esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 CPM Signal
### Psd  
As we know, PSD of modulated signals have a direct effect on tracking performance, ability of multi-path mitigation and compatibility, and the PSD of CPM is derived as follows:  
If \(M\) is assumed even, the autocorrelation function of CPM can be given by [17]:  
\[\mathfrak{R}(\tau)=\frac{1}{T}\int_{0}^{T}\prod_{k=1-L}^{\lfloor\tau/T\rfloor} \frac{1}{M}\frac{\sin 2\pi hM[q(t+\tau-kT)-q(t-kT)]}{\sin 2\pi h[q(t+\tau-kT)-q(t- kT)]}dt \tag{7}\]  
where \(\tau\) denotes the correlation time, and \(\left\lfloor x\right\rfloor\) is the maximum integer below \(x\). According to the Wiener-Khintchine theorem, the PSD of CPM derived from Fourier transformation of \(\mathfrak{R}(\tau)\) is written as:  
\[P(f)=2\left\{\int_{0}^{LT}\mathfrak{R}(\tau)\cos 2\pi f\tau d\tau+ \frac{1-\psi(jh)\cos 2\pi fT}{1+\psi^{2}(jh)-2\psi(jh)\cos 2\pi fT}\cdot\int_{LT}^{(L+ 1)T}\mathfrak{R}(\tau)\cos 2\pi f\tau d\tau\right. \tag{8}\] \[\left.-\frac{\psi(jh)\sin 2\pi fT}{1+\psi^{2}(jh)-2\psi(jh)\cos 2 \pi fT}\cdot\int_{LT}^{(L+1)T}\mathfrak{R}(\tau)\sin 2\pi f\tau d\tau\right\}\]  
with \(\psi(jh)=\sin M\pi h/M\sin\pi h\). It is noteworthy that the parameters including \(M\), \(L\), \(h\) and \(g(t)\) determine the spectral characteristics together, as is shown in Figure 2.  
Obviously, a longer \(L\) or smoother \(g(t)\) can effectively decrease the PSD amplitude of side lobes and concentrate more energy into the main lobe while a bigger \(M\) or \(h\) would tend to extend the main lobe. It is amazing to find that the PSD of CPM behaves like BOC signals with spectrum splitting in the case of \(h>1\). The special subclass of CPM with tuned parameters can resemble the BOC modulation spectrum and yield comparable performance in terms of tracking accuracy, multipath mitigation, anti-jamming, and compatibility [11]. In this instance, if we can design two specific modulation schemes based on the CPM family successfully satisfying the S and C band requirements, that would reduce the complexity of the required hardware and software blocks and accelerate the practicality of multi-band combined navigation technology.  
Considering the strict bandwidth restrictions for S and C bands as well as implementation complexity of CPM, this paper puts forward two specific CPM signals with \(M=2\), \(h=1.5\), \(2 RC\) and \(M=4\), \(h=0.5\), \(2 RC\) denoted as B\(M2\)RC and Q\(M2\)RC for the S and C bands, respectively, whose carrier frequencies are separately close to 2491 MHz and 5020 MHz in the S and C bands.
# The Development of a Spaceborne SAR Based on a Reflector Antenna
###### Abstract  
In recent years, synthetic aperture radars (SARs) have been widely applied in various fields due to their all-weather, day-and-night global imaging capabilities. As one of the most common types of antennas, the reflector antenna offers some advantages for spaceborne radars, including low cost, lightweight, high gain, high radiation efficiency, and low sidelobes. Consequently, spaceborne SAR systems based on reflector antennas exhibit significant potential. This paper reviews the main types and characteristics of reflector antennas, with particular attention to the structural configurations and feed arrangements of deployable reflector antennas in spaceborne SAR applications. Additionally, some emerging techniques, such as digital beamforming, staggered SAR, and SweepSAR based on reflector antennas, are examined. Finally, future development directions in this field are discussed, including high-resolution wide-swath imaging and advanced antenna deployment schemes.  
