## 3 System Model
### Join the Network
Conceptualization, N.W. ; Investigation, N.W. ; Methodology, N.W. and E.P. ; Software, N.W. ; Validation, M.A.U. and C.H. ; Writing--original draft, N.W. ; Writing--review & editing M.A.U. and C.H. ; Supervision C.P. and E.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research received no external funding. Data Availability StatementNot applicable. Conflicts of InterestThe authors declare no conflict of interest. ## References

* [PERSON] et al. (2017) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] _Chapter 2--Intelligent transportation systems, Intelligent Vehicular Networks and Communications_; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2017; pp. 21-41. * [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2017) 3 GPP Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE. _Architecture enhancement for V2X Services (3 GPP TS 23.285 version 14.2.0 Release 14) Technical Report_; ETSI: Sophia Antipolis, France, 2017; Available online: [[https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/123200_123299/123285/14.02.00_60/ts_123285v140200p.pdf](https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/123200_123299/123285/14.02.00_60/ts_123285v140200p.pdf)]([https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/123200_123299/123285/14.02.00_60/ts_123285v140200p.pdf](https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/123200_123299/123285/14.02.00_60/ts_123285v140200p.pdf)) (accessed on 19 April 2023). * [PERSON] et al. (2015) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Security of cooperative intelligent transport systems: Standards, threats analysis and cryptographic countermeasures. _Electronics_**2015**, 4, 380-423. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2017) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] IEEE802.11p ahead of LTE-V2V for safety applications. In Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC), Torino, Italy, 27-29 November 2017; pp. 1-8. Available online: [[https://www.nxp.com.cn/docs/en/white-paper/LTE-V2V-WP.pdf](https://www.nxp.com.cn/docs/en/white-paper/LTE-V2V-WP.pdf)]([https://www.nxp.com.cn/docs/en/white-paper/LTE-V2V-WP.pdf](https://www.nxp.com.cn/docs/en/white-paper/LTE-V2V-WP.pdf)) (accessed on 19 April 2023). * [PERSON] et al. (2014) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Assay of White Space Technology Standards for Vehicular Cognitive Access. In Proceedings of the Tenth International Network Conference (INC 2014), Plymouth, UK, 8-10 July 2014; Plymouth University: Plymouth, UK, 2014; pp. 23-33, ISBN 9781841023731. * [PERSON] et al. (2014) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON] A survey on device-to-device communication in cellular networks. _IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor._**2014**, _16_, 1801-1819. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2020) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] 3 GPP NR Sidelink Transmissions Toward 5G V2X. _IEEE Access_**2020**, \(8\), 35368-35382. [CrossRef]
* IEEE Std 1609.2-2013; IEEE Standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments--Security Services for Applications and Management Messages, in IEEE Std 1609.2-2013 (Revision of IEEE Std 1609.2-2006). IEEE: New York, NY, USA, 2013; pp. 1-289. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] and Whitepaper (2015) [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON] _Device to Device Communication in LTE Technical Report_; Rohde & Schwarz: Coppell, TX, USA, 2015. Available online: [[https://www.rohde-schwarz.com/us/applications/device-to-device-communication-in-lte-white-paper_230599.html](https://www.rohde-schwarz.com/us/applications/device-to-device-communication-in-lte-white-paper_230599.html)]([https://www.rohde-schwarz.com/us/applications/device-to-device-communication-in-lte-white-paper_230599.html](https://www.rohde-schwarz.com/us/applications/device-to-device-communication-in-lte-white-paper_230599.html)) (accessed on 19 April 2023). * [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2005) [PERSON]; [PERSON] Security analysis and enhancements of 3 gpp authentication and key agreement protocol. _IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun._**2005**, \(4\), 734-742. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2015) [PERSON]; [PERSON] Group anonymous D2D communication with end-to-end security in LTE-A.