# Oil Press-Cakes and Meals Valorization through Circular Economy Approaches: A Review
## 5 Possible Ways to Capitalize the by-Products Obtained from the Oil Industry
### Substrate for Functional Ingredient Production
#### 5.2.2 Mushrooms  
A possible valorization of agro-industrial by-products is in mushroom cultivation. Mushrooms with good antioxidant properties were produced by SSF, using oil cakes as substrate. Moreover, some nutrients may transfer during the growth making them, food with therapeutic properties and high nutritional value. For example, _Lentinuula edodes_, _Ganoderma luculum_, and _Grifola frondosa_ are hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, anticholesterolemic, and immunologic [154; 155]. [PERSON], et al. [156] investigate the possibility of using alternative and cheap substrates (wastes from the oil industry) for mycelial growth of 29 mushroom species. Oilcakes studied were those obtained from walnut and soybean, rape, sunflower, linseed, pumpkin, and mustard seeds. Soybean and walnut oilcakes were found respectively most and least suitable for mushroom growth (24 and 2 species respectively out of 29). Low results were found also for mustard and pumpkin (6 and 8 species). These may be due to the composition (small amount of proteins and high amount in lipids; deficiencies in essential nutrients) and pH of the substrate. The replacement of peptone with sunflower cake led to the growth of 12 out of 29 species of mushroom, more precisely to _Ganoderma luculum_ and _Laetiporus sulphurea_ species. Linseed/flaxseed cake supported 13 species of mushroom growth including the _Pleurotus species_, results that was observed also by [PERSON], et al. [157]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [154] tested how different proportions of olive oil cake influence the production of _Ganoderma luculum_, _Lentinuula edodes_, and _Grifola frondosa_. The mushroom production decreased with the increase in proportion, they also change in color and deformed (content >40%). The same negative effect was observed with _Pleurotus ostreatus_, _Pleurotus etyngi \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Enzyme** & **Oilcakes** & **Microorganism** & **Reference** \\ \hline \multirow{10}{*}{Lipase} & Cocnut & _Pencilillium simplicissimum_, _Candida Rugos_ & [147; 151] \\  & Sesame & _Pencilillium Chrysogenum_ & [151] \\  & Olive & _R Rhizunces pusillus, Pseudomonas sp1, _R Rhizopus_ & [81; 150] \\  & _rhizopodiformis_, _Candida Utilis_ & & [81; 151] \\  & Soybean & _Pencilillium simplicissimum_ & [147] \\  & Cotton & _Pencilillium strain X_ & [151] \\  & Flaxseed-Olive & _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ & [147] \\  & Sesame-Palm kernel & _Apergillus biretens_ & [60] \\  & Soybean & _Bacillus hroksoli_ & [81; 148] \\  & Cocnut & _Bacillus clansi_ & [81; 148] \\  & Palm kernel & _Bacillus_ sp. I312 & [81; 148] \\  & Pretoase & Sesame & _Apergillus oryzae_ & [81; 148] \\  & Olive & _Pencilillium sp., Candida utilis_ & [81] \\  & Mahua & _Apergillus niger_ & [149] \\  & Jastropha & _Pencilomyces varioti_ & [149] \\  & Rapeseed & _Apergillus ficuum, Streptomyces thermovularis,_ & [151] \\  & Coconut & _Apergillus ficuum, Rhizopus oryzae_ & NRRL \\  & Phyrase & 5905, _Mucor racemosus, Rhizopus oryzae_ & [151] \\  & Sesame & _Mucor racemosus, Rhizopus oryzae_ & [22; 82; 151] \\  & Canola/Rapeseed & _Apergillus ficuum, Aspergillus oryzae_ & [10; 22; 82] \\  & Cocnut & _Apergillus oryzae, Aspergillus terreus UF39 & [79; 147] \\ \(\alpha\)-Amylase & Sunflower & _Bacillus licheniformis_ & [10] \\  & Groundnut & _Apergillus oryzae_ & [79; 147] \\  & Cocnut & _Apergillus niger_ & [22; 82] \\  & Cotton & _Thermoner intolice-setalaticae_ & [10] \\ L-Asparaginase & Sesame & _Apergillus niger_ & [152] \\  & Palm & _Apergillus neuttii_ & [63] \\  & Cocnut & _Serratia marcescens_ & [153] \\ L-Glutaminase & Sesame & _Zygosaccharomyces rouxii_ & [151] \\  & Inulase & Cocnut & _Staphylococcus_ sp. & [22; 82; 147] \\  & Xylanase & Rapeseed & _Trichoderma reasi_ & [10; 89] \\  & Endoxylanase & Sunflower & _Humicola lamuginosa_ & [10] \\  & Phosphate & Rapeseed & _Apergillus oryzae_ & [151] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Production of enzymes through solid state fermentation using as substrates oil cakes.