## 1 Introduction  
Since the first dental chairside computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) system was introduced in the mid-1980s by [PERSON] [1], interest in this innovative technology has garnered widespread adoption and has become part of everyday dentistry worldwide [2]. CAD/CAM systems have revolutionized the dental field, offering speed, precision, and efficiency in fabricating dental restorations. The process consists of digital scanning, designing (CAD), and milling (CAM) of restorations, assisted by a 3D scanner, computer software, and a milling machine [3]. Utilizing CAD/CAM technology offers several advantages, including improved accuracy and reduced manufacturing time. This process enables the production of an indirect dental restoration using a fully digital workflow inside the dental office, enabling same-day delivery restorations [4; 5]. Additionally, the process eliminates the need for traditional impressions, temporary restorations, and assistance from external dental laboratories, streaming the delivery process and eliminating the need for a second appointment [6; 7]. CAD/CAM materials used to fabricate dental restorations vary significantly in their properties, and indications and can be classified according to the nature of their composition and glass-to-crystalline ratio. These include glass-based CAD/CAM systems that contain mainly silicon dioxide also known as feldspars (e.g., CEREC Blocks C, Dentsply Sirona, Hanau, Germany; and Vitablocks Mark II, VITA Zahnfabrik, Bad Sackingen, Germany); leuctite-reinforced ceramics (e.g., IPS Empress CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein); lithium disilicates (e.g., IPS e.max CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein; LiSi Block, GC America, Alsip, IL, USA); and Amber Mill, HASS, Gwahakdanij-ro, Korea); and zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (e.g., Celtra Duo, Dentsply Sirona, Hanau, Germany; Vita Suprinity PC, VITA Zahnfabrik, Bad Sackingen, Germany; and CEREC Tessera, Dentsply Sirona, Charlotte, NC, USA) to polycrystalline glass-free zirconia (e.g., InCoris TZI, Dentsply Sirona, Charlotte, NC, USA) [8; 9]. High-strength silicate ceramics, such as lithium disilicates (LDS) and zirconia-reinforced lithium silicates (ZLS), have gained popularity in the dental field, balancing aesthetic demands with excellent mechanical properties. Their enhanced physical properties, including fracture toughness and resistance to chipping, makes them suitable for use in areas subjective to high magistatory forces, such as posterior teeth, and for long-span dental bridges, as well as implant-supported restorations. Its wide range of indications associated with excellent aesthetic qualities, including translucency, as well as color matching that closely mimics natural tooth enamel, making them one of the proffered choices for dental restorations [10]. Monolithic CAD blocks of lithium disilicate are marketed in a fully sintered but partially crystallized state. This state, often called the \"blue/purple stage\", is characterized by the presence of 40% platelet-shaped lithium metasilicate (Li\({}_{2}\)SiO\({}_{3}\)) crystals, evenly dispersed in a glassy matrix. In this intermediate state, the lithium disilicate exhibits reduced mechanical properties. This reduction in hardness facilitates the milling process, making it easier and faster, as well as helping to minimize excessive wear of diamond burs or damage of the material. However, it is only after the heat process of final crystallization in a dental furnace that the lithium metasilicate crystals transform into a denser, larger-grained lithium disilicate, thereby achieving their final, excellent mechanical and optical properties [11; 12]. Regardless of the chosen restorative material, milled restorations are considered to have rough surfaces, requiring finishing and polishing procedures prior to delivery [13]. The CAM process is based on the controlled reduction of premanufactured CAD/CAM blocks using diamond burs to achieve the desired final shape of the restorations.