## 4 Discussion  
The proposed method aimed to face the visual disamenity caused by the pylons of HVPL and similar vertical structures on the landscape. The design strategy originates from the weak points of the existing proposals of new pylons designs, which only partially comply with the requirements defined at the beginning of this research activity:  
* Visual quality enhancement, as a possible approach to visual impact mitigation (compare [13; 18; 19]);
* Complete satisfaction of regulatory requirements and industrial feasibility. Most examples of new pylon designs provided in the literature stopped at the conceptual phase [10]; they were not further developed into real applications due to many limitations (e.g., regulatory, safety, lack of feasibility, etc.). Conversely, in practice, we can find installed pylons with new designs that do not completely match the identified guidelines for mitigating the visual impact nor for visual quality enhancement. To overcome these limitations, the proposed method includes both the previous two requirements, by systematically supporting the designers through the design steps. Again, the proposed method requires deep knowledge of the territory, from multiple points of view: landscape, natural environment, history, culture, and tradition. This may require the presence of a multidisciplinary team from the early planning stages. The proposed design method was applied to a particularly critical situation: the design of a new electricity pylon for a 380-kV line to be installed into the territory of the Abruzzo region, a region with different landscape areas, as the coastal area, the mountains area, and natural reserves, but also with important cultural and historical cities. Applying the method to this critical situation, the following main limitations can be identified:  
1. The method, in the current version, does not include the environmental assessment of such structures but is focused on the investigation of measures and principles regarding visual quality enhancement. 2. The method provides the generation of 3D models in the embodiment design phase with the support of a TO software. Even if the starting shapes are carefully selected, sometimes they may present criticalities, as in the case of the Capestrano Warrior, due to the presence of too many small characterizing details. In those cases, the designer is required to manually develop material reduction or to select a different starting shape. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & & **Coastal Area** & **Internal Area** \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Total Number of Individuals**} & **72** & **60** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Demographic variables} & Males (\%) & 50.00\% & 45.00\% \\  & Average age (years) & 45 & 49 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Education} & Middle school (\%) & 13.89\% & 53.33\% \\  & High school (\%) & 56.94\% & 43.33\% \\  & University (\%) & 29.17\% & 3.33\% \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Respondents’ origin} & Residents living (\%) & 38.89\% & 53.33\% \\  & Tourists (\%) & 44.44\% & 40.00\% \\ \cline{1-1}  & Others (\%) & 16.67\% & 6.67\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 10: Sample characteristics. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Citizens** & **New pylon Design** & **Traditional pylon Design** & **None** \\ \hline Coastal area (sail-shaped pylon) & 58.3\% & 21.4\% & 20.3\% \\ Internal area (eagle-shaped pylon) & 56.5\% & 19.7\% & 23.8\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 11: Citizens’ preferences based on visual impact. 3. The method involves different kinds of skills and knowledge during the design process. In particular, the method involves citizens in the requirements collection phase, in the preference elicitation, as well in the final assessment phase.