esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Experiment and Result
### Data Pre-Processing  
The current experiment utilizes the UNSW-NB15 dataset [22], which was compiled by the Australian Centre for network Security. The raw network packets for the dataset were generated by the Australian Cyber Security Centr's Cyber Scope Lab and were designed to produce a mixture of modern normal activity and synthetic contemporary attack behaviour. 100 GB of raw traffic, such as PCAP files, were captured using relevant tools. The UNSW-NB15 dataset comprises a total of 49 features, which are categorized into five distinct classes: 5 flow features (e.g., source IP address), 13 basic features (e.g., source-to-destination byte count), 8 content features, 16 temporal features, and 7 additional generated features. The nine attack types involved in this dataset are detailed in Table 2 and will not be reiterated here. The dataset is clearly labeled for each attack type, which is highly conducive to the learning and perception of the network security posture by the IPSO-LSTM model proposed in this study. The UNSW-NB15 dataset is extensively employed in the industry for network security research. The data processing algorithm is shown in Algorithms 1.  
```
Input: original data Output: standardised data 1 1 data retrieval 2  df_train = pd_read 3  df_test = pd_read 4 pretreatment 5  attack_cat_train.save 6  attack_cat_test.save 7  label_drop 8  id_drop 9  def coding function toLabel 10  list_train = df_train.fit() 11  list_test = df_test.fit() 12  attack_cat_train.fit() 13  attack_cat_test.fit() 14  Data splicing 15  Splicing encoding results other than attack type 16  Label encoding for label_train and label_test 17  Feature linking and normalisation 18  Connecting numerical and categorical features 19  data_train.save 20  data_test.save 21  normalisation 22  double_sided_log(sigmoid(data_train)) 23  double_sided_log(sigmoid(data_test)) 24  Preservation of processed data 25  np_savez(data_train) 26  np_savez(data_test)
```  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Configuration Item** & **Descriptive** \\ \hline CPU & 13 th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-13650 HX made in USA \\ Memory & DDR4 16 GB made in USA \\ GPUs & NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4060 Laptop GPUs made in USA \\ Pycharm & Pytorch 2.1.1 python3.6 CUDA12.1 The version of pycharm is \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Experimental environment configuration table.
# Testbed for Experimental Characterization of Indoor Visible Light Communication Channels
###### Abstract  
In this paper, we describe an experimental testbed designed to evaluate indoor visible light communications (VLC) in realistic scenarios. The system is based on a mockup where the location and orientation of the optical receiver can be modified with precision for a static configuration of walls and ceiling lamp arrangements. The system utilizes a timing synchronization method, which is based on evaluating the training sequence periods used for channel response estimation, which enables robust frame synchronization. In addition, an adaptive rate orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme is used to assess the VLC performance throughout the receiver plane emulating a real communication. The preliminary results obtained with this prototype, considering a multiple-input single-output (MISO) scenario, demonstrate that reflection on walls yields a significant increase in data rates, which can be additionally improved if appropriate orientation of the receiver is implemented. However, vertical orientation upward of the optical receiver still constitutes a simple solution but efficient enough. Moreover, a good agreement between simulation and experimental results is observed, which confirms the suitability of the mockup as an experimental testbed for practical evaluation of indoor VLC systems, where system performance for different lamp arrangements and receiver designs, including multi-user communications, can be studied.  
Visible Light Communication (VLC); indoor channel characterization; Multiple-Input Single-Output (MISO) communication +
Footnote †: journal: 2021
# Hardware Design for Cascade-Structure, Dual-Stage, Current-Limiting, Solid-State DC Circuit Breaker
###### Abstract  
Solid-state DC circuit breakers provide crucial support for the safe and reliable operation of low-voltage DC distribution networks. A hardware topology based on a cascaded structure with dual-stage, current-limiting, small-capacity, solid-state DC circuit breakers has been proposed. The hardware topology uses a series-parallel configuration of cascaded SCR (thyristors) and MOSFETs (metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors) in the transfer branch, which enhances the breaking capacity of the transfer branch. Additionally, a secondary current-limiting circuit composed of an inductor and resistor in parallel is integrated at the front end of the transfer branch to effectively improve the current-limiting performance of the circuit breaker. Meanwhile, a dissipation branch is introduced on the fault side to reduce the energy consumption burden on surge arresters. For the power supply system of the hardware part, a capacitor-powered method is adopted for safety and efficiency, with a capacitor switch serially connected to the capacitor power supply for high-precision control of the power supply. Current detection branches are introduced into each branch to provide conditions for the on-off control of semiconductor switching devices and experimental data analysis. The high-frequency control of semiconductor devices is achieved using optocoupler signal isolation chips and high-speed drive chips through a microcontroller STM32. Simulation verification based on MATLAB/SIMULINK software and experimental prototype testing have been conducted, and the results show that the hardware topology is correct and effective.  
