## 2 Literature Review and Hypothesis Development
### The Perceived Risk Theory (PRT)  
Consumers assess potential risks based on their personal experiences and knowledge, so they are more likely to perceive higher risks when they make unfamiliar purchases [49; 50]. Thus, consumers may be concerned about unexpected negative outcomes when they use new technology-based products/services [20; 21; 31]. The PRT is a concept in consumer behavior that explains how consumers evaluate the potential negative outcomes of their purchasing decisions [49; 50]. This perception of unexpected negative outcomes is referred to as perceived risk [22; 23; 24]. In other words, it refers to the nature and amount of risk perceived by consumers in contemplating a specific purchase decision [50]. The innovation resistance theory states that consumer resistance towards new technology plays a crucial role in regard to shaping the success or failure of technological innovations [34]. The existing studies on the adoption behavior towards new technology imply a prominent role of perceived risks from the innovation resistance perspective [28; 29; 30], but there are still no empirical studies on the perceived risks of ISFR. This study thus adopted the PRT and investigated the multi-dimensions of perceived risks of ISFR. [PERSON] [24] described the types of perceived risks by including the social, financial, physical, performance, time, and psychological risks. First, social risk is defined as \"the risk that the selection of the service provider will affect in a negative way the perception of other individuals about the purchaser\" [24] (p. 27). For instance, when consumers consider using edible insect restaurants, they can be worried that eating insects would change what their friends think of them [51]. Consumers also can be worried that purchasing second-hand clothing would not match their social status in life [52]. This means that social risk relates to an individuals' social status. However, using ISFR is regarded as prosocial behavior due to sustainable environmental protection [16; 48], so the current study did not adopt the concept of social risk. Second, financial risk refers to \"the risk that the service purchased will not attain the best possible monetary gain for the consumer\" [24] (p. 27). For example, consumers can be worried that using drone delivery services would be more expensive than they expect [19]. Travelers also may be worried that cruise tours would involve unexpected extra expenses [53]. It can be interpreted that consumers are worried about the value of what they paid for a specific product/service. The consumers' experience using ISFR is insufficient, so they also can perceive financial risks. The third and fourth dimensions of PRT include the physical and performance aspects. [PERSON] [24] (p. 27) explained that physical risk is \"the risk that the performance of the service will result in a health hazard to the consumer.\" Also, performance risk is \"therisk that the service purchased will not be completed in the manner that will result in customer satisfaction.\" In other words, these dimensions reflect the extent that consumers are concerned about the low quality of a particular product or service. For instance, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [51] measured the quality risk that consumers are concerned with regarding the quality of the menu items using edible insects. [PERSON] et al. [54] also investigated the quality risk when consumers considered purchasing food products during the COVID-19 pandemic. These quality risks negatively influenced consumer behavior in each study. The consumers have insufficient experience using ISFR, so they would be worried about the quality of the menu items using agricultural ingredients that are produced by smart farms. Thus, the current study adapted the concept of quality risk in the context of ISFR. The fifth dimension of PRT is time risk, which is defined as \"the risk that the consumer will waste time, be inconvenienced, or waste effort in regard to getting a service redone\" [24] (p. 27).