## 1 Introduction  
Image-identification technology has been applied in various contexts, such as customs administration for enforcing the fiscal integrity and security of goods moving across land and sea borders proposed by [PERSON] et al. [1]. Due to the extensive development of artificial intelligence, breakthroughs have been achieved in various fields of medicine [2,3]. Dentists can apply this technology as a supplementary tool to assist with interpreting dental images and making documentation automatically, which can save valuable clinical time and make dental practice more efficient [4,5]. Panoramic radiography is one of the most commonly used image techniques in daily dental practice [6]. In contrast to the other frequently used X-ray film techniques such as bitewing and periapical radiography, panoramic radiography can show all of the teeth in a single view and can provide information on impacted teeth, orthodontics, developmental anomalies, temporomandibular joint dysfunctions, and maxillofacial trauma [7,8]. A panoramic X-ray provides a comprehensive view of the entire mouth, giving the dentist an overview of the patient's oral and maxillofacial condition. As an important auxiliary diagnostic tool, panoramic X-ray film can show many characteristics such as missing teeth, prostheses, endodontic obturations, restorations, implants, caries, and periapical and periodontal disease [9]. Fundamentally, before any radiography characteristics are recorded, determining tooth positions is of the utmost importance. Without determining tooth positions, the dentist will not be able to document certain characteristics of a specific tooth in the medical record, in addition to subsequent treatment planning and discussions with the patient and other dentists. Determining tooth positions will always be the first task for dentists when interpreting panoramic radiography. Dentists still record tooth positions and radiography characteristics related to teeth manually for each patient, which is a time consuming and tedious daily practice. Using computer programs for automatic image recognition and tooth position determination can not only save dentists' time for clinical operation and treatment planning but also act as a dual-authentication mechanism to prevent human error [10]. The image characteristics of each tooth on the panoramic film can help with determining whether the tooth condition is problematic. In the future, dentists can recognize a patient's tooth positions and specific characteristics of each tooth as soon as the patient has panoramic X-ray film pictures taken. In addition, the patients can see the radiographic findings indicated in the report in real time. In this paper, a novel method is developed to determine each tooth position accurately in numerous panoramic X-ray film images. Teeth and gaps are identified using the concept of Gaussian pyramids proposed by [PERSON] et al. [11]. The method enhances the image through each layer, reinforcing the distinction between the teeth and gaps. Finally, each tooth is separated, is identified as an individual image, and receives a number. The image-preprocessing method uses image sharpening, contrast enhancement, and flat-field correction to enhance the image's contrast ratio. [PERSON] et al. [12] used these methods to ensure that each process can achieve the desired effect in the image processing. This paper's novel idea is to apply artificial intelligence image-recognition technology to dental practice, which will save clinical time for dentists to focus on clinical operations and dentist-patient communication. Most of the current tooth-segmentation methods do not use positioning technology. Positioning technology and segmentation are usually performed separately. Therefore, the development cycle consumes more time, and the algorithm's complexity is higher.