esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Global-Local Blur Disentangling Network for Dynamic Scene Deblurring
## 2 Related Work
### Attention Mechanism in the Image Restoration Task  
The visual attention mechanism can detect the target in the image and capture the features of the region of interest quickly. [PERSON] et al. [31] proposed a CBAM (Convolutional Block Attention Module) model to sequentially implement channel and spatial attention to extract features. It is widely applied to visual recognition and classification tasks. At present, it is still an active research topic in image restoration tasks. Reference [32; 33] adopted the attention mechanism to rain removal and multi-degradation factor image restoration tasks, respectively. [PERSON] et al. [32] employed the visual attention mechanism to the rain removal task to guide the network to focus on the raindrop. [PERSON] et al. [33] used channel attention to the restoration of various type of degraded images and improved the robustness of the algorithm by selecting different filters for different types of degrading factors, such as raindrops, blur, compression distortion, and noise. We use the attention mechanism to perceive non-uniform motion blur features, and have also achieved promising results [34]. Therefore, the attention mechanism has the ability to dynamically perceive blur features and improve the effect of deblurring tasks. [PERSON] et al. [35] proposed a self-attention module to handle varying spatially variant blur. [PERSON] et al. [36] extended the CBAM model to adaptive learn the arrangement of the channel and spatial attention sub-modules in sequentially or in parallel.  
Different from the channel and spatial attention model as CBAM, we introduced a branch attention to adaptively fused the global and local blur features and guide the network to generate a restored image with clear structures. In Reference [24], labeled datasets were adopted to constrain the network to focus on the movement of humans in the foreground. Different from Reference [24], we introduced a phased training strategy with task-specific datasets to train different branches and the branch attention model.
# Indole Degradation in a Model System and in Poultry Manure by _Acinetobacter_ spp.
###### Abstract  
Indole degradation in a model system and in poultry manure was studied using an enrichment culture of two _Acinetobacter_ species; _Acinetobacter towereri_ NTA1-2A and _Acinetobacter guillouiae_ TAT1-6A. Degradation of indole was quantified using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The two strains were capable of degrading initial concentrations of indole ranging from 58.58-300 mg/L. The degradation efficiency was 66.36% (NTA1-2A), 94.87% (TAT1-6A), and 96.00% (mix) in 6 days when the initial concentration \(<\)300 mg/L. The strains were tested for enzymatic activity using 120 mg/L indole. The enzyme extracts of NTA1-2A and TAT1-6A from culture medium degraded indole completely, and no appreciable change of indole concentration was witnessed in the control group. The NTA1-2A, TAT1-6A, and the mix of strains were also used for in vivo poultry manure fermentation and removed 78.67%, 83.28%, and 83.70% of indole, respectively in 8 d. The strains showed a statistically significant difference (\(p<0.05\)) in indole removal efficiency compared with the control, but no significant difference between the two strains and the mix in indole removal capacity. We concluded that _A. toweneri_ NTA1-2A and _A. guillouiae_ TAT1-6A are promising strains to remove indole and its derivatives to control the notorious odor in poultry and other livestock industries.  
_Acinetobacter_; biodegradation; indole; fermentation; manure
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Results and Discussion of Marshall Stability Test  
The results of the optimum asphalt content of AC-16 asphalt mixtures are listed in Table 6 and indicated in Figure 4. The OAC increased by 0.45, 0.15, and 0.35% with the addition of lignin, glass, and composite mixture, respectively, compared to the control. The addition of fibers led to an increase in bitumen content [52]. The asphalt mixture modified with lignin showed the highest optimum bitumen content, followed by the composite asphalt mixture, the glass fiber modified asphalt mixture, and the control asphalt mixture, respectively. This result can be attributed to the different specific surface areas of the fibers and their bitumen absorption characteristics. However, the glass fiber had lower specific surface areas and bitumen absorption compared to the lignin fiber, and hence has the lowest optimum bitumen.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Asphalt Mix Type**} & **Control** & **Lignin Modified** & **Glass Modified** & **Lignin and Glass Modified** \\  & **(C)** & **(L)** & **(G)** & **(LG)** \\ \hline Fiber type & No fiber & Lignin & Glass & (double addition) \\  & & Lignin + Glass \\ \hline Percentage of fiber * (\%) & - & 0.30 & 0.30 & 0.30 + 0.30 \\ \hline OAC (\%) & 4.25 & 4.7 & 4.4 & 4.6 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* C: control asphalt mixture; L: asphalt mixture modified with lignin fiber; G: asphalt mixture modified with glass fiber; LG: asphalt mixture modified with double addition of lignin and glass fiber; OAC: optimum asphalt content.
