## 2 Related Work  
In the context of SIoT, semantics play a crucial role in enabling the interoperability and intelligent decision-making capabilities of devices and systems. Various approaches have been proposed to incorporate semantics into SIoT, with the aim of addressing the challenges of heterogeneity, scalability, and complexity that arise in such environments. These approaches include ontology-based modeling, semantic web technologies, and machine learning algorithms that leverage semantic data. In this section, we review the existing literature on SIoT approaches that utilize semantics, with a focus on their strengths and limitations. In a related work, the authors propose an architecture and framework for the SIoT called Socialite [35]. They discuss the concept of merging IoT with social networks and propose new relationships for the SIoT. The authors also present use cases for the SIoT and demonstrate how Socialite allows for sharing of information between human users and devices. They introduce semantic models for users, devices, locations, and their relationships, which enable interactions based on rules for relationship management, automation, context generation, social gamification, and common goal management. The authors implemented and demonstrated their concepts by integrating various deviceswith different functionalities into a single testbed, explicitly representing the relationships between users and devices, and using open-source software. In another piece of research, a new framework aimed at achieving semantic friendship selection in SIoT networks was introduced [36]. The approach involves the interconnection of smart social objects using a semantic ontology model, and interaction through social network platforms. The main strength of the approach lies in its ability to deliver a satisfying user experience and demonstrate high levels of correctness. However, a significant weakness of the proposed framework is its exponential increase in latency and memory usage when the number of smart objects is increased. The integration of SIoT and cognitive IoT has been also proposed through smart software agents and semantic web technologies [37]. This work introduced two ontologies to provide semantic meaning to the relationships between smart objects, allowing for complex decision making regarding goal management. The study concluded that the semantic classification of physical object relationships can lead to appropriate deductive reasoning. The use of scalable decision-making and machine learning algorithms can further enhance relationship management (RM). The advantage of this work is that it provides RM capabilities through a cognitive middleware and a set of semantic regulations. However, the lack of real-world scenario evaluations for the proposed techniques is a limitation. Another related work proposed a socially enabled IoT architecture for industrial applications [38]. The authors introduce an ontology for industrial IoT and discuss the benefits of semantic reasoning and real-time annotation in the proposed architecture. The proposed architecture is accompanied by a practical implementation proposal and an ontology called SIoT-Ont, which provides semantic meaning to the proposed strategies. The study demonstrated the usefulness of architecture for enabling social interactions, facilitating collaboration and knowledge sharing among industrial IoT devices. Another study proposed a semantic approach to the SIoT that included Web services and REST principles, aiming to enhance its functionality [39]. This approach also allows for the evolution of social networks into service creation environments, where users can create their own services based on their Web services, devices, and context information. Additionally, the proposed solution enables Web services to be connected to devices, thereby integrating the Web with the IoT. The contribution of SIoT to the field is the provision of a comprehensive and semantic approach that can enrich human life by enabling personalized and context-aware services.