## 4 Range Analysis
In terms of the densities of specimens, the range of D is greater than those of A, B, and C. The range of factor D is the largest, slightly larger than factor B. Factor D mainly controls the density of the similar materials, and factor B also has a significant effect. As show in Figure 5a, the density decreases as factors C and D increase, but it increases as factor B increases. In terms of the compressive strengths of specimens, the range of values of factor B is the largest, indicating that B is the most important factor influencing compressive strength. As show in Figure 5b, the compressive strength first increases and then decreases under the influence of factors A and B, and it increases with the increase of factor C. The influence of each factor on the compressive strength ranged from large to small for B, C, A, and D, respectively. In terms of the elastic modulus of specimens, the range of factor B is much larger than other factors and is the main factor affecting the elastic modulus. As is shown in Figure 5c, the elastic modulus decreases significantly as factors A and B increase. The range of factors C and D is small and has little effect on the elastic modulus. The influence of each factor on the elastic modulus ranged from large to small for B, A, C, and D, respectively. In terms of the cohesion of specimens, the range of factor D is the largest, and it is slightly larger than that of factor B. Factor D is an important factor influencing cohesion, and factor B also has a certain effect on cohesion. As is shown in Figure 5d, the cohesion increases as factor D increases. The cohesion first decreases and then increases under the influence of factor B. The range of factor A is small, so the data have good concentration. The influence of each factor on the cohesion ranged from large to small for B. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Parameter**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Level**} & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Factor**} \\ \cline{3-6}  & & **A** & **B** & **C** & **D** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\(\rho\) (g/cm\({}^{3}\))} & 1 & 2.42 & 2.30 & 2.48 & 2.52 \\  & 2 & 2.41 & 2.46 & 2.45 & 2.46 \\  & 3 & 2.50 & 2.50 & 2.39 & 2.34 \\  & Range & 0.09 & 0.14 & 0.09 & 0.18 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\(\sigma_{c}\) (MPa)} & 1 & 1.75 & 1.65 & 0.55 & 2.14 \\  & 2 & 2.65 & 3.15 & 2.03 & 1.94 \\  & 3 & 1.01 & 0.60 & 2.83 & 1.32 \\  & Range & 1.64 & 2.55 & 2.28 & 0.82 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\(E\) (MPa)} & 1 & 194.11 & 240.67 & 152.22 & 189.89 \\  & 2 & 195.22 & 224.56 & 178.44 & 168.44 \\  & 3 & 138.89 & 63.00 & 197.56 & 169.89 \\  & Range & 56.33 & 177.67 & 45.33 & 21.44 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\(C\) (k  
small for D, B, C, and A, respectively. In terms of the friction angle of specimens, the range of values of factor C is the largest, and it is slightly larger than that of factor B. Factor C mainly controls the friction angle of the similar materials, and factor B also has an obvious influence. As shown in Figure 5e, the friction angle decreases as factors A, B, and C increase. The range of factor D is the smallest, and its influence is not significant. The influence of each factor on the friction angle ranged from large to small for C, B, A, and D, respectively. By analyzing the five main parameters, the ranges of compressive strength and elastic modulus corresponding to factor B are 2.55 and 177.67, respectively, which are much larger than the ranges corresponding to the other three factors. On the other hand, the ranges of density, cohesion, and friction angle are also relatively large. Therefore, factor B is the dominating factor affecting the mechanical characteristics of similar materials. The elastic modulus and compressive strength are the key parameters for analyzing the mechanical properties of materials, which determine deformation law and the ultimate strength of model materials, respectively. The orthogonal test and range analysis proved that cementing agent content has the greatest effect on these two mechanical parameters.