esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
Where the PV energy system is deemed as a non-dispatchable energy source as its power output cannot be controlled, BESS is considered as a dispatchable energy source as its power output can be controlled. In this paper, AOA is applied to reduce the energy losses and capture the size of incorporating a PV energy system and BESS in a distribution network. However, the paper contributions can be summarized as follows:A new application of the Archimedes optimization algorithm for minimizing the energy losses and capture the size of incorporating battery energy storage system and photovoltaics in a distribution system. * The developed algorithm is evolved for sizing several PVs and BESSs considering the changing demand over time and the probability generation. * Validating the developed algorithm using IEEE 69-bus distribution network system which has different types of the load, such as residential, industrial, and commercial loads. * The simulation results indicate the robustness of the proposed algorithm for computing the best size of multiple PVs and BESSs, with a significant reduction in the power system losses. The remainder of this paper is constructed as following: the load, BESS, and PV modeling are introduced in Section 2. Also the problem formulation of BESS with PV is introduced in Section 2. The methodology of the proposed Archimedes optimization algorithm (AOA) has been presented in Section 3. The cases study on a 69-bus industrial, commercial, and residential distribution have been presented and discussed in Section 4. Section 5 offers the conclusions of the paper.
###### Abstract  
In this paper, real-time monitoring of multiple lead-acid batteries based on Internet of things is proposed and evaluated. Our proposed system monitors and stores parameters that provide an indication of the lead acid battery's acid level, state of charge, voltage, current, and the remaining charge capacity in a real-time scenario. To monitor these lead-acid battery parameters, we have developed a data acquisition system by building an embedded system, i.e., dedicated hardware and software. The wireless local area network is used as the backbone network. The information collected from all the connected battery clients in the system is analyzed in an asynchronous transmission control protocol/user datagram protocol-based C\(\sharp\) server program running on a personal computer (server) to determine important parameters like the state of charge of the individual battery, and if required, appropriate action can be taken in advance to prevent excessive impairment to the battery. Further, data are also displayed on an Android mobile device and are stored in an SQL server database. We have developed a real prototype to devise an end product for our proposed system.  
b _future internet_2017; 9, 28; doi:10.3390/f69030028
###### Abstract
Previous studies have emphasized enhanced deterioration processes due to their penetration in the tuff substrate, but on the other hand, some studies have also indicated that lichen-covered tuff reduces water penetration compared with non-colonized surfaces [2; 16]. Additionally, the production of calcium oxalate by certain lichen species creates hard and insoluble encrustations on stone surfaces, useful for reducing the action of further weathering agents [17]. Evaluating the balance between lichen-induced biodeterioration and bioprotection on the \"fairy chimneys\" involves understanding the interplay of various factors, considering the type of rock, specific lichen species, monument architecture, microclimatic conditions, and the weathering processes on the non-colonized stone. Among the weathering process, moisture is a significant agent responsible for the deterioration of stone monuments due to the activation of various physical, chemical, and biological processes, including freeze-thaw damage, leaching, efflorescence, and biological deterioration [1; 2; 3]. The amount of water deposited on above-grade building envelopes by driving rain is generally larger than any other source (e.g., condensation, rising dump), in almost all cases [25]. Such a phenomenon also heavily influences biological colonization [25; 26; 27; 28] and needs to be evaluated when considering the trends of climatic changes [29]. Furthermore, despite the importance of driving rain in both biodeterioration and chemical/physical deterioration processes, there is a lack of quantitative data relating to the magnitude, duration, and frequency of rain deposition in relation to wall exposures. Within a wider project of international cooperation for the conservation of the WHS of Cappadocia, this study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the impact of lichen colonization on St. Simeon Church, situated within the Pasabagi Valley, Turkey. The church, within the fairy chimney formations, stands as a testament to the unique monastic traditions of Cappadocia [30]. The integration of natural rock formations with religious architecture, the significant iconography of the apse, and the historical importance of [PERSON] highlight the site's cultural and religious value. A multidisciplinary approach to investigate the intricate interplay between lichens, microclimatic conditions, and the degradation of stone monuments has been adopted. Our research integrated field surveys, laboratory analysis, ecological studies, and long-term weather data to provide a comprehensive understanding of these interactions. Specifically, we examined the frequency of wind-driven rain occurrences and correlated them with wall orientations to understand their influence on lichen distribution and stone weathering [28]. By combining findings from studies on physical and chemical weathering with those on biodeterioration, we can plan a comprehensive conservation strategy.
