esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
### Contributions  
In this paper, we propose key renewal and key revocation protocols. Based on the cryptographic mechanisms used in [11], we propose centralized protocols for revoking and renewing keys when an IDS has detected an abnormal behavior. These mechanisms can also be used for periodical key renewal. More precisely, we provide a key revocation protocol (KR), a protocol for renewing symmetric keys between any node in the network and the sink (RSK), four protocols to renew asymmetric keys of nodes (RAKnk\({}_{a}\), RAKnk\({}_{b}\), RAKdh\({}_{a}\) and RAKdh\({}_{b}\)), a protocol to renew the network key (RNK) and two multihop shared key establishment protocols (MSK\({}_{a}\) and MSK\({}_{b}\)). When several protocols with the same goal are given, they use different cryptographic primitives. All of our protocols are proven secure using Scyther [12], an automatic tool for verifying cryptographic protocols. In order to compare the speed of each protocol, we implemented them on TelosB motes. These motes have limited resources: an 8-MHz microcontroller with 10 Kb of RAM and 48 Kb of ROM. Thereafter, we compare the protocols depending on the speed and their security level according to the cryptographic primitives used. This paper does not aim at showing that the proposed protocols are faster than existing protocols. Instead, the main objective is to present secure solutions for key revocation and key renewal using standard cryptographic algorithms and primitives available on the Internet. The chosen primitives can be replaced by more optimized primitives for better performance. The evaluation presented in the paper is essentially a proof of concept and shows that the steps of each protocol can be implemented on low cost motes, such as TelosB motes, which are known for their low capacities in computation speed. Indeed, for cryptographic primitives, an implementation on recent and more powerful motes should give better results. Once again in this work, our aim is not to obtain the best execution time, but to compare the performance of our different solutions.  
In this paper, we not only propose original protocols that solve the secure join/revocation/renewal challenge, but also prove them to be secure, and we perform an experimental evaluation on real testbeds. This paper is an extension of the short paper presented in [13]. It contains additional optimized protocols, and we present additional in-depth details. Adding new nodes to the network was studied and evaluated in [11, 14], and the scalability evaluation of these protocols was studied in [15].
# An Overview of the Alternative Use of Seaweeds to Produce Safe and Sustainable Bio-Packaging
## 4 Promising Seaweeds to Produce Bioplastics
Therefore, agar extracted from _Gracilaria salicornia_ is interesting for future possibilities in commercial applications of bioplastic films. A study by [PERSON] et al. [77] reported that biofilm obtained using agar from _Gracilaria vermiculophyllla_ showed transparency and clearness similar to the commercial counterpart [123]. The addition of glycerin as a plasticizer gives flexibility and mechanical strength, making agar-based films suitable for packaging foods or coating pharmaceuticals. Agar-based film presents thermal resistance and antimicrobial activity, making it another potential candidate; therefore, more accurate studies would be required [124]. Bioplastics were synthesized recently by [PERSON] et al. [120] using a matrix combined with a filler of sorghum stalk, polysaccharides from _Eucheuma spinosum_, and glycerol as plasticizer. The addition of filler and plasticizer in bioplastic synthesis enhances its physical and mechanical properties. The presence of these substances must be optimized to improve the bioplastic characteristics; however, _Eucheuma spinosum_ might be a source for alternative to plastic packaging. Among green seaweeds, ulvan extracts showed film-forming property and can be used as a filler or reinforcement in pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications [125]. Ulvans are unique polysaccharides with high viscosity and gelling properties, which might make them potential agents for biofilm production. Even though there are no studies at present on the production of bioplastic from ulvan, these extracts exhibit high thermal resistance and mechanical strength, all properties in line with the characteristics of optimal bioplastics [126]. Among all green algae polysaccharides, cellulose was found to be the most suitable for developing biodegradable plastic; its properties make cellulose capable of forming hydrocolloids in a suitable solvent system, and thus able to exhibit excellent mechanical performance [127]. Moreover, it is cheap, biodegradable, and renewable. For example, cellulose from _Cladophora_ sp. is very robust and not susceptible to chemical reactions. Its robustness and excellent mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties make this material an interesting possibility as a bio-packaging material for foods or pharmaceuticals [128]. Therefore, green seaweed compounds should be further investigated as they show interesting properties that make them potential candidates for creating biodegradable plastic.