s +
Footnote †: journal: Remote Sensing  
ynthetic aperture radar; reflector antenna; digital beamforming; high-resolution wide-swath
## 7 Conclusions  
A group decision support model based on HPMPRs consists of three parts: a consistency improving process, a consensus reaching process, and the selection process. The consistency measure of an HPMPR has been defined in the consistency improving process. For HPMPRs that have unacceptable consistency, an optimization method is proposed to improve the consistency until the HPMPRs have an acceptable consistency value. A consensus index is defined to measure the consensus level in the group decision model. For HPMPRs that have an unacceptable consensus, an optimization method is designed to assist DMs in achieving a predefined consensus level. The proposed model can be used to address GDM (group decision making) problems with HPMPRs. Optimization methods are also developed to help individual HPMPRs to achieve a predefined consistency level and consensus level with fewer interactions of the DMs. As a consequence, our model is time-saving, efficient, and convenient for practical applications. The consistency improving process is performed to ensure that the DMs are neither random nor illogical in their pairwise comparisons. The procedure to reach a consensus level ensures that the adjusted HPMPRs not only achieve the predefined level of consensus, but also maintain acceptable consistency. The proposed model also ensures that the consistent HPMPRs do not change at each iteration. This property can retain the DMs' original decision-making information to the greatest extent possible. Here, we did not discuss the effects of the application of different controlling parameters and distance functions in the developed model. This model is not useful for incomplete preference relations. In the future, we will address these problems.  
This paper is a result of the common work of the authors in all aspects.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 1 Introduction
A numerical model was built using enthalpy porosity model and two-temperature energy equations to evaluate thermal energy storage, extract the latent thermal energy from a storage system, and understand detailed heat transfer properties during a phase change material. The results showed that coating molten salt with nickel foam to effectively improve the thermal conductivity of the phase change material can enhance the performance of these types of systems [15]. A mathematical model for simulating the thermal performance of the high-temperature latent heat storage system in concentrating solar power plants was proposed, and satisfactory agreements were obtained between the simulated results and the empirical measurements. It can be seen that the average charging and discharging rates are enhanced by 6.8% and 9.1%, respectively, and the total thermal storage efficiency of the latent heat storage system increases from 34.4% to 44.1% due to the installation of circular fins [16]. The optimal design and technical and economic analysis of the stand-alone hybrid energy system was addressed for a rural city in China. A composite integer linear optimisation model was proposed with the objective of minimum overall annual cost depending on the assessment of current domestic renewable energy capacity potential and the study of heat and electricity consumption behaviour [17]. In order to ensure a realistic view of the efficiency and a precise design of the process components, a dynamic representation of the system is required. The originality of this work can be summarised as follows: In this study, the dynamic model of a thermal salt storage facility was modelled in APROS. The purpose is thus to represent the reference process as precisely as possible and to analyse the possible system improvements by changing the storage medium, which therefore produces differences in temperature for each medium used. The most important problem addressed by this study is how to utilise the surplus electricity generated from renewable energy sources during molten salt heating to be used later for electricity generation. Subsequently, a system analysis and system optimisation was performed and the stand-alone concept of the thermal salt storage system is presented. Here, the structure and further development of the model is discussed in detail using APROS and any assumptions and simplifications made are presented. The model was then validated by comparing it with the storage process of the Andasol 2 thermal power plant. After the model was validated, further storage fluids were inserted into the model in order to analyse them with regard to system optimisation. In the following sections, a description of the system, modelling and simulation, results, and conclusions are presented.
# Novel RNA Viruses Discovered in Weeds in Rice Fields
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Virus Genome Annotation and Phylogenetic Analysis  
Viral genomes were annotated using the following methods: (i) for viruses with closely related relatives, the functional domains were predicted by homology with known viral proteins; (ii) for viruses without a homologue in a closely related virus, the functional domains with each ORF was predicted using a domain-based blast search against the conserved domain database ([[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/wrpsb.cgi](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/wrpsb.cgi)]([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/wrpsb.cgi](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/wrpsb.cgi)), accessed on 15 August 2021) (expected threshold of 10\({}^{-5}\)). Signal peptides were determined using the SignalP-5.0 web service ([[http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/SignalP/](http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/SignalP/)]([http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/SignalP/](http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/SignalP/)), accessed on 11 September 2021). Transmembrane helices in ORFs were predicted using TMHMM v.2.0.  