## 2 Modified Steering Kernel and Image Matching
### Local Steering Kernel  
The local steering kernel is one of the weights mainly used in image processing and can analyze the slope and direction of the pixel value [12]. The steering kernel regression (SKR) [13; 14] is used in calculating the local steering kernel and depends on the pixel position and intensity as well as the unique local structure of the sample. The size and shape of the local steering kernel can extract the structural features of an image and have the effect of spreading the kernel to areas with high correlation with each other.  
The local steering kernel \(LSK_{x,y}\) is expressed as:  
\[LSK_{x,y}=\frac{\sqrt{det(C)}}{2\pi h^{2}}exp\bigg{\{}-\frac{\left[p\ q\right] ^{T}C\ [p\ q]}{2h^{2}}\bigg{\}},det(C)\geq 0, \tag{2}\]  
where  
\[x=x_{1},x_{2},\cdots,x_{2g+1},\ x=i+p,\ \forall\ p\in[-g,\ g], \tag{3}\]  
where  
\[y=y_{1},y_{2},\cdots,y_{2g+1},\ y=j+q,\ \forall\ q\in[-g,\ g], \tag{4}\]  
where \(h\) is the global smoothing parameter, which controls the filter strength. The higher the \(h\) value, the stronger the smoothing effect. \(x,\ y\) are other pixel coordinates in the local area with respect to the input pixel centered on coordinates \(i,\ j.\ g\) is a constant representing the size of the matching area. \([p\ q]\) refers to the 2 \(\times\) 1 matrix, and \(p\) and \(q\) represent the horizontal and vertical coordinates inside the matching area, respectively. \(C\) is a 2 \(\times\) 2 matrix based on the local gradient from a symmetric gradient covariance matrix calculated on a square-shaped local window.
# High-Power Broadband Frequency Chirped Intensity-Modulated Single-Frequency 1064-nm Laser
## 6 Conclusions  
In order to apply FDR technology in long-distance ranging and detection, a high-power broadband frequency chirped intensity-modulated single-frequency 1064-nm light source was developed. The modulation frequency was chirped from 10 MHz to 2.1 GHz. The modulated laser beam was amplified to 29.5 W by an YDFA. The peak-to-peak power fluctuation lower than \(\pm\)0.26% over 30 min was recorded. The amplification process could suppress some high-order harmonic noises of the modulation, and the stability of the modulation frequency was improved. The frequency modulation linearity with respect to time was 0.9966 on average when the modulation frequency was tuned from 10 to 350 MHz. The frequency instability was less than 400 Hz for 20 min at a modulation frequency of 350 MHz. When the modulation frequency was 1 GHz, a modulation depth of 0.78 after amplification was measured. Since the modulation bandwidth of the EOM can reach tens of GHz, the frequency chirping bandwidth is mainly determined by the signal added to EOM. By increasing the bandwidth of the signal source, the modulation bandwidth can be easily increased for this high-power intensity-modulated light source. This light source has applications in hybrid lidar-radar with high ranging precision.  
Conceptualization, methodology, investigation, resources, S.Y., X.W. and Z.L.; data curation, writing--original draft preparation, K.L.; writing--review and editing, S.Y.; supervision, project administration, S.Y., X.W.; funding acquisition, S.Y., and Z.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant No. 61835001, 61875011.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 8: Modulation waveform (**a**) before and (**b**) after amplification.  
Figure 7: Frequency sweeping linearity of modulation (**a**) before and (**b**) after amplification.
