esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Methodology
### Chemicals Screening
#### 2.5.3 IFT Measurements  
The objective of IFT measurements was to determine the surfactant formulation that would result in minimum IFT between oil and water. The shape and size of the droplets formed in emulsions during surfactant injection depends on oil-water IFT. With reduction in IFT, smaller-sized crude oil droplets are created more easily, leading to generation of Winsor Type III microemulsion. Due to their higher surface area-to-volume ratio, these smaller droplets are easily displaced by the injected surfactant solution [8; 45; 46]. Additionally, a lower IFT facilitates the generation of stable microemulsions, which enclose droplets of oil in surfactant molecules, yielding a more evenly dispersed emulsion phase [47; 48; 49].  
As a result, the crude oil in the formation becomes more mobile and is efficiently displaced by the injection fluid. Thus, it is critical to design a surfactant solution that can effectively lower the oil-water IFT, thereby lowering capillary pressure and enhancing the microscopic sweep efficiency of chemical flooding.  
Optical Contact Angle (OCA-25) apparatus by DataPhysics Instruments GmbH was used for IFT measurement. The device consisted of a camera, a light source, and a special needle to release a droplet of microemulsion/oil in the aqueous phase. Figure 1 shows a schematic of the setup. The pendant drop method was used for IFT determination wherein a small droplet of one liquid is suspended from a needle or capillary immersed in the other liquid. The droplet's shape was measured and analyzed to calculate the IFT by Laplace-Young equation [16]. The formulations short-listed from the phase behavior study were used, and IFT was measured by taking the microemulsion sample from the oil-water interface.
# Monocular Facial Presentation-Attack-Detection: Classifying Near-Infrared Reflectance Patterns
## 2 Related Works
### Literature Opportunity: Near-Infrared Reflectance Patterns  
This paper elects to build on the concept of 3D analysis through near-infrared spectroscopy. This research proposes that the differences in geometry (and albedo) are quantifiable in the reflectance patterns. The concept is using illumination to infer shape has been used biomedical applications [42]. The key contribution here is historical methods assume multiple perspectives to determine orientation [42; 43]. Furthermore, near-infrared is considered ideal for identification due to its general robustness towards ambient-light [44; 45; 46]. This proposal presents a mathematical model that proves a single-frame is sufficient for facial-PAD, as faces behave similarly to Lambertian-surfaces [47].  
It is important to acknowledge there are preliminary works that use reflectance intensity for liveliness. [PERSON] et al. have verified that skin does in fact have a notably lower albedo than paper at 850 nm (another NIR wavelength), noting the reflectance is also a function of distance [48]. Their research, however, does not propose a method to accurately estimate the distance nor control for environmental factors. [PERSON] et al. have introduced that the concept of a flash to compensate out the ambient [49]. This is an improvement, but it does not address distance. Neither research sufficiently analyzed impact of pose nor other types of spoofs.  
Lastly, [PERSON] et al. demonstrate a combination of near-infrared and thermal-infrared can yield excellent results [50]. This methodology is deemed best in class, as it is intuitive that is exceptionally difficult to fake thermal radiation patterns. That is to say even if the spoof can conduct heat from the face (or be heated to skin temperatures a priori), it is highly difficult to mimic the blood vessel radiation patterns. Their work is highly relevant, but requires the additional thermal camera for robustness. This paper extends those findings by only requiring the near-infrared camera.  
Hence, this research presents a novel means of efficient facial presentation-attack-detection using reflected NIR texture. It addresses noise factors not considered in prior works. In addition, it introduces additional attack vectors in the form of video-replay and fabric masks and investigates effectiveness of the proposed method for these new attacks.
