# A New Route for Low Pressure and Temperature
## 3 Results
### Catalyst Performance
The role of resin, in the low oxygen atmosphere of the tests, promoting catalyst activity is evident. Although the phenol removal by using PtRu/MoS\({}_{2}\) alone was of about 29.89% after 180 min and increases of about 20% up to 420 min reaction time, it stays lower than 40%, likely due to a poor oxygen supply. Moreover, PtRu has an even more contained catalytic activity. The TOF values after 180 min reaction time for PtRu/MoS\({}_{2}\), PtRu/MoS\({}_{2}\) loaded resin and PtRu are 2.7 x 10\({}^{-2}\), 7.9 x 10\({}^{-2}\) and 0.5 x 10\({}^{-2}\), respectively, highlighting the effect of the catalyst dispersion in the resin. On the other hand, molybdenum disulphide is not a catalyst for phenol oxidation. Indeed, after 180 min in the same conditions as in the experiments of Figure 9b, but at room temperature, it still removes about 2.9% of phenol. On the contrary, the simple adsorption on PtRu particles after 180 min is negligible. The non-obvious role of MoS\({}_{2}\) is highlighted by the results shown in Figure 9b, too. In particular, cyclic experiments were carried out to evaluate the recyclability of the catalysts on the respect of catalyst fouling [68]. PtRu and PtRu/MoS\({}_{2}\), after regeneration, were submitted, in the same experimental conditions of Figure 9b, to cycling tests. For the regeneration, the eventually present carbonaceous species were removed in a tubular reactor [69; 70] with a flow of 4 \(v\)/\(v\)% of O\({}_{2}\) in N\({}_{2}\), 25 mL/min at 280 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The samples were further reduced for 30 min under a flow of H\({}_{2}\) 5 \(v\)/\(v\)% in N\({}_{2}\), 25 mL/min at 280 \({}^{\circ}\)C) before the reuse. The mmolg\({}^{-1}\) of carbonaceous deposit measured by TPO, with an error of about 10%, was of 12.3 and 1.2 for PtRu and PtRu/MoS\({}_{2}\), respectively, evidencing the role of MoS\({}_{2}\) in physically counteracting the carbon deposition. In particular, because of molybdenum disulphide does not completely cover the catalyst; its surface continues to be active. Moreover, the presence of numerous defects in the MoS\({}_{2}\) nanosheets probably acts as an oxygen reservoir [71] favoring the conversion process and, overall, helping the maintenance of the catalytic activity. The phenol removal %, in a successive cycle at the same operating conditions, was maintained for both regenerated PtRu and PtRu/MoS\({}_{2}\) at about 99% of the first cycle, after 180 min. On the other hand, without regeneration, the phenol removal was reduced, during the second cycle of use, by about 50% and 3% for PtRu and PtRu/MoS\({}_{2}\), respectively. In particular, further experiments, performed for a larger number of cycles, show that an activity reduction of about 8% was observed after 10 cycles of use, indicating good stability for the catalyst in the presence of MoS\({}_{2}\) protective nanosheets. Further tests were performed to evaluate the catalytic activity during cycles of reuse for the catalyst loaded resins. The catalytic resin was reused, after washing in isobutanol and drying ([PERSON], 2017), in the same experimental conditions of Figure 9a,b. Maintenance of about 96% and 80% catalytic activities were observed after 300 min of reuse without other regeneration operation, during the 2 nd and 10 th cycle, respectively. Although the industrial scale will require regeneration cycles, they will be less frequent and laborious than for adsorbent materials, e.g., they could be performed in situ just by increasing temperature and feeding gas. New experiments, e.g., in continuous operation, are now under evaluation. A further test was performed at a lower phenol concentration, the neat resin was tested in the operating conditions: 95 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 0.3 MPa of air, airflow 4.6 NL/h, phenol concentration 1000 mg/L, resin concentration 0.4 g/L, Figure 11. The UV-vis spectra profiles, see Figure 12a, which are practically superimposable, except for the absorbance intensities, confirm the absence of catalytic phenomena for  
Figure 10: Scheme of phenol wet air oxidation.