hardware topology; current detection; semiconductor devices; optocoupler; drive; microcontroller 2020 IEEEexample:BSTcontrol
###### Abstract  
This study investigates the technical and financial potential of an aggregation of residential heat pumps to deliver demand response (DR) services to the Dutch Frequency Containment Reserve (FCR) market. To determine this potential, a quantitative model was developed to simulate a heat pump switching process. The model utilizes historical frequency and heat pump data as input to determine the optimal weekly bid size considering the regulations and fine regime of the FCR market. These regulations are set by the Dutch Transmission System Operator (TSO). Two strategies were defined that can be employed by an aggregator to select the optimal bid size; the 'always available' scenario and the 'always reliable' scenario. By using the availability and reliability as constraints in the model, the effects of TSO regulations on the potential for FCR are accurately assessed. Results show a significant difference in bid size and revenue of the strategies. In the 'always available' scenario, the average resultant bid size is 1.7 MW, resulting in \(\copyright\)0.22 revenue per heat pump (0.5 kW\({}_{\text{P}}\)) per week. In the 'always reliable' scenario, the average resultant bid size is 7.9 MW, resulting in \(\copyright\)1.00 revenue per heat pump per week on average in the period 03-10-2016-24-04-2017. This is based on a simulation of 20,000 heat pumps with a total capacity of 1 MWp. Results show a large difference in potential between the two strategies. Since the strategies are based on TSO-regulations and strategic choices by the aggregator, both seem to have a strong influence on the financial potential of FCR provision. In practice, this study informs organizations that provide FCR with knowledge about different bidding strategies and their market impact.  
demand response; aggregator; heat pumps; FCR; frequency containment reserve; ancillary services; smart grids +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
## Abbreviations  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
\begin{tabular}{l l} PNT & positioning, navigation and timing \\ UWA & underwater acoustic \\ ROV & remotely operated vehicle \\ AUV & autonomous underwater vehicle \\ UCNDIS & UWA communication, navigation and detection integration system \\ USBL & ultra short base line \\ ISI & inter-symbol interference \\ DFE & decision-feedback equalizer \\ DPLL & digital phase locked loop \\ BER & bit error rate \\ MAP & a maximum a posteriori \\ SISO & soft-input soft-output \\ MMSE & minimum mean squared error \\ LSER & least symbol error rate \\ VTRM & virtual time reversal mirror \\ FSE & fractionally spaced equalizer \\ CE-TEQ & channel-estimation-based turbo equalization \\ DA-TEQ & direct-adaptation-based turbo equalization \\ SDA-TEQ & soft DA-TEQ \\ LMS & least mean square \\ IPNLMS & improved proportional normalized LMS \\ MIMO & multi-input multi-output \\ FOLMS & fast self-optimized LMS \\ RLS & recursive least-squares \\ PRLS & proportional RLS \\ VSTD-TEQ & virtual space-time diversity turbo equalization \\ FS-SE & fractionally spaced soft interference cancellation equalizer \\ CIR & channel impulse response \\ AWGN & additive white Gaussian noise \\ B-CG & Bernoulli-Complex Gaussian \\ PSK & phase shift keying \\ RSC & recursive system convolutional \\ ADC & analog to digital converter \\ \end{tabular}
## 2 Sound Sampling and Data Transmission  
This chapter details the implementation of the HWASN initially proposed in our previous study [13]. A series of tests were conducted in that study to demonstrate the outstanding performance of HWASN, including network robustness, SPL measurements, and recording quality, in laboratory environments. The network consists of sensor nodes, relay nodes, a central processing module, and a cloud server, with each node type corresponding to a specific layer in the hierarchy. Different communication protocols are employed at each layer to ensure data are efficiently transmitted and relayed to the cluster head. This multi-hop hierarchical design facilitates data aggregation and transmission, which enhances network performance and scalability, particularly in complex and high-density monitoring scenarios, while potentially reducing deployment costs.
