## 2 Background
### Internet of Things  
[PERSON] et al. defined the phrase \"Internet of Things\" for the first time in the context of supply management [25]. Now, several IoT concepts are possible, including addressingdevices on a network and ensuring that they are uniquely identified. These devices communicate with computers to transpose data and extract critical information that allows them to dispense suitable services more effectively. In other words, the IoT is a collection of numerous hardware components, such as different types of sensors and actuators, that connect to and communicate with one another online.  
A typical IoT ecosystem also contains cloud interfaces, complicated algorithms, sensors, communication interfaces, and privacy-protecting algorithms. Data collection from a range of devices is the responsibility of sensors. Network and communication infrastructures are also dispensed by RFID and WSN technologies, and sophisticated algorithms are used to process and handle data. Users can ingress various services at once thanks to the cloud environment's capacity for numerous client/server requests. Fog computing addresses these problems and enables instantaneous analysis and rapid decision-making near users by eliminating latency, dependability, resource constraints, and other problems associated with cloud computing.  
Moreover, IoT ecosystems feature communication interfaces, sensors, sophisticated algorithms, and cloud interfaces [26; 27]. Data collection from a range of devices is the responsibility of sensors. Network and communication infrastructures are also dispensed by RFID and WSN technologies, and sophisticated algorithms are used to process and handle data. Due to problems with latency, dependability, resource constraints, and other aspects of cloud computing, fog computing was created to circumvent these problems and execute the same applications anywhere near users with instantaneous analysis and swift decision-making capabilities [28].  
Although IoT has advanced dramatically, it is still in its nascent stages. There are numerous study concerns such as standardisation, device heterogeneity, scalability, security, and privacy [29; 30]. A unique issue in this industry is the interoperability of smart devices, which enables the integration of diverse devices and multi-vendor systems. Furthermore, a key element of IoT is the low-cost interoperability of smart objects, which will soon enable clients to continue working with numerous providers [31; 32; 33]. IoT can also help lessen construction costs, simplify organizational infrastructure challenges, and support diverse infrastructure.  
Nowadays, the IoT paradigm encompasses a wide range of applications such as transportation, smart cities, monitoring, healthcare, and so on [34; 35]. Despite the variety of IoT devices, it is simple to link, collect, and compare data in IoT applications like smart cities and smart homes in order to adjust to people's needs. The adoption of the IoT paradigm, for instance, has the potential to revolutionize sanitary systems in the healthcare sector [36]. It can be useful for telemonitoring in the hospital, as well as at home for elderly people with chronic conditions [37; 38]. The application of this technology will help healthcare systems in the future to dispense high-quality care at low hospitalisation costs, with diminished response times in detecting anomalies and longer life spans.