# Survey on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Mars Exploration: Deployment Use Case
## 4 Simulation Results and Discussion  
UAVs can encounter various problems during a flight on an interplanetary mission, both internal and external obstacles. UAVs may become uncontrollable due to these issues, and they can crash or land on a hard surface. The UAV and its carrying equipment and \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Types of UAVs for Space Exploration**} \\ \hline
**Objective** & **Airship/Balloon** & **VTOL** & **Flapping Wing** & **Glider** \\ \hline Resolution image & & & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) \\ \hline Data transmission & \(\bullet\) & & \(\bullet\) & – \\ \hline Endurance & & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) \\ \hline High altitude & & \(\bullet\) & – & \(\bullet\) \\ \hline Heavy payload & & & & \(\bullet\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \(\bullet\): Satisfactory, \(\bullet\): Limited, \(\_\): Information not available  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Comparison table for different types of UAVs for planetary exploration. information may also be destroyed in such situations. This results in significant losses of finances in addition to the loss of equipment and information. As a result, implementing a strategy that can gracefully cope with failures and ensure safe operation even in engine failure is a major challenge. In this section, the system model for effectively deploying the UAV on the planetary body's surface is discussed, along with the parameters considered for the successful deployment of the UAV on Mars. The system model for the UAV deployment on Mars is designed to minimise the causes of the failure of a mission. Figure 2 shows the system model for UAV deployment on Mars. The aeroshell separates from the spacecraft after the missile is launched to the targeted planet, and the spacecraft enters the planet's orbit. The spacecraft performs a quick burn to set up a fly-by trajectory to release the aeroshell on an entry trajectory. The aeroshell should normally reach the atmosphere of the targeted solar at a shallow angle. Due to the shallow entry angle, space UAVs will deploy at sufficient altitudes to meet the flight level. After the deployment is complete, a pull-up operation is performed to determine the controlled flight level. In other words, the UAV should detach from the aeroshell during the deployment process. It should then deploy its tail and wings. UAVs should also recover from a dive while retaining as much altitude as possible. In our design model, we build a UAV prototype that is capable of flying on Mars' surface. The model consists of two major blocks, i.e., flight-control block and model-based block. The flight-control block consists of the actual flight code and code control logic on the prototype UAV model. The flight-control block consists of a controller block, a state estimator block, and other logic blocks. In the model-based block, model-based design is tuned and tweaks flight code. We can use this model code block to the real prototype UAV hardware model. The model-based design block consists of plant, environment, and sensor blocks. Figure 3 shows the block diagram of the prototype UAV model. Figure 2: Methodology for the deployment of UAV on Mars. For the inside design of the various blocks and sub-blocks, it is necessary to have explicit knowledge about the aim of the UAV prototype. The environment in which the UAV is expected to have a flight and the surface conditions above which the flight is assumed to occur are some of the major concerns while designing the blocks. For a successful UAV flight on Mars' surface, changes in the Flight Control System (FCS), sensor, and environmental blocks are mainly required. Environment Block: In the environment block, the environment parameters are set. These environment parameters are necessary for a successful UAV flight on the surface of Mars. In our proposed model, a UAV prototype has been simulated that can be made suitable enough to operate in the environmental conditions of Mars. The simulated model operates on different planets (here, Mars).