## 8 Optimization Methods
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Refs.**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Optimization**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**DR Programs**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Objective Function**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Constraints**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Decision Variables**} \\  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Algorithm**} & & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Used**} & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{10}{*}{[150]} & \multirow{4}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{4}{*}{ToU} & \multirow{4}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & Minimization of & \(\bullet\) & EV SoC limits & \(\bullet\) & Load demand \\  & & & maximum & & & & & \\  & & transformer & & charge/discharge & & & \\  & & \(\bullet\) & DLC & & loading during the & & & \\  & & & charging operation & & \(\bullet\) & Grid power & & \\  & & & & balance limits & & & \\ \hline \multirow{10}{*}{[151]} & \multirow{4}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{4}{*}{ToU} & \multirow{4}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{4}{*}{Maximization of a parking lot profit} & \(\bullet\) & EV SOC limits & \(\bullet\) & EV battery capacity \\  & & & & parking lot profit & \(\bullet\) & EV battery & & \\  & & & & charging operation & & & \\  & & & & charging operation & & & \\  & & & & & balance limits & & \\ \hline \multirow{10}{*}{[152]} & \multirow{4}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{4}{*}{ToU} & \multirow{4}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{4}{*}{Maximization of EV aggregation profit} & \(\bullet\) & EV SOC limits & \(\bullet\) & EV battery capacity \\  & & & & parking lot profit & & & & \\  & & & & parking lot profit & & & \\  & & & & & efficiency & & \\  & & & & & & & charge/discharge \\  & & & & & & & tariff \\ \hline \multirow{10}{*}{[153]} & \multirow{4}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{4}{*}{ToU} & \multirow{4}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & Maximization of & \(\bullet\) & & & \(\bullet\) & Market electricity \\  & & & EV aggregation profit & & & & & tariff \\  & & & & & & & & Spinning reserve \\  & & & & profit & & & & capacity \\  & & & & & & & & EV availability \\ \hline \multirow{10}{*}{[154]} & \multirow{4}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{4}{*}{ToU} & \multirow{4}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & Maximization of & \(\bullet\) & Available DR limits & \multirow{4}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{4}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{4}{*}{\(\bullet\)} \\  & & & & \(\bullet\) & & EV charging/discharging & & \\  & & & & risks and costs & & & power limits & \\  & & & & associated with DR & & & EV SoC limits & \\ \hline \multirow{10}{*}{[155]} & \multirow{4}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{4}{*}{RTP} & \multirow{4}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{4}{*}{Minimization of EV charge/discharge rate limits} & \(\bullet\) & EV & \multirow{4}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{4}{*}{\(\bullet\)} \\  & & & & charge/discharge cost & & & EV SoC limits & \\  & & & & cost & & & EV charging time & \\  & & & & & & limits & \\ \hline \multirow{10}{*}{[155]} & \multirow{4}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{4}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{4}{*}{LS} & \multirow{4}{*}{Minimization of EV charge/discharge rate limits} & \(\bullet\) & Active and reactive power limits & \multirow{4}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{4}{*}{Shiftable appliance schedule} \\  & & & & emissions, and renewable power curtailment & & & Power flow and balance limits & \\  & & & & curtailment & & EV SoC limits & \\ \hline \multirow{10}{*}{[156]} & \multirow{4}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{4}{*}{ToU} & \multirow{4}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & Minimization of generation costs, contingency costs, load-following costs, load following scheduling costs & \(\bullet\) & EV SoC limits & \multirow{4}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{4}{*}{\(\bullet\)} \\  & & & & & contingency costs, and load & & generation limits & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & load-following costs & & & Load shedding and load following reserve limits & \\ \hline \multirow{10}{*}{[157]} & \multirow{4}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{4}{*}{ToU} & \multirow{4}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{4}{*}{Maximization of generation costs, contingency costs, load-following costs, shedding costs} & \(\bullet\) & RES generation limits & \multirow{4}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{4}{*}{\(\bullet\)} \\  & & & & & incoming of & & Bus and line & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & distribution & & voltage limits & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & operator & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & Minimization of operational costs & & & EV SoC, efficiency, and power & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & and power & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & exchange limits & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}