esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Dynamic Modeling and Optimization of Tension Distribution for a Cable-Driven Parallel Robot
## 1 Introduction
The author further analyzes the equations of these two random variables and finds that their geometric meaning is eight pairs of intersecting parallel lines, and the feasible solution of the cable tension is the common area algorithm of these eight groups of parallel lines. However, due to the large randomness of the initial point selection, the calculation time of the whole algorithm is also uncertain [24]. [PERSON] et al. used the modified gradient projection method to optimize and solve the cable tension to obtain the tension required by the cable tension index. However, the solution speed and the continuity of the optimal solution need to be improved [25]. Using five gradient-based particle optimization heuristics, Parque optimizes the tension distribution problem, where the use of a cost function based on the sum of squares of forces results in a feasible, but not always smooth, force distribution [26]. In view of this, the improved minimum variance method is used to solve the problem of insufficient tension, stiffness, and discontinuity of the cable. This paper mainly studies the cable-driven parallel robot, especially the cable-driven parallel mechanism with redundant constraints. Based on the Newton-Euler method, the system dynamics model of cable-driven parallel robots is established. By introducing constraint conditions, the firefly algorithm is used to solve the optimal solution of tension distribution. The remainder of this paper is as follows: Section 2 introduces the mechanical structure of the cable-driven parallel robot. Section 3 establishes the dynamic model. In Section 4, a detailed solution for cable tension distribution is presented. Section 5 includes simulation studies for the traditional method and the proposed method. Section 6 includes the conclusion and discussion, respectively.
# Novel Scoring for Energy-Efficient Routing in Multi-Sensored Networks
## 5 Conclusions and Future Work  
In this work, we proposed a new routing protocol, the NSSROP, which balances the load efficiently among the nodes in a WSN-based IoT environment. We implemented the NSSROP on top of two base protocols, the DSR and OLSR, with the novel scoring mechanism for path selection. Each node is scored considering its energy and CNs to indicate the nodes' densities. In addition, the blacklisting mechanism is defined to deal with non-cooperating nodes in the WSN. In the experiment, the NSSROP showed outstanding results in terms of average energy consumption, throughput, and end-to-end delay.  
This work can be further expanded by incorporating game theory and using clusters or groups in the network. A Stackelberg or evolutionary game can be incorporated into the mechanism for cluster formation and cluster head selection processes. Moreover, the same mechanism can be modified to design a scheme for the development of trusted routes while considering selfish nodes in the network. Many trust management systems have been proposed. The existing trust management systems, focusing on trust development from node to node, can be extended to the trust development for entire routes in the network.  
W.K. introduced the main idea and finalized the methodology. W.K. supervised the entire work and also did the funding acquisition. M.M.U. conducted investigation, simulations and validations. S.K. conducted the formal analysis, implementation of methods, administrations. M.A.K. is expert in writing, carried out original draft preparation, review, editing and visualization. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the Technology development Program (No. G21S286191902) funded by the Ministry of SMEs and Startups (MSS, Korea).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Long-Term and Decadal Sea-Level Trends of the Baltic Sea Using Along-Track Satellite Altimetry
## 5 Results
### Inter-Comparisons of SA-Based ASL Trends
#### 5.4.3 Gridded vs. Instantaneous SA-Derived ASL Trends
The RMSE values also approve the reliability of SA data for trend estimations, which has an insignificant effect on the 4-year difference in the time series.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Coffee Varieties
This analysis reports trigonelline as the most contributing metabolite in the discrimination of varieties, both in the profile of green (Figure 3c) and in the profile of roasted coffee (Figure 3d). Univariate statistical analysis (Figure 3e,f, Supplementary Materials Figures S4 and S5) supports that trigonelline trends are conserved between coffee varieties, even after roasting (BO > MC > PA > TE = BR > CA > CR). An increment of quinic, acetic, fumaric and formic acids and a decrement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), malic acid, theophylline, trigonelline, 5-CQA, sucrose and chlorogenic acids occur following the roasting process (Supplementary Materials Figure S6). Although it is already known that roasting leads to the alteration of these metabolites [12; 25; 26], there are no data regarding the behavior of such components among different coffee varieties after roasting. As previously seen, trigonelline is particularly interesting in this respect, as it demonstrated a characteristic trend among varieties and was preservable even after roasting. Characteristically higher amounts of trigonelline are usually detected in _C. arabica_ with respect to _C. canephora_[27]. This is in line with reports by [PERSON] et al., 2020 on Ethiopian coffee, suggesting a characteristic trend of trigonelline among different varieties. The significance of trigonelline has been well established in previous studies, not only as a precursor of flavor and aroma compounds (as one of the main contributors to coffee's bitter taste), but also as a beneficial nutritional compound [28]. The fact that the trigonelline trend is conserved among varieties after roasting could suggest trigonelline as a potential candidate biomarker for variety determination.
