## 3 Results and Discussion
### Organoleptic and Nutraceutical Quality of Soil-Grown Tomatoes (2021)  
The nutraceutical quality of Goldman F1 tomatoes and Pisanello tomatoes grown in soil was also evaluated. The results of the pH and EC of the tomato juice, TA, TSS, DMC, and tomato firmness are reported in Table 6.  
The pH of the Pisanello variety was higher than that of Goldman F1, with results falling within the common range for tomato pH. Typically, tomato juice's pH ranges from 3.9 and 4.9, and is influenced primarily by the fruit's acid content, which is a significant indicator of tomato flavour [57]. However, this value did not directly correlate with TA [58]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Variety**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**pH**} & **EC** & **TA** & **TSS** & **DMC** & **Firmness** \\  & & **(g Clric Acid** & **(°Brix)** & **(\%)** & **(kg cm\({}^{-2}\))** \\ \hline Pisanello & 4.57 \(\pm\) 0.02 a & 8.20 \(\pm\) 0.09 a & 0.54 \(\pm\) 0.02 a & 5.02 \(\pm\) 0.18 a & 4.86 \(\pm\) 0.35 a & 1.43 \(\pm\) 0.16 b \\ Goldman F1 & 4.14 \(\pm\) 0.03 b & 7.81 \(\pm\) 0.15 b & 0.53 \(\pm\) 0.01 a & 4.62 \(\pm\) 0.12 b & 4.62 \(\pm\) 0.10 a & 1.99 \(\pm\) 0.16 a \\ \hline Significance & *** & * & ns & * & ns & * \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Data were analysed by Student’s \(t\)-test. ns: not significant, *: \(p\) \(<\) 0.05, ***: \(p\) \(<\) 0.001. The mean values \(\pm\) standard deviation (SD) followed by different letters are statistically different (\(p\) \(<\) 0.05) according to the Student’s \(t\)-test.  
\end{table} 
Table 6: pH, electrical conductivity (EC), titratable acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), dry matter content (DMC), and firmness of soil-grown Pisanello and Goldman F1 tomatoes cultivated in soil and harvested in July 2021. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Treatment**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Total Phenols**} & **Lycopene** & **DPPH** \\  & **(mg GAE 100 g\({}^{-1}\) FW)** & **(mg 100 g\({}^{-1}\) FW)** & **(mg TE 100 g\({}^{-1}\) FW)** \\ \hline Pisanello Rockwood & 66.15 \(\pm\) 8.24 a & 5.40 \(\pm\) 0.24 a & 65.60 \(\pm\) 6.66 a \\ Pisanello Aeroponics & 65.56 \(\pm\) 1.11 a & 6.33 \(\pm\) 0.83 a & 65.97 \(\pm\) 8.77 a \\ \hline Significance & ns & ns & ns \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Data were analysed by Student’s \(t\)-test. ns: not significant. The mean values \(\pm\) standard deviation (SD) followed by different letters are statistically different (\(p\) \(<\) 0.05) according to the Student’s \(t\)-test.  
\end{table} 
Table 5: Total phenolic content, lycopene content, and antioxidant capacity of Pisanello tomatoes grown at the Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Italy, in two soilless systems (rockwood and aeroponics), harvested in July 2021. In this investigation, the TA was similar between Pisanello and Goldman F1 tomatoes, showing no significant differences. Nevertheless, TA is an important quality parameter in fresh tomato, associated with the perception of both sourness and sweetness [59; 60]. The tomato juice EC was higher for soil-cultivated Pisanello tomatoes (8.20 dS m\({}^{-1}\)) compared to Goldman F1 tomatoes (7.81 dS m\({}^{-1}\)). Regarding TSS, Pisanello fruit had a higher TSS content (5.02 \({}^{\circ}\)Brix) than Goldman F1 fruit (4.62 \({}^{\circ}\)Brix). DMC in tomato is principally related to sugars, determining the sweetness taste [61], and is commonly correlated with TSS content. No significant differences were found in the DMC measurements of the soil-cultivated tomatoes under investigation. Tomato fruit firmness was highest in soil-grown Goldman F1 (2.0 kg cm\({}^{-2}\)). This trait suggests that Goldman F1 tomatoes are bred for a longer shelf life [10] compared to Pisanello tomatoes. This parameter is important for modern varieties, ensuring long shelf life and durability during transportation, and thereby reducing marketable production losses [10; 11; 12]. This fact explains the higher values of fruit hardness in modern varieties compared to the Pisanello landrace.