esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
### Previous Work  
Network alignment establishes node correspondences based on both node-to-node similarities and conserved topological information. Similar to sequence alignment, local network alignment aims at identifying one or more shared subnetworks, whereas global network alignment addresses the overall comparison of the complete input networks. In this paper, we focus on pairwise global network alignment.  
Over the last few years, many methods have been proposed for this task. An overview of the recent literature on global network alignment is given in [5]. Here, we shortly list the most important algorithms. The IsoRank algorithm by [PERSON] _et al._[PERSON] et al. (2015) formulates the global alignment problem as an eigenvalue problem, which preferentially matches nodes with similar neighborhood. [PERSON] (2007) presented Natalie, the predecessor of Natalie 2.0, which is described in detail in this paper. The methods are based on an integer linear programming approach solved by Lagrangian relaxation. [PERSON] _et al._[PERSON] et al. (2015) presented GRAAL, which matches nodes that share a similar distribution of graphlets. Graphlets are small connected non-isomorphic induced subgraphs. Several variations and improvements of this approach have been published since then. GHOST GHOST (2016) uses spectral signatures of node neighborhoods in a greedy approach to compute alignments. NETAL [PERSON] et al. (2017) is a fast greedy aligner that also takes similar node neighborhoods into account. Another fast method is SPINAL [PERSON] et al. (2018), a two-stage approach that combines elements of IsoRank with greedy and improvement heuristics. PISwap [PERSON] et al. (2019) is a pure improvement heuristic that is based on 3-OPT exchange moves. HubAlign [PERSON] et al. (2019) exploits the assumption that hubs in the networks tend to be topologically more conserved. Therefore, it processes nodes in the order of decreasing degree during the heuristic alignment process. MAGNA++ [PERSON] et al. (2019) and its predecessor MAGNA are genetic algorithms that aim at directly optimizing several more recent evaluation measures such as the symmetric substructure score (S3). Optmetalign [PERSON] et al. (2019) is a meta-aligner that is able to combine the results of several other methods by means of a multi-objective memetic algorithm. L-GRAAL [PERSON] et al. (2019) is the latest member of the GRAAL family of aligners. Similarly to Natalie, L-GRAAL uses Lagrangian relaxation but takes graphlets into account in its scoring function.
# Borophene Is a Promising 2D Allotropic Material for Biomedical Devices
## 2 Main Properties of Borophene
### Borophene in Radiology for Medical Applications  
The applicative principles of the electronic devices are based on one (or more) sources that are able to generate electrical stimuli [24], and one structure, biological or artificial, that is able to detect and amplify such stimuli, mainly arising from tissues located in the human body. Modern microscopic devices are directly implanted into the tissues or organs of patients, such as pacemakers or the automatic defibrillators. Borophene could increase the performances or prolong the lifecycles of biomedical devices, both in nano-strips and integrated with other metals. One example of a ready-to-use device is the portable radiograph [29]. X-rays are produced via a complex process requiring energy. X-ray intensity has been reported to be energy-dependent; in portable disposables, low-intensity X-rays have been linked to the low-power released by batteries. Under some clinical conditions, patients cannot be moved to undergo a traditional X-ray procedure on a fixed radiograph; therefore, portable X-ray machines are crucial in order to acquire diagnoses and monitor up-to-date clinical conditions. In this light, portable devices, including borophene-based supercapacitors with a battery as its power source, could be a breakthrough in medical radiology. Moreover, given the ability of borophene to serve as a supercapacitor, future portable devices will be able to generate X-rays with a tunable power, according to the voltage set on the X-ray tube.
