## 8 Optimization Methods
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Refs.**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Optimization**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**DR Programs**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Objective Function**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Constraints**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Decision Variables**} \\ \hline
[132] & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{PS} & \(\bullet\) & Minimization of & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{EV SoC limits} & \(\bullet\) & Power demand \\  & & & PAR & & & & \(\bullet\) & EV availability \\ \hline
[133] & \multirow{2}{*}{GA} & \multirow{2}{*}{ToU} & \(\bullet\) & Maximization of & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{EV SoC limits} & \(\bullet\) & EV availability \\  & & & profit & & & \(\bullet\) & EV SoC limits & \(\bullet\) & EV availability \\
[133] & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{ToU} & \(\bullet\) & Minimization of & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{EV SoC limits} & \(\bullet\) & EV charging power \\  & & & PAR & & & \(\bullet\) & EV charging power limits & \\  & & & & & & & power limits & \\ \hline
[134] & Improved & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{LS} & \(\bullet\) & Minimization of & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{Grid power limits} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{EV availability at} \\  & parthenogenic & & & annual & & & & EVCS \\  & algorithm & & construction & & & & & DG power \\  & (IPGA) & & & maintenance cost & & & & & generation capacity \\ \hline
[135] & Hyper- & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{LS} & \(\bullet\) & Minimization of & \(\bullet\) & EV SoC limits & \(\bullet\) & Emissions from \\  & heuristic & & & total cost and & \(\bullet\) & Electricity tariff & & CPP \\  & optimization & & & emission & & limits & \(\bullet\) & DG is active in the \\ \hline
[136] & \multirow{2}{*}{DE} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{PS} & \(\bullet\) & Maximization of & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{EV SoC limits} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{EV availability} \\  & & & & energy & & EV-ESS & & & \\  & & & & \(\bullet\) & Minimization of & & & \\  & & & PAR & & & & & \\ \hline
[137] & Virus colony & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{PS} & \(\bullet\) & Minimization of & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{Upstream grid} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{Cost function} \\  & search (VCS) & & & smart parking costs & & & EV SoC limits & & \\  & optimization & & & & & & Power equilibrium & \\  & & & & & & & limits & \\ \hline
[138] & Hybrid GA & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & LS & \(\bullet\) & Minimization of & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{Energy balance} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{EV availability} \\  & and PSO & \(\bullet\) & ToU & & total tariff for & & limits & & \\  & & & & customers in 24 h & & & & \\ \hline
[139] & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{PS} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & Minimization of & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & Heat pump & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & Heat pump \\  & & & PS & & total operational & & & & generated power \\  & & \(\bullet\) & RTP & & cost for energy & & & & \\  & & & & management & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & \\ \hline
[140] & Model & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{RTP} & \(\bullet\) & Minimization of & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{Power balance} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{EV charging load} \\  & predictive & & & ramping & & constraints & & & EV charging load \\  & control (MPC) & & & requirements from & & & Service quality & & request vector \\  & & & & power plant & & constraints of EVs & & \\ \hline
[141] & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{RTP} & \(\bullet\) & Minimization of & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{EV SoC limits} & \(\bullet\) & EV SoC level \\  & & & cost of energy & & & & & \\  & & & consumption & & & & & \\  & & & considering EV & & & & & \\  & & & owner preferences & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}