esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Study on Mechanism of Static Blasting-Induced Hard Rock Fracture Expansion
## 2 Principles and Mechanisms of Hard Rock Fracturing Using Static Blasting Technology  
SCA, also known as high-temperature calcined f-CaO, is the main component of static crushers. When quicklime reacts with water, it produces Ca(OH)\({}_{2}\), which precipitates in a microscopic state, generating colloids and releasing a substantial amount of heat. The hydration reaction equation for quicklime is represented by Equation (1).  
\[\text{CaO}+\text{H}_{2}\text{O}\rightarrow\text{Ca(OH)}_{2}+64.9\text{ kJ} \tag{1}\]  
Ca(OH)\({}_{2}\) molecular crystals exhibit a solid volume increase of approximately two times due to their unique structure. In the unrestrained free state, the Ca(OH)\({}_{2}\) molecular crystals undergo pressure-free stacking and hydride volume growth, resulting in a macroscopic appearance similar to a pile of loose ash without generating expansion pressure. As depicted in Figure 1, during the hydration reaction, the static crusher hydride gradually develops around the CaO particles, leading to an increase in volume and gradual cementation. This phenomenon occurs primarily in small spaces, such as those created by concrete. In a confined environment, such as concrete or rock holes, the volume expansion of the crusher hydride is constrained, and the potential energy of growth is ultimately converted into expansion pressure exerted on the inner wall of the restricted space [35].  
Figure 1: Diagram illustrating the static crushing agent hydration reaction’s expansion mechanism.  
It is important to note that the expansion pressure formed in the same confined state does not increase proportionally with the amount of Ca(OH)\({}_{2}\) content. During the mixing process, both the crusher hydrate and lime contain pores of different sizes, which initially absorb some of the volume expansion before exerting expansion pressure on the confined space. Therefore, reducing the porosity of the crusher hydrate can enhance its expansion capabilities.
## 5 Experiments and Results  
This section firstly describes the datasets used for experiments and then introduces some state-of-the-art models to compare with the proposed scheme. The experiments are comprehensively conducted from an ablation study, quantitative as well as qualitative analysis, and interaction evaluation with the aim of providing novel insights for the vehicle trajectory prediction problem.
# Low Temperature Plasma Strategies for
## 3 Results
### Plasma Current Voltage and Emission Spectroscopy
Thus, it does not represent the actual temperature of the gas in direct contact with the treated substrate. Moreover, considering that the gas flows at 7 slm, a residence time in the discharge volume of 64 ms is sufficiently small to rule out heat accumulation within the gap. This is also evidenced by the temperature of the ground electrodes and the substrate just after the plasma treatment which is close to room temperature. Figure 4 shows the experimental SPS (0,0) band profile along with three synthetic profiles (simulated for rotational temperatures of 300, 350 and 400 K) on a logarithmic scale to demonstrate the sensitivity of the band tail of the band (formed by the overlap of the R\({}_{1}\), R\({}_{2}\) and R\({}_{3}\) branches) to the rotational temperature of the C\({}^{3}\)I\({}_{\rm u}\) state. Figure 5 shows the emission formed by the \(\Delta\)v = \(-\)3 and \(-\)2 sequences of the SPS and by the \(\Delta\)v = 0 sequences of the FNS. From the ratio between FNS and SPS bands, it is possible to infer the average reduced electric field (E/N) value. A value of (1140 \(\pm\) 60) Td is deduced (1 Td = 10\({}^{-17}\) V cm\({}^{2}\)) corresponding to an electric field value of about 2.35 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\) V cm\({}^{-1}\). This is a pretty high value. It must be understood that micro-discharges evolve according to local electric fields, due to the accumulation of space charge on the streamer's head. Local electric field values can then be much larger than the simply applied voltage divided by the inter-electrodes gap. High local E/N is typical of surface discharges, where the micro-discharges spread over the surface with electric fields enhanced by the surface itself and its microscopic roughness. From the relative intensities of the vibrational bands of the SPS system, the vibrational temperature T\({}_{\rm v}\) of the N\({}_{2}\) ground state is inferred to be about 1300 K. This is quite a low value, due to the close vicinity of the surface where the vibrational energy of molecules is readily lost. It must be underlined that all these discharge parameters are relevant to the discharge region, which is confined in a thin layer adjacent to the surface, whose thickness is of the order of 100 \(\upmu\)m. They have then no direct influence on the cells, which are at least 3 mm apart from the discharge. Figure 4: SPS (0,0) band emission (solid line) and simulated band profile for three different temperatures.
