# Citizens' Perception of Smart Cities: A Case Study
## 4 Survey Methodology and Analysis
### Analysis
#### 4.3.1 Research Questions Analysis--First Category  
In this subsection, the analysis of the research questions that are mentioned in Section 4.1 is presented. In addition, statistical tests are applied to check if there is any kind of dependency between the categorical variables that are related to each research question. For the first research question, the Chi-Square statistic test was used to test if there is any relationship or dependence between gender and the fact that a participant has heard the term \"Smart City\". The \(p\)-value < 0.001 is less than 0.05 which means that the result is statistically significant, and that the independence hypothesis is rejected. In other words, there is a dependency between the variables and this means that gender is indeed related to the fact that the participant has heard the term. Figure 5 shows the results. The above results show that 66.9% of men (186 out of 278 in total) claimed that they had heard the term, whereas 49.8% of women claimed the same (133 out of 267 in total). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Smart** & **Smart** & **Smart** & **Smart** & **Smart** & **Smart** & **Smart** \\  & **Goverance** & **Environment** & **Living** & **Mobility** & **People** & **Economy** \\ \hline Not & 0.3\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.0\% & 0.3\% & 0.0\% \\ Important & 4.1\% & 0.3\% & 0.3\% & 0.9\% & 2.2\% & 0.9\% \\ \hline Moderately & 19.4\% & 1.6\% & 2.5\% & 4.1\% & 8.2\% & 8.2\% \\ Important & 41.7\% & 26.3\% & 19.4\% & 25.4\% & 34.8\% & 37.3\% \\ \hline Very & 34.5\% & 71.8\% & 77.7\% & 69.6\% & 54.5\% & 53.6\% \\ Important & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Importance of smart city pillars. Figure 5: Gender. This indicates that, based on the research, men are more familiar with the term \"Smart City\" than women. Furthermore, in order to investigate the relationship of dependence between age and the fact that a participant has heard the term \"Smart City\" we used the Chi-Square statistic test for these variables. The \(p\)-value is 0.066 > 0.05. This means that the independence hypothesis cannot be rejected. In other words, the variables are not likely to be associated, thus age is not a significant factor for a person that has heard the term before. Finally, we run the Chi-square's test to investigate if a city is a determinant factor for the fact that a participant has heard the term. The \(p\)-value is 0.012 < 0.05 which means that the result is statistically significant, and that the independence hypothesis is rejected. In other words, there is a dependency between the variables and this means that city is indeed related to the fact that the participant has heard the term. In the second research question, we wanted to investigate if age, gender and city are determinant factors for a better knowledge of what a smart city is. From the 319 participants that have heard the smart city term, 262 of them have a decent or even broader knowledge about it, whereas the rest of them (57 participants) have not, and have just heard the term. For the three factors, we run the Chi-square's test and the results are summarized below:  
* Gender: The \(p\)-value is 0.121 and bigger than 0.05, thus, the independence hypothesis cannot be rejected. In other words, the variables are not likely to be associated, thus gender is not a significant factor for a person that has a decent or broader knowledge of the term. * Age: In this case, we check the Fisher-Freeman-Halton Exact Test value. This value is taken into consideration, instead of the \(p\)-value when over 20% of the cells have expected counts less than 5, in order to test if there is any relationship or dependence between the variables [39]. If this value is >0.05, then there is no kind of dependence between the variables that were examined. Otherwise, the variables are associated with each other. In our case, the Fisher-Freeman-Halton value is 0.511 > 0.05, thus, the independence hypothesis cannot be rejected.