## 5 Indoor and Outdoor Application Testing
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Reference**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Antenna Type**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Bandwidth (MHz), (\%)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Gain (dBi)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Dimension (mm)**} \\  & & & & & **(Electrical Size at 470 MHz)** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[1]} & Printed dipole with multiple & \multirow{2}{*}{430–1180 (93.16\%)} & \multirow{2}{*}{1.78–2.83} & \(58.5\times 241\times 1.6\) \\  & loops antenna & & & (\(0.091\lambda\times 0.377\lambda\times 0.0025\lambda\)) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[2]} & Printed monopole with spiral & \multirow{2}{*}{470–862 (58.85\%)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(-19\)–\((-12)\)} & \(20\times 30\times 0.4\) \\  & loops antenna & & (\(0.031\lambda\times 0.047\lambda\times 0.0006\lambda\)) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[3]} & PIFA-loop antenna & 470–771 (48.50\%) & \multirow{2}{*}{2.2–4.8} & \(17\times 375\) \\  & & & (\(0.026\lambda\times 0.587\lambda\)) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[4]} & Printed meander line antenna & \multirow{2}{*}{467–1012 (73.69\%)} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.86–1.65} & \(10\times 25\times 1\) \\  & with magneto dielectric & & & (\(0.015\lambda\times 0.039\lambda\times 0.0015\lambda\)) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[19]} & Printed dipole antenna & \multirow{2}{*}{455–1070 (80.65\%)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(-0.57\)–1.15} & \(20\times 200\times 0.8\) \\  & & & & (\(0.031\lambda\times 0.313\lambda\times 0.001\lambda\)) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[20]} & Printed dipole antenna & \multirow{2}{*}{452–897 (65.97\%)} & \multirow{2}{*}{2.09–3.85} & \(45\times 250\times 1.6\) \\  & & & & (\(0.070\lambda\times 0.391\lambda\times 0.002\lambda\)) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[21]} & Printed dipole antenna & \multirow{2}{*}{441–890 (67.46\%)} & \multirow{2}{*}{4.65 (peak)} & \(35\times 243\times 1.6\) \\  & & & (\(0.054\lambda\times 0.380\lambda\times 0.002\lambda\)) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[23]} & Printed loop antenna & \multirow{2}{*}{461–806 (54.45\%)} & \multirow{2}{*}{1.9–2.5} & \(165\times 165\times 0.8\) \\  & & & (\(0.258\lambda\times 0.258\lambda\times 0.001\lambda\)) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[24]} & Printed quasi-Yagi antenna & \multirow{2}{*}{450–848 (61.32\%)} & \multirow{2}{*}{3.5–4.6} & \(200\times 240\times 1.6\) \\  & & & (\(0.313\lambda\times 0.376\lambda\times 0.002\lambda\)) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[26]} & Log-periodic antenna & \multirow{2}{*}{470–790 (50.79\%)} & \multirow{2}{*}{8 (peak)} & \(302.6\times 356\times 35\) \\  & & & (\(0.474\lambda\times 0.557\lambda\) 0.054\(\lambda\)) \\ \hline Proposed  antenna & \multirow{2}{*}{Yagi-Uda with bowtie antenna} & \multirow{2}{*}{424–943 (75.93\%)} & \multirow{2}{*}{2.69–4.84} & \(175\times 175\times 209\) \\  & & & & (\(0.274\lambda\times 0.274\lambda\times 0.327\lambda\)) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Comparison between previous works and the proposed portable wideband directional antenna scheme. broadcast range encompasses the capital and neighboring provinces in the central region, as indicated by the area in pink in Figure 20. The height of the transmission antenna was 328.4 m. The receiving antenna (i.e., antenna under test (AUT)) for both the indoor and outdoor testing was located at the coordinates \(14^{\circ}20^{\prime}52^{\prime\prime}\) N \(100^{\circ}33^{\prime}55^{\prime\prime}\) E, which is 65.73 km from the transmitting station. In the indoor and outdoor testing, the AUT was placed at a height of at least 10 m above ground. The transmitting and receiving (AUT) antennas were in the line of sight. Figure 21 shows the experimental setup for the outdoor and indoor testing of the proposed portable wideband directional antenna scheme with a digital video broadcasting (DVB) signal receiver (Promax Ranger Neo\({}^{+}\)). The measurements were taken in a concrete building. Figure 22 depicts the outdoor reception performance of the proposed antenna scheme at the first multiplexer (MUX) of 514 MHz in Thailand for the DVB-T2 system [35]. The power obtained was 38.4 dB\(\mu\)V (\(-70.4\) dBm), with a carrier to noise ratio (C/N) of 11.6 dB.