## 3 Literature Survey  
The Dynamic Learning System proposed by [PERSON] et al. [19] guarantees the number of sequences on the routing table of the node receiving the route reply packet. The packet is deleted or allowed if it is larger than in the route reply packet. The value of the sequence number should not exceed or be classified as an attacker node. Dynamically  
Figure 2: Routing Protocols. this value of the threshold varies. The simulation results demonstrate that the time limit is reduced, but the routing overhead is increased. The method designed by [PERSON] et al. [20], based on the neighbourhood and the protocol on the rehabilitation route, has two phases: detection and response. To detect the first gathering of the information from the neighbour node, packets are analysed. This is done with the packet, which is unicast by the source node following receipt of the ack message. Destination D Secondly, the source compares the next set of information after receiving more than one message. If the difference exceeds the threshold, a node of the black hole is found [16]. S delivers the MRE (Modified Route Entrance) packet to the destination after discovering the true destination. As a result, the output is raised; false positive probabilities and overhead routing are reduced. [PERSON] et al. [21] have presented an agent based multi-cast routing scheme (ABMRS) in MANETs using mobile/static unit collecting. The new technique progresses accordingly: (1) Reliables nodes have been found; (2) intermediate nodes have been connected to reliable and intermediate nodes; (3) multicast backbones have been established; and (4) multi-cast groups members have been combined to backbones. [PERSON] et al. [22] offered the comparison between AODV, OLSR and HWMP in their study \"energy and performance assessment of reactive, proactive and hybrid routing algorithms in the network wireless mesh.\" They employed an NS3 simulator and the following measures: power consumption, transmission, \(PDR\), delay, e-transmission and e-PDR. The routing protocols were assessed using two topologies: grid topology and topology for mobile nodes. The results show that OLSR is the most effective in \(PDR\) and reduced delay routing technique. However, mobility and scalability can greatly affect its performance [23; 24]. In order to identify and safeguard the selfish nodes for network security improvement, [PERSON] et al. [25] developed the dynamic trust-based intrusion detection technique. The AODV was used here to generate the path from the source to the destination. Through the direct and indirect levels of trust, the selfish nodes were validly identified. Additionally, the direct and indirect trust degrees were analysed via neighbour's direct communication exchanges and recommendations. Overhead was introduced during data transfer by the frequent network topology. A protocol to secure On-Demand routing protocols that use broadcasting as their route query mechanism is the Secure Routing Protocol (SRP) created by [PERSON] et al. [26]. They pointed out that a number of existing reactive routing protocols, notably the DSR, can be extended. Between a source node and a destination node, a security association (SA) is necessary. The SA will be defined by a common key between the two nodes. The SA is presumed [27; 28]. The Ad-Hoc routing Security-aware (SAR) protocol is an ad-hoc routing solution that integrates security features as route discovery parameters. However, typical unprotected routing protocols identify the shortest way between two nodes, but SAR can identify a path with security features. For example, when each node on the route needs a particular shared key, the criterion for a valid route can be detected. Authenticated Ad hoc Networks Routing (ARAN), as defined by [PERSON] et al. [29], is a secure on-demand routing protocol. ARAN uses an encryption mechanism to provide authentication, message integrity, and non-repudiation security objectives. The first phase is the exploratory certification process requiring a trustworthy certificate authority.