# Theoretical and Numerical Simulation Research on Fire of Large-Span Spatial Structures
## 2 Numerical Simulation Model Verification and Fire Source Condition Setting
### Finite Element Module Method  
Section 2.1 confirms the precision and efficacy of the numerical simulation methodology for fire temperature fields. Given spatial limitations, this method is applied to analyze the fire temperature field of a large-span spherical dome structure with a 60 m span. The model depicted in Figure 8 features a spherical dome with a 60 m span, 9 m column height, and a rise-span ratio of 0.1. Utilizing natural smoke exhaust and ventilation, the model simulates a 20 MW fast fire at the center of the ground. In accordance with the European Code [47], the heat release rate is set at 500 kW/m\({}^{2}\), covering an area of 40 m\({}^{2}\), with a simulation duration of 2000 s. In PyroSim, the simulation assumed a windless environment. The turbulent large eddy numerical simulation (LES) method was used to solve the Navier-Stokes equation for fire simulation. The initial ambient temperature was set to 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and the initial atmospheric pressure was 1.01 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\) Pa. Mesh boundary conditions were set to open. The model material was set as shown in Table 3. The calculated smoke exhaust volume for this model is 45.11 m\({}^{3}\)/h, equivalent to 16.2 \(\times\) 10\({}^{4}\)m\({}^{3}\)/h, which complies with the 'technical standard for smoke management systems in buildings' [48] as shown in Table 4.  
Figure 8: Finite element model of spherical dome structure.  
Figure 6: Comparison of temperature-time curves in Test 1. (a) G5 (b) G7 (c) G9.  
Figure 7: Comparison of temperature–time curves in Test 4. (a) G5; (b) G7; (c) G9.  
Referring to Table 4, the model's calculated smoke exhaust volume is determined to be 21.1 \(\times\) 10\({}^{4}\) m\({}^{3}\)/h, aligning with the requirements for natural smoke exhaust through the top opening window. The natural smoke outlet's wind speed is derived as 1.4 times that of the side window, resulting in a speed of 1.41 m/s, which necessitates a minimum natural smoke outlet area of 41.6 m\({}^{2}\). The model complies with these specifications, utilizing a 50 m\({}^{2}\) smoke outlet. Additionally, the air supply is facilitated by a direct evacuation door leading outdoors, measuring 2 m by 2.5 m, as illustrated in Figure 8.
## 4 Research Directions for System Designs and Optimization Concepts
### Optimization in PHY Security: Current Status and Main Issues
#### 4.2.3 Artificial Noise (AN) Techniques  
AN is an effective technique for multi-antenna systems and has been extensively considered within PLS in order to enhance communication security even further. The essence of the AN technique is to generate noise in the null space of the main transmission channel; simultaneously, it is also designed within the range of the wiretap channel [85]. The basic idea is to generate an AN signal that is based on the assumptions of the eavesdropper so that the intended receiver is not affected. This technique aims to degrade the quality of the unintended receiver's channel by adding a noisy signal, which is used to interrupt their attacking abilities [123; 124; 125]. On the other hand, it is designed to avoid interference leakage for the intended user. In multi-antenna scenarios, it is possible to adjust the directions of the transmit and AN signal jointly through spatial beamforming by exploiting the degrees of freedom to optimize the performance metrics. In practice, performance of the AN technique depends on the knowledge of the CSI of the eavesdropper at the transmitter. Naturally, knowledge of the full CSI of both the wiretap and legitimate channels is important for practical security design and optimization schemes to attain the optimal performance of secure transmission. When the CSI of the Eve channel is known at the source Alice, the maximum spatial degrees of freedom are applicable, i.e., the beamformer is perfectly designed. However, according to practical scenarios, the CSI of the eavesdropper is usually either imperfect or unknown. Several methods have been proposed in the literature to deal with these assumptions, such as those that are presented in [126; 127]. They provide the optimal power allocation and secure beamforming scheme between AN and transmit signals in order to maximize the achievable secrecy performance. The major strength of the AN design is that the offered secrecy performance matches the SNR well because when the SNR increases at the eavesdropper, the power of the noise signal increases, along with the transmitting power.
## 3 Constellation Station Maintenance Method
### Phase-Maintenance Circulation Orbit Method  
The idea of the phase-holding ring method is as follows. Using the attenuation characteristics of the satellite phase and the orbit semi-major axis (under the influence of atmospheric drag perturbations, the drift acceleration of the actual phase of the satellite is always forward), when the satellite phase is located at the forward boundary of the drift ring, a positive bias occurs on the orbital semi-major axis. Thus, the actual phase of the satellite gradually shifts to the backward boundary, and with the gradual decrease in the semi-major axis (the actual value gradually becomes less than the nominal value), the actual phase of the satellite gradually drifts forward. When the phase of the satellite reaches the forward boundary of the drift ring, the operation of lifting the orbital semi-major axis is needed to start a new drift cycle. Therefore, to reduce the frequency of orbit-control tasks and lower the fuel consumption, a suitable control quantity of semi-major axis maintenance tasks is selected, and the phase maintenance ring is fully utilized. The limit cycle control method combining overshoot control and passive control is adopted.  