# An Efficient SS-MAC Protocol for IEEE 802.15.4-Based WSNs of Cluster Tree Topology
## 4 Modeling Analysis  
In this section, we derive and analyze mathematical expressions of the parameters of sharable slots, \(W_{s}\) and \(\alpha\). By considering the packet arrivals in CP and non-CP, we use queuing theory to calculate the average packet wait time and the energy performance of the protocol. Table 1 lists the parameters and definitions involved in this section.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \(L\) & The highest level of topology tree & \(P_{IoM}^{SN}\) & Packet payload of member node (bit) \\ \(R_{c}\) & Data rate of PHY (bps) & \(P_{IoM}^{SN}\) & Packet overhead of member node (bit) \\ \(R_{i}\) & Data sensing rate of member node \(i\) (bps) & \(P_{IoM}^{CH}\) & Packet payload sent by tree node (bit) \\ \(W_{s}\) & Session duration (s) & \(P_{IoM}^{CH}\) & Packet overhead sent by tree node (bit) \\ \(\alpha\) & Sharable slot index & \(P_{Rc}\) & ACK frame length of tree node (bit) \\ \(\gamma\) & Data fusion degree of CHs & \(P_{Tx}\) & Node transmitting power (W) \\ \(\lambda_{i}\) & Packet arrival rate of member node \(i\)(pps) & \(P_{rx}\) & Node receiving power (W) \\ \(\lambda\) & Avg packet arrival rate of member nodes (pps) & \(P_{iMle}\) & Node sleep \& channel listening power (W) \\ \(\lambda_{max}\) & Max packet arrival rate of member nodes (pps) & \(L_{TR}^{B}\) & TREE_CON message frame length (bit) \\ \(N_{m}\) & Max number of member nodes in a cluster & \(L_{CID}^{B}\) & CH_DEC message frame length (bit) \\ \(N_{t}\) & Max number of children of a tree node & \(L_{SCA}^{B}\) & CS_AOC message frame length (bit) \\ \(N_{ch}\) & Total number of tree nodes in network & \(L_{IR}^{B}\) & JC_REQ message frame length (bit) \\ \(N_{node}\) & Total number of non-cluster-head nodes & \(L_{SR}^{B}\) & DS_REQ message frame length (bit) \\ \(N_{r}\) & Number of sessions in SSP & \(L_{SSA}^{B}\) & DS_ANN message frame length (bit) \\ \(T_{slot}\) & Data slot duration (s) & \(L_{SS}^{B}\) & Session_ST beacon frame length (bit) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Parameters and definitions.
# Experimental Study on Engineering Properties of Cemented Soil with High Water Content
## 2 Experimental Process  
### Cemented Soil Specim Preparation  
The materials adopted to make cemented soil samples in this test were Hangzhou soft clay and P.O. 52.5 Portland cement. Some basic parameters of the Hangzhou soft clay and P.O. 52.5 Portland cement are presented in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. The water content of the cemented soil specimen was around 60%, according to practical projects. In the cemented soil specimen manufacture process, the soft clay should be dried in the oven first. The soft clay particles should go through a 2 mm sieve after being crushed to make sure the cemented soil specimen can be stirred evenly. The soft clay particles and P.O. 52.5 Portland cement grains were stirred for 5 min, and then water was added and continuously stirred for 5 min. The diameter of the mold was 50 mm, and the height was 100 mm. The specimens were placed in water at a controlled temperature (\(20\pm 1\)\({}^{\circ}\)C) for curing. The curing time was set to 3, 7, 14, and 28 days, respectively.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Characteristic** & **Parameters** & **Characteristic** \\ \hline Liquid limit (\%) & 48 & Grain size distribution & \\ Plastic limit (\%) & 28 & \(\bullet\) & Clay \textless{} 0.005 mm (\%) & 40.8 \\ Water content (\%) & 54 & \(\bullet\) & Silt 0.075–0.005 mm (\%) & 57.3 \\ Density (kN/m\({}^{3}\)) & 16.5 & \(\bullet\) & Sand \textgreater{} 0.075 mm (\%) & 1.9 \\ Internal friction angle (\({}^{\circ}\)) & 6 & Organic content percentage (\%) & 2.5 \\ Cohesion (kPa) & 10 & Void ratio & 1.56 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Parameters of soft clay.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Characteristic** & **Chemical Material** & **Characteristic** \\ \hline Specific surface area (m\({}^{2}\)/kg) & 357.9 & MgO (\%) & 3.50 \\ CaO (\%) & 56.77 & NaO\({}_{2}\) (\%) & 0.47 \\ SiO\({}_{2}\) (\%) & 23.89 & K\({}_{2}\)O (\%) & 0.62 \\ Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) (\%) & 5.90 & Cl (\%) & 0.021 \\ SO\({}_{3}\) (\%) & 2.43 & Loss (\%) & 1.16 \\ Fe\(
