# Biosynthesis of Phytocannabinoids and Structural Insights: A Review
## 7 Antimicrobial Activity of Phytocannabinoids  
Antimicrobial resistance threatens the viability of modern medicine, which is largely dependent on the successful prevention and treatment of bacterial infections. Unfortunately, there are few new therapeutics [74]. A total of 150 phytocannabinoid compounds have been identified [75]. In addition, phytocannabinoids synthesized from cannabis and various _Rhododend_ sp. produce cannabinoids of the CBC type, whereas flowering plants, including _Helichrysum umbraculigerman_ Less, _Glycyrrhizza foerida_, and _Amorpha frticosa_, contain highly bioactive compounds with a cannabinoid backbone, carry an aralkyl side chain, and contain a rescorcinol core [15]. Other cannabinoids, including biphenyl analogs of \(\Delta^{9}\)-THC, have been isolated from liverworts, including _Radula perrottetii_[76]. Cannabinoids have been found in fungal species, including cannabinoid acid from _Cylindracarpon oidium_[77], which produces a considerable amount of biomass in a short duration. Compounds and hemp fibers have high amounts of lignin, cellulose, and other metabolites, which makes them suitable for animal feed [78]. Cannabidiol (CBD) is the major non-psychoactive component isolated from _C. sativa_ and has been associated with multiple and potential biological activities, especially anxiolytic, antipsychotic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties [79]. The potential uses of cannabinoid in antibacterial therapies has recently emerged [80]. Since the 1950s, _C. sativa_-based preparations have also been investigated for their antibacterial activity [80]. Nonetheless, few studies have described the antibacterial activity of ultrapure CBD; CBD has a bacteriostatic as well as bactericidal effect against various Gram-positive bacterial species, such as _Staphylococcus aeruginosa_, _Methicillin-resistant S. aureus_ (MRSA), and _Streptococcus faecalis_, and several fungal species, including _Aspergillus niger_ and _Candida albicans_[81]. Recent research in the dental discipline suggests that CBD has a pronounced time-dependent inhibitory effect on biofilm formation as well as disrupts the mature biofilm of _Candida albicans_[82]. Antibacterial activity was tolerated owing to the nature of the prenyl moiety and its relative position compared with the pently moiety and carboxyl group [83]. Studies have reported that CBCA might exert antibacterial effects degrading the bacterial lipid membrane and altering the bacterial nucleoid [82]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [81] investigated the antimicrobial and anti-lipogenic effects of hemp seed extract in HaCaT keratinocytes, as well as anti-inflammatory effects in stimulated HaCaT cells by reducing the expression of genes encoding inflammatory effects [84]. However, any potential relationship between cannabis use and microbial-induced diseases must be investigated and understood in detail [85]. Phytocannabinoids have a diverse roles in humans and exhibit antimicrobial and antibiotic activity. Apart from this, they also have some other biologically beneficial properties in mitigating biotic and abiotic stress in plants [12]. Cannabis trichomes possess phytocannabinoid in large quantities. High temperatures or herbivory cause trichome rupture and the release of the phytocannabinoid content, which protects the plant from desiccation and high-temperature stress [67]. It was also reported that phytocannabinoid production was enhanced in cannabis flowers after UV-B-induced stress. Significantly, phytocannabinoids inside oil bodies provided tolerance against several abiotic stresses, such as cold temperature, heat, excessive light, and UV radiation [71]. There is a lack of knowledge about the role of phytocannabinoids in biotic and abiotic stress mitigation. Thus, more in-depth studies are still required to understand the mechanism involved in stress tolerance via phytocannabinoids [85].