# Finite Element Models of a Benchmark Footbridge
A universal method for the determination of the distribution of prestressing forces along the concrete deck of the Streicker Bridge is developed in [14; 15] using the embedded long-gauge fiber optic sensors. The Streicker Bridge was also used in [20] to test a newly designed stand-alone sensor equipped with an MEMS-based accelerometer and a wireless transmission unit for vibration monitoring. Recent developments [21; 22] presented the modal frequencies identification of the Streicker Bridge by output-only approaches. Furthermore, these last studies proposed to develop a wireless network monitoring system to be applied in parallel to the embedded fiber optic system for a comprehensive assessment of the stiffer component (the main span) of the bridge, where only minor strains are registered by the fiber optic sensors. Although a significant amount of expertise was accumulated in the described research literature, little knowledge was gained on the effects of the pedestrian loads on the Streicker Bridge. In particular, the structure can be subjected to amplification in the typical frequencies of pedestrian running over the main span and the south-east approaching leg. Furthermore, the effects of running individuals may amplify the bridge response with respect to local modes, owing to the peculiar characteristics of the structure. In this perspective, different vibration control solutions, such as TMDs or linear dampers, can be designed and evaluated according to different schemes, e.g., hybrid solutions, decentralized and semi-active [23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28]. This paper presents a new phase of the research on the Streicker Bridge benchmark. The general aim is the derivation of refined FE models of the structure with different levels of accuracy for serviceability assessment under pedestrian loading, structural control and SHM purposes. The presented FE models, developed in ANSYS APDL [29], are validated against available static and dynamic experimental data collected by the embedded monitoring system on the footbridge, namely static displacements, moment influence lines and modal responses. The paper is completed by an example of pedestrian jumping load applied to the more refined FE model. The source files of the developed FE models will be made available to researchers who are interested in carrying out studies on the above-mentioned topics. In particular, possible applications of the developed FE models are the investigation of pedestrian interaction with the system dynamics, the proposal and testing of new models of running excitation, the design of vibration response mitigation measures, damage detection or model updating. The paper develops as follows: Section 2 focuses on the presentation of the Streicker Footbridge, while the subsequent Sections 3 and 4 are devoted to the presentation of the FE model development and their validation. Section 5 presents the pedestrian loading application, while concluding remarks are outlined in Section 6.
# The Influence of Vertical Ground Motion on the Design of Common R/C Frames
## 5 Cost Analysis  
In Figures 21 and 22, the total material quantities resulting from the design process of the frames for both H and H+V excitations are shown. Apparently, including vertical ground motion in the design induced a slight increase in the concrete volume (of up to 7%) and a considerable increase in the reinforcement steel mass (from about 3% to 32%). Given the material quantities and based on current prices in Greece, the construction cost of the frames was estimated (Figure 23). In particular, it was considered that the material prices, including all additional expenses (wages, social security contributions), were 201 EUR/m\({}^{3}\) and 1152.40 EUR/t for the concrete and the reinforcing steel, respectively. The additional cost arising from the vertical seismic component ranged between 1.5% and 16.4% and depended mainly on the seismic intensity. Assuming that the structural system construction cost of a common building is about 25% of the total construction cost (also including the cost of non-structural elements), it was concluded that the additional expense required for considering the vertical seismic component was quite affordable (up to about 4% of the initial total cost).
# Simulation of Gross Primary Productivity Using Multiple Light Use Efficiency Models
## 1 Introduction  
Gross primary productivity (GPP) is the rate of carbon fixation through vegetation photosynthesis. GPP is a key measure of the carbon mass flux in carbon cycle studies [1]. Accurately estimating the GPP at the regional scale is of importance to understand the carbon cycle mechanism in a specific region. The light use efficiency (LUE) model, which uses remote sensing observations as inputs, is one the most effective tools to estimate regional GPP [2]. In the LUE model, GPP is a function of the amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), the fraction of PAR absorbed by the plant canopy (fAPAR), and environmental factors (e.g., temperature, soil moisture, and vapor pressure deficit) [3]. Additionally, the GPP can be obtained at the ecosystem scale by using the eddy covariance (EC) technique. A lot of networks have been established using the EC technique to monitor the carbon flux between the vegetation and the atmosphere [4]. The EC measurements provide in-situ data to validate and calibrate the LUE models, and this enhances the development of LUE models.  
In recent years, many LUE models have been developed, demonstrating different performances in different regions [5, 6, 7, 8]. To reduce the uncertainties in regional GPP estimation, the simple average of the LUE model ensemble is widely used in many studies [9]. Thus, how to integrate the outputs of multiple models to obtain a more reliable GPP is valuable for the exploration of ecosystem function variations with climate change. The Bayesianmodel averaging (BMA) method [10] has been witnessed to be an effective method to integrate the output of multiple models, and it has been used to simulate water flux using the model ensemble [11]. However, how the BMA performs for the LUE model's ensemble integration has not been well studied. Thus, the primary objectives of this study are (1) to evaluate the BMA method at dominant vegetation types in the study area and (2) to obtain a more accurate GPP estimation in the study area using the ensemble of LUE models.
## 2 Sector-Specific Applications
### Aerospace Industry  
In the aerospace sector, where mission-critical systems and stringent regulatory compliance are paramount, low-code platforms are increasingly deployed to balance agility with security. These platforms enable rapid development of applications for supply chain management, compliance tracking, and real-time operational analytics.  
