## 1 Introduction  
Building materials such as cement mortar and concrete are the most commonly used materials worldwide. A compact structure, rough surface, and low tactility are characteristics of these materials. However, the low air and water permeability of these materials, including concrete, leads to impervious surfaces that poorly regulate the air temperature and humidity; therefore, the soil beneath hard pavement exhibits low bacterial diversity [1]. The negative effect of concrete corrosion has been evaluated on highway roadsides and in terms of slope soil chemical properties, existing vegetation, and rainfall runoff [2]. With the rapid development of civil engineering and public concern about ecological restoration, alternative materials with special functions and less risk to the environment have been developed [3, 4, 5]. Planting concrete (PC), also called vegetation concrete or ecological concrete, is an eco-friendly material that allows plants to grow directly on it, and the roots of certain plants can survive in their limited voids. In general, PC is composed of coarse aggregates, Portland cement, water, and admixtures. PC has some ecological advantages over traditional concrete that can be expressed, and PC has good engineering and ecological performance as follows: PC can affect the growth of plants; has good drainage properties and high noise absorption properties, attributed to its high porosity; and its permeable surfaces allow water to pass through and reduce the temperature in built-up areas. However, its disadvantages are equally evident. It performed poorly in compressive strength, abrasion and freeze-thaw resistance because its paste hardness, aggregate hardness, and aggregate/paste bond were reduced [6]. The plants attached to PC have an interdependent relationship with it. A large amount of nutrients and water in the connected pores between aggregates would provide a basic guarantee for plant growth. The literature provides evidence that the partial replacement of Portland cement with recycled ash and the strength indicators of the thus-developed concrete were improved compared to those of a reference and concretes containing conventional admixtures in their composition [7]. The CO\({}_{2}\) emissions of concrete developed using water-retaining products such as rice husk ash were considered by [PERSON] [8]. PC has received much attention from many experts, and in certain investigations, PC was developed using recycled aggregates of demolished concrete as raw material to improve its fertilizer retention properties and reduce its cost [9]. Urban bamboo bioretention attained with fly ash-amended concrete and _Dracaena sanderiana_ was used for urban stormwater volume control and rainwater purification [10]. Reformative concretes were used to investigate the decontamination effect of rainfall surface runoff and its impacts on changes in dissolved organic matter [11]. According to its eco-friendly features, PC can be widely used as a multifunctional material in urban recreational spaces, parking lots, and roof gardens, thereby greatly increasing urban green coverage and improving the ecological environment. PC is one of the most commonly used materials for slope protection and river revetment, and it can prevent soil erosion and improve the local ecological environment [12]. Therefore, PC has broad application prospects in soil and urban rainfall runoff conservation, slope greening, ornamental decoration, disaster prevention and reduction, human health care, and other aspects of environmental protection. Many studies on these topics have been previously performed by scholars. The mix proportions that could minimize CO\({}_{2}\) emissions while satisfying the performance target of porous PC were determined by [PERSON] and [PERSON] in 2017 [13]. [PERSON] used modified soil with a natural superabsorbent polymer (SAP) to prepare a kind of material that can enhance the anti-erosion and water retention properties of plant growth in ecological concrete.