###### Abstract  
In the present study, new adsorbent beads of alginate (A)/maghemite nanoparticles (\(\gamma\)-Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\))/functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (f-CNT) were prepared and characterized by several techniques, e.g., N\({}_{2}\) adsorption-desorption isotherms, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) and further tested for the adsorption of the dye methylene blue (MB) from water. The beads (A/\(\gamma\)-Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)/f-CNT) presented a relatively low BET specific surface area value of 59 m\({}^{2}\)g\({}^{-1}\). The magnetization saturation values of A/\(\gamma\)-Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)/f-CNT beads determined at 295 K was equal to 27.16 emu g\({}^{-1}\), indicating a magnetic character. The time needed to attain the equilibrium of MB adsorption onto the beads was estimated within 48 h. Thus, several kinetic and isotherm equation models were used to fit the kinetic and equilibrium experimental results. The number of adsorbed MB molecules per active site, the anchorage number, the receptor sites density, the adsorbed quantity at saturation, the concentration at half saturation and the molar adsorption energy were quantified using the monolayer model. The calculated negative \(\Delta\)G\({}^{0}\) and positive \(\Delta\)H\({}^{0}\) values suggested the spontaneous and endothermic nature of the adsorption process. In addition, A/\(\gamma\)-Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)/f-CNT composites can be used at least for six times maintaining their significant adsorptive performance and could be easily separated by using a magnet from water after treatment.  
adsorption; carbon nanotubes; composite; maghemite; methylene blue 2019 9 4563 10.3390/app9214563
## 2 Methods
### Sentinel-2 Imagery Acquisition and Processing  
We procured level 2A Sentinel-2 reflectance products from ESA's Copernicus service and extracted the band reflectance for nine bands at the 20-m pixel resolution, including blue (B2), green (B3), red (B4), three red edge bands (B5, B6, B7), narrow band NIR (BSA), and two shortwave infrared bands (SWIR, B11 and B12). We selected the image acquisition that corresponded most closely to each destructive biomass sampling date. We applied the provided 20-m resolution cloud mask at the strictest level (i.e., 0) to remove clouds and cloud shadows. In total, we used 21 scenes and out of 769 plot-date measurements 180 samples were removed from the analysis due to the presence of clouds or cloud shadows. We also removed 16 observations that had a gap of \(>\)6 days between destructive sampling and the satellite image acquisition (mean image gap = -3 days, standard deviation of image gap = -2 days). This resulted in a total of 573 observations [55] for three cereal grass species (cereal rye: \(n=94\), triticale: \(n=158\), and wheat: \(n=321\)). Next, we extracted band reflectance data to calculate 27 VIs (Table 1). These VIs were selected with a focus on (1) red-edge indices (\(n=14\)) and (2) previously identified indices sensitive to biomass or similar plant characteristics, such as LAI, height, or leaf/stem density (\(n=13\)). We processed the acquired images and extracted band reflectance using the 'raster' [56] and'sf' [57] packages in the R statistical environment [58].
# The Emergence of Antibioticstics Resistance Genes, Bacteria, and Micropollutants in Grey Wastewater
## 1 Introduction  
Water is a finite resource with a growing demand. Many water sources are depleting, becoming polluted, or both. Globally, 2.3 billion people live in countries with water stress, of which 733 million live in high and critically water-stressed countries [1]. These people live without safe drinking water and sanitation, even though both services have long been defined as human rights. This water scarcity has led to an increased interest in wastewater reuse, comprising a reduction of domestic water consumption and decreasing the volume of wastewater that has to be treated [2]. Irrigation with greywater (GW) is one of the water reuse methods which is currently widely practiced [3]. This review defines greywater as all non-toilet wastewater resulting from households. As such, it contains a lower organic load, and the microbial quality is expected to be higher than in blackwater; therefore, it can be treated relatively simply for reuse, even locally [4]. Recycling GW can reduce potable water demand by up to 50% [5, 6]. Nevertheless, it is established that raw greywater is contaminated with pathogens, synthetic chemicals, and antimicrobial compounds and should, thus, be treated before reuse [7].  
