## 3 Results and Discussion
If your system is a sphere, with the 'n' value equal to n = 0.43, n = 0.43 \(<\) m \(<\) 0.85, and n = 0.85, it can be classified into Fickian, Anomalous Transport, or Case-II Transport, respectively [53]. Case-II transport is an anomalous diffusion, where the particle behavior entails in the medium dissolution and the polymer passes through a glass-rubber transition, which means that drug release is dominated by polymer disentanglement and erosion [49; 54]. The cytotoxic concentration (CC50) determined the effect of different concentrations of CG, purified CG, \(\alpha\)-Toc, and CGNPs+10 on LLC-MK2, HepG2 and THP-1 after 48 h by the MTT assay. Given the data, absorbance was added in a linear relationship to determine the concentrations of interest (Figure 8A-C). The results of crude CG purified CG and \(\alpha\)-Toc were clear when they did not show any toxicity for the three cell lines tested. However, some concentrations above 125 \(\upmu\)g were not statistically significant when compared to the control. The only sample which influenced the three cell lines was CGNPs+10. Assuming that CGNPs+10 is a spherical particle, with an average size of 370 nm and negative ZF, it is possible to suggest an influence of these characteristics with the CC50 results. The CGNPs+10 showed CC50 of 296.2 \(\upmu\)g/mL, 397.3 \(\upmu\)g/mL and 606.6 \(\upmu\)g/mL for THP-1, HepG2 and LLC-MK2, respectively. These results demonstrate that CGNPs+10 preserve the characteristics of \(\alpha\)-tocopherol and direct its activity, acting uniquely in each cell line. Among the cell lines tested, CGNPs+10 had the highest efficacy in HepG2 with 76.85% of \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Mathematical Models** & **r Squared Value (r\({}^{2}\))** **CGNPs+10** \\ \hline Korsmeyer–Peppas & 1 \\ Hixon and Crowell & 0.999611 \\ [PERSON] & 0.927562 \\ First Order & 0.999137 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Coefficient of in vitro release of different mathematical models for \(\alpha\)-tocopherol and the cashew gum particle with 10% of \(\alpha\)-tocopherol (CGNPs+10). Figure 7: Cumulative percentage of \(\alpha\)-tocopherol release from CGNPs+10. Mean \(\pm\) SD, n = 3. Y = 0.00303 + x, r = 0.99986.  
cell mortality with 500 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/mL, and the lowest efficacy was against LLC-MK2, with only 32.24% of toxicity at the same concentration. The THP-1 was the cell line that required the lowest concentration to eliminate 50% of it, which may be linked to its high and professional power of particle phagocytosis. The CGNPs+10 behavior and its isolated components were already observed in a previous study, where a complex with \(\alpha\)-tocopherol showed cytotoxic activity against 4T1 cells (murine mammary carcinoma), while its free and isolated forms did not show any activity [55]. Figure 8: Cell viability of CG crude, CG after purification, \(\alpha\)-tocopherol, and CGNPs+10 on (**A**) LLC-MK2, (**B**) HepG2, and (**C**) THP-1(M\(\Phi\)). MTT assay was conducted on these cells which were treated with different concentrations of each component for 48 h. The data represents the mean \(\pm\) standard deviation of n = 3; * significant difference comparing the control (\(p<0.05\)). CG: cashew gum, CGNPs+10: cashew gum particle with 10% of \(\alpha\)-tocopherol.