## 2 Materials and Methods  
The scope of this paper is to analyse options for low ILUC risk biomass crops in Europe as feedstock for biofuels. So far there is much agronomic research (at field and demonstration, precommercial, and sometimes commercial scales) on such crops, their biophysical traits, and modelling for their potential economic viability. The findings are important, but knowledge is fragmented, and most of the time presents case specific results without considering several possible options in a comparable manner. This paper aims to cover this gap and perform a meta-analysis of knowledge generated in recent European research projects on biomass feedstocks for biofuels, crops, and agricultural cropping practices that can provide technically and economically feasible low ILUC solutions until 2030. We apply the low ILUC biomass definition of the European Commission's Renewable Energy Directive (REDII): (i) crop productivity increases by means of improved agricultural practices and (ii) cultivation in land with biophysical marginality (which often overlaps with the categories defined in the current REDII as unused, abandoned, or severely degraded). For both cases we consider only practices in the European agro-ecological regions that are feasible and profitable from an agronomic perspective, acceptable from a social and cultural perspective, and sustainable from an environmental perspective. The goals of this paper are to review:  
* Identified biomass crops that show promise in fitting the low ILUC-risk criteria and have high technological readiness level (TRL) for 2030 while being adapted to European agro-ecological climatic zones, being suitable as feedstock for advanced biofuels and, where feasible, exhibiting good adaptability when cultivated in land with natural constraints;
* Observed attainable crop yield in conventional farming land and in land with natural constraints and potential yield increases that can be expected when sustainable agricultural practices are applied;
* Estimated production cost and profitability prospects for European farmers under current market price ranges. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Project** & **Scope** & **Relevance to Low ILUC** \\ \hline Biomass Policies & Compiled cost supply information for oil, & \\ (www.biomasspolices.eu accessed on & starch, and lignocellulosic biomass with & Oil and lignocellulosic biomass crops \\
4 April 2022) & geographic disaggregation at & Yields and cost information at national \\  & NUTS2-State level & and regional level \\  & Gathered cost supply information on fifty & \\ S2 Biom (www.szbiom.eu accessed on & lignocellulosic biomass types for EU 27, & \\
4 April 2022) & UK, Western Balkans, Moldova, Ukraine & \\  & and Turkey (NUTS3-level) & \\  & Aimed to research the sustainable & \\ MAGIC (www.magic-h2020.eu & development of resource-efficient and & \\  & accessed on 4 April 2022) & economically profitable industrial crops & \\  & grown on marginal lands & \\ PANACEA (www.panacea-project.eu & Was a thematic network for non-food & \\  & crops into European agriculture as raw & Yields and TRL level \\  & accessed on 4 April 2022) & materials for bioenergy and bioeconomy & \\  & Is investigating the use of biochar and & \\  & co-composed organic matter in very arid & \\ BIO4A (www.bio4a.eu accessed & soils in Spain, while applying at the same & \\  & time sustainable rotations between & \\  & food/feed and energy crops, i.e., barley & \\  & and amelina & \\  & Identified and evaluated promising & \\ SoilCare (www.soilcare-project.eu & soil-improving cropping systems and & \\  & agronomic techniques increasing & \\  & profitability and sustainability across & \\  & scales in Europe & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: European research projects that formed the basis of the meta-analysis.