# Use of Wireless Sensor Networks for Area-Based Speed Control and Traffic Monitoring
## 6 Radio Coverage of the LoRaWAN Area Speed Control System and Traffic Monitoring
Given the technical assumptions related to the proposed solution, which include utilizing existing infrastructure--specifically power and lighting poles--the practical installation height adopted was \(\mathrm{h_{EN}}=5\) m.  
Of course, a single transmitting station will not cover the entire analyzed area, and the required minimum number of stations, as per Relationship (3), should be six. However, it is important to note that this number assumes a relatively even distribution of transmitting stations within the area and is applicable only under conditions of minimal variation in land relief and building height. An additional criterion for selecting the installation locations for transmitting stations was not only the use of existing buildings but, more importantly, buildings managed by the Commune (e.g., Commune Office, schools, health centers, and Fire Brigade stations). This approach aims to minimize system deployment costs and simplify installation procedures, particularly those associated with building antenna masts, ensuring electricity supply, and providing broadband Internet access. Following an analysis of available facilities, six installation locations for transmitting antennas were selected, five of which meet the aforementioned requirements. Their names, locations, and basic parameters are summarized in Table 4 and illustrated in Figure 9. The boundaries of the analyzed area and the main roads chosen for the installation of end nodes (ENs) are also marked in blue in this figure. Figure 7: Impact of \(\mathrm{h_{CW}}\) transmitter station location height (10, 15, 20, and 25 m) on radio coverage. Next, a series of radio coverage simulations were conducted using the preset parameters for the transmitting stations (GWs) and their arrangement within the simulation area. Successive simulation scenarios involved adjusting the antenna angles to maximize radio coverage while minimizing the mutual interference between stations through a careful consideration of the antenna radiation characteristics. The radio coverage values and areas for the six transmitting stations (GWs) within the preset area are shown in Figure 10.  
Figure 11 illustrates radio coverage by individual transmitting stations (GW1 to GW6). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline  & **Name** & **Longitude** & **Latitude** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Antenna** \\ **[m]** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Frequency** \\ **[MHz]** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **SF** \\ **[kHz]** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Tx BW** \\ **[kHz]** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Rx BW** \\ **[kHz]** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Azimuth** \\ **[deg]** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
1 & GW1 & 20.797360 & 52.264050 & 25.00 & 868.100 & 12 & 125.00 & 125.00 & 270 \\ \hline
2 & GW2 & 20.844530 & 52.252010 & 25.00 & 868.300 & 12 & 125.00 & 125.00 & 0 \\ \hline
3 & GW3 & 20.733780 & 52.252850 & 20.00 & 868.300 & 12 & 125.00 & 125.00 & 90 \\ \hline
4 & GW4 & 20.818210 & 52.248530 & 20.00 & 868.500 & 12 & 125.00 & 125.00 & 0 \\ \hline
5 & GW5 & 20.877270 & 52.243960 & 20.00 & 868.100 & 12 & 125.00 & 125.00 & 0.00 \\ \hline
6 & GW6 & 20.742580 & 52.280030 & 20.00 & 868.500 & 12 & 125.00 & 125.00 & 180 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Location data and technical parameters of GW transmitting stations. Figure 8: Impact of \(\mathrm{h_{EN}}\) receiving antenna height-wise positioning (2, 4, 6, and 8 m). The typical transmitting power for a LoRa transmitting station, as adopted in the model, is 14 dBm [74], while the limit receiver sensitivity is \(-137\) dBm [75; 76; 77; 78]. However, this sensitivity level is equivalent to the noise level, which in practice does not guarantee the system's operation at the desired level of service quality and reliability. To ensure a safety margin for actual signal propagation conditions and potential interference, it is recommended to account for (and subtract) a value of at least 5 dB in the link budget.