* Fiber content as a percentage of asphalt mixture weight.  
\end{table}
Table 6: Optimum bitumen content for the control and modified mixtures.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} **Asphalt** \\ **Mixture** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Marshall Immersion Test Results**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Freeze–Thaw Splitting Test Results**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Low-Temperature Cracking Test Results**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & \(\begin{array}{c}\text{\emph{MS}}_{\text{1}}\\ \text{\emph{(kN)}}\end{array}\) & \(\begin{array}{c}\text{\emph{MS}}_{\text{2}}\\ \text{\emph{(kN)}}\end{array}\) & \(\begin{array}{c}\text{\emph{MS}}\\ \text{\emph{(\%)}}\end{array}\) & \(\begin{array}{c}
## 5 IoT-Defined Network/Routing Protocols
### Enhanced CARP (E-CARP)  
Enhanced CARP (E-CARP) [34], which allows the sink to store the previous data from the sensors, sends a ping packet using the same path to the sensor (sink to sensor). Upon receiving this request by the sensor, the sensor follows the same path to send more data. E-CARP reduces communication overheads by feeding the media and hops from re-broadcasting the same type of information more than once during an application.
## 2 Methodology
### Formal Experiment via Panoramic Video
#### 2.3.2 Human Factors  
Human subjects were recruited randomly, with a predominant representation of students and staff members due to the experiment being conducted in a university setting. To ensure the accuracy and validity of the experimental data, participants were required to be in good health. Regular vision was also a prerequisite to prevent potential issues with eye-tracking, which could result in blank or inaccurate visual data.  
The scenarios were categorized into experimental and control groups, each undergoing two distinct experiments: taskless and task-driven. Each scenario's experiment lasted approximately 8-10 min. The two types of experiments were conducted as follows:  
* Taskless Experiment: Participants were allowed to watch the experimental video initially, solely to become familiar with the scene. The purpose of the experiment was not disclosed to the subjects. They were instructed to observe the experimental scene to simulate the typical attention state of travelers to signage in a general context.
* Task-Driven Experiment: Participants were directed to pay attention to specific signs during the video viewing process and were tasked with evaluating the guidance system. Subjects were required to navigate toward a designated destination to explore the guiding role of signage in the traveler's wayfinding process.
## 4 Assessment of the Developed Approach
### Assessment of Segmentations and Point Classification
#### 4.2.2 Classification of Points into Several Categories  
During the successive segmentations of room point clouds, points composing each room are classified as ceilings and floors, walls or occluding objects. In order to assess this classification, reference point clouds were segmented manually from room point clouds obtained after the segmentation into sub-spaces. Regarding a floor, points corresponding to ceilings and grounds are first segmented. Then, in a top view, points corresponding to walls and occluding objects are separated. In case of doubt on the nature of points, provided deliverables were examined carefully. Comparisons between the point clouds obtained automatically and the reference point clouds segmented manually allows determining the percentages of true positives, false positives and false negatives for each category and for each building. Moreover, for each building the precision and the recall of each category are calculated based on the following formulas [63], p. 138:  
\[precision=\frac{TP}{TP+FP} \tag{1}\]  
\[recall=\frac{TP}{TP+FN} \tag{2}\]  
Results of the assessment of point classification into several categories are presented Table 3. For both datasets, results obtained for the category \"ceilings and grounds\" are very satisfying since a  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|} \hline
**Individual House** & **Office Building** \\ \hline  
high percentage of true positives is combined with a low percentage of false negatives. For \"walls\" and \"occluding objects\" categories, results are satisfying but some exchanges of points between the two categories are observed. These exchanges are mostly due to the fact that a lot of objects are very close or leaned against walls. For the individual house, points belonging to cupboards embedded in walls were falsely classified as walls because they are located in the borders of rooms. This explains that 21% of false negatives are observed for the \"occluding objects\" category.
