esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Experimental Setup and Analysis of Results
### Results and Discussion  
Table 2 summarizes the performance of the different methods on the LRS2 dataset under various signal-to-noise ratios (SNR), expressed in WER (%). The SNR is calculated as follows:  
\[SNR=10 lg\frac{P_{s}}{P_{n}} \tag{25}\]  
Here, \(P_{s}\) denotes the power of the speech signal, and \(P_{n}\) represents the power of the noise. Generally, a higher SNR indicates less noise in the signal, while a lower SNR indicates more noise. The term \"modality\" refers to three types of inputs: audio-only (A), visual-only (V), and audio-visual bimodal (AV). As the SNR decreases, the WER for each method increases. Since visual information is not affected by noise, the WER for audio  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Methods**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Modality**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**SNR/dB**} \\ \cline{3-6}  & & **Clean** & **10** & **5** & **0** & **Avg** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{TM-seq2 seq [19]} & A & 10.8 & 28.6 & 42.6 & 58.5 & 35.1 \\ \cline{2-6}  & V & 50.2 & - & - & - & - \\ \cline{2-6}  & AV & 9.6 & 26.8 & 32.7 & 36.2 & 26.3 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{TM-CTC [19]} & A & 10.1 & - & - & - & 53.4 \\ \cline{2-6}  & V & 54.7 & - & - & - & - \\ \cline{2-6}  & AV & 8.2 & - & - & - & 23.6 \\ \hline TM-DCM [43] & AV & 8.6 & 18.8 & 22.0 & 28.9 & 19.6 \\ \hline TM-av\_align [1] & AV & 11.5 & 22.6 & 25.0 & 31.2 & 22.6 \\ \hline TM+sparse+CMAF (MMST) [44] & AVO & 7.6 & 24.2 & 29.5 & 32.2 & 23.4 \\ \hline AV Transformer [4] & AV & 12.5 & 28.7 & 33.9 & 37.5 & 28.15 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Ours} & A & 7.6 & 14.5 & 25.6 & 52.0 & 25.0 \\ \cline{2-6}  & V & 55.0 & - & - & - & - \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-6}  & AV & 6.8 & 9.3 & 13.6 & 23.5 & 13.3 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Performance of several models on the LRS2 dataset (A: audio-only, V: visual-only, AV: audio-visual, AVO: audio-visual-motion).  
visual bimodal inputs is typically lower than that for audio-only inputs. Compared to TM-CTC [19], the proposed model achieves an improvement of approximately 17.1% under clean conditions and consistently exhibits a lower average WER in noisy environments.  
Table 3 presents the prediction results of the proposed model for several instances under clean conditions. The model performs poorly when relying solely on either the audio or visual modality, particularly when using only the visual modality. For instance, the words \"WELL\" and \"WHILE\" have similar phonetic characteristics and mouth shapes, making them difficult to distinguish with a single-modality model. Similarly, words like \"WHEN THERE\" and \"WHETHER\" share very similar pronunciations, leading to a high probability of error when relying solely on the visual modality. However, when both the audio and visual modalities are combined, the limitations of each individual modality are effectively compensated for, enabling the model to predict the text correctly.
# A Wideband Power Amplifier in 65 nm CMOS Covering 25.8 GHz-36.9 GHz by Staggering Tuned MCRs
###### Abstract  
Broadband millimeter-wave power amplifiers have attracted much attention and have wide applications for 5G communication, satellite communication, radar, sensing, etc. Yet, it is challenging to design a power amplifier with broadband small-signal gain and power performance simultaneously. In this study, a transformer-based symmetrical magnetically coupled resonator (MCR) matching network for broadband output matching and stagger-tuned MCRs are used to achieve both broadband small- and large-signal performance. Also, to enhance the gain for the power amplifier, a three-stage common-source pseudo-differential structure is adopted to mitigate the low-gain issue due to stagger tuning, and the shunt resistors aimed to decrease the Q factor of the MCRs. We used the in-phase two-way current combined with microstrip transmission lines to increase the output power. Designed in 65 nm bulky CMOS technology, the power amplifier presents a 3 dB small-signal gain bandwidth from 25.8 GHz to 36.9 GHz, indicating a peak gain of 25.87 dB at 30.5 GHz. The power amplifier demonstrates a 17.84 dBm saturated output power (\(P_{sat}\)) at 31 GHz and a 24.37% peak power added efficiency (\(PAE_{max}\)) at 28 GHz. The power amplifier achieves a flat \(P_{sat}\) of \(17.44\pm 0.4\) dBm, a \(PAE_{max}\) of \(22.59\pm 1.78\%\), and an \(OP_{LIB}\) of \(13.78\pm 0.31\) dBm from 26 GHz to 36 GHz.  
