# Analysis of Instantaneous Energy Consumption and Recuperation Based on Measurements from SORT Runs
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Problem Formulation  
For the study, an electric bus was used, and it was tested according to the SORT. The following measuring tools were used to conduct the study:  
* Yokogawa WT-1806 power analyser, manufactured in Japan, Musashino
* AAPPA 32 current clamps, manufactured in Taiwan, Shin-Tien
* LAB-EL LB-702 thermohydroborometer, serial number 1371 (measuring probe) and 1073 (readout panel), manufactured in Poland, Lodz
* CFM Master anemometer, model 8901, serial number 8809870, manufactured in Germany, Frankfurt
* CORSYS-DATRON type L-400 head, serial number 41434, manufactured in Germany, Darmstadt
* DINI ARGEO type WWSD6T non-automatic electronic scale, serial number 01001852335, manufactured in Italy, Modena. The SORTs were conducted using a sophisticated measurement system. A Datron optical measurement head was employed to record the bus's speed precisely. These speed data were captured using custom ITS software, version ITS_P.1.13, which simultaneously displayed the test cycle's target speed profile to the bus driver. This setup closely resembled the experience of vehicle testing on a chassis dynamometer. The speed recording process was synchronised with energy consumption measurements, ensuring that both datasets were perfectly aligned. The collected results were analysed using the custom ITS software, and those with the smallest deviation from the expected parameters were selected for final evaluation. This meticulous approach ensured the accuracy and reliability of the test results. The measurements were carried out on road no. 56 near the town of Stary Jasiniec. The basic track parameters are given in Table 1. The atmospheric conditions that prevailed during the measurements are presented in Table 2.  
The current clamp connection points used to assess electric bus instantaneous energy consumption and recovery during an SORT are illustrated in Figure 1, which is a representation of the test. Analysing energy efficiency under real-world operational settings requires accurate measurement of current flow. Detailed connection points for installing current clamps to record the electric current flowing through the system are indicated in the figure. In the places marked with the red circles, the current measuring system is connected, which documents the electric current that flows through the power circuit of the bus. In \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & & **Value** \\ \hline Surface condition & [-] & very good \\ Maximum longitudinal slope & [\%] & 0.35\% \\ Height above sea level & [m] & 98 \\ Minimum radius of the measuring track & [m] & not applicable \\ Length of the measuring track & [m] & 2100 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Basic parameters of the measuring track. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & & **Test Start** & **End of Test** \\ \hline Wind speed along the route axis & [m/s] & 0.40 & 0.54 \\ Ambient temperature & [C] & 5.2 & 4.7 \\ Relative humidity & [\%] & 60.4 & 65.3 \\ Atmospheric pressure & [hPa] & 1005.1 & 1005.3 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Atmospheric conditions prevailing during the measurement of electricity consumption. order to assess energy consumption and recovery procedures, this method guarantees the gathering of trustworthy data. One current clamp connection point, marked at ark19 C1 and measuring 32.5/5 A, and another, marked at ark19 D1, measuring 120/5 A, are shown in the diagram. With the help of these clamps, we can track the changes in current intensity that happen when we accelerate, brake, drive steadily, and stop. Various paths for electrical impulses are depicted by the connections in the diagram. Lines in blue show the main current flowing through the measuring system, while lines coloured black and orange show the power and signal connections. Accurate real-time monitoring is ensured by these lines, which provide a clear routing of currents.