## 3 Aeroelasticity and Aerodynamics of Cable-Supported Bridges
### Vortex-Induced Vibration
To reduce Reynolds number scaling effects, [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [75] conducted a wind tunnel test on a 1:20 sectional model to investigate the VIV triggering and suppression mechanisms. Their model is 2.5 times bigger than that used by [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [77]. However, on the one hand, performing wind tunnel tests on larger models is more expensive, requiring larger wind tunnel facilities and more effort in making models; on the other hand, limited by the size of the wind tunnel, the model will have smaller range of the section if the scale becomes larger, which might increase the difficulty in controlling boundary conditions in the experiment. (2) Suppression strategies of VIVs  
The suppression of VIVs can be achieved by two approaches: by increasing the structural damping during the vibration or by eliminating the effect of aerodynamic forces. The most common way of increasing structural damping is using tuned mass dampers. Tuned mass dampers were installed on the Trans-Tokyo Bay Bridge after VIV was reported after the erection the bridge girder [1]. However, installation and maintenance of tuned mass dampers are costly. Optimizing the aerodynamic performance of bridges using an attachment such as guide vane, fairings, deflectors and vortex generators has become popular. After VIV was reported during the construction of the Great Belt Bridge, guide vanes on the lower surface of the girder were installed, which eliminated the vibration [72]. Similarly, to prevent the occurrence of a potential VIV observed in the wind tunnel test during the design stage, guide vanes were installed on softit plates of the bridge girder [15]. [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [78] proposed applying spanwise control methods to mitigate VIVs and demonstrated the feasibility of using spanwise-varying vortex generators to reduce VIVs in wind tunnel tests. The vortex generator is a pair of vertical deflecting plates installed on the lower surface of the bridge girder. Each of these devices can generate a pair of streamwise counter-rotating vortices when the wind flows through it. Such streamwise vortices are expected to delay or prevent vortex shedding. However, the wind tunnel tests were based on a 1:40 sectional model of the Great Belt Bridge. The Reynolds number in their experiment ranged from 1.04 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\) to 2.49 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\), which is much smaller than that of the real bridge section.
# Removal of Nitrate Ions Using Thermally and Chemically Modified Bioadsorbents
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Adsorption Tests
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Model** & **Parameters** & **MYP** & **CYP** & **CC** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Langmuir} & \(K_{L}\) (L/mg) & \(3.698\times 10^{-05}\) & 0.0163 & 0.019 \\ \cline{2-5}  & \(q_{\text{max}}\) (mg/g) & 7.675 & 10.834 & 8.612 \\ \cline{2-5}  & \(\text{R}^{2}\) & 0.773 & 0.971 & 0.996 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Freundlich} & \(K_{F}\) (L/g) & 1.012 & 0.696 & 0.738 \\ \cline{2-5}  & \(n\) & 0.615 & 2.058 & 2.304 \\ \cline{2-5}  & \(\text{R}^{2}\) & 0.955 & 0.991 & 0.966 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Dubinin-Radushkevich} & \(K_{DR}\) (mol\({}^{2}\)/k\({}^{2}\)) & \(3.275\times 10^{-06}\) & 5.789 & \(7.266\times 10^{-05}\) \\ \cline{2-5}  & \(q_{DR}\) (mg/g) & 33.999 & 6.747 & 5.975 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & \(E\) (KJ/mol) & 390.737 & 92.936 & 82.954 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & \(\text{R}^{2}\) & 0.875 & 0.629 & 0.808 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: NO\({}_{3}\) adsorption isotherm setting parameters. It is observed that the results obtained in the present study for the removal of NO3- are in the lower extreme of the range reported, from 5 mg/g to 232.56 mg/g, with those reported in the present study being superior to those found when using chitosan doped with Fe3+ nanoparticles [58] and zeolite modified with cetylpyridinium bromide. It is evidenced that the most effective modifications involve the quaternization of bioadsorbents with epichlorohydrin, pyridine and quaternary salts such as N,N-dimethylformamide, trimethylamine and diethylbenzamide.
