## 1 Introduction  
Internet of Things (IoT) devices have emerged extensively in industrial applications that play a crucial role in society. IoT has paved the way for increased possibilities for researchers to investigate intrusion attacks in diverse industrial IoT applications, including [1, 2, 3]. Many IoT projects, including healthcare, intelligent transportation systems (ITS), smart agriculture, and innovative city designs utilize IoT applications and have experienced tremendous growth. Due to the application growth, IoT devices and their networks are constantly under attack. Thus, no known robust intrusion attack detection and prevention method exists. In addition, intrusion attacks may also include many anomalies for detection [4; 5; 6], which worsen the situation. Many healthcare applications utilize IoT network devices. Some of these healthcare applications improve patients' conditions through regular monitoring and help health workers, including doctors and nurses, to keep track of a patient's health conditions on a timely basis, using ICT (information and communication technology) with IoT network capability [7; 8]. Moreover, intelligent transportation systems (ITS) is one area that uses IoT network devices for real-time information communication with drivers. ITS has resulted in more possibilities for drivers to identify and prevent accidents from occurring [9; 10; 11] on the road. Smart agriculture is another critical area where IoT devices are applicable [12]. Based on this, farmers or agriculturists use IoT network device applications on a large-scale basis in smart agriculture, which plays a vital role in large-scale crop harvesting and the production of agricultural products in larger quantities. Another crucial area where IoT applications have been practical is in smart city [12; 13; 14] development. Thus, using IoT network device applications in smart city building provides innovative solutions to transform cities into thoughtful city developments. Furthermore, the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) application of IoT has brought a lot of capabilities, including high reliability with low-latency automation monitoring and control [15]. IoT and IIoT connections will grow in the next couple of years with diverse IoT and IIoT applications [16]. IoT and IIoT devices utilize network topology for their use in applications. However, IoT device topology experiences diverse challenges. These challenges include efficient operations, security, and the interoperability of standards in IoT and IoT network device applications [17; 18; 19]. For example, when considering the development of new applications for IoT devices, it is noteworthy that it is always associated with challenges related to new security requirements. Some critical security requirement challenges include new intrusion attacks that may affect IoT and IIoT network devices or systems [20; 21]. Moreover, intelligent transportation systems (ITS) applications, such as the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), require restrictive reliable information delivery response times and help drivers to make urgent decisions on the road. Thus, drivers use reliable response times to make proper judgments of the road and to consider pedestrian conditions as a priority. In addition, drivers should avoid many road casualties. Consequently, an IoT device's road application requires real-time IoV data more than any typical IoT application. Furthermore, IoT device adoption is growing exponentially. There are a vast amount of data for processing and analysis. Consequently, IoT devices are vulnerable to many security threats and other challenges. Some IoT devices in sensitive environments, which include e-health [22] and smart homes, have many challenges for IoT advancements. Accordingly, we will review some security threats, requirements, and challenges [23]. The non-standardization of IoT technologies and intensified vulnerabilities generate intrusion attacks. Intrusion attacks augment security incidents in IoT systems, including the CICIoT2023 dataset.