The specific implementation process of the phase-holding ring method is described as follows. The relative phase control box of the constellation satellite is set. The left and right boundaries correspond to the control range of the relative phase of \((-\Delta\lambda_{0},\Delta\lambda_{0})\). The lower boundary corresponds to the nominal flat root of the semi-major axis of the reference orbit \(a_{0}\). The upper boundary corresponds to the maximum bias of the semi-major axis \(\Delta a_{0}\) (greater than 0). The initial relative phase of the satellite is near the right boundary \(\Delta\lambda_{0}\) of the control box. Since the change rate of the semi-major axis \(\dot{a}\) is less than 0, the satellite's flat root of the semi-major axis decreases with time. The relative phase angle of the satellite gradually drifts to the left boundary \(-\Delta\lambda_{0}\) of the control box and returns to the right boundary after a complete drift period. When the drift reaches the right boundary of the control box, the semi-major axis is lifted repeatedly. Figure 1 shows the approximate relationship between the satellite phase drift and the semi-major axis. Each time the phase drifts out of the most forward boundary, semi-major axis overshoot control is applied to the already decayed orbit to ensure that the phase angle deviation remains within the required permissible range.
## 3 Results
### Study Results  
#### 3.2.1 Place of Study and Year  
The review included studies that were conducted in Europe (50%), in Asia (31.3%) and in the USA (18.8%). All selected studies were published in scientific journals during the decade 2011-2021. Only a small fraction of the studies (12.5%) were conducted in the first half of the decade (i.e., 2011-2016), while the majority of them were carried out during 2017-2021 (87.5%).
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Limit of Detection  
The solution with a series of concentrations of metal element (Cu\({}^{2+}\) of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 mg/L) and the blank solution are used to determine the working curve of Cu, as shown in Figure 11. The LOD is calculated by the following equation.  
\[\text{LOD}=\frac{3s}{k} \tag{6}\]  
where s reflects the noise of spectra of the Cu I (3d\({}^{10}\)4s-3d\({}^{10}\)4p, 324.75 nm) in detection and it is obtained by the standard deviation of 10 measurements of the blank solution in this study, and \(k\) is the slope of the working curve. The results are listed in Table 1, with the \(r^{2}\) and linear function. It can be seen that the LOD of the Cu element is 0.083 mg/L. In addition, the \(r^{2}\) of working curve is 0.9975, which presents a good linearity of detection, and has a higher accuracy.  
Figure 10: The effects of the low molecular weight organics on emission intensities (applied voltage: 5.6 kV, Ar flow rate: 1.68 L/min, pH = 3.59).
## 3 Results
### PA Sterilization on Cellular Viability  
Since PA sterilization does not induce any physical change in ePCL, we expected no significant effects on their cytocompatibility. However, the viability of MC3T3 showed completely different profiles when cultured on Ctrl-ePCL scaffolds and PA-PCL after 24 h. Live/dead staining (Figure 2) revealed robust cell attachment and survival on Ctrl-ePCL while PA-ePCL was completely cytotoxic. There was a significantly smaller number of cells on PA-ePCL and all were dead within 24 h.  
It is also interesting to notice the effects of PA on ePCL scaffolds electrospun from different solvents- HFP and FAA (Figure 3). It can be seen that PA treatment of ePCL generated from HFP was  
Figure 1: PCL scaffolds electrospun from (**A**) HFP and (**B**) a binary solvent system of formic acid and acetic acid (1:3). PCL fibers from HFP show a bimodal distribution with mean diameter of 1.37 \(\upmu\)m. PCL electrospun from FAA show a narrow fibers (mean diameter of 0.21 \(\upmu\)m) but much more uniform fiber size distribution. Panel (**C**) is the image of macroporous Alvetex scaffolds demonstrating interconnected pore structure.  
less cytotoxic compared to those fabricated from FAA. Even though greater number of cells survived on HFP generated scaffolds, they showed altered morphology. These results indicated that in spite of having the same polymer, the adsorption profile of PA and subsequent biologic response differed based on the solvent used for electrospinning. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis failed to detect any difference between the scaffold types (data not shown). Since ePCL generated from FAA had favorable scaffold morphology and was associated with significant cytotoxicity following PA treatment, we focused all subsequent experiments on these scaffolds.