## 2 Related Work
Further contributions include [36], demonstrating how self-adaptive MAS can dynamically adjust to environmental changes using probabilistic timed automata to verify system behaviour and enhance operational stability. Similarly, ref. [37] presents a methodology integrating automata learning to improve timed systems' synthesis and verification processes, signalling a shift towards automated and scalable solutions. The article [38] focuses on symbolic approaches for verifying timed cryptographic primitives, providing new tools for ensuring time-limited security properties in protocols like sealed-bid auctions and contract signing. Moreover, studies such as [39; 40] explore novel techniques for analysing communication protocols' temporal behaviour and correctness by integrating new logical frameworks and model-checking tools. These advancements emphasise the critical role of temporal dimensions in cryptographic protocol analysis, fostering a new era of research where timing constraints and behaviours are central to the verification process, ultimately enhancing the security and reliability of cryptographic systems. However, these approaches often need to adequately account for the time required to compose and decompose messages, which is crucial for cryptographic operation protocols. In complex cases, the time required for message generation may exceed the network delay time. Additionally, the existing literature often assumes that the lifetime values are consistent across all timestamps and that the minimal network latency remains constant throughout all protocol steps. Furthermore, these studies do not explicitly differentiate between protocol users. Our new approach addresses all of these limitations identified in previous works.
# Meta Surface-Based Multiband MIMO Antenna for UAV Communications at mm-Wave and Sub-THz Bands
## 3 Fabrication, Testing, and Comparison of Simulated and Measured Results
### Antenna Characteristics in Air and Integrated with Drones
Additionally, it demonstrates an envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of less than 0.003 within  
Figure 14:3 Beam steering of the proposed antenna at (**a**) 8.5 GHz, (**b**) 10 GHz, (**c**) 18 GHz, (**d**) 25 GHz, (**e**) 45 GHz, (**f**) 66 GHz, (**g**) 77 GHz, and (**h**) 120 GHz. Figure 14:4 Simulated and measured gain (G), radiation efficiency (eff), and axial ratio (AR) of the proposed antenna over frequencies in free space. the operational frequency band of the antenna. These results suggest that the proposed MIMO antenna offers a high diversity gain and maintains a low ECC level, emphasizing its potential for practical MIMO applications.
## 2 Background and Proposed System Model
### Dynamical Noise Model  
Noise distribution significantly affects the detection performances of detectors with multiple antennas because they are generally developed assuming that noises are identically distributed at antenna arrays to minimize complexity [24]. Indeed, most of the works consider identically distributed AWGNs in: (i) at the receiver antennas of SUs in nCSS and CSS under SUs with equal average SNRs and (ii) identically distributed AWGNs at the receiver antennas of \(u\)-th SU in CSS under unequal noises (i.e., antennas of \(u\)-th SU with equal average SNRs but SUs with unequal average SNRs). For example, Ref. [20] adopts unequal noise powers among SUs but equal noise powers at the antennas of \(u\)-th SU. According to (1), Ref. [20] adopts \(\eta_{l,u}(n)\sim\mathcal{N}(0,\sigma_{u}^{2})\), meaning that each SU may experience a different noise power, but the antenna array of \(u\)-th SU is assumed to be calibrated by a suitable technique [24]. The work in [23], on the other hand, adopts equal noise powers even among SUs, i.e., it adopts \(\eta_{l,u}(n)\sim\mathcal{N}(0,\sigma^{2})\), meaning that all SUs experience identical noise powers inclusive. Mathematically, one can write the DN model adopted in [20] as \(\bar{\sigma}_{u}^{2}\sim\mathcal{U}[(1-\xi)\sigma_{u}^{2},(1+\xi)\sigma_{u}^{ 2}]\), where \(\sigma_{u}^{2}\) is the exact value of noise power at \(u\)-th SU, \(\bar{\sigma}_{u}^{2}\) is the time-varying noise power at \(u\)-th SU, possibly varying uniformly in the range \([(1-\xi)\sigma_{u}^{2},(1+\xi)\sigma_{u}^{2}]\), and \(\xi\), with \(0\leq\xi\leq 1\), is an DN factor used to determine the level of noise power variation at the front-ends of multiantenna-based SUs, not on the \(l\)-th antenna of SUs. In practice, however, calibration errors are unavoidable [19] and lead to different noise powers at the antennas of a given SU. Therefore, our paper gives more practical appeal to the analyses at hand by adopting:  
\[\bar{\sigma}_{l,u}^{2}\sim\mathcal{U}[(1-\xi)\sigma_{l,u}^{2},(1+\xi)\sigma_{ l,u}^{2}], \tag{2}\]  
where (2) is a more general DN model compared to the one in [20].
