esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Transformer-Based Graph Convolutional Network for Sentiment Analysis
## 4 Experiments
### Ablation Study  
#### 4.6.1 Impact of Removing Less Frequent Words  
Removing the less frequent words from tweets may affect the performance of sentiment analysis. We conduct an ablation study to test the impact of removing the less-frequency words. We delete the words with frequency less than five times in the entire corpus. The result from Tables 5 and 6 show that removing the less frequent words have slightly degraded the performance. For example, the sentiment accuracy performance decreases by 0.21% on the SST-B dataset and by 0.42%. We also test the influence of our predefined stop words. From the results in Tables 5 and 6, it shows that using NLTK stop words has affected the accuracy sentiment performance.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline
**Method** & **SemEval** & **SST-B** & **IMDB** & **Yelp 2014** \\ \hline Re(Glove) & 68.2 & 89.5 & 89.6 & 46.1 \\ Seninfo+TF-IDF & 66.7 & 88.8 & 89.0 & 45.4 \\ RGWE & 69.1 & 89.68 & 90.1 & 46.9 \\ BiLSTM & – & 91.16 & 83.05 & – \\ RCNN & – & 93.88 & 84.72 & – \\ \hline SGTN (ours) & **74.12** & **95.11** & **93.52** & **50.2** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: The F1-score of different models over datasets. The best score on each task produced by a single model is in bold and “–” denotes the missed result.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline
**Method** & **SST-B** & **IMDB** & **Yelp 2014** \\ \hline CHIM & – & 54.2 & – \\ HCSC & – & 56.4 & 69.2 \\ CMA & – & 54.0 & 67.6 \\ Single-layered BiLSTM & 85.78 & 90.585 & – \\ SAMF-BiLSTM-D & 89.7 & 48.9 & – \\ LSTM & 84.9 & 37.8 & 53.9 \\ BiLSTM & 91.24 & 83.02 & – \\ RCNN & 93.96 & 84.70 & – \\ [PERSON]\_pair\_RCNN & 95.00 & – & – \\ [PERSON] & 90.9 & – & – \\ SMART\_[PERSON] & 90.0 & – & – \\ SMART\_[PERSON] & 92.8 & – & – \\ \hline SGTN (ours) & **95.43** & **94.94** & **72.7** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: The sentiment classification accuracy of different models over datasets. The best score on each task produced by a single model is in bold and “–” denotes the missed result.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline
**Method** & **SST-B** & **IMDB** & **Yelp 2014** \\ \hline SGTN with less Freq words & 95.24 & 94.53 & 72.3 \\ SGTN without less Freq words & 95.43 & 94.95 & 72.7 \\ SGTN with NLTK Stopwords & 93.43 & 93.01 & 71.10 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: The impact of removing less frequent words on the accuracy performance of SGTN.
## 7 IoT-Defined Application Protocols
### Constrained-Application Protocols (CoAP)
#### 7.1.6 Piggyback Response  
Here, the receiver directly includes the query result in the acknowledgment message, and thus, two separate messages are avoided. If the query is lost in the network instead of reaching the server, the server acknowledgment is not received by the sender, and hence, the query is to be made again. If the query is answered and it reaches the receiver, the receiver may consider it as tempered data, therefore embedding acknowledgment in the response is a good mechanism for assuring network security. It also decreases network overhead and consumes less bandwidth, as well as energy, with an increase in the CPU's processing time on both sides.  
CoAP applies its reliability mechanism to reduce network overhead and processing on each node and conserves bandwidth and battery. The two-conceptual-layered protocol is based on representational state transfer (REST), which supports request/response models such as HTTP and HTTPs and thus enables both secure and nonsecure information exchange. The messaging layer is controlled by this request response layer giving reliability to the data transfer and queries. CoAP also uses low memory.  
The latency is inherited from REST, which inherits it from the UDP working mechanism. Packets are often discarded by network nodes and the data field is also limited. These limitations readily prove the inability of the CoAP over REST for complex or continuous big data types.
