esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Discussion  
Our analysis reveals a potential to achieve substantial gains as a result of digitalising the management of Erasmus+ mobilities. The following are the key takeaways derived from the results of the preceding section:  
* With more than 300,000 higher education students participating annually in Erasmus+ mobilities, saving an average of 45 printed pages in management paperwork (see Table 2) implies a reduction of more than 13.5 million prints every year, which entails enormous environmental impact not only in relation to paper, but also transport, packaging, ink, electricity, and storage. The mobilities of teachers and administrative staff imply an extra 3.6 million prints saved yearly.
* In terms of staff productivity, the figures in Table 5 reveal an expectation of average reductions above 55% of the time spent on paperwork, which would result in a reduced workload for the IRO staff members, and contribute significantly to improving management diligence from the point of view of the beneficiaries of the mobilities: fewer errors, shorter or no delays, etc. The IRO staff would be able to use the saved time on aspects that have traditionally stood out in the satisfaction polls as needing improvements or more extensive coverage [22], such as the cultural preparations and logistic support given to beneficiaries before their mobilities, the follow-up and support offered during their stays abroad, and the dissemination of the attained results after returning.
* From a different perspective, the time savings reveal an opportunity to manage an average of 80% more mobilities with the same resources and staff currently available. Effectively, this removes one bottleneck that has prevented HEIs from offering the Erasmus+ experiences to a greater number of people, thus paving the road for more effective usage of the programme's budget and multiplication of the return from the massive public investment, whose figures are already positive as reported by D'Hombres [23].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Productivity Gains Derived** & **SU** & **IZTECH** & **UVIGO** & **UNINA** \\
**from Time Savings** & & & & \\ \hline Total working weeks saved in & & & & \\ managing the current yearly & 185 & 240 & 128 & 220 \\ numbers of mobilities. & & & & \\ \hline Reduction of workload & & & & \\ experienced by the IRO staff & 56.6\% & 56.9\% & 53.2\% & 54.8\% \\ members (in \% of time devoted to paperwork). & & & & \\ \hline Potential increase in the & & & & \\ number of mobilities that could & 75.9\% & 75.7\% & 87.8\% & 82.5\% \\ be handled by the current staff & & & & \\ under their current workload. & & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Overall savings foreseen for the four surveyed HEIs as a result of the digitalisation of mobility management.
# Check-Valve Design in Enhancing Aerodynamic Performance of Flapping Wings
## 5 Conclusions  
The following conclusions are deduced from the experimental studies on the flapping wings with and without check-valves:  
1. The check-valve design with three S-beams, and its size, play important roles in controlling lift enhancement. The single-pair design of check-valves achieved superior performance than 12-valves case.
2. Modal analysis predicted the natural frequency of the check-valve with a disc-cap radius of 7.43 mm as 18.90 Hz, which is larger than the flapping frequency 11-14 Hz. The obvious deformation of 7.39 mm, comparable to the disc-cap radius, is verified by high-speed photography.
3. The cruising conditions of the flapping wing are identified from the generated massive wind tunnel data through observing the zero-net thrusts. During the best cruising conditions, the flapping wing with check-valves generated 27%-68% higher lift than the membrane wing without the check-valve. A high-lift maneuver was also performed due to large lift enhancement by the check-valves.
4. In summary, the results of this study show that the lift enhancement through the incorporation of check-valve is effective for bird-like MAVs with a wingspan of about 20 cm, rather than insect-like MAVs.  
Conceptualization and methodology, L.-J.Y. and B.E.; software, W.-C.W. and V.J.J.; validation, L.-J.Y. and R.W.; investigation, W.-C.W.; data curation, R.W. and N.K.U.; writing--original draft preparation, W.-C.W. and R.W.; writing--review and editing, L.-J.Y.; visualization, V.J. and N.K.U.; supervision about the power issue, C.-Y.L. and X.-H.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by Taiwan's Ministry of Science and Technology by the project number MOST 107-2221-E-032-032, 109-2221-E-032-002-MY2, 109-2221-E-032-001-MY3.  
