# Dual Partial Reversible Data Hiding Using Enhanced Hamming Code
## 4 Experimental Results and Discussions
Furthermore, the similarity between RM and R-M as well as SM and S-M, across different shadow images suggests that the embedding operation does not introduce significant statistical anomalies that could be exploited by steganalysis techniques. This highlights the robustness of the proposed scheme in preserving the natural statistical properties of the host image while embedding data. In conclusion, the RS analysis results confirm that the proposed method maintains imperceptibility and structural consistency, reducing the likelihood of detection by statistical steganalysis techniques. The ability to resist RS analysis ensures that the hidden information remains undetectable, making the method a strong candidate for secure reversible data hiding applications. Furthermore, a deeper analysis of the comparative results reveals the underlying reasons for the differences in performance among existing methods. For instance, the scheme proposed by [PERSON] et al. (2013)[PERSON] et al. (2013) achieves a relatively high embedding capacity of 1.53 bpp; however, this comes at the cost of significantly reduced image quality, with PSNR values falling below 40 dB. This degradation can be attributed to their approach of embedding two bits per pixel pair, which introduces substantial pixel distortion and consequently lowers visual fidelity. In contrast, the EMD-based method by [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2021)[PERSON] and [PERSON] (2021)[PERSON] and [PERSON] (2021) demonstrates more balanced performance, offering reversibility without overhead and maintaining stable PSNR values for the first stego image. Nonetheless, their results indicate that the second stego image tends to exhibit slightly inferior image quality. This disparity is likely due to the nature of EMD-based embedding, where error adjustments are not evenly distributed and one image inevitably bears a greater share of modification, leading to perceptible quality differences. The proposed method effectively addresses these issues by employing enhanced HC(7,4) codes in combination with virtual pixel grouping and error pattern optimization, resulting in a more uniform distribution of distortion across both stego images. Consequently, the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a balance between embedding capacity and perceptual quality, maintaining PSNR values between 48 and 49 dB and outperforming several existing techniques. The proposed method is also computationally efficient. Unlike matrix embedding or EMD-based techniques, which often require complex orientation checks and iterative optimization, the proposed scheme relies on simple bitwise operations, Hamming code lookups, and XOR computations. This design not only reduces computational overhead but also enables straightforward hardware or software implementation. Thus, the proposed method is well suited for real-time applications and resource-constrained environments. For example, it can be applied in medical imaging systems or secure communication platforms that require high performance and low computational overhead. In addition to these performance advantages, the computational efficiency of the proposed method is noteworthy. Unlike matrix embedding or EMD-based techniques, which often require complex orientation checks and iterative optimization, the proposed scheme relies on simple bitwise operations, Hamming code lookups, and XOR computations. This design not only reduces computational overhead but also enables straightforward hardware or software implementation. Thus, the proposed method is well suited for real-time applications or resource-constrained environments where both high performance and low computational complexity are critical, such as medical imaging systems and secure communication platforms. To further support this claim, we analyzed the algorithm's complexity and conducted runtime evaluations. The core procedures in both the embedding and extraction phases involve selecting an optimal codeword from a fixed-size lookup table containing sixteen valid HC(7,4) codewords.