esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Gender Differences in Clinical Characteristics of Korean Temporomandibular Disorder Patients
## 3 Results
### Impact of Gender on Pain Intensity, Number of Positive Muscle Palpation, and Maximum Mouth Opening  
Table 5 showed the association of age, gender, asymmetry of occlusal contacts, and number of systemic comorbidities on pain intensity, number of positive muscle palpation and maximum mouth opening. Gender was significantly associated with number of positive muscle palpation and maximum mouth opening (\(p<0.01\)). Pain intensity was not associated with gender, but with number of systemic comorbidities (\(p<0.05\)).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Symptom** & **Women (\%)** & **Men (\%)** & \(p\)**-Value** \\ \hline SOM & 23.0 & 20.7 & 0.124 \\ O-C & 17.3 & 20.7 & 0.039 \({}^{*}\) \\ I-S & 16.6 & 19.2 & 0.058 \\ DEP & 16.9 & 16.9 & 0.129 \\ ANX & 14.2 & 14.6 & 0.122 \\ HOS & 19.0 & 16.1 & 0.104 \\ PHOB & 15.0 & 14.2 & 0.135 \\ PAR & 13.0 & 11.9 & 0.132 \\ PSY & 13.5 & 18.0 & 0.015 \({}^{*}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} SOM, somatization; O-C, obsessive-compulsive; I-S, interpersonal-sensitivity; DEP, depression; ANX, anxiety; HOS, hostility; PHOB, phobic anxiety; PAR, paranoid ideation; PSY, psychoticism. Results were obtained from Chi-square test. \({}^{*}\) Significant difference, \(p<0.05\).  
\end{table}
Table 4: Gender differences in percentage of patients with T-score above 50 in each dimension of SCL-90-R.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**SCL-90-R** & **Women** & **Men** & \(p\)**-Value** \\ \hline Symptom dimension & & & \\ SOM & 45.9 \(\pm\) 8.4 & 46.5 \(\pm\) 9.4 & 0.601 \\ O-C & 43.6 \(\pm\) 15.9 & 43.4 \(\pm\) 9.5 & 0.891 \\ I-S & 43.5 \(\pm\) 14.3 & 43.8 \(\pm\) 9.0 & 0.488 \\ DEP & 43.2 \(\pm\) 9.1 & 42.5 \(\pm\) 9.0 & 0.432 \\ ANX & 43.2 \(\pm\) 8.3 & 43.6 \(\pm\)8.1 & 0.096 \\ HOS & 44.8 \(\pm\) 7.9 & 44.7 \(\pm\) 7.5 & 0.465 \\ PHOB & 44.3 \(\pm\) 7.8 & 45.6 \(\pm\) 7.8 & \textless{}0.001 \({}^{*}\) \\ PAR & 43.0 \(\pm\) 7.9 & 42.3 \(\pm\) 6.9 & 0.093 \\ PSY & 43.1 \(\pm\) 6.9 & 43.9 \(\pm\) 7.6 & 0.086 \\ \hline \hline Global index & & & \\ GSI & 42.8 \(\pm\) 8.6 & 43.2 \(\pm\) 8.5 & 0.574 \\ PSDI & 44.1 \(\pm\) 8.0 & 45.5 \(\pm\) 8.7 & 0.007 \({}^{*}\) \\ PST & 41.8 \(\pm\) 10.5 & 41.8 \(\pm\) 10.8 & 0.574 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} SOM, somatization; O-C, obsessive-compulsive; I-S, interpersonal-sensitivity; DEP, depression; ANX, anxiety; HOS, hostility; PHOB, phobic anxiety; PAR, paranoid ideation; PSY, psychoticism; GSI, global severity index; PSDI, positive symptom distress index; PSI, positive symptom total. Results were obtained from the Mann–Whitney U test. \({}^{*}\) Significant difference, \(p<0.05\).  
\end{table}
Table 3: Gender differences in T-score of each dimension of SCL-90-R.
