esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Emotion Estimation Using Noncontact Environmental Sensing with Machine and Deep Learning Models +
## 2 Emotion Estimation Approaches and Environmental Factors
### Using fMRI  
In emotion estimation using fMRI, changes in blood flow in the brain are measured to identify the active regions of the brain and to analyze their responses to evaluate the type and intensity of emotions. This method can capture the neural dynamics of emotions with high precision, allowing for direct observation of emotional changes over time and, consequently, fiosiltaing more precise explanations of the estimated changes in emotions. Additionally, fMRI allows for a detailed visualization of activity in different brain regions and networks, making it possible to detect emotions or subtle emotional responses that may not be externally expressed [16,17]. This ability is a crucial criterion for evaluating emotional recognition. For example, in mental disorder research, fMRI has been used to analyze patients' emotional responses, helping improve treatment methods [16,18]. In particular, techniques using real-time fMRI feedback to control stress and anxiety have garnered attention. By adjusting the activity of the amygdala through real-time fMRI feedback, training in emotional suppression has been conducted to enhance emotional regulation skills. This approach has proven effective in reducing anxiety and stress and may contribute to improvements in mental health. However, fMRI measurement equipment is generally expensive and large, making it difficult to secure the necessary space for installation and operation in general companies and households. Furthermore, acquiring and interpreting data from fMRI requires expert knowledge, creating a significant barrier for general users.
## 4 Discussion  
There are a number of tests used to identify abnormal movement patterns that may contribute to injury risk in athletes. The FMSTM, an aggregate of seven tests, was developed to identify movement asymmetry and/or dysfunctional movement patterns of the trunk, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities [10; 23]. As a component of the FMSTM, the OHDS is a performance-oriented test of mobility and stability of multiple joints and appears to contribute the largest proportion of variance to the composite FMSTM score [10; 15]. Despite the obvious need for multiplanar controlled mobility for the completion of a full, pain-free deep squat, there exists no comprehensive control dataset of the 3D joint movement elements of the OHDS. Furthermore, previous biomechanical models used to examine the OHDS have not included the means to assess the 3D movements of the foot. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the 3D kinematics and kinetics of the entire lower extremity and shoulder associated with the OHDS.  
Although participants for this project were screened using the entire FMSTM, they were not distinguished by score. However, those who scored a zero were excluded from participation. In general, our results demonstrated that sagittal plane movements at the hip, knee, and ankle were comparable to what had previously been reported. Internal net plantar flexor and extensor moments were dominant at the ankle, knee, and hip, respectively, at a full squat. Sagittal plane movements dominated the mobility of the trunk and pelvic segments, with a pattern of backward trunk lean and anterior pelvic tilt at a full squat. Healthy, young individuals were able to maintain shoulder abduction/external rotation during the entire squat. Similar to what has been reported for the stance phases of walking and running, in order to keep the foot flat during a full squat there was coupled motion at the hip, knee, and ankle/foot [35; 36; 37]. As participants descended, the hip and knee joints internally rotated as the ankle reached the maximum dorsiflexion, and the hindfoot (i.e., tibia/HF) everted and the forefoot (HF/FF and tibia/foot) supinated.
# Low Tensor Rank Constrained Image Inpainting Using a Novel Arrangement Scheme
## 1 Introduction
The aforementioned methods all take the color image as an order-3 tensor directly and do not deeply explore the potential low-rank decomposition prior to a color image. The RNC-FCTN method [32] proposes a robust tensor completion method based on FCTN, but it is limited to high-dimensional data processing, such as hyperspectral video, color video completion, and video background subtraction. The CFN-RTC method [33] proposes a robust tensor completion method that combines the capped Frobenius norm and TR decomposition and adds dimensions through simple data reshaping for processing image or video data. As TT decomposition is efficient for higher-order tensors, the TMac-TTKA method [34] first uses the ket augmentation (KA) scheme to permute the image to high-order data, then applies the optimal models by enforcing low TT rankness. The KA scheme is proven to be efficient for improving the accuracy of color image/video inpainting and dynamic MR image reconstruction in TT rank-based completion methods [34; 35; 36; 37]. As far as we know, the KA scheme is the only method used to permute data into high-order data. This study aims to explore the potential low-rank structure of images and find an efficient way to apply SVD, t-SVD, and TT decomposition in image inpainting problems. The contributions of our work are summarized as follows:  
* First, we developed a novel rearrangement, named the quarter arrangement (QA) scheme, for permuting the image into three flexible forms of data. The first flexible QA scheme can permute an image into an unfolding matrix (with a low matrix rank structure). The second and the third flexible QA schemes can permute the color image into a balanced 3-order form of data (with low tubal rank structure) and a higher-order form of data (with low TT rank structure), respectively. Because the developedschemes are designed to exploit the internal structure similarity of the original data as much as possible, the rearranged data have the corresponding low-rank structure. * Second, based on the above QA scheme, we developed three image inpainting models that exploit the unfolding matrix rank, tensor tubal rank, and TT multi-rank of the rearranged data to solve the image inpainting problem. * Lastly, three efficient ADMM algorithms were developed to solve the above three models. Compared with numerous close image inpainting methods, the experimental results demonstrated the superior performance of our methods. An abbreviation index is shown in Table 1. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, related work is described. In Section 3, we introduce the proposed methods. Section 4 presents the experimental results and analyses. The conclusion is given in Section 5.
