## 3 Results and Discussions
### Dating the Label by Glycolysis Rate  
Regarding the evaluation of the glycolysis rate from the degree of polymerization determined by the kinematic/dynamic viscosity method, the leakage time of the solutions in the digital viscometer was determined. The viscosity measurement operation was repeated at least three times. Based on  
Figure 6: White degree standard curve. average values of \(\Delta\%\) as approx. 0.155, according to Equation (7), the approximate value for the age of the label was \(287\pm 5\) years. Determination of the Archaeometric Characteristics of the Varnish and Other Component Finishing Materials  
To determine the archaeometric characteristics of the varnish and other superficial materials from the first opening, from the post-operative re-varnishing and the anthropic contamination, two representative areas from the top plate were selected. From these two areas, with a scalpel, samples were taken and were analyzed by OM, SEM-EDX, and micro-FTIR. OM analysis (Figure 7) highlighted the difference of these two varnishes in terms of the uniformity of the distribution and conservation status of basic components and of surface or embedded impurities. SEM microphotographs (Figure 8) confirmed the net difference between these two varnishes, the conservation status and the uneven distribution and the morphology of the components and finishing materials, along with impurities from the anthropic contamination (including the fouling). By analyzing EDX spectra (Figure 9) the elemental composition was determined and basic components of the two varnishes were identified, along with the identification of a series of inorganic substances. Thus, among the major components of the varnishes, the following were identified: carbon, silicon, aluminum, calcium, sulphur, and potassium. From the composition of impurities of anthropogenic contamination, sodium, magnesium, and chlorine were identified [8]. Figure 8: SEM microphotographs: (**a**) new varnish; (**b**) old varnish. Figure 7: Optical microscopy (OM) microphotographs: (**a**) new varnish; (**b**) old varnish. The presence of carbon was caused by organic components (linseed oil, colophony, and egg whites) and carbonate anions, which were present in the form of traces in the preparation, along with calcium sulphate used for putting it into operation before the first varnishing. The other components were attributed to impurities in the form of traces such as colored earths from the preparation (red ultramarine) and anthropic contamination, which were more evident in the new varnish, in which the two groups were summed up. Thereby, the new varnish versus the old one showed a decrease of elemental concentrations of Al, Ca, and O, and an increase of C, Si, S, and K. Moreover, the old varnish additionally contained Mg, Na, and Cl from anthropic contamination from usage (perspiration and palmar-digital fingerprints). Results showed that the old varnish, with a preservation status corresponding to over 270 years old, was preserved under the new varnish, whose conservation status corresponded to an age of approx. 100 years. The violin was used mostly after the violin was put into operation until approx. 100 years ago. After the violin entered in the possession of [PERSON] (1918), he played on it for a very short period. For the evaluation of the elementary distribution within the varnish samples, thorough investigation into the surface and stratigraphic structure was needed [7]. For this purpose, OM and SEM-EDX data were corroborated with FTIR results (Table 1). Therefore, the presence of colored earths added as a pigment along with a number of other inorganic fillers could be easily differentiated from anthropic contaminants based on calcium, sodium, potassium, sulphur, and chlorine (from sweat and skin lipids) [27; 28; 29].