# Urban Free-Space Optical Network Optimization
## 1 Introduction
### Related Works
From the graph theory point of view, the suggested problems discuss algorithms that evolve around edge connectivity, max flow, and a dominating set on a graph. These problems are known to be codependent. For example, computing graph connectivity calls up a max-flow subroutine and is optimized by first finding a proper dominating set. Many heuristic algorithms for finding graph-edge connectivity use max-flow subroutines. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [17] suggested using such algorithms. Other works, such as those in [18; 19; 20; 21], improved their algorithm complexity to \(O(mn)\) for a graph with \(n\) vertices and \(m\) edges by finding some small (but not necessarily optimal) dominating set \(D\) of the graph \(G\) and using amortized complexity on the computation \(\lambda\) for the vertices of that set. This current work uses those algorithms to build and evaluate solutions for the FSO network-optimization problem. Most theoretical problems described in the previous paragraph have been proven NP-hard, meaning we cannot compute an optimal solution for them in polynomial time. Nevertheless, some heuristic algorithms can provide a close solution in efficient run time. One common heuristic used for network optimization is GA. [PERSON] proposed this method in 1973 [22] as an evolution-based stochastic optimization algorithm with a global search for generating useful solutions. The GA is an example of a large family of heuristics called _evolutionary algorithms_. Inspired by biological evolution, they mimic the behavior of population survival. The algorithms are iterative and contain methods inspired by the processes of development, reproduction, selection, and natural selection (according to principles of [PERSON]'s survival of the fittest theory). This study addresses some network optimization problems induced by the Steiner tree problem for graphs. Given a weighted graph with a subset of vertices \(S\), the Steiner tree problem is to find the minimum-cost subtree that spans all vertices in \(S\)[23]. [PERSON] et al. developed a simple implementation for the GA to solve the Steiner tree problem for graphs [24]. The initial population for their algorithm was a random minimum spanning tree (MST) of the original graph and a time limit of 4000 s to reach solution. Their algorithm reached an approximation of 7.3% from the optimal solution. The Euclidean Steiner tree problem is defined as follows. Given \(n\) points on the plane, connect all the points by lines of minimum total length in such a way that any two points may be interconnected by line segments either directly or via other points and line segments. For the Euclidean Steiner tree problem, there exists a GA implementation [25].
## 2 Related Work
### Unstructured Sensitive Data Classification  
[PERSON] et al. [18] explored the use of text categorization methods, employing TF-IDF for feature extraction and initially evaluated Bayesian, KNN, and SVM classifiers for the classification of medically sensitive data. [PERSON] [19] employed document classification based on data confidentiality, comparing the performance of commonly used text classification algorithms across resume, legal document, and court report datasets. Notably, both [PERSON]'s and [PERSON]'s studies limited test data classification to binary sensitive and non-sensitive categories. In contrast, [PERSON] et al. [20] presented a sophisticated label distribution learning classification approach that aimed to categorize power data into six main categories and twenty-three subcategories but lacked specific experimental outcomes. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. [21] focused on personal information in their study of sensitive data. Their model consisted of three stages: SPeDaC1 for sentence classification as sensitive or non-sensitive, SPeDaC2 for multi-class sentence categorization, and SPeDaC3 for detailed labeling with 61 distinct personal data categories. It is important to highlight that empirical findings indicated reduced effectiveness in the model's fine-grained classification performance.  
[PERSON] et al. [22] endeavored to extract and categorize unstructured Portuguese text containing sensitive data. They constructed a named entity recognition module to identify sensitive information, such as personal names, locations, emails, and credit card numbers, within the text. In contrast, [PERSON]. [23] introduced a deep learning model, BERT, to identify and categorize sensitive data in Spanish clinical text, aiming to recognize various types of sensitive information, including dates, hospital names, ages, times, doctors, genders, kinships, locations, patients, and occupations. However, there exists potential for further refinement and enhancement of the observed experimental outcomes.
# Finite Element Method (FEM) Modeling of Laser-Tissue Interaction during Hair Removal
## 3 Results  
### Optimization of the Laser Beam  
The Monte Carlo methodology is a stochastic technique with random sampling, and thus its accuracy inherently depends on the number of simulated photons. To address this attribute, we calculated the absorbance in the hair follicle of the FEM Model #1 for different numbers of photons, ranging from \(10^{4}\) to \(10^{9}\). The simulated laser beam was disc-shaped with a radius of 4 mm and directed perpendicularly to the short-axis center of the FEM Model #1. The average absorbance value of the entire hair follicle was determined by interpolating and spatially integrating values at its vertices. The mean value over the follicle was evaluated ten times (from ten independent simulations), and then the average and standard deviations were calculated, which are presented in Figure 4. The average absorbance was normalized, meaning that the source power was set at 1 W.  
