# Lemongrass Essential Oil Components with Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activities
## 3 LEO Therapeutics
### Anticancer Activity
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Components** & **Experimental Model** & **Mechanism of Action** & **References** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{cital} & A549 (human lung carcinoma) & Growth arrest of cell cycle at sub G1 phase & \multirow{4}{*}{[115]} \\  & NCI-H1975 (human lung adenocarcinoma) & Up-regulation of proaspase-3 & & \\  & NCI-H1560 (human lung adenocarcinoma) & Decrease of Bcl-2 and increase of expression of Bax & & \\  & NCI-H1299 (human lung large cell carcinoma) & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{cital} & Prostate cancer cells PC3 and PC3M (metastaticatic) & Inhibition of colony formation, suppression of expression & \multirow{4}{*}{[119; 150]} \\  & Colony forming assay 10, 15, 25, 50, 100 \(\mu\)g/M & of AMPK pathway genes _SEREP1_, _ACC_, _HAGG_ & & \\  & ATCC-H1739 & 216 upregulated genes 396 downregulated genes & & \\  & AGS stomach cancer cells & Apoptosis, block of colony formation and migration & & \\  & 5, 10, 20 \(\mu\)g/mL & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{cital} & Human colorectal cancer HCT116 and HT29 cells & Induction of phosphorylation of p53, triggering ROS & \multirow{4}{*}{[124; 151]} \\  & HT29, SW620 lines & mediated mitochondrial intrinsic apoptosis & & \\  & HT29, SW620 lines & Cytotoxicity & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{geraniol} & A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells in culture and & Decreased the level of membrane-bound Ras protein, & \multirow{2}{*}{[127]} \\  & in vivo into nude mice & decreased the level of cholesterol and HMGCR protein & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{geraniol} & In vitro murine endothelial-like eEND2 cells and & \multirow{4}{*}{Blocked VEGF/ VEGFR signal transduction and \multirow{4}{*}{} \\  & HDMC (dermal microvascular endothelial cells), & suppression of cAKT and ERK signalling pathways & & \\  & In vivo, CTE cells from undifferentiated colon & & \\  & carcinoma of the BALB/ c mouse & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{geraniol} & Human hepatoma (HepG2) and human lung & Growth arrest in Co/G1 interphase of the cell cycle, \multirow{4}{*}{} \\  & adenocarcinoma (A549) cell lines & increased the production of ROS & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{citronell} & Invitro, non-small lung cancer cell (NCI-H1299): & Arrest of cell cycle at G1 phase, down-regulation of \multirow{4}{*}{} \\  & In vivo, injected NCI-H1299 into BALB/ c nude mice & expression of cyclin E, and cyclin D, increase in \multirow{4}{*}{} \\  & & expression of TNF-\(\alpha\), and activation of RIP1/RIP & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{citronell} & Triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell line & Decreased the expression of Bcl-2 gene and protein and \multirow{4}{*}{} \\  & & increased Bax expression. & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{citronell} & \multirow{2}{*}{DMBA/7,12-dimethylbenz(\(\alpha\)) anthracene) induced & Down-regulation of expression of NF-kB, IL-6, and \multirow{2}{*}{} \\  & mammary cancer in rats & TNF-\(\alpha\). Suppression of activity of COX-2. & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(\alpha\)-bisabolol} & CML-T1, Jurkat, HeLa cell lines & Cytotoxicity via mitochondria and lysosome-initiated \multirow{4}{*}{} \\  & cell & caspase cascade and induction of autophagy & \\  & & and apoptosis & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(\alpha\)-bisabolol} & KLM1, KP4, and Panc 1 human pancreatic cancer & \multirow{4}{*}{Up-regulation of _KISSIR_} & \multirow{2}{*}{[146]} \\  & cell lines & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(\alpha\)-bisabol} & Endometial cancer cell lines RL95-2, ECC001, ECC003 & Decreased activity of COX-2, induction in PARP cleavage, & \\  & Ishikawa cell line & increased apoptosis via XIAP/ caspase 3 pathway & \\  & ECC 26/E7 cell line & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{limonene} & Bladder cancer line T24; & Arrest of cell cycle in the G2/M phase; block of cancer cell & \\  & colon cancer LSI74T line; & migration; apoptosis; inhibition of PI8/AKT pathway & \\  & Bladder cancer cells & induces cell cycle G2/M, suppressing migration. Induces & & \\  & Bladder cancer cells & chromatin concentration, nuclear fragmentation, & \\  & increases Bax, caspase 3, decreases Bcl-2 & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{pinene} & HepG2, HCC cells & CDKNIC/p57 and p27/CDKIN upregulation, miR-221 & & \\  & downregulation & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{linalol} & HeLa, & \multirow{2}{*}{} \\  & H520 lung cancer line, & & \\  & BCC-1/KMC skin cancer & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}