The term \"antibiotic\" has been used to characterize molecules that inhibit or kill microorganisms, classified based on their mechanisms of action [8]. Residues of antibiotics in wastewater and greywater can be divided into nine commonly used classes;(1) \(\beta\)-lactams (e.g., penicillin, cephalospororin, and amoxicillin), (2) Fluoroquinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin) (3) Lincosamides (e.g., pirlimycin and clindamycin) (4) Macrolides: erythromycinomycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, and tylosin) (5) Sulfonamides (e.g., sulfamethazine and sulfamethoxazole) (6) Reductase inhibitor (e.g., trimethoprim) (7) Tetracycline family (e.g., tetracycline, minocycline, and oxyt tetracycline) (8) Glycopeptide (e.g., vancomycin), and (9) Amphenicol (e.g., chloramphenicol) [9]. Residues of antibiotic compounds can impose pressure on the wastewater microbiome, even in concentrations below minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) [10]. In other words, the antibiotics can increase resistance even below concentrations needed to prevent the visible growth of the microorganism.
###### Abstract  
In this work, the aqueous two-phase extraction parameters and in vitro antioxidant activity of total flavonoids from _Ginkgo biloba_ were investigated. The partition behavior of the flavonoids in an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) was analyzed, the extraction parameters were optimized using response surface methodology, and the antioxidant activity of the flavonoids was determined by free-radical scavenging tests (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay) and the ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The results showed that the concentration of ammonium sulfate was negatively correlated with the phase-volume ratio, whereas the concentration of polyethylene glycol was positively correlated. The maximum yield of flavonoids (4.11 mg g\({}^{-1}\)) was obtained under the following optimal extraction conditions: Concentration of polyethylene glycol (PEG)1500 30% and (NH\({}_{4}\))\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\) 22% (mass fraction), and liquid/solid ratio 40:1 (mL g\({}^{-1}\)). The antioxidant activity tests showed that the flavonoids from the _G. biloba_ leaf exhibited free-radical scavenging activity, with an IC\({}_{50}\) of 2.66 mg L\({}^{-1}\), which was superior to that of vitamin C. The free-radical scavenging ability of the flavonoids was proportional to the flavonoid concentration. The total reducing power of the _Ginkgo_ flavonoids was slightly lower than that of vitamin C. In this study, the distribution of flavonoids in an AIPS was analyzed and a mathematical model for the AIPS extraction of _Ginkgo_ flavonoids was established, which provides a reference for further development and utilization of _G. biloba_.  
Keywords:aqueous two-phase extraction; antioxidant activity; _Ginkgo biloba_
## 1 Introduction
### Challenges and Research Gaps  
Through this literature review, it becomes evident that the evolution of bio-inspired optimization algorithms has significantly impacted engineering design, offering robust solutions to complex problems while continuously adapting to new challenges and applications. Ref. [54] provides an in-depth analysis of swarm intelligence techniques, emphasizing their use in solving complex problems and highlighting the importance of bio-inspired methods in engineering design. Ref. [55] presents a metaheuristic algorithm inspired by COVID-19, highlighting the adaptability of bio-inspired algorithms to emerging challenges and their versatility in addressing optimization problems in evolving global circumstances. [PERSON]. [56]discusses nature-inspired algorithms, their hybrid variants, and stable performance in optimization problems, emphasizing the need for sophisticated optimization approaches due to the non-linear nature of engineering problems. Finally, [PERSON]. [57] introduces an ensemble metaheuristic algorithm that combines Laplacian Biogeography-Based Optimization and the Sine Cosine Algorithm for structural engineering design optimization, proving its superiority over traditional methods. Despite their advantages, bio-inspired algorithms face challenges relating to convergence reliability, computational cost, and solution quality consistency, especially in high-dimensional and real-time optimization contexts. Furthermore, there are still research gaps in understanding the theoretical underpinnings of these algorithms, their adaptability to dynamic environments, and their performance in multi-objective optimization. Addressing these gaps is critical for advancing the applicability of bio-inspired algorithms in engineering domains.
