## 1 Introduction
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Sources** & **Definition—E-Government** & **Topic** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{[PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] et al., 2021 [6]} & Socially inclusive, hyper-integrated ICT platforms that are built on an evolutionary system architecture to ensure efficient delivery of government services with transparency, accountability, and responsibility & Future of e-Government: an integrated conceptual framework \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[PERSON] et al., 2019 [7]} & Providing services and information to citizens in real time in a personalized way & From one-stop shop to no-stop shop: an e-Government stage model \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{[PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] 2010 [8]} & E-Government aims to improve accessibility, efficiency, and accountability. It is based on the dissemination of information and the development of information policies. E-Government leads to increasing citizen participation. The activity of these citizens influences the mechanisms of democracy & From one-stop shop to no-stop shop: an e-Government stage model \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{[PERSON] and [PERSON] 2006 [9]} & e-Government means communication between a government and its citizens through computers and web access. The benefits of speed, responsiveness, and cost containment are excellent & Evolving relationship of citizens and government \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{UNDPEPA and ASPA 2002 [10]} & E-Government is defined as: the use of the Internet and the World Wide Web to provide government information and services to citizens & Benchmarking e-Government: a global perspective \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & E-Government is the use of technology to improve access to and delivery of government services for the benefit of citizens, business partners, and employees. & What is e-Government? \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Source: Own processing.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Definitions of e-Government. therefore, it is necessary to look at where this method has been applied. [PERSON] and [PERSON] used the DEA method for the conceptual evaluation of energy input-output analysis on the island of Crete. Researchers have also used DEA to evaluate the agricultural sector. The inputs that contributed most to outputs were human factors, soil care, and crop protection [13]. Indicators for measuring digitization: The purpose of this study was to use the DEA method in the field of digitalization within the EU. The OECD identifies efficiency measures in the DESI; however, in this study we identify efficiency using selected indices and their sub-categories that focus on technological efficiency. The OECD research is devoted to the input-oriented model, whereas ours uses the output-oriented model. Therefore, it is necessary to identify possible input and output data. Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) has already been used in another study; therefore, it is appropriate to look at the DEA method and its use. The basic indices include the Digital Economy and Society Index, e-Government Development Index, e-Participation index, Local Online Service Index, Digital Government Index, e-Government benchmark, Eurostat--Internet use, Global Innovation Index, Digital Skills Gap Index, and Going Digital Toolkit. Table 2 lists the individual indices with their abbreviation and the year of their first measurement, followed by more detailed information. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Index**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Abbreviation**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Year of Launch**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Data Availability within**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Index Key Areas**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Implementer**} \\ \cline{5-6}  & & & & & & & \\ \hline E-Government & & & & & & & \\ Development & EGDI & 2003 & & & & & \\ Index [14] & & & & & & & \\ \hline E-Participation & EPI & 2003 & yes & yes & & & \\ \hline  & & & & & & &  
For a closer comparison, we chose two main indicators to measure digitalization and e-Government. DESI measures the state of digitalization across the EU.