## 4 Discussion
### Mitigation Strategies
#### 4.2.7 What Can We Have in the Localized Treatment Stations for the Gaseous Emissions?
Plug-in hybrid offers flexibility for long-distance travel when a battery-electric vehicle may run out of charge before reaching the destination. It also allows for economic continuity for fossil fuel producers and municipalities that benefit from this. The economic impacts relate to various social factors including job security for many people in different places and economic stability for countries that rely majorly on the sale of fossil fuels. Job security and economic stability for a country can also be related to other social factors. If the GHG emissions from the electricity grid in a community are considerably lower than the overall GHG emissions for fossil-powered vehicles, when using a plug-in hybrid vehicle, people may be encouraged to ensure adequate charge for the vehicle to use more electric power for daily commutes. Considering the heterogeneity in the consumption-based electricity mix and climate impact on fuel economy, some scholars [81] compared well-to-wheels greenhouse gas emission intensities of plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) and gasoline vehicles at the provincial level in 2017. The authors reported that due to GHG-intensive coal-based electricity and cold weather, the well-to-wheel GHG emission intensities for battery-electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles (PHEVs) are higher than those from gasoline vehicles internal combustion vehicle engines in seven and ten northern provinces in China, respectively. The well-to-wheel GHG emission intensities of gasoline hybrid-electric vehicles and HEVs are lower in 18 and 26 provinces than those of BEVs and PHEVs, respectively. This indicates that the GHG emissions from the electric grid significantly affect the indirect emissions from electric vehicles. Some scholars [82] reported that GHG mitigation potentials of electric four-wheelers in India depend on where and when they are charged. Self-charging gasoline-electric hybrids can help achieve a 33% reduction in GHG emissions [82]. To maximize the impact of plug-in electric vehicles, a full set of policies is needed to address vehicle purchase and charging behavior [83]. Charging behavior can be a factor for consideration where the GHG emissions from the electricity grid vary with the time of day or with the season of the year. For example, if the electricity from the grid has to be supplemented with a more GHG-emitting source during peak load hours, then charging behavior may be of concern. Designing subsidies for 'cleaner vehicles'  
Often, transportation planning decisions have significant equity impacts. Analysis of transportation equity is important, as more comprehensive equity analysis allows planners to better anticipate problems and incorporate equity objectives in planning. It can also help in maximizing equity objectives through optimized planning. Improved equity analysis in transport planning can help to reduce delays and conflicts and also better reflect a community's needs and values [84]. Many policymakers want to make clean product subsidies more equitable [85]. The goal of many transportation policies is to increase the market share of clean vehicles [86]. In various places, a tax subsidy is one of the measures that is used to encourage the purchase of cleaner vehicles. The availability of electric vehicle models is increasing. However, most new electric vehicles are luxury vehicles and SUVs that cost more than early models [87]. This raises the issue of affordability, especially for low-income families. Subsidies for plug-ins will likely continue to play an important role in the transition from gasoline to electric passenger vehicles; however, to date, the purchase of most plug-ins falls with high-income households, raising concerns about the distributional consequences of the subsidies [85]. In addition to widespread availability, the cost to consumers is an important factor that will affect the widespread adoption of vehicles with alternative forms of energy.