## 4 Results and Discussion
### Rq3: What are the most widely used patent data collections?
* Russian Patents  
The Russian Patent ([[https://rospatent.gov.ru/en/products_services/search_system](https://rospatent.gov.ru/en/products_services/search_system)]([https://rospatent.gov.ru/en/products_services/search_system](https://rospatent.gov.ru/en/products_services/search_system)) URL (accessed on 29 March 24)) database includes patents on various technological innovations, granted within the Russian Federation by the Russian Patent and Trademark Office (Rospatent). The Federal Service for Intellectual Property (FIPS), which is part of Rospatent, provides information on patents (encompassing inventions as well as utility models) including bibliographic data, abstracts, descriptions, claims, drawings, and legal status. The information is presented in the Russian language, but abstracts have been translated into English for broader accessibility [139]. Three studies [71; 99; 91] have utilized Russian Patents. * USPTO (United States Patent and Trademark Office)  
The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO ([[https://www.uspto.gov/](https://www.uspto.gov/)]([https://www.uspto.gov/](https://www.uspto.gov/))) URL (accessed on 29 March 24)) is a government office that grants patents and registers trademarks in the United States. The USPTO database enables inventors, researchers, and corporations to obtain patent-related data through search tools, including legal status information and access to full-text documents. These datasets provide comprehensive information on a range of intellectual property-related topics. Table S5 in Section S3.2 of the Supplementary Material describes the different USPTO research datasets [140]. Various studies have utilized the USPTO databases in their research [41; 51; 53; 55; 59; 62; 63; 67; 70; 71; 72; 73; 74; 75; 76; 77; 78; 79; 80; 81; 90; 93; 95; 96; 105; 109; 110; 111; 120]. * WIPSON  
WIPSON ([[https://www.wipson.com/service/mai/main.wips](https://www.wipson.com/service/mai/main.wips)]([https://www.wipson.com/service/mai/main.wips](https://www.wipson.com/service/mai/main.wips)) URL (accessed on 29 March 24)) is managed by WIPS which is a leading intellectual property service provider in Korea. Only one study [122] has utilized WIPSON. * TCM patents  
The State Intellectual Property Office of China manages the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) ([[https://tcmsp-e.com/tcmsp.php](https://tcmsp-e.com/tcmsp.php)]([https://tcmsp-e.com/tcmsp.php](https://tcmsp-e.com/tcmsp.php)) URL (accessed on 29 March 24)) patents database, established in 2001. The TCM Patent Database enables patent examiners to easily search TCM-related patents by providing access to over 19,000 bibliographic data and 40,000 TCM formulas. This database provides several search options, including quick search, advanced search, TCM formula search, and search history [141]. Only one study [64] has utilized the TCM patents,  
As patentability requirements can also be influenced by non-patent data, several researchers have also utilized non-patent datasets in their studies. * PubMed Library  
The PubMed ([[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)]([https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)) URL (accessed on 29 March 24)) Library, administered by the National Library of Medicine, is a vast database of biomedical literature sourced from scientific journals, research articles, and books. It facilitates the search and retrieval of biomedical and life sciences literature with the intent of improving health. This database includes over 36 million citations for biomedical literature, collected from MEDLINE. MEDLINE, created by the National Library of Medicine (NLM), is a prominent bibliographic database of biomedical literature that includes citations to journal articles in the biological sciences covering medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, health care systems, and preclinical sciences. These citations may include links to full-text articles from the publisher and PubMed Central. Two studies [86,114] have utilized PubMed data.