## 3 Results
### RQ3. How Has IoT impacted Pet Wellness? From a veterinary perspective, animal care aims to improve the daily lives of animals. Animal welfare, in this context, encompasses an animal's lived experience, which is shaped by both positive and negative aspects across various domains, including nutrition, environment, physical health, and behavioral interactions. Broadly speaking, animal welfare largely reflects the interaction between the following three main components: the animal itself, human behavior, and the physical environment where the animal lives and performs its activities [115]. This concept is particularly applicable to pets, as they depend directly on their owners and are typically raised within the home. In the context of pet welfare, there is an added responsibility to ensure their health and well-being, minimize undue stress in their living environment, and enhance the human-animal relationship [116]. Pet welfare should be considered in all interactions between animals and people, with constant measurement and monitoring. However, as pets today are often adopted by young individuals or couples living alone, they spend much of the day in isolation, confined to yards or apartments. The analyzed IoT devices address this issue. For example, some studies introduce smart pet home appliances as technological solutions to enhance basic pet care, monitor health and safety, and improve overall quality of life. These appliances are categorized into the following five main types: training tools for behavior modification, automatic feeders with sensor and remote-control capabilities, monitoring devices for tracking health and activity, interactive toys for stimulation and engagement, and wearable trackers for monitoring health, activity levels, and location [117]. In this context, even artificial intelligence is starting to be integrated to develop sophisticated solutions [118]. In this study, the proposed pet care solutions vary in terms of the types of pets they are designed for and the locations in which they are implemented. The data in Table 4 reveal that 93% of prototype implementations are within the home or indoors, indicating that this is the primary environment for technologies aimed at pet care. In contrast, other locations, such as schools, public transportation, farms, veterinary clinics (6%), and outdoor/urban spaces, accounted for 5% of cases. Some scenarios were proposed for both indoor and outdoor settings. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**ID** & **Type of Pet** & **Physical Environment** & **Health** & **Location** & **Feeding** & **Accessing** & **Monitoring** & **Watering** & **Comfort** & **Cleaning** \\ \hline S1 & Fish & School & & & & x & & x & \\ \hline S2 & General & Home & & & x & x & & \\ \hline S3 & Cat/Dog & Home & & & x & & x & \\ \hline S4 & General & Home & & x & x & & x & \\ \hline S5 & General & Home & & & x & & x & \\ \hline S6 & General & Home & x & x & & x & & \\ \hline S7 & General & Home & x & x & & x & & \\ \hline S8 & Cat/Dog & Home & & & x & & & \\ \hline S9 & Dog & Home & x & & x & & & \\ \hline S10 & Dog & Home & x & & x & & & \\ \hline S11 & Hedgehog & Home & & & & & & \\ \hline S12 & Rat, Hamster & & & & & & & \\ \hline S13 & Cat & Home & & & x & & x & x \\ \hline S13 & Dog/Cat & Home & & & x & & & \\ \hline S14 & Mini pets & Home & x & & x & & & x \\ \hline S15 & Cat & Home & & & x & & & \\ \hline S16 & Cat/Dog & Home & & & x & x & x & x & x \\ \hline S17 & Cat & Home & & x & & & & \\ \hline S18 & Dog & Home & x & & & x & & x \\ \hline S19 & Dog & Home & x & & & x & & \\ \hline S20 & Dog & Home & & & x & & x & & x \\ \hline S21 & Cat & Home & & x & x & x & x & & x \\ \hline S22 & General & Home & & & x & x & x & x & x \\ \hline S23 & General & Transportation & x & x & & & x & x & \\ \hline S24 & Dog/Cat & Home & & & x & & & x & \\ \hline S25 & Cat & Veterinary & & & x & & x & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Main actions for wellness proposed in the analyzed studies. “x” means that the criterion is met.