esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Optimal Management of High-Voltage Line Congestions Using Power Source Redispatching
## 1 Introduction  
The rapid development of renewable energy involves various technical threats. A large number of connected and planned renewable energy sources cause balance problems in the network and overloads of power lines, mainly in the high-voltage network. In practice, it is required that the power network is adapted not only to work in normal conditions but also in emergency situations (e.g., unexpected line or transformer outages). In emergency situations, there is a high risk of overloading network elements. If such lines occur in the area under consideration, they can be overloaded. These lines very often constitute so-called \"bottlenecks\" in network capacity. The problem of overloading existing lines is more noticeable in a network with high RES saturation. The task of the network operator is then to respond appropriately in order to eliminate the threat that has occurred. However, this requires the appropriate instruments, such as effective software and algorithms that facilitate and improve network operation management and support the making of appropriate decisions. This article proposes a methodology for the optimalredispatching of the power of sources, in the sense of minimal generation limitation in RESs. In order to simultaneously maintain the power balance in the power system, the power loss resulting from the reduction of power in RESs should be compensated by increasing generation in selected conventional sources. Power loss compensation, in order to maintain balance, can be distributed in various ways to selected conventional sources, which is described later in the article. The problem of overloading the power lines considered in the article often appears in practice during the performance of expert opinions. This is one of the reasons for issuing refusals of connection conditions for RESs in Poland. The number of refusals to connect to the grid is very high. An example is the year when it amounted to 7448. A certain solution to these problems is the EU Regulation [1] introduced in 2019, which allows for the redispatching of power. In Poland, an additional regulation [2] was introduced that indicates the need to modernize approximately 200 high-voltage power lines, which, to the greatest extent, limit the capacity of the grid.  
The organization of the paper is as follows. Section 1 provides an introduction to the research topic under consideration. Section 2 contains a literature review. Section 3 describes the calculation methodology. Section 4 contains a description of the test network and the calculations and a discussion of the obtained results. Section 5 contains a summary and conclusions.
## 5 Conclusions  
In the present study, the differences in biochemical indexes of photosynthetic pigment, sugar, and hormone indicated great variations in photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and hormone biosynthesis between different resin yields, which may be related to the differences in resin yield. Subsequently, an integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of masson pine with high and common resin yield was conducted, and some important metabolic pathways were revealed, such as terpenoid biosynthesis, photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and hormone biosynthesis. Furthermore, several key genes referred to as terpenoid biosynthesis showed the same trend at the transcriptional and proteomic levels, including _MonoTPS1_, _SesquiTPS1_, _SesquiTPS2_, _SesquiTPS3_, _PMK_, and _MVD_, suggesting that they were closely correlated with resin yield. Finally, the integrative analysis of the transcriptome, proteome, and biochemical characteristics revealed some important candidate genes that were highly related to resin yield, including _chlG_, _HXK_, _SUS_, _PGK_, _PDH_, _DLST_, _OPR_, and _JMT_. In conclusion, terpenoid biosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, photosynthesis, and hormone biosynthesis may play crucial roles in the regulation of resin yield, and some key genes involved in these pathways may be candidates that influence the resin yield. These findings not only expand the understanding of the molecular regulatory mechanisms of resin yield but also provide candidate genes that can be applied to facilitate genetic improvement of high resin yield in masson pine.  
The supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijms231911420/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijms231911420/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijms231911420/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijms231911420/s1)).  
Conceptualization, X.W.; methodology, Z.L.; software, Q.H. and Z.Z.; validation, H.Z.; formal analysis, Z.L. and Z.Z.; investigation, Z.L. and L.S.; resources, L.S. and X.W.; data curation, Z.L.; writing--original draft preparation, Z.L.; writing--review and editing, Z.L., Q.H., L.M. and X.W.; visualization, Q.H. and Z.Z.; supervision, X.W.; project administration, X.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the State Post-subsidy Plan of Guizhou Province, P. R. China (2018-5261), the Innovation Talent Program of Guizhou Province, P. R. China (2016-4010), the National Key Research and Development Plan (2017 YFD0600302), and the Postgraduate Research Project of Guizhou Province (Qianjiaohe YJSCJJH [2019]021).  
Not applicable.  
Thanks to [PERSON] and [PERSON] (Guangxi Forestry Research Institute) for help in the collection of experimental materials.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 5 Validation and Results
### Testbed Components Identification
Although the finer extended GUIs described in Section 4.2 were left for future implementation, this prototype allowed us to validate direct VLC communication between the user terminal and a node, as well as cloud information retrieval.