# When Intelligent Transportation Systems Sensing Meets Edge Computing: Vision and Challenges
## 5 Future Research Directions
### Cooperated Sensing by Infrastructure and Road Users  
While federated learning will benefit multi-agent sensing for the same sensing task, it is also expected that sensor data integration from different ITS components will be another research direction. At present, sensing tasks are carried out by individual road users or individual infrastructure, e.g., roadside radars for speed enforcement, surveillance cameras for traffic flow detection, onboard LiDAR for collision avoidance. Even sensor fusion techniques are mostly about sensor signal integration at an individual agent, e.g., camera and LiDAR fusion onboard a vehicle. However, sensor data from different types of ITS components could provide richer information from different angles towards the same problem. For example, for a freeway segment of interest, individual loop detectors are distributed at fixed locations, sampling the traffic flow (speed, volume, occupancy) about every 0.5-1 mile. There is no ground truth data regarding what goes on at locations not covered by the loop detectors. If we can develop a cooperated sensing mechanism that integrates vehicle telematics data or other onboard data, tasks such as congestion management and locating an incident would benefit largely. Another example is jointly detecting objects of interest (e.g., street parking spaces). From a certain angle, either from a road user or some roadside infrastructure, there may be occlusion of a certain parking space; a cooperated sensing on the edge could help improve the detection accuracy and reliability.
## 6 Cryptography  
Cryptography is the primary means of protecting communications in the cyber-centric world in which humankind lives today. Modern technologies involve fast communication links between potentially billions of devices via complex networks (satellites, mobile phones, the internet, etc.). The primary concern posed by these complex and tangled networks is their protection against passive and active attacks that could compromise public safety and privacy. Cryptography has been around for over two thousand years, with the famous Caesar code being used by Emperor Julius Caesar. Today, the properties of chaotic attractors are recognized as the basis of many different methods of cryptography.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Young's Modulus, Dynamic Shear Modulus, Poisson Ratio and Compressive Strength  
Regarding the influence of elevated temperature on the Young's modulus (Figure 5 and Table 4), for the silica aerogel mortar (C\({}^{\text{AERO}}\)), it started to decrease for temperatures above 200\({}^{\circ}\)C, with a reduction of 37% for 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C. With the increase of the exposure temperature, the Young's modulus of the expanded clay (A\({}^{\text{EC}}\)) and reference (D\({}^{\text{ref}}\)) mortars showed reductions between 17% and 29%, and between 5% and 20%, for 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively. The Young's modulus of granular expanded cork mortar (B\({}^{\text{GEC}}\)) increased, possibly due to the effect of the straightening of the cork cells' walls, influenced by high temperatures [55]. As for the mortar with admixtures (E\({}^{\text{AD}}\)), it showed reduced susceptibility up to 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C, but for higher temperatures, the Young's modulus reduced between 29% and 55%. In general, the dynamic shear modulus and Poisson ratio (summarized in Table 5) presented similar behavior to the [PERSON]'s modulus, generally decreasing with the increase of the exposure temperature. The decrease of [PERSON]'s modulus between 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C, in almost all mortars (only exception to A\({}^{\text{EC}}\)) is in line with the results of [PERSON] [56] who obtained more brittle ruptures at 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C than at higher temperatures. This behavior can be associated to increased thermal stresses and physical and chemical changes in mortar microstructure [57]. Analyzing the compressive strength (indirectly obtained from a non-destructive method and the correlation with the Young's modulus [41], through the equation fc = 0.0364 \(\times\) E\({}_{4}\)0.5832, a R\({}^{2}\) = 0.9992), the reduction in compressive strength between 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 150 \({}^{\circ}\)C for almost all mortars (Figure 6 and Table 6) can be explained by the partial damage of cement paste due to water release at 105 \({}^{\circ}\)C and also to ettringite and C-S-H gel dehydration. When water evaporates, the build-up of internal pore pressure may induce significant internal stresses on the solid skeleton of the mortar [48]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Young’s Modulus [MPa] (standard deviation)**} \\ \hline
**Mortar** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**A**} & **B** & **C** & **D** & **E** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Temperature [\({}^{\circ}\)C]} & 20 & 3152 (285) & 238 (30) & 290 (17) & 12310 (815) & 6944 (495) \\ \cline{2-6}  & 100 & 2239 (122) & 379 (61) & 261 (3) & 10984 (908) & 7095 (1053) \\ \cline{2-6}  & 150 & 2033 (176) & 332 (52) & 292 (5) & 10454 (643) & 4939 (481) \\ \cline{2-6}  & 200 & 2631 (65) & 327 (21) & 192 (8) & 11718 (564) & 4890 (243) \\ \cline{2-6}  & 250 & 3144 (279) & 281 (31) & 184 (10) & 9891 (133) & 3111 (465) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Young’s modulus average vs. exposure temperature.