## 1 Introduction
### Contributions  
Recently, the physical layer security (PLS) has emerged as a promising effective technique to realize secrecy in IoT wireless communication [19; 20]. Motivated by the above, in this paper, we propose an HAP and UAVs collaboration framework in NOMA-enabled networks with the presence of an eavesdropping (EVE) UAV. The main contributions are summarized as follows.  
* We employ the PLS technique to investigate the uplink secure rate maximization problem by joint considering channel allocation from UAVs to the HAP, users' power control, and UAVs' 3D position.
* In order to improve the spectrum utilization of NOMA-enabled networks, we propose a NOMA pairing scheme based on the K-means clustering algorithm. Then, by exploiting the block coordinate descent (BCD) algorithm, the formulated optimization problem is decoupled into three subproblems. Afterward, an iterative algorithm is designed, where three optimization variables are tackled in turn.
* Finally, simulation results show that our designed algorithm improves the uplink secure rate, reduces complexity, and speeds up the rate of convergence.
###### Abstract  
Efficient storage participation in the secondary frequency regulation of island systems is a prerequisite towards their complete decarbonization. However, energy reserve limitations of storage resources pose challenges to their integration in centralized automatic generation control (AGC). This paper presents a frequency control method, in which battery energy storage systems (BESSs) participate in automatic frequency restoration reserve (aFRR) provision, through their integration in the AGC of an island system. A local state of charge (SOC) controller ensures safe operation of the BESS in case of disturbances, without jeopardizing system security when available energy reserves are diminishing. The aFRR participation factors of regulating units are altered when the storage systems approach their SOC limits, re-allocating their reserves to other load-following units. Restoration of BESS energy reserves is achieved by integrating SOC regulation in the real-time economic dispatch of the system, formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming problem and solved every few minutes to determine the base points of the AGC units. A small autonomous power system, comprising conventional units, renewable energy sources and a BESS, is used as a study case to evaluate the performance of the proposed method, which is compared with alternative approaches to secondary regulation with BESS participation.  
a _Applied_  
2022  
2022 by the authors. Liconse MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)]([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))).  
battery energy storage system (BESS); frequency regulation; automatic generation control (AGC); state of charge (SOC); economic dispatch; island systems
## 4 Discussion
### Advantages of Using Modelling Platforms
#### 4.3.3 Potential for Machine Learning Modelling
Values obtained every minute during a 20 min period of real-time simulations are averaged over that period in the morning of 8 September 2024 at Mer Bleue bog via the _DIMONA_ platform. Figure 25: Screenshots of _DIMONA_ online figures with real-time ecosystem (**a**), vascular (**b**), and moss (**c**) photosynthesis rates in umol CO\({}_{2}\) m\({}^{-2}\) s\({}^{-1}\) simulated every minute (the circles) over a 20 min interval in the morning of 8 September 2024 at Mer Bleue bog by the _DIMONA_ IoT model. The square in the upper right corner is an artifact of the graphing software and should be ignored. Figure 26: Screenshots of _DIMONA_ online figures for incoming short-wave radiation (**a**), air temperature (**b**), and relative humidity (**c**) requested online by the _DIMONA_ platform and received via OpenWeatherMap API every minute (the circles) over a 20 min interval in the morning of 8 September 2024 at Mer Bleue bog. The square in the upper right corner is an artifact of the graphing software and should be ignored. Figure 27: Hourly ecosystem gross primary productivity (GPP) at Mer Bleue bog during 2-week periods of 2 to 15 August in 2002 (**a**) and 2003 (**b**) and during 23 August to 5 September in 2004 (**c**). Simulated GPP by _DIMONA_ ML model, based on machine learning multiple linear regression, is compared vs. observed GPP derived from eddy covariance (EC) CO\({}_{2}\) exchange. DOY means day of year.