## 5 Technical Challenges and Ethical Issues
### Key Challenges and Requirements
#### 5.1.2 Interoperability and Integration  
A critical challenge in implementing DTs is achieving interoperability among diverse systems and medical devices within the Digital Health Twin (DHT) framework. The lack of standardized data representation and exchange protocols hinders seamless communication between electronic health records, medical devices, and other healthcare technologies. Standardization efforts are essential for enabling the integration of patient-specific information, thereby enhancing the accuracy and completeness of DT models [69; 70]. Without universal protocols, scalability and data exchange between healthcare organizations remain challenging.
Considering this challenge, we were intrigued as to whether \(\alpha\)-arylidene succinimides could be employed as dipolarophiles to undergo MCRs with azomethine ylides derived from \(L\)-valine and isatin derivatives, thus yielding dispiro[pyrrolidine-2,3\({}^{\prime}\)-oxindoles] bearing an isopropyl moiety at 5-position. Furthermore, our targeted formal (3+2) cycloaddition products 5 bear succinimide scaffolds. These latter five-membered (CH\({}_{2}\))\({}_{2}\)(CO)\({}_{2}\)NH or (CH\({}_{2}\))\({}_{2}\)(CO)\({}_{2}\)NR cycles constitute important skeletons in numerous alkaloids, including Hirstellone A and B 7, drug molecules and various other bioactive synthetic compounds. Some succinimide derivatives, for instance, are used as antimicrobial agents for the treatment of mycobacteria infections [28, 29] and for the suppression of cancer cell proliferation [30]. Several succinimides are furthermore used as anticonvulsant drugs, including ethosuximabide (Zarontin), phenusximide, and methsuximide (Petinutin) [31, 32]. Recently, we showed that some spirooxinidolepyrrolidine and spirooxinidolepyrrolidine derivatives incorporating the pyrrolidine-2,5-dione motif are promising for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition [33] and possess both antimicrobial and anticoagulant activities [34]. Herein, and in continuation of our research in the domain of _one-pot_ MCRs of azomethine ylides [33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41], we report on the synthesis of various spiro[oxindole-2,3\({}^{\prime}\)-pyrrolidines]  
Figure 1: Examples of biologically active compounds containing spiro[oxindole-2,3\({}^{\prime}\)-pyrrolidine] units. tethered with succinimide derivatives. The latter were assembled by a _one-pot_ three-component [3+2]-cycloaddition reaction of isatin itself or halogenated isatin derivatives **1**, _L_-valine **2** and (_E_)-3-arylidene-1-methyl-succinimides **4**. Note that isatin and its analogues also constitute an important class of organic compounds featuring biological and pharmacological proprieties and serve as building blocks for further transformation. To valorize the synthetic results, some selected heterocyclic compounds were screened in vitro to evaluate their antimicrobial activity and the structure-activity relationship (SAR) was supported by a molecular docking analysis.
# Remote Sensing Image Segmentation of Marculture Cage Using Ensemble Learning Strategy
## 1 Introduction  
Aquaculture is a major source of marine aquatic products in China and plays an important role in the national economy. However, with the increasing number of aquaculture activities, the problem of unreasonable distribution of cages has become increasingly prominent. The irrational layout and excessive aquaculture densities of aquaculture cages can lead to deterioration of water quality and the breeding of harmful pathogens, thereby damaging the marine ecological environment and the sustainable development of the aquaculture industry.
## 5 Conclusions  
### Conclusions  
Based on the research process and findings presented above, the conclusions can be summarized as follows:  
* Sensitivity Analysis of Effective Friction Angle in SoilWorks The results indicate that the maximum bending moment and maximum displacement are more sensitive to smaller friction angles in both sandy and clayey (drained) soil layers. In contrast, the sensitivity to the friction angle is lower in the undrained clay layers. Furthermore, upon comparing the sensitivity analysis results with PLAXIS, it was observed that SoilWorks generally exhibits lower sensitivity.
* Sensitivity Analysis of Soil Elastic Modulus in SoilWorks The results show that the maximum bending moment and maximum displacement are more sensitive to changes in soil elastic modulus values, regardless of whether these relate to the sand layer or the clay layer. Comparing the sensitivity analysis results with PLAXIS, it was observed that SoilWorks has lower sensitivity to the maximum bending moment and average axial force.