## 2 Research Background  
### Research Progress on the BIM Server  
For model storage and visualization, some existing BIM server systems are the IFC model server [20], EDM model server [21; 22], BIM server, xBIM, and collaborative design BIM service systems [23; 24; 25]. Among them, the BIM server and xBIM toolkit are open-source software, which are available for secondary development. Because of the hindrance of flexibility and extensibility of commercial BIM software, a significant amount of existing research studies are related to developing BIM systems based on the BIM server [26; 27; 28], xBIM [29; 30], and other open-source BIM systems. As open-source BIM systems provide functions of model visualization, information storage, and rich interfaces, the detailed development of open-source BIM systems can meet the requirements of complex processes and functions. However, this kind of system is mainly used to manage concrete structural models without specific optimization techniques for steel structural models. Because of the slow model analysis and low display efficiency, it is difficult to meet the requirements of information management for large-scale steel structures. Furthermore, owing to the complexity of optimizing existing open-source BIM systems, independent BIM server development has attracted some attention. For instance, [PERSON] et al. [31] proposed a method to create 3D visualization for BIM models in Web browsers by combining IFC and WebGL techniques. However, extracting geometric information from IFC files can barely describe the component attributes, which causes some limitations in display accuracy and efficiency. In order to achieve complete information storage and lightweight visualization for BIM models, some researchers have focused on the areas of IFC information extraction and storage and model lightweight display, which are introduced in the following sections.
## 2 Models and Numerical Methods
### Energy Transfer Models  
The energy transfer process of a DBD plasma actuator is analyzed from the electric power source to the gas heating, as shown in Figure 1. The discharge energy supplied by the power source transfer to the electrons and ions through the electric field. The energy gained by the electrons dissipates to the electron-energy change and electron impact endothermic reactions. The electron-impact endothermic reactions produce excited neutral species and ions. This part of electron energy transfers to the chemical energy of the resultants. The chemical energy stored in the excited neutrals and ions transfer to the gas heating through the exothermic reactions. As the molar masses of ions are comparable to the one of the neutral species, it is assumed that the energy of ions is totally transferred into the gas heating instantaneously.  
The discharge energy is mainly determined by the current and the voltage, which is calculated by multiplying the current and the voltage on the powered electrode. The model is denoted as \(A\_ui\) and the discharge energy is  
\[Q_{A\_ui}=\int_{0}^{T_{p}}P_{A\_ui}dt=\int_{0}^{T_{p}}\left(\overline{J}_{electrode}\cdot V \right)dt, \tag{13}\]  
where \(T_{p}\) is the integrating time.  
The gas heating power is denoted as \(P_{GH}\) and the corresponding efficiency is denoted as \(\eta_{GH}\). The contribution of ions to \(P_{GH}\) is \(P_{ion}=\overline{J}_{ion}\cdot\vec{E}\). The contribution of reactions to the gas heating is \(P_{R}\). The predictions of \(P_{R}\) and \(Q_{R}\) are based on the kinetic analysis of the kinetic models. \(Q_{R}\) is calculated by the sum of the energies of the dominant reactions that contribute to gas heating. The power \(P_{GH}\) and energy \(Q_{GH}\) released for the gas heating are shown in Table 1, where \(\Delta E\) and \(r\) are the reaction energy loss and the reaction rate, respectively.  
