# Improvements of Design for Safety in Construction through Multi-Participants Perception Analysis
## 2 Literature Review  
Numerous studies have been carried out to develop DfS. These include (1) studies that analyzed the problems of DfS in South Korea or overseas and suggested improvements for its further development, (2) studies that analyzed problems related to DfS in South Korea or overseas and determined necessary improvements by considering the perceptions of construction project participants, and (3) studies that analyzed problems related to DfS in South Korea or overseas and determined the necessary improvements by considering the perceptions of the several DfS participants in the country. First, analyses of the problems considering institutional aspects for the development of the DfS system were carried out in several studies [7; 15; 16; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35]. Particularly in relation to the DfS in South Korea, [PERSON] (2018) compared legislation pertaining to construction safety management in South Korea and the UK and suggested methods by which to develop South Korea's construction safety management systems [30]. In other countries, [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2008) suggested how PtD should develop in the future. In their study, they analyzed the research and suggested a trajectory to improve PtD [15]. [PERSON] et al. (2010) proposed a quantitative methodology for evaluating safety performance in PtD. Their methodology was used to compare and evaluate the safety levels in the design phase [31]. [PERSON] et al. (2015) proposed safety indicators to evaluate safety levels among construction workers in the design phase. The safety indicators present the safety levels and provide decision makers with information about safety behaviors [33]. Second, studies sought to analyze problems related to DfS in South Korea or overseas and to deduce its needed improvements by considering the perception levels by construction project participant [6; 16; 24; 25; 27]. The following are some case studies in South Korea. [PERSON] (2006) argued for a need to change the focus in the safety management of construction works from the contractors to the clients, and emphasized the need for legal responsibilities [24]. The following, on the other hand, are some examples of overseas case studies. [PERSON] et al. (2014) conducted a questionnaire survey of 60 companies and clients to assess their compliance with Nigeria's CDM regulations [16]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2016) measured how much the designer's risk perceptions can be improved through training and mnemonics. The measurement results showed that the designers' risk perceptions were improved by 27% on average [6]. [PERSON] et al. (2017) analyzed if the clients know the concept of PtD and how they think about it based on a case study of four client companies. The research results provided 13 key factors for the application of PtD [27]. Third, other studies analyzed the problems related to DfS in South Korea or other countries and deduced the most necessary improvements by considering the perception levels of several DfS participants [10; 19; 21; 25; 28]. The following are some of the case studies in South Korea. [PERSON] et al. (2019) presented seven problems associated with DfS in South Korea and compared them with those of overseas DfS cases to suggest improvements [19]. Examples of overseas case studies include the following. [PERSON] et al. (2016) conducted a questionnaire survey of 69 companies to investigate knowledge and awareness of PtD in the construction industry. Their research shows that only 8.7% of companies knew about PtD [25]. [PERSON] et al. (2005) investigated the safety management of construction tasks in the project design process, suggesting a pilot study to determine the practicality of introducing DfS. Their research also assessed the applicability of DfS considering certain factors, and related impacts, by interviewing 19 designers and 32 contractors [10].