# Comprehensive Analysis of Maritime Cybersecurity Landscape Based on the NIST CSF v2.0
## 5 NIST CSF-Based Analysis of Maritime Cybersecurity
### Detect
#### 5.4.1 Continuous Monitoring
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt}} \hline \hline
**Category** & **References** & **Conclusions** \\ \hline Continuous Monitoring & [PERSON] et al. (2023) [112], [PERSON] et al. (2021) [13], [PERSON] et al. (2021) [17], [PERSON] et al. (2023) [113], [PERSON] et al. (2023) [36], [PERSON] et al. (2023) [114], [PERSON] et al. (2023) [115], [PERSON] et al. (2022) [116] & Continuous Monitoring is crucial for detecting anomalies in the maritime sector’s physical and digital realms. It requires constant oversight of networks, user activities, and technology, including third-party services and system components. Highlighted vulnerabilities in critical technologies like AIS and GNSS underscore the need for persistent surveillance. Advanced tools like Digital Twin technology and real-time risk detection enhance system defense. Ongoing enhancements in monitoring are essential to counter evolving cybersecurity threats. \\ \hline \multirow{7}{*}{Adverse Event Analysis} & [PERSON] et al. (2020) [117], [PERSON] et al. (2019) [118], [PERSON] et al. (2018) [119], [PERSON] et al. (2020) [69], [PERSON] et al. (2023) [120], [PERSON] navigation, (2022) [121], [PERSON] et al. (2023) [90], [PERSON] et al. (2023) [92], [PERSON] et al. (2022) [94], [PERSON] et al. (2023) [122], [PERSON] et al. (2023) [123], [PERSON] et al. (2023) [124] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Detect. crucial directions for enhancing the implementation procedures and system usage, helping to improve overall maritime security [17]. Furthermore, amid escalating demands for goods, the next-generation ports need to proactively address efficiency and security challenges. A recent study by [PERSON] et al. [113] highlighted the increased focus on cybersecurity in seaports. They proposed the utilization of digital twin (DT) technology to augment virtual honeypots for external attacks, and introduced an intelligent mechanism for detecting internal attacks in smart seaports. Part of continuous monitoring entails surveillance of key components of maritime operations such as radar systems. [PERSON] et al. [36] underscored the vital role that radar systems play in modern maritime navigation. They unravelled potential threats that compromise data integrity while introducing a novel system crafted to monitor anomalies in the radar video feed in real-time. This work mirrors the essence of continuous monitoring in its strategy to combat cyber threats, emphasizing the importance of constant vigilance and robust detection mechanisms for maritime security. In another article, continuous security monitoring was been instrumental in fostering the development of innovative detection systems. Supporting of this claim, [PERSON] et al. [114] presented a meticulous framework for a Network Attack Detection System (NADS). Ingeniously incorporating adaptive machine learning within a multi-access edge computing platform, the proposed system offers a new form of continuous monitoring by dynamically detecting cyber threats in Maritime Transportation Systems (MTS). Simultaneously, research by [PERSON] et al. [115] underscores the valuable role played by real-time risk detection methods in continuous security monitoring. Their study proposes a groundbreaking approach to bring cloud computing into the mix of threat detection. Implementing multi-sensor nodes in tandem with a unique self-execution protection strategy, their methodology demonstrates notable improvements in virus intrusion detection and defense rates. This success story attests to the potency of such a cloud computing-oriented approach in enhancing the security realm of intelligent ship networks. Last but not least, the work by [PERSON] et al. [116] throws light on the significant challenges and vulnerabilities that can compromise the readiness of maritime entities against cyberwarfare, particularly focusing on the context of the United States.