# Deep-Learning-Based Stream-Sensing Method for Detecting Asynchronous Multiple Signals
## 1 Introduction
Using an UAV that can freely fly around the disaster area, rescuers can actively identify survivors, and the number of survivors can be managed in real time. * To confirm the necessity of developing an asynchronous stream-sensing scheme for the case where an UAV uses Wi-Fi technology for a simple survivor discovery protocol, it is shown that asynchronous transmission naturally occurs depending on the path loss environment, the transmit power of the UAV, and the altitude of the UAV. * We propose a deep-learning-based asynchronous stream-sensing scheme, which is developed by combining different types of neural networks such as a stacked autoencoder network, an inception layer-based network, and a linear network. * To train our network, a framework is proposed, which connects a MATLAB-based simulator with a PyTorch-based network training code through the MATLAB-python API. Through this framework, our proposed network is trained via MATLAB by generating asynchronously transmitted signals generated in various situations in real time. Moreover, the number of possible cases of wireless channel environmentsis almost infinite, and hence there is a limit to collecting training data in advance. Without the limitation, our framework allows the neural network to be continuously trained with various training data. * Finally, extensive evaluation has proven that the proposed technique performs well enough to be used in a disaster situation. It also shows that the performance is superior to the existing mathematical techniques.
# Study on Wear Resistance of Ti-6 Al-4V Alloy Composite Coating Prepared by Laser Alloying
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Impact of Load Variation on Friction and Wear Properties
#### 3.2.3 Effect on Wear Volume and Specific Wear Ratio  
Three-dimensional super-depth microscope was used to observe the wear surface of the sample. As shown in Figure 7, the wear depth (h) and the width (b) of the sample can be obtained from Figure 7b.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Load** & **3 N** & **6 N** & **9 N** \\ \hline Ti-6 Al-4V alloy & 0.5 mg & 1.1 mg & 2.1 mg \\ Alloying coating & 0.3 mg & 0.7 mg & 1.4 mg \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: The abrasion loss of Ti-6 Al-4V alloy and alloying coating under different load.  
Figure 7: Three-dimensional morphology of wear surface: (**a**) front view; (**b**) vertical view.  
The wear volume \(V_{W}\) and the specific wear rate \(K\) can be calculated from the Equations (1) and (2) [27].  
\[V_{W}=\frac{\text{h1}}{\text{6b}}\Big{(}3\text{h}^{2}+4\text{b}^{2}\Big{)} \tag{1}\]  
where \(V_{W}\) is wear volume, the unit is mm\({}^{3}\), h, b, and l are the wear depth, width, and length, the unit is mm.  
\[K=\frac{V_{W}}{PS} \tag{2}\]  
where \(K\) is the specific wear rate, the unit is mm\({}^{3}\cdot\)N\({}^{-1}\cdot\)m\({}^{-1}\), \(V_{W}\) is wear volume, the unit is mm\({}^{3}\), \(P\) is the normal load, the unit is N, and \(S\) is the sliding distance, the unit is m.  
Tables 3 and 4 show the wear volume and specific wear rate of Ti-6 Al-4V alloy and alloying coating under different load. From Table 3, the wear width, depth, and volume of Ti-6 Al-4V alloy increase with the increase of the load. From Table 4 that the wear volume of the alloying coating also increases with the increase of the load, but its increasing rate is lower than the Ti-6 Al-4V alloy. The specific wear rate is about 50% of titanium alloy, which is obviously lower than that of Ti-6 Al-4V alloy, indicating that alloying coating has good wear resistance.
# Solid-State Transformer-Based DC Power Distribution Network for Shipboard Applications
## 6 Conclusions  
This paper presented a design case study of a DC power distribution network that can be used for shipboard applications. The main contributions can be summarized as follows:  
* An efficient SST is proposed based on SiC switches; therefore, the system efficiency can be considerably increased. Moreover, the DC voltages at the DAB sides were well-regulated under steady-state and dynamic conditions.
* The effect of propulsion motor dynamics on the proposed system components has been presented, a key contribution of this study. It is clear that the DC voltages are regulated during the whole process of the proposed system.
* A power management strategy was efficiently employed to control demand at the LVDC side by optimally dispatching the load among the main generation unit, PV array, and ESS.  
To further verify the proposed SST-based DC power system, experimental results using a 2-kW laboratory test rig were performed, where the power demand was met without violating the shipboard applicable regulations.  
