esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Panoramic Digital Image Correlation for 360-Deg Full-Field Displacement Measurement
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Measurement Principles  
The calibration of the system (for stereo triangulation) and surface merging (for combining results from multiple stereo-camera pairs) are two key issues in multi-view three-dimensional reconstruction and deformation measurements [15]. As a first step, the proposed method uses a checkerboard planar calibration target (Zhang's method) to obtain the intrinsic parameters of each camera. The external parameters of each stereo camera pair are then calibrated in a common field of view (FOV) of both cameras using specimen surfaces with natural textures or sprayed patches. Specifically, the robust subset-based DIC method accurately detects a point match between the two images of the test specimen. The essential matrix can be determined by combining the extrinsic parameters with the determined intrinsic parameters. By decomposing the essential matrix, the available extrinsic parameters between stereo camera pairs without scale information can be obtained. Based on the above premise, the three-dimensional coordinate point cloud data for the physical three-dimensional points of the specimen without the scale information can be calculated from the pair of images by triangulation. Next, the iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm is used to match the whole three-dimensional laser-point cloud data of the specimen with the local point cloud data reconstructed by triangulation to obtain the true scale information, the rotation matrix, and the translation vector relative to the laser point cloud, which are used to determine the local three-dimensional reconstruction surface of the specimen. The local point clouds obtained from stereo-camera pairs are independent, disconnected from each other, and may overlap locally. Then, the proposed distance-based three-dimensional point merging method is used to remove redundant three-dimensional points and construct a continuous merged three-dimensional surface. Using the same intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of cameras and merging method, the three-dimensional surface of the deformed specimen is constructed in combination with the deformed point cloud data obtained from the DIC. To estimate the full-field displacements, all measurement points at their initial state are subtracted from the measurement points at their deformed state.
# Smooth Information Criterion for Regularized Estimation of Item Response Models
## 6 Discussion  
In this article, we compared the ordinarily employed indirect regularized estimation based on a grid of regularization parameters \(\lambda\) with a subsequent discrete minimization of AIC and BIC with a direct minimization of smooth information criteria SAIC and SBIC [26] for the estimation of regularized item response models. It turned out that the direct SIC-based estimation methods resulted in comparable, in many cases, or better performance than the indirect regularization estimation methods based on AIC and BIC. This is remarkable because SIC-based minimization is computationally much simpler, and ordinary gradient-based optimization routines can be utilized. We studied the performance of SAIC and SBIC in three simulation studies that focus on differential item functioning, (semi-)exploratory multidimensional IRT models, and model choice between the Rasch model and the 2 PL model. These three cases frequently appear in applications of regularized IRT models, which is why we chose these settings for our work. In this article, we confined ourselves to analyzing dichotomous item responses and continuous factor variables. Future research could investigate the application of these techniques to polytomous item response, count item response data [55], or cognitive diagnostic models that involve multivariate binary factor variables [56]. More generally, smooth information criteria can be used in all modeling approaches that involve regularized estimation. In the field of econometrics or social science, possible applications could be (generalized) linear regression models [57], regularized panel models [58], or regularized estimation for analyzing heterogeneous treatment effects [59]. Notably, we did not investigate the estimation of standard errors in this article. Future research may investigate this with an application of the Huber-White variance estimation formula [60; 61] applied to the subset of parameters that resulted in non-zero values [62]. Finally, two different targets in the analysis of item response models should be distinguished in regularized estimation. First, the selection or detection of non-zero effects like cross-loadings or DIF effects may be the focus. For this goal, model selection based on information criteria can prove helpful in order to control type-I error rates. Second, if the focus lies on structural parameters (such as group means or factor correlations), choosing a parsimonious model that tries to penalize the number of estimated parameters, like in information criteria, may not be beneficial in terms of bias and variability of structural
# Effectiveness of LRB in Curved Bridge Isolation:
## 6 Non-Isolated vs. Isolated Bridge Response  
Figure 13 shows the peak response of the non-isolated and isolated bridges for unidirectional and bi-directional Imperial Valley, Kobe, and Turkey ground motions. The various cases are shown in Table 3.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline Case 1 & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Non-Isolated Bridge**} \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Isolated Bridge**} \\ \hline  & **Isolation Period (sec)** & **Damping Ratio (\%)** \\ \hline Case 2 & 1.5 & 10 \\ Case 3 & 1.5 & 15 \\ Case 4 & 1.5 & 20 \\ Case 5 & 1.5 & 25 \\ Case 6 & 2.0 & 10 \\ Case 7 & 2.0 & 15 \\ Case 8 & 2.0 & 20 \\ Case 9 & 2.0 & 25 \\ Case  
It was found that the LRBs decreased the deck acceleration, the force transmitted to the pier, and the pier torsional moment significantly more than the non-isolated condition for uni-directional and bi-directional cases for all the considered earthquake motions. The LRBs showed their major importance in curved bridges as they significantly reduced the pier torsional moment for three different variations of earthquake motions. This fact  
Figure 13: Peak response of the bridge (i) Deck Acceleration (**a,b**), (ii) Force Transmitted to Pier (**c,d**), (iii) Pier Torsional Moment (**e,f**) Deck Displacement (**g,h**) for Imperial Valley, Kobe, and Turkey earthquakes.  
