## 5 Current Trends
### Descriptive Analysis
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Data Characteristics** & **Ridesharing** & **Carpooling** & **Taxisharing** & **Vanpooling** & **Buspooling** & **Multi-Modal** & **Total** \\ \hline Static & 17 & 18 & 7 & 1 & 2 & 4 & 49 \\ Stochastic & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 2 \\ Dynamic & 37 & 3 & 2 & 0 & 0 & 6 & 48 \\ Static \& Dynamic & 1 & 0 & 3 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 4 \\ \hline Total & 56 & 21 & 13 & 1 & 2 & 10 & 103 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Distribution of Papers based on the Data Characteristics \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Data Characteristics**} & \multicolumn{10}{c}{**Year**} \\ \cline{2-13}  & **2010** & **2011** & **2012** & **2013** & **2014** & **2015** & **2016** & **2017** & **2018** & **2019** & **2020** & **2021** & **Total** \\ \hline Static & 0 & 3 & 3 & 2 & 3 & 2 & 6 & 4 & 10 & 9 & 7 & 0 & 49 \\ Stochastic & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 2 \\ Dynamic & 0 & 4 & 3 & 2 & 4 & 6 & 4 & 8 & 3 & 5 & 7 & 2 & 48 \\ Static \& Dynamic & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 4 \\ \hline Total & 0 & 7 & 6 & 5 & 8 & 10 & 11 & 13 & 13 & 14 & 14 & 2 & 103 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Distribution of Papers based on the Data Characteristics over the Years. driver at the origin point [62]. Minimisation of the NT is for the smallest number of transfers of the rider between multiple vehicles along a trip [111]. A rideshare concept among nations might be hard to implement in the preliminary stage. However, with the government's support, ridesharing among nations can be greatly popularised. Having said that, investing a large amount of subsidy towards the rideshare plan can be a high expense. Hence, the minimisation of SD is important while ensuring a high ridesharing rate among nations [20]. A PC represents the cost charged onto the drivers or riders who arrive at the destination early or late. Thus, the PC is to be minimised [69]. The PIC cost is caused by the detours from picking up and dropping off passengers below a certain limit which should be kept minimised to further reduce the cost for both the drivers and riders [18]. The NMC stands for a condition where the travellers might ask to change from one mode of transportation to another mode of transportation throughout the trip. The NMC minimisation represents the changes of transportation mode along the trip is to be minimized. This means the trip is made with fewer transfers between different types of modes [108]. On the other hand, a WDC represents the distance for a rider to wait for a driver. Thus, the minimisation of WDC stands for the distance for a driver to drive from a location to rider pickup point [82]. Maximisation of the NMR represents the matching of the driver and rider with a similar itinerary are maximised in order to optimise the demand (rider) and supply (driver) of the market [83]. Moreover, RP is to maximise the revenue and at the same time, minimise the cost for the driver, so that the profit earnings for the trips are maximised [90]. The ECS is a rating of each user that establishes interpersonal trust and the responsibility of the user in the carpool system. The maximisation of ECS is to reduce the unstable matching between the drivers and riders [81]. Meanwhile, the QoS is the quality of the driver in serving the rider throughout a trip. The QoS is evaluated based on the driver's utility and the rider's satisfaction level [39]. The maximisation of SUR is to encourage a more efficient use of existing vehicle seats to meet the demand from the riders [84]. Lastly, the SW maximisation represents the high-quality matches to maintain stable matching among the drivers and riders [20]. Figure 12 shows the distribution of the 19 optimisation objectives of the SMP. The highest coverage is the minimisation of TC with 63 papers, followed by the maximisation of NMR and minimisation of TD with 29 papers each.