For the viruses with multiple segments, the segments were identified by homology to the proteins of the related reference proteins. For the potential segments without homology, we checked: (i) the sequencing depth of the segments; (ii) the presence of conserved regulatory sequences in 5\({}^{\prime}\) and/or 3\({}^{\prime}\) non-coding regions of the genome; (iii) the segments were found in the same samples; (iv) the phylogenetic positions of related proteins [13].  
To determine the phylogenetic relationships of RNA viruses identified in our study, all replicase proteins were collected to infer the evolutionary history. Amino acid sequences of viruses were aligned using the E-INS-i algorithm in MAFFT (version 7.490) [20], and the ambiguously aligned regions were then removed by trimAl (version 1.2) using automated1 code [21]. Phylogenetic trees were then inferred using the maximum likelihood (ML) approach implemented in IQ-TREE (version 1.6.12) with 1000 bootstrap replicates, using \"MFP\" to select the best model [22]. We also inspected these trees using ML and the Bayesian method in MrBayes 3.2.7a [23]. Similar results were generated using these two programs. Only maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees generated by IQ-TREE are shown.
# Optimization of Glass Edge Sealing Process Using Microwaves for Fabrication of Vacuum Glazing
## 5 Conclusions  
When microwaves are used to seal the glass edges, the sealed edges are pressed because of the various process variables. Therefore, process conditions were derived to optimize the edge sealing based on the pressed edges.  
The initial process conditions under which the edges were sealed using microwaves were determined through basic experiments. Furthermore, to analyze the sealing characteristics based on the process conditions, the step heights were measured and water jets were used to cut the sealed glass. A liquid penetrant examination was then applied to obtain a complete sealing, based on which the target step height of the pressed edge was set. To analyze the correlations between the three factors and the three levels of the process variables established through the basic experiment and the pressing of the sealed edge, as well as to derive the optimal process conditions for edge sealing, additional experiments were performed using the response-surface methodology, which was a DOE method. The regression equation was derived by analyzing the experimental result, and the heating rate of 6 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min, the sealing temperature 573 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and the holding time 31 min of the optimum process conditions were derived reflecting the nominal-is-best characteristics. Additional experiments were conducted based on derived optimal process conditions. By comparing the predicted value of the optimum condition with the experimental value and confirming the error of 4.1%, the validity of the optimum process condition and the regression equation was verified.  
It is expected that the glass edge sealing process using microwaves under the optimal conditions derived in this study can be applied to the production of vacuum glasses.  
J.K.K., Y.S.K. and E.S.J. conceived and designed the experiments; J.K.K. performed the experiments; J.K.K. and Y.S.K. analyzed the data; J.K.K., Y.S.K. and E.S.J. contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools; J.K.K., Y.S.K. and E.S.J. wrote the paper.  
This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (NRF-2017R1A2B4009929, 2018R1A2B6004348).  
Figure 11: Observation results of cross-section of sealed glass.
_Int. J. Mol. Sci._**2014**, _15_, 19092-19105; doi:10.3390/ijms151019092  
International Journal of  
**Molecular Sciences**  
**ISSN 1422-0067**  
www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms  
_Article_  
**Enhanced Production of Bioactive Isoprenoid Compounds**  
**from Cell Suspension Cultures of** _Artemisia annua_**L.**  
**Using \(\beta\)-Cyclodextrins**  
**[PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON]**  
**and [PERSON] ***  
Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari--CNR, Via Prov.le Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;  
E-Mails: [PERSON]F.R.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.D.P.);  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.D.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (F.B.);  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (G.M.)  
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS];  
Tel.: +39-0832-422605; Fax: +39-0832-422620.  
