## 3 Results and Discussion
### Anttimicrobial Activity  
In this study, the antimicrobial activity results of inhibition zones induced by distilled water, flaxseed extract, AgNO\({}_{3}\), and AgNPs are shown in Table 2. The positive control (AgNO\({}_{3}\)) presented antibacterial activity against _E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus_, and _S. pyogenes_. However, the biosynthesized AgNPs exhibit stronger antibacterial activity than AgNO\({}_{3}\) and _flaxseed_ extract with values of 8.9 \(\pm\) 1.08 and 8.7 \(\pm\) 1.04 for Gram-positive (_S. aureus_ and _S. pyogenes_) bacteria and 11.0 \(\pm\) 0.42, 10.8 \(\pm\) 1.02 for Gram-negative (_E. coli_ and _K. pneumoniae_) bacteria, respectively (Table 2). Gram-positive bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan layer in their cell walls, whereas Gram-negative bacteria have a thinner one. In a related investigation, it was discovered that the bactericidal effects of AgNPs made by using Alpinia galangal rhizome extract were more efficient against Gram-negative bacteria. The biosynthesized AgNPs often exhibit better antibacterial effects against Gram-negative bacteria because of the nature of the peptidoglycan layer in their cell walls [51]. A recent study suggests that decreasing the rate of agglomeration by including supporting components in the form of nanocomposites is an effective way to increase the antibacterial activity of AgNPs [52]. The mechanism by which AgNPs affect bacteria is yet to be understood. One theory proposes that AgNPs can bind to the cell membrane surface and alter the permeability and respiration properties of the membrane. It is simple to conceive that a particle's interactions rely on how accessible its surface area is. Because of this, smaller particles have greater antibacterial activity than larger particles because of their large surface area [53]. Several investigations, including those using a wide variety  
Figure 6: The graph represents the percentage of Antioxidant (DPPH) scavenging activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles and flaxseed ethanolic extract. of plant extracts, suggest that AgNPs may physically interact with the cell surfaces of various bacteria. The biological effects of AgNP occur through several different pathways. Intracellular adhesion, penetration, and disruption of organelles and biomolecules [54], as well as oxidative stress, are essential regulators of many bacterial functions. AgNPs were found attached to and deposited on the cell surface of bacteria, especially Gram-negative bacteria. AgNPs can enter Gram-negative bacteria cells through a water-filled channel, called a porin, in the outer membrane. The primary role of porins is the passive transport across the membrane of hydrophilic molecules of varying sizes and charges. Because silver ions are less likely to penetrate the thicker cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria, their action from AgNPs is more pronounced in Gram-negative bacteria. Since the negative charge of lipopolysaccharidesaccharides encourages AgNP adherence, it is likely that they also strengthen the cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria, making them more vulnerable to silver nanoparticles [55]. Some studies have suggested that the ability of silver nanoparticles to adhere to the bacterial cell wall is due to an electrostatic interaction between the positively charged silver ions and the negatively charged surface of the cell membrane caused by the carboxyl, phosphate, and amino groups in the cell wall. Because of their electrostatic attraction to one another, silver nanoparticles can cross the cell membrane and alter its molecular composition and permeability. This causes the proton motive force (PMF) to dissipate and the membrane to degrade [56]. New biological applications, such as therapeutic drugs, diagnostics, antimicrobial substances, medication delivery systems, bio-imaging devices, labeling reagents, cancer medicines, etc., have been developed as a result of the development of new substances with synergistic effects, particularly naturally derived chemicals mixed with NPs [57].