## 5 Conclusions  
This study demonstrates the immunomodulatory potential of PMT in a CPA-induced immunosuppression model, highlighting its beneficial effects on cytokine expression, hematological parameters, thymus function, and T lymphocyte populations. PMT treatment significantly enhanced IL-10 expression at both the mRNA and protein levels, suggesting its role in promoting anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory responses. Additionally, PMT partially restored hematological parameters, particularly WBC and EOScounts, mitigating the immunosuppressive effects of CPA. Moreover, PMT effectively alleviated CPA-induced thymic atrophy, as evidenced by increased thymus size, improved histological structure, and restoration of the thymus index. Flow cytometric and immunohistochemical analyses further revealed that PMT treatment significantly reversed CPA-induced reductions in the CD3e\({}^{+}\)CD4\({}^{+}\) and CD3e\({}^{+}\)CD8\({}^{+}\) T lymphocyte populations, thereby enhancing overall immune function. While these findings provide strong evidence for the protective and restorative effects of PMT against CPA-induced immunosuppression, further studies are required to fully elucidate its mechanistic pathways and long-term safety. Investigating PMT's effects on other key immune markers, its influence on different immunosuppressive models, and potential clinical applications will be crucial in establishing its therapeutic potential. Additionally, future research should focus on identifying active compounds within PMT responsible for its immunomodulatory properties, as well as assessing its pharmacokinetics and bioavailability to optimize its efficacy in clinical settings. Collectively, this study highlights PMT as a promising immunomodulatory agent, with potential applications in managing immune dysfunctions associated with immunosuppressive conditions.  
The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15063235/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15063235/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15063235/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15063235/s1)), Figure S1: Effect of PMT on CD25 expression in lymphocytes of the CPA-treated mice. Figure S2: Effect of PMT on thymus size, weight, histology, and thymus index in the CPA-treated mice. Table S1: Comparison of immunosuppressive effects of the different CPA doses in mice.  
Conceptualization, J.Y.H. and B.R.C.; methodology, B.R.C., D.R.P. and J.E.Y.; validation, J.Y.H. and B.R.C.; formal analysis, B.R.C., D.R.P. and J.E.Y.; investigation, B.R.C. and D.R.P.; resources, I.-H.H.; data curation, J.Y.H. and B.R.C.; writing\(-\)original draft preparation, J.Y.H.; writing\(-\)review and editing, J.Y.S., Y.J.L. and I.-H.H.; visualization, J.Y.H.; supervision, Y.J.L. and I.-H.H.; project administration, I.-H.H.; funding acquisition, I.-H.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Jaseng Medical Foundation, Korea.  
Not applicable.  
Data Availability Statement: Data is contained within the article and Supplementary Material.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
\begin{tabular}{l l} BASO & Basophil \\ Con A & concanavalin A \\ CPA & cyclophosphamide \\ ELISA & enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay \\ EOS & eosinophil \\ H\&E & hematoxylin and eosin \\ IACUC & Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee \\ IL & interleukin \\ LYM & lymphocyte \\ MONO & monocyte \\ NEU & neutrophil \\ PE & phycoerythrin \\ PMT & gagam-palmultang \\ \end{tabular}