## 1 Introduction  
Urbanization is reshaping city size and morphology worldwide. The global urban population is expected to rise from 56% to 68% by 2050 [1]. This expansion replaces natural landscapes with built environments, altering regional climates and generating distinct urban microclimates. One of the most studied effects is the Urban Heat Island (UHI), characterized by elevated temperatures in urban centers compared to surrounding rural areas. First documented by [PERSON] [2], UHIs arise from high heat retention in dense urban structures, reduced vegetation, and anthropogenic activities [3]. Recent satellite studiesconfirm its intensification in metropolitan areas, such as Houston, Texas [4], underscoring the value of remote sensing for tracking UHI dynamics and evaluating mitigation strategies. UHI development results from a complex interaction of urban morphology, land cover, vegetation, and building materials, all influencing heat absorption and retention. Increased building height and density exacerbate heat accumulation, particularly in megacities with restricted airflow [5]. UHI intensities vary widely, from 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C in small cities to over 12 \({}^{\circ}\)C in dense metropolitan areas [6]. However, although UHI intensities exceeding 12 \({}^{\circ}\)C have been reported under specific conditions, typical values range from 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C depending on urban morphology and climatic context. Differences in magnitude stem from methodological approaches, climatic conditions, and urban configurations, highlighting the need for standardized measurement frameworks [7]. Moreover, urban design plays a key role in air circulation and thermal radiation, with compact, multi-story structures amplifying the UHI effect [8]. Beyond temperature increases, UHIs influence energy consumption, thermal comfort, and public health. Higher urban temperatures drive up cooling demands, increasing energy use and peak electricity loads [9; 10]. Additionally, temperature rises correlate with higher mortality rates, with up to a 2.72% increase in mortality per additional degree above optimal thresholds [11; 12]. Meteorological factors such as wind speed and atmospheric stability modulate UHI intensity by affecting heat dispersion [13; 14]. Studies in cities like Seoul and Lodz demonstrate how wind dynamics and land use shape UHI distribution [15; 16]. In the context of global warming and rapid urbanization, UHIs pose a major challenge for sustainable urban development and livability [17; 18]. Despite extensive research, the main drivers of UHIs and the most effective mitigation strategies remain subjects of debate. Some studies emphasize urban morphology [8], while others focus on wind dynamics and heat transport [7]. Modeling urban wind behavior remains complex due to data limitations, whereas urban morphological factors--such as building height, density, and spatial configuration--are more readily quantifiable using satellite imagery and geospatial databases. Research confirms that urban morphology significantly influences microclimates, with elements like street canyon morphology, vegetation cover, and land surface permeability affecting UHI intensity [19; 20; 21]. In several cities across France, specific morphological characteristics, such as height-to-width ratios and sky view factors, have been linked to UHI variation [22]. This study calculates Land Surface Temperature (LST) at the road segment level, using 50 m road sections as analytical units to integrate morphological and environmental assessments. LST is considered as a sign of a UHI, being a parameter that measures its expression, Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) [23]. Roads are considered in this work as a measurement unit due to their extensive urban presence and their role in thermal dynamics. Specifically, roads can be used as containers of the surrounding morphological and environmental conditions.