# Enhancing Energy Efficiency in Retail within Smart Cities through Demand-Side Management Models
## 3 Proposed Method
### Inventory International Demand-Side Management Practices
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Country** & & **DSM Plan Explanation** \\ \hline \multirow{7}{*}{USA} & \(\bullet\) & Time-of-Use Pricing: electricity rates are higher during peak hours and lower during off-peak hours. \\  & \(\bullet\) & Capacity Market Scheme: this is used during unexpected power outages; customers are notified to reduce their pre-designated load within a specified timeframe. \\  & \(\bullet\) & Emergency Demand Response: customers are urgently notified to reduce their load when there is a shortage of reserve capacity during peak hours or when peak electricity rates are too high. \\  & \(\bullet\) & Load Curtailment Scheme for smaller loads: a scheme to reduce the load for smaller consumers. \\  & \(\bullet\) & Direct Load Control: this scheme provides customers with prices based on equipment type, control degree, and average load suppression amount, and direct load control is conducted accordingly. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Japan} & \(\bullet\) & Emergency Peak Electricity Pricing Scheme: this scheme provides incentives for demand reduction by \\  & \(\bullet\) & increasing peak electricity prices and reducing regular and nighttime electricity prices. \\  & \(\bullet\) & Aggregation Model for Demand Response refers to cooperation between demand response aggregators. \\  & \(\bullet\) & Temporary Electricity Reduction Scheme: cooperating with the electricity company to reduce load \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{UK} & \(\bullet\) & Time-of-Use Pricing: this term is divided into stepped pricing, time-of-use pricing, and real-time pricing. \\  & \(\bullet\) & Strategic Reserve Mechanism: proposing a “target reserve capacity” and purchasing different types of \\  & \(\bullet\) & capacity during electricity supply shortages. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Germany} & \(\bullet\) & Smart Meter Required Features: installing a smart measurement system and disclosing its features. \\  & \(\bullet\) & Energy Efficiency Consulting for Small- and Medium-sized Enterprises: providing energy-saving \\  & \(\bullet\) & consulting services for small- and medium-sized enterprises. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Korea} & \(\bullet\) & Mandatory Indoor Temperature Regulations during Winter. \\  & \(\bullet\) & Large Gap between Peak and Off-Peak Electricity Pricing: introducing peak day and peak hour electricity \\ \cline{1-1}  & \(\bullet\) & Pricing during high-demand periods. \\ \cline{1-1}  & \(\bullet\) & Planned Electricity Reduction Measures: notifying commercial and industrial users to unload their loads. \\ \cline{1-1}  & \(\bullet\) & Ice Storage Air-Conditioning System Peak Shifting Scheme: customers establish an ice storage \\ \cline{1-1}  & \(\bullet\) & air-conditioning system to shift peak loads. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: DSM practices in the retail industry across countries. * Demand bidding/ancillary services market provision  
Demand bidding and ancillary services market provision are widely used in DSM programs in the United States, and are regarded as an important part of sustainable energy development. However, the competitiveness of the market makes the issue of ensuring stable power supply more complicated. In the European Union, demand bidding and ancillary services market provision are supported through reforms of the electricity market. However, the implementation of this measure is not widespread in some countries due to the need for high market openness and technical support. * Emergency demand response  
Emergency demand response is also considered very important in DSM programs in the United States. In some U.S. states, government agencies require power companies to develop emergency demand response plans.