# Advancing the State of the Fog Computing to Enable 5G Network Technologies
## 3 5 th Generation (5G) Networks
### Research Projects on IoT  
Recently, researchers have carried out projects to manage and organize the challenges of smart cities. SmartSantander [32; 33] is a project that is used to help the architectural model of IoT and the inherent issues of provision of resources in smart cities. The framework for this project provides an appropriate platform for large-scale testing and evaluation of IoT. Its use cases are deployed in many urban areas. Another project is known as CityPulse project [8] that is focused on working the data analytical framework for smart cities. It integrates data aggregation with powerful analytical tools as well as modules for event detection and quality assessment algorithms. It aims to develop and support customized smart city applications. Another application is currently working on the resilient IoT SusCity project [34]. This project is heavily focused on data collection from diverse sources to develop an intelligent management solution for appropriate decision-making to help the government and citizens. Another project known as VITAL federates heterogeneous IoT platforms through a cloud-based semantics environment focusing on smart cities [35]. A large-scale network composed of Fog/cloud platforms and SDN technologies is presented in a study reviewed by [8]. The objective of this study was to minimize the amount of redundant data as well as reduce the response time in accessing data services. Thus, the research focused only on the configuration of services in Big Data. The aim of our research is not to channel only towards data analytics but also to decision-making for autonomous management of smart city applications in different ways. Their work is based on simulation, while our research is focused on actualizing the deployment of FC with a 5G network for IoT use cases. In an article concerning how 5G can be used in smart cities [8], an approach was proposed using M2M communication with cognitive 5G networks. This study developed an approach that involved a 'decentralized multiple gateway assignment protocols based on multi-channel Carrier Sense Multiple Access' (CSMA). The objective of this study is to increase the system throughput and reduces the energy consumption by minimizing payloads of message headers, and a low overhead protocol was also proposed. The simulation was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in terms of network lifetime and energy consumption. This study has produced enhanced results that will be significant for future directions towards further studies in the same field of research. The European Commission alongside public-private partners, manufacturing industries, Internet service providers (ISP), and researchers is established the 5G infrastructure Public-Private Partnership (5G-PPP) to improve the research under 5G technologies in European countries as well as develop a global consensus on its networks [22]. This project aims to proffer solutions and standards to the ubiquitous next-generation communication infrastructures in the future. With regards to management and compositions, 5G-PPP will be able to highlight issues using developed projects to address varying network concerns as given below:  
* The delivering of 5G virtualized networks for agile service development as well as employing a virtualization software known as (SONATA) [16]. SONATA optimizes software network by making it flexible for programmability for development and deployment. * The development and validation of novel control framework for mobile networks in the next generations using a coordinated control and spectrum management for 5G heterogeneous RAN (COHERENT) project [36]. The importance of the COHERENT is to manage the underlying heterogeneous mobile networks. * Another project called the 'Self-organized Network Management in Virtualized and Software Defined Networks' (SELFNET) [4]. This project was developed for self-organizing capabilities using an implemented autonomous network management framework.