## 3 Results
### Color Characteristics of Umqombothi
The concentration of the solids influences the yellowness of Umqombothi. As a result, following sieving, the control particle size saw a substantial (\(p<0.05\)) drop in the (+b*) and an increase (\(p<0.05\)) in regard to the fine and coarse powder particle sizes. Umqombothi produced with a coarse particle size had a significantly greater yellowness at the fifth sampling stage than the fine powder and control particle sizes, respectively. The overall yellowness levels were substantially different (\(p<0.05\)) for the control, coarse, and fine powder particle sizes, respectively, with the coarse particle size having higher values than those for the control and fine powder particle sizes. Table 8 displays Umqombothi's chroma values from various particle sizes at various sample stages. The chroma of Umqombothi was positive during the Umqombothi production process. The way the solids in Umqombothi come together impacts how vivid it is, as seen in the effect of sieving. The overall chroma values, as affected by the particle sizes, exhibited substantial (\(p<0.05\)) differences for the control, coarse, and fine powder particle sizes. Umqombothi produced with the coarse particle size had a more outstanding chroma than the control and fine powder particle sizes. The hue angle (h\({}^{\circ}\)) of Umqombothi made with different particle sizes at different sampling stages is presented in Table 9. The h\({}^{\circ}\) of Umqombothi remained positive during the production process for the control, coarse, and fine powder particle sizes. The overall h\({}^{\circ}\) values, affected by the particle size, exhibited substantial (\(p<0.05\)) differences between the control, coarse, and fine powder particle sizes. Umqombothi produced with the coarse particle size had a greater hue angle than the fine powder and control particle sizes. The trend can be justified by what was reported by [37], stating that the temperature, oxidation of polyphenols, and grist material impacted the word's color, as well as during the processing steps. The hue angles of the samples further suggested \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Chroma**} \\ \hline
**Sampling Stages** & **Control** & **Coarse Powder** & **Fine Powder** \\ \hline First sample & 2.83 \(\pm\) 0.00 a & 3.88 \(\pm\) 0.00 a & 4.52 \(\pm\) 0.00 a \\ Second sample & 2.52 \(\pm\) 1.12 a & 1.56 \(\pm\) 0.00 b & 2.23 \(\pm\) 0.00 b \\ Third sample & 20.25 \(\pm\) 0.00 b & 21.19 \(\pm\) 0.00 c & 25.80 \(\pm\) 0.00 c \\ Fourth sample & 20.16 \(\pm\) 0.14 b & 19.92 \(\pm\) 0.50 d & 1.39 \(\pm\) 0.00 d \\ Fifth sample & 19.41 \(\pm\) 0.08 b & 23.23 \(\pm\) 0.08 e & 22.63 \(\pm\) 0.32 e \\ \hline Overall particle size & 13.03 \(\pm\) 8.77 a & 13.96 \(\pm\) 9.59 b & 11.31 \(\pm\) 11.00 c \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: The effect of particle size on the chroma values of Umqombothi *. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Hue Angle (h\({}^{\circ}\))**} \\ \hline
**Sampling Stages** & **Control** & **Coarse Powder** & **Fine Powder** \\ \hline First sample & 74.19 \(\pm\) 0.00 a,c & 76.68 \(\pm\) 0.00 a & 77.79 \(\pm\) 0.00 a \\ Second sample & 75.30 \(\pm\) 0.56 b,e & 81.87 \(\pm\) 0.00 b & 82.90 \(\pm\) 0.00 b \\ Third sample & 74.52 \(\pm\) 0.00 cae & 74.44 \(\pm\) 0.00 c & 69.55 \(\pm\) 0.00 c \\ Fourth sample & 78.19 \(\pm\) 0.18 d & 77.11 \(\pm\) 1.79 a & 73.94 \(\pm\) 0.00 d \\ Fifth sample & 74.93 \(\pm\) 0.09 e,cb & 73.19 \(\pm\) 0.09 c & 73.57 \(\pm\) 0.14 e \\ \hline Overall particle size & 75.43 \(\pm\) 1.50 a & 76.66 \(\pm\) 3.16 b & 75.55 \(\pm\) 4.66 c \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: The impact of particle size on Umqombothi’s hue angle level *. that a yellowish color dominates the Umqombothi as they are close to a hue angle of 90\({}^{\circ}\), representing pure yellowness. The color distinction (\(\Delta\)E) between Umqombothi made with distinct particle sizes ranged from 0.68 to 10.58.