# Plant-Derived Phytobiotics as Emerging Alternatives to Antibiotics Against Foodborne Pathogens
## 5 Phytobiotics in Practical Applications
Extracts from rosemary, clove, and thyme have demonstrated strong antibacterial effects against this species [228], while pomergnate peel extract has likewise exhibited significant antimicrobial activity [248]. Moreover, puncalagin, specifically extracted from pomergnate, exhibits potent antimicrobial activity by interfering with iron homeostasis and inducing SOS responses, leading to DNA damage and growth inhibition of _S. aureus_[249]. Phenyll lactate acid effectively inhibits the growth of this bacterium in both planktonic and biofilm states, and its antimicrobial activity also persists in dairy products [250]. In addition, essential oils of oregano and thyme have shown strong bactericidal activity against antibiotic-resistant and biofilm-forming strains of _S. aureus_, making them particularly promising for extending food shelf life [251]. Among Gram-negative bacteria, _Escherichia coli_--particularly pathogenic strains such as _E. coli_ O157:H7--is of particular concern. Ethanol extracts from hibiscus, rosemary, clove, and thyme have been shown to effectively inhibit _E. coli_ growth [228], with rosemary extract displaying notable efficacy against the O157:H7 strain [252]. Ethanolic extracts of pomergnate (_Punica grantum_) and Indian gooseberry (_Phyllanthus emblica_) showed strong bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties against _E. coli_, with MIC values of 2.5 mg/mL and MBC of 5 mg/mL [223]. In addition, the ethyl acetate fraction of the extract from _Patrinia sabioseifolia_ showed high antimicrobial activity, suggesting its potential in food preservation [253]. Essential oils from thyme, cinnamon, garlic, and oregano showed strong antimicrobial activity against many food pathogens, including _E. coli_ O157:H7. Phenols and aldehydes are mainly responsible for their activity [254]. _Salmonella_ spp., which includes various pathogenic strains, also demonstrates susceptibility to phytobiotics. Pomergnate extracts have been found to effectively inhibit _Salmonella_ growth [248], while rosemary has shown antimicrobial activity against _Salmonella enterica_ serotypes _Enteridis_ and _Typlin_[252]. Multiple studies report high sensitivity of _S. enterica_ to a variety of phytobiotics and phytochemicals. For instance, extracts from _Quercus infection_ and _Phyllanthus emblica_--rich in tannins, flavonoids, saponins, and terpenoids--exhibited complete bactericidal effects against drug-resistant _S. Typhi_ and _S. Enteritidis_ serotypes at concentrations of 50 mg/mL and 25 mg/mL, respectively. When combined at lower concentrations (12.5 mg/mL), these extracts showed a strong synergistic effect [255]. A mixture of compounds including thymol, menthol,linal, trans-anethole, methyl sali \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline
**Pathogens** & **Phybiotic** & **MIC Value** & **References** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{_Campylobacter_ spp.} & Gallic acid & 15.63 to 250 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro m}\) & [240] \\ \cline{2-4}  & Allyl isothiamate & 0.63 to 5 ppm & [241] \\ \cline{2-4}  & Carvacrol & 0.06 mg/mL & [242] \\ \cline{2-4}  & Grape seed extract & 20 mg/L & [243] \\ \cline{2-4}  & Chinese leek extracts & 2.0 mg/mL & [244] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{_Listeria monocytogenes__ cytogenes_} & _Rhodomytrus tomentosa_ ethanoic extract & 16-32 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro m}\) & [245] \\ \cline{2-4}  & Olive leaf extract & 37.055 mg/mL & [232] \\ \cline{2-4}  & Beetroot extract & 20 mg/mL & [246] \\ \cline{2-4}  & Trans-cinnamaldehyde & 0.90 mM & [247] \\ \cline{2-4}  & Carvacrol & 0.75 mM & [247] \\ \cline{2-4}  & Thymol & 0.60 mM & [247] \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: _Cont._cylate, 1,8-cineole, and p-cymene has demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity against various _Salmonella_ serotypes, specifically _S. Enteritidis_ and _S. Typhimuriumium_[103]. Several phytochemicals have demonstrated the potential to interfere with and prevent the development of various multidrug resistance mechanisms.