## 3 Results  
### Baseline Characteristics of the Participants  
A total of the 368 adults were included, with 61% women, 70% individuals with secondary and university education. Over 70% of the study group lived in the city >100,000 inhabitants, and about 50% were working full time. The mean age of individuals was 40 \(\pm\) 14 years (Table 1). Among the anthropometric measures included, the BMI mean was 26.5 kg/m\({}^{2}\) in women and 28.6 kg/m\({}^{2}\) in men. For WC, the mean was 86 cm in women and 101 cm in men, and the mean of WHtR was 0.52 and 0.57, respectively. The percentage of fat mass \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Variables** & **Total \(n\) = 368** & **Women \(n\) = 224** & **Men \(n\) = 144** \\ \hline
**Sociodemographic** & & & \\ Age (years) \({}^{*}\) & 39.77 \(\pm\) 14.41 & 39.77 \(\pm\) 14.23 & 39.77 \(\pm\) 14.50 \\
**Education, \%** & & & \\ primary and vocational & 12.8 & 9.8 & 17.4 \\ secondary & 31.8 & 30.8 & 33.3 \\ university & 36.7 & 39.3 & 32.6 \\ while studying & 18.7 & 20.1 & 16.7 \\
**Place of living, \%** & & & \\ village & 8.4 & 9.4 & 6.9 \\ city \textless{}100,000 inhab. & 17.7 & 17.8 & 17.4 \\ city \textgreater{}100,000 inhab. & 73.9 & 72.8 & 75.7 \\
**Professional status, \%** & & & \\ not working & 16.3 & 17.9 & 13.9 \\ work part-time & 8.4 & 7.6 & 9.7 \\ work full time & 48.9 & 45.5 & 54.2 \\ study and work & 13.3 & 12.9 & 13.9 \\ study & 13.1 & 16.1 & 8.3 \\
**Economic status, \%** & & & \\ low & 22.0 & 25.0 & 17.4 \\ middle & 29.6 & 26.8 & 34.0 \\ high & 25.0 & 21.4 & 30.5 \\ very high & 23.4 & 26.8 & 18.1 \\
**Health status \({}^{*}\)** & 2.39 \(\pm\) 0.85 & 2.30 \(\pm\) 0.88 & 2.52 \(\pm\) 0.78 \\
**Physical activity \({}^{*}\)** & 1.78 \(\pm\) 0.78 & 1.76 \(\pm\) 0.76 & 1.81 \(\pm\) 0.81 \\
**Anthropometrics \({}^{*}\)** & & & \\ _Direct measurements_ & & & \\ Height, m & 1.71 \(\pm\) 0.10 & 1.65 \(\pm\) 0.07 & 1.79 \(\pm\) 0.07 \\ Body weight, kg & 79.6 \(\pm\) 22.6 & 71.8 \(\pm\) 19.6 & 91.77 \(\pm\) 21.6 \\ WC, cm & 91.9 \(\pm\) 20.5 & 86.0 \(\pm\) 19.2 & 1000 \(\pm\) 19.1 \\ HC, cm & 104 \(\pm\) 11.7 & 104 \(\pm\) 13.0 & 104 \(\pm\) 9.52 \\ MUAC, cm & 30.0 \(\pm\) 4.75 & 28.8 \(\pm\) 4.92 & 31.8 \(\pm\) 3.83 \\ \(\sum\) 4 skinfolds, mm & 76.1 \(\pm\) 32.6 & 78.4 \(\pm\) 32.9 & 72.5 \(\pm\) 31.8 \\ FM, \% & 28.4 \(\pm\) 10.6 & 31.6 \(\pm\) 10.6 & 23.4 \(\pm\) 8.67 \\ FFM, \% & 71.5 \(\pm\) 10.9 & 68.2 \(\pm\) 10.8 & 76.6 \(\pm\) 9.08 \\
**Indices** & & & \\ ABSI, m\({}^{11/6}\) kg\({}^{-2/3}\) & 0.078 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.076 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.082 \(\pm\) 0.01 \\ AMA, cm & 51.5 \(\pm\) 17.4 & 44.8 \(\pm\) 16.1 & 62.0 \(\pm\) 13.8 \\ AVI, cm\({}^{2}\) & 17.9 \(\pm\) 7.85 & 15.8 \(\pm\) 7.02 & 21.2 \(\pm\) 7.97 \\ BAL, \% & 28.8 \(\pm\) 6.72 & 31.0 \(\pm\) 7.24 & 25.5 \(\pm\) 3.92 \\ BMI, kg/m\({}^{2}\) & 27.3 \(\pm\) 7.16 & 26.5 \(\pm\) 7.64 & 28.6 \(\pm\) 6.15 \\ BRI, - & 4.40 \(\pm\) 2.55 & 4.10 \(\pm\) 2.67 & 4.87 \(\pm\) 2.30 \\ FFM, kg/m\({}^{2}\) & 18.9 \(\pm\) 3.20 & 17.3 \(\pm\) 2.35 & 21.4 \(\pm\) 2.72 \\ FM/FFM, - & 0.43 \(\pm\) 0.23 & 0.50 \(\pm\) 0.25 & 0.32 \(\pm\) 0.15 \\ FMI, kg/m\({}^{2}\) & 8.34 \(\pm\) 5.09 & 9.09 \(\pm\) 5.59 & 7.16 \(\pm\) 3.93 \\ MAC, cm & 25.1 \(\pm\) 4.24 & 23.4 \(\pm\) 4.00 & 27.7 \(\pm\) 3.12 \\ MUAC/H, - & 0.18 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 0.18 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 0.18 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\ RFM, - & 32.4 \(\pm\) 8.98 & 35.7 \(\pm\) 8.63 & 27.3 \(\pm\) 6.88 \\ WHR, - & 0.88 \(\pm\) 0.14 & 0.83 \(\pm\) 0.12 & 0.97 \(\pm\) 0.13 \\ WHtR, - & 0.54 \(\pm\) 0.12 & 0.52 \(\pm\) 0.12 & 0.57 \(\pm\) 0.11 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{*}\)Mean \(\pm\) SD; ABSI, body shape index; AMA, arm muscle area; AVI, abdominal volume index; BAL, body adiposity index; BMI, body mass index; BRI, body roundness index; H, height; HC, hip circumference; FFM, fat free mass; FFM, fat free mass index; FM, fat mass; FMI, fat mass index; MAC, muscle-arm circumference; MUAC, mid-upper arm circumference; RFM, relative fat mass; SD, standard deviation; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; WHtR, waist-to-height ratio.  
\end{table}