**Author Contributions:** Formal analysis, A.I. and M.Y.M.; funding acquisition, S.A. and E.H.; investigation, A.I. and M.S.A.-M.; methodology, M.S.A.-M.; project administration, A.S.A.-K. and N.A.E.; resources, A.S.A.-K., M.S.H., E.H. and N.A.E.; software, M.Y.M.; supervision, M.S.H.; writing--original draft, A.I., M.S.A.-M. and M.Y.M.; writing--review & editing, A.S.A.-K., M.S.H., S.A. and N.A.E. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This paper is based upon work supported by Science. Technology & Innovation Funding Authority (STDF) under grant (37066).  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Data are contained within the article.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 19: PV array experimental waveforms.
## 5 Applications in Human-Robot Interaction
### Teleoperation
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Article**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Hardware Integrated**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Software Tools Integrated**} \\ \hline
**Year** & **Reference** & **XR Type** & **Robots** & **Devices** & **Communication** & **Interaction** \\ \hline
2020 & [79] & AR & Kuka KR6 \textgreater{}900 & \begin{tabular}{c} Realsense D435, \\ Gamepad, \\ HoloLens \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} ROS and ROS \\ bridge \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Mixed Reality \\ Toolkit \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
2020 & [52] & VR & Baxter & Kinect, HTC & \
\begin{tabular}{c} ROS, \\ ROS2 Unty, \\ ROS\# \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} PointNet, \\ IAI Kinect, \\ DFLencet2, \\ PCL \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
2021 & [47] & VR & \begin{tabular}{c} COMAU Dual \\ Arm \\ \end{tabular} & Oculus Rift & \
\begin{tabular}{c} ROS, ROS\#, Mir- \\ror \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Moveit, Open \\ Motion Planning Library \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
2021 & [80] & VR & UR5 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Pro, ZED-mini, \\ Intel Realsense, \\ HTC VIVE \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} ROS and ROS \\ bridge, TCP \\ sockets \\ \end{tabular} & RobCog-IAI \\ \hline
2022 & [81] & MR & UR5 & Camera, Kinect, HTC VIVE & ROS bridge & OpenCV \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Articles presenting XR solutions for the teleoperation of industrial robots using game engines. conventional 2D-based teleoperation methods (i.e., only using a 2D camera stream to perceive the robot space). Finally, ROS Reality [82] is a VR Framework and ROS package enabling the teleoperation of ROS-enabled robots using Unity-compatible VR headsets. This framework provides different modules, including WebSocket communication with ROS, a URDF parser that allows 3D models of ROS-based robots to be imported to Unity, an RGB camera, and a point cloud and inverse kinematic status visualizer. Experimental validation of the ROS Reality framework was carried out in a pilot study that compared the efficacy against the kinesthetic handling of the robot. The results suggested that the proposed VR architecture was less effective than direct manipulation of the robots. However, the results additionally indicated that teleoperation solutions using VR environments can be more useful than directly manipulating a real robot when complex movements of the robot's joints are required. The source code of ROS Reality is available on GitHub ([[https://github.com/h2r/ros_reality](https://github.com/h2r/ros_reality)]([https://github.com/h2r/ros_reality](https://github.com/h2r/ros_reality)), accessed on 10 October 2022).
## 2 Recycled Material Analysis
### Recycled Asphalt Pavement
To reduce the hardness of the mix, a rejuvenator can be added; for instance, [PERSON] et al., [21] found that a rejuvenator improved fatigue life and moisture resistance in a mix containing 50% RAP. To address the environmental issues associated with the high construction temperatures when using RAP, warm mix asphalt (WMA) technology can be utilized. Different WMA technologies use additives or foamed bitumen to decrease mixing and compaction temperatures of asphalt. Experimental results showed that an Evotherm(r) WMA incorporating 50% and 75% RAP displayed better performance in terms of ITS, dynamic modulus and rutting compared to a control mix and several WMA samples incorporating 25% RAP [22]. Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. [23] found that WMA samples produced with different WMA additives including Sasobit(r), Rediset(r) and Viatop(r), each incorporating 35% RAP, showed comparable fatigue performance to traditional hot mixed asphalt without RAP. The reduced construction temperature of WMA technology reduces binder oxidation during production, consequently decreasing mixture stiffness that might otherwise result in cracking. Therefore, use of WMA is an effective mechanism for incorporating waste materials  
Figure 1: Correlation between ITS and OBC and RAP content based on data reported by [PERSON] et al. [19]. in asphalt production more frequently, an end which is in harmony with the goals of sustainable pavement construction. Traditionally, airports have generally resisted using RAP in their runway surfaces due to concerns regarding performance and durability in a high-risk environment under severe loads. However, in 2018, two Australian airports incorporated RAP from temporary construction ramps built from the same asphalt mixture design into their runways. This design is referred to as low-risk RAP and contains a modest 5-10% RAP [24]. No adverse effects were observed, except that friction in wet conditions was reduced for sections containing RAP (Figure 3).