# Wireless Channel Models for Over-the-Sea Communication: A Comparative Study
## 4 Channel Models for Over-the-Sea Wave Propagation
### Over-the Sea Radio Links of Malaysian Shore Using the Evaporation Duct  
Malaysia has a lot of islands in the South China Sea surrounded by large water bodies. Discovering energy resources, hydrocarbon exploration, and oil reserves in the deep sea requires high-speed over-the-sea communication between ships, vessels, and islands. To deal with this issue, the study undertaken in [15] presents the feasibility study of the bLoS radio links in the evaporation duct over the sea near Malaysian shores.  
The main objective of [15] was to analyze if it is possible to design a channel model for bLoS links in the Malaysian sea region. To do this, investigations were made to find the radio link propagation characteristics in the evaporation duct to find the optimum frequency and antenna height. Propagation path loss was calculated using 1.9-2.5 GHz frequency, 5 m of antenna height, and 1 degree of vertical beam width. The highest applied frequency of the channel model was 24.125 GHz. It was found that the use of 10.5 GHz frequency with an antenna height of 4 m is suitable for bLoS wave propagation channel in the sea environment close to the Malaysian shore.  
The study in [15] is simple but also the first trial considering the sea region. It is helpful as a preliminary study for the choice of frequency and antenna height in the mentioned sea scenario. However, the authors did not mention the specific path loss model they have used. Crucial channel evaluation parameters like mean excess delay, fade margin, RMS delay spread, etc. were ignored while doing the feasibility study.
# Research on Bandwidth Improvement of Fine Tracking Control System in Space Laser Communication
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Feedforward Control Based on Inverse Model  
In order to reduce the influence of hysteresis nonlinearity, feedforward control is one of the effective methods. In this paper, the inverse model of the P-I rate-dependent model is established. It is designed as a feedforward controller and compensates for hysteretic nonlinear errors by being in series with PZT FSM. The structure is shown in Figure 7.  
Figure 5: The structure of the P-I rate-dependent model.  
Figure 6: The hysteresis curve of the P-I rate-dependent model with different input signal frequencies.  
Figure 7: The structure of feedforward control based on the inverse model.  
The relationship between the hysteresis model and its inverse model is shown in Figure 8. The inverse hysteresis model is also a nonlinear model, and it is symmetric with the hysteresis model about the 45\({}^{\circ}\) line. Therefore, the input signal is calculated using the inverse model and then utilized to control the PZT FSM. Then, the input signal and the output signal of the feedforward system are linear.  
Figure 8: Hysteresis model and its inverse model.  
controller is the inverse model of the P-I rate-dependent model, and the feedback controller is PID control method. The equation is:  
\[u(t)=K_{p}[e(t)+\frac{1}{T_{i}}\int_{0}^{t}e(t)dt+T_{d}\frac{de(t)}{dt}] \tag{10}\]  
where \(e(t)\) is the difference between the reference input and the actual output; \(K_{p}\) is the proportional coefficient; \(T_{i}\) is the integral time coefficient; and \(T_{d}\) is the differential time coefficient.  
The compound control method combines the advantages of feedforward control and feedback control, offering strong anti-interference capabilities and stability. It is particularly suitable for the fine tracking systems with external interference and high-frequency fast tracking signals.
