## 4 Discussion
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \multicolumn{10}{c}{**Walls**} \\ \hline Element & Method & s [cm] & Layer 1 & Layer 2 & Layer 3 & Layer 4 & Layer 5 & U [W/m\({}^{2}\)K] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{External wall brick cladding} & Manual & 30 & Paster (2 cm) & Brick (12 cm) & Air (4 cm) & Brick (12 cm) & & 1.005 \\  & **Automatic** & 30 & Paster (2 cm) & Brick (12 cm) & Air (4 cm) & Brick (12 cm) & & **0.834** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{External wall marble cladding} & Manual & 34 & Paster (2 cm) & Brick (12 cm) & Air (4 cm) & Brick (8 cm) & Marble (4 cm) & 1.001 \\  & **Automatic** & 34 & Paster (2 cm) & Brick (12 cm) & Air (4 cm) & Brick (8 cm) & Marble (4 cm) & 0.824 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{External wall full cladding} & Manual & 30 & Paster (2 cm) & Brick (12 cm) & Air (4 cm) & Tuff (12 cm) & & 1.043 \\  & **Automatic** & **36** & Paster (2 cm) & Brick (16 cm) & Air (6 cm) & Tuff (12 cm) & & **0.792** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{External wall brick cladding} & Manual & **1.1** & 2 & 0.39 & 0.31 & & & \\  & Automatic & 2.6 & 2 & 0.39 & 0.31 & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Refurbished Window} & Manual & 5.8 & 3 & 0.59 & 0.48 & & & \\  & Automatic & 5.8 & 3 & 0.59 & 0.48 & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Glazed doors} & Manual & 5.8 & 5.2 & 0.59 & 0.48 & & & \\  & Automatic & 5.8 & 5.2 & 0.59 & 0.48 & & - \\ \hline \end{tabular} \begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \multicolumn{10}{c}{**Windows**} \\ \hline Element & Method & \(\frac{U_{\text{plan}}}{U_{\text{plan}}}\) & \(\frac{U_{\text{plan}}}{U_{\text{plan}}}\) & \(\frac{U_{\text{plan}}}{U_{\text{plan}}}\) & \(\frac{U_{\text{plan}}}{U_{\text{plan}}}\) & T & Internal shading \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Refurbished Window} & Manual & **1.1** & 2 & 0.39 & 0.31 & & & \\  & Automatic & 2.6 & 2 & 0.39 & 0.31 & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Original Window} & Manual & 5.8 & 3 & 0.59 & 0.48 & & & \\  & Automatic & 5.8 & 3 & 0.59 & 0.48 & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Glazed doors} & Manual & 5.8 & 5.2 & 0.59 & 0.48 & & \\  & Automatic & 5.8 & 5.2 & 0.59 & 0.48 & & - \\ \hline \end{tabular}   
Comparison with the Energy Bills  
Data related to the heating system consumption of the building and the manual and automatic calibrated models (MCM and ACM, respectively) were compared (both monthly and seasonally) in order to assess the magnitude of the error made in terms of energy consumption, considering the relative Bias Error (BE) and CVRMSE. The climate file used for the energy simulation for the period of interest was built through data coming from the ESTER lab, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy. The fuel heating consumption comparison for MCM (Table 16) showed a good monthly value for BE, barely higher (in absolute value) than 10%. Global value for BE exceeded the limits fixed by ASHRAE guideline but CVRMSE was optimal. The fuel heating consumption comparison for ACM is shown in Table 17. As predicted, the consumption period related to the same part of the year of the calibration week showed best result. Worse but still acceptable results were obtained for the warmer periods (1-27 November 2014 and 13 March-14 April 2015), as well as for the colder one (24 December 2014-22 January 2015). Global values for BE and CVRMSE were optimal according to the bounds fixed by the ASHRAE guideline. Little disagreement between simulated and real data could be explained by the fact that primary energy consumption was estimated and not directly measured by the gas company. Energy consumption comparison between MCM, ACM and real bills (Figures 17 and 18) shows that MCM generally underestimates the energy consumption (only period 18 February-12 March has a higher value for simulated energy, at 5.92%) with an almost constant BE value (around -10%). This leads to a lower simulated seasonal consumption, probably due to the insufficient water supply T of the standard heating curve, not completely suitable with the improvements on radiators' power emission. On the other hand, ACM does not show a constant trend, generally overestimating colder periods and underestimating warmer ones.