# Business Models for the Internet of Services: State of the Art and Research Agenda
## 5 Discussion
There is a lack of a detailed view of the business model to support the concept of IoS in creating, delivering, and capturing value to customers. Efforts are still focused on the IT level. Little work has been completed at the business level. RQ2. What is their classification based on application field? Regarding the application fields, it is noticed that the role IoS, the heartwood of Industry 4.0, is not entirely clear in this scenario. It would be important to assess how IoS is applied for advanced manufacturing. Manufacturing progressive concepts such as digitalization, standardization, flexibility, customization, real-time responsibility, predictive maintenance, are moving to Industry 4.0, which involves decision making, self-optimization, self-configuration. However, further research and development still needs to be undertaken. There is a line of research focusing on digitalization and servitization within Industry 4.0. [PERSON] et al. [66] study the connection between Industry 4.0 and servitization, presenting a conceptual framework that analyze the role of digitalization and servitization within the product-firm, while [PERSON] et al. [67] discuss the paradox of firms that invest in digitalization and servitization but not earn the expected return. It happens when firms do not study the business model well and all its components, mainly the value proposition. While digitalization and servitization combine digital and services capabilities to facilitate internal growth, the IoS covers the external growth, which is an important view that companies neglect while innovating their business models [67]. Coupled with CPS and IoT, IoS would be a business model proposal that is still being researched and developed to reach Industry 4.0 [35] (P7). [PERSON] and [PERSON] [29] (P1) corroborate that, instead of only firm-centric models as servitization and digitalization, researchers should consider a business model to adopt an ecosystem perspective. Healthcare and Smart Environment appear as important IoS domains for social applications [32; 36; 39] (P4, P8, P11). In most countries, one of the largest providers of services is the government. Governments are interested in using the latest technologies to promote the best social climate for their citizens. However, the legal framework of the latest technologies is still considered rather vague or absent to a certain extent. Such issues as standardization, service design architecture and models, as well as data privacy and security create management and governance problems. The technological advances may also change the future of food production and bring more sustainable alternatives. The innovative systems driven by the CPS, IoT, and IoS start to evolve the rural food production, allowing the automation, communication and digitalization of value chains [68]. The solutions already in place are IoT-based, which enable the smart logistics and traceability with applications for controlled environment and food supply chain tracking [69; 70]. An opportunity in this field would be mapping the platforms used by the different stakeholders to propose new services through collaborative networks [71]. From a social applications perspective, the papers that mention the IoS as a trend for business models are conceptual and focus on IoT as an important infrastructure for social applications but do not clarify the IoS role on such business models. Important to shed a light on IoS contribution for business model construction.