## 2 Characterization of Cloud Types and Their Impairments
### Clouds Composition in Different Regions  
In order to calculate the overall impairments by clouds, in addition to the provided attenuation assessment, one needs to provide cloud composition in different regions. This is provided in Table 3, showing the prevalence of certain types of clouds in Earth regions [51]. By analyzing the presented data one may observe that the equatorial line is dominated by cloud bands of the intratropical convergence zone (ITC), which are characterized by the convergence of air currents and intense ascending air movements. In this cluster, cumulus and cumulonimbus clouds often develop in combination with a large number of cirrus clouds. Such a cluster is characterized by a multiple components, separated by cloudless gaps, stretching parallel to the equator. Sometimes it is not possible to detect a single cloud band in the ITC region over a distance of a thousand kilometers; in this case, only cloudless areas and small cloud accumulations are observed. In summer and winter, the shapes of the clouds forming the frontal band are the same. Based on this, in sunny weather, almost absolute cloudlessness is observed, while the transition to precipitation occurs immediately, without the presence of cloudy weather. In the northern polar regions, stratus and stratocumulus clouds dominate. At the same time, the height of stratus clouds is often below the range from 100 to 200 m. The relative humidity of the lower layers of air in the polar regions (in the Arctic and Antarctic) is close to saturation throughout the year, despite the low absolute humidity. The high frequency of powerful inversions significantly weakens the air exchange, and therefore a significant amount of moisture accumulates under the inversions. The high degree of stability of warmer air masses coming here from adjacent areas is enhanced due to the presence of deep inversions in the polar regions in a layer up to 1.5-2.5 km or more. In winter, inversions occur as a result of radiative air cooling in anticyclones, and in summer as a result of melting snow and ice. All this determines the large horizontal extent of cloud fields, reaching about 1000 km, the long duration of their existence, and the dominance \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Region**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Weather**} \\ \cline{2-4}  & _Sunny_ & _Cloudy_ & _Rain_ \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Equator} & \multirow{2}{*}{No clouds} & \multirow{2}{*}{Cumulus (Cu)} & \multicolumn{1}{l}{Pinnate (Ci)} \\  & & & Circumulus (Cc) \\  & & & Cumulonimbus (Cb) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Middle zone} & \multirow{4}{*}{Pinnate (Ci)} & \multirow{4}{*}{Cirrocumulus (Cc)} & \multicolumn{1}{l}{Pinnate (Ci)} \\  & & Stratocumulus (Sc) & Cumulonimbus (Cb) \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Layered (St) & Nimbostatus (Ns) \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Altocumulus (Ac) & Altocratus (As) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{North} & \multirow{4}{*}{Layered (St)} & \multirow{4}{*}{Stratocumulus (Sc)} & Stratocumulus (Sc) \\  & & & Layered (St) \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Layered (St) & Cumulus (Cu) \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Altocumulus (Ac) & Cumulonimbus (Cb) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: The distribution of clouds in different weather conditions and Earth regions. of stratus clouds. The frequent formation of several inversion layers in the atmosphere causes a high frequency of multilayer clouds. The dominant forms of intramass clouds in the Arctic are stratocumulus and stratus. Cumulus clouds are observed, although rarely, over the coast or archipelagos. When considering the regions of the middle zone, a temperate climate is often observed, leading to almost equal popularity of ice and mixed clouds. Naturally, pure water clouds most often occur in the warm half of the year, and ice clouds--in the cold half. On a sunny day, the Sun warm the ground, which warms the air directly above it. The heated air, due to convection, rises to the top and forms cumulus clouds.