esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Novel Edge Platform Streamlining Connectivity between Modern Edge Devices and the Cloud
###### Abstract
This approach is advantageous in scenarios where a push-based update is required, such as in real-time monitoring or when triggering remote commands. Furthermore, the diagram illustrates the use of a memory cache for data retrieval efficiency, reducing redundant reads from the database and enhancing the performance of data-intensive operations. These cached data can be utilized to generate or update multiple CSV files for tasks that require batch processing or offline analysis. Advancing Edge Architecture: Integration and Synchronization Enhancements for Comprehensive Testing  
In contrast to the previous iteration, the architecture showcased in Figure 5 represents a pivotal shift towards a MySQL-driven system. This alignment with our industrial partner's infrastructure facilitates a nuanced data synchronization method. Unlike the manual and local storage-based approach of the past, the current system automates the flow of data. It rigorously channels updates from the cloud to the edge and back, ensuring data integrity and consistency across platforms. This method not only captures complete updates but is also adept at handling incremental changes, marking a substantial enhancement in the system's capabilities. Figure 6 details the sequence of actions performed from start to end, moving any updated or inserted data from cloud down to the edge device and once applied into the opposite way but using the same solution it would also perform the edge-to-cloud synchronization. Subsequent testing of the updated architecture revealed its limitations, particularly in managing partial updates--incremental changes vital for real-time data accuracy. This realization prompted a transition to a more sophisticated system, adept at handling these nuanced updates. The forthcoming section will delve into the intricacies of this refined approach, dissecting how it accommodates the new requirements and the broader implications for our edge computing framework. In the next pages, we explore the depth of this functionality and its integral role in the architecture's evolution. We engaged closely with our industrial partner, whose global reach and deployment of over 150,000 devices across 800 farms in 40+ countries demanded an architecture of unparalleled robustness and scalability. The insights gleaned from these preliminary experiments, conducted over an 18-month period, have been instrumental in refining the design of our edge platform. We explored various hardware configurations, from the modest Raspberry Pi B+ to the powerful Nvidia suite, to identify the ideal characteristics for an edge device capable of handling data synchronization and advanced computational tasks like machine learning.
# Fault-Tolerant Optimal Consensus Control for Heterogeneous Multi-Agent Systems
## 2 Preliminaries
### Graph Theory  
Based on the relevant theories of graph theory, we describe the communication topology of multi-agent systems. The unoriented weighted graph \(G=(V,E,A)\) comprises \(k+1\) vertices, \(V=(v_{0},v_{1},v_{2},\ldots v_{k})\) representing the complete set of vertices. Each vertex corresponds to an agent, which \(v_{0}\) denotes the leader. Let \(E=\left\{e_{ij}=(v_{i},v_{j})\right\}\) denote the edges between vertices, with \(\mathrm{e}_{ij}=\left(v_{i},v_{j}\right)\) representing the edge from vertex \(v_{i}\) to vertex \(v_{j}\). The connection between two vertices through an edge indicates the existence of information exchange between them. If bidirectional communication is allowed, the graph is undirected, or directed. \(A=\left[a_{ij}\right]_{n\times n}\) stands for the adjacency matrix describing relationships between followers, where the \(a_{ij}\) is the edge \(\mathrm{e}_{ij}=\left(v_{i},v_{j}\right)\)'s weight. If there is an edge \(e_{ij}\in E\) between vertices \(i\) and \(j\), then \(a_{ij}>0\); otherwise, \(a_{ij}=0\). \(\mathcal{N}_{i}\) denotes the neighbor set of the \(i\)-th agent, represented as \(\mathcal{N}_{i}=\left\{V_{j}\in\mathcal{V},\left|e_{ji}\in E\right\},i=1,2, \ldots,k\).  
