# Interference Mitigation Strategies in Beyond 5G Wireless Systems: A Review
## 1 Introduction  
Mobile data traffic has increased several times in the last two decades due to the widespread use of data-hungry devices (smartphones, tablets, etc.) for content-rich multimedia applications, and the same trend is expected to continue [1; 2; 3]. In 2025, the number of mobile-connected devices is around \(\left(1.5\times 10^{9}\right)\), including a significant number of internet of things (IoT) devices [4; 5]. Under such conditions, the beyond fifth generation (B5G) mobile system has gained significant interest in terms of providing improved connectivity and higher mobility for more diversified devices [6; 7]. Figure 1 illustrates the global connections and the share of total cellular connections, drawn by the authors based on data from [8]. The following three broad views are highlighted and addressed by the B5G of cellular networks: (i) user-centric (by offering fast recovery from network failures), (ii) service provider-centric (providing mission-crucial monitoring service, sensors, roadside assistance service, and intelligent linked transport networks), and (iii) network-operator-centric (offering secure, uniformly-monitored, low-cost, scalable, and energy-efficient communication infrastructure) [9; 10; 11]. B5G networks are also perceived to understand the key features as follows:  
* High-speed connectivity: Using high-speed data communication (gigabits per second for machines and users) can lead to achieving zero latency property [12]. Data speeds for third generation (3G), fourth generation (4G), fifth generation (5G), and B5G are shown in Table 1[13; 14]. * The 5G network represents the current mobile communication standard and serves as a key transitional phase toward B5G. It introduced substantial enhancements such as ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) [15], enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) [16], and massive machine-type communication (mMTC) [17]. However, 5G still faces limitations in areas such as high-density user scenarios, coordination across heterogeneous networks (HetNets), and support for real-time (RT) AI-driven adaptation [18; 19]. These challenges have driven the development of B5G architectures, which aim to address the shortcomings of 5G by integrating advanced features such as AI-based orchestration, support for non-terrestrial networks (NTNs), and greater scalability in ultra-dense (UD) environments [20; 21]. * Ubiquitous connectivity: Smart living individuals need constant and ubiquitous mobile network connectivity to upload their activity data and IoT control commands  
Figure 1: International connections and share of overall cellular links. to the network, creating a huge uplink (UL) in data flow reporting. B5G will provide robots with omnipresent networking options in the future [22]. * Crowded area services: By using multiple base stations (BSs) and the available backbone bandwidth (BW), the existing 4G networks offer crowded area services. Therefore, by implementing the small cell (SC) model and mobile edge computing, B5G can deliver these services reliably without any interruption [23]. * Remote area services: B5G technology aims to enhance services in remote areas. These services include video surveillance, smart city, e-health like telemedicine, and remote meters for collecting reading and billing purposes [24; 25]. * Low power consumption: Improvements in B5G new radio have dramatically reduced energy consumption on the network side, particularly the sparser transmission of always-on signals [26; 27]. * Intelligent handover: To support consumer mobility, the handover phase is a central element of cellular networks. Consequently, in the sense of cellular networks, handover management has always been a focal research point. With a minimum delay during the switching of the network, an intelligent handover is required [28]. * High capacity: The ability to work in both bands, i.e., lower bands (e.g., sub-6 GHz) and millimeter wave (mm-Wave) (e.g., 24 GHz and up), offers higher throughput and low latency capacity.