated the flooding events from 2012 caused an estimated loss equivalent to 4.1% gross domestic product. This type of disaster has had a ripple effect on the livelihood and activities of communities where people literally were washed away and drowned, properties destroyed and socioeconomic activities suffered [20]. While this type of natural disaster could be avoided, or limited, there seems to be a cause-and-effect to the kind of havoc citizeny face--especially in the southern parts of the country.  
Research and development are gathering nationwide information to aid with flood inundation, encroachment and flood prone areas. Methodologies have not adequately assessed flood hazards, in all of the flood prone areas, however, a lack of application within small urban watersheds, focused on generating rainfall and runoff data in urban areas, often correlate where no major rivers exist. Two reasons for this flood-complexity are development practices used in urban areas and a lack of advanced technological methods for capturing geographical data [21, 22]. As a consequent, the risk of overflow from the Niger River, spanning much of West Africa, funnels via southern Nigeria and all its minor tributaries (Figure 2). As a result, flood-complexity research must take this into account for forward minded thinking, preparedness and economic, sound development.  
The aim of assessing the nature and cause of floods, throughout Nigeria, relates to a provision of reliable and sustainable solutions that connects ongoing problems with flood occurrences. Four objectives need to be considered: (1) factors responsible for flooding; (2) identification of flood prone areas; (3) assessment of significant impacts of flooding; and (4) control and management measures of flood hazards. Typical areas of research that explore the physical geography of a region in relation to flood occurrence and mapping can show various flood prone area records (i.e., their trends). Mapping inputs include recorded past events and the use of predictive, future-based modelling.  
Figure 1: Examples of flood mapping within Nigeria. (**Left**) 2001; (**Right**) 2014 (Adapted from ESRI [16]).
## 1 Introduction
### Structural Health Monitoring  
Several tools, such as ground penetrating radar (GPR), ultrasonic (UT) tools, X-ray tubes, accelerometers, moisture meters, linear variable differential transformers (LVDT), flat jacks, and other measuring tools, are appropriate for finding the features and behavior of a structure. According to recent research, some of these are suitable for uncovering internal damage and some can be utilized for external damages based on feature comparison before and after degradation. To find the overall quality state of the structure, visual inspection was selected to compare to other non-destructive tests (NDT). Visual inspection is not expensive, and it is appropriate for finding critical zones in the structure. This paper is not focused on expensive tools for monitoring structures. Therefore, an automated visual test was selected to develop the decision-making system at a lower cost in the software field [12]. Meanwhile, the recent research in the literature review refarding to this subject shows software for data processing supports not only data extracted from a charge-coupled device (CCD) or a supplementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensors but also supports many other sensors, such as ground penetrating radar (GPR) [13; 14]. In fact, signal processing after receiving data from hardware is essential for software analysis and decision-making based on data. Therefore, the visual sensor output is a type of signal for operators, such as other structural health monitoring tools output.  
Therefore, due to the development of the railroad network, automation in monitoring is avoidable for inspectors through the precise planning and codification of defect types and their locations, regarding corrective action [15; 16]. Also, several studies try to develop decision support systems by processing data after the act of collecting [17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22].