## 4 Non-Dominant Sorting Adaptive Memetic Algorithm (NSAM)
### Basic Structure of the NSAM
If the new solution is inferior and does not satisfy the acceptance criteria: \(\sigma_{4}\). If only the optimal solution is accepted in the search process, the risk of falling into the local optimal will be generated. Therefore, the simulated annealing method is used to accept the inferior solution with a certain probability. After getting the new weight, the operator is selected by way of roulette so that the probability of the operator being selected is proportional to the weight, and the probability of each operator being selected is shown as follows:

\[p_{i}=\frac{\omega_{i}}{\sum_{j=1}^{H}\omega_{j}} \tag{23}\]

We defined the maximum number of iterations \(MaxIter\) at the beginning of the evolution which is the unique termination criterion of the algorithm. ## 5 Simulation Experiments

### Parameter Setting

The simulation experiment background design: 27 October 2022 00 : 00 : 00, The ship was found at the position (11.7\({}^{\circ}\) N, 132.0\({}^{\circ}\) E), and the trajectory of the ship was shown in Table 2 below:

The 3U CubeSat satellite equipped with an electrospray propulsion system [31] is selected and the satellite's parameters are shown in Table 3.

The parameters of the simulated Earth experiment are shown in Table 4.

The parameter settings of the algorithm are shown in Table 5. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** & **Unit** \\ \hline Mean Earth radius & 6371 & km \\ Earth rotation rate & 7.29212 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\) & rad/s \\ Coefficient of the Earth’s gravitational zonal & 0.00108270 & - \\ harmonic of the second degree & 3.986 \(\times\) 10\({}^{14}\) & m\({}^{3}\)/s\({}^{2}\) \\ Flattening factor of Earth & 0.00335281 & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: The Earth’s simulation parameters. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline
**Date** & **Time** & **Latitude** & **Longitude** \\ \hline
27 October 2022 & 00.00 & 11.7 & 132.0 \\
27 October 2022 & 12.00 & 11.3 & 131.1 \\
28 October 2022 & 00.00 & 11.4 & 129.9 \\
28 October 2022 & 12.00 & 12.1 & 127.2 \\
29 October 2022 & 00.00 & 13.8 & 124.1 \\
29 October 2022 & 12.00 & 13.7 & 121.7 \\
30 October 2022 & 00.00 & 15.4 & 119.9 \\
30 October 2022 & 12.00 & 16.1 & 118.3 \\
31 October 2022 & 00.00 & 15.8 & 117.2 \\
31 October 2022 & 12.00 & 16.8 & 117.0 \\
1 November 2022 & 00.00 & 18.4 & 116.2 \\
1 November 2022 & 12.00 & 19.1 & 115.9 \\
2 November 2022 & 00.00 & 20.4 & 116.0 \\
2 November 2022 & 12.00 & 21.0 & 115.1 \\
3 November 2022 & 00.00 & 21.8 & 114.2 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Ship’s location at 0.5 day intervals. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** & **Unit** \\ \hline Mass & 4 & kg \\ Thrust & 0.35 & mN \\ The field of view of the satellite diameter & 200 & km \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Satellite’s physical and orbit parameters. ### Reconfiguration Analysis

#### 5.2.1 Analysis of the Results

A multi-objective optimization using a single satellite for a moving target at sea was performed and the set of non-dominated solutions obtained is shown in Figure 4. The dominated solutions obtained through the optimization are shown in Figure 4.

Many observation schemes are obtained through optimization. It can be concluded that, we can increase the observation time at the same average observation distance by increasing the delta-v. Similarly, for the same access time, the target was observed at a much closer distance by increasing the delta-v. The balance relationship between manoeuvrability, mean distance to the moving target, and total observation time is obtained. The observation of moving targets at sea by non-moving satellites and moving satellites is shown in Table 6. Table 6 gives a detailed description of the access situation of the target. It can be seen that in the case of no manoeuvring of a single satellite, as shown in the Table 6a, the second target point cannot be observed, and the total observation time of the target is relatively short.