In an unoriented graph, the degree of a node denotes its number of neighbors, specifically the count of connecting edges per node. Let \(D=diag\{d_{1},d_{2},\ldots,d_{k}\}\) denote the degree matrix of the unoriented graph, defined as \(d_{i}=\sum\limits_{j=1}^{n}a_{ij}\). The Laplacian matrix of the graph is defined as \(L=D-A\), where \(A\) is the adjacency matrix. \(\zeta=diag(a_{01},a_{02},\ldots,a_{0k})\), and it represents the Laplacian matrix, which describes the communication relationships between leaders and followers.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### SPICE Model Identification  
In Table 1, information about open-circuit voltage, short circuit current, and maximum power have been measured and reported, for each temperature difference \(\Delta\Gamma\) of analysis.  
Following Equations (3) and (5), is then possible to obtain the SPICE model of a single TEG cell once has been characterized, as shown in Figure 6.  
The obtained SPICE model is then verified by means of load sweep simulations firstly for the single cell, to relate it with measured data (Figure 7a-c). Consequently, two cells have been connected in parallel and simulations have been compared with real measurements acquired with the test platform, performing a load sweep as in the previous characterization (Figure 7d). Results demonstrate that the model is useful even for multicell simulations since the obtained data are in good correspondence with the acquired measures.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \(\Delta\Gamma\)[\({}^{\circ}\)C] & \(V_{oc}\) [mV] & \(I_{sc}\) [mA] & \(P_{max}\) [\(\mu\)W] \\ \hline
4 & 9.25 & 2.35 & 9.94 \\
8 & 20.73 & 5.2 & 48.25 \\
16 & 47.12 & 13.1 & 309 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Characterization of a single TEC1-3103 Peltier cell as TEG.  
Figure 6: Identified SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) model of the single TEG cell.
# An Enhanced Lightweight IoT-based Authentication Scheme in Cloud Computing Circumstances
## 3 Proposed Scheme  
In this section, we present our new version of a lightweight IoT-based authentication scheme in cloud computing circumstances. The scheme includes mutual authentication and key agreement to provide strong security for accessing any server of the cloud. The scheme consists of the following phases:  
Registration is the process through \(CS\) creates the security parameters of each member of the system. This phase is mandatory for users and servers. The communication among participants is through a secure channel avoiding eavesdropper.  
Login is the process through \(U_{i}\) gets access to security parameters stored in his/her \(SC_{U}\). \(U_{i}\) needs to insert his/her \(SC_{U}\), and inputs \(ID_{i}\) and \(PW_{i}\). Then, \(SC_{U}\) computes and verifies the legitimacy of \(U_{i}\). If the verification process is correct, \(U_{i}\) sends the authentication request message to \(S_{j}\) through an open communication channel.  
Authentication is the processes by \(CS\) carries out the validation process of \(U_{i}\) and \(S_{j}\). Moreover, \(CS\) verifies that both entities want to establish a secure communication.  
Key agreement is the process by \(CS\) computes the session key for \(U_{i}\) and \(S_{j}\). The session key is unique.  
Mutual authentication is the process through \(U_{i}\) and \(S_{j}\) verifies the legitimacy of each other. In this case, \(U_{i}\) sends a challenge to \(S_{j}\). If the response is correct, \(U_{i}\) knows that \(S_{j}\) is a member of the system.  
Table 1 summarizes the notations used throughout our proposal.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Symbol** & **Description** \\ \hline \(U_{i}\) & User \\ \(S_{j}\) & Cloud server \\ \(CS\) & Control server \\ \(SC_{i}\) & Smart card of \(U_{i}\) \\ \(ID_{i}\), \(SD_{j}\), \(ID_{CS}\) & Identity of \(U_{i}\), \(S_{j}\), \(CS\), respectively \\ \(PID_{i}\), \(PSID_{j}\) & Pseudo-identity of \(U_{i}\), \(S_{j}\), respectively \\ \(PW_{i}\) & Password of \(U_{i}\) \\ \(x\), \(y\), \(z\) & Secret keys of \(CS\). Secret keys are long integers \\ \(n_{U}\), \(n_{S}\), \(n_{CS}\) & Random nonce of \(U_{i}\), \(S_{j}\), \(CS\), respectively \\ \(T_{U}\), \(T_{S}\), \(T_{CS}\) & Times stamp of \(U_{i}\), \(S_{j}\), \(CS\), respectively \\ \(SK_{U-S}\) & Session key between \(U_{i}\) and \(S_{j}\) \\ \(E_{SK}(\cdot)/D_{SK}(\cdot)\) & Symmetric encryption/decryption using \(SK_{U-S}\) \\ \(h(\cdot)\) & Collision free one-way hash function \\ \(\oplus\) & Exclusive-OR operation \\ \(\parallel\) & Concatenation operation \\ \(\Rightarrow\) & Secure communication channel \\ \(\rightarrow\) & Open communication channel \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Notations of the proposed scheme.
