# Research on Human Exposure to Transport-Induced Vibration in Buildings
## 1 Introduction  
The immediate vicinity necessitates considering the impact of vibrations on people in building design. Unfortunately, this often leads to errors in the assessment and diagnosis of these influences. Despite precise requirements in various standards and relatively detailed provisions relating to the measurement and interpretation methodology [1], there are frequent diagnostic studies where conclusions and recommendations are formulated based on incorrectly conducted measurements and poorly developed diagnostic results (examples can be found in [2]). Such diagnostic studies and their results are sometimes disseminated in publications and even used in forecasting dynamic impacts on buildings. Errors in carrying out reliable measurements occur for various reasons. Although there are many standards and recommendations, misunderstanding their provisions is common. In Europe, almost every country has its own national guidelines regarding vibration comfort. The vast majority of these guidelines are based on ISO standards. However, this does not eliminate the issue of incorrect execution or analysis of vibration measurements. These errors mainly stem from the use of expensive measuring equipment with appropriate sensitivity and from the incompetence of those performing the measurements. This incompetence is often not their fault but rather a result of an education system that treats vibrations in a very limited and theoretical way. All this makes the analysis of vibrationsseem like secret knowledge available only to a few. The increasing urban density and new investments near vibration sources require a quick analysis of the impact of vibrations on buildings or the people inside them. The dominant source of vibrations in urban infrastructure is often vehicle traffic. Considering the mechanism of vibration generation, the weight of vehicles and the ability of the wheels and suspension to reduce vibrations, as well as the quality of tracks, vibrations induced by rail vehicles, including terms, are the most noticeable to people and have the greatest impact on buildings [3]. Therefore, research and implementation of new solutions in vehicle-track-ground coupling dynamics and railway-induced ground vibration are very important. Problems arise from the choice of measuring equipment, the correct selection of the point for receiving vibrations, and the correct analysis of the recorded signal [4; 5]. Another issue is the designers' awareness of the need to consider vibrational comfort. While many designers and researchers of building comfort focus on aspects such as thermal comfort, air quality, and acoustic insulation, few notice the problem of vibration. Vibrations are often an overlooked aspect of building design despite their significant impact on occupants' well-being. Vibrations may not only be the source of disturbing material noise but can also be harmful in themselves [6; 7]. These vibrations can originate from a variety of sources, both external and internal [8]. External vibrations are often transmitted through the ground and can come from numerous sources. Traffic is one of the most common sources of external vibrations. Heavy vehicles, such as trucks and buses, generate significant ground-borne vibrations that can travel through the soil and into building foundations. Railway lines, including subways and trans, are also substantial sources of ground vibrations. These vibrations can be particularly intense near railway crossings or along frequently used routes. Construction activities are another significant source of external vibrations. Pile driving, demolition, and the use of heavy machinery can create powerful vibrations that propagate through the ground and into nearby structures. Even after construction has ended, residual vibrations can persist due to ongoing use of the infrastructure, such as roads and bridges. Internal sources of vibrations are typically generated by machinery and equipment operating within the building. HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems are a common source.