# Cyberbullying Analysis in Intercultural Educational Environments Using Binary Logistic Regressions
## 2 Literature Review  
In today's globalized world, the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) has caused a revolution in the way people communicate and relate to one another [2]. However, an intensive use of such technologies also may hinder social interactions [3]. For instance, in an academic setting, adolescents can feel either accepted and integrated within the group or, by contrast, rejected or harassed, and be subject to any kind of virtual violence [4], even affecting their social interactions [5]. This situation is termed cyberbullying [6]. Traditionally, bullying has been defined as either an aggressive behavior or one leading to willful damage, which is prolonged in time by means of an interpersonal relationship characterized by an imbalance of power [7]. By the same token, cyberbullying assumes these features [8] but is inflicted through computers, phones, and other electronic devices [9]. Adolescence is the stage of development where the impact of such bullying has increased in schools [10]. Specifically, in Spain, the National Statistics Institute [11] states that 98.1% of boys and 97.7% of girls between 12 and 18 make use of their mobile phones, the Internet, and social networks regularly and excessively, which positions them as the population at the greatest risk of suffering cyberbullying [12]. Additionally, school settings are becoming increasingly more diverse because large numbers of students are from different ethnic, cultural, or religious backgrounds [13]. In this sense, authors like [PERSON] and [PERSON] [14] claim that this situation has been identified as one of the major trends causing youngsters to quarrel in their digital interactions. This leads to a type of cyberbullying caused by intolerance and lack of empathy towards students of different cultures and religions [15]. According to [PERSON] et al. [16], this type of cyberbullying is characterized by a series of beliefs, stereotypes, and prejudices against those who are different from the majority of the population. This is related with harmful consequences on a psychosocial [17] and behavioral [18] level, as well as in educative inclusion [19] of the students who suffer it, which hinders their future integration in the host society [20]. This cyberbullying also consists of a series of threats and mockery aimed at the culture and traditions of one person or group and takes shape in identity theft and/or in the sending of racist material through social networks [21]. This does not require the victim to be physically present to feel humiliated or cause social alarm to the detriment of their culture and tradition [22]. In this sense, there also exists research [23] that establishes how victims who go through these experiences can turn to electronic tools to adopt violent behaviors and to take revenge, shifting to be the aggressor in the interactions. This is caused by the psychological pressure suffered as a result of stress for insults or humiliation online, which leads to social anxiety problems and depression [24]. The complexity of cyberbullying caused by religious or cultural intolerance, together with the constant increase in intercultural classrooms [25], show the importance of this research. This attempts to respond to the knowledge gaps detected in the few studies on this type of cyberbullying [26]. Specifically, this research aims to ascertain the probability of being a cybervictim or cyberbully in intercultural environments, identifying the predominant culture, ethnicity, or religion in each profile. Regarding the cybervictim profile, recent research reveals that there has been an increase in violent physical and cybernetic attitudes towards Muslims [27] following the 11 September terrorist attacks. Similarly, other research concluded that people with African heritage are vulnerable to cyberbullying in host countries in which they are considered as groups of less value that threaten finance, culture, national identity, or civil insecurity [28]. On the other hand, [PERSON] et al.