External Editor: [PERSON]  
_Received: 31 July 2014; in revised form: 10 October 2014 / Accepted: 13 October 2014 / Published: 21 October 2014_  
**Abstract:** Plant cell cultures as valuable tools for the production of specific metabolites can be greatly improved by the application of elicitors including cyclodextrins (CDs) for enhancing the yields of the desired plant compounds. Here the effects of 2,6-dimethyl-\(\beta\)-cyclodextrintrins (DIMEB) on the production of carotenoids and quinones from _Artemisia annua_ L. cell suspension cultures were investigated. The addition of 50 mM DIMEB induced an early increase of intracellular carotenoid and quinone contents, which could be observed to a higher extent for lutein (10-fold), Q9 (3-fold) and Q10 (2.5-fold). Real Time PCR analysis revealed that the expression of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (_DXR_) gene in DIMEB treated cell cultures after three days was 2.5-fold higher than in untreated samples, thus suggesting that the DIMEB induced increase of carotenoids and quinones could be due to the induction of the plasidial isoprenoid biosynthetic route. In addition, the DIMEB treatment induced an enhanced release of carotenoids and quinones into the culture medium of _A. annua_ cell suspension cultures possibly due to the ability of CDs to form inclusion complexes with hydrophobic molecules.  
**Keywords:** plant cell cultures; cyclodexttrins; _Artemisia annua_ L.; carotenoids; quinones
## 3 The Test Results
### Failure Mode and Load-Displacement Curve  
The failure modes of CFST specimens made of full-high titanium slag concrete, half-high titanium slag concrete, and normal concrete were basically the same, which was mainly related to length-diameter ratio \(\lambda\) (=_I_/_D_), but was not significantly related to other factors. The failure modes of the four length-diameter ratios specimens are shown in Figure 4.  
The load-displacement curves of the specimen with length-diameter ratios \(\lambda\) equal to 2.6 and 3.5 are shown in Figure 5a,b. Both curves have an obvious elastic stage, elastic-plastic stage, and strengthening stage, but no descending stage. After entering the strengthening stage, the surface of the specimen started to swell locally, and oblique shear slip occurred on the upper and lower boundaries of swelling region when continuing to load. No bending phenomenon occurred in the whole process, indicating that the final failure mode was swelling failure or shear failure of the middle part.  
The load-displacement curve of the specimen with length-diameter ratio \(\lambda\) equal to 4.4 is shown in Figure 5c, which is divided into four stages: elastic, elastic-plastic, plastic, and descending stages. After entering the late plastic stage, an oblique shear slip appeared on the surface of the specimen, and then a bending phenomenon quickly occurred. The load-displacement curve turned into a descending stage, indicating that the final failure mode was shear slip failure and overall bending buckling failure.  
The specimen with length-diameter ratio \(\lambda\) equal to 5.3 has the deformation curve shown in Figure 5d. It is composed of elasticity, elastic-plastic, and descending stages. After entering the elastic-plastic stage, shear slip and bending occurred almost simultaneously in the specimen, and the deformation curve turned into the descending stage, indicating that the final failure mode was dominated by the overall bending and buckling failure, accompanied by shear slip failure.  
By comparing the load-displacement curves of the four length-diameter ratios, it is obvious that the load-displacement curves of CFST filled with full-high titanium slag concrete, half-high titanium slag concrete, and normal concrete are relatively consistent, under the condition that other factors are the same.
## 4 Simulation Experiment and Results Analysis
### Experimental Analysis and Summary  
3.1 Comparison Experiment of Algorithm Convergence Speed and Scheduling Length under the Same Number of Tasks  
The experiment is carried out under the same number of tasks, the number of tasks is 20, other relevant parameters are uniformly set to the CCR of 0.5, the number of processors is 4, and the number of DAGs is 1. As shown in Figure 9, by comparing the four algorithms, the HSP-QGA algorithm begins to converge at the 27 th iteration, and the convergence speed is the fastest; the scheduling length is 76 when convergence and the scheduling length is the smallest. Compared to the PA-CGA algorithm, HSP-QGA encodes the initial chromosome according to the task order, which reduces the search range of initial solution space. At the same time, it uses full-interference crossover to jump out of the local optimum quickly and uses the quantum rotation gate to accelerate the overall convergence speed of the algorithm. Experimental results show that HSP-QGA has the best results in terms of both scheduling length and convergence speed for the same number of tasks.  