* A parameter feedback analysis was conducted for deep excavation using two-dimensional PLAXIS and SoilWorks analysis programs. Based on the feedback analysis results from various practical cases, it was found that for the gravel layer in Xindian area, soil  
Figure 22: Comparison diagram of lateral displacement in the final excavation stage of (**a**) Case 1 and (**b**) Case 3 based on SoilWorks model.  
elastic modulus values of 7840 N/m\({}^{2}\); to 9800 N/m\({}^{2}\); in PLAXIS and 2450 N/m\({}^{2}\); to 3430 N/m\({}^{2}\); in SoilWorks can reasonably estimate the maximum deformation in the final excavation stage.  
In conclusion, it is recommended that engineers refer to the provided ranges when selecting the soil elastic modulus for excavation analysis in gravel layers in the Xindian area of Taiwan. This will help improve the accuracy of deformation predictions during the final excavation stage. These findings serve as crucial references for engineers and contribute to the effective prediction and management of excavation behavior in civil engineering projects.
# A Real Case of Implementation of the Future 5G City
## 1 Introduction
### Related Works  
Field tests and trials are of paramount importance to measure and verify the actual achievements of the new 5G systems. Currently, there are several ongoing field trials. The large part of these has as goal--that of proving the effectiveness of 5G New Radio (NR) key technologies such as 3D beamforming, massive MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output), new air interfaces, multiple frequency bands, and advanced core solutions [3; 5; 6; 7]. The majority of the field-trials focus on eMBB scenarios over a wide range of frequencies, and key observations are related to the downlink capacity and the radio propagation at high frequencies. Nevertheless, there is limited information in the literature about trials of mMTC and URLLC scenarios and of complete integrated systems and networks. Moreover, as stated before, 5G evolution will not be limited to mobile broadband, but will bring new capabilities both in terms of network and services, thus opening the way to new business models where operators and players will define new collaboration strategies. Toward this goal, it is needed to verify how 5G networks are able to efficiently support a wide variety of use cases. Several papers in the literature present high level 5G frameworks able to support, for example, smart city [8; 9], smart energy [10], and public safety [11; 12; 13] applications. Moreover, requirements and challenges of 5G systems to support specific use cases are presented in different papers as in [14], in [15] for industrial automation, in [16] for road users' connectivity, and in [10] for smart grids. Use cases that are under test in the Finnish 5G field trial are presented in [17], without a detailed description of the actual 5G implementation.  
There are few demonstrations whose goal is to show the potential of a 5G system to support new applications and services, while there are several analytic and simulation studies. Moreover, in general, these demonstrations focus on a single very specific use case. For example, in [18], the ability of 5G of supporting virtual reality is under investigation. Measurements on specific performance requirements for connected mobility (i.e., latency, handover time and coverage) have been provided in [19] for a commercial 4G network. The paper shows that this technology is not suitable for such use cases and indicates 5G as the best future candidate for its potentialities.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### The Building Case-Study  
The object of this study is represented by a low-insulated building located in a Mediterranean climate. To this end, a social housing building located in the province of Frosinone, Italy has been chosen as the subject of this study and simulated under both the hypothesis of uneven operational temperatures and occasional heating. In particular, the building has been studied under actual operational conditions, meaning that real set-point temperatures and operation hours of the heating system effectively set by the users were employed for the simulation. Specifically, the set-point temperatures of the fully-occupied building simulation varied between 18.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 22.1 \({}^{\circ}\)C as a function of the given end-user, while the operation hours were equal for all the dwellings (i.e., from 6 to 8 a.m. and from 15 to 22 p.m. according to the real settings of the centralized heating plant). The outdoor climatic conditions are those typical of the climatic zone in which the building is located and vary between (23.2/-2.1 \({}^{\circ}\)C) in the simulation period. The building was built in 1979 by ATER, the Italian Territorial Agency for Social Housing Buildings. The hydronic heating system consists on a central natural gas boiler with a maximum power of 152 kW, located in the ground floor, with uninsulated distribution pipes running mainly in the outer walls in vertical configuration [15] and emission terminals consisting of traditional cast iron radiators. Nine dwellings are arranged in two blocks each of which with three floors. The first, consisting of three dwellings, is located above the front porch (type C); the second, located above the garages, is made up of six dwellings (two on each floor), three north-west oriented (type B) and three south-west oriented (type A). Figure 1a,b shows, respectively, the cross section of the building and the plant scheme of a representative floor, while Figure 2 shows a picture of the investigated building. Dwellings of types A and B have a net floor area of about 79 m\({}^{2}\), while type C ones have a net floor area of about 86 m\({}^{2}\). The net interstorey height is about 2.7 m.  
