# Application of Organic-Inorganic Hybrids in Chemical Analysis, Bio- and Environmental Monitoring
## 4 The Role of Nanoanalytics and Nanometrology in Biosensors/Nanobiosensors Development
However, the standardization protocols and analytical strategies toward comprehensive molecular analysis of the biological and organic component of nanohybrids are almost completely missing. In this regards, special guidelines and evaluation standards for complete (i.e., organic/biomolecule and inorganic component) standardization of OIH/OInH must be developed and introduced in the near future. To address this issue, recently, a novel nanoanalytical platform for characterization and validation of OInH, including nanob biosensors based on the laser-desorption ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) method was proposed [97]. The workflow of the approach is summarized in Figure 11.  
It should be noted, that industrial nanometrology requires both qualitative and quantitative measurements with a minimum number of controlled parameters. Therefore, we do believe that the LDI-MS platform can become a crucial nanoanalytical tool in the nanometrology field. This platform is expected to address several issues, i.e., chemical profiling, metrological traceability for chemical composition between individual layers of the hybrid system, signal to noise ratio (S/N), chemical inhomogeneity, and degree of surface impurities. However, whereas the great potential of the LDI-MS platform applied for characterization and standardization of the chemical profiles of OIH/OInH has been highlighted already, the general guidelines associated with this approach toward biosensors/nanobiosensors validation are still under development. Thus, the fabrication of the certified references and standards of OIH/OInH and biosensors will be requested in the next step. Moreover, standard approaches for characterization of chemical roughness, degree of chemical homogeneity of the OIH/OInH, as well as definition of the screened position and calibration criteria must be addressed appropriately. Furthermore, it will be important to address the following issues: measurement trueness, precision, accuracy, measurement error, measurement uncertainty, traceability and find criteria for acceptable thresholds, and imaging [112; 113]. The general methodology for a metrological traceability measurement protocol is summarized in \[\text{NM}=\text{SU}+\text{QC}+\text{Ap},\]0  
\[\text{NM}=\text{SU}+\text{QC}+\text{Ap},\]1 Schematic workflow for laser-desorption ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) applied for characterization of the hybrid nanob biosensors towards design optimization. Reprinted with a permission from [97]. Summarizing, it is absolutely clear that there is no single and unique analytical assay that can be applied for complete standardization of the fabricated OIH/OInH in general and for biosensors/nanobiosensors as a case study. Instead, the tandem of several characterization methodologies, innovative analytical approaches, and well-established guidelines should assist the OIH/OInH and biosensors development. Remarkably, a correctly implemented tandem of analytical assays can be beneficial to improve our understanding on the observed physical effects, improve synthesis reproducibility of OIH/OInH from batch-to-batch, intra- and inter-day behavior, intra- and inter-day precision and repeatability of the obtained analytical response.