## 3 Methodology
### Technical Analysis
This radiation value is essential for calculating the actual energy that can be harnessed by the solar array under specific climatic conditions. Equation (18) provides a comprehensive view of all these parameters, detailing the method for calculating the daily energy production of the PV array. \[EA=\eta e\ A\ Gt\ (1-Lm)(1-Lc) \tag{18}\]  
The energy that is provided to the grid while there is no load is shown in Equation (19):  
\[Egrid=EA\ \eta_{inv} \tag{19}\]  
The annual energy output on the AC grid side can be calculated by integrating the output power over time and accounting for system losses, including inverter efficiency:  
\[E_{annual}=\sum(P_{module}\times\Pi_{Inverter})\times 8760\times LF \tag{20}\]  
where:  
\(\Pi_{Inverter}\): The efficiency of the inverter (as a decimal),  
8760 is the number of hours in a year,  
LF: The load factor, representing the fraction of the year the system operates at nominal capacity. After calculating the yearly energy input into the grid, the performance indicator is calculated as demonstrated in Equation (21):  
\[YF=\frac{E\ \text{grid}\ (\text{kWh/year})}{PV\ \text{array}\ (\text{kW/peak at }STC)} \tag{21}\]  
The location of LuLu's Hypermarket and the plan view before the installation of the PV system, as shown in Figure 4, is chosen as the ideal location to create a model EVCS because of its east access through the main mall area. The purpose of installing a carrot and roof-mounted solar PV system at this location is to serve as a prototype for similar configurations in urban areas. This demonstration intends to illustrate how these stations may effectively meet the increasing need for EV charging while encouraging the use of sustainable energy. The technical process involves evaluating the amount of solar radiation present, the system's ability to capture energy, and the actual output when taking into account elements like the shade, module orientation, and inclination. Furthermore, this study includes an assessment of the energy allocation among direct use, charging of EVs, and feeding energy back into the grid. This research offers a thorough comprehension of the system's capability and effectiveness in real-life scenarios, which is essential for sustainable energy solutions in commercial settings. The structured breakdown of the procedures and calculations used in determining the solar PV system performance of the carrot and the rooftop-mounted system is as follows:  
Step 1: Solar radiation and PV module area  
Step 2: PV generator output  
Step 3: PV system performance (yield factor (kWh/kWp) and performance ratio (PR) (%)  
Step 4: Energy production and use  
* PV generator energy (AC Grid): Total energy output transferred to the AC grid,
* Direct own use: Energy directly used from the PV system,
* Charge of EVs: Energy used to charge EVs,
* Grid Feed-in: Excess energy supplied back to the grid. Step 5: Auxiliary consumption and system losses  
It should be emphasized that the overall energy generation estimates provided by PV * SOL may not precisely align with the theoretical calculations. This is because the program considers panel degradation over time and all the potential losses, resulting in a more precise and realistic estimation of the system performance. The power output of a PV module can be calculated using the following equation:  
\[P_{module}=\frac{G\times A\times\Pi_{R}}{1000} \tag{22}\]  
where:  
G: The solar irradiance on the module (W/m\({}^{2}\)),  
A: The area of the PV module (m\({}^{2}\)),  
\(\Pi_{R}\): The efficiency of the PV module (%). The factor of 1000 converts the result from (W) to (kW). Following the comprehensive study of four key parameters (R, BC, CS, and CP), the focus will shift to analyzing four performance parameters. These performance parameters are critical when assessing the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the EV charging infrastructure and vehicle performance. The study of these parameters will provide deeper insights into the operational aspects of the EV ecosystem.