# Adaptive Jamming Mitigation for Clustered Energy-Efficient LoRa-BLE Hybrid Wireless Sensor Networks
## 2 Related Work
Moreover, most existing solutions assume uniform jamming conditions across the entire network, failing to address the protocol-specific vulnerabilities inherent in LoRa and BLE, such as BLE's susceptibility to narrowband jamming and LoRa's limited spectral agility under broadband attacks. This study overcomes these limitations by introducing a dynamic CH selection mechanism that not only optimizes energy efficiency but also enables real-time protocol switching between LoRa and BLE in response to detected interference patterns. Unlike previous methods that rely on static cluster formations, our approach continuously evaluates retransmission rates, RSSI fluctuations, and energy consumption anomalies to adaptively reconfigure clusters and select the most resilient communication path. By incorporating this intelligent decision-making process, the proposed framework enhances network continuity under adversarial conditions, ensuring a more robust and interference-resilient operation for hybrid IoT deployments. The primary contribution of this research lies in its novel integration of an energy-aware cluster-based mitigation strategy tailored for heterogeneous WSNs. Unlike prior approaches that rely on static mitigation techniques, this study introduces a dynamic cluster head selection mechanism that considers real-time network conditions, including retransmission rates, received signal strength indicator (RSSI) variations, and energy consumption anomalies. Similar work has been conducted in the realm of LoRaWAN security [18], but few studies have systematically evaluated the effectiveness of protocol switching between LoRa and BLE in response to jamming. By deploying a real-world experimental testbed in a university campus environment, this research provides empirical validation of its mitigation strategy, demonstrating significant improvements in energy efficiency and network resilience. The findings suggest that intelligent switching between communication protocols can reduce retransmissions and optimize power usage, a crucial factor in prolonging the lifespan of battery-powered IoT nodes. Furthermore, this study contributes to the growing body of research on energy-efficient jamming mitigation by introducing an integrated network architecture that leverages real-time decision making to counteract interference. Unlike previous methodologiesthat focus on single-protocol adaptations [17], this work emphasizes the advantages of multi-protocol networks and adaptive clustering. The histogram and probability density analysis presented in this paper provide new insights into the statistical distribution of energy consumption across different network configurations, highlighting the impact of the mitigation strategy [26]. This research not only reinforces the necessity of adaptive jamming mitigation but also lays the foundation for future advancements in hybrid IoT network security, where intelligent switching and real-time adaptation are pivotal for maintaining reliable communication in diverse and interference-prone environments [27]. In Table 1, we present a summary of relevant related works, which are compared in order to complement this section.