## 1 Introduction  
Ships and offshore structures are subjected to impact loads such as slamming and sloshing. High impact pressures can cause permanent hull deformation in a single impact event [1, 2]. In addition, significant fatigue damage can be accumulated via repeated impact pressure events [3, 4]. For decades, researchers have experimentally investigated structural damage due to fluid impact [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. [PERSON] [5, 6] performed a series of wet drop tests on rigid and elastic flat-bottom plates to estimate peak pressure values. Based on the experimental results, a design load evaluation method that can reveal the plate thickness of the ship hull was presented. [PERSON] et al. [3] investigated slamming impacts on flat bodies. They dropped a flat steel box onto water and investigated the deformation of the box. Recently, numerous studies have been performed to evaluate plate slamming via numerical analysis techniques. This is because numerical analysis is less expensive and less time consuming than experiments and can be implemented to efficiently evaluate various situations [4, 10, 11]. Typically, numerical analysis for evaluating the soundness of a structure after slamming impacts is performed in two primary stages: fluid analysis and structural analysis. In fluid analysis, the slamming pressure exerted on the structure is calculated via computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation [12, 13, 14]. [PERSON] et al. [15] investigated the slamming behavior of a trimaran in oblique regular waves using the CFD method. The analysis model was based on the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes method combined with the realizable \(k-\varepsilon\) turbulence model, and the results obtained were compared with those of conventional monohull ships. [PERSON] et al. [16] predicted slamming loads in large container ships via CFD simulation. They compared the slamming pressures obtained numerically with those obtained using an empirical formula provided by the Classification Society. Once the slamming pressure for a specific situation is determined numerically, the structural integrity can be evaluated by applying pressure to the target structure [17; 18]. [PERSON] et al. [19] proposed an analytical model to estimate the hydro-plastic response of beams and panels subjected to water slamming. They solved the proposed equation in a numerical way based on the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method and analyzed the results. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [20] evaluated the shock-resistance response of Frigate equipment caused by underwater explosion. They predicted the structural response to shock using a one-dimensional finite element model. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [21] applied rehabilitation techniques to improve the structural resistance against slamming impact in a corrosive environment. As the fluid flow field is affected by the solid boundary that is to be deformed in real time, the deformation of the solid boundary should be considered in CFD simulations. Therefore, two-way coupled fluid-structure interaction (FSI) analyses have been performed increasingly recently. [PERSON] et al. [22] performed FSI analyses to analyze vortex-induced vibrations for ship rudder applications. They simulated the fluid flow on the rudder using an open-source CFD program and investigated the structural behavior using the finite element method (FEM). [PERSON] et al. [23] investigated the impact of thruster jet flow for ultra large container ships using the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) method. The ALE method combines the advantages of Lagrangian algorithms, which are typically used in solid mechanics, and Eulerian algorithms, which are primarily used in fluid dynamics. In the ALE method, the nodes of a mesh can be moved arbitrarily to manage significant distortions with high resolution [24]. Additionally, the coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) method can be used for FSI applications [25; 26; 27]. The CEL method analyzes the structural behavior of a Lagrangian domain fluid flow in the Eulerian domain like the ALE method.