esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Simulation and Results  
In order to verify the effectiveness of the developed acceleration harmonic estimation algorithm, the simulation is firstly implemented. The simulation signal contains six harmonic. It is  
\[a(t)= 10\sin(10\pi t)+8\sin(20\pi\mathrm{t}-1.2)+6\sin(30\pi\mathrm{t}+0.55)+4 \sin(40\pi t-0.8)\] \[+2\sin(50\pi t+1.4)+1\sin(60\pi t+1)\]  
Figures 6 and 7 are the estimated amplitudes and phases, respectively. It is seen that the estimated values converge to their corresponding original values after about 0.4 s. Figure 8 shows the error between the given signal \(a(t)\) and the estimated signal \(\hat{a}(t)\) along with time. The estimation error is asymptotically converged to zero within 0.4 s, which means that the given signal is estimated precisely. The amplitude and phase of each estimated harmonic when they in stable states are listed in Table 2 with its given value. At the same time, it is clear that the estimated amplitude and phases are very close to its given value for each harmonic. Thus the developed acceleration harmonic estimation scheme can estimate harmonic information efficiently.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Harmonic Order**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Given Value**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Estimated Value**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **Amplitude (m/s\({}^{2}\))** & **Phase (rad)** & **Amplitude (m/s\({}^{2}\))** & **Phase (rad)** \\ \hline Fundamental response & 10 & 0 & 9.999816 & \(-\)0.00004 \\ Second harmonic & 8 & \(-\)1.2 & 8.000417 & \(-\)1.19999 \\ Third harmonic & 6 & 0.55 & 5.999853 & 0.550035 \\ Fourth harmonic & 4 & \(-\)0.8 & 4.000689 & \(-\)0.79981 \\ Fifth harmonic & 2 & 1.4 & 1.999284 & 1.39997 \\ Sixth harmonic & 1 & 1 & 0.999776 & 0.999728 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: The estimated value compared with given value.  
Figure 6: Estimation of amplitude.
# Application of Absolute Nodal Coordinate Formulation in Calculation of Space Elevator System
###### Abstract  
The space elevator system is a space tether system used to solve low-cost space transportation. Its high efficiency, large load, reusability and other characteristics have broad application prospects in the aerospace field. Most of the existing mechanical models are based on \"chain-bar\" and a lumped mass tether model, which cannot effectively reflect the flexible behaviour of the rope of space elevator system. To establish an accurate mechanical model, the gradient deficient beam elements of the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) are used to build the mechanical model of the space elevator system. The universal gravitation and centrifugal force in the model are derived. The calculation results of the ANCF model are compared with the results of the finite element method (FEM) and lumped mass (LM) models. The results show that the calculation results of the ANCF method are not very different from the results of the FEM and LM models in the case of axial loading. In the case of lateral loading, the calculation results of the ANCF method are basically the same as the results of the FEM and LM models, but can better reflect the local flexible deformation of the space elevator rope, and have a better calculation stability than FEM. Under the same calculation accuracy, the ANCF method can use fewer elements, and the speed of convergence is faster than the FEM and LM models.  
space elevator; absolute nodal coordinate formulation; lateral loading +
Footnote †: journal: Applied  
1
Footnote 1: [[https://doi.org/10.3390/appl12311576](https://doi.org/10.3390/appl12311576)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/appl12311576](https://doi.org/10.3390/appl12311576))
## 1 Introduction  
Erbium is a prospective alloying element to improve the mechanical properties of pure aluminium [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10] and Al-Mg alloys [11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17] due to the nucleation of L1\({}_{2}\) precipitates after the annealing of as-cast ingots. [PERSON] et al. demonstrated strengthening in the Al-0.045 at.