Not applicable.  
The technical help from [PERSON] and [PERSON] are also acknowledged.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Experimental Results and Discussion
### Experimental Results of the Ability to Recover the Scattered Light Field  
In order to test the ability of the phase conjugate system for recovering the scattered light field, the diffuser was placed at the focus of both OL1 and OL2. Figure 8a shows the off-axis speckle interference pattern acquired by the CMOS camera. It can be seen from the figure that the plane light became a random scattered light wavefront after passing through the scattering medium. Figure 8b is a calculated off-axis speckle conjugate phase diagram. Figure 8c shows the imaging acquired by the CCD when the phase of the SLM was set to 0, that is, the DOPC system was not used. At this time, the scattering medium is an unmodulated plane light wave, so the outgoing light was a random speckle pattern. Figure 8d shows the pattern acquired by the CCD when the conjugate phase was loaded on the SLM, that is, the DOPC system was used. At this time, the scattering medium was preceded by a conjugate wavefront, which formed a time-reversed outgoing light and also formed a focal point on the CCD. The size of the focal point mentioned above was about 220 \(\upmu\)m, compared with the nearly  
Figure 6: Reconstructed focus intensity variation as change of clarity.  
Figure 7: Experimental measurements of the reconstructed DOPC signal dependence on the amount of phase error.  
52 \(\upmu\)m point size in the case where the diffuser was not used, we conclude that the phase conjugate modulated light achieves a good focusing effect after passing through the diffuser. At the same time, by analyzing the experimental data, we determined that the average intensity of the background noise and focal point in Figure 8d is about 150 and 54,750, respectively. Further, the peak-to-background intensity ratio between the focal point and the background in Figure 8d is about 365.
# Utilizing Blockchain for IoT Privacy through Enhanced ECIES with Secure Hash Function
## 2 Related Works
### Ethereum Public Blockchain  
Ethereum represents a blockchain providing an abstract layer that enables all users to create their own rules for ownership, formats of transactions, and state transition functions, which is achieved through the use of smart contracts [16]. The consensus in the Ethereum network is based on modified GHOST protocol. Ethereum is created to tackle the issue of stale blocks in the network since the GHOST protocol includes stale blocks into calculations of the longest chain. The authors in [17] enhanced user privacy in a mobile crowdsensing system with spatial location privacy-preserving and greedy algorithms to improve data quality and preserve location privacy. They constructed a blockchain-based location privacy-preserving mobile crowdsensing system where the decentralization and immutability of Blockchain avoids security issues. However, the algorithm used in this scheme is based on the estimated value, so any inaccurate estimate may lead to significant problems and does not ensure data quality and reliability of the system.  
In [18], the focus was on enhancing a smart healthcare system using a blockchain to preserve the privacy of the health data and ensure that diagnoses are not tempered. The proposed solution decreases the computation and communication cost comparing to the traditional system when preserving privacy in smart healthcare. However, the computation time is not fixed as the scheme requires users to update their key each time the transaction is updated. The researchers in [19] designed and implemented a decentralized reputation system to develop trust in the public fog nodes for enabling the IoT devices to rely on them securely. It provides safety against security vulnerabilities associated with IoT data and maintains the integrity of the data. The method uses the opinions of multiple users regarding the performance of public fog nodes to calculate reputation score for the future user to uses this system, which shows the unreliability of the system performance since the change in users' opinions changes the reputation score and increases the computation cost. Several computing task offloading schemes in mobile edge computing for IoT devices have been developed in [20]. The developed system uses a Blockchain-enabled edge computing framework and non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm to maintain data integrity while performing a task offloading process. Moreover, it adopts simple additive weighting and multi-criteria decision making techniques to select the most suitable offloading schemes. The task offloading system consumes 5% less energy than compared methods and decreases offloading time and energy consumption with data integrity and privacy protection. However, this work does not consider the security of VM instances while moving from one edge computing device to another device for obtaining load balance.
