## 1 Introduction  
Damask rose (_Rosa damascena_ Mill.) is an aromatic plant belonging to the Rosaceae family, with approximately 200 species and 18,000 cultivars. Roses are mostly scattered in the northern hemisphere [1, 2]. R. _damascena_ has been considered as the most promising species for industrial purposes [3]. This species has been cultivated in many parts of the world, especially in Turkey and Iran [2, 4]. Different rose products such as rose water, oil, concrete, and absolute have been produced from _R. damascena_ oil. Based on the preliminary production, distilled oil from damask rose was obtained in Persia [5, 6]. A Persian physician ([PERSON]) distilled rose flowers for medical applications. Different activities were determined for rose petals, including anti-axxiety [7], antibacterial and anti-_Trichomonas_ activity [8] and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity [9].  
The presence of volatiles and non-volatiles in _R. damascena_ provides insights for further genetic improvement of the cultivars. _R. damascena_ has been used for both ornamental and industrial applications [10] and this kind of diversity leads to different rose chemotypes in different countries. The essential oil yield and components of rose oil are attributed to different environmental and genetic factors. Most of the previous research has been reported on the essential oil variation of _R. damascena_ in different countries including India [11], Bulgaria [12; 13], Iran [14], and Pakistan [15]. In most of these studies, the oils were analyzed by GC/MS instruments. The citromelloI/geraniol ratio (C/G), is one of the main factors determining the quality of oil in rose petals [2]. However, since the aroma of _R. damascena_ is one of the most important factors for its quality, solid-phase microextraction (SPME)-based techniques can provide more insightful results [16]. There is limited research regarding the SPME of rose petals, including in Egyptian [17], Turkish [18], and Chinese roses [19]. Moreover, another neglected issue in the previous researches is the analysis of non-volatiles, especially phenolic acids and flavonoids in rose petals using the LC/MS technique. However, for this important aspect, there is also limited research literature on rose petals harvested in Turkey [20] and Morocco [21] using the HPLC method. Furthermore, most of the previous reports on Iranian rose damask cultivars focus on essential oil variation based on GC/MS analysis [2; 14; 22]. Furthermore, there is limited research regarding the determination of one or two components, e.g., kaempfer and quercetin based on HPLC analysis of rose petals [23], and there is no report on the comprehensive polyphenic compounds of Iranian rose petals based on LC/MS methodology in different cultivars. So, this report for the first time provides new information on new polyphenic compounds of Iranian rose petals, as well as real aroma rose petals, using the highly validated method SPME Arrow. Finally, the combination of volatiles, non-volatiles, and morphological data provides new insights for further selection and introduction of new cultivars for further industrial or breeding purposes in rose petals.  
The objectives of this study were (1) to analyze nine Iranian rose damask cultivars in terms of volatiles using SPME Arrow coupled to GC/MS, (2) to determine the phenolic and flavonoid compounds of the cultivars studied using the LC-MS/MS technique, (3) to compare the traits related to morphology and yield in studied plants and (4) to use multivariate analyses to find the correlation among metabolite and morphological traits.