# Mobile Internet Technology Adoption for Sustainable Agriculture: Evidence from Wheat Farmers
## 5 Results and Discussion  
Table 1 indicates a statistics summary of the entire variables in the econometric assessment. On average, 65% of wheat farmers have MDs supporting these Internet technologies, and 55% use MIT in agricultural environments. In 2021, 61.64 million of the Pakistani population have accessed MIT via smartphones and/or tablets, which is less similar to the proportion of Pakistani farmers who use MIT through such MDs. Regarding sociodemographic variables, the average age of the respondents was 47.88 years old, 88% were males, and 17% of farmers had university degrees. The farm area varies from 5 to 20 ha, with an average of 7.17 ha. Table 1 also includes data regarding the area distribution of farms across Pakistan. For example, 24% of farms are located north of KPK. The farmers were also queried to utilize an isometric five-point Likert scale to express agreement or disagreement with two declarations. In order to measure innovation, farmers were questioned whether they were interested in using modern technologies or innovations, and on average, they slightly refused this (2.26%). Next, the interviewees were asked whether they had  
Figure 4: Sample distribution. enough knowledge to avoid harm to IT; on average, they also slightly rejected it (2.70%). In accordance with the framework of Adapa [82], the frequency of fixed IT usage in the MD adoption step (not in the result step) was calculated to illustrate the sample selection technique introduced in the prior portion. Moreover, 74% of the farmers surveyed use the fixed internet every day. Table 2 displays the evaluation results of the bivariate probit method for sample selection. Software version STATA 14 was used for analysis. The selected model Wald test was statistically significant (\(p<0.01\)) and rejects the null hypothesis of simultaneous equality to zero of selected coefficients. The likelihood ratio test of \(p=0\) was rejected at the 1% significance level. The outcome shows that it was necessary to use the sample selection method. The outcomes of the selection phase indicate that farmers who utilize the fixed IT daily are more likely to use MDs that support IT because the coefficient is statistically substantial and positive. This is consistent with the outcomes of Adapa [82]. In addition, young farmers with university degrees are more likely to use/adopt MDs. Additionally, similar outcomes were obtained by [PERSON] et al. [34] for the adoption of tablets and smartphones. No association was found between the adoption rate of MDs and gender, farm size, and farm diversification. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline
**Variables** & **Hypothesis** & **Explanation of Research Hypothesis** & **Mean (SD)** \\ \hline
**Dependent variables** & & & \\ MIT & 1 if farmers use MIT; 0 otherwise & 0.55 (0.04) \\ MD & & 1 if the farmer has Internet-enabled MD; 0 otherwise & 0.65 (0.02) \\ \hline
**Independent variables** & & & \\ Age & Hypothesis 1a & Age of the farmers (years) & 47.88 (11.77) \\ Gender & Hypothesis 1b & 1 if the farmer is male; 0 otherwise & 0.88 (0.03) \\ Education & Hypothesis 1c & 1 if the farmers hold a university degree; 0 otherwise & 0.17 (0.03) \\ Innovativeness & Hypothesis 1d & Once a new technological innovation arrives on the & 2.26 (1.07) \\ Awareness of IT risks & Hypothesis 2 & Aware to avoid the IT risks & 2.70 (1.12) \\ Farm size & Hypothesis 3a & Farm size (ha) & 7.17 (6.01) \\ Region & Hypothesis 3b & & \\ North & & The farmhouse is situated in the north of KPK & 0.24 \\ West & & The farmhouse is situated in the west of KPK & 0.26 \\ South & & The farmhouse is situated in the south of KPK & 0.42 \\ East & & The farmhouse is situated in the east of KPK & 0.07 \\ Farm diversification & Hypothesis 3c & Measurement of the farmhouse diversification & 0.25 (0.22) \\ \hline
**Control variable** & & & \\ IT usage (Regular) & & 1 if farmer use IT regularly; 0 otherwise & 0.74 \\ \hline \end{tabular} Note. Standard errors (S.E.), Mean, and SD is shown as the ratio for MDs = 1.  
\end{table}