As can be clearly seen in Figure 4, average hair-follicle absorbance converged with an increasing number of photons, while the number of photons beyond \(10^{7}\) had virtually no impact on the results. Based on these results, we decided to use \(10^{8}\) photons as the optimal quantity in all simulations.
## 4 Discussion
### Implications on Forest Health  
Our decision to compare decadal or longer intervals of climatic records may obscure extreme events that can trigger wide-spread tree mortality over a few years, but high rates of tree mortality have been reported continually since the 1990s across much of the study area [1; 3; 66; 67; 68]. In the Southwest, much of the increase in tree mortality may be associated with consecutive years of drought [19; 53; 54; 55]. Our modeling analysis indicates that sustained increases in evaporative demand in the Southwest may be equally important as periodic drought (Figure 2b,c), which supports the conclusions by [PERSON] _et al._[51] drawn from longer-term climatic records.  
On the other hand, in British Columbia, where forests of lodgepole pine (_Pinus contorta_) and, to a lesser extent, interior spruce (_Picea glauc_ and _P. engelmannii_) have sustained heavy mortality from bark beetles and various pathogens [68], summer soil water deficits appear to have decreased since 1950-1975 as a result of increased rainfall [10] and reduced evaporative demand (Figure 2c). It is likely that a warming trend with fewer frost days, rather than drought, is the cause of the expansive mortality recently recorded in the forests of British Columbia [68; 69].  
We recognize that species differ in their abilities to access water and to survive drought [70]. Furthermore, genetic differences within a species are important, particularly at the regional scale [71; 72; 73]. The extent that the distribution of tree species may shift or are shifting is the subject of many papers (e.g., [74; 75; 76]) and will be the topic of a subsequent paper based in part on the data presented here. An advantage of incorporating a process-based model to predict shifts in the distribution of species is that seasonal constraints on photosynthesis can be identified and their influences assessed with respect to seasonal differences in the amount of light absorbed by the forest canopy. For example, the widespread reduction in spring frost is particularly significant for many subalpine species, which can break bud and still withstand temperatures of \(-5\)\({}^{\circ}\)C. Warmer temperatures, along with a reduction in snowpack, will favor the invasion of faster growing, less snow and frost-hardy species into the subalpine forest zone. The extent of recent disturbances in forest cover also could create a positive feedback to warming the climate by reducing the transfer of water vapor to the atmosphere and by increasing heat exchange [77].
# Panchromatic and Multispectral Image Fusion Combining GHS, NSST, and PCA
## 4 Results
### Experimental Results
#### 4.2.2 Experimental Results without References  
In order to further verify the effectiveness of the method in this paper, reference-free metrics were used to evaluate the real fusion images, and the data and methods involved in the validation were consistent with those in the previous subsection, although there was no real GT reference data for the validation in this experiment. Table 6 shows the evaluation results without a reference index for the different methods. The method presented in this paper obtained relatively better results for four different satellites and four scenes, and the spatial aberration index \(D_{\mathrm{s}}\) was the best in these four scenes. The comprehensive evaluation index HQNR and spatial aberration index were the best for GE-1, WV-4, and GF-7. In addition, the spectral aberration index had the best performance for these images.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **AG** & **SSIM** & **CC** & **UIQI** & **SAM** & **ERGAS** \\ \hline GT & 9.9422 & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 1.0000 & 0.0000 & 0.0000 \\ EXP & 3.2438 & 0.7664 & 0.9287 & 0.4348 & 0.1639 & 0.2926 \\ GIHS & 7.6976 & 0.8795 & 0.9487 & 0.6824 & 0.2107 & 0.2290 \\ SFIM & 7.8605 & 0.8993 & **0.9719** & 0.6956 & **0.1554** & **0.1755** \\ Brovey & 7.6017 & 0.8952 & 0.9602 & **0.7043** & 0.1639 & 0.2078 \\ GS & 7.7288 & 0.8876 & 0.9632 & 0.6821 & 0.1978 & 0.2171 \\ PCA & 7.8874 & 0.8890 & 0.9623 & 0.6784 & 0.2139 & 0.2008 \\ Proposed & **7.9766** & **0.9004** & 0.9503 & 0.6841 & 0.2103 & 0.2244 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Bold indicates best results.  