A key advantage lies in automated compliance workflows. Aerospace manufacturers must adhere to standards like AS9100 [49] and DO-178C [50], which demand meticulous documentation and traceability. Low-code platforms such as OutSystems allow engineers to design applications that automatically generate audit trails and validate design changes against regulatory checklists, reducing manual verification efforts [51]. Additionally, an open-source low-code solution supports mission-critical systems by enabling developers to embed custom security protocols into applications while maintaining scalability for large-scale simulations [52; 53; 54].  
However, challenges persist in integrating low-code solutions with legacy avionics systems. Hybrid architectures combining low-code interfaces with traditional embedded software are often necessary to meet real-time processing demands for flight control systems.
# The Design of a Long-Distance Signal Transmission System in a Bistatic RCS Testing System
## 5 Conclusions  
Combining an RCS with multipath effects allows a more detailed consideration of the scattering process when electromagnetic waves encounter obstacles, which is beneficial for improving the accuracy of multipath channel modeling. To achieve more accurate RCS measurements, we designed a signal transmission system between the bases of a bistatic RCS measurement system to achieve time synchronization between the bases. The operating frequency of the system can cover \(1\)-\(40\) GHz and remains linear, ensuring the phase coherence of the entire RCS testing system. The accompanying upper computer software for the system extracts amplitude and phase information from the received echo signals. After computational processing, the target's RCS, one-dimensional image, and two-dimensional image can be obtained. However, the system currently only reaches the stage where it can function normally. In upcoming work, we will try to improve the accuracy of the testing  
Figure 21: RCS test results.  
Figure 20: Scenes depicting the RCS test.  
system. Specific efforts will include reducing or eliminating the coupling between the test target and the ground during testing, minimizing the impact of environmental noise on the test results, and incorporating near-field-to-far-field transformation theory in data processing. The more accurate the RCS values obtained by the testing system, the higher the accuracy of multipath channel modeling.  
Future research will focus on integrating RCS scattering characteristics with wireless communication in both vehicular networks and UAV communication systems. With this approach, we aim to incorporate more detailed scattering effects from vehicles and drones into channel modeling, thereby achieving greater accuracy [32].  
Conceptualization, T.H.; methodology, Y.H.; validation, Z.C. and P.L.; investigation, Y.H.; resources, Z.C. and P.L.; writing--original draft, Y.H.; writing--review and editing, T.H. and Y.W.; visualization, Y.H.; supervision, T.H.; project administration, T.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The work conducted by [PERSON] is funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [\"3F72F5D9 ].  
Not applicable.  
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article; further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The company had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.
###### Abstract  
Wounding stress is an effective strategy to increase the content of bioactive compounds in horticultural crops. Potato tubers subjected to wounding stress accumulate chlorogenic acid (CGA) and CGA isomers (neo-CGA and crypto-CGA), which are phenolics that prevent and treat different chronic and degenerative diseases. In this study, the effects of wounding stress and storage temperature (10 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 168 h) on the accumulation of CGA isomers in potatoes were evaluated. Results indicated that CGA accumulation was favored when wounded potatoes were stored at 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 120 h, obtaining a 1923.1% higher concentration when compared with samples before storage. Furthermore, wounded potatoes stored at 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 120 h showed the highest neo-CGA increase in concentration (712.2%). Likewise, the highest crypto-CGA concentration (84.9% higher than control samples) was quantified in wounded potatoes stored at 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 144 h. Based on the results from both the present study and previous reports, a strategy that summarizes effective postharvest stress conditions that induce the accumulation of specific CGA isomers in potatoes is presented. The tissue with an increased content of bioactive compounds could be used as raw material to produce functional foods or could be subjected to downstream processing to produce dietary supplements.  
Keywords:postharvest abiotic stresses; wounding stress; wound-healing; chlorogenic acid isomers; crypto-chlorogenic acid; neo-chlorogenic acid; functional foods; wound-induced biosynthesis +
Footnote †: journal:  
shreds, and the wounded tissue was stored at 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 144 h. The authors reported that the highest accumulation of CGA and neo-CGA was obtained at 96 h of storage, whereas the highest crypto-CGA content was observed at 144 h [8]. In a further study, the authors added amyloid enzymes on wounded potatoes, as a strategy to increase the carbon source needed for CGA biosynthesis, resulting in a higher accumulation of the bioactive compounds [9].  
CGA is produced in cut tissue as part of the wound-healing process and serves as a precursor for the biosynthesis of suberin and lignin [11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17]. Temperature is one of the major factors affecting the biosynthesis rate of suberin and lignin [12; 18], and thus it may also alter the accumulation of CGA and its isomers. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine the effects of wounding stress, storage time (168 h), and temperature (10 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C) on the accumulation of phenolic compounds in potato tubers, including CGA and its isomers. At the end, practical recommendations to use potatoes as biofacriories of CGA isomers are presented, based on data herein obtained and from previous reports.