## 3 Results
The only significant negative correlation found was with height (r = \(-\)0.12, \(p\) = 0.038; cm); thus, individuals with a higher height had a lower SOS. In contrast, a significant negative correlation was observed between SOS and BC parameters in obese women, particularly FM (r = \(-\)0.16, \(p\) = 0.025; kg), FM in the trunk, FM in the arm (r = \(-\)0.16, \(p\) = 0.023; %), FMI, visceral FM (r = \(-\)0.15, \(p\) = 0.028; cm\({}^{2}\)) and between SOS and anthropometric parameters such as weight and BMI (r = \(-\)0.16, \(p\) = 0.025; kg/m\({}^{2}\)); indicating lower bone quality in those with higher values of FM-associated parameters (Figure 3). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Men**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Women**} \\ \hline  & **Non-Obese** & **Obese** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Non-Obese**} & **Obese** & \\ \hline  & \% & \% & \(p\)\({}^{\text{a}}\) & \% & \% & \(p\)\({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ \hline
**Smoking** & 26 & 28 & 0.771 & 16 & 28 & 0.001 \({}^{\text{*}}\) \\ \hline
**Alcohol** & 92 & 88 & 0.233 & 91 & 92 & 0.605 \\ \hline
**Coffee** & 73 & 62 & 0.064 & 79 & 179 & 0.869 \\ \hline
**Sweetened beverages** & 88 & 91 & 0.471 & 85 & 90 & 0.070 \\ \hline
**Vit. D intake** & 28 & 21 & 0.255 & 34 & 24 & 0.019 \({}^{\text{*}}\) \\ \hline
**Calcium intake** & 16 & 15 & 0.870 & 16 & 8 & 0.005 \({}^{\text{*}}\) \\ \hline
**PA, tier 0** & 29 & 47 & \multicolumn{2}{c}{54} & 66 & \\ \hline
**PA, tier 1** & 17 & 27 & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\textless{}0.001 \({}^{\text{*}}\)} & 20 & 18 & 0.012 \({}^{\text{*}}\) \\ \hline
**PA, tier 2** & 54 & 26 & \multicolumn{2}{c}{26} & 16 & \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* Marks statistical significance \(p\) < 0.05. \(p\)\({}^{\text{a}}\) value of statistical significance (\(\chi^{2}\) test). Abbreviations: Vit., vitamin; PA, physical activity; tier 0, individuals who do not meet the minimum guidelines, engage in less than 300 min of moderate or 150 min of vigorous activity per week, and participate in occasional activities, such as walking to work; tier 1, individuals who engage in 150-300 min of moderate or 75-150 min of vigorous activity per week or more than 300 min of moderate or 150 min of vigorous activity per week, but only one to two times a week; tier 2, individuals who regularly engage in more than 300 min of moderate or 150 min of vigorous activity per week and training approximately thrice weekly.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Baseline sex and obesity-specific behavioral and lifestyle characteristics of the study sample. Linear regression analysis revealed significant predictors of SOS (m/s), adjusted for age and behavioral and lifestyle factors, in non-obese men, non-obese women, and obese women but not in obese men (Table 3). The Durbin-Watson test revealed no autocorrelation. Among non-obese men, age (\(p\) = 0.001; B = 11.613) and visceral FM (\(p\) = 0.003; B = 1.546; cm\({}^{2}\)) were significant predictors of SOS (m/s). The R\({}^{  
B = 13.463) and visceral FM (\(p\) = 0.014; B = \(-\)0.406; cm\({}^{2}\)) were significant predictors. The R\({}^{2}\) value of the regression model, with SOS (m/s) as the dependent variable, was 0.105. Thus, the independent variable accounted for 10.5% of the variation in SOS (m/s) and corroborated the effect of age (y) and visceral FM (cm\({}^{2}\)). Notably, the B coefficient for visceral FM was positive in non-obese men, whereas it was negative in obese women, suggesting an inverse relationship in this group. However, other factors, including smoking status, alcohol consumption, coffee drinking, sweetened beverage consumption, physical activity, calcium intake, BMI, PBF, and FM, were not significant predictors in any category. These results emphasize the different effects of age and FM distribution on bone tissue quality in the different groups according to sex and obesity status. Figure 3: Correlation of anthropometric and body composition parameters with SOS in women. * Marks statistical significance \(p<0.05\).