has been noticed in various cases with combinations of time periods and damping ratios of the bearings.  
Considering all the cases, for uni-directional Imperial Valley ground motion, it was found that the maximum deck acceleration, the force transmitted to the pier, and pier torsional moment were reduced by about 88-93%, 58-85%, and 80-92%, respectively, than the non-isolated bridge. In the case of uni-directional Kobe ground motions, the maximum deck acceleration and force transmitted to the pier and pier torsional moment were reduced by about 83-94%, 54-84%, and 71-90%, respectively, than the non-isolated bridge.  
For bi-directional Imperial Valley ground motion, the maximum deck acceleration force transmitted to the pier and pier torsional moment were reduced by about 87-93%, 82-93%, and 80-92%, respectively, than the non-isolated bridge. While for bi-directional Kobe ground motion, the maximum deck acceleration and force transmitted to the pier and pier torsional moment were reduced by about 83-94%, 86-95%, and 70-90%, respectively, than the non-isolated bridge.  
However, in the case of Turkey ground motion, the reduction of the maximum deck acceleration and force transmitted to the pier and pier torsional moment was less, around 80-89%, 44-71%, and 75-90%, respectively, for uni-directional motion and 62-85%, 56-83%, and 53-85%, respectively, for bi-directional motion.  
In the case of the isolated bridge, the deck displacement increased more than in non-isolated cases for all the considered earthquakes. However, the maximum increase in deck displacement, for both uni-directional and bi-directional cases, was found for the Turkey earthquake, especially at higher time periods, which is an essential fact from the designer's point of view.
## 3 Experimental Results and Discussions
### Results Discussions
#### 3.2.3 SMS Spam Dataset Results  
The confusion matrix of our model based on the SMS Spam dataset is presented in Figure 5, together with the mutuality matrix of the five feature segments.  
Figure 4: Results with the Conference Paper dataset. (**a**) Confusion matrix. (**b**) Mutuality matrix for the 10 feature segments. (**c**) Combined mutuality of each feature in the segment with the lowest mutuality.  
The results in Figure 5a show that the model classifies the \"ham\" label better than the \"spam\" label. Using the mutuality matrix defined for the five feature segments as presented in Figure 5b, segment \(X_{2}\) has the highest combined mutuality; the combined mutuality of each of its features is presented in Figure 5c. The features with high combined mutuality include words such as \"help\" and \"hi\", which are common words in spam SMS, while words such as \"good\", \"got\" and \"hi\" are common words used in ham SMS. The high mutual value allocation on both ham and spam words explains the high true positive (TP) results for both ham and spam labels in Figure 5a.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Case 2: Specim with an Open Flaw
This indicates that the damage accumulates with crack propagation, and some tensile micro-cracks form at the crack tips. The strain rate field at 90% strain shows a relatively smooth surface during the later stage of the pre-peak loading, with peaks dispersed along the wing crack boundaries. At 90% strain, the micro-crack increment and all preliminary statistics are close to zero. In 95% and 100% strain, the fluctuations of the strain rate field are distributed along the wing cracks and become more congested. From Figure 10, it can be seen that the deformation localization started around flaw and then moved to the edges of cracks with the loading increasing. By comprehensively analyzing the above results, we can tell that the pre-existing flaw has made the strain localization form early and the variation patterns of the statistical data more regular and distinguished. The pre-peak failure process of the flawed sample could be divided into three sections: section 1 is before 50% peak strain; section 2 is between 50% and 90% peak strain; section 3 is between 90% and 100% peak strain. Figure 9: Coefficient of variation of strain rate field and its region average (case 2). In section 1, the micro-crack increment occasionally emerged, as did peaks in the strain rate field around the flaw; meanwhile, all of the statistic curves of the MC strain rates are basically straight lines approaching zero. These phenomena indicate that section 1 corresponds to the stage of the crack closure and the linear elastic deformation stage in which the deformation localization occurs around the pre-existing flaw. The damage evolution has skipped the stage of distributed damage. In section 2, approximately from 50% strain to 90% strain, the micro-crack growth rate becomes larger; the strain rate peaks follow the tips of the crack propagation; the curves of three statistics and the coefficient of variation all have two waves around 60% and 80% strain, corresponding to the crack initiation and stable propagation; the rise height of the range RA segments gradually become larger as the loading strain increases. These performances indicate that section 2 corresponds to the stage of crack initiation and stable crack growth in which the localized damage accumulation is relatively steady. However, the micro-crack growth presents staged and whitespace between two peaks. Figure 10: Strain rate of MC at different loading strains (case 2). In section 3, approximately from 90% strain to 100% strain, the values of SD and CV both have their largest fluctuations; the RA of the range surges at the last segment; the RA of the CV fluctuates to the highest peak; the strain rate extremums significantly increase and concentrate along the crack propagation path. These phenomena indicate that cracks have unstable growth and coalescence in section 3. They show that section 3 corresponds to the later stage of localized damage and the stage of catastrophic failure in which the damage rapidly grows in a centralized area till the BPM collapses.
