# Communication Technologies in Emergency Situations
## 2 Emergency Communications Systems  
In general, the identification of an emergency is announced by reporting an emergency situation addressed to the Center of Integrated Rescue System (CIRS) [4]. Components of the Integrated Rescue System include firefighters, police forces, ambulances, rescue services, mountain rescue services, marine rescue services, and mine rescue services. The announcement of the emergence can be reported, e.g., in the form of an emergency call (switched links, mobile communication systems, etc. ), oral information from residents, information from police forces, by automatically sending information from sensors designed to detect emergencies, etc. Based on the nature of the emergency event and the required form of support for its solution, CIRS will contact the corresponding first responders. Depending on the character of the emergency event, residents of the affected area can also be informed about the emergency by alerting, warning, and notification systems of the state. Based on the received announcement, CIRS will send the corresponding IRS teams to the place of emergency, which will be referred to as first responders. The technological support in the field of communication networks are: (i) support of communication between sensors and first responders and/or CIRS, (ii) support of mutual communication between first responders team members, (iii) support of communication between first responders and CIRS, and (iv) support of reliable performance of warning and notification systems for the population. More precisely, in emergency communication systems, the communication among individual first responders is implemented by a dedicated wireless analogue or digital terrestrial communication system covering a small geographical area, with a relatively short range (tenths of kms) and generally used to transmit speech signals. As a rule, communication among first responders and CIRS, and communication among individual CIRSs, is usually achieved by a dedicated wireless digital communication system enabling the coverage of the whole state. It is used to transmit speech signals, coordinates of the locations of the first responders (estimated by GPS), coordinates of the place of the intervention of first responder teams (estimated by GPS), and, in certain cases, static low-resolution images from the emergency area. To ensure proper operation of the alerting, warning, and notification system of the population, a wireless digital communication system is used to control the alert and warning systems of the population. The data transmitted by this network is designed to control the warning and notification of the population in the form of alerting and notifying systems (e.g., performance of sirens), broadcasting warning and warning messages, and transmission of sensor data and commands used to control actuators. The basic technical parameters of currently operating emergency communication systems (e.g., frequency bandwidth, achievable number of parallel-operated transmission channels, transmission powers, transmission rate, modulation scheme, maximum range of connection, etc.) are generally classified. In addition to the previous communication systems, it is possible to use, for the communication among first responders team members and for the communication among first responder teams and CIRS, commercial mobile communication systems, wired switched connections, and ham radio systems. As an alternative for some of the previous communication scenarios, satellite communication systems can also be used.