## 1 Introduction
* This study uniquely integrates Multivariate Empirical Mode Decomposition (MEMD) with RoCoF analysis. This combination is particularly effective in handling the dynamic and variable characteristics of power systems influenced by RESs. The application of MEMD/RoCoF in this new context potentially enhances power system stability and management, marking a significant contribution to this field. * This research introduces a refined approach for estimating both the RoCoF and system inertia with enhanced accuracy. This is achieved through a detailed analysis of system frequency response during significant disturbances using the MEMD technique. * This work provides valuable insights into the effects of non-synchronous renewable energy sources on the dynamics of power systems. Understanding these impacts is crucial for the future development and optimization of renewable energy integration in power systems. * The application of MEMD for inertia estimation in power systems represents a novel approach that significantly advances the field beyond the scope of previous research.
## 3 Secure and Precise DM Scheme Based on A Single-Carrier Multiple Antenna Arrays Model  
In this section, a case where the BS is trying to transmit confidential messages to the LU at a predetermined position using a single-carrier multiple antenna arrays model is considered. The BS is assumed to be able to communicate with the LU, and the direction angles between \(K\) transmit antenna arrays and the LU are known. Moreover, we assume there only exists a passive eavesdropper.
# Evaluation of Anti-Wear Properties of Metalworking Fluids Enhanced with Halloysite Nanotubes
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Surface Analysis
For MO nanofluids the lower stability of HNTs shown in Figure 2 likely caused more precipitation, thus fewer nanoparticles were able to separate surfaces explaining their poorer performance compared to SF nanofluids. Figure 8: Scanning electron micrographs after tribological testing of: (**a**) SF; (**b**) SF + 0.01 wt. % HNTs; (**c**) SF + 0.05 wt. % HNTs; (**d**) SF + 0.10 wt. % HNTs. Arrows indicate the direction of sliding. Figure 9: Roughness profiles and Ra values of worn blocks for MO + HNT nanofluidos: **(a)** MO, (b) MO + 0.01 wt. % HNTs, **(c)** MO + 0.05 wt. % HNTs, **(d)** MO + 0.10 wt. % HNTs. Figure 10: Roughness profiles and Ra values of worn blocks for SF + HNT nanofluidos: (**a**) SF; (**b**) SF + 0.01 wt. % HNTs; (**c**) SF + 0.05 wt. % HNTs; (**d**) SF + 0.10 wt. % HNTs. Arrows indicate the direction of sliding. Figure 11: Elemental analysis of worn blocks after tribological testing for: (**a**) MO + 0.10 wt. % HNTs, and; (**b**) SF + 0.10 HNTs. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline  & **Average Roughness,** & **Root Mean Square,** & **Mean Roughness** \\  & \(R_{a}\) (\(\mu\)m) & \(R_{q}\) (\(\mu\)m) & **Depth**, \(R_{z}\) (\(\mu\)m) \\ \hline
**MO** & 0.53 & 0.80 & 4.47 \\
**MO + 0.01 wt. \%** & 0.44 & 0.58 & 2.92 \\
**MO + 0.05 wt. \%** & 0.37 & 0.52 & 3.15 \\
**MO + 0.10 wt. \%** & 0.34 & 0.46 & 2.75 \\ \hline SF & 0.53 & 0.68 & 3.29 \\ SF + 0.01 wt. \% & 0.47 & 0.63 & 2.83 \\ SF + 0.05 wt. \% & 0.42 & 0.61 & 2.94 \\ SF + 0.10 wt. \% & 0.35 & 0.46 & 2.48 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Comparison of surface roughness characteristics of block materials. Overall, the significant difference in performance per concentration between the nanofluids of MO and SF are due to the different anti-wear characteristics of each base fluid, and physical properties such as fluid viscosity. The results shown in this study suggest that eco-friendly HNTs have a positive effect improving tribological properties of MWFs. Surface roughness and wear mass loss may be lowered due to a reduction of the contact area between surfaces by HNTs, thus extending tool life, reducing material costs, and improving the surface finish of products.
