## 5 Conclusions and Recommendations  
The effort towards emission reduction is commendable in the effort to achieve better air quality. Electric cars are often promoted as a more environmentally friendly mode of transportation when compared to fossil fuel-powered vehicles. Meanwhile, many electric-powered vehicles also need to obtain some power from the electricity grid for their operation. A considerable portion of the electric grid generates a sizeable amount of greenhouse gas while producing electricity. This study considered the GHG emissions from both electric vehicles and fossil-fuel-powered vehicles to evaluate potential opportunities for the improvement of the two designs. The result indicated that in terms of the associated GHG emissions from the electricity grid, electric vehicles are not always better than fossil-fuel-powered vehicles. The comparison of GHG emissions from a gasoline-powered pickup truck and an electric vehicle showed that in one out of eight regions, the gasoline-powered truck has slightly less tailpipe GHG emissions than the emissions that are associated with the electricity required to power a similar electric-powered truck for the same distance. The result is dependent on the type of energy that is used to generate the electricity (the emission per kWh used) and the energy use rate of the vehicle. Similarly, the emissions for fossil-fuel vehicles are dependent on the energy use rate of the fossil-fuel vehicle (fuel efficiency). This study further presented a system dynamic model to gain a big-picture view of the GHG impacts from transportation with two different energy sources. The GHG emissions can be reduced with the increased efficiency of technological innovations to reduce or eliminate GHG emissions. Other previous work has mentioned potential emissions from braking wear, tire wear, etc., which can come from both electric and non-electric vehicles. This area will require further study in the future. In terms of GHG emissions from electric and non-electric vehicles, the two sources have associated GHG emissions when using electricity from GHG-emitting power stations. However, there are opportunities for improvement through GHG emission-capturing technologies. Some areas for further research have been described in this study. Given the concern of gaseous pollutants with associated health hazards, this study recommends further research and implementation of GHG-capturing technologies from fossil-fuel-powered automobiles.  
In addition, this study noted that a good portion of GHG emissions has the potential to bring good benefits to humanity at large if well developed. For example, the exploration of adequate technologies to capture and use methane in a beneficial way will help reduce the fears of the impact of methane as a GHG gas. This is also the case for Carbon dioxide, CO\({}_{2}\), and Nitro oxide. The benefits of these gases have been mentioned in this article. The system dynamic model showed that as the efficiency of the GHG capture systems increase, the GHG released into the atmosphere will be reduced for power plants, fossil fuel extraction, and refinery operations. To reduce the fears around GHG emissions, this study recommends more effort be made in GHG emission capturing and reprocessing into beneficial forms at the point of release (from industrial plants).  
Given the prospects that exist in the condensation of gaseous vapors, this study recommends the exploration of means to direct gaseous effluents from all industrial exhaust pipes to a gaseous effluent treatment chamber. The industries of the future should be ones in which no gaseous emissions will be seen from outside of the industrial plant. A schematic diagram for further research on this has been presented in this study.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding that is specifically assigned for this study.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Data is contained within the article.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The author declares no conflict of interest.