# Electrical Equalization Analysis of PAM-4 Transmission in Short-Reach Optical Systems
## 4 Results and Discussion
### The Optimum Equalizer  
The first step of the research was to find the ideal numbers of taps. During the research, we tried to investigate its impact on the equalizer's performances. We did not find any great improvement with the increase in the number of taps. In fact, we witnessed a degradation in some of the cases. Figure 4a shows some of the results for the FFE. Clearly, the penalty is higher as the fiber is longer. The independency of the penalty on the filter BW (\(f_{c}\)) will be discussed in Sections 4.2 and 4.3.  
For 2.5 km, the results are inconclusive, so we chose to carry out the rest of the research with six taps at the feedforward part.  
A compatible test was performed on the DFE, so six taps were set in the feedforward part. Figure 4b shows these results.  
The increase in the feedback taps, as well as in the feedforward part, did not constantly increase the performance, and for the five taps, there is a degradation around 0.1 dBm. In  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** \\ \hline Symbol rate\(R_{s}\) & 53 \(\text{Gaud}\) \\ Samples per symbol—SPS & 8 \\ Wavelength\(\lambda\) & 1550 nm \\ Dispersion parameter\(D\) & \(17\times 10^{-3}\frac{\text{s}}{\text{mm}}\) \\ Input referred noise—IRN & \(20\times 10^{-12}\frac{\text{s}}{\text{$\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$}}\) \\ Photodiode responsivity\(R_{exp}\) & 0.95 \(\frac{\text{s}}{\text{$\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$}}\) \\ Filter order (Bessel) & 4 \\ Convergence parameter \(\mu\) & 0.005 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: The constant parameters that were defined in the research.  
Figure 4: Impact of number of taps on the penalty for desirable BER = \(1\times 10^{-4}\), where 0 dB penalty corresponding to OIP of \(-14\) dBm. (**a**) FFE with \(N_{1}=2,6,10\) (**b**) DFE with \(N_{1}=6\) and \(N_{2}=2,3,5\). Fiber length 0.5, 2.5 km, variable combination of filter \(f_{c}\) as mentioned in the legend.  
some of the cases, at 2.5 km fiber length, we can see an improvement with the feedback addition; however, it was about 0.1-0.3 dBm and was inconsistent. For 2.5 km, we chose to carry out the rest of the research with three taps at the feedback part.
## 3 Underwater Routing Protocols
### Eeiar  
An energy-efficient interference-aware routing (EEIAR) protocol is proposed in [31]. A source node selects a forwarder node that has the shortest path to the destination and the least number of neighbors. Shortest path selection reduces propagation delay. The selection of a forwarder node with the least number of neighbors minimizes interference during packet forwarding. However, nodes close to the water surface die rapidly due to constant selection of the shortest path; as these nodes provide the shortest paths.
###### Abstract  
As an advanced energy storage technology, the compressed CO\({}_{2}\) energy storage system (CCES) has been widely studied for its advantages of high efficiency and low investment cost. However, the current literature has been mainly focused on the TC-CCES and SC-CCES, which operate in high-pressure conditions, increasing investment costs and bringing operation risks. Meanwhile, some studies based on the phase-change CO\({}_{2}\) energy storage system also have had the disadvantages of low efficiency and the extra necessity of heat or cooling sources. To overcome the above problems, this paper proposes an innovative compressed CO\({}_{2}\) phase-change energy storage system. During the energy charge process, molten salt and water are used to store heat with a smaller temperature difference in heat exchangers, and high-pressure CO\({}_{2}\) is reserved in liquid form. During the energy discharge process, throttle expansion is applied to realize the evaporation at room temperature, and CO\({}_{2}\) absorbs the reserved heat to improve the power capacity in the turbine and the system energy storage efficiency. The thermodynamic and exergoeconomic studies are performed firstly by using MATLAB. Then, the parametric study based on energy storage efficiency, system unit product cost, and exergy destruction is analyzed. The results show that energy storage efficiency can be improved by lifting liquid CO\({}_{2}\) pressure as well as compressor and turbine isentropic efficiencies, and CO\({}_{2}\) evaporation pressure has the optimal pressure point. The system unit product cost can be reduced by decreasing liquid CO\({}_{2}\) pressure and compressor isentropic efficiency, while CO\({}_{2}\) evaporation pressure and turbine isentropic efficiency both have optimal points. Finally, the optimization of two performances is performed by NSGA-II, and they can reach 75.30% and 41.17 $/GJ, respectively. Moreover, the optimal energy storage efficiency is obviously higher than that of other energy storage technologies, indicating the great advantage of the proposed system. This study provides an innovative research method for a new type of large-scale energy storage system.  