## 3 Experimental Results
### Lateral Load Capacity  
General wall behavior in the test is summarized in Table 2. As observed, with the increase of the compression ratio, the capacity of the PRMSWs with concentrated vertical rebar at the sides and with evenly distributed reinforcement exhibited about a 37% and a 30% increase, respectively. Additionally, the increasing axial load also postponed the appearance of the horizontal flexural cracks in the wall, which was more obvious in the test walls with concentrated vertical rebar at the sides. Test results also showed that PMW-1 had a 5% higher flexural strength than PMW-3A/B, while PMW-2 experienced a 10% higher lateral load capacity than PMW-4. This proved that, under the same vertical reinforcement ratio, the shear walls with concentrated vertical rebar at the sides had better flexural strength than the shear walls with evenly distributed vertical reinforcement.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Wall**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Initial Horizontal**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Maximum Load**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Q\({}_{cr}\)/Q\({}_{u}\)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Q\({}_{u,average}\)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Failure Mode**} \\ \cline{3-3} \cline{5-8}  & & & \(Q_{cr}\) (kN) & \(\Delta_{cr}\) (mm) & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{PMW-1} & + & 150 & 2.0 & 276 & 17.2 & 0.54 & \multirow{2}{*}{267} \\  & \(-\) & 150 & 2.8 & 257 & 17.8 & 0.58 & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{PMW-2} & + & 250 & 3.0 & 360 & 10.2 & 0.69 & \multirow{2}{*}{366} \\  & \(-\) & 200 & 2.3 & 371 & 15.3 & 0.54 & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{PMW-3A} & + & 175 & 2.4 & 277 & 26.5 & 0.63 & \multirow{2}{*}{255} \\  & \(-\) & 150 & 2.8 & 233 & 26.5 & 0.64 & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{PMW-3B} & + & 200 & 2.9 & 267 & 20.5 & 0.75 & \multirow{2}{*}{254} \\  & \(-\) & 150 & 2.5 & 240 & 26.2 & 0.63 & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{PMW-4} & + & 200 & 2.0 & 345 & 17.7 & 0.58 & \multirow{2}{*}{332} \\  & \(-\) & 200 & 2.3 & 318 & 14.7 & 0.63 & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Summary of test results.  
Figure 8: Hysteresis loops of PMW-1: (**a**) Hysteresis loop at yielding; (**b**) hysteresis loop at ultimate load; (**c**) hysteresis loop at about 1% drift; (**d**) hysteresis loop at 15% strength degradation.
# Understanding and Classifying Permanent Denial-of-Service Attacks
## 3 Case Studies of PDoS Attacks  
Permanent denial of service (PDoS) attacks have emerged as a significant threat in the cyber landscape due to their unique and lasting impacts on systems. Such attacks either cause immediate and irreversible damage or induce conditions that lead to system malfunctions. This section presents case studies on the notorious PDoS malware to offer insights into their methodologies and impacts. A summarized overview of these case studies is provided in Table 1.  
