# Physico-Chemical Characteristics of _Rosa canina_ L. Seeds and Determining Their Potential Use
## 3 Results and Discussion
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Amino Acid** & **Content (mg/100 g \(\pm\) SD)** \\ \hline glutamic acid & 1.58 \(\pm\) 0.08 \\ aspartic acid & 0.62 \(\pm\) 0.04 \\ arginine & 0.58 \(\pm\) 0.03 \\ leucine & 0.42 \(\pm\) 0.03 \\ glycine & 0.49 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\ alanine & 0.37 \(\pm\) 0.03 \\ valine & 0.36 \(\pm\) 0.01 \\ isoleucine & 0.28 \(\pm\) 0.01 \\ lysine & 0.34 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\ phenylalanine & 0.33 \(\pm\) 0.03 \\ proline & 0.23 \(\pm\) 0.03 \\ serine & 0.27 \(\pm\) 0.03 \\ threonine & 0.28 \(\pm\) 0.03 \\ histidine & 0.20 \(\pm\) 0.00 \\ cysteine & 0.14 \(\pm\) 0.006 \\ tyrosine & 0.12 \(\pm\) 0.008 \\ methionine & 0.15 \(\pm\) 0.001 \\ hydroxyproline & 0.03 \(\pm\) 0.000 \\ tryptophan & 0.05 \(\pm\) 0.000 \\ taurine & 0.01 \(\pm\) 0.000 \\ ornithine & 0.01 \(\pm\) 0.000 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Amino acid content in rosehip seeds. Oils with high content of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, including \(\alpha\)-linolenic (ALA, 18:3, \(n\)-3) and linoleic (LA, 18:2, \(n\)-6) acid, are essential fatty acids (EFAs), as the human body is not able to synthesize them [37,40]. The \(n\)-3 and \(n\)-6 fatty acids are precursors of eicosanoids, tissue hormones with a broad spectrum of activity, including regulation of inflammatory processes, anticoagulant activity, and reduction of triacylglycercerol levels. For this reason, EFAs are ascribed an important role in preventive healthcare, especially in the case of allergic, inflammatory, and cardiovascular diseases [36,37,41]. Oils with high PUFA content also play an important role in maintaining skin health. Fatty acids, which alongside ceramides and cholesterol are a component of the intercellular cement, allow the skin to function as an effective protective barrier, preserving the balance between the body's external and internal environment and protecting against chemical, physical, and biological factors, including bacterial infections. Symptoms of PUFA deficiencies include dry skin, slow healing, inflammation, increased susceptibility to irritation, and excessive exfoliation of the epidermis, e.g., in the course of psoriasis or atopic skin inflammation. Rosehip seed oil is very popular as a skin embollient [1,40]. The quality and applicability of plant materials are also evidenced by their content of minerals, vitamins, and other bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols and carotenoids. In our study, measurements were performed for ten minerals--P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, and B, and the predominant minerals were shown to be calcium (3851 mg/kg), potassium (2732 mg/kg), and phosphorus (991 mg/kg) (Table 6). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline  & **Element** & **Content (mg/kg \(\pm\) SD)** \\ \hline Phosphorus & P & 991 \(\pm\) 9.10 \\ \hline Potassium & K & 2732 \(\pm\) 29.2 \\ \hline Calcium & Ca & 3851 \(\pm\) 37.9 \\ \hline Magnesium & Mg & 693 \(\pm\) 8.74 \\ \hline Sodium & Na & 98.3 \(\pm\) 2.02 \\ \hline Iron & Fe & 64.0 \(\pm\) 3.97 \\ \hline Copper & Cu & 5.51 \(\pm\) 0.50 \\ \hline Manganese & Mn & 21.8 \(\pm\) 0.76 \\ \hline Zinc & Zn & 11.8 \(\pm\) 0.76 \\ \hline Boron & B & 1.32 \(\pm\) 0.29 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Mineral content in rosehip seeds. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Fatty Acid** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Molecular Formula**} & **Content (\% \(\pm\) SD)** \\ \hline Butyric acid & C4:0 & C4H6O2 & 5.12 \(\pm\) 0.11 \\ \hline Palmitic acid & C16:0 & C16H32O2 & 2.11 \(\pm\) 0.14 \\ \hline Stearic acid & C18:0 & C18H36O2 & 0.90 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\ \hline Oleic acid & C18:1 & C18H34O2 & 17.63 \(\pm\) 0.81 \\ \hline Linoleic acid & C18:2 & C18H32O2 & 53.19 \(\pm\) 0.84 \\ \hline Linolenic acid & C18:3 & C18H30O2 & 20.24 \(\pm\) 0.45 \\ \hline Arachid acid & C20:0 & C20H40O2 & 0.53 \(\pm\) 0.03 \\ \hline Gadoleic acid & C20:1 & C20H38O2 & 0.28 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Fatty acid composition of rosehip seeds.