## 1 Introduction  
Plants play a pivotal role as sources of bioactive compounds with significant antioxidant properties, and interest in the utilization of natural products has markedly increased in recent years [11]. The protective effects of plant-derived secondary metabolites are attributed to both their direct scavenging activity against reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their ability to induce intracellular antioxidant mechanisms [12]. Indeed, numerous epidemiological studies have shown that diets rich in antioxidants, particularly those derived from fruits, vegetables, and other botanicals, are associated with a decrease in premature mortality from cancer and other chronic diseases [13]. ROS are physiologically produced during metabolic processes, particularly in the electron transport chain. At low concentrations, these molecules are essential for several biochemical functions. The body's endogenous antioxidant system balances the production of ROS and other free radicals, but excessive accumulation of these unstable molecules, surpassing the cellular defense capacity, leads to oxidative stress, which can result in cell death [14]. Oxidative stress is implicated in cellular toxicity and damage to fundamental biomolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, and it is recognized as a contributing factor in the development of numerous diseases, including diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, and liver and cardiovascular diseases. As a result, dietary antioxidants have been proposed as potential therapeutic agents to mitigate diseases associated with oxidative stress [15]. The globe artichoke (_Cynara cardunculus_ L. var. _scolymus_ L.) is a perennial plant native to the Mediterranean region, traditionally cultivated for its large, immature inflorescences (capitula or heads), which are sold fresh or processed industrially into frozen, cooked, canned, or oil-preserved products [16]. As a vegetable, the globe arithoke is an important component of the Mediterranean diet and is classified as a \"functional food\" due to its high content of nutraceutical ingredients, including various bioactive compounds with well-documented antioxidant properties, as well as inulin, fiber, and minerals [17]. Additionally, artichoke leaves have a long history of use in herbal medicine, particularly as a remedy for liver and gallbladder disorders [18]. Currently, dry leaf extracts are commercially available as liver-protective, hypocholesterolem, choleretic, and lipid-lowering agents [19]. Clinical and preclinical studies have confirmed that species within the Cynara genus are among the most effective medicinal plants for treating liver disorders [17]. Furthermore, artichoke leaf extracts have demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, diuretic, antibacterial, and antifungal properties [17]. The health benefits of the artichoke plant are primarily attributed to its high content of phenolic compounds, including hydroxycinnamic acids (predominantly mono- and di-O-caffeoylquinic acids), flavone glycosides (chiefly luteolin, apigenin, and their derivatives), terpen (mainly sesquiterpene lactones), and anthocyanins (predominantly cyanidin derivatives) [17]. These bioactive compounds are highly valued for their potential in preventing several human diseases by reducing oxidative stress [19]. In 2022, global artichoke production reached 1,584,513 tonnes, with a cultivated area exceeding 113,000 hectares [18]. Four circum-Mediterranean countries, Egypt (459,962 tonnes), Italy (378,100 tonnes), Spain (200,070 tonnes), and Algeria (124,305 tonnes), were the leading global producers, collectively accounting for 73.36% of total world production [19]. This highlights the substantial contribution of artichoke cultivation to the agricultural economies of the Mediterranean region. Artichoke is also cultivated in the Near East (Turkey and Iran), South America (Pera, Argentina, and Chile), and the United States (mainly in California).