# Habitat Loss and Other Threats to the Survival of _Parnasius apollo_ ([PERSON], 1758) in Serbia
###### Abstract  
The cessation of traditional mountain grazing has emerged as a principal driver of habitat degradation and the local extinction of _Parnasius apollo_ ([PERSON], 1758) in Serbia. While previous studies have cited multiple contributing factors, our research provides evidence that the abandonment of extensive livestock grazing has triggered vegetation succession, the disappearance of the larval host plant (_Sedum album_), and a reduction in microhabitat heterogeneity--conditions essential for the persistence of this stenophagous butterfly species. Through satellite-based analysis of vegetation dynamics (2015-2024), we identified clear structural differences between habitats that currently support populations and those where the species is no longer present. Occupied sites were characterized by low levels of exposed soil, moderate grass coverage, and consistently high shrub and tree density, whereas unoccupied sites exhibited dense encroachment of grasses and woody vegetation, leading to structural instability. Furthermore, MODIS-derived indices (2010-2024) revealed a consistent decline in vegetation productivity (GPP, FPAR, LAI) in succession-affected areas, alongside significant correlations between elevated land surface temperatures (LST), thermal stress (TCI), and reduced photosynthetic capacity. A wildfire event on Mount Stol in 2024 further exacerbated habitat degradation, as confirmed by remote sensing indices (BAI, NBR, NBR2), which documented extensive burn scars and post-fire vegetation loss. Collectively, these findings indicate that the decline of _P. apollo_ is driven not only by ecological succession and climatic stressors, but also by the abandonment of land-usepractices that historically maintained suitable habitat conditions. Our results underscore the necessity of restoring traditional grazing regimes and integrating ecological, climatic, and landscape management approaches to prevent further biodiversity loss in montane environments.  
_Parnasius apollo_; habitat succession; traditional grazing; _Sedum album_; vegetation indices; climate stress; wildfire impact
## 3 Testing Results
### AE b Value  
#### 3.4.1 Calculation of AE b Value  
The \(b\) value originates from seismology. By analyzing the global seismicity, the relation between seismic magnitude and the number is obtained as follows [16]:  
\[\lg N=a-bM \tag{4}\]  
where \(M\) is the seismic magnitude, \(N\) is the number of seisms with a magnitude greater than or equal to \(M\), and \(a\) and \(b\) are constants.  
Figure 10: Damage evolution curves.  
In the lab test, the AE activity is similar to seismicity. However, they are different in the expression of magnitude. The transformation relation between them is as follows:  
\[M_{L}=\frac{M_{s}}{20} \tag{5}\]  
where \(M_{s}\) is the AE amplitude, and \(M_{L}\) is the equivalent seism magnitude.  
So, in the lab AE test, the following equation is established.  
\[\lg N=a-bM_{L} \tag{6}\]  
In this paper, the AE amplitude in the loading-unloading process of each cycle is firstly converted to the equivalent seism magnitude by Equation (5). Secondly, these data are calculated and analyzed at the interval of 0.05 dB to acquire the equivalent seism frequency. In the end, the AE \(b\) value in the loading-unloading process of each cycle is obtained by Equation (6).
