## 4 Bioactive Profile of Avocado By-Product Extracts  
Various extraction methods can be considered for the recovery of the high-value bioactive constituents from AP, ASs and ALs. These procedures include conventional solid-liquid extractions such as maceration, hot extraction, and Soxhlet, as well as novel green technologies like microwave and ultrasound-assisted extractions. [PERSON] et al. assessed the efficiency of maceration, percolation, hot, and Soxhlet extraction in recovering polyphenolic compounds from avocado seeds using 70% ethanol in a 1:3 avocado/solvent ratio. The extraction yields ranged from 14 to 21%, with maceration being second to last at 16%. As for TPC, Soxhlet extraction and maceration showed the highest efficiency for polyphenol compound extraction, with 189.67 and 179.04 mg GAE/g dry weight, respectively. Overall, Soxhlet extraction and maceration proved to be the most effective [55]. Novel green technologies have been previously employed in the extraction of bioactive compounds [8]. For instance, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) can be used with a large variety of solvents due to its yields, cost efficiency, and simplicity. [PERSON] et al. evaluated the effects of UAE on the phenolic content of avocado extracts, and the results showed higher TPC values than those extracted conventionally, 219-235 mg GAE/100 g and 130-163 mg GAE/100 g, respectively [56]. Other green technologies found in the literature are Ohmic heating-assisted extraction (OHAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). OHAE allows a more efficient extraction of bioactive compounds by producing electroporation in cellular tissues [57], while MAE is based on the direct impact on polar compounds by polarization of polar water molecules in food, and offers advantages such as quicker heating for the extraction of bioactive compounds, therefore lowering the extraction time, and producing higher yields [58; 8]. [PERSON] et al. compared both OHAE and MAE for the valorization of avocado leaves obtaining 37.35 and 23.32 mg of TPC per 100 g extract, respectively. The authors believe that the high temperatures required in MAE impact the integrity of the polyphenolic compounds [8]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Avocado** & \multicolumn{8}{c}{**Component (mg/100 g Dry Sample)**} \\ \cline{2-10}
**Reside** & **Na** & **Ca** & **Mg** & **P** & **Zn** & **Fe** & **Cu** & **K** & **Mn** & **References** \\ \hline Seed & 0.30-39.4 & 0.820-434.9 & 0.100-55.8 & 0.097-57.35 & 0.09-1.6 & 0.31-37.0 & 0.98-16.7 &
\begin{tabular}{c} 4,160- \\ 12026- \\ \end{tabular} & \(1.5\pm 0.1\) & [40,43,44] \\ \hline Fuel & \(21.1\pm 2.2\) & \(679.3\pm 53.6\) & \(46.9\pm 2.3\) & NR & \(1.6\pm 0.2\) & \(2.3\pm 0.3\) & \(14.5\pm 2.1\) & \(890.9\pm 71.2\) & \(1.4\pm 0.1\) & [44] \\ \hline Leaf & \(80.42\pm 9.12\) & \(56.13\pm 3.31\) & \(75.60\pm 13.31\) & \(48.9\pm 5.50\) & \(7.21\pm 2.62\) & \(14.61\pm 4.18\) & \(5.71\pm 1.26\) & \(148.92\pm 0.12\) & NR & [43] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Mineral composition of byproducts of different varieties of avocado. NR = not reported. Another important variable that affects bioactive compound recovery is the solvent. Most studies have focused on hydroalcoholic solvents due to their potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. [PERSON] et al. studied the influence of four different solvents on the antioxidant properties of avocado seeds. The solvents selected were acetone, ethanol, ethyl acetate and water. The highest antioxidant value reported was from 100% acetone, while the lowest was from 70% ethanol, 265.75 and 150.6 mg AAE/100 g, respectively. This variation in antioxidant activity indicates that the solubility of antioxidant compounds on the selected solvent directly impacts these results. Authors also found that antioxidant activity was higher when solvents were used at 100% concentration, with 100% ethyl acetate, ethanol and water extracts showing results of 229.65, 214.2 and 175.95 mg AAE/100 g, respectively.