\end{table}
Table 5: Objective assessment indexes of the GFDM image fusion results.  
Figure 7: Fusion results for the GFDM images using different methods.  
In summary, the method in this paper achieved better results for four different scenes of the GE-1, WV-4, GF-7, and GFDM satellites (urban, plants and water, farmland, and desert) compared with the other methods, which shows that the method presented in this paper has good universality and generality.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### BA Content in Edible Mushrooms
The reduced level of BA in treated samples could be explained by the inactivation of decarboxylase positive microorganisms by the thermal treatment or ultrasonication of raw material. High-intensity ultrasound not only eliminates microorganisms and/or denatures enzymes, but also facilitates the extraction processes [33], which may result in the greater release of accumulated BA from the food material matrix. It was reported that thermal processing reduces spermine and spermidine; however, these BA are very difficult to destroy by processing [58]. The total BA content in food should not exceed 750-900 mg/kg [59]. According to the obtained results in the present study, all tested samples, except ultrasonicated and fermented _B. edulis_, were in this range. Toxicological effects and various health disorders (cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and neurological) are related to the high concentration of BA consumed by humans [60]. These effects are mainly associated with tyramine and histamine, but other BA such as putrescine, cadaverine, and phenylethylamine could strengthen the toxic effect of histamine [56]. However, in our study, histamine and tyramine were not found in all samples. Studies on BA in mushrooms are quite scarce and focus on raw or processed (boiled, dried) mushrooms, but the reported concentrations of BA significantly differ among species [58; 61; 62]. Similar to our study, [PERSON] et al. [61] found that spermidine and putrescine were the most common BA in processed and unprocessed mushrooms available in the Polish market. [PERSON] et al. [62] reported the presence of spermidine, phenylethylamine, tyramine, and tryptamine in fresh edible commercial mushroom species. To date, to the best of our knowledge, fermented _B. edulis_, _C. cibarius_, _R. caperata_, or even other fermented mushrooms have not been analysed for the content of BA.
# Integration and Field Evaluation of an IoV System for Enhancing Road Safety
## 3 Human-Machine Interface Architecture
### Design Framework  
The HMI is designed to function as part of a C-ITS that targets both equipped and non-equipped vehicles seamlessly for all types of vehicles and various applications, which may comply with different traffic scenarios. To fulfill these requirements, five basic principles were determined for the interface that must be satisfied:  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Name** & **Type** & **Operating** & **Maximum Output** & **Maximum Data** & **Maximum Power** \\  & & **Frequency** & **Power** & **Transfer Speed** & **Consumption** \\ \hline THEO-P1 series & V2X transceiver & \begin{tabular}{c} 5.9 GHz \\ (5.85–5.925 GHz) \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} 5.9 GHz \\ +23 dBm \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} 5.9 GHz \\ 27 Mbps \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} 5.9 GHz \\ 4 Watt \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Technical characteristics of the DSRC module.  
1. Support a distributed architecture for a C-ITS;
2. Support a multi-level strategy for in-vehicle information system;
3. Provide the required information without creating or distracting the driver;
4. Support personalized/targeted information.  
The architecture of the modules that make up the HMI reflects the distributed architecture of the integrated system. The architecture incorporates a standard messaging protocol based on the \"publish\" and \"subscribe\" functions (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport--MQTT). This protocol is designed for remote connections of devices (e.g., sensors) with limited resources and limited bandwidth.  
As seen in Figure 2 the HMI is divided into two logical elements: one materializes the high-level architecture and the other handles the co-existing applications. All elements are connected to the MQTT broker, which is the central node for all communications. Last, the HMI is being implemented on mobile applications for smart devices (Android and iOS) and through a Decision Support System (DSS) which takes over the prioritization of the messages/warnings, when these co-exist, and chooses which will be sent and when to each device.