## 8 Results and Discussion
### Scenario 1 (NO DR)  
In this scenario, the residential home in Liaoning Province operates without any DR programs. This serves as the baseline scenario, reflecting the typical energy usage patterns and costs without any external incentives or strategies to shift consumption. Throughout the day, the energy load varies significantly due to the household's activities and external factors such as temperature. Early in the morning, the load starts at 916 W at 1:00 a.m., gradually decreasing to 642.67 W by 4:00 a.m. During this period, most household activities are minimal, leading to lower energy consumption. As the day progresses, the load begins to increase, with a notable rise starting from 6:00 a.m. as household members wake up and begin their morning routines, such as using kitchen appliances and heating systems. The load reaches 888.67 W by 7:00 a.m. This increase continues throughout the morning, peaking at 1148.67 W around 9:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. when various household devices and systems are in use. During midday and early afternoon, the load stabilizes somewhat but remains high as cooling systems and other appliances continue to operate. The highest load demand is observed in the late afternoon and early evening, reaching 1658 W at 9:00 p.m. This peak period corresponds to when household members return home from work or school, leading to increased use of lighting, cooking appliances, entertainment systems, and other devices. The degree of participation from both primary and backup sources in satisfying the electrical demand in Scenario 1 without utilizing DR programs is shown in Figure 10. As the day progresses, PV generation begins at 6:00 a.m. with 304.7 W, increasing to a peak of 901 W by 1:00 p.m. Wind generation also sees a steady increase, peaking at 880.1 W at 4:00 p.m. The highest load demand is observed in the late afternoon and early evening, reaching 1658 W at 9:00 p.m. During these peak hours, the system relies heavily on wind generation and battery discharge to meet the load, with wind contributing up to 1044 W and batteries discharging up to 1004.42 W. The battery discharges energy during the night and early morning hours when PV generation is zero. At 1:00 a.m., the battery discharges 48.2 W, and this increases to 173.57 W by 4:00 a.m. FCs contribute sporadically throughout the day, with the highest contribution being 988.79 W at 9:00 p.m. EVs also contribute to the energy supply, though their impact is minimal compared with batteries and FCs. EV contributions are observed in both charging and discharging cycles, with minor discharges such as 538.34 W at 00:00 a.m. The cumulative operating cost for the day is calculated based on the hourly costs provided. Costs accumulate throughout the day, with notable  
Figure 9: Daily wind speed profile of the selected region. increases during peak load periods. For example, at 1:00 a.m, the cumulative cost is $16.74, rising to $31.73 at 2:00 a.m., and reaching a total of $767.067 by the end of the study period. This cumulative cost reflects the expenses associated with operating and maintaining the energy systems, including the PV, WTs, batteries, FCs, and EVs. The LPSP is a metric indicating the probability that the power supply will be insufficient to cover the load demand. Throughout the day, the LPSP remains well within the accepted range of 0 to 0.05, with the highest value being 0.000882 at 4:00 p.m. as shown in Figure 11. This indicates that the system is highly dependable in fulfilling the energy demand, although there are periods of higher risk during peak load times. Maintaining the LPSP within this range is crucial to ensure a consistent and dependable power supply. In the \"No DR\" scenario, the residential home relies heavily on backup systems to satisfy energy demands, especially during times of peak load. The absence of DR programs means that there are no external incentives to shift consumption to off-peak periods, leading to higher cumulative operating costs and greater reliance on batteries and FCs.