## 5 Conclusions  
In this study, we explored the practical approaches for the estimation of diurnal SIF dynamics using measured and simulated data for a typical subtropical evergreen coniferous forest site in eastern China. We described the diurnal changes in leaf and canopy chlorophyll fluorescence and compared the CCC (canopy chlorophyll concentration) approach and the backward GPP approach with the SCOPE model to evaluate their performance for estimating the temporal changes in canopy SIF. We found that the canopy SIF had similar seasonal and diurnal variations with the incident PAR above the canopy, while the leaf F\({}_{8}\) remained stable throughout the daylight. The diurnal cycles of CCC relied on the leaf chlorophyll content, whose changes could not capture the canopy SIF dynamics. The raw backward approach did not work either. However, after improving the backward approach with a correction factor of normalized PARleaf, the simulated canopy SIFBACK\({}^{*}\) accounted for more than half of the diurnal variations of canopy SIF for the subtropical evergreen coniferous forest without water stress. This approach offers a unique insight into the estimation of diurnal canopy SIF and can help understand the response of vegetation to future climate change. In addition, the application of the approach should be utilized with care, especially under environmental stress.  
Conceptualization, S.W. and J.C.; methodology, J.C., B.C., M.A., L.M. and K.Z.; validation, J.C., B.C. and Y.L. ([PERSON]); investigation, J.C., Y.L. ([PERSON]), F.Y., X.W., Y.L. ([PERSON]), P.W., J.W., M.H. and Z.W.; writing--original draft preparation, J.C.; writing--review and editing, J.C., B.C. and M.A.; supervision, S.W.; funding acquisition, S.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China, grant number 2017 YFC0503803; and the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 41871342.  
The datasets analyzed in this study are managed by the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research and are available upon request from the corresponding author.  
The authors are grateful to the State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System for the use of their facilities. We thank the staff of Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station for their assistance in field measurements.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Taxonomy: Classification of GT Approaches in Network Virtualization
### Game Goals
#### 4.2.4 Goal 4: Ensure the Load Balancing  
Balancing the load [56] in the network virtualization is a fundamental concept for the sharing of the workload between multidimensional resources and to distribute the local workload somewhat between nodes and links. The need for load balancing increases in a competitive environment because it leads to maximizing the user satisfaction and to enhancing the cost efficiency by adopting a robust and fair allocation scheme of all the parts of resources in the network. An appropriate load-balancing scheme can prevent the hardware failures due to the overloaded hosts by ensuring the fault tolerance and the scalability of the network. The decisions of load balancing can handle two different manners: Static and dynamic load-balancing algorithms. The major limitation of static load-balancing algorithms reside in the assumption that all the information about the resources and communication networks are initially predefined. However, in a dynamic algorithm, the load balancing decisions are made probabilistically based on the run-time state information leading to the enhancement of network performance. A hybrid solution that combines the advantages of the dynamic and the static algorithms is proposed in order to overcome the issues that the two previous designs encountered. Despite all the proposed techniques, the need for efficient and robust approaches to provide occurrence load balancing decisions remains open.  
Boosted by the game theory, the authors in [30] provided a new solution for the load balancing problem as a non-cooperative game-theoretical model. In this system, the features of the schedulers are to receive the tasks from users, to decide the appropriate processor for the received task, and to send the task to the chosen processor. During this game, the schedulers tend to minimize their profits independently in terms of the task completion time average. Each player adopts a strategy where its profit is minimized. The investigated Nash equilibrium is the solution for the optimization problem in which no scheduler can increase its average task completion time by unilaterally changing its strategy. The Nash equilibrium provides the best and the efficient responses for the load balancing problems.  
In [31], the authors proposed a cooperative game model as an efficient solution for the optimization and load balancing problem in the virtualized core network for all user types. They defined three user types according to the bandwidth utilization and the offered service cost: excellent, good, and fair. During the cooperative game, the players are the SPimplementing their services using cloud providers' resources. The payoff function denoted as a linear function of allocated bandwidth for the SPs is given by the following formula:  
\[\pi_{0}=\gamma^{k}\times\varsigma \tag{5}\]  
\(\gamma^{k}\) represents the allocated bandwidth to the user of type \(k\), and \(\varsigma\) represents the unit resource profit. Shapley Value is investigated to solve the optimization problem for this cooperative game.