# The Design of a Long-Distance Signal Transmission System in a Bistatic RCS Testing System
## 4 System Application
In the test results, the phase error of the signal transmission system is less than 3 degrees (0.016\(\pi\)), which meets the required specifications. Figure 19: The impact of random phase error on the one-dimensional image (\(f_{0}=10\) GHz, \(R=50\) m). Finally, after integrating the optoelectronic conversion system into the entire bistatic RCS testing system, we completed the measurement of the target's RCS. Due to the lack of a physical vehicle or model, we selected a standard metal sphere as the test target. The metal sphere had a radius of approximately \(r\approx 0.1784\) meters, and the RCS value for a sphere of this size is around \(-10\) dBm\({}^{2}\). The testing environment is shown in Figure 20.  
The frequency chosen for the test was \(10\) GHz, with elevation angles of \(0^{\circ}\), \(45^{\circ}\), and \(90^{\circ}\) and horizontal angles ranging from \(-45^{\circ}\) to \(45^{\circ}\). The final measurement results are shown in Figure 21. From the figure, it can be gleaned that the measurement results differ from the theoretical value of \(-10\) dBm\({}^{2}\) by no more than \(0.1\) dB, indicating that the introduction of the optoelectronic conversion system did not affect the accuracy of the RCS measurement.
## Questions concerning the Relationship between CLIL and Digital/Computer Technology
### How Is CLIL Teaching Being Practiced Using Online Learning Environments?
#### 2.4.2 TELL Activities in CLIL Online Class  
First, there need to be strict criteria for instructors in technology implementation. The effectiveness of TELL depends on instructors' ability to interpret and integrate the use of digital technology applications into their courses. For instance, [PERSON] [16] suggests that teachers should ensure that the outcomes of group projects are distributed to the entire class (through posters, blogs, learning diaries, websites, etc.).  
Therefore, according to [PERSON] and [PERSON] [31], a sound instructional design should incorporate entry behavior assessment, behavioral objectives, learning unit and process specification, learning unit and task presentation, and student performance assessment. In addition to the course design framework, classroom activities form the course framework's content and, to a certain extent, influence the rationale of the course's design and its learning effectiveness. Since TELL activities are characterized by providing input, output, and opportunities for interaction, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [2] acknowledge that TELL-related activities could function as CLIL online class activities. They claim that teachers can accommodate students with various needs and preferences by integrating TELL activities to further the learning objectives in the coursebook. In addition, they provide specific examples of how TELL can support these multiple aspects of language learning, which can also be implemented in an online CLIL classroom. For example, in terms of repetition and memorization, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [2] suggest using the repeat button on embedded video or audio podcasts to listen to the content again if it needs to be wholly understood the first time. In addition, from an input standpoint, the authors recommend adding pictures to a spoken or written text to clarify its meaning. Regarding the output, they recommend creating a short video with MovieMaker and uploading it to YouTube. As for the interaction aspect, they advise collaborative projects, such as wikis, podcasts, and the creation of digital storybooks.  
As a result, TELL can be utilized for a CLIL online classroom activity, as it provides a wide range of media materials, which is consistent with the first process in a curriculum cycle called the Multimodalities-Entektualization Cycle (MEC) proposed by [PERSON] [21] for designing bridging materials in CLIL (Figure 1).
###### Abstract  
This paper presents a time-dependent reliability analysis created for a critical energy infrastructure use case, which consists of an interconnected urban power grid and a communication network. By utilizing expert knowledge from the energy and communication sectors and integrating the renewal theory of multi-component systems, a representative reliability model of this interconnected energy infrastructure, based on real network located in the Czech Republic, is established. This model assumes separable and non-reparable components and captures the topology of the interconnected infrastructure and reliability characteristics of both the power grid and the communication network. Moreover, a time-dependent reliability assessment of the interconnected system is provided. One of the significant outputs of this research is the identification of the critical components of the interconnected network and their interdependencies by the directed acyclic graph. Numerical results indicate that the original design has an unacceptable large unavailability. Thus, to improve the reliability of the interconnected system, a slightly modified design, in which only a limited number of components in the system are modified to keep the additional costs of the improved design limited, is proposed. Consequently, numerical results indicate reducing the unavailability of the improved interconnected system in comparison with the initial reliability design. The proposed unavailability exploration strategy is general and can bring a valuable reliability improvement in the power and communication sectors.  