## 2 Effect Caused by the DG on Protective Devices  
### Loss of Sensitivity  
The problem related to the loss of sensitivity to main feeder protection is often referred to as protection blinding [8]. Installation of DGs in the distribution system can reduce the value of the short-circuit current detected by the protection of the main substation and affect the response time of the circuit breaker, which will depend, to a large extent, on the size and location of the DG within the distribution network.  
The loss of sensitivity of the protection device can be analyzed as a function of where the short circuit is located in relation to the location of the DG, distinguishing between short circuits located upstream of the DG and short circuits located downstream of it. Figure 1 shows the topology of a radial distribution network where S.E is the substation, R is the main feeder protection, RC is the automatic recloser, and F is a protection fuse for the branch line.  
For faults located upstream (between the substation--S.E, and the DG), the contribution current of the S.E to the short-circuit is independent of the size of the DG. A three-phase short-circuit is also represented upstream of the DG, for different penetration levels: 17%, 33%, and 50%. In the operating characteristic curves of the time overcurrent (t/i) devices shown in Figure 2, this effect is observed, as the current detected by the relay remains constant at 1.59 kA, regardless of the of penetration level of the DG.  
In contrast, for faults located downstream of the substation and the DG (as shown in Figure 3), it is observed that the current contribution of the DG to the short circuit causes the current measured by the main relay, R, of the S.E to decrease from 1.21 with 17% penetration to 1.14 kA with 50% penetration level of the DG, which represents a 6.1% loss in the sensitivity of the protection device. This effect will cause a delay in the operating time of the protection device, as shown in Figure 4. The extreme case of this effect occurs when the main relay does not detect the fault current, as shown in Figure 5. The maximum value at which the relay stops detecting the fault current appears when the DG is installed close to the substation and under fault conditions at the main feeder [12].  
Figure 1: Sketch of a short circuit upstream of DG.  
Figure 2: Short circuit upstream of DG. See also Figure 1.  
Figure 4: Short circuit downstream of DG. See also Figure 3.  
Figure 5: Short loss of sensitivity substation relay. Loss of sensitivity.  
Figure 3: Sketch of a short circuit downstream of DG.
## 4 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Experimental Result
#### 4.2.3 Sensitivity Analysis of Algorithm to Urgency
First, the improved GA's gene replacement operator has accelerated the convergence of the algorithm to a certain extent. Second, the chromosome encoding method of the MA may generate a large number of chromosomes, resulting in a slower search speed. When \(urgency=0.8\), the running time of the improved GA is close to the fastest algor  
Figure 11: Comparison of path quality ratio under different urgencies. (**a**) Xi’an; (**b**) Wuhan. Figure 10: Comparison of route travel time under different urgencies. (**a**) Xi’an; (**b**) Wuhan. time of the MA is much higher because the chromosome encoding strategy of the MA in this case is still to maximize the path scenic score, which wastes considerable time. On the whole, compared with the traditional GA, the execution time of the improved GA is much faster, which shows that the existence of both the gene replacement and gene splicing operators greatly improves the efficiency of the algorithm. In summary, it is not difficult to see that when \(urgency=0.2\), the improved GA can plan the route with the highest scenic score for users; when \(urgency=0.5\), the improved GA can plan the route with the highest quality ratio for users; and when \(urgency=0.8\), the improved GA can plan a route close to the fastest path for users. Therefore, the improved GA can plan routes of different functions for users according to different values of urgency.
# A Double Rate Localization Algorithm with One Anchor for Multi-Hop Underwater Acoustic Networks
## 3 The DRL Algorithm  
DRL is a range-based localization algorithm. It can be used in static or relatively static UANs. The proposed DRL algorithm includes two schemes. (1) a Double Rate Scheme is proposed for multi-hop UANs which separates the localization process into two procedures by changing the bit duration \(T_{s}\). Each procedure uses different transmission modes including the high rate transmission mode (HM) and the low rate transmission mode (LM) to make the range measurement in the multi-hop UANs more accurate while maintaining the data transmission rate; (2) An optimal selection scheme of reference nodes is proposed to accomplish the localization procedure with only one anchor and reduce the influence of anchor and references' topology on the localization performance to increase the localization accuracy as well.