PDoS attacks often exploit legitimate system processes or commands, such as tftp or echo, making them difficult to detect without broader context. Distinguishing between genuine and malicious operations, especially in scenarios like firmware updates, presents significant detection challenges.  
PDoS adversaries often employ subtle, long-term tactics to bypass traditional intrusion detection systems, including IP spoofing and mimicking legitimate traffic. More advanced evasion methods, as seen with malware like Gapz [3], compromise the OS at the kernel level, making detection even more challenging.
# Multiple Pedestrian Tracking in Dense Crowds Combined with Head Tracking
## 4 Experiment
### General Settings
#### 4.1.3 Some Details  
When proceeding to the matching process in Section 3.2, we cut the body bounding boxes before performing the IoC operation. It was done by keeping only the top 35 pixels of the body bounding box and extending it upward by five pixels. In addition, we cut off the left and right 20% of the body bounding boxes, and only the middle 60% was kept, as shown in Figure 7. The reason for that is that the sizes of most of the head bounding boxes in the MOT20 dataset are generally less than 50 pixels, and the heads are generally located in the top and middle of the bodies, so the information on both sides and lower positions of the body bounding boxes is somewhat redundant. The matching accuracy was improved by eliminating redundant information of body bounding boxes.  
The numbers mentioned above, or being named as a set of parameters, could be used to clip the head bounding boxes in the MOT20 dataset. In order to find a better set of parameters, we changed some parameters without changing other settings. Observe the performance of our method on the MOT20 dataset in Table 1. In Table 1, it can be found that \(\{-20\%, 5 pixels, 35 pixels}\) performed best, and we used this set of data in  
Figure 6: Fourfold cross validation for training and testing.  
Figure 7: The blue box in the figure is the original full body bounding box of the pedestrian, and the red bounding box is obtained after the above blue box is processed. The processing method has been shown in the figure: the shaded part of the blue box will be discarded, then expanded to generate the red box. Rather than the blue box, the red bounding box and the head bounding box are used for IoC operation.  
follow-up experiments. The differences among different sets of parameters are actually not very obverse. According to our statistics, the pedestrians' heads in the MOT20 dataset occupy \(25*27\) pixels on average. We also recommend using \(\{-20\%\), five pixels, \(35\) pixels} as parameters in videos other than MOT20. If TraPeHat doesn't perform well in other videos, randomly select a few frames, detect and calculate the average pixels occupied by pedestrian heads in these frames, then adjust parameters proportionally. Of course, we do not recommend adjusting a parameter of \(\{-20\%\}\) because the variance of pedestrian head and body ratio is generally not too great.
## 4 Security Analysis of LEACH-Based Secure Routing Protocols and ESPDA
### Security Analysis of LEACH-Based Secure Routing Protocols
#### 4.1.2 Security Analysis of SecLEACH  
By deploying a random key pre-distribution for node-to-CH authentication, SecLEACH improves upon SLEACH. It thus cuts down the steps where the BS needs to verify each cluster members before accepting the aggregated data sent by their CHs.  
The join request message is now authenticated, therefore it prevents intruders from joining the network. Different from SLEACH, SecLEACH provides data authentication from member nodes to CHs by including sensed data in the MAC computation. This scheme helps the BS to verify the data integrity. However, SecLEACH still inherits some of SLEACH's drawbacks. Those are:  
* The data integrity of schedule message is not provided. The problem found in the SLEACH protocol applies here.