smart grid; power grid; distribution network; communication network; interconnection; reliability parameters; incident parameters; unavailability quantification; acyclic graph +
Footnote †: journal:  
Article
# Free-Hand Input and Interaction in Virtual Reality Using a Custom Force-Based Digital Thimble
## 7 Discussion  
Similar to the first study, the finger mouse outperformed both the controller and the Digital Thimble in terms of speed, allowing participants to complete tasks more swiftly. In the teleportation scenario, participants were faster when using the Digital Thimble  
Figure 19: The median perceived workload across the study conditions, measured by a 20-point NASA-TLX questionnaire. The scale from 1 to 20 represents _very low_ to _very high_ ratings for all factors except performance, where 1 to 20 represents the range from _perfect_ to _failure_. Error bars represent \(\pm 1\) standard deviation. Red asterisks denote statistically significant differences.  
Figure 20: The median perceived usability of the study conditions, rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree). Error bars represent \(\pm 1\) standard deviation.  
compared to the controller (Figure 17), but the difference was not statistically significant. All devices exhibited high accuracy in both scenarios (Figure 18), contributing to participants' favorable opinions of the devices, which were reflected in their lower frustration ratings.  
Participants consistently praised the Digital Thimble for its usability, describing it as \"_intuitive_\", \"_innovative_\", \"_easy_\", \"_amazing_\", and \"_refreshing_\". They found it straightforward to learn and more comfortable than other devices, reporting lower physical and mental strain (Figure 19). This comfort is likely due to the Digital Thimble's design, which provides support and reduces fatigue compared to holding a controller in mid-air.  
One participant highlighted the ease of using the Digital Thimble and finger mouse on a surface, noting that the controller caused hand strain. Another remarked that the Digital Thimble felt like an extension of their hand, enhancing both comfort and usability. Many drew parallels between the Digital Thimble's interaction style and smartphone interactions, noting that this familiarity made the device easy to learn. However, one participant preferred the controller for tasks requiring vertical movements, attributing this preference to familiarity with controllers in VR settings.  
These findings showcase the Digital Thimble's potential as an effective and comfortable input device in VR. While the finger mouse demonstrated a superior quantitative performance, it requires improvements to reduce hand strain. The controller, although widely used, may not be ideal for prolonged use or in certain situations. Thus, alternatives like the Digital Thimble could complement traditional devices by providing additional comfort and convenience.
# pFedBASC: Personalized Federated Learning with Blockchain-Assisted Semi-Centralized Framework
## 3 Preliminaries  
### Semi-Centralized Federated Learning Framework  
Traditional BFL frameworks mainly replace the centralized server in FL with a blockchain, functioning similarly to centralized FL. The blockchain's core framework consists of a distributed system and a chain-based database. This database stores block information, with each block containing data, a timestamp, and the previous block's hash value. Block data can take various forms, such as transaction records or a contract code, while timestamps indicate the block creation time. The hash value of the previous block connects the current block to all prior blocks, forming a tamper-proof chain structure. Ensuring credibility by replacing the server side with a blockchain will increase the time for aggregation and thus reduce the overall training efficiency.  
In centralized FL, synchronous aggregation is commonly used, causing faster clients to wait for slower clients to complete training before aggregation. In contrast, decentralized FL replaces client-server with peer-to-peer (P2P) communication among clients. In this paper, we consider real-world applications, particularly IoT based on 5G/6G technologies, where clients are interconnected, essentially creating a purely distributed framework. However, when using a decentralized FL, not all connections are available due to their credibility and network latency. Clients may not establish a P2P data transfer if they lack mutual trust or are outside each other's direct connection range, reducing the training efficiency and accuracy. In this situation, we adopt a semi-centralized BFL framework, as shown in Figure 1.  
Figure 1: The semi-centralized BFL framework based on trusted client groups.  
It integrates centralized and decentralized FL frameworks. We employ the decentralized framework to enhance BFL's transmission efficiency and reduce computation on the blockchain while leveraging the high credibility and connectivity of BFL framework to improve client accuracy and address the data islands problem. Within the trusted client group, clients communicate with each other using the Gossip protocol, directly exchanging model knowledge, which reduces communication costs with the blockchain. For clients without trusted partners, they can also register on the blockchain and collaborate in FL through the blockchain.
