# An Overview of Tools and Challenges for Safety Evaluation and Exposure Assessment in Industry 4.0
## 3 Industry 4.0 Safety and Exposure Assessment Tools
### Limitations and Challenges  
In the digital era, there are several aspects of cyber-security, data handling and privacy aspects. [PERSON] reviewed the challenges of using virtual models via DT, showcasing the need for a safe and secure infrastructure of data encryption, authentication protocols, and the optimisation of the blockchain for storing data records [41]. AR can further support peoples' health and mobility in the workplace via the visualisation of the indoor environment and real-time information exchange via IoT architecture. However, VR/AR system could negatively impact workers' performance due to loss of control over their tasks and difficulty to distinguish between the virtual and real world [78; 79]. Despite the technological challenges, ethical aspects of VR/AR systems and wearable technologies focus on the breach of privacy of subjected employees and the adaptation of the technology by older workers [54]. Ethical issues in the Industry 4.0 environment can be generalised into two major categories, namely the source of complexity and the risks for the humans and operators involved [80]. The increasing complexity of systems derives from the involvement and evolution of AI systems at work, the environment they evolve in, and the diversity of the systems and the humans involved (e.g., operators, users, agencies, as well as people's characteristics such as age, gender, disabilities, etc). Future developments instigate the joint operation of humans and autonomous systems (such as cobots), which increases the unpredictability of the situation and the potential risks of operators' harm. Several ethical concerns should be taken into account in the implementation of Industry 4.0 technologies in the occupational environment, including the ability of machines to prevent harm to operators, avoid data storage and potential spying on humans, and provide support to humans and operators in need or when injured in the manufacturing environment [80; 81]. Corporate ethics fall within the Company Social Responsibility (CSR) and Global Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) frameworks that address compliance with fair and equitable financial policies, data collection, and usage [82]. [PERSON] et al. proposed the incorporation of ethics in industrial performance evaluations, illustrated as a tetrahedron covering efficiency-effectiveness-relevance-ethics dimensions [82]. [PERSON] et al. listed a number of heuristics that can be followed for the ethical implementation of Industry 4.0 technologies [83], such as the definition of a new regulatory body, training of professionals, conducting operational feasibility studies and risk analysis, protection of intellectual property rights, formulation of ethical policies on employee surveillance, and development towards general data protection and (cyber-)security. At the same time, policies and regulations are still undergoing development and refinement to ensure that the implementation of these technologies is needed [54]. A regulatory guide published by the World Economic Forum (WEF) in 2020 highlighted the issues of developing regulatory frameworks due to the struggle of regulatory bodies to keep pace with innovations and risks in disruptive technologies. Additionally, the WEF report outlined the foundations of good regulatory practice [84]. These founding principles include openness and trust of the regulatory policies, proportionality between cost and benefit, and fairness without conflicts of interest, bias, and improper influence. \"Agile regulation\" provides flexibility in technology development and adaptation by organisations [84]. [PERSON] et al. aggregated policy instruments into three categories, namely supply side, environmental side and demand side, and each category has four different policy tools, for example, scientific and technical development, education, taxation and political system, procurement, public services, and commercial services [85].