## 1 Introduction  
In recent years, the explosive growth of IoT networks and the increasing need for global connectivity have demanded innovative approaches that can deliver reliable communication services to regions where terrestrial infrastructure is limited [1]. In particular, satellite communications via Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) have garnered significant attention; however, traditional satellite constellation designs and communication technologies still face unresolved challenges and limitations. Satellites have historically been developed and operated predominantly by governments, the military, and a few large corporations. However, the satellite industry has recently undergone significant transformation, driven by the active market participation of private companies [2] such as Starlink and OneWeb, along with the emergence of cost-effective launch vehicles like SpaceX's reusable Falcon 9 and Rocket Lab's small Electron rocket. These advancements, combined with the development of low-cost and high-efficiency technologies, have elevated Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations as scalable and efficient solutions for global connectivity. A prominent direction in recent communication technology advancements is the expansion of satellite-based communication using NTNs. NTN technologies offer the potential to provide stable and extensive connectivity, even in remote and underserved regions where terrestrial networks are inaccessible. This technological development, coupled with the rapid expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT), has increased the demand for reliable and efficient communication technologies tailored for various IoT-NTN environments [3]. In parallel, rapid advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) have driven significant progress in AI semiconductor technologies. These innovations have paved the way for the emergence of Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT), a paradigm that combines AI and IoT. AIoT enables real-time data processing within IoT devices, offering advantages such as reduced network bandwidth usage, decreased latency, and faster decision making. Moreover, local data processing via AIoT minimizes data transmission requirements, alleviates channel congestion, and ultimately reduces power consumption. With future communication paradigms such as 6G on the horizon, the integration of AIoT within NTN environments is anticipated to be a key enabler for enhanced connectivity and service provision. Building upon these technological advancements, Low-Power, Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technologies have emerged as key enablers for the construction of IoT-NTN environments, especially when integrated with AIoT. In the context of NTNs, particularly for AIoT applications envisioned in future 6G networks, LPWAN technologies such as LoRa, Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), and Mioty offer long-range communication capabilities with minimal power consumption, making them highly suitable for stable and efficient communication solutions in IoT-NTN scenarios. Among the various available LPWAN technologies, we have focused on these three solutions due to their complementary strengths. NB-IoT, standardized by 3 GPP, is widely adopted because it can leverage both IoT-NTN environments and existing terrestrial networks, providing robust integration with current infrastructure. Mioty stands out for its ability to support a significantly larger number of connected devices, a critical factor for large-scale IoT deployments. Meanwhile, LoRa is recognized for its balanced performance in terms of long-range connectivity, low power consumption, and cost-effectiveness, making it a versatile choice for diverse IoT applications. This selection enables a comprehensive analysis of the trade-offs and potentials inherent in different LPWAN technologies within satellite-based communication frameworks. Simultaneously, there has been growing interest in Very Low Earth Orbit (VLEO) satellites, defined here as orbit altitudes of approximately 300 km or lower.