# The Effect of 3D TVs on Eye Movement and Motor Performance
## 1 Introduction  
Three-dimensional TVs have been commercialized in recent years. The objective of this commercialization is to replicate the experience achievable in 3D cinematic presentations in a more intimate home setting [1]. 3D TVs are affordable, aesthetically pleasing, and can provide users with a sense of presence [2]; therefore, the commercialization has been accompanied by the increasing availability of 3D TVs broadcast channels or even 3D home cinema [3]. Engineers and academicians are continually engaged in the assessment of 3D TV, aiming to maximize the image quality while also minimizing the side effects [4; 5; 6]. To fully optimize 3D TVs, it is necessary to gain a better understanding of the impact of 3D TVs on the Human Visual System (HVS) [3]. Three-dimensional TVs generate 3D images by creating depth. Depth, also widely known as parallax in 3D stereoscopic display [7; 8], was defined as the binocular disparity in the human visual system that gives a 3D stereoscopic effect of depth with each eye receiving a similar image, but not identical, to that of a real spatial vision by horizontal disparity [9]. The user can experience the depth of 3D TVs by wearing 3D glasses [10]. Ideally, 3D TVsshould be able to detect 3D glasses positions and change the depth immediately so the users can perceive the image comfortably [3]. One common device to evaluate the depth perception in the stereoscopic display is an eye tracker [2; 7]. It has been extensively used to collect and analyze HVS in the stereoscopic display [11]. Eye trackers are able to capture the eye movement, which provides evidence of visual attention as a fundamental system in visual perception [12]. Eye trackers have been widely used in many research disciplines, such as measuring cognitive load during the driving task [13], assembly task [14], software screen complexity [15], and even military camouflage [16]. In the context of 3D interface design, an eye tracker has the potential to improve many existing 3D interaction techniques [2]. Despite the numerous papers related to 3D TVs in recent years, very limited research has investigated the effect of 3D TV environments on eye movement and motor performance. Most studies which utilized 3D TVs mostly only investigated the subjective assessment of visual discomfort. [PERSON] et al. [17] investigated the changes in vision, balance, and coordination associated with normal home 3D TVs viewing in the 2 months after first acquiring a 3D TV. [PERSON] [18] also investigated the subjective experience in-home 3D TVs over 8 weeks by using symptoms questionnaire, while [PERSON] et al. [19] investigated the three different assessments for visual discomfort: (1) single assessment score for each stimulus sequence, (2) continuous assessment, and (3) retrospective assessment for the entire test. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [20] investigated the effect of stimulus width on visual discomfort by measuring visual discomfort and binocular fusion time, while [PERSON] et al. [21] and [PERSON] et al. [22] only examined the physical properties of 3D glasses. Furthermore, a more recent study by [PERSON] et al. [23] compared the difference in visual comfort between 3D TVs and VR glasses. Finally, [PERSON] et al. [24] proposed a comprehensive review of visual fatigue and discomfort based on physiological and psychological processes enabling depth perception. Some of the most recent studies related to 3D TVs generally incorporated physiological responses of the human while watching the stimuli on a 3D TV. For instance, [PERSON] et al. [25] investigated the effect of 3D TVs on human brain activity. In addition, [PERSON] et al. [26] and [PERSON] et al. [27] utilized EEG to investigate the effect of 3D TVs on brain waves. However, the effects of the 3D TVs on eye movements and motor performance are still clearly underexplored. Generally, poor visual and motor performances may have an impact to consumer acceptance of 3D TV.