## 1 Introduction  
Throughout history, human civilization has sought to improve its well-being, including its comfort, health, and safety. This has been achieved through various innovations in dedicated tools and the use of natural resources. These tools operate by using different available energy sources. For several decades, electromagnetic (EM) energy has found an important place and has been increasing over time. This energy has been obtained from the conversion of different resources, mainly fossil fuels. Recently, human well-being has been considered to be associated with the ecosystem and biodiversity in an ecological context. This can be achieved through the use of clean energy, converting it into EM energy, and the eco-design of EM tools, which corresponds to the sustainable use of these tools. Thus,performance is increased, energy is saved, and harmful side effects for humans in their biodiversity and ecosystem environment are reduced; these elements reflect the responsible attitude (RA) approach. Indeed, the use of EM tools presents projected results, which are regularly concomitant with unsolicited side effects. These hostile effects involve exposure to stray and radiated EM fields (EMFs) that could disrupt various devices, including health devices, as well as produce adverse biological effects (BEs) in all exposed living tissues involved in biodiversity. This exhibits the one health (OH) approach [1; 2]. In the urban ecological context, the above-mentioned disturbances provoked by the side effects related to exposure to EMFs could originate, for example, from wireless communication, e.g., [3], mobility e.g., [4], or energy transfer devices [5; 6], which are widely used in daily life. Different categories of exposures are related to systems involving wireless transfer or the transmission of energy. These are related to the transfer distance, the amount of power transferred, the frequency of the EMF involved, and the nature of the exposed object and its position. For portable wireless telecommunications tools such as mobile phones, they involve low power at high frequency, radio frequency (RF), and may be close to the exposed object. The exposure in this case is focused on a small area of the exposed object. For mobile phone antenna towers, they involve higher powers but are far from the exposed objects, and the exposure is homogeneous [7; 8] or overall on the exposed object [9]. In the case of wireless inductive power transfer (IPT), it is a wide power range, from a few watts for charging the batteries of small household tools [10; 11] to between tens of kW and on the order of MW in the case of electric vehicles (EVs), cars (tens of kW), trucks, buses (magnitude order 100 kW), boats (can reach the MW order), etc. [12; 13]. The transfer distance is small (from a few mm to a few cm) and at a low frequency (up to 300 kHz). The object possibly disturbed and exposed to stray fields could be at a distance of a few cm from small tools, about one m from those involved in EVs. As mentioned earlier, exposure to EMFs from wireless power transport in general can disrupt different objects. These disturbances could be related to living tissues in general (including biodiversity). Such disturbances could directly cause BEs in tissues or indirectly impair the functioning of tools onboard living tissues. The field of investigation involved in the present work is related to the evaluation and improvement of the behaviors of wireless EM devices used in SCs, thus, allowing for the protection of affected living tissues, biodiversity, and ecosystem from their harmful effects. The impact of such an assignment will be illustrated by two specific applications of wireless EM tools used in the SCs related to the disturbances of medical devices used near living tissues and the biological effects of EV chargers.