## 5 Bio-Phytoremediation by Microorganisms
### Halotolerant Microorganisms for Saline Soil-Based Agriculture  
Microbes might play a key role in establishing environmentally friendly crop management systems. However, in order to develop strategies for their effective use in agricultural production, we must better leverage their special features of resistance to extremes, genetic variety, and association with crop plants [24]. In particular, the use of plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) coupled with salt-tolerant plants (_halophytes_) as probiotics for salty soil agriculture is a potential alternative to traditional methods [22].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Microorganisms** & **Plants** & **Benefecial Effects** & **References** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{_Pseudomonas koreensis_ MU2} & \multirow{6}{*}{_Glycine max_ L.} & Strengthened antioxidant system & \\  & & Reduced lipid peroxidation and proline & \\  & & Enhanced the reduced & \\  & & glutathione content & \\  & & Promoted root and shoot length, plant & \\  & & biomass, and chlorophyll content & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_Azospirillum brasilense_} & \multirow{2}{*}{_Trifolium repens_} & Decreased malondialdehydehyde & \multirow{2}{*}{[89]} \\  & & composition of leaves & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Diminished shoot and root Na\({}^{+}\) level & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_Trichoderma harzianum_} & \multirow{2}{*}{_Brassica juncea_ L.} & Increased pigment and proline levels & [8] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: _Cont._Several investigations have shown that salinity-tolerant PGPRs derived from the rhizosphere soils of different halophytic species have the capability to be used as bioinoculants in the growth of glycopytic salt-resistant crops in salt-dominated agricultural regions [5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48; 49; 50; 51; 52; 53; 54; 55; 56; 57; 58; 59; 60; 61; 62; 63; 64; 65; 66; 67; 68; 69; 70; 71; 72; 73; 74; 75; 76; 77; 78; 79; 80; 81; 82; 83; 84; 85; 86; 87; 88; 89; 90; 91; 92; 93; 94; 95; 96; 97; 98]. The utilization of microbial bioinoculants to promote plant health in salimized soils has the potential to reduce salt stress and enhance plant development while also boosting disease resistance (Figure 2) [99].  
_Salicornia brachiata_ has yielded a number of salt-resistant bacteria in addition to the wild rice type. _Haereretalobacter_, _Zhihengliella_, _Rhizobium radiobacter_, and _Brachyacterium saturashtrense_ are among these bacteria. Plant-growth-promoting impacts on _S. brachiata_ have been well documented, including increased P. solubilization, IAA production, and ACC deaminase biosynthesis under saline conditions. Moreover, under saline environments, inoculating _Solanum lycopersicum_ with _P. putida_ UW4 boosted shoot biomass [100]. Inoculating durum wheat (_Triticum durum_ var. _waha_) with the rhizospheric bacteria _Azosylilum brasilense_ NH, which was initially isolated from salt-affected soil in northern Algeria, greatly improved growth under saline soil conditions [101]. Under saline environments, multi-strain inoculation (PGPR) resulted in significant maize growth and yield improvement. At 6 dBm\({}^{-1}\), rhizobacterial strains (alone or in combination) increased 1000-grain weight and fresh and dry plant biomass by 35%, 36%, and 48%, respectively. The dry matter of the crop (40%) was unregistered with _Rhizobium_ strain Mn\({}_{2}\)[102].