The gas heating efficiency is calculated as \(\eta_{GH}=Q_{GH}/Q_{A\_ui}\).
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Ignition of Waste Wood Dust
#### 3.3.1 Monitoring of Hot Surface Ignition
The measurements were carried out with beech dust obtained in various technologies (belt sander and GBS 100 AE). Differences in the ignition temperatures of these samples were not confirmed ([PERSON] et al., 2009) [65]. Determination of the minimum ignition temperature of dust layer was very clearly described and explained by [PERSON] et al. [66], [PERSON] et al. [67] and [PERSON] et al. [68]. Selected ignition sources cause thermal degradation of dust samples. Contact of solid hot surfaces with flammable substances presents a risk of fire or explosion due to the spontaneous ignition of the formed explosive/combustible mixture [69]. The ability of a heated surface to cause ignition depends on the type and concentration of the mixture of flammable substance with air. This ability also increases with the increasing temperature and surface area [70; 71]. In addition to easily recognisable hot surfaces such as radiators, drying ovens, heating coils and others, hazardous temperatures can also occur during mechanical and machine processing. These processes include equipment, protective systems and components that convert mechanical energy into heat [72; 73]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Dust Samples**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Minimum Ignition Temperature (\({}^{\circ}\)C)**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Visual Observations During Measurements**} \\ \cline{3-4}  & & & **Observations or Comments** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Spruce} & \multirow{4}{*}{300} & - & 19 min 50 s, 2 smouldering nests were formed, spreading from the edges towards the centre of the sample, fuming \\  & & & - & 22 min 10 s, heating observed, while ash falling off \\  & & & - & 34 min 20 s, sample is completely charred \\ \multirow{4}{*}{Beech} & \multirow{4}{*}{290} & - & 23 min 35 s, 3 smouldering nests were formed, spreading from the edges towards the centre of the sample, charring, fuming \\  & & & - & 26 min 50 s, heating around the perimeter of the sample, \\  & & & - & 37 min 45 s, sample is completely charred \\ \multirow{4}{*}{Oak} & \multirow{4}{*}{280} & - & 16 min 20 s, 2 smouldering nests were formed, significant fuming \\  & & & - & 19 min, heating around the perimeter of the sample, \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & - & 25 min, sample is completely charred \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Hot surface temperature results.
###### Abstract  
This paper presents an extensive comparative analysis of the experimental results of chemical stabilisation of clayey soil in laboratory conditions by comparing the effects of adding conventional stabilisers (time, cement binder), stabilisers that can be considered as waste material (fly ash, rock flour), as well as alternative chloride-based materials (ferric chloride, calcium chloride, potassium chloride) on the geomechanical properties of the soil. With the aim of determining the stabiliser optimal content in the mixture with the soil, in the first part of the research, the effects of stabilisation of clayey soil of medium plasticity using the considered stabilisers with different percentage share on the change in uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and pH value of the soil at different time intervals after the treatment were analysed. In the second part of the research, additional tests were conducted on soil samples with optimal content for each of the considered stabilisers by monitoring changes in the physical and mechanical properties of the soil. These include Arterberg's limits (liquid limit and plasticity limit), modulus of compressibility in the oedometer, California bearing ratio (CBR), and swelling potential at different time intervals after the chemical treatment to determine the durability of stabilisation effects. The results of the conducted research reveal that each of the conventional, waste, and alternative materials considered as chemical stabilisers contributes to the improvement of the geomechanical properties of the clayey soil, primarily in terms of increasing the bearing capacity and reducing the swelling of the treated soil.  
