# Indoor Vehicles Geolocalization Using LoRaWAN
## 1 Introduction  
Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is being increasingly seen [1; 2] as a complementary technology to 5G. It enables Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications for smart cities and in particular for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), enabling applications for machine-to-machine (M2M), applications that typically do not need the extreme bandwidth or the ultra-low latency of 5G networks. Moreover, we must consider that LoRaWAN is available now and ready to be deployed with various available low-cost hardware and software support. This could be a transition solution allowing enterprises to develop their LoRaWAN-based solution and expand with 5G coverage when it becomes widely available. Focusing on the application of LoRaWAN to the vehicular world there is already a large number of proposals available. For example, [PERSON] et al. [3] analyses the performance of this technology when used for Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) and Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication. In [4], the authors propose a novel framework for architectural and communication design to effectively integrate vehicular networking clouds with IoT. The objective is to make real applications that would provide IoT services through vehicular clouds. In this article, the author specifically considers smart city applications that would be deployed, operated, and controlled through LoRaWAN-based vehicular networks. Better integration of LoRaWAN to form an all-IP based network is treated in [5], which presents a solution in the area of vehicular IoT, which allows the IPv6 end-to-end connectivity between a moving and an Internet node, by means of an adaptation mechanism performed in a Multi-Access Edge Computing (MEC) node attached to the Low Power-Wide Area Network (LP-WAN) gateway. The growing application of LoRaWAN to the vehicular field is anyway clearly being defined and it has to do with the \"monitoring\" of vehicles. With the term _monitoring_ we refer to solutions aimed at tracking or geolocating vehicles that generally allow supervision of certain parameters of the vehicles. For example, in [6], the authors detail a vehicular monitoring platform enabled by LoRaWAN that offers vehicle data retrieval by using an On-Board Diagnostics II (OBD-II) interface. Their compression with a novel IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) compression scheme, and information visualisation through a data server hosted in the cloud. Geolocation or geolocalization is the identification (or estimation) of the geographic position of an object, like a device, a vehicle or a person. In its basic implementation, geolocation involves the generation of a set of geographic coordinates and is closely related to the use of positioning systems. To this end Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers, using the GPS ([[https://www.gps.gov/](https://www.gps.gov/)]([https://www.gps.gov/](https://www.gps.gov/))), GLONASS ([[https://www.glonass-iac.ru/en/](https://www.glonass-iac.ru/en/)]([https://www.glonass-iac.ru/en/](https://www.glonass-iac.ru/en/))), Galileo ([[https://www.usegalileo.eu/](https://www.usegalileo.eu/)]([https://www.usegalileo.eu/](https://www.usegalileo.eu/))) or BeiDou ([[http://en.beidou.gov.cn/](http://en.beidou.gov.cn/)]([http://en.beidou.gov.cn/](http://en.beidou.gov.cn/))) system, are used in many applications. GNSS systems provide high accuracy of a few meters or less but require more complex, energetically demanding and costly devices. One of the main drawbacks of GNSS systems is that they cannot work indoors. When inside, there is often no direct line from the satellite signals to the device and the ultra high frequency (UHF) used are blocked by thick, solid materials such as brick, metal, stone or wood. A GNSS works better when the device has a clear line of sight to the sky, the more satellites that a device can access, the more accurate it is. Indoor Positioning System (IPS) technologies are being developed (e.g., [PERSON] et al. [7]) to offer pinpoint location accuracy even while users are inside.