## 2 Methodology
### Data Input for Mapping Energy Flows
#### 2.3.1 Malaysia National Energy Balance 2011 and the Data Treatment
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Energy source**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Natural gas**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**LNG**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Crude oil*** \({}^{\dagger}\)**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Protroleum products**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Coal**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Hydropover**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Bioclised**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Electricity**} \\ \cline{3-14} \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Primary supply, input (+) and output (-)**} & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline
1. Primary Production & 69.8 & 0.0 & 28.3 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 1.8 & 1.9 & 0.2 & 0.0 \\
2. Gas Pairing & \(-\)13.1 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\
3. Imports & 7.0 & 0.0 & 9.3 & 4.2 & 3.8 & 1.5 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 0.5 & 1.0 & 0.0 & 13.3 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\
4. Exports & \(-\)1.1 & \(-\)26.9 & \(-\)11.5 & 0.0 & \(-\)4.5 & \(-\)0.3 & \(-\)1.0 & \(-\)0.7 & \(-\)0.7 & \(-\)2.3 & 0.0 & \(-\)0.1 & 0.0 & \(-\)0.1 & 0.0 \\
5. Bulkers & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & \(-\)0.2 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\
6. Stock Change & 0.0 & 0.0 & \(-\)1.7 & 0.0 & 1.5 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & \(-\)0.8 & \(-\)0.6 & 0.0 & \(-\)0.4 & 0.0 & \(-\)0.1 & 0.0 \\
7. Statistical & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.3 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.1 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\
8. Total Primary Supply & 62.6 & \(-\)26.9 & 24.8 & 4.2 & 0.8 & 0.9 & \(-\)0.5 & \(-\)0.5 & \(-\)1.0 & \(-\)1.9 & 0.0 & 14.8 & 1.9 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Transformation and secondary supply, input (+) and output (+)**} & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline
9. Gas Pints & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\
9.1 LNG & \(-\)35.8 & 27.9 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.2 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\
9.2 MOS & \(-\ \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Energy Source**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Natural gas**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**LNG**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Crole all**1} & \multicolumn{8}{c}{**Perturban products**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Coal**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Hydropover**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Biolololololololololololololumn{1}{c}{**Electricityity**} \\ \cline{5-16}  & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline
**End use** & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\
15. Residential & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.8 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 2.0 \\
16. Commercial & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.4 & 0.0 & 0.6 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 3.2 \\
17. Industrial & 4.3 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.2 & 1.3 & 0.3 & 0.2 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 1.8 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 4.0 \\
18. Transportation & 0.3 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 8.0 & 6.2 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 2.6 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\
19. Agriculture & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.9 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\
20. Non-Fuel & 3.9 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 1.3 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 1.2 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\
21. Total End Use & 8.5 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 8.2 & 8.7 & 0.4 & 2.9 & 0.0 & 2.6 & 1.2 & 0.0 & 1.8 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 9.2 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* 1. Crude oil production includes condensates comprising pentane and heavier hydrocarbons; 2. GPP-LPG extract liquid products such as condensate, ethane, butane and propane from natural gas; 3. Butane and propane as MTBE feedstock are presented as non-energy use under LPG column.  
\end{table} 
Table 3: _Cont._The energy Sankey diagram mapped in this study is an energy allocation diagram that only shows the energy allocation in a total energy balance and does not reflect any loss. The Primary Energy Quantity (PEQ) of each energy flow was required for mapping. The PEQ was defined as follows:  
\[PEQ=SQ\cdot K_{PEQ} \tag{1}\]  
In the equation, \(K_{PEQ}\) is defined as below:  
\[K_{PEQ}=\frac{Input_{PEQ}}{Output_{SQ}} \tag{2}\]  
\(K_{PEQ}\) reflects the transformation factor, usually \(K_{PEQ}\geq 1\). The value of \(K_{PEQ}\) shows the unit of primary energy consumed to produce 1 unit of the secondary energy. We defined \(K_{PEQ}\) of primary energy as 1.