# Formal Safety Assessment and Improvement of DDS Protocol for Industrial Data Distribution Service
## 7 Discussion  
This paper mainly uses the method of formalization of the protocol, combined with CPN Tools to formally analyze the DDS protocol and carry out security reinforcement for the protocol loopholes. In our improved scheme, we added timestamps to resist replay attack, because the DDS protocol has no limit on the packet size, so adding timestamps does not affect the network packet structure. According to the DDS-RTPS protocol, the minimum overhead for sending application data over the wire is 48 bytes. The overall structure of the RTPS message consists of a fixed-size RTPS header and a variable number of RTPS sub-messages, where the size of the RTPS header is 20 bytes. The reason why the RTPS sub-message changes is that, usually, multiple DATA can be put into the same RTPS message. In this case, the RTPS header and INFO.TS are shared, and INFO.TS is usually 12 bytes. When multiple DATA are put into the same RTPS message, the extra overhead is 28 bytes per message, and there is a batching feature, configurable in Connext DDS, which combines multiple payloads in the same data message. Using this feature, the overhead can be as low as 8 bytes per data message. For an RTPS message, the UDP message is actually a fixed byte length of 8 bytes. In order to prevent exceeding the minimum overhead, the timestamp size is defined as 8 bytes. In addition, since CAN open environment (CANoe) does not support the simulation function of DDS nodes for the time being, in the future we will consider simulating the DDS protocol based on the Security Management function of the CANoe platform [39].
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Characterization of AAOs  
Figure 2 shows SEM images of the surface morphologies of fabricated AAO templates. The AAO templates consist of dense arrays of cylindrical nanopores displaying abundant honeycomb-like porous cavities caused by the formation of highly ordered hexagonal closely packed morphology, formed by the two-step anodization process. The narrow pore size of the AAO templates can be fabricated under our experimental conditions. Figure 2a shows the prepared AAO1 template with a 50 nm diameter pore, 25 nm inter-pore distance, and 120 \(\upmu\)m depth. For the AAO2, Figure 2b shows a template with 100 nm pore size, 50 nm inter-pore distance, and 130 \(\upmu\)m depth. In this experiment, it is noted that increased pore size is mainly influenced by increased applied electrical potential. The slight increase in pore depth occurs because of the increased anodizing time and concentration of the electrolytic solutions. In this study, the AAO2 templates were selectively used to examine the phase separation behaviors and structural transformation behaviors of polymer nanostructures. Figure 2c shows a cross-sectional side view of AAO2 nanocavities of 100 nm pore diameter. The SEM micrograph depicted in Figure 2c confirms that an AAO2 having a smooth surface can be prepared in this study. The pore wall of the AAO2 shows an almost perfectly smooth surface and corresponds to the expected dimensions and invariance of the pore diameter through the length of AAO2 templates.
