# A Comparison of the Fuel Consumption and Truck Models in Different Production Scenarios
## 1 Introduction  
Mining is the beneficial process of extracting any raw material from the earth. Currently, the most widely used mining method is open-pit mining, sharing many common processes and stages across the different resources extracted [1; 2]. The expansion of an open pit is known as the ultimate pit, which indicates the final size and shape of the pit, and the maximum Net Present Value (NPV) or net benefit over the lifetime of a project [3; 4]. The ultimate pit and its beneficiation depend on several variables, such as production rate, reserve geometry, spatial variability of grade, mine life, size and capacity of the loading and haulage fleet, milling and processing plant, site, and working conditions [3]. In addition, some of these factors also influence the incidence and severity of accidents, directly or indirectly [5]. [PERSON] et al. [6] describe how speed and technical conditions of the loading and haulage fleet, or the ramp conditions, are key to increasing the safety of a mine or reducing the probability of accidents during the haulage stage. To extract materials correctly and generate the maximum NPV, it is necessary to determine the plan of operation in the long-term, medium-term, and short-term [7], and the pit design. Mine planning and mine design have a strong connection, and the selection of parameters at the design stage is used to determine the block model, which is the main input for mine planning [8]. Generally, researchers concentrate on the design parameters and conditions of haul roads, and their related equipment fleets [9]. Design parameters such as ramp width, ramp slope, and equipment size directly influence NPV, so they should be considered at an earlier stage [10]. In the mining industry, an increase in equipment size could increase productivity and, therefore, profits. Although it is logical to think that \"bigger is better\", this is not always the case. Increasing equipment size has affected various aspects of mining such as ore dilution, maintenance, milling, and even safety, because having a bigger project increases the risks, so the associated processes and sub-processes in terms of safety should be as rigorous as possible. Since equipment selection in an open-pit mine influences all stages of mining [10], the indiscriminate selection of larger equipment may not always be advantageous, especially in haulage equipment, where approximately 46% of mining costs are concentrated at this stage [11; 12; 13]. Although the increase in equipment size has allowed the mining industry to reduce the operational cost per ton mined [12], environmental costs have been a separate issue. It is known that 28% of global energy consumption is due to fuel consumption in transportation networks, and its mitigation has had economic and environmental consequences. In mining operations, most of the equipment is powered by diesel engines, which account for 85% of this demand; for example, in surface mining operations the use of haul trucks is extensive [14; 15]. Gross vehicle weight, truck velocity, total resistance, and environmental-operational conditions have been recognized as the key parameters affecting fuel consumption, prompting major mining corporations to carry out several research projects on the energy efficiency of haul trucks [10; 16; 17]. Another important way to reduce the environmental risks caused by fuel consumption has been to focus on the study of equipment reliability, since an adequate maintenance plan has the potential to reduce the energy consumption of the mining fleet [18], or on the use of additives that modify the engine of the equipment, seeking to reduce emissions of nitrogen compounds and fine solid dust particles resulting from the operation of heavy diesel engines [19]. Another important issue is carbon dioxide (CO\({}_{2}\)) emissions into the atmosphere. This issue has been relevant in recent years and there are several works where approximate calculations have been made [20].