# A Secure Link-Layer Connectivity Platform for Multi-Site NFV Services
## 4 Implementation and Validation
### Functional Validation
#### 4.3.1 Description of the Validation Scenario  
We have realized this use case, deploying the validation scenario illustrated in Figure 6. In this scenario, the IPTV head end is represented by an IPTV server and a multicast router, both provisioned as VNFs. The IPTV server (VNFa1) handles several TV channels. Each channel is assigned to a multicast host group, being its corresponding video content transmitted from the IPTV server to a specific IP multicast address. The multicast router (VNFa2) receives the multicast traffic of the TV channels and distributes it towards two distant video-serving offices. Each of these offices is in turn represented by a multicast  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Scenario** & \(\mathbf{p}\) & _Th(1)_ & _Th(p)_ & \(\mathbf{f}\) \\ \hline IPsec, MTU 1400 & 2 & 616.50 Mb/s & 902.55 Mb/s & 0.634 \\ IPsec, MTU 1450 & 2 & 556.67 Mb/s & 671.50 Mb/s & 0.342 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Parallelizable fraction of L2S operations.  
router (VNF\({}_{\text{b}}\) and VNF\({}_{\text{c}}\), respectively). To support an end-to-end network path in our validation, each of these multicast routers present a link towards an IPTV subscriber equipment. In a realistic scenario, this link would typically be provided through a home gateway and an optical line termination, considering that the user has a fiber-based Internet access. Given that the L2S platform is not involved in the provision of the link towards the IPTV subscriber, our validation scenario represents one of the subscriber equipment as a virtual machine connected to its corresponding video service office through a virtual link. The other IPTV client device will be provided by a laptop, enabling the real-time visualization of TV channels.
## 4 Design of Laser Processing Control System for MCR Frequency Modulation  
### Hardware and Software of Laser Processing Control System for MCR Frequency Modulation  
In order to complete the laser processing for MCR frequency modulation, it is necessary to integrate the motion control module, frequency detection module, laser processing module, man-machine interface and so on. The control system function modules are depicted in Figure 9.  
The motion control scheme based on the motion control card is adopted in the system, and the multi-shaft coordinated control of multiple servo motors is realized by combining the motion control card with an industrial computer. The control program is designed and implemented by multiple industrial control software in the Windows system. The data  
Figure 8: Control model of fuzzy PID position controller for linear motor.  
Figure 9: Structure diagram of laser processing control system for MCR frequency modulation.  
transmission is depicted in Figure 10. Both the data acquisition card PCI-8821 and the motion control card PCI-1245E communicate with the host computer through the PCI bus.  
The pneumatic circuit of positioning mechanism and suction mechanism are depicted in Figure 11. The power of each cylinder is provided by compressed air, and the total circuit pressure is adjusted to 0.5 MPa. When the wafer of the MCRs is transported to the carrier platform, the solenoid valve is activated. The positioning cylinder drives the positioning pin to align the wafer of the MCRs, of which the velocity can be adjusted by changing the opening of the throttle valve. Therefore, the motion velocity of the positioning pin is adjusted, and the wafer damage caused by excessive thrust can be avoided. After the alignment is completed, the alignment pin returns, the suction cylinder is activated and the MCR wafer is fixed.  
The man-machine interface of the control system consists of the main interface, the parameter setting interface, the manual operation interface and the automatic machining interface. The parameter setting interface is responsible for setting the processing parameters, which mainly include the processing target frequency range, the laser processing parameters, the number of laser processing times and the set position. The manual operation interface is mainly responsible for the tuning of each motion shaft,  
Figure 11: Pneumatic circuit diagram.  
Figure 10: Data transmission link diagram.  
system. Before automatic processing, the position parameters of each shaft and laser are determined by manual tuning and the frequency test system is tested and confirmed. The automatic processing interface can realize the automatic operation control of the system.