Figure 9: Comparison of convergence speed and scheduling length.
###### Abstract  
The evolution of microelectronics increased the information acquired by today's biomedical sensor systems to an extent where the capacity of low-power communication interfaces becomes one of the central bottlenecks. Hence, this paper mathematically analyzes and experimentally verifies novel coil and transceiver topologies for near-field communication interfaces, which simultaneously allow for high data transfer rates, low power consumption, and reduced interference to nearby wireless power transfer interfaces. Data coil design is focused on presenting two particular topologies which provide sufficient coupling between a reader and a wireless sensor system, but do not couple to an energy coil situated on the same substrate, severely reducing interference between wireless data and energy transfer interfaces. A novel transceiver design combines the approaches of a minimalistic analog front-end with a fully digital single-bit sampling demodulator, in which rectangular binary signals are processed by simple digital circuits instead of sinusoidal signals being conditioned by complex analog mixers and subsequent multi-bit analog-to-digital converters. The concepts are implemented using an analog interface in discrete circuit technology and a commercial low-power field-programmable gate array, yielding a transceiver which supports data rates of up to 6.78 MBit/s with an energy consumption of just 646 pJ/bit in transmitting mode and of 364 pJ/bit in receiving mode at a bit error rate of \(2\times 10^{-7}\), being 10 times more energy efficient than any commercial NFC interface and fully implementable without any custom CMOS technology.  
near-field communication; very high bit rate; low-power systems; figure-8 coils; radio-frequency transceivers; single-bit sampling receiver; phase-shift keying; bit error rate +
Footnote †: journal: Sensors
## 4 Response Analysis of EMP Coupling on RF Front-End Circuits-Based Norms  
### Simulation Results of the Linear RF Channel with Multiple HPEMs  
The SC current waves of HEMP, UWB and HPM are obtained from the commercial EM simulation, which is taken as the excitation files for the SPICE model of the linear RF channel with pyramid horn antennas. Figures 15-17 illustrate the current response of the antenna port and the response after BPF. When the antenna is connected to the SC load, the peak value of the SC current for HEMP is 1.5 A with a time duration 50 ns under 50 kV/m illumination, the peak for UWB is 60 A with a duration 20 ns, and the peak for HPM is 160 A with a duration 100 ns. It is obviously demonstrated that HPM has larger potential EM to threaten risk for the RF circuits due to the frequency range consistency of HPM and the pyramid horn antenna.  
When the BPF is connected to the antenna port instead of the SC load, the current response of the antenna port has changed a lot due to the different impedance characteristics of the load connected to the antenna. It is known that the peak of the current response after the antenna for HEMP is reduced to 0.83 A, the peak for UWB is 46.23 A, and the peak for HPM is reduced to 142.96 A.  
For the linear RF channel, the module connected to the BPF is ideal 50 Ohm load, the current wave on this load is the EMP response after the BPF. While in actual scenarios, the module connected to the BPF may be a low noise amplifier being more sensitive under these HPEM risks, the response after BPF is the main coupling parameter for analyzing  
Figure 14: Comparison of Measured Admittance and Fitted results: (**a**) Y11 and Y22; (**b**) Y12 and Y21.  
Figure 15: Coupling response excited by HEMP: (**a**) SC current; (**b**) Responses.  
HEMP vulnerability. From Figures 15-17, it is known that after passing through BPF, there is a very large attenuation and reduction of the EMP energy for all HPEM environments. For HEMP, the peak value of the current response after BPF is 0.49 A, the peak for UWB is 31.58 A, and the peak for HPM is 44.64 A. However, the peak of the response is not sufficient to describe the EM threat for the potential damaged electronic modules, which is because the EM sensitive parameters causing the sensitive module damaged maybe related to other physical quantities such as energy, rising rate etc. Therefore, in the next subsection, we will use norm theory to conduct a quantitative analysis of various waveform characteristics for the current response, which maybe beneficial for a more comprehensive and accurate analysis.