## 3 Results and Discussion  
The obtained results were analyzed for standard frequencies for each parameter. The results of the impedance (Figure 9) measured at \(f\) = 16 kHz, the resistance (Figure 10) at \(f\) = 4 kHz, and the capacitance (Figure 11) at \(f\) = 64 kHz were repeatable for all 7 wells containing cells. The obtained results indicate that the cell culture proceeded correctly and typical changes in parameters for the development of the cell monolayer could be observed. After about 92 h, there is a rapid change in the values of the measured parameters, which indicates the death of cells, causing their weaker adhesion to the substrate. Changes in the measured parameters during the phone call were smaller than typical fluctuations during the culture. However, slight reactions could be observed in the plot of well #1, with the cell-free medium. Figure 9: Results of normalized impedance measurements for the signal with \(f\) = 16 kHz, measured during 93 h of cell culture. An analysis of the results obtained for different frequencies was carried out. After normalization of the values of impedance, resistance, and capacitance for much lower signal frequencies, significant changes due to the presence of the electromagnetic field in the vicinity of the cell culture could be observed. The most noticeable changes were observed for the phone call which lasted the longest (144 min). All measured electrical parameters clearly changed their value after the phone call started, and their values returned to those before the call after the call ended (Figures 12-14). For clarity, wells #4 and #7 were not included in the graphs because they contained values that distorted the other results. The results were selected for the frequencies at which changes in the measured values were the most significant. The values of impedance at \(f=500\) Hz and resistance at \(f=62.5\) Hz decreased during the phone call and started to increase after it was switched off. The capacitance values at \(f=1\) kHz increased when the phone call started and decreased when it ended. The response of the measuring system indicates the effect of increasing changes, as they occur gradually and last until the phone connection is terminated. All graphs show the changes in measurement values during the operation of the device generating the electromagnetic field and immediately after it was turned off. Figure 11: Results of normalized capacitance measurements for the signal with \(f=64\) kHz, measured during 93 h of cell culture duration. Figure 10: Results of normalized resistance measurements for the signal with \(f=4\) kHz, measured during 93 h of cell culture. However, identical changes could be seen in well #1, which was free of cells and contained only medium. This means that the presence of a magnetic field affects the  
Figure 14: Measurement results of capacitance for \(f=1\) kHz in normalized values for 6 wells (without #4 and #7). Well #1 (not containing cells) is shown in black. The dashed line marks the start and end of the phone call. Figure 12: Measurement results of impedance for \(f=500\) Hz in normalized values for 6 wells (without #4 and #7). Well #1 (not containing cells) is shown in black. The dashed line marks the start and end of the phone call. Figure 13: Measurement results of resistance for \(f=62.5\) Hz in normalized values for 6 wells (without #4 and #7). Well #1 (not containing cells) is shown in black. The dashed line marks the start and end of the phone call. change in electrical conditions in the medium, and this property causes changes in the measured values of electrical parameters. This probably means that the presence of the electromagnetic field caused the migration of ions contained in the medium, which directly affected the obtained results. After disconnecting the Arduino UNO, the measured values returned to previous levels. The influence of cell activity after starting a phone call does not change the measured values, or its influence is negligible.