## 3 Results
Through the dielectric cure monitoring, the composite cure state or thermoset in real time was determined under experimental conditions. In general, the change of ionic viscosity is directly dependent on the viscosity change before and after gelation, offering an overall assessment throughout curing process. As observed from Figure 4, initially the ion viscosity decreases due to the higher fluidity at the thermoset when the material is consequently less resistive (at 96.62 min for PDMS, 102.60 min for PDMS-BP, 7.9 min for PDMS-BP-TiO\({}_{2}\) thermally cured, and 6.5 min for PDMS-BP-TiO\({}_{2}\) UV cured). Afterwards, the reaction rate increased and an increase in ion viscosity due to polymerization was recorded. When the reticulation reaction accelerates, ion viscosity increased as the nanocomposite was denser. However, the viscosity increased tremendously at the gelation point; when the crosslinking and network generation started, the ion viscosity still recorded the experimental data on the cure state over the gel point. When the crosslinking was extensive, the respective reaction rate decreased, and consequently, the ion viscosity decreased till its slope become null and the cure was complete (at 172.8 min for PDMS, 127.0 min for PDMS-BP, 8.5 min for PDMS-BP-TiO\({}_{2}\) thermally cured, and 7.0 min for PDMS-BP-TiO\({}_{2}\) UV cured). The nanocomposite developed for further usage in stereolithography application was prepared using benzophenone and TiO\({}_{2}\) nanoparticles, and consequently, the mixed material was irradiated with 360 nm UV radiation. The reason behind using UV radiation with this wavelength is the sensitivity of both benzophenone and nano-TiO\({}_{2}\) to radiations below 365 nm [20; 21]. The UV spectra of the photoinitiator has absorption peaks at 258 nm [22; 23], while the used photocatalyst filler (TiO\({}_{2}\)) presents absorption peak at 336 nm, and a tail at 370 nm, as shown in Figure 5.  
The determinations for PDMS-BP-TiO\({}_{2}\) composite were conducted in the opened atmosphere and normal lightening, using a conventional portable UV lamp. The optimum proportion of the components in the PDMS-BP-TiO\({}_{2}\) material, namely 1:4.5:2.5, was established based on the homogeneity of the uncured mixture and its curing time. The experimental results presented in Figure 4 clearly shows that the UV cured PDMS-BP-TiO\({}_{2}\) sample is reticulated in very short time compared to the samples without UV treatment. Figure 5: UV spectrum of nanotitania.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### In Vivo Experiments
#### 2.3.10 Experimental Design  
* Experiment 1  
To test the effect of PtL extract in acute inflammation, animals were challenged through the application of an irritant, croton oil (CO) applied topically in the ear inner surface. For this purpose, animals were first administered either ethanol (ETOH) or croton oil (CO) followed by treatment 15 min later. Treatment consisted in the application of either vehicle (ETOH), and _P. tridentatum_ extract (ETOH + PtL and CO + PtL), or an anti-inflammatory drug (glucuronoid; CO + Medrol). Assessment of the anti-inflammatory efficacy of treatments was evaluated 6 h later by measuring ear thickness followed by excision. Ear samples collected through the punch method were preserved in PFA 4%, processed, and histopathologically evaluated.
* Experiment 2  
Before the induction of experimental OA, baseline assessments of mechanical hyperalgesia and perimeter of knees were performed in all animals. Animals were allocated to one of two experimental groups, OA (\(n=19\)), or SHAM (\(n=4\)). SHAM and OA surgeries were performed on the same day, and animals were henceforth re-tested weekly. Two weeks post-OA induction, OA animals were subdivided into four groups to receive administration of either the extract (PtL) at a concentration of either 100 mg/kg (OA_PtL100, \(n=5\)), or 300 mg/kg (OA_ PtL300, \(n=5\)), or PBS 1 mg/kg (OA-VEH, \(n=5\)), or a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (Ibuprofen--Brufen, Mylan, EUA) at 15 mg/kg (OA_AI, \(n=4\)), daily, for a period of three weeks. Sham rats received the vehicle (PBS) alone (SHAM_VEH, \(n=4\)).