## 3 Survey Results
### Communication  
Table 8 lists deployment communication characteristics. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Nr** & **Codename** & **Available external memory, KB** & **Secure (SD)** & **Digital** & **External memory** & **File system used** \\ \hline
30 & Hitchhiker & 1,024 & n & n & n \\
31 & Daily morning & 512 & n & n & n \\
32 & Heritage & 1,024 & n & n & n \\
33 & AC meter & 2,048 & n & y & n \\
34 & Coal mine & 512 & n & n & n \\
35 & ITS &? & n? &? & n? \\
36 & Underwater & 2,097,152 & y &? & n \\
37 & PipeProbe & 0 & n & n & n \\
38 & Badgers & 2,097,152 & y & y & n \\
39 & Helens volcano & 0 & n & n & n \\
40 & Tunnels & 1024 & n & n & n \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: _Cont._ \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Nr** & **Codename** & **Report rate, 1/h** & **Payload size, B** & **Radio range, m** & **Speed, kbps** & **Connectivity type** \\ \hline
1 & Habitats & 60 &? & 200 (1,200 with Yagi 12 dBi) & 40 & connected \\
2 & Minefield &? &? &? &? & connected \\
3 & Battlefield &? &? & 300 & 38.4 & intermittent \\
4 & Line in the sand &? & 1 & 300 & 38.4 & connected \\
5 & Counter-sniper &? &? & 60 & 38.4 & connected \\
6 & Electro-shepherd & 0.33 & 7+ & 150-200 &? & connected \\
7 & Virtual fences & 1,800 & 8? &? & 54,000 & connected \\
8 & Oil tanker & 0.049 &? & 30 & 750 & connected \\
9 & Enemy vehicles & 1,800 &? & 30 & 38.4 & connected \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: Deployments: communication. The data report rate varies significantly--some applications report once a day, while others perform real-time reporting at 100 Hz. If we search for connection between Table 3 and Table 8, two conclusions can be drawn: a low report rate is associated with a low duty cycle; yet, a low report rate does not necessarily imply a low sampling rate--high-frequency sampling applications with a low report rate do exist [24, 48, 49]. Typical data payload size is in the range if 10-30 Bytes. However, larger packets are used in some deployments. _Design rule 15_: The default packet size provided by the operating system should be at least 30 bytes, with an option to change this constant easily, when required. Typical radio transmission ranges are on the order of a few hundred meters. Some deployments use long-range links with more than a 1-km connectivity range. _Design rule 16_: The option to change radio transmission power (if provided by radio chip) is a valuable option for collision avoidance and energy efficiency. _Design rule 17_: Data transmission speed is usually below 1 MBit, theoretically, and even lower, practically. This must be taken into account when designing a communication protocol stack.
# Feasibility Assessment of a Fine-Grained Access Control Model on Resource Constrained Sensors
## 3 Access Control Model
### Authorization Policy Language and Codification
#### 3.2.2 Measurable Policy Instance Examples
Specifically,
* Every socket is UDP due to the high memory footprint of handling of TCP connections. * In all the modules, upon reception of a message, once the message is identified, it is parsed, and the proper protocol-related checks, validations and reactions are performed following the specific Hidra protocol sequence. * The modules acting as servers run in a continuous loop so that when any process on a message is finished or a message is discarded, they return to the initial state, subsequently waiting for the reception of new messages. * When a message is discarded, the entire security association sequence is broken, and a subject would have to start from the resource ticket request point given that the TGT has not expired. * The message cyphering is performed with AES-128, the block size is 16 bytes, and it is combined with a Ciphertext Stealing algorithm to avoid size increments with respect to clear-text messages. * The cryptographic libraries are TomCrypt and tiny-AES-128 [39]. The latter library does not support the RC5 algorithm for the ciphering of the \(AuthN_{CM}\), but its memory footprint is much lower than the former, and it is more appropriate for CDSs.
###### Abstract  
The ground surface deformation induced by shield tunnels passing through enclosure structures of existing tunnels is a particular underground construction scenario that has been encountered in Wuhan Metro Line 12 engineering cases in China. Timely ground deformation prediction is important to keep shield tunneling safe. However, the classic ground deformation theory is difficult to accurately predict for this ground deformation. This paper develops a semi-analytical method to predict ground heave considering the space effect in this engineering condition. Based on the improved ground deformation theory, a novel deformation prediction method for the ground and enclosure structure is derived and combined with Kirchhoff plate theory. Comparing with field deformation measurements, the maximum difference between the measured and calculated deformation is 14.6%, which demonstrates that the proposed method can be used to predict the ground heave induced by shield tunnels passing through the enclosure structure of existing tunnels. The parameters of the underground diaphragm wall used in Wuhan Metro Line 12 are further studied in detail. The results show that the ground heaves have a positive correlation with the embedded ratio of the diaphragm wall, but a negative correlation with its elastic modulus and thickness. However, the thickness and embedded ratio have a limited effect on ground heaves. This study provides a technical reference for optimizing the setting of enclosure structures in order to protect existing buildings.  
shield tunneling; Kirchhoff plate theory; space effect; ground heave; diaphragm wall deformation; field monitoring +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Remote Sensing for International Peace and Security: Its Role and Implications
## 5 Future Perspectives
### Conflict Management Perspective  
By combining local socio-economic and historical information with remote sensing techniques can improve measurement validity and selection bias. This can potentially result in making it a major tool for conflict prevention, peacekeeping, peacemaking, and peace enforcement. It can provide the policymakers with better foresight or the future perspectives in some and/or the areas listed below.