clayey soil; chemical stabilisation; conventional materials; waste materials; alternative materials; geomechanical properties; pH value; comparative study 2024
## 2 Results
### Structural Changes Observed by Chemical Shift Perturbation in Membrane Environments  
Changes in chemical shifts and line broadenings in the 1D 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of Pro9-3 and Pro10-1 at 298 K in a 9:1 (_v/v_) H2O/D2O solution (pH 4.5) upon the addition of DPC were investigated (Figure 4). In aqueous solution, all peptides in the free form showed two resolved peaks for the indole rings of the two Trps at 10.2 ppm. As shown in the NMR spectra of Pro9-3 (Figure 4A), the addition of different concentrations of DPC resulted in a downfield shift of indole protons of Trp from the 10 ppm to 11 ppm regions. The addition of DPC to the peptides in water caused conformational changes of peptides because of the interaction with the DPC, resulting in line broadening as well as downfield shifts. At 10 mM DPC, NMR spectra clearly showed two resolved broad peaks for two forms, free form and bound form, in slow exchange. However, at 15 mM DPC, the indole proton peak at downfield for the bound form became sharper compared to those with lower amounts of DPC while the peak for the free form exhibited a decrease in intensity. After the addition of 30 mM DPC, chemical shift as well as line broadening did not change, implying that peptides are  
Figure 3: Circular dichroism spectra of Pro9-3 and its analogs at 100 \(\upmu\)M in (**A**) aqueous solution and (**B**) 50 mM dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) micelles acquired with 10 scans: Double negative maxima at 205 and 220 nm are characteristic of \(\upalpha\)-helical structures.  
bound stably to the DPC micelles (Figure 4B,C). Even though Pro10-1 has one more Arg compared to Pro9-3, the overall patterns of chemical shift changes were very similar in both cases. Pro10-1D, an enantiomer of Pro10-1 with all D-amino acids, showed almost the same NMR spectral changes as Pro10-1 upon addition of DPC (data not shown). Furthermore, large chemical shift perturbations in the amide protons and the aromatic ring regions were also observed for all peptides (Figure 4B,C). These changes imply that Pro-peptides have random structures in aqueous solution, whereas they form more ordered structures in micellar environments, which agrees well with the CD spectra (Figure 3)
###### Abstract  
A broadband polarization-insensitive graphene modulator has been proposed. The dual built-in orthogonal slots waveguide allows polarization independence for the transverse electric (TE) mode and the transverse magnetic (TM) mode. Due to the introduction of metal slots in both the vertical and horizontal directions, the optical field as well as the electro-absorption of graphene are enhanced by the plasmonic effect. The proposed electro-optic modulator shows a modulation depth of 0.474 and 0.462 \(\mathrm{dB/\upmu m}\) for two supported modes, respectively. An ultra-low effective index difference of 0.001 can be achieved within the wavelength range from 1100 to 1900 nm. The 3 dB-bandwidth is estimated to be 101 GHz. The power consumption is 271 fj/bit at a modulation length of 20 \(\upmu\)m. The proposed modulator provides high speed broadband solutions in microwave photonic systems.  
graphene; plasmonic modulator; waveguide; polarization-insensitive +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Interference-Robust Transmission in Wireless Sensor Networks
## Appendix A Minimum SINR for IEEE 802.15.4 Communications  
The minimum SINR to achieve a desired packet error rate of \(p_{s}\) with the use of packet size \(L\) can be represented as:  
\[\hat{\gamma}=b^{-1}\left(1-p_{s}^{1/L}\right) \tag{1}\]  
where \(b\) denotes the BER and \(b^{-1}\) denotes its inverse. The BER of IEEE 802.15.4 PHY can be represented as [35]:  
\[b\left(\gamma\right)=\frac{8}{15}\times\frac{1}{16}\times\sum_{k=2}^{16}\left( -1\right)^{k}\left(\begin{array}{c}16\\ k\end{array}\right)e^{20\gamma\left(\frac{1}{L}-1\right)}. \tag{2}\]  
Since the BER is a decreasing function of SINR, it can be seen that \(b\left(\gamma\right)\) has an inverse function. However, it may not be feasible to obtain the inverse function of (2) in a closed form. A numerical method can be applied to approximately calculate (1). Table 1 summarizes the minimum SINR according to the packet size \(L\).