# Beneficial Health Potential of Algerian Polysaccharides
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Potential Health Benefits of L-PSPC and S-PSPC
#### 3.2.2 Biological Activities of S-PSPC
The results observed  
Figure 5: In vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperglycemic effects of S-PSPC regarding inhibitions of (**a**) myeloperoxidase, (**b**) NADPH oxidase, (**c**) \(\alpha\)-amylase and (**d**) \(\alpha\)-glucosidase activities. S-PSPC\({}_{\text{h}}\) is a hydrolyzed version of S-PSPC (H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\), 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 30 min) for preliminary investigations of molar mass effects (data not shown). for the positive control were consistent with the literature with values ranging from 0.05 to 0.60 mg/mL [59]. As reported by [PERSON] et al., inhibition of \(\alpha\)-glucosidase activity was inversely proportional to molar mass and S-PSPC\({}_{\text{h}}\) showed an IC\({}_{50}\) of 4.71 mg/mL [60]. Note that S-PSPC had a molar mass of 700 kDa [45]. A heteroxylan extracted from _Plantago notata_ seeds also showed a moderate inhibitory potential at 10 mg/mL (58%) [29]. Variations in monosaccharide compositions are also classically involved in these differences [61]. Inhibitory capacity of heteroxylan and arabinoxylan are due to Xyl:Ara ratio and degree of substitution, highly substituted ones presenting the best IC\({}_{50}\) values. Arabinoxylan also uncompetitively inhibit \(\alpha\)-glucosidase [62]. Treating diabetic rats with an arabinoxylan (PLP) isolated from _Plantago asatica_ seeds leaded to a reduction in blood glucose levels [63]. PLP significantly inhibited \(\alpha\)-amylase activity and diffusion of glucose, in vitro. At 2.5 mg/mL, PLP reduced \(\alpha\)-amylase activity by 10% compared to the negative control, which was lower than for S-PSPC at the same concentration (36%). Inhibition of \(\alpha\)-amylase could be due to the number of free carboxylic groups [64]. Note that S-PSPC contained fewuronic acids (8% \(w/w\)). Adsorption of polysaccharides to starch remains the most reported hypothesis, which would prevent the hydrolytic activity of enzymes such as \(\alpha\)-amylase [65]. Consuming _Plantago ovata_ fibers (rich in arabinoxylan) improved postprandial glycemic index and insulin sensitivity in rats [43; 66]. Dietary fibers from _Plantago ovata_ may also reduce blood glucose levels in patients with type II diabetes [67]. [PERSON] et al. tested in vitro antihyperglycemic potency of _Acacia tortilis_ polysaccharide (AG), showing its potential as an effective remedy for treating diabetes mellitus. IC\({}_{50}\) of AG was around 0.7 mg/mL for \(\alpha\)-glucosidase extracted from rats and 0.5 mg/mL for those extracted from yeast [25]. More recently, an arabian-rich polysaccharide exhibited significant \(\alpha\)-glucosidase inhibitory activities [60; 68]. These observations are consistent with traditional uses of _Plantago ciliata_ seeds in medicine for reducing blood sugar levels [11]. Finally, all these preliminary results assessed the biological potential of both L-PSPC (pectin-like) and S-PSPC (arabinoxylan-like), giving an understanding as to why _Plantago ciliata_ leaves and seeds are widely used in Algerian ethnobotany approach to treat diabetes and diseases often associated with inflammation. Further experiments should be needed in the future, as instance, the analysis of the antiproliferative and in vitro digestion activities of both fractions to better comprehend their biological potentials in Nutraceuticals and Inflammation processes. _In vivo_ (cells, animals and clinical) experiments should complete these results to assess their uses as new healthy drugs (or based-drug compounds). Conceptualization, G.P., N.A., Z.B. ; methodology, C.D., G.P., N.A., P.D. ; validation, C.D., G.P., N.A., P.D. ; formal analysis, C.G., F.B., G.P., N.A., S.A., T.C., Z.B. ; investigation, C.D., F.B., N.A., P.D., S.A., T.C., Z.B. ; writing--original draft preparation, G.P., N.A., Z.B. ; writing--review and editing, G.P., Z.B. ; supervision, G.P., M.D.O.E.H., P.M., Z.B. ; project administration, M.D.O.E.H., P.M.; funding acquisition, M.D.O.E.H., P.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.