## 1 Introduction  
Additive manufacturing (AM) is a fabrication technology used to build three-dimensional complex components through a layer-by-layer process. Additive manufacturing techniques have empowered industries including the aerospace, automotive, and medical industries to create delicate load-bearing parts with a high accuracy through a controlled fabrication time and process [1, 2, 3]. AM techniques have been broadly developed for different metallic alloys of steel, titanium, aluminum, nickel, and superalloys [4, 5]. In recent years, the additive manufacturing industry has offered versatile techniques to fabricate load-bearing machinery parts undergoing in-service dynamic loads. Metallic AM components, through their layer-by-layer stacking structure and formation of porosities between debonding layers, are noticeably prone to fatigue damage and failure as subjected to stress cycles. In addition to the inhomogeneity of formed layers, porosity, and dendritic microstructure, asymmetric applied stress cycles further promote progressive plastic strain and ratcheting in AM components [6, 7]. A tomography analysis on the AM alSi10 Mg samples fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) revealed larger fatigue cracks on the parallel plane to the build direction as compared to the perpendicular plane [8]. A recent review on the metallurgical aspects on the laser additive manufacturing process revealed that the use of the hot isostatic pressed (HIP) post-processing treatment led to the closure of pores between layers, improving tensile properties comparable to those of thermo-mechanically treated samples [9]. Hot isostatic pressing also showed a greater ability to reduce subsurface crack growth for the laser-melted specimens in the high-cycle fatigue regime as opposed to the shot peening post-processing treatment. While the literature has widely addressed mechanical properties of AM samples under well-defined specimen-built and post-treated surface conditions, process interruption has been inevitable and infeasible. [PERSON] et al. [10] and [PERSON] et al. [11] tested AM samples fabricated by the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) method to study the effect of process interruption on the fatigue response of AM materials. Process interruption decreased the tensile and fatigue properties of the AM samples. The ratcheting response of conventionally manufactured materials was broadly studied over the last century [12]. The open literature however lacks a pertinent ratcheting data bank and analysis for AM materials. The metallic AM samples undergoing asymmetric loading cycles experienced fatigue and ratcheting phenomena in aluminum alloys [13; 14]. [PERSON] et al. [15] tested different AM Al 4043 samples taken from the bottom, middle and upper portions of the 3D printed plates. They found that the prepared samples possessed different microstructural features with dendritic grains growing in different directions resulting in various mechanical properties and ratcheting responses. An investigation of the ratcheting of Ti-6 Al-4V cellular solid with different structures was conducted by [PERSON] et al. [16]. With further strut rearrangements, they were able to control fatigue performance and ratcheting rates of AM samples. At different stress levels, [PERSON] et al. [17] examined the effects of ratcheting on Ti-6 Al-4V samples made through the selective laser melting (SLM) technique. For stress levels corresponding to 70% of fatigue life, the ratcheting strain rate for AM titanium samples increased gradually. Beyond this stress level, the ratcheting strain rate increased to a greater extent. [PERSON] et al. [18] predicted the ratcheting response of AM Al 4043 through the Ahmadzadeh-Varvani (A-V) kinematic hardening rule [19] combined with an isotropic hardening description of Lee-Zaverl [20] for various stress levels. The predicted ratcheting results by the combined hardening framework [18] closely agreed with the experimentally measured data.