# Seismic and Geodetic Crustal Moment-Rates Comparison: New Insights on the Seismic Hazard of Egypt
## 6 Delimitation of Seismic Sources
### Seismic Sources along the Gulf of Suez-Red Sea Rift (EG-05 to EG-07)
It is distinguished by intensive structural deformation and relatively higher seismic activity [81; 89]. This higher seismicity could be attributed to the crustal divergence between the Nubian plate (to the west), and both the Arabian plate and the Sinai sub-plate (to the east). Ten historical earthquakes (between 1220 B.C. and 1879) are reported within this seismic source (Figure 3). The largest ones among them are the 28 B.C. (VIII, Mw 5.8) and the 11 July 1897 (Mw 6.0) earthquakes. During the instrumental period (Figure 4), the largest recorded earthquake within this source was the 31 March 1969 (Ms 6.6, Mw 6.8) Shedwan Island earthquake (Table 1). Several researchers reported the occurrence of a seismic swarm (mb 4.5-5.2) preceding this mainshock [22; 80; 90; 91]. The focal mechanism solutions for earthquakes located within this source mostly show normal-faulting behavior (e.g., the 6 March, Mw 6.8, and the 31 March 1900, Mw 6.1 earthquakes) with a negligible strike-slip component being parallel or sub-parallel to the main rift axis of the Gulf of Suez [86; 92]. However, few focal mechanism solutions show normal-faulting with a slight strike-slip component to pure strike-slip faulting mechanisms (Figure 5). These solutions are mainly closer to the accommodation zones (Figure 1b) between three gulf provinces/half grabens [45; 93].
# Genetic Algorithms to Maximize the Relevant Mutual Information in Communication Receivers +
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Quantization of the Channel Output with Minimum Loss of Relevant Information  
In the following, we first consider KL-means quantization as proposed in [26]. KL-means quantization shall serve as a benchmark for the designed parametrized compression mappings. The most important figure of merit that we consider is the preserved relevant information \(\mathrm{I}(\mathsf{X};\mathsf{T})\) for a given output cardinality of the designed quantizers.
# Computing RF Tree Distance over Succinct Representations
## 3 Methodology
### Operations  
There are several operations that are fundamental to manipulate the bit vectors that encode each tree effectively. The most important ones in the present context are operations Rank1, Rank10, Select1, Select0, FindOpen, FindClose, and Enclose. Then, we added operations PreOrderMap, IsLeaf, LCA, ClusterSize, PreOrderSelect, PostOrderSelect and NumLeaves that mostly use the fundamental operations just mentioned before. In Table 1, it is possible to see the list of operations as well as their meaning and their run time complexity; see the text by [PERSON] (2018) for details on primitive operations. More details in the implementation of the added operations can be found in Appendix A.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline
**Operation** & **Meaning** & **Complexity** \\ \hline Rank1(\(bv,p\)) & Returns the number of occurrences of ’1’ & \(O(1)\) \\  & until position \(p\). & \\ Rank10(\(bv,p\)) & Returns the number of occurrences of ’10’ & \(O(1)\) \\  & until position \(p\). & \\ Select1(\(bv,i\)) & Returns the position for the \(i\)th ‘1’. & \(O(1)\) \\ Select0(\(bv,i\)) & Returns the position for the \(i\)th ‘0’. & \(O(1)\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Operations on bit vectors, on balanced sequences of parentheses and on trees (see ([PERSON], 2018) for details), grouped, respectively. We note that a balanced sequence of parentheses and a tree are represented by bit vector \(bv\) given as an argument.  
Figure 4: Tree \(T_{4}\) and its balanced parentheses representation. (**a**) A rooted labelled phylogenetic tree \(T_{4}\) with labels on leaves; \(u_{1}\), \(u_{2}\), \(u_{3}\) and \(u_{4}\) are unlabelled internal nodes. (**b**) Node index enumeration for \(T_{4}\), where the node number denotes its index \(i\); the highlighted cluster is the smaller one containing \(A\) and \(B\). (**c**) The balanced parentheses representation of \(T_{4}\); each pair of parentheses correspond to a unique node in the tree; \(i_{o}\) and \(i_{c}\) denote the opening and the closing parenthesis for the node with index \(i\), respectively.