## 1 Introduction
This makes magnesium particularly attractive for applications in orthopedic and dental implants. Despite these advantages, the practical application of magnesium implants is hindered by their poor corrosion resistance in physiological environments. Rapid degradation can lead to the formation of hydrogen gas pockets and adverse tissue reactions, compromising the implant's mechanical stability and biocompatibility. To address these challenges, surface modification techniques are essential for controlling degradation rates and enhancing the bioactivity of magnesium implants. Surface modification techniques play a critical role in enhancing the performance of metallic implants by creating protective coatings that improve corrosion resistance, bioactivity, and mechanical stability. Among these techniques, plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) has gained significant attention due to its ability to produce thick, porous oxide coatings on metal surfaces. PEO is an electrochemical process conducted under high-voltage conditions, generating microdischargesthat facilitate the formation of ceramic-like oxide layers. These coatings provide a barrier against corrosion, improve mechanical properties, and serve as a platform for incorporating bioactive agents to promote tissue integration [15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33]. PEO has been extensively studied and optimized for titanium implants, where it has demonstrated significant improvements in corrosion resistance, osseointegration, and antibacterial properties. Researchers have developed bioactive coatings enriched with calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, and antimicrobial nanoparticles to enhance the performance of titanium implants. However, despite the growing interest in biodegradable magnesium implants, research on PEO modification of magnesium remains limited. The high reactivity of magnesium poses unique challenges for PEO processing, including the formation of non-uniform coatings and instability during the oxidation process. These challenges necessitate tailored approaches to electrolyte composition, process parameters, and coating design [34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43]. The current state of research in the field of PEO modification predominantly focuses on titanium-based implants, reflecting the long-standing reliance on titanium in biomedical applications. While significant progress has been made in optimizing PEO processes for titanium, there is a noticeable gap in the literature regarding the application of PEO to magnesium implants. Magnesium's potential as a biodegradable and bioactive implant material remains underexplored, particularly in the context of dental applications where controlled degradation and enhanced bioactivity are critical [44; 45; 46; 47; 48; 49; 50; 51; 52; 53]. This study aims to address this research gap by investigating the PEO surface modification of magnesium implants, with a focus on achieving uniform, stable, and bioactive coatings that enhance corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. The process was designed in accordance with green chemistry principles, emphasizing sustainability and safety at each stage. Comprehensive analyses of the physicochemical and biological properties of the modified magnesium surfaces were conducted, including chemical structure analysis via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), surface morphology assessment using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), biodegradation and biocorrosion studies, and cytotoxicity evaluation using MG-63 osteoblast-like cells. The novelty of this research lies in its focus on magnesium as an implant material, leveraging PEO technology to create bioactive and corrosion-resistant coatings. By addressing the challenges associated with magnesium degradation and investigating sustainable modification methods, this study contributes valuable insights to the field of dental and orthopedic implantology.