broadband power amplifier; symmetrical magnetically coupled resonator (MCR); stagger tuning; current-combining +
Footnote †: journal: Electronics Letters
# A Topology Map Generation Algorithm for Optimal Path Finding for Image-Based Maps
## 5 Experimental Results
### Simple  
It had a structure similar to that of the very simple map, but was more spacious. Moreover, there were more obstacles to reaching the destination. Compared with the average of 122,703 nodes visited in the image map when searching for routes to the destination, an average of 102.2 nodes (reduction of 99.92%) was required when the same path search algorithm was performed on the preprocessed topology map. Since the resolution was higher compared with the map data of very simple complexity, the time required for the path search with the image map was further increased. When only A* was used, it took an average of 264.2 ms, and when preprocessing was performed through the CNA, it took an average of 46.2 ms. When the same algorithm was applied to the topology map generated by the CNA, it took 2.5 ms, representing a reduction of 99.05% when preprocessing and path search were performed together versus alone.
## 5 Discussion
### Implications for Underground Mines  
The nature of work performed inside underground mines concerns the movement of employees as well as that of vehicles over complicated underground terrain. Therefore, the technical environment associated with underground mining excavations imposes many limitations on the utility of radio systems employed in mines. For example, there exist excavations with small cross-sections, long lengths, and at times, short dimensions connected with crossings inclined at 90 degrees or less with respect to one another. In general, the number of excavation connections depends on the size of the mining area and the system of exploitation of natural-resource deposits. In addition, a large number of electrical installations and devices with high power requirements are required when performing underground excavations. These installations generate electromagnetic fields. In addition to this, there exists high humidity (often above 80% relative humidity), salinity, and dust particles in the air, along with metallic equipment and associated waste in the vicinity of mining excavations.  
The above factors mandate that Bluetooth-beacon-based equipment must possess required levels of effective sealing against the intrusion of surrounding environmental elements. Attenuation of radio waves by rock mass is also a significant factor which must be accounted for in the development of beacon-based systems, owing to presence of numerous intersections within excavation sites. Suppression of radio waves within different rock structures must, therefore, be analyzed for a given type of wireless communication network.  
In addition, the high power levels of radio-transmission devices should not cause the accidental firing of explosives, given the small distance of blasting circuits from radio-transmission devices at excavation sites. With regard to gas mines, all equipment used inside underground excavations must be protected against spark ignition and be used in an explosion-proof manner. Although the proposed study assumes smartphones to be an integral part of vehicles, the use of personal smartphones in underground mines has often proven to be problematic.
###### Abstract
An economic emission analysis considering uncertainties associated with energy demand, gas demand, and wind power output was conducted to maximize the total profit and minimize CO\({}_{2}\) gas emission in a multi-objective model. In [37], the optimal operation of a hybrid MG based on heating, cooling, and power in the presence of CAES and refrigeration based on a multi-objective framework was studied. Similarly, a hybrid system comprising various units such as photovoltaic, CAES, gas-fired integrated with combined heat and power technology was studied to analyze the CAES system's performance in a multi-objective framework [38]. In [39], optimization of power-to-heat flexibility for buildings considering the day-ahead market was studied. A multi-objective unit commitment problem using a two-stage stochastic programming method was employed in [40]. The model aims to minimize the operation cost and emission pollution associated with an integrated smart grid consists electric vehicles, CAES system, RESs, and DRP. The energy management of a renewable-based islanded MG integrated with DRP and pumped-storage was studied to balance demand and generation sides [41]. The optimal scheduling of a district coupled power-gas system with wind energy considering demand flexibility and CAES was studied [42]. The robust and opportunistic approaches are implemented in the model. In [43], techno-economic analysis of a RES-based islanded MG considering DRP and energy storage was investigated. A novel two-stage optimization method based on the combination of genetic algorithm and dynamic programming was proposed to attain the optimal scheduling sets of a coupled energy systems leveraging DRP and energy storage [44]. In [45; 46], various combinations of energy storage technology and DRP were analyzed to decrease wind curtailment. The probabilistic performance of the ice storage system on the energy hub operation penetrated with wind turbine leveraging DRP was represented [47]. The optimal scheduling problem of an energy hub structure equipped with combined heat and power, boiler, power-to-gas storage, thermal energy storage, and electrical energy storage was presented. The paper in [48] investigated the role of power-to-gas technology in decreasing the operation cost of the energy hub's operator while providing electrical, thermal, and gas demands. In [49], a two-stage robust approach was developed for coupled combined heat and power systems and P2G MGs under wind power uncertainty.
