# Clustering Analysis for Classifying Student Academic Performance in Higher Education
## 4 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Feature Extraction  
Further analysis was conducted on the extraction of features from the k-means Model B (KMoB). Table 10 shows the KMoB's clustering results by listing each cluster's important attributes. Notably, for the drop-out status attribute, the graduate (1) value affects clusters 0, 1, 3, and 4, with the highest percentage of students falling in cluster 0 (27.48%). While the drop-out (0) only affected cluster 2, accounting for 18.8% of students (refer to Figure 6). Figure 5: Clustering results of Model B using (**a**) k-means (KMoB); (**b**) BIRCH; (**c**) DBSCAN. The CGPA attribute with a value of 3.01-3.49 was a distinct characteristic for clusters 0, 1, 3, and 4, where the highest percentage of students (12.78%) is in cluster 0. Only cluster 2 has recorded a CGPA value of below 2.00 for 10.57% of students (refer to Figure 7). Working as a distinct value in clusters 0, 1, 3, and 4, with the highest percentage of students belonging to cluster 0. Cluster 2 comprises unemployed students who recorded a percentage of 17.2%. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Attribute** & **Cluster 0** & **Cluster 1** & **Cluster 2** & **Cluster 3** & **Cluster 4** \\ \hline Drop-out Status & Graduate & Graduate & Drop-out & Graduate & Graduate \\ \% & 27.48 & 23.99 & 17.21 & 18.71 & 12.28 \\ CGPA & 3.01–3.49 & 3.01–3.49 & Below 2.00 & 3.01–3.49 & 3.01–3.49 \\ \% & 12.78 & 12.39 & 10.57 & 8.99 & 5.64 \\ Employment Status & Working & Working & Unemployed & Working & Working \\ \% & 17.34 & 14.59 & 17.2 & 12.78 & 8.23 \\ No. of Activities & Above 10 & 5 to 9 & None & 1 & 1 \\ \% & 8.04 & 5.6 & 13.33 & 6.16 & 2.92 \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Field of Study} & Social Sciences, & Engineering, & Engineering, & Engineering, & Engineering, \\  & Business, and Law & Manufacturing, & Manufacturing, & Manufacturing, & Manufacturing, & Manufacturing, \\  & and Construction & and Construction & and Construction & and Construction & and Construction \\ \% & 12.12 & 7.57 & 6.37 & 7.18 & 4.6 \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Qualification} & SPM, STPM, and & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Matriculation and} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Matriculation and} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{foundation} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Diploma} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{foundation} & Diploma \\  & others & programme & & programme & \\ \% & 24.08 & 15.62 & 8.96 & 17.77 & 10.92 \\ Industrial Training & Pass & Pass & Failed & Pass & Pass \\ \% & 16.76 & 13.8 & 16.57 & 14.41 & 7.41 \\ Sponsorship & Loans & Self-funded & Self-funded & Loans & Loans \\ \% & 19.31 & 8.75 & 10.25 & 11.43 & 6.3 \\ Registration Age & 20 & Below 19 & Above 21 & Below 19 & Above 21 \\ \% & 25.48 & 12.02 & 10.12 & 17.5 & 11.98 \\ University & Focussed & Research & Comprehensive & Focussed & Focussed \\ \% & 16.93 & 18.82 & 7.99 & 14.52 & 7.19 \\ Cluster Size & 32,315 & 28,206 & 22,005 & 20.145 & 14,398 \\ \% & 27.6 & 24.09 & 18.8 & 17.21 & 12.3 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 10: Descriptive statistics from the clustering result for the KMoB. Figure 6: Clustering result of students’ drop-out status. Next, the number of \"1\" activities affected clusters 3 and 4, accounting for 6.16 and 2.92 per cent of the total students, respectively. The value \"5-9\" affected only cluster 1, accounting for 5.6%, while the value \"above 10\" affected only cluster 0, accounting for 8.04%. Cluster 2 recorded the \"none\" value, accounting for 13.33% of the total number of students. For the field of study, \"engineering, manufacturing, and construction\" have been observed as the majority in clusters 1, 2, 3, and 4, with cluster 1 having the largest percentage of students at 7.57%. While the field of \"social sciences, business, and legislation\" are only observed in cluster 1 with a percentage of 12.12% of students. Qualification for the university entrance for cluster 1 is SPM, STPM, and others, accounting for 24.08% of the total students. While clusters 1 and 3 were influenced by matriculation and foundation, with percentages as high as 15.62% and 17.77%, respectively.