%Er, which was achieved by Al\({}_{3}\)Er precipitate nucleation [1]. The precipitation hardening effect increases in the zirconium doped Al-Er alloys due to Al\({}_{3}\)(Er,Zr) precipitate particles [2; 3; 4]. [PERSON] et al. indicated that two-stage annealing provides maximum hardness because of the formation of the optimum microstructure with Al\({}_{3}\)(Er,Zr,Sc) dispersoids [5]. Erbium improves the thermal stability of the Al\({}_{3}\)(Sc,Zr) phase precipitates through annealing processes [6]. Standard silicon impurities in the aluminium have a positive effect in the strengthening effect of the Al-Zr-Sc-Er alloys due to the enhancement of the precipitate density [7; 8]. Silicon in combination with Fe impurities decrease hardening due to (AlSiFeEr(Zr)) and (AlSiErY(Zr)) phase formation during solidification of the Al-Y-Er-Zr-Sc alloy [10]. The same strengthening mechanism provides good mechanical properties in the Al-Mg alloys [11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17], and Er has a positive effect in primary aluminium grain refining [12; 14; 15; 17]. Most researchers have investigated the effect of small additivesof Er in the aluminium alloys. It was also found that quasi-binary alloys in the ternary Al-Cu-Er system may be used to develop novel cast and wrought alloys [18; 19]. Ternary alloys with a 4/1 atomic rotation of Cu/Er from the quasi-binary section Al-Al\({}_{8}\)Cu\({}_{4}\)Er have a narrow solidification range (less than 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C) [18; 19] compared with that of the Al-Cu alloys (about 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C) [20; 21; 22; 23], which can provide the same casting properties found in Al-Si-Cu alloys [20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25]. Investigations of the quasi-binary alloys of the Al-Cu-Y and Al-Cu-Ce systems demonstrated low hot cracking susceptibility [26; 27; 28]. Moreover, the fine eutectic Al\({}_{8}\)Cu\({}_{4}\)Er phase demonstrates good size stability during high temperature homogenization treatment [18; 19]. Zirconium addition in the ternary Al-Cu-Y and Al-Cu-Er alloys significantly improves the yield strength of the rolled alloys due to Al\({}_{3}\)(Y,Zr) [29] and Al\({}_{3}\)(Er,Zr) [30] precipitate nucleation after homogenization treatment. Additional alloying of the novel Al-Cu-Er alloys should provide an increase in mechanical properties. For example, the classical alloying element Mn in the Al-Cu alloy improves yield strength due to Al\({}_{20}\)Cu\({}_{2}\)Mn\({}_{3}\) phase formation during homogenization treatment [22]. The present research aimed to investigate the microstructure, phase composition, strengthening mechanisms, and mechanical properties of the novel Al-Cu-Er-Mn-Zr alloy.
# Efficient Mobile Sink Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Bipartite Graphs
## 7 Comparison with Other Mobility Models
### Gauss Markov Mobility Model  
In order to create a more realistic model and to consider different randomness levels, this model was proposed. In this model, a mobile node has the ability to change its speed and direction when needed. At the initial stage, the mobile node is assigned a movement  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Model Name**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Speed**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Network Size**} \\ \cline{3-6}  & & **26 Nodes** & **51 Nodes** & **76 Nodes** & **101 Nodes** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Proposed Model} & 5 & 95.20 & 98.52 & 99.81 & 95.25 \\  & 10 & 91.63 & 98.96 & 99.81 & 99.57 \\  & 15 & 88.70 & 99.24 & 99.02 & 99.25 \\  & 20 & 90.63 & 94.83 & 99.25 & 98.88 \\  & 5 & 59.76 & 34.80 & 20.76 & 14.84 \\  & 10 & 53.55 & 31.82 & 19.16 & 13.32 \\  & 15 & 38.51 & 19.91 & 15.17 & 5.70 \\  & 20 & 39.72 & 26.49 & 13.85 & 9.47 \\  & 5 & 51.27 & 29.19 & 20.92 & 14.29 \\  & 10 & 49.71 & 22.36 & 18.24 & 15.53 \\  & 15 & 35.44 & 22.18 & 15.42 & 11.47 \\  & 20 & 29.95 & 19.94 & 15.11 & 10.75 \\  & 5 & 55.91 & 37.62 & 19.38 & 9.06 \\  & 10 & 56.92 & 34.54 & 19.93 & 10.64 \\  & 15 & 55.33 & 35.48 & 17.62 & 7.39 \\  & 20 & 53.08 & 33.62 & 18.34 & 7.19 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Packet Delivery Ratio.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Model Name**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Speed**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Network Size**} \\ \cline{3-6}  & & **26 Nodes** & **51 Nodes** & **76 Nodes** & **101 Nodes** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Proposed Model} & 5 & 15.89 & 31.09 & 13.19 & 12.60 \\  & 10 & 14.99 & 32.07 & 13.28 & 13.32 \\  & 15 & 15.27 & 31.95 & 13.35 & 13.16 \\  & 20 & 14.35 & 31.94 & 13.20 & 16.20 \\  & 5 & 2.44 & 2.85 & 2.55 & 2.43 \\  & 10 & 2.19 & 2.60 & 2.35 & 2.18 \\  & 15 & 1.57 & 1.62 & 1.86 & 1.18 \\  & 20 & 1.62 & 2.12 & 1.70 & 1.55 \\  & 5 & 2.09 & 2.39 & 2.56 & 2.34 \\  & 10 & 2.03 & 1.83 & 2.24 & 2.54 \\  & 15 & 1.51 & 1.81 & 1.89 & 1.87 \\  & 20 & 1.22 & 1.63 & 1.85 & 1.76 \\  & 5 & 2.28 & 3.07 & 2.37 & 1.48 \\  & 10 & 2.32 & 2.82 & 2.45 & 1.74 \\  & 15 & 2.27 & 2.90 & 2.16 & 1.21 \\  & 20 & 2.18 & 2.75 & 2.25 & 1.18 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: Throughput.  
