# The Role of Transliterated Words in Linking Bilingual News Articles in an Archive
## 3 Similarity Measure Based on Transliteration Words
### Role of Transliteration Words
The SMTW showed better results than the CRMDL technique, wherein it showed that 78% of Urdu news contained transliterated words. The precision improved from 50% to 60%, recall improved from 67% to 82%, and the impact of common terms also improved. The SMTW was effective and feasible for sports news. The extraction of Urdu news articles from diverse platforms and the consistent tokenization of Urdu manuscripts was one of the challenging tasks in the preprocessing step of the proposed lexical similarity approach. The results showed that the use of English transliteration words

Figure 3: Recall comparison. Figure 2: Precision comparison. in Urdu scripts had a high impact in computing similarity to facilitate the linking of Urdu news articles with English news articles during preservation and archiving. The study made the following contributions:

* The DNSP framework was enhanced to a multilingual framework by including low-resourced languages, such as Urdu and Arabic. * The study introduced a content-based approach for linking Urdu news articles to English news articles during preservation, i.e., it used a Similarity Measure based on Transliteration Words (SMTW). * We designed a dataset to serve different purposes and steps of the evaluation. * A comprehensive experiment was performed to assess the impact of English translation words that adopted both the user's centric and system-centric evaluation. * The SMTW showed better results comparatively. * The SMTW could generalize for other low-resource languages having the same character sets such as Arabic and Pashto languages. * The main limitation of the Urdu and Arabic languages is the lack of availability of tools for tokenization and other preprocessing tasks. The Arabic and Pashto scripts need to be analyzed in more detail for the applicability of the SMTW. The study presented details as to how the framework was enhanced and needs a more detailed study for accurate news content extraction and archiving for future access. The framework can be extended in different dimensions in the future, such as through the following improvements:

* The Arabic script needs to be analyzed in detail for multi-lingual linking. * A standard user interface is required to enable access to the archived contents of the DNSA. * The DNSE tool needs to be developed to a professional standard. * The meta attributes can be developed for multi-lingual archives and other languages, such as Urdu, Arabic, Pashto, etc. * Implicit meta elements can be added to the proposed set after comprehensively reviewing individual sources. * We are working to improve the structure of the Urdu-to-English lexicon and the bag of Urdu words for efficient processing. * More sophisticated content-based similarity measures need to be designed using different features, such as weighted terms, named entities, term position, and the context of the terms used in the news articles. * The DNSA needs crossed-lingual techniques for linking multi-lingual archived news. M.K. : conceptualization, methodology, experimentation, development, data collection, and manuscript writing. S.S.K. : conceptualization, methodology, experimentation, manuscript writing, and proofreading. Y.A. : conceptualization, methodology, proofreading, and supervision. A.A.: conceptualization, proofreading, and supervision. T.S.A. : conceptualization, methodology, proofreading, and supervision. K.Y. : conceptualization, methodology, and proofreading. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was funded by the Scientific Research Deanship at the University of Ha'il - Saudi Arabia, through project number RG-21090. Not applicable. This article does not involve humans or animals. Not applicable. The authors declare no conflict of interest. ## Abbreviations

The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript: