## 2 Theoretical Background  
As stated by [PERSON], attitude can be examined through the lens of affect and cognition; affect and cognition together contribute to attitudes toward web advertising [13]. [PERSON] [14] also proposed that attitudes are multi-component and influenced by both cognition and affection. [PERSON] et al. [15] created a model of perceived interactivity, including cognitive and affective outcomes, and subsequent effects on loyalty. These investigations serve as the foundation of our model. Our study focuses on user experience goals beyond performance, so purely cognitive constructs (e.g., effectiveness, efficiency, etc.) are out of our scope for now. According to [PERSON] et al. [7], their review of the evaluation of user experience in visualization examined a variety of academic journals and online articles that focused on user experience objectives, including memorability and recall, engagement, enjoyment and fun. There have been several studies examining the memorability of visualized images, which refers to the ability to remember and recall visual information. However, no strong correlation appears to be found between perceived interactivity and memorability in relevant studies, so we have not included memorability and recall in our model at this time. We focus more on user experience goals in terms of enjoyment and user engagement. It is obvious that interaction is an important component of visualization and data journalism. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [16] identify three forms of interaction brought about by data visualization: transmission (simple interaction that serves little function other than to convey additional information about the element), consultation (providing multiple views of the same data), and conversation (which receives data input and allows the user to significantly alter the visualization). In addition, there is extensive discussion and interest in the issues of actual and perceived interactivity in the academic field. Perceptual measures emphasize the \"experience of interaction\" [17]. [PERSON] posited that, if users perceive that a particular piece of content provides them with more interactivity, they are likely to have a more positive attitude toward that piece of content [2]. [PERSON] et al. found that perceived interactivity has a major impact on attitude, which, in turn, affects the user's intention to remain in social media [18]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] argue that the influence of interaction on attitudes is mediated by perceived interactivity [19]. [PERSON] [20] summarized the related empirical research regarding the influence of perceived and actual interactivity on website attitudes. The results indicate that perceived interactivity consistently and positively impacts communication outcomes such as attitudes toward the website, attitudes toward the brand, and purchase intentions [20]. In general, whether higher potential interactions can be realized for either interaction participant greatly depends on how interactions are perceived [20]. We are focusing, in this study, on the relationship between users' perceptions of interactivity and their attitudes, which we define as allowing users to access and control information in data journalism in a variety of ways that are both personalized and responsive [15]. For example, users can control the speed, order, and variables of the information they access through interaction. Meanwhile, from a technical perspective, the fluency of the interaction and the timeliness of the feedback to the user may also be key factors affecting the user's perception of interactivity. A description of the elements of the model and the evidence supporting the hypothesized relationships are detailed below. In our study, we proposed a model between perceived interactivity and user attitudes. More specifically, we are interested in determining whether perceived interactivity affects user enjoyment and engagement and whether these constructs are precursors to user attitudes.