## 6 Conclusions  
In this study, a new strategy of MICP technology is used to resist the disintegration of granite residual soil for Benggang erosion prevention. The effects of the bacterial solution concentration, cementation solution concentration, and treatment cycle on disintegration are discussed. The conclusions can be drawn as follows:  
1. MICP technology with a spraying method for treating granite residual soil can effectively generate calcium carbonate (CaCO\({}_{3}\)) between soil particles. In this way, a crust layer on the surface is formed, which can significantly resist disintegration.
2. The bacterial solution concentration at a value of 0.75 and the cementation solution concentration at a value of 1.2 are optimal for resisting disintegration. An insufficient concentration of urease is produced by a low bacterial solution concentration, which makes it difficult to generate sufficient calcium carbonate to bond particles. An excessive bacterial solution concentration can lead to the premature formation of a dense layer on the soil surface, preventing further infiltration of bacteria and cementitious. A low cementation solution concentration cannot provide sufficient calcium ions, resulting in the insufficient generation of calcium carbonate. An excessive cementation solution concentration significantly inhibits the activity of urease.
3. Due to the formation of a sufficiently thick protective layer, five cycles of MICP treatment effectively suppresses disintegration. The thickness of the reinforcement  
Figure 17: EDS energy spectrum analysis diagram.  
layer generated by one or three cycles of reinforcement is not sufficient to completely wrap the surface.
* Further research is underway to investigate the mechanical stability and ability to resist erosion by heavy rainfall. The long-term durability of cemented granite residual soil also needs to be considered to achieve the effective regulation of mineralization reaction efficiency.  
Conceptualization, X.L. and W.L.; writing--original draft preparation, X.L.; investigation, Y.F.; data curation, C.L.; writing--review and editing, W.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41962015) and the Natural Foundation of Jiangxi Province (Grant No. 20161 BAB203078).  
Not applicable.  
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
###### Abstract  
Energy resource limitation is a severe problem in traditional wireless sensor networks (WSNs) because it restricts the lifetime of network. Recently, the emergence of energy harvesting techniques has brought with them the expectation to overcome this problem. In particular, it is possible for a sensor node with energy harvesting abilities to work perpetually in an Energy Neutral state. In this paper, a Multi-hop Energy Neutral Clustering (MENC) algorithm is proposed to construct the optimal multi-hop clustering architecture in energy harvesting WSNs, with the goal of achieving perpetual network operation. All cluster heads (CHs) in the network act as routers to transmit data to base station (BS) cooperatively by a multi-hop communication method. In addition, by analyzing the energy consumption of intra- and inter-cluster data transmission, we give the energy neutrality constraints. Under these constraints, every sensor node can work in an energy neutral state, which in turn provides perpetual network operation. Furthermore, the minimum network data transmission cycle is mathematically derived using convex optimization techniques while the network information gathering is maximal. Simulation results show that our protocol can achieve perpetual network operation, so that the consistent data delivery is guaranteed. In addition, substantial improvements on the performance of network throughput are also achieved as compared to the famous traditional clustering protocol LEACH and recent energy harvesting aware clustering protocols.  