speed and direction, which will move according to these parameters for a specific time. After that, when the time expires, a new direction and speed are calculated based on the values used in the previous round [17; 32]. This model was included in the comparison because it starts with assigned values for speed and direction. The new values are calculated from the previous rounds, similar to the proposed model. We start with one subset, and the new locations are selected based on the current location and the nearest neighbor.
# State-Of-The-Art and Prospects for Peer-To-Peer Transaction-Based Energy System
## 9 Conclusions  
The ambition to harness DER and trade energy between prosumers is uncovering new possibilities. In actualizing TE between prosumers, one of the key considerations is how to manage the interactions among the TE platform, DSO, prosumers and other system operators. Existing trading methods are mostly driven by different applications of game theory. Generally, it is established that coordination between the actors is necessary; however, the modality differs between researchers. In this article, the existing literature on TE frameworks was reviewed and classified based on structures, controls, trading methods, optimization techniques and communication models. Important issues such as grid constraints and visibility are also covered. On the prospects of TE, it was identified that employing a common language between system components is vital to the realization of TE. To this end, investigation of OpenADR is recommended as a viable interface for exchanging data between prosumers, the utilities and platform operators. Most existing works focus on actualization of the energy exchange itself without much consideration of security. Prosumer privacy, data protection and controlled access to the trading platform need to be considered in future work. Lastly, robust and lightweight distributed algorithms that can efficiently implement and deliver different energy trading scenarios (competitive or collaborative) need to be actively investigated.  
**Acknowledgments:** This research has been carried out within the Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading and Sharing--3M (Multi-times, Multi-scales, Multi-qualities) project funded by EPSRC (EP/N03466X/1).  
**Author Contributions:** All authors contributed to the paper. [PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived of and designed the structure of the research review. [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] carried out the review with guidance of [PERSON] and M.H.. All the authors wrote, reviewed and commented on the paper with quality improvement suggested by B.A., M.H., S.-Y.S. and G.H. All the authors have read and approved the final manuscript.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Results and Discussion  
### Dielectric Barrier Effect  
The configuration studied has a characteristic feature that causes a significant change in the electrostatic behavior of the discharge caused by the dielectric barriers on the sides of the high voltage electrode. The presence of these barriers causes the electric field to be screened and lose intensity as seen in Figure 4 where wire-to-plane and TRAID geometries are compared. From the experimental evaluation, it can be understood that it is necessary to increase between 200 and 400 V in the TRAID configuration with the same gap compared to the wire-to-plane configuration due to these dielectric barriers that change the behavior of the electric field and it is necessary to apply additional voltage. Figure 4 shows a comparison between a thermal curve in equilibrium for three similar systems. The systems are the device turned off, the device with no dielectric barriers, and the device with dielectric barriers.  
Figure 4: (**A**) Distinctive current–voltage (C–V) curve for comparing the typical wire-to-plane and TRAID configurations; (**B**) Stationary heating curve for different geometries and operation when the devices with different configuration is operating.  
Figure 3: Schematic drawing of thermal testing set-up.  
The big difference between both geometries is due to a lengthwise effect that appears in the device. The outlet stream changes radically from one configuration to the other. In a no-dielectric barrier device (Figure 5A), the outlet temperature distribution is like a natural convection, meanwhile, the dielectric barriers (Figure 5B) induce a vertical jet in the middle of the device, and a lateral suction appears. This configuration improves heat transfer greatly, and maybe turbulence or recirculation effects are associated with those performances. Because of the improvement of dielectric barriers, cooling performances will be studied with this geometry. The focus in the next chapters will be variations in gap and electrode diameter.