# Effects of Freeze-thaw Cycles on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of a Dispersed Soil
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Testing Methods
#### 2.3.5 Particle Size Analysis Test  
A BT-9300 LD laser particle size analyzer (Figure 2e) was employed to analyze the particle size distribution of the dispersed soil samples following varying quantities of freeze-thaw cycles. Since dry testing involves air-drying and grinding of soil samples, it is inevitable that the particle size distribution of the soil will be greatly disrupted. Therefore, in this experimental study, a wet dispersion system was employed. During the particle size testing process, the freeze-thawed ring knife samples were first gently broken apart. A suitable amount of soil from the interior was then collected in a small beaker and thoroughly soaked in distilled water. The resulting soil suspension was completely poured into the recirculation tank, and the inner walls of the beaker were rinsed with distilled water, with the rinse liquid also poured into the recirculation tank to ensure minimal loss of soil particle composition. To reduce experimental errors, two positions were sampled for each ring knife sample, and the average of three consecutive measurements at each position was taken. The results were recorded only after ensuring that the particle size measurement outcomes exhibited good single-run repeatability and multi-run reproducibility. In cases where stability was not achieved, retesting was performed to attain consistent results. It should be noted that the laser particle size analyzer used in this experiment has an upper limit of 1 mm for measuring particle sizes. However, according to [PERSON] et al. [32], no particles larger than 1 mm are present in a suspension formed by soaking soil in distilled water. Therefore, the utilization of solely the laser particle size analyzer sufficed to achieve a precise particle size distribution of the soil samples. In this particle size analysis test, no dispersant was introduced to maintain the agglomeration effect induced by the freeze-thaw cycles and to prevent interference with the particle structure.
# Determination of Axial Force in Tie Rods of Historical Buildings Using the Model-Updating Technique
###### Abstract  
Tie rods are structural elements that transfer axial tensile loads and are typically used on walls, vaults, arches, and buttresses in historical buildings. To verify their load-bearing capacity and identify possible structural damage risks, the forces transferred by tie rods and the corresponding stresses must be determined. However, this is often a challenging task due to the lack of project documentation for historical buildings. Uncertainties like complex boundary conditions or unknown material and geometrical properties make it hard to assess the tie rods' load level. This paper presents a methodology for the determination of axial forces in tie rods that combines on-site experimental research and a numerical model-updating technique. Along with the common approach based on a determination of the natural frequency of tie rods, this paper presents an approach based on tie rods' mode shapes. Special emphasis is placed on the boundary conditions coefficient, which is a crucial parameter in the analytical solution for axial forces determination based on the conducted on-site experiments. The method is applied in a historical building case study.  
tie rod; structural health monitoring (SHM); natural frequencies; mode shapes; root-mean-square error (RMSE) +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Research Trends and Key Findings
#### 4.4.2 Research Questions: Key Findings
Among these challenges, \"inconsistent document structure and formats\" emerged as a prominent issue, highlighted by at least ten studies as a significant obstacle to effective patent retrieval. Similarly, another eight studies identified \"sophisticated patent language and vocabulary\" as a major hurdle, complicating the search and analysis process. These findings underscore the complexities inherent in patent searches, stemming from both the diversity of document presentations and the specialized nature of patent terminology. These challenges emphasize the need for a specialized NLP model for patent documents that can decode the sophisticated and nuanced language of patent documents.
# Effect of Boundary Conditions on the Mechanical Behavior of the Geogrid-Soil Interface
## 3 Results and Discussion  
This section reviewed and discussed the experimental data and comments gained from laboratory pullout tests of HDPE geogrid-reinforced coarse sand subjected to various combinations of boundary conditions. Firstly, the effect of different boundary conditions, including top and positive, on the mechanical characteristics of the geogrid-soil interface  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**NO.** & **Top** & **Positive** & **Representation** & **Normal Loads (kPa)** \\ \hline
1 & Rigid & Rigid & T(R)\&P(R) & \\
2 & Flexible & Rigid & T(F)\&P(R) & \\
3 & Rigid & Flexible & T(R)\&P(F) & \\
4 & Flexible & Flexible & T(F)\&P(F) & \\
5 & Rigid & Rigid & T(R)\&P(R) & \\
6 & Flexible & Rigid & T(R)\&P(F) & \\
7 & Rigid & Flexible & T(F)\&P(R) & \\
8 & Flexible & Flexible & T(F)\&P(F) & \\
9 & Rigid & Rigid & T(R)\&P(F) & \\
10 & Flexible & Rigid & T(R)\&P(F) & \\
11 & Rigid & Flexible & T(F)\&P(R) & \\
12 & Flexible & Flexible & T(F)\&P(F) & \\
13 & Rigid & Rigid & T(R)\&P(R) & \\
14 & Flexible & Rigid & T(R)\&P(F) & \\
15 & Rigid & Flexible & T(F)\&P(R) & \\
16 & Flexible & Flexible & T(F)\&P(F) & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Experimental program of the boundary conditions in this study.  