It is underlined that almost all the walking surface of the first floor, which is located above the garages and the porch, is exposed to the external environment (the garages have open doors), as well as almost all the ceiling of the last floor faces the unheated attic. Figure 1: (**a**) Cross-section of the building case-study; (**b**) plant scheme of a representative floor. The main thermal and physical characteristics of the investigated building, collected through on-site inspections and document review, are listed in Table 1. A distinction has been made between two different types of floors, since the outer floor of the dwelling located on the porch has undergone a thermal insulation with the addition of an external layer of expanded polystyrene 0.05 m thick, while the outer floor of the other apartments located at the first floor did not.
# An Effective Ensemble Approach for Preventing and Detecting Phishing Attacks in Textual Form
## 3 Proposed Approach
### Ensemble Classification
#### 3.7.1 Method 1: Weighted Ensemble Learning  
Weighted ensemble classification is a learning technique in which numerous basic classifiers are merged to create a more powerful and resilient classifier. Each base classifier in a weighted ensemble is allocated a weight corresponding to its significance in the ultimate decision-making process. The weights dictate the influence of each base classifier on the final prediction.  
As shown in Figure 1, Method 1 assigns distinct weights to each model instead of giving each model's forecast the same weight based on each model's performance. The concept of a weighted ensemble is to provide more significance to the classifiers that demonstrate superior performance in certain parts of the data or tasks. This enables the ensemble to exploit the advantages of individual classifiers and alleviate their shortcomings, leading to a more precise and dependable aggregate prediction.
# New Results for the Error Rate Performance of LoRa Systems over Fading Channels
###### Abstract  
Long Range (LoRa) systems have recently attracted significant attention within the research community as well as for commercial use due to their ability to transmit data over long distances at a relatively low energy cost. In this study, new results for the bit error rate performance of Long Range (LoRa) systems operating in the presence of Rayleigh, Rice, Nakagami-\(m\), Hoyt, \(\eta\)-\(\mu\) and generalized fading channels are presented. Specifically, we propose novel exact single integral expressions as well as simple, accurate expressions that yield tight results in the entire signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) region. The validity of our newly derived formulas is substantiated by comparing numerically evaluated results with equivalent ones, obtained using Monte-Carlo simulations and exact analytical expressions.  
bit error rate; fading channels; Internet of things; LoRa; performance evaluation +
Footnote †: journal: Sensors
## 1 Introduction
### Contribution  
The main contribution of the paper is a design of the terminal sliding mode control laws for two classes of non-linear dynamical systems. The classes studied in the paper are described by second- and first-order matrix-vector non-linear differential equations. Both classes of systems include external disturbances, which are unknown but bounded. One part of this paper is devoted to explaining the terminal sliding mode control strategy, applied to the class of the non-linear second-order systems, which has already been described in [41]. Based on these results, an extension of the TSCM approach is proposed to another class of non-linear systems, described by first-order differential equations. The first-order form of the mathematical model is the default representation of the system dynamics, and hence, the control laws formulated using this form can be more beneficial from both a theoretical and an applied point of view, even though, in some cases, having the system in the second-order form is more natural for some types of systems. An extension of the results obtained in [41] can be considered to be a more detailed contribution to this paper. It is also shown that these two classes of systems are not equivalent, and that there is no bi-directional transformation from one class to the other. Moreover, putting together the control schemes for the two classes of systems can help to understand the approach taken to prove the theorems, and can probably help in extending it to other classes (e.g., higher orders) of the systems by analogy.  
Another type of contribution relates to the design of the sliding surface. In general, there is no standardized method for the selection of sliding surfaces; however, several points are necessary during the design process. Firstly, the sliding mode dynamics produced by the controller must be stable, as control laws designed on the basis of unstable sliding surfaces will not be able to steer the system to the point of equilibrium. In this paper, the selection of a proper sliding surface was influenced by the Lyapunov stability theory. The sliding variable was taken as a function of the tracking error. The sliding surfaces shall also be designed in such a way so as not to exceed the order of the system. Finally, the form of the sliding surface shall assure that the system will reach a stability condition in finite time. The sliding surface proposed for the matrix first-order system was taken as a function of the tracking error and compared to the sliding surface designed for the matrix second-order system, which does not contain a non-linear term. This cannot be considered as a direct simplification of the results presented in [41]. Having the sliding surface in such a simple form, we can conclude that the closed loop reaching the sliding surface in finite time is equivalent to the system reaching the desired trajectory in finite time (a classical stabilization problem).