# Topology and Control Strategy of PV MVDC Grid-Connected Converter with LVRT Capability
## 4 Simulation and Experimental Results
The current ripple is reduced from 30% to 6%. Figure 24: Simulation result of inserting active damping (\(I_{o}=7\;A\)). Figure 25: Experimental result of PI and proposed active damping control. Figure 26: Experimental result of inserting active damping by proposed method. In the process of LVRT, the grid voltage drops from 5 kV to 1 kV, the controller adjusts the duty ratio to keep the output current on 10 A. The input voltage increases from 768 V to 795 V because the output power is reduced, as shown in Figure 27a. In the process of zero voltage ride through, as shown in Figure 27b, the grid voltage drops to 0 V, the output current is still 10 A by adjusting the duty ratio. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline  & **PI** & **Proposed Method** \\ \hline Output voltage \(V_{o}\) & 2.5 kV & 2.5 kV \\ Output current \(l_{o}\) & 4 A & 4 A \\ Percent of output current ripple & 30\% & 6\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Comparison between different control methods. Figure 27: Simulation result of the process of LVRT. The performance of the converter under LVRT condition is presented in Figure 28. In this experiment, the output of the converter is connected to a 7 kV dc grid. The input is connected to a programmable dc power supply with PV curve. As the grid voltage drops from 7 kV to 2 kV within 150 ms, the current closed loop has a rapid regulation to keep on 2 A during the process of LVRT. The output power is reduced from 14 kW to 4 kW. The input voltage is increased from 350 V to 450 V. As the grid voltage drops from 7 kV to 0 V within 200 ms in Figure 29, the converter regulates the duty cycle to keep the current at 4 A in the whole process. The input voltage is increased from 500 V to 700 V. The input current is reduced from 50 A to 2 A. When the grid voltage recovers, the converter shifts from buck mode to boost mode. There is almost no current spike during this process. Figure 28: Experimental result of the process of LVRT (Grid voltage drops 80%).
# Nucleobase-Containing Polymers: Structure, Synthesis, and Applications
## 4 Applications of Nucleobase-Containing Polymers in Materials Science
### Self-Healing Materials  
Self-healing materials include but are not limited to metals, polymers, and composites that have the capability to heal and recover the original state after damage (e.g., mechanical, thermal) [110; 111]. Over the last decade, they have attracted much attention and been investigated intensely [112; 113; 114; 115]. Depending on the nature of the self-healing process, it can be classified into two types: autonomic and non-autonomic [110]. Specifically, non-autonomic self-healing materials need external energy, while autonomic materials do not require extra stimulation for self-healing. Complementary nucleobase-containing polymers have a built-in advantage in the preparation of materials that exhibit tunable mechanical properties and self-healing behaviors, providing an efficient potential route to the fabrication of multifunctional materials. [PERSON] [116] et al. developed a multi-uracil functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS-U) and adenine end-capped three-arm polycaprolactone oligomer (PCL-A), as showed in Figure 11. Their materials showed a good complementary ability either in solution or solid state due to the uracil (U)-adenine (A) cross-linking. In addition, the prepared film materials could self-heal autonomously at room temperature without external intervention, which demonstrated a simple and efficient way to build a series of self-healing materials for a wide range of potential applications.  
[PERSON] et al. [117] utilized nucleobase interactions as another example of preparing self-healing pH-sensitive biodegradable cytosine and guanosine-modified hyaluronic acid hydrogels (HA-HMDA-C, HA-HMDA-G, and HA-HMDA-C/G) under physiological conditions (Figure 12). Their results indicated that all materials have good self-healing ability, but materials with a high concentration of HA had a short gelation time and strong mechanical properties. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of HA-HMDA-C/G hydrogels were better than those of C-C or G-G, which confirmed that the nucleobase interactions between C and G are stronger than the other two types in this case.  
