## 1 Introduction  
Smoke-generating pyrotechnics are frequently used for various military applications, such as colored smoke for ground signaling, ground-to-air signaling and marking, and white smoke for concealing a target [1]. Instant invisibility produced by smoke-generated obscurant systems that temporarily block optoelectronic sensors can substantially increase military personnel's survivability in combat situations. Obscurant systems are based on the dispersion of a pyrotechnic smoke charge and the generation of a smoke screen formed between the enemy and the military technique. For a specific amount of time, this conceals the target from optoelectronic observation and range-finder devices in the VIS and IR domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. The main observation and range-finder technologies for seeing through compromised optical environments are light detection and range (LiDAR) [2], radio detection and range (RADAR) [3], and passive sensors based on image intensifier and thermal view [4]. However, the most common surveillance technology used in military operations is the last category stated above. Choosing the suitable IR-screening compositions involves a trade between hazard and performance characteristics. The most effective mixtures are usually toxic or incardiary, while practical and safe alternatives are frequently absent. Others are unstable in storage and require specialized equipment to use. White phosphorus is both the best-performing and the most dangerous mixture. This pyrophoric compound is flammable, poisonous, and can cause adverse effects to wetland areas when disseminated by a blasting device [5, 6]. Several injuriesand deaths have been linked to pyrotechnic hexachloroethane compositions (HC), which generate a thick hygroscopic zinc chloride smoke mixed with soot and chlorinated organics and is also toxic [7,8]. When hygroscopic liquids such as chlorosulfonic acid or titanium tetrachloride are dispersed, they form acidic clouds that are corrosive [6]. Because hydrocarbon and glycol oils are highly volatile, they produce a very effective and generally benign smoke screen; however, this usually necessitates the installation of a smoke generator [9,10]. Although titanium powder is an excellent nontoxic visual obscurant, it is difficult to scatter effectively, and the resulting screen has a short lifespan [11]. Black phosphorus has been studied extensively lately for its (opto)electronics, transistors, catalysis, and biomedical properties [12]. Additionally, black phosphorus-containing smoke generating devices (SGD) are already patented [13]. As a result, producers may be interested in black phosphorus smoke compositions. Even though it has many advantages, the present synthesis methods are difficult and expensive to implement, and commercial sources are not readily available [14]. Emerging new obscurant compositions are composed of using black phosphorus analog nanomaterials [15], Te/Se heterostructure-based [16], and MXene-based nanostructures [17], but these are only in the research phase and are used in smaller, costly applications such as batteries and solar cells. To be utilized in smoke generating systems, they must be produced in large quantities so that an entire army may be equipped with obscuring devices. Although red phosphorus compositions are less incendiary and dangerous than white phosphorus, they have substantial sensitivity and aging issues [6]; RP remains the only widely available choice for industrial production of IR smoke-generating devices (SGD) for military troop endowment [18]. In this work, a RP-based obscuring composition was employed for loading several SGD that will be subjected to testing to determine an empirical relationship of the screening time.