## 4 Analysis: ISM Processes and Results
### Final ISM Framework Development
#### 4.5.3 Level 3  
At the third level of the framework, other crucial enablers are identified for facilitating the adoption of CE in construction mega-projects. These enablers are described below. * Raising awareness of CE  
One of the key steps to promoting CE adoption is raising awareness among the main stakeholders about the potential benefits of CE for the environment, economy, and society. This aligns with past research which has demonstrated that raising awareness can drive the transition to CE across various contexts in both developed and developing countries [11; 18; 33]. The framework developed in this study shows a direct link between awareness and education, it highlights that the absence of proper understanding could hinder transition towards CE. This has also been reflected in previous research pointing to lack of awareness as a significant barrier to adopting circularity in mega-projects [21]. * Education and Training  
Education and training are directly related to raising awareness; construction professionals are required to possess the necessary skills and knowledge to implement CE practices. These competencies are crucial throughout the construction lifecycle, mainly in areas such as design for flexibility, selecting reclaimed materials, and modular design, which can significantly reduce material waste and decrease reliance on raw materials [2; 18]. This aligns with several studies that have identified lack of knowledge as a major challenge to CE adoption. Educating stakeholders on the relevant practices is essential for a successful transition [11; 18; 35]. * Examples of Case Studies that Adopt CE Principles  
Examination of and reflection on case studies can help to clarify ways to implement CE [33; 36]. In fact, the lack of CE examples and case studies has been identified as one of the top seven barriers to implementing CE in construction mega-projects [21]. Successful projects that have adopted CE principles such as design for flexibility, the use of reclaimed materials, and design for disassembly encourage broader adoption of these practices. Showcasing the potential environmental and socio-economic benefits reinforces the viability of CE and serves as a practical guide for stakeholders and similar projects. The framework demonstrates how successful examples influence other enablers both directly and indirectly, via routes such as raising awareness, education, and incentives. These projects enhance the credibility of CE and demonstrate its applicability, helping convince stakeholders to embrace it. * Incentives to Adopt CE  
The availability of incentives plays a pivotal role in facilitating the adoption of CE practices, encouraging construction projects to align their goals with CE principles. Incentives such as performance-based rewards, recognition programs, and financial benefits can drive participation in CE initiatives and contribute to attracting stakeholders. The importance of incentives is supported by studies that describe the challenges posed by their absence [11; 14; 35; 36]. * Certification of Reclaimed Materials  
Ensuring the quality of materials through certification is crucial, especially in the context of CE practices. Certification directly impacts the establishment of a mature market and a reliable supply chain by ensuring that materials meet the required specification and adhere to CE principles. It ensures that reclaimed and reused materials meet the relevant standards. This has been discussed by researchers who have highlighted that its absence could hinder CE implementation [3; 11; 31]. Material certification is thus considered a key enabler, providing credibility mainly when dealing with recycled content. * Promoting a Culture of Acceptance of Reclaimed Materials  
The acceptance of reclaimed materials in construction is an important enabler for facilitating CE. Resistance to using recycled or reused materials has been identified as one of the top barriers in mega-projects [21].