## 1 Introduction  
Sudan ranks among the three largest countries in Africa in terms of land area and holds significant importance globally due to its abundant water and fertile agricultural land, covering approximately one-third of its total area of 1,886,068 square kilometres [1]. Additionally, Sudan boasts a wealth of natural agricultural resources such as fertile lands and animal, mineral, plant, and water resources. Sugarcane is a vital crop worldwide for sugar production and renewable bioenergy, typically cultivated in dry and semiarid regions. China, the world's fourth largest sugar producer following Brazil, India, and the European Union, collectively accounts for about 80% of global production, while the remaining 20% is derived from sugar beets mainly grown in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, utilized as a raw material for bioethanol production for renewable energy [2]. In Sudan, sugarcane is a key cash crop used for sugar production and other goods for both local consumption and export [3]. The concept of water footprint refers to the amount of fresh water utilized in the production process, encompassing all stages of the production chain. This water footprint comprises three components: green, blue, and grey water footprints. The green water footprint pertains to the consumption of green water resources (rainwater that does not turn into runoff), while the blue water footprint denotes the consumption of blue water resources (surface and groundwater). Lastly, the grey water footprint concerns pollution and represents the volume of fresh water necessary to absorb pollutants based on natural background concentrations and prevailing water quality standards [4; 5; 6]. The quantity of water used throughout the crop growth period directly influences the production, serving as the ultimate objective of agricultural endeavours. The assessment of the relationship between water usage and crop yield through water footprint accounting proves to be a suitable method [7]. Water footprint (WF) investigations primarily aim to decrease the global average of freshwater consumption. It is projected that the water footprint may rise by as much as 22% due to climate variations and alterations in land use by the year 2090 [8]. [PERSON], [PERSON] [9] emphasized that water footprint, scarcity, and productivity serve as the primary metrics for assessing sustainable irrigated agriculture. Nevertheless, it has been established that water footprint (WF) is more practical and reliable when compared to other methodologies. This WF comprises green and blue components, denoting precipitation and irrigation water, respectively. Through WF assessment, the sustainability of water resources can be gauged, and the correlation between water usage and crop yield can be examined [10]. The evaluation of WF necessitates data collection and the creation of inventory analyses to elucidate the link between water utilization and crop yield [11]. Green water evapotranspiration (ETgreen) represents the rainwater stored in the soil available for crop evapotranspiration, akin to effective precipitation (P\({}_{\text{eff}}\)) [12], while blue water evapotranspiration (ETblue) pertains to irrigation water sourced from groundwater aquifers and surface water during the growing seasons [13]. Remote sensing is described as the discipline of acquiring information about objects or regions from a distance without direct physical contact. It serves as a tool for monitoring the earth's resources through space technology alongside ground observations [14]. Remote sensing (RS) technologies offer a diagnostic mechanism acting as an early warning system, enabling timely interventions by the agricultural sector to mitigate potential issues before they escalate and detrimentally affect crop productivity.