## 5 Evaluation
### Case One: Tencent QQ Mail System Version 2017
We replaced the located token (Figure 26) with the reconstructed output (Figure 27) to generate the constructed request message shown in Figure 28, which was sent to the server. The corresponding response message was sent to the client after the server received and processed the constructed message, which was intercepted by Burp suite (Figure 29). As shown in Figure 29, function ptuiCB received some data, in which \"_jint_\" was the nickname of the user \"_1029851866_\" was the register account, and \"httpsmail.qq.com\" was the URL of the server. This means that the constructed request message was correct. Accordingly, the abstract model was generated based on the parsed response message and client-side implementations, as shown in Figure 30.  
As shown in Figure 30, intuitively, firstly, the value of p in the constructed message was decrypted when the server received the constructed messages. Then, the MD5 values in sequences of \(p\) were verified. Finally, the server generated response messages and sent those to the client. Therefore, from Figure 30, we are convinced that Tencent QQ mail system version of 2017 will verify the encrypted and hashed sequences of the user password at its server-side. Figure 28: The constructed request message. Figure 29: Intercepted response message. Furthermore, we combined the constructed messages, the corresponding response message sent by the server, and the server-side abstract model and we found that Tencent QQ mail system version 2017 has other strong security restrictions for login attempts at server-side besides security checks for user password, such as check valid session time and the times of login attempts. In our test, the server directly returned some warning messages, such as \"login timeout\", \"too many error logins, please try later\", and so on. Apart from that, the server updated the verification code when there were many login attempts with constructed request messages in a certain time window.
## 4 Results
### Surveillance of Major Pollutant Hotspot  
The top pollution hotspots were identified through the percentage contribution of each pollutant at all fourteen sites are plotted in Figure 5.  
The CO, SO\({}_{2}\), NO\({}_{2}\), HCHO, and CH\({}_{4}\) pollutants showed variation at different sites. The top contributor of NO\({}_{2}\) was roads, except that Ferozpur was followed by Quaid-e-Azam Industrial Estate and its nearest brick kiln, Sherwani. Similarly, roads were the top contributors of CO, followed by Quaid-e-Azam Industrial Estate. SO\({}_{2}\) should be the main concern at Sundar Industrial Estate and a few brick kilns, such as Main Lahore and Jia Bagga. Unauthorized fuel usage could be an issue here. Formaldehyde should be the main concern at Yateemkhana (Road), Main Boulevard (Road), and Sherwani (Brick Kiln). This result suggests that the type of vehicles (there were high proportions of buses and trucks) on these roads use low-quality fuel. The results suggested that the potential sources of HCHO were mainly roads, followed by the Quaid-e-Azam Industrial Estate. Not all brick kilns were hotspots for HCHO and NO\({}_{2}\) concentration, except for Sherwani which is located near Quaid-e-Azam Industrial Estate. The graph shows that to control AQI, an integrated control strategy for multiple pollutants must be adopted. GIS can provide low-cost surveillance at these sites and can recommend fuel optimization or restriction of specific fuel usages, such as tires, etc., to brick kilns, and fuel types for vehicles to particular locations. This graph could be used as a tool to determine which locations require urgent action. It can also be converted into a handy digital application including remote sensing data and a similar graph plot that could be used by authorities and people working on the development of mitigation strategies/devices, so as to know which pollutant to focus on.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Remote Sensing Data  
#### 2.2.1 Satellite Data  
The time series of Planet Scope, Sentinel-2, and Landsat 8 satellites (Table 1) captured in the period from May to July 2018-2023 were used as input data. We used images from Planet Scope with surface reflectance, obtained from the standard Planet Analytic Product (Radiance)--which processed the images to top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance and then atmospherically corrected them to surface reflectance [54].  