## 4 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Evaluation of Displacement Ductility  
Ductility is a critical factor in assessing structural performance in a component where bending behavior is dominant. In this study, the method presented in [PERSON] and [PERSON] [29] was used to evaluate the ductility of the members. The ductility of the members was evaluated by the displacement ductility index, which is the value of the ratio of ultimate displacements (\(\Delta_{max}\)) to the yield displacement (\(\Delta_{yield}\)). As shown in Figure 16, yield displacement is the displacement value when the maximum load is reached, and ultimate displacement means the displacement value of 80% of the maximum load after reaching the maximum load. The displacement ductility index of specimens are summarized in Table 4. The PCM-A and PCM-B consisting of the PC modules had a 1.35-fold higher ductility index and were 1.22-fold higher than the CRC, which is monolithic. In addition, ductility of members can be quantified by integrals of the area under the stress-strain curve [30] as shown in Figure 17. The ductility indexes are summarized in Table 5 and Figure 18. In Figure 18, the ductility index of the CRC specimen was set to 1. The ductility indexes of PCM-A and PCM-B consisting of the PC modules were 1.25- and 1.16-fold higher, respectively, than the CRC, which is monolithic. This demonstrated that the PC modular beam system proposed in this study was capable of splicing between PC modules, and improved ductility due to the steel plates inserted into the modules. The PCM-A with a 350 mm connection length was 1.1-fold more ductile than the PCM-B with a connection length of 700 mm, showing that the effect of connection length on the ductile performance was insignificant.
## 1 Introduction
explored an inverse finite element method based on effect superposition, achieving the reconstruction of the displacement field and strain field of stiffened panels under damage and compressive fatigue loads [14]. [PERSON] et al. investigated a damage localization method for offshore, stiffened, steel column structures based on the inverse finite element method and von Mises strain distribution calculation [15]. [PERSON] et al. proposed an 'intelligent/system method' to determine the optimal strain sensing point position and achieve the reconstruction of the strain field of ship container structures [16]. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. developed a digital twin model for ship structure using the inverse finite element method [17]. The aforementioned study indicates that the method of reconstructing structural strain and displacement fields based on the iFEM requires no a priori knowledge of material properties, load magnitudes, etc. The structure's strain/displacement field information can be reconstructed using a limited set of discrete strain data. However, there are still certain limitations in the application of the iFEM to ship structural health monitoring: Firstly, the conventional iFEM reconstructs the strain of a ship's structure based on the node displacement vector. However, significant discrepancies between the solved node displacement vector and the actual displacements can lead to a decrease in the accuracy of strain field reconstruction. Secondly, the conventional iFEM requires the symmetrical placement of sensors on both surfaces, inside and outside the structure, when the neutral layer position is uncertain. This significantly limits the engineering applicability of sensor layout. Addressing these challenges, this paper proposes a strain field reconstruction method for stiffened ship panels based on the strain function-inverse finite element method (SFifEM). The methodology entails the resolution of the node strain vector through the element strain function, reducing the impact of solution errors related to the node displacement vector. This enhances the accuracy of strain reconstruction compared to conventional iFEM. Furthermore, the present method computes the position of the equivalent neutral layer in stiffened ship panels, establishing the strain function between their inner and outer sides. On this basis, a layout scheme for fiber optic sensors on the inner side of the ship stiffened panel is developed to simplify sensor layout complexity and difficulty.
# Detecting and Analyzing Botnet Nodes via Advanced Graph Representation Learning Tools +
## 4 Analysis of State-of-the-Art Approaches
### The Detection of Botnets  
Cybercriminals must first persuade people to install malware on their systems in order to gain control over the majority of devices, and the majority of malware used for this purpose is freely available online. We use the _Mirai_ malware as an illustration, which preys on Linux-based IoT systems, including routers, IP cameras, and any home automation equipment. This botnet was utilized against organizations like _Krebs on Security_, the French _web hosting service_ OVH, and even the DNS provider _Dyn_, which is a crucial service for regular internet communications, to cause widespread disruptions and produce internet traffic of up to 1 Tbit/s. The _Mirai_ malware is regarded as the first of its kind, and even though its developers were found and turned over to the police, numerous additional varieties have since emerged, including the _PureMasuta_, _Okiru_, _Satori_, and _Masuta_ malware. Figure 2 depicts the conceptual design of a _Mirai-based_ bot that transforms IoT devices into proxy servers.  
