### Related Work  
One of the most common use cases of 5G involves massive MTC, in which the machines communicate to one another directly over any communication channel [8]. The transition from 5G to Sixth-Generation (6G) will also hasten the transition from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0, where humans and machines collaborate safely and seamlessly [9]. Full industrial automation necessitates ultra-reliable, low-latency communications (URLLC). IRS could be one of the potential solutions to many of the smart manufacturing challenges. It has the potential to improve wireless network efficiency in terms of data rate and  
Figure 1: IRS-assisted MTC system. connectivity. IRS can help smart manufacturing by providing services such as blockage mitigation, wireless power transfer, sensing and localization, edge computing, and so on. The outage probability and ergodic capacity expressions for a bidirectional AF relaying system over Nakagami-\(m\) fading are developed in [10] considering hardware constraints. An FD Simultaneous Transmission and Reflection (STAR)-IRS is proposed, in which the FD base station (BS) communicates with both uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) users over the same time-frequency [11]. The goal of this proposal is to reduce total transmit power while maintaining the minimum data rate requirement. The proposed system's performance is compared to that of conventional IRS and HD IRS systems. A similar system is proposed in [12], where the probability density functions (PDF) of UL and DL users are first derived. Using these, analytical closed-form outage probability and throughput expressions for both UL and DL users are derived. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations are used to validate the accuracy of derived expressions. The STAR-IRS-FD communication system outperforms the conventional IRS-aided system by 5% to 50%. An IRS-assisted FD communication system is suggested, in which the FD-BS communicates with both UL and DL users at the same time [13]. The analytical outage probability expressions for UL and DL are derived and verified via MC simulations. It has been established that systems with IRS perform better than systems without IRS. An IRS-mounted FD Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) with non-orthogonal multiple access is recommended to aid in the simultaneous transfer of information from the BS to all ground users [14]. Three different transmission modes are discussed here: FD-UAV aided, IRS-aided, and joint IRS-FD-UAV. The achievable sum rate of the network is maximized through optimization. The energy efficiency of the STAR-IRS-FD system is maximized by optimizing the transmit power of the BS and UL users as well as passive beamforming at IRS [15]. To optimize power, [PERSON]'s method is used, whereas, for passive beamforming, the penalty-based method and successive convex approximation are used. The energy efficiency of an IRS-aided point-to-point system, where the transmitter and receiver are both outfitted with multiple antennas and operate in FD mode, is enhanced through joint beamforming at sources and IRS [16]. For optimization, the authors adopted a similar approach as employed in [15]. The suggested scheme's energy efficiency is demonstrated to be superior to the sum rate maximization scheme. This scheme can extend the life of communication devices without degrading their performance. The influence of sensing energy and data availability on the throughput performance of energy-harvesting cognitive radio networks (CRN) is discussed in [17]. The secondary network's transmitters are powered by the energy, harvested from primary users' radio frequency (RF) signals. The suggested approach has been tested in extreme cases of heavy and general data arrival. The authors of [18] investigated ambient backscatter (AB)-assisted RF-powered underlay CRN and its long-term secondary user throughput is optimized using two algorithms: adjusted-deep deterministic policy gradient (A-DDPG) and convex optimization assisted A-DDPG.