## 3 Biofilm and Its Formation  
Understanding the characteristics and formation of biofilms would be the first step towards their decontamination or sterilization via NTP. Knowing the structure of biofilms is important as it serves to protect them against several antibiotics and sterilization procedures. A biofilm refers to a group of microorganisms adhered to biotic or abiotic surfaces. These adherent microorganisms are enclosed within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). The biofilm matrix is composed of 97% water and mainly polysaccharides, proteins, and extracellular DNA (eDNA) which provide the biofilm structure and also act as a reservoir for nutrients [20]. Out of the total organic materials present in the biofilm, 75-90% is EPS, 10-25% is microbial cells and 1-2% is proteins, polysaccharides, peptidoglycans, lipids, phospholipids, DNA, and RNA [21]. Biofilms are present in diverse environments such as in households, water sources, pipes, industry, and hospitals. Their presence in hospitals can lead to diseases, prostheses colonization, product contamination, biofouling, and equipment damage [22]. Various bacterial species such as _Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus_ and _Candida_ are frequently isolated in clinically relevant biofilm form [2]. Commonly isolated microorganisms from indwelling medical devices are shown in Table 1.  
The biofilm formation is initiated after free floating planktonic bacteria attach on a substrate. Within a few hours of attachment, these bacteria bind irreversibly and begin to multiply resulting microcolonies on the surface and produce a polymeric substance around them as shown in Figure 1. This biofilm when matured becomes resistant to antibiotics. Production of EPS is the maturation stage of the biofilm that bind cells together on the surface [24]. EPS also forms a physical barrier which is responsible for limiting the transport of chemicals into and out of the biofilm [24]. Nutrient depletion, metabolic product accumulation, and other stressors cause cells from the biofilm to disperse. Ultimately, the dispersion of biofilm refers to the final stage of its life cycle and consists of three phases--detachment from the existing biofilm, translocation to other areas, and adherence/colonization on other surfaces [25]. Dispersion of the biofilm spreads the infection to other areas and increases the contamination of a medical device [21]. Enzymes that are responsible for degrading the extracellular matrix, for example, dispersin B and deoxyribonuclease may play roles in this dispersal [26].
# Stability Control of Multilayer Roof Strata in the Large Mining Height Gob-Side Entry: A Case Study
## 4 Application to the 22301 Head Entry
### Evaluation of Support Scheme  
According to the on-site borehole inspection results, roof delamination mainly occurs at the interface of the compound roof, where the delamination of immediate roof-coal seam interface is generally larger than that of the immediate roof-main roof interface. The delamination values with respect to the distance away from the working face are shown in Figure 12. The maximum delamination at the immediate roof-coal seam interface across the five monitoring stations was 24.91 mm, while at the immediate roof-main roof interface, the maximum delamination was 12.12 mm. After the 22301 head entry was reserved for use in the next working face, roof delamination initially increased and began to slowly decrease after reaching approximately 90 m away from the working face. During the delamination increasing stage, the deformation rate exhibited a slow-fast-slow trend. As time elapsed,  
Figure 10: Reinforcement support diagram within the 22301 head entry.  
the entry deformation gradually stabilized. Once the backfill was able to provide sufficient supporting to the immediate roof, the roof delamination presented a closing trend.  
By reinforcing the 22301 head entry with bolting, netting and cables, utilizing hydraulic props for additional support during the entry retention and designing reasonable support parameters for the backfill body, the safety of the 22301 gob-side entry was effectively ensured. The on-site monitoring results of overall deformation are shown in Figure 13. Field application demonstrated that using high-strength bolts and cables as the primary support inside the entry, hydraulic props combined with articulated beams for additional support and backfilling material for side support with a prestressed reinforcement structure  
Figure 11: Reinforcement support diagram of roof above the 22301 head entry.  
Figure 12: Roof delamination for different monitoring stations in the 22301 gob-side entry.  
successfully controlled the compound roof deformation in the large mining height gob-side entry. The steel grade of high-strength bolts was BHRB600, and the limit load of \(\Phi\)22 mm bolt could reach 342 kN. These methods met the safety requirements for the mining operations of the working face and achieved the expected outcomes.