## 2 Related Works  
[PERSON] et al. [21] presented a bi-fitness swarm optimizer-based blockchain assisted secure swarm intelligence routing protocol for MANETs. The MANET provides communication between mobile devices and devices without any proper infrastructure. Hence, to provide quality of service (QoS), supervision of nodes and providing security is challenging. Thus, the following processes are considered: BLAKE-3 hashing algorithm for providing authentication zone-wise, rewards-optimized deep Q-learning algorithm utilized for clustering, particle-swarm optimization algorithm applied for priority-based routing securely, and finally sensitivity of packets are calculated using a sensitive aware data-encryption algorithm performed using blockchain-based SALSA 20. The performance of the suggested method has limited resources and bandwidth. To enable the transmission of videos across MANETs, a self-configured adaptable infrastructure that considers the quality of service is described by [PERSON] et al. [22]. The routing method sets up a multipath-forwarding system, maintains a list of routes on a regular basis, and categorizes these based on a variety of criteria. In order to improve the efficiency of services and reduce the likelihood of disconnected links despite employing less signaling cost, this concept functions differently in extremely changing states than it does when dealing with more static ones. [PERSON] et al. [23] introduced the detection of black- and grey-hole attacks using hybrid cat with a PSO-based deep-learning algorithm in MANETs. This study focused on detecting both black-hole and grey-hole attacks by using deep-learning techniques, because the MANET is more susceptible to attacks than the wired network. In each attack, the detection block forwarding ratio metric is used to find the difference between the normal and faulty nodes. The collected records were changed by malicious nodes to escape from the detection process. This was prevented by using a convolutional neural network (CNN) and a long short-term memory (LSTM) network. The tuning of parameters is carried out by using hybrid cat-particle swarm optimization (HCPSO). This suggested method has limited effectiveness and computational cost. [PERSON] et al. [24] introduced a secure routing protocol to mitigate attacks by using blockchain technology in MANETs. In MANET communication, several nodes are connected in the network, and thus are susceptible to various attacks. Thus, this article explains many types of attacks that affect MANETs by using a safe routing algorithm (SRA) that employs the blockchain (SRABC). The SRA protects the control and flow of data against attacks by utilizing a hash function for every data transmission. Also, the role of the blockchain in MANET security is explored here and the connection between SRA and the blockchain is described. Finally, the throughput and PDR are evaluated using the SRABC approach and compared to various routing protocols. [PERSON] et al. [25] presented blockchain-based lightweight trust management in mobile ad-hoc networks. Nowadays MANETs widely use the blockchain due to its characteristics such as immutability, consensus, provenance, etc. The blockchain is employed not only for secure storage but also for trustless exchange of data between end nodes. The challenges involved in ad-hoc networks are the type of nodes used during the validation process and how to overcome the computational complexities. This study provides a trust-management system with a consensus algorithm, termed optimized link state protocol (OLSP), to embed the blockchain concept in MANETs. Thus, the blockchain solves the issues in OSLR, because each node performs the security operations in a repeated manner. Also, using predefined principles protects the network from attackers. The results showed this consensus algorithm, used in resource-hungry MANETs, reduces validation time and overhead. [PERSON] et al. [26] presented an improved hybrid secure multipath routing protocol for MANETs.