Both the complexity and attacks of botnets are constantly evolving. Fortunately, the methods for identifying botnets have evolved along with the evolution of the networks themselves. It is well-known that botnets have the ability to function in a way that tries to evade detection. In this instance, a lot of _honeypots_ are made to draw in botnets, especially ones that are known to them and that they avoid, as they are able to bypass the controls and therefore avoid detection. Furthermore, the proliferation of P2P connections has made it challenging to detect botnets. It is essential to recognize that there are two commonly well  
Figure 2: A _Mirai_-based bot turning IoT devices into proxy servers.  
known connection architectures: _Client_-_Server_ and P2P. These two models differ greatly in terms of structure and functionality. Figure 3 depicts a comparison of _Client_-_Server_ and P2P connection types, highlighting their mode of connection.  
In the case of Client-Server botnets, if the C&C control node is located and isolated, the entire botnet can be found and subsequently stopped. Contrary to P2P-type, botnets are capable of sharing C&C commands when discovered and have little knowledge of the other botnets, making detection even more difficult. In order to locate the central control node, _BotMiner_, for instance, uses clusters of nodes with similar communications and malicious traffic. Using fast-flowing server networks, P2P botnets can change the addresses of the C&C server node, enabling traffic monitoring between nodes to bypass them. Because of this, the traditional approaches, which mostly rely on static properties to characterize network traffic, have been rendered worthless. These traditional methods, like domain names and DNS blacklists, also call for a deeper understanding of the network and botnets. Therefore, this type of strategy only works successfully provided the data are available and have not been altered by the botnet.
# Low Temperature Microcalorimeters for Decay Energy Spectroscopy
## 5 Discussion  
The burgeoning field of Decay Energy Spectroscopy is useful in a variety of application areas including neutrino physics, metrology, safeguards, medical radionuclides, and environmental samples. Achieving consistent, high energy resolution measurements has proven to be a challenge addressed in a number of different ways, depending on the application. Excellent results have been achieved with multiple detector types. Sample preparation has proved to be key to improving results, with the best measurements using mechanically alloying on a dried deposit, electroplating or autodeposition, or ion implantation. Since not all radionuclides can be electroplated and ion implantation is expensive and inefficient, the best method in the literature for high energy resolution is mechanically alloying or kneading the sample. It appears that diffusion welding a dried droplet sample does not improve the achieved resolution. Excellent results have been achieved with both In bump bond attachment methods as well as epoxy.  
As high energy resolution DES measurements become more consistent, the dominating energy resolution term from energy loss within the sample deposits will become consistent and measureable. Similar to work done for \(\alpha\) spectroscopy [7], further work should be done to quantify the effects of various factors on the achieved energy resolution of DES detectors to determine why low energy DES measurements have yet to exceed the 1000 threshold on resolving power, while high energy DES measurements are able to achieve a resolving power of 5000.  
This compilation of these results was partially funded by the DOE/NNSA's Office of International Nuclear Safeguards.  
The author would like to thank the Los Alamos National Laboratory low temperature detector team for their invaluable support, in particular [PERSON] and [PERSON]. Sincere thanks also to colleagues [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] for technical discussions and helping me understand the broader context of DES work.  
The author declares no conflict of interest. The funder had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
\begin{tabular}{l l} BEFS & Beta Environmental Fine Structure \\ CEA & French Atomic Energy Commission \\ CUORE & Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events \\ DES & Decay Energy Spectroscopy \\ ECHO & Electron Capture \({}^{163}\)Ho experiment \\ HOLMES & Holmium neutrino experiment \\ KRISS & Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science \\ LANL & Los Alamos National Laboratory \\ MARE & Microcalorimeter Arrays for a Neutrino Mass Experiment \\ MMC & Metallic Magnetic Calorimeter \\ NTD & Neutron Transmutation Doped \\ NuMECS & Neutrino Mass via \({}^{163}\)Ho Electron Capture Spectroscopy \\ TES & Transition Edge Sensor \\ \end{tabular}