energy storage system; carbon dioxide; phase-change; exergoeconomic; optimization +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Phase  
XRD patterns of five locations are shown in Figure 8. From the bottom to the top, four phases can be found, including the austenitic TiNi (labeled as A-phase in Figure 8), martensitic TiNi (labeled as M-phase in Figure 8), intermetallic Ti\({}_{2}\)Ni, and Ti. The diffraction peaks of those four phases are labeled using different red markers. At the H1 location, austenitic TiNi, martensitic TiNi, and Ti give a strong signal, which is shown in Figure 8a. The existence of Ti\({}_{2}\)Ni can also be found. The presence of the Ti crystal structure is mainly due to the dilution effect near the bottom of the single wall. In Figure 8b, the Ti peaks cannot be observed since the impact of dilution is largely reduced. The major existing phases are austenitic TiNi, martensitic TiNi, and Ti\({}_{2}\)Ni. Figure 8c demonstrates that austenite dominates, while the signals of the martensitic TiNi and Ti\({}_{2}\)Ni become less obvious. When they go up to locations H4 and H5, as shown in Figure 8d,e, the martensitic TiNi and Ti\({}_{2}\)Ni can hardly be observed, and the entirety of the XRD patterns is almost dominated only by the austenite phase. For TiNi phases, the signal of the austenite phase starts from weak to strong from the bottom to the top, while the martensitic phase follows an opposite tendency.  
Figure 7: SEM images of the as-deposited TiNiCu single wall at various locations along the BD: (**a**,**c**,**e**,**g**,**i**)—Locations H1, H2, H3, H4, and H5, respectively; (**b**,**d**,**f**,**h**,**j**)—Locations H1, H2, H3, H4, and H5, respectively with higher magnification for EDS analysis.  
At the lower location, the as-deposited structure consists of a combination of martensite and austenite, while at the higher location, austenite becomes much more prevalent.  
According to the finding in the EDS results, from the bottom to the top, the atomic composition of Ti within the matrix area varies from Ti-rich (Ti at.% > 50 at.%) to Ti-poor (Ti at.% < 50 at.%). It was mentioned in a previous research study that Ti-rich TiNi-based shape memory alloy tends to exhibit a martensitic structure at room temperature since the temperatures for phase transformation are higher [37]. The transformation temperatures will also be discussed in Section 3.5. The decrease in the martensite signal correlates with the gradual decrease in the Ti atomic composition and the constituent of Ti-rich intermetallic Ti\({}_{2}\)Ni along with the BD, which is displayed in Figure 7. Thus, the XRD results show good consistency with the composition study found in the EDS analysis.
## 4 Case Studies
### Glucose Management Protocol Case Study
We considered two scenarios here: one, where we assume that most patients follow the protocol well (most activities compliant), which corresponds to a linguistic summary \"most (\(Q_{1}\)) patients have most (\(Q_{2}\)) of their activities compliant\", and the second one where many patients follow the protocol very well (almost all activities compliant), which corresponds to a linguistic summary \"many (\(Q_{1}\)) patients have almost all (\(Q_{2}\)) of their activities compliant\". \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Method** & **Ward \(A\)** & **Ward \(B\)** \\ \hline \hline Strict Compliance & & \\ \hline \% of compliant executions & 1.7\% & 0.7\% \\ \% of compliant activities & 37.8\% & 34.8\% \\ \hline Fuzzy compliance & & \\ \hline Fuzzy compliance (average based) [13] & 82.6\% & 82.8\% \\ \hline OWA-based fuzzy compliance & & \\ \hline most (\(Q_{1}\)) patients have most (\(Q_{2}\)) of their activities compliant & 62.1\% & 75.8\% \\ many (\(Q_{1}\)) patients have almost all (\(Q_{2}\)) of their activities compliant & 23.6\% & 26.6\% \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{Sugeno integral-based fuzzy compliance} \\ \hline Sugeno integral-based & 70.4\% & 71.4\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Compliance values for Wards \(A\) and \(B\) according to different metrics. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Medication** & **Totally Acceptable Deviation** & **Totally Unacceptable Deviation** \\ \hline Perfusor setting & 1 unit/h & 2 units/h \\ \hline Insulin bolus & 2 units & 3 units \\ \hline Glucose bolus & 10 mL & 15 mL \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Thresholds for accepted and non-accepted deviations. In the first case, Ward \(B\) has higher values, indicating that in most cases they are more compliant than staff in Ward \(A\). In the case of the second summary, both wards do not score well, indicating that overall long-term compliance per patient is hard to obtain. Naturally, with different definitions of quantifiers, different truth values of the summaries could be obtained. The Sugeno integral-based fuzzy compliance also offers an interesting perspective. The obtained value can be interpreted as follows: at least 70% of patients have 70% of activities compliant to a degree of 70%. The advantage is that with one number, we can capture the overall compliance level.
