## 3 Results  
Using the website Rp5 ([[https://rp5.ru](https://rp5.ru)]([https://rp5.ru](https://rp5.ru)) (accessed on: 12 July 2022)), the researchers obtained meteorological data (including relative humidity, temperature, atmospheric pressure, visual range, and wind speed) from the Zhongshan Chinese Station, Antarctica. Notably, temperature is the atmospheric temperature at 2 m above ground level (\({}^{\circ}\)C), wind speed is the average wind speed at 10-12 m within 10 min of observation (m/s), relative humidity is measured at 2 m above the ground (%), atmospheric pressure is the atmospheric pressure at the level of the weather station (mmHg), and visibility is the horizontal visibility (km). Many researchers have shown that space weather can have an effect on the AEF; therefore, we should exclude days of magnetic storms with Dst indices less than \(-\)50 nT, indicating moderate and large storms. Finally, 40 days were selected as fair-weather days during the 5-month measurement period (1 March-1 August 2022); the hourly average curves of these 40 fair days are shown in Figure 4. The horizontal coordinate indicates local time (UTC+5), and the vertical coordinate is the AEF in Figure 4. The black curve indicates HAEFs for each hour of the 40 fair-weather days, and error bars represent the corresponding standard deviations (\(\pm\)5% of measured values). The following summary based on Figure 4 can be developed: (1) most of the HAEFs are in the range of 0.5-0.6 kV/m; (2) the average curve as a whole is a \"single-peak, single-valley\" curve; and (3) the maximum peak value is 0.58 kV/m at 23:00, and the minimum valley is 0.50 kV/m at 19:00. Earth's conductivity and the ionospheric conductivity are so high as to act as equipotential points. The current density is given by Ohm's Law, J\({}_{\mathrm{z}}\) = V\({}_{\mathrm{i}}\)/R, where R is the whole-column resistance from the surface to the ionosphere at that location and time and is essentially constant during the day. Therefore, the conduction current (J\({}_{\mathrm{z}}\)) in the atmosphere varies with time during each day, as the overhead ionospheric potential (V\({}_{\mathrm{i}}\)) varies, forming the well-known 'Carnegie Curve'. At a specific location and time, the AEF is inversely proportional to the atmospheric conductivity, while atmospheric conductivity is positively correlated with small ion concentrations and is inversely proportional to the concentration of large ions in the atmosphere. When the aerosol concentration increases, the large ion concentration increases, which leads to a decrease in the atmospheric conductivity and an increase in the AEF. Therefore, there is a positive correlation between near-surface AEFs and aerosol concentrations [47]. Then, we changed the view to observe the details of the orange curve. In the morning, aerosols gathered near the ground, which led to an increase in the aerosol concentration and then an increase in the AEF. From 6:00 to 19:00, thermal convection and turbulent vertical transport were active because of solar radiation. Moreover, aerosols were transported upward, and their concentrations near the surface continuously decreased. Subsequently, the near-surface AEF decreased to a valley value. Figure 4: Average atmospheric electric field daily variation on 40 fair-weather days at the Antarctic Chinese Zhongshan Station during the 5-month measurement period (1 March–1 August 2022) (the average curve for these 12 days is represented by the black curve, and the error bars represent the corresponding standard deviations). Finally, from 19:00 to the early morning of the next day, the atmosphere stabilized, the aerosol concentration increased, and the AEF slowly increased and stabilized. To make a comparison, using the same method, the researchers conducted long-term observations at the Thirteen Hill Station in Changing, Beijing, China (116.23\({}^{\circ}\) E, 40.25\({}^{\circ}\) N, with a mean altitude of 198 m).