# Remote Sensing for International Peace and Security: Its Role and Implications
## 6 Conclusions  
This review presents the applications of remote sensing technologies in supporting international peace and security missions and provided a detailed overview of each application with various case study examples from literature. In particular, we focused on earth observation for monitoring armed conflicts, human rights, tracking genocides, impact on environmental aspects and disease control preventions, and identified different interactions among these 4-level processes. This study noticed that the current research on peace and security issues is in the initial phase. Due to this reason, it is affected with incommensurate data for correspondence limiting granular information essential for characterization. Nevertheless, some recent studies have demonstrated the usefulness of high-resolution satellites in the area of refugee rehabilitation, quantifying conflict zones, and border security controls. With Kurmuk, Sudan as a case example, we also showed that the synergistic use of multi-source data from satellites, secondary sources, and ground-data could help in developing early warning systems to minimize civilian casualties in war zones. With the increased availability of higher spatial resolution images in the future, there is significant potential in space-borne technologies for early-warning of attacks, particularly for knowing the potential affected sites of targets. On the other hand, near-real-time data provides useful information to rapid-response in relief activities and crisis management. Additionally, recent improvements in sensor capabilities make it an essential and relevant tool for documenting and preventing armed conflicts. The salient understanding from this study is that there is an ample requirement for disseminating information for ensuring prompt and efficient humanitarian responses at a global level. In particular, this is evident from Yemen civil conflicts. The Syrian crisis has the Sudan-South Sudan border issues and Rohingya crisis, etc. However, the initiatives on such works remain elusive with a lack of co-ordinate ion and setting between the geospatial community and relief organizations. It is hoped that initiatives such as the UNITAR/UNOSAT by United Nation, 'Not on Our Watch' funded the Satellite Sentinel Project (SSP), as a partnership among the Enough Project and DigitalGlobe, and the continuing upward trend in scientific work at the regional level (e.g., Witmer, [71]) will help to minimize the impact of crisis and disasters. Considerable capacity building for data processing, knowledge dissemination, and resource sharing is, therefore, required. Automated object-based analysis, data fusion algorithms, and tools to process Big Data in remote sensing are the way forward in terms of building a peaceful and secure world. This study concludes that remote sensing as a surveillance tool has immense potential to guard our planet's environment, peace, and security, provided it is used actively and transparently. The trajectory, intensity, and orientational control of those applications will depend on how the major stakeholders from academia, governance, and civil society converge to advance the foundational principles for conflict prevention, detection, and related human rights issues. Conceptualization, R.A., A.K. ([PERSON]), D.S., and A.K. ([PERSON]); Methodology, R.A., A.K. ([PERSON]), D.S., A.P.Y. and A.K. ([PERSON]); Formal analysis, R.A., A.K. ([PERSON]), D.S., and P.M. Resources, R.A., A.K. ([PERSON]), A.K. ([PERSON]), D.S., P.M., A.G., A.P.Y., P.K., B.A.J., R.D., N.S., and A.B.R. Writing--original draft preparation, R.A., A.K. ([PERSON]), D.S., A.P.Y. and A.K. ([PERSON]); Writing--review and editing, R.A., A.K. ([PERSON]), A.K. ([PERSON]), D.S., P.M., A.G., A.P.Y., P.K., B.A.J., R.D., N.S., and A.B.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. The publication fee was supported by the Publication Support Grants of Hokkaido University, Japan. The datasets generated in the current study are available from the corresponding author on request.