Figure 11: Structures of nucleobase-containing polymers and an illustration of complementary interactions between POSS-U and PCL-A [116]. Reproduced with permission. Copyright Royal Society of Chemistry, 2015.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Experimental Results  
To evaluate the performance of the algorithms, the YOLO family of models was comprehensively selected for comparison with RSNC-YOLO, as shown in Table 3. The comparison proposed is threefold: first, to assess the performance of different YOLO versions in recognizing tuna; second, to validate the effectiveness of instance segmentation for fine-grained recognition of tuna in complex scenes; and third, to demonstrate RSNC-YOLO's performance improvements over the other YOLO in recognizing tuna in the complex fishing boat environment. In Table 3, excluding RSNC-YOLO, the model with the highest overall recognition performance is YOLOv8-seg, which is why it was chosen as the baseline for this study. Additionally, YOLO versions configured for instance segmentation demonstrated significantly higher AP scores than their counterparts configured for object detection alone, underscoring the effectiveness of instance segmentation for this task.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Setting** \\ \hline epochs & 300 \\ batch-size & 64 \\ optimizer & SGD \\ cos-lr & True \\ input-size & 640 \\ learn-rate & \(1\times 10^{-2}\) \\ weight-decay & \(5\times 10^{-4}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Parameters’ configuration.
# Enhanced IoT-Based End-To-End Emergency and Disaster Relief System
## 4 Crow\({}^{2}\) System Implementation
### Off-Body Communication  
Communication between the CC node and the Labeeb-IoT platform covers the off-body communication of the CROW\({}^{2}\) system, as depicted in Figures 1 and 5.  
The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging technology developed for smart living solutions. IoT solutions are online platforms capable of receiving sensed real-time data from diverse types of devices (including sensors, actuators, coordinators, gateways, etc.) that could be deployed in a vast geographic area. Such platforms are able to collect, store, publish and analyze data according to many parameters. With respect to the MQTT standard [29], the Labeeb-IoT platform uses a publish/subscribe architecture in contrast with the HTTP request/response paradigm architecture. Publish/subscribe is event-driven and enables messages to be pushed by clients using the MQTT protocol. The MQTT client communicates with the broker using predefined methods (e.g., connect, disconnect, subscribe, publish). Labeeb-IoT offers various APIs and RESTful and/or JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) web services.  
In our experiments, ORACE-Net devices (mobile and tactical) push continuously and instantly the following data to the Labeeb-IoT platform: (1) device identifier (\(Device_{1d}\)), (2) device location (\(Location\)), (3) device neighbors' list (\(Neighbors\)), (4) next-hop to the CC node (\(NH_{CC}\)), (5) \(E2E_{LQE}\) and (6) \(Hop_{count}\) to the CC node. Data are stored in the platform database and then could be extracted and displayed on Labeeb-IoT as shown in Figure 4c.
# Optimization of Bit Allocation for Spatial Multiplexing in MIMO VLC System with Smartphones
## 4 Experimental Results
To complete the bit assignment, the rounded result [1, 3, 2, 3] cannot satisfy the total number of bits. With the proposed bit allocation strategy, the integer-type optimization \(R^{opt}=\) [1, 3, 1, 3] can achieve the goal of eight bits in total. Therefore, the levels of PAM in each channel can be 2, 8, 2, and 8. The optimized average BER in the physical environment is 0.0959. Thus, the reduction in BER is about 26.4%. To verify the best case in both the simulation and real cases, the three best candidates obtained by a heuristic approach in the simulation are realized. The optimization is evident and identical in both simulation and real cases. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Levels of PAM2/4/8** & **TX1** & **RX1** & **TX2** & **RX2** & **TX3** & **RX3** & **TX4** & **RX4** \\ \hline
1/1/1 & 89 & 9.2 & 49 & 74.9 & 88 & 10.8 & 49 & 73.7 \\ \hline -/-/2 & 113 & 18.2 & 78 & 101.2 & 12 & 21 & 78 & 100.2 \\ \hline -/2/3 & 136 & 26.9 & 108 & 128.3 & 136 & 31.2 & 108 & 127.6 \\ \hline -/-/4 & 160 & 35.9 & 137 & 154.6 & 160 & 41.3 & 137 & 154.1 \\ \hline -/-/5 & 184 & 44.9 & 166 & 180.8 & 183 & 51.1 & 166 & 180.6 \\ \hline -/3/6 & 207 & 53.5 & 195 & 207.1 & 207 & 61.2 & 195 & 207.1 \\ \hline -/-/7 & 231 & 62.5 & 226 & 235.1 & 231 & 71.4 & 226 & 235.5 \\ \hline
2/4/8 & 255 & 71.6 & 255 & 255 & 255 & 81.5 & 255 & 255 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Coding of modulation levels with grayscale mapping in four practical channels. Figure 8: The relationships between transmitted and received signals are illustrated for four channels. (**a**) The pixel-wise detected models; (**b**) the high-order regression models.