Images from Sentinel-2 Level 2A were atmospherically corrected to surface reflectance [55].  
Landsat 8 OLI images were Level-2 data products, atmospherically corrected by the Landsat Surface Reflectance Code (LaSRC) method [56].  
Both the Sentinel-2 and the Landsat 8 OLI data were derived from the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform using a JavaScript application programming interface (API) [27]. The scenes with more than 30% cloud cover were excluded.  
For further comparison of the data (Planet Scope, Sentinel-2, Landsat 8, and DJI Phantom 4 Multispectral UAV), satellite images were captured close to 29 June 2023, when a UAV survey was conducted.  
Figure 1: Mountain grasslands of the Nerkin Sasnashen.
# Data Embedding in SHVC Video Using Threshold-Controlled Block Splitting
###### Abstract
As a result, the conventional data embedding methods cannot be applied directly in SHVC video. In addition, irregardless of the video standard in use, it is essential to design a data embedding method which can increase embedding capacity while maintaining the perceptual quality of the processed video. However, increasing the embedding capacity usually leads to greater distortion or quality degradation, and vice versa. Therefore, in this work a data embedding method for SHVC video is proposed as illustrated in Figure 1. Specifically, a tunable threshold-controlled parameter is put forward to guide the rate distortion optimizer (RDO) to favor small split blocks over larger blocks. By tuning the threshold-controlled parameter to a higher value, more small split blocks are coded, which provides more predictive syntax elements that can be utilized for embedding data. Here, both intra and inter-coded blocks are jointly utilized to embed data into the smallest prediction blocks. Unlike the existing methods which are only able to embed data into blocks coded in either intra picture or inter picture prediction mode, this paper proposes a pair of data embedding techniques (viz., one for intra and another for inter picture prediction), where one of them can eventually be deployed to embed data regardless of the prediction mode used in coding the block. We increase the number of syntax elements, which in turns provides more venues for data embedding purposes. In addition, the proposed method is able to achieve a desired trade-off between the increase in embedding capacity versus bit rate overhead, which is crucial for applications such as error concealment, integrated video content management, video hyper-linking, steganography, and video annotation. For example, the efficiency of the video content search and retrieval system is particularly important for managing a huge volume of video files each of large size, which requires high embedding capacity. Therefore, this work aims to increase the embedding capacity without compromising the video quality. Our work makes the following contributions: (a) manipulating quad-tree block partitioning structure of a video frame so that more smaller blocks are coded; (b) minimizing the prediction error energy by selecting the best prediction mode for each block while matching the payloadbit to be embedded, and; (c) designing a pair of data embedding techniques, one for intra picture prediction and another for an inter picture prediction block, to ensure that data can be embedded regardless of the prediction mode used in coding a block. The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 briefly reviews the existing data embedding methods for compressed video. Section 3 describes the proposed data embedding technique in intra and intra-coded blocks. The experiment results are discussed in Section 4, and Section 5 concludes this paper.
# Development of Communication Protocols between BIM Elements and 3D Concrete Printing
## 1 Introduction  
### Context  
Building information modeling (BIM) is one of the most promising recent developments in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry. BIM technology consists of digitally constructing an accurate virtual model of a building [1]. BIM allows virtually modeling a structure before physically constructing it, empowering project participants to design, analyze, sequence, and explore a project in a digital environment that is exponentially cheaper than making changes during construction [2].  
One of the most important developments in the industry is the incorporation of new technologies, showing a great potential for future advancement [3]. Such is the case of 3D concrete printing that, together with the use of robotic arms and integrative software, allows the creation of specific geometric structures [4]. This is an innovative construction method that promises to be highly advantageous in the construction field, in terms of optimization of construction time, costs, design flexibility, and reduction of errors.  
3D concrete printing consists of the manufacture of a predesigned construction element in a digital model, where the concrete, which is poured through a printing nozzle, does not need any formwork or subsequent vibration. This method aims to improve the construction of concrete structures on one or more levels. It minimizes the duration of the construction process by eliminating time-consuming procedures in the traditional method, and it reducescosts incurred in the project by minimizing waste and overproduction by reducing the use of labor. It provides flexibility in the construction of structural forms that are not always possible to construct conventionally [5].  
Both BIM and 3D concrete printing are facilitating the necessary assistance to practitioners to enhance the quality of industrialized construction [6]; therefore, the development of communication protocols between BIM elements and 3D concrete printing processes will play an important role in the current and future construction industry.