## 4 Discussion  
The findings of this scoping review provide valuable insights into the comparative effectiveness of rehabilitation strategies, including physiotherapy-based interventions, and surgical treatments for Femorocetabular Impingement Syndrome (FAIS). The studies reviewed highlight the benefits of conservative rehabilitation approaches for FAIS, particularly in pain reduction, functional improvement, range-of-motion (ROM) restoration, muscle strength gains, and quality-of-life enhancement. While surgical treatment is available, this review focuses on non-surgical strategies and their clinical implications. Pain reduction was a key outcome assessed in this review, alongside functional improvement and quality of life. Evidence suggests that both surgical and conservative interventions contribute to significant symptom relief, but rehabilitation strategies may also enhance function and long-term mobility. The observed improvements in pain and function following conservative rehabilitation may be attributed to the modulation of mechanical stress at the femoroacetabular interface. FAIS is characterized by abnormal contact between the femoral head and acetabulum due to cam or pincer deformities, leading to altered joint mechanics, chondral damage, and progressive loss of function. The resulting mechanical stress triggers synovial inflammation and contributes to pain, movement restrictions, and functional impairment. Strengthening exercises targeting the hip stabilizers, particularly the gluteal and deep core muscles, may reduce excessive joint loading and improve movement efficiency. Additionally, neuromuscular training and motor control exercises could enhance proprioception and dynamic stability, further mitigating symptoms associated with FAIS [23,49,50]. The studies by [PERSON] et al. and [PERSON] et al. [19] demonstrated that structured physiotherapy-based interventions, particularly those incorporating core stabilization, strengthening, and functional training, effectively reduce pain over time. The role of neuromuscular control appears particularly relevant in the conservative management of FAIS, as targeting hip and trunk stability may alleviate mechanical stress on the affected joint structures. Conversely, studies such as those by [PERSON] et al. [29] and [PERSON] et al. [40] indicated that surgery offers more immediate pain relief, particularly in the short term, with patients reporting greater reductions in discomfort at the twelve-month follow-up compared to those receiving only physiotherapy. However, long-term follow-ups, such as those by [PERSON] et al. [5], suggest that the differences between surgical and non-surgical pain relief outcomes become less pronounced over time. This raises the question of whether surgical intervention is necessary for all FAIS cases or if well-structured rehabilitation programs could be sufficient for many patients. Functional improvement represents another key measure in determining treatment effectiveness. Studies that incorporated progressive resistance training, physiotherapy-based rehabilitation, and motor control exercises, such as those by [PERSON] et al. [19] and [PERSON] et al. [39], showed that conservative interventions effectively enhance mobility and movement efficiency. Patients undergoing structured rehabilitation reported significant improvements in their ability to perform daily activities and return to sport, which supports the growing recognition of physiotherapy as a primary intervention for FAIS. The inclusion of dynamic neuromuscular training and postural retraining further strengthens the argument for non-surgical management. However, given the heterogeneity in rehabilitation protocols across studies, it is important to interpret the results with caution, as different interventions may lead to varying outcomes based on individual patient characteristics and baseline functional status. On the other hand, studies such as [PERSON] et al. [25] and [PERSON] et al.