wireless sensor networks; energy harvesting; energy neutral; multi-hop clustering
# Biomechanics of Punching--The Impact of Effective Mass and Force Transfer on Strike Performance
## 1 Introduction
A deeper understanding of this interaction could provide insights into how boxers optimize their strikes beyond raw power and speed. Therefore, this study focuses on the kinetic analysis of different boxing techniques and other variables affecting effective mass transfer. By identifying key biomechanical factors influencing impulse-to-acceleration synchronization, this research seeks to fill an existing gap in the understanding of strike efficiency. A precise kinetic model of effective mass transfer can contribute to evidence-based training methods, improving impact optimization. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between effective mass in boxing punches and key biomechanical factors, including punch mechanics, impulse dynamics, and an athlete's body composition and training experience. By examining how effective mass varies across different techniques and identifying the variables that influence force transfer, this study seeks to deepen the understanding of striking efficiency in combat sports. The study poses the following research questions: (1) Which boxing techniques (jab, cross, lead hook, rear hook) demonstrate the highest effective mass, and how does this relate to punch biomechanics? (2) How does the relationship between impulse, acceleration, and contact duration influence effective mass transfer in boxing punches? (3) To what extent do body composition (muscle mass, fat mass) and training experience predict effective mass in striking techniques?We hypothesize that straight punches (jab and cross), due to their linear trajectory and more efficient kinetic chain utilization, will exhibit higher effective mass and impulse-to-acceleration ratios compared to hook punches. Additionally, we hypothesize that body composition and training experience will not significantly predict effective mass values, highlighting the predominance of biomechanical technique over physiological factors in determining strike efficiency. The answers to these questions will help to understand the mechanisms shaping sports performance and identify factors that can contribute to optimizing training methods.
## 4 Discussion  
The obtained results provide a unique overview of the lunar south pole surface spectroscopy in the visible spectral range with all the available gratings from the Boller & Chivens spectrograph. Moreover, it was the first survey of this type performed by the Galileo Telescope of the Asiago Astrophysical Observatory. As evidenced in the previous chapter, finalized spectroscopy analysis for water detection has been performed beyond 10,000 A, an example can be found in ref. [26]; finding a correlation with the visible presence of water also gives another perspective to water abundance on the lunar surface. During this spectroscopic survey, sodium has been indicated as one of the characteristic emissions. This emission is particularly recurring between certain celestial bodies, and it could be interesting to investigate whether it may have a common origin through joint observations. Two attempts to characterize the sodium Mercury tail were carried out in March and July 2024 but the weather conditions were not favorable, especially due to the high reverberation generated by sunlight. Further comparisons may be proceeded towards some asteroids, and a good candidate could be Ceres, or Callisto, one of the natural moons of Jupiter. For example, the latest analyses on the fragments of the asteroid Bennu have revealed the presence of sodium and magnesium phosphate [27]. Either way, an additional hypothesis and a more detailed analysis of the spectra will be possible once inspected by lunar geology and exosphere experts. This spectroscopic survey is meant to represent only a first iteration, and improvements in the observational procedures and instrumentation can be carried out; for example, the purchase of a new thick sensor is scheduled to improve the resolution in NIR and avoid the fringing phenomenon. Once spectral regions with interesting features are found, it could be useful to investigate with a higher resolution through an Echelle-type spectroscopy.  
In conclusion, to answer the question \"Why performing such a survey with a telescope from Earth?\", a series of strong points will be presented below as follows:  
* Flexibility in the set up and observational procedure;
* Quick access to the astronomic observatory structures;
* Rapid intervention. In the case of out-of-the-ordinary phenomena, it is possible to observe almost in real time. An example could be the dust plume that arose from the crash of a spacecraft on the lunar surface as happened with the private Japanese Hakuto-R Mission 1 in April 2023, the Roscosmos mission Luna 25 in August 2023 or how it could have happened with the Peregrine lander in January 2024. Events of this nature can offer great opportunities to study the lunar surface in an unusual way.
* The possibility of following from beginning to end the observational procedure and obtaining \"own measurements\". This is one of the most important points because the observer knows how he obtained those results and, in case of need, he can improve or modify them.