## 3 The Integral Role of Lighting in Urban Environment
### Assessing Subjective Indicators of Lighting Quality
#### 4.2.1 Psychological Indicators of Environmental Comfort  
First, participants rated the featured location based on a psychological factor. This corresponds to the relevant metrics of the SEC model, which emphasize indicators such as individual feeling, attracting attention, orientation ability, and sense of safety. Participants rated aspects such as attraction, pleasantness, relaxation, composition, arousing interest, stimulation, overview, and safety using a five-level evaluation scale. The survey asked, \"Imagine yourself in the location pictured. How would you rate the scene?\" The options ranged from two opposite feelings, such as for example: 1, not attractive--5, attractive. A rating of 3 meant neutrality (for example, neither unattractive nor attractive). The comparative ratings for the individual aspects are shown in Tables 4-6. In order to increase the readability of the data, reference Sn values for individual locations have been added to each table. L1 Gosposka Street has balanced scores, with a peak in overview (3.29), indicating a satisfactory overall view and safety (3.13). L2 Postna Street scores slightly lower, with a low composition score (2.27), suggesting its design may lack harmony. Safety and stimulation are average. L3 Kocljeva Street scores high in attraction, pleasantness, and relaxation, with top marks in overview (3.76) and safety. L4 Vojasniska Street has average scores, with lower marks for composition and safety. L5 Leon Stukelj Square stands out in all categories, suggesting it is attractive and safe. L6 Castle Square is similarly appealing, with good overview scores. L7 Liberty Square scores the lowest, indicating it is less attractive and safe. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l l l} \hline \hline  & **Case Study Location** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Comfort**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Fascination**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Compliance**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Sn**} \\  & **–** & **\(\mathbf{x}\)** & \(\mathbf{\sigma}\) & \(\mathbf{x}\) & \(\mathbf{\sigma}\) & \(\mathbf{x}\) & \(\mathbf{\sigma}\) & \\ \hline Street & L1 Gosposka Street & 2.25 & 0.981 & 2.29 & 1.005 & 2.42 & 1.029 & 0.97 \\  & L2 Postna Street & 3.08 & 0.924 & 2.33 & 1.170 & 2.53 & 1.164 & 1.12 \\  & L3 Kneza K. Street & 2.99 & 1.012 & 2.95 & 1.026 & 3.20 & 1.027 & 0.96 \\  & L4 Vojasniska Street & 3.00 & 0.995 & 2.33 & 1.071 & 3.02 & 1.150 & 1.14 \\ \hline Square & L5 Leon Stukelj Square & 3.97 & 1.098 & 4.47 & 0.776 & 4.33 & 0.832 & 1.00 \\  & L6 Castle Square & 3.01 & 0.962 & 2.59 & 1.048 & 2.87 & 1.055 & 1.04 \\  & L7 Liberty Square & 2.63 & 0.937 & 1.71 & 0.884 & 2.09 & 1.023 & 0.98 \\  & L8 Main Square & 3.01 & 0.943 & 2.63 & 1.014 & 2.98 & 1.046 & 1.09 \\ \hline Park & L9 A.M. Slomšek & 2.89 & 1.153 & 3.01 & 1.063 & 3.11 & 1.086 & 1.04 \\  & Square & L10 City Park Maribor & 3.59 & 1.057 & 3.55 & 1.124 & 3.67 & 1.086 & 1.26 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 10: Descriptive measurements of the artificial light effect indicator during the night-time. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Space**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Sn**} \\  & **Case Study Location** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Arrangement**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**} & \\  & & **x** & \(\mathbf{\sigma}\) & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Square} & L5 Leon Stukelj Square & 4.44 & 0.684 & 1.00 \\  & L6 Castle Square & 3.71 & 0.788 & 1.04 \\  & L7 Liberty Square & 2.73 & 1.037 & 0.98 \\  & L8 Main Square & 3.67 & 0.752 & 1.09 \\ \hline Park & L9 A.M. Slomšek Square & 3.74 & 0.859 & 1.04 \\  & L10 City Park Maribor & 4.00 & 0.851 & 1.26 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \(\overline{\pi}\), arithmetic mean; \(\sigma\), standard deviation.  
\end{table} 
Table 9: _Cont._L8 Main Square has strong, balanced scores, making it a central area. L9 Slomsek Square pocket park scores well, especially for interest and safety, offering a pleasant environment. L10 City Park Maribor scores high in attraction and interest, though its composition is a bit lower.