Figure 5: The representation schematic view of boundary conditions of the pullout tests: (**a**) both rigid with top and positive; (**b**) top flexible and positive rigid; (**c**) top rigid and positive flexible; (**d**) both flexible with top and positive.  
were investigated. Meanwhile, with the rise in the normal stress, the effect of boundary condition on the evolution of the pullout resistance was also evaluated. Then, the curve characteristics of pullout test, and the variation laws of the growth pattern of pullout resistance of the geogrid-soil interface under different boundary conditions were analyzed. Finally, the interfacial shear strength characteristic of the reinforced interface, such as apparent cohesion and friction angle, subjected to different boundary conditions were also discussed.
# Using Machine Learning to Predict Pedestrian Compliance at Crosswalks in Jordan
## 4 Results and Discussion
The rules cover several scenarios that combine pedestrian behavior and environmental variables to predict pedestrian crossing compliance. The decision tree model identified essential variables that influence pedestrian compliance, including crossing type, pedestrian demographics (age and gender), use of mobile phones, carry bags, and the presence of opposing pedestrians. For example, rules such as \"If Type of Crossing = 0 AND city = Amman AND carrying bags = 0 AND Opposing Pedestrian = 1 AND Pedestrian Direction = 0, then Output = 0\" illustrate the compliance behavior under specific circumstances. These rules show that non-compliance may be more likely to occur when pedestrians in Amman encounter a certain type of crossing without carrying any bag, as well as with the existence of opposite pedestrians, and moving from downstream to upstream. The rules also draw attention to the fact that pedestrian behavior at crossroads is affected by urban intersection features. Pedestrians of all ages in Amman are more likely to cross the street safely when not carrying heavy bags or speaking on their phones. However, according to the rules in Irbid, the impact of opposition to the presence of pedestrians on compliance varied with age and direction of travel. This conversation can teach us a lot about pedestrian behavior patterns and possible actions to make urban crossings safer for pedestrians. The rules can provide an excellent reference for urban planners and traffic management authorities, especially in the process of designing targeted traffic safety campaigns and modifications to existing infrastructure that may address specific behavioral trends and environmental interactions. Applying the above rules, considering all the characteristics of the surrounding urban environment can effectively improve pedestrian safety, especially with the constant efforts of all relevant authorities to provide all means of pedestrian protection, enforce laws, and activate artificial intelligence tools to increase the efficiency and safety of complex urban environments. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**No.** & **Rule** & **Output** \\ \hline  
& 0 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: The performance of the decision tree (ID3).
# Mechanical Design and Testing of Mobile Monitoring Units for Security Systems
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Mobile Monitoring System  
The mobile monitoring system consists of a mobile sensor unit, a mobile monitoring station and a cloud data system, with an application developed for this purpose. The mobile monitoring units are realized in the form of separate free-standing units, the distribution of which creates a sensory network around the perimeter of the protected area of interest. The particular units are independent of electrical distribution and communication networks. The connection of the elements with the mobile monitoring station is realized using a LoRa and IoT (Internet of Things) gateway, which is characterized by low energy consumption.  
The mobile monitoring station is a vehicle adapted for the security and service staff. It includes unmanned aerial systems [61] that can be used to monitor the area around mobile monitoring units that detect a violation of the area of interest so as to verify the movement of people in the protected area and to carry out their possible tracking.  
The mobile monitoring system is equipped with laptops with the software developed directly for this application. It allows one to monitor movement in the proximity of the mobile monitoring units equipped with the sensors and to signalize alarm situations in cases when movement is detected. In addition to the alarm situations, warning situations that do not require immediate action and error situations signalizing problem with the mobile monitoring unit functionality can occur (see Figure 1). Unfortunately, as this is only a prototype of the mobile monitoring system, the user interface is currently available only in the Slovak language.  
Security personnel and technical personnel have their own user interfaces in the software. According to the area of interest, the number of the mobile monitoring units can be changed and regarding the application, the sensory equipment is optional. In general, the mobile monitoring units are equipped with a GPS sensor for the location of the mobile monitoring units, security sensors involving accelerometers, gyroscopes and magnetometers (which serve also for the alignment of the mobile monitoring units during their placement), laser rangefinders, FMCW radars, microphones, LoRaWAN and WLAN modules for communication, and humidity and temperature sensors to achieve higher accuracy of the measurements and to set alarm limits of the sensors correctly. The mobile monitoring units are equipped with photovoltaic panels and accumulators [62]; therefore, the whole system is mobile and independent of the ground infrastructure.