# A Novel Cloud Approach for Connected Vehicles
## 2 Related Works
### Vehicular Cloud Computing  
The smart city is one of the main scopes of IoT. As is reminded by the authors of [14] and [15], the world population is more and more concentrated in urban areas, increasing at the same time the number of connected objects. As it is explained in [16], the IoT is booming: over four years, the amount of stored data was seven times higher. In the meantime, the amount of data sent through the network has been multiplied by three. Thus, it is necessary to design adapted network architectures to handle this amount of messages [17]. The authors of [18; 19; 20] agree on the fact that cloud computing is an efficient solution. In addition, there is a need for a platform to manage all the connected systems, which could be data providers, available resources for computing, etc. According to [14], the trend would be to implement a middleware acting as a link between a global platform and a kind of sensor network. The paradigm of sensor cloud results in two services: sensing as a service (SnaaS) and sensor event as a service (SEaaS) [18; 21]. SnaaS is a pull-oriented service whereas SEaaS is push-oriented. Using one or another will have an impact on the network overhead: this impact will be detailed later. Sensor clouds' objectives are the computing of complex data (coming from the sensors' data), ensuring scalability, and guaranteeing real-time data processing. The authors of [18] assume that every connected object will have an IP address and they do not consider the other kind of architectures such as information  
Figure 1: ITS station architecture. centric networking (ICN). An important difference between the two services and which is not mentioned in the paper is that SnaaS is pull-oriented and SEaaS is push-oriented, it is important because using one or the other of the strategy will have an impact on the network overhead. The authors of [14] explain that the cloud of things (CoT) combines several models: software as a service (SaaS) for the user application, platform as a service (PaaS) to allow publishers to handle their sensor networks, and infrastructure as a service (IaaS) to manage the data produced by the sensors. Additionally, they slice IoT into five layers: device, network, middleware, application, and business. The challenge that security represents in the sensor network is often mentioned. They consider that ICN architecture brings concrete solutions for security and interoperability as the middleware layer. While the number of connected objects is growing, their computing and storage capacity is growing as well. This allows local handling of a part of the IaaS and reduces the amount of messages of data dedicated to being sent to remote clouds [22]. This principle is handled by vehicular cloud computing, which is a category of mobile cloud computing. In [23], the authors handle two issues: the orientation of the network toward the data and edge computing [24]. ICN totally covers the first issue and partially covers the second one by keeping the data at the closest location to their relevant area. Vehicular cloud computing can take many forms: cloud computing for the vehicles (e.g., the cloud of infrastructure, distant cloud) [25] and cloud computing by the vehicles (e.g., dynamic cloud, context cloud) [26]. In [20], the authors present how mobile cloud computing differs from cloud computing. The latter aims to provide resources on demand with minimal management and low latency, whereas the first one focuses on mobile devices, and one uses remote clouds to achieve some tasks. According to this paper, vehicular clouds can either be mobile clouds with the previously given definition or dynamic clouds composed of vehicles providing the same services found on the Internet. In [20], three ways to form a cloud have been presented:  
* static way (i.e., parking);
* with infrastructure as a leader;
* dynamic way (on the demand of moving vehicles). According to the needs of architectures that handle the sensors and their data, some parameter values have been proposed.