* The sensed data is not encrypted, this scheme lacks of confidentiality property in the case the data is sensitive.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Preparation and Treatment of Normal Rat Articular Chondrocytes for In Vitro Study  
We isolated chondrocytes from the AC of a total of 30 Sprague-Dawley rats (6-week-old males; OrientBio, Seoul, Republic of Korea), following the methods previously described [10]. Briefly, the knee joint cartilage was rinsed with phosphate-buffered saline and then finely minced into approximately 1-3 mm\({}^{3}\) pieces. The cartilage tissue was initially digested for 0.5 h using 0.2% pronase (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), followed by a 4 h digestion with 0.1% collagenase (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C. After isolating individual cells through brief centrifugation, we cultured them in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with an antibiotic-antimycolic solution (containing 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 mg/mL streptomycin, and 0.25 mg/mL amphotericin B; Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA). The medium was refreshed every 2 days, and the cells were incubated at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO\({}_{2}\) using a CO\({}_{2}\) incubator. For this experiment, only cells within the first five passages were used. Following that, the cells were seeded onto a 24-well plate at different densities: 2 \(\times\) 10\({}^{4}\) cells/well for assessing cell viability and for measuring 5-lipoxygenase (5-LPO) activity and PGE\({}_{2}\) levels; 5 \(\times\) 10\({}^{4}\) cells/well for assessing MMP levels; and 5 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) cells/well for gene expression analysis. The cells were cultured overnight before being treated with NEM in five different concentrations (0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg/mL) in a culture medium containing 2% fetal bovine serum for a duration of 24 h. We used LPS (50 \(\upmu\)g/mL; Sigma-Aldrich, USA) to elicit inflammatory responses in primary cultured articular chondrocytes from rats, and recombinant human interleukin-1 alpha (rHL-1\(\alpha\), 5 ng/mL; eBioscience, San Diego, CA, USA) to induce degradation and cytotoxicity, in line with previously established methods [11; 28]. For the biochemical analysis of 5-LPO and PGE\({}_{2}\), cell culture supernatants were collected.
# Comprehensive Insights into the Molecular Basis of HIV Glycoprotein
## 2 Proteins Engaged in HIV Entry
### gp41
Each protomer within the trimer features two prominent helices. HR1, with its C terminus near the viral membrane, forms a three-helix bundle with the HR1 regions of adjacent protomers in the trimer core. Meanwhile, HR2 encircles the trimer base, with its C terminus angle downward (Figure 5b,c). The three-helix bundle formed by the C-terminal half of HR1 resembles the structure of gp41 in its postfusion state [137], as well as the open, intermediate state observed in single-particle EM studies (Figure 5d,e) [138]. An independent 12.7 A reconstruction of the unliganded trimer was performed to determine whether the three-helix bundle results from PGV04 binding. This structure also exhibited the three-helix bundle, suggesting that the observed gp41 conformation likely represents the closed prefusion state rather than an activated intermediate [138]. Above the three-helix bundle and below the trimer apex, a small opening continuous with the exterior is visible. This opening contrasts previous models, which reported a large hole in the trimer core--likely a consequence of lower resolution reconstructions exceeding 20 A [62]. The C terminus of gp41 was identified through an \(\sim\)8 A resolution reconstruction of a trimer with the last 14 amino acids removed (referred to as SOSIP.650). Difference maps indicated that SOSIP.650 lacked a segment corresponding to approximately 3.5 helical turns, or about 14 amino acids (Figure 5f). Additionally, HR2 residues around position 650 show strong interactions with HR1 at the base of the trimer [123]. The fusion peptide proximal region (FPPR) and fusion peptide (FP) emerge from the apex of the internal coiled-coil structure surrounding the trimer's threefold axis, curving downward toward the trimer base within the N-terminal portion of HR1, featuring a short helix (Figure 5b). Additional density is observed at the trimer base, which is not definitively attributed but speculated to correspond to residues located between HR1 and HR2 and segments within gp120's C1 and C5 regions (Figure 5b,c). This interpretation shows interactions between gp120's C1/C5 and residues 589-610 of gp41 across different subunits [139]. In SOSIP gp140s, this gp41 segment encompasses an internal disulfide-bonded loop and includes engineered cysteine substitutions facilitating covalent bonding between gp120 residue 501 and gp41 residue 605. Within the trimer's midpoint, the hydrophobic ends of gp120 and nearby gp41 residues are secluded (Figure 5c). This region, inaccessible to solvents, is tentatively designated as the hydrophobic fusion peptide (FP); similarities are noted with fusion glycoproteins from influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and the Ebola virus. Upon triggering membrane fusion through conformational changes induced by CD4 and coreceptors, the FP is anticipated to be liberated [123].