## 3 ABER Analysis of the SISO TOW Link  
The BER is a critical metric for the availability and performance estimation of each communication system, such as TOW links. Nevertheless, the BER is estimated through the instantaneous electrical SNR at the receiver, \(\gamma_{m}\), which experiences random fluctuations, and thus, the BER metric obtains random values as well. Thus, in order to draw more accurate conclusions for the system performance in practice we need to estimate the ABER metric. Consequently, in this section we first investigate the ABER for an IM/DD SISO TOW link with OOK, and then, we expand this work for an IM/DD SIMO TOW system with OOK and \(L\)-PPM formats with optimal combining (OC) [2; 51].
# Intelligent Network Service Optimization in the Context of 5G/NFV
## 2 Related Work
The Rainbow project [28] implemented an automated monitoring and analysis loop in autonomic computing that provides a framework for monitoring and administering actions upon system state alterations. The authors defined several fundamental sources of uncertainty and then tried to address them one by one. On these grounds, they developed their own self-adaptation language that tries to emulate the system administrator's decision process. Although Rainbow achieved a balance between combining a centralized controller with a set of distributed infrastructures and a failure-tolerant design, it exhibited a lack of strategic data security functions and cognitive mechanisms for successfulness determination. More recent research has focused on innovative technologies such as NFV. The authors in [29] presented a multi-objective optimization service function chain placement (MOO-SFCP) algorithm based on reinforcement learning RL. The goal of the algorithm is to optimize the resource allocation model, including several performance indexes such as underlying resource consumption revenue, revenue cost ratio, VNF acceptance rate, and network latency. The proposed algorithm was evaluated through extended simulation experiments. The authors in [30] presented a MANO framework for the automation of end-to-end network slicing, with the implementations of core network and transport network slices. Their approach aims to enhance the scalability and elasticity of the running services in 5G. In this paper, we propose an innovative framework based on the principles of the MAPE paradigm, which combines state-of-the-art technologies (i.e., NFV, ML analysis, monitoring) to address specific management and orchestration issues in the IoT domain. Moreover, the consideration of QoE metrics in ML optimization modes constitutes a novelty that contributes decisively to the optimization of video streaming quality, as is established in a profound way in the following sections.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Filtration Experiments
#### 3.3.2 NOM Removal in Filtration Experiments  
In the initial experiments, the reduction in ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UV254 nm), commonly considered an appropriate surrogate to assess NOM removal, was monitored. The most common wavelengths for NOM measurements are from 220 to 280 nm. Absorbance at 254 nm is typical for measurements of aromatic compounds [53; 54]. When water was filtered through the pristine membrane, small quantities, typically 18% (Figure 8), of NOM were removed from the feed water (based on UV\({}_{254\text{nm}}\) absorbance). That level of effectiveness increased when the membrane was coated with HAOPs.  
Figure 7: Representation of data variability of phosphorus removal rate for the applied HAOPs surface loading of 10 g/m\({}^{2}\), with flux of 150 LMH, the abscissa indicates the specific volume (\(V_{\text{sp}}\)) of permeate produced during filtration (the filtration was repeated 3 times, and the repetitions are marked as 1, 2 and 3).