## Abstract  
Determining the natural frequencies and mode shapes of rotating turbomachinery components from both rotating and stationary reference frames is of paramount importance to avoid resonance problems that could affect the normal operation of the machine, or even cause critical damages in these components. Due to their similarity to real engineering cases, this topic has been experimentally analyzed in the past for disk-shaft assemblies and rotor disk-blades assemblies (bladed-disk or blisk). The same topic is less analyzed for disk-blades-disk assemblies, although such configurations are widely used in centrifugal closed impellers of compressors, hydraulic pumps, pump-turbines, and runners of high head Francis turbines. In this paper, experimental measurements, varying the rotating speed of a disk-blade-disk assembly and exciting the first natural frequencies of the rotating frame, have been performed. The rotating structure is excited and measured by means of PZT patches from the rotating frame and with a Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV). In order to interpret the experimental results obtained from the stationary frame, a method to decompose the diametrical mode shapes of the structure in simple diametrical components (which define the diametrical mode shapes of a simple disk) has been proposed. It is concluded that the resonant frequencies detected with a stationary sensor correspond to the ones predicted with the decomposition method. Finally, a means to obtain equivalent results with numerical simulation methods is shown.  
natural frequencies; mode-shapes; modal analysis; centrifugal pumps; pump-turbine; closed impellers +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Soft. 2019, 9, 3864; doi:10.3390/app9183864
# Quality Assessment of HDR/WCG Images Using HDR Uniform Color Spaces
## 6 Recommendations  
In this section, some recommendations are given to assess the HDR/WCG content quality in the context of image/video compression. The recommendations are listed below:  
* For assessing the impact of luminance distortions, we recommend to use the FSIM metric. This is one of the best performing metrics. Moreover, it is the less sensitive to the choice of color space and to the diffuse white of the images. Using the color extension of the metrics (FSIMc) does not bring a significant added-value. In addition, it is important to underline that the FSIMc metrics is sensitive to the choice of color space (cf. Figure 8).
* For assessing the impact of chrominance distortions, we recommend to use the \(\overline{\Delta\mathrm{E}^{S}}_{ICICp}\) metric.
* For assessing the impact of both luminance and chrominance distortions, we recommend to use both the FSIM metrics and the \(\overline{\Delta\mathrm{E}^{S}}_{ICICp}\) metrics.
* To choose the color space, we recommend to take into account the diffuse white used during the color grading of the images. If the producer of the content follows the ITU recommendation BT.2408 [53] that defines the diffuse white luminance at 203 cd/m\({}^{2}\), we recommend to use the \(ICICp\) color space. Indeed, this color space is well adapted to a low value of diffuse white. At the opposite, the \(J_{z}a_{z}b_{z}\) color space is well appropriate for a diffuse white luminance at 997 cd/m\({}^{2}\). Another benefit to use the \(ICtCp\) color space is related to its direct compatibility with popular compression codecs such as HEVC.
* For application where the calculation time and the complexity are critical aspects, we recommend to be very careful with the choice of the color space. The simplest metrics, such as PSNR and SSIM, are much more sensitive than FSIM to the diffuse white luminance.
* If the chosen metrics is the PSNR, we recommend to first verify that the tested image/video processing application, such as compression codecs, does not create luminance mean shift or contrast change. These artifacts can be induced by backward compatible compression (if the image is first tone-mapped, then compressed using a legacy codec and finally tone expanded).  
Due to the characteristics of the tested databases, these recommendations have to be used in the context of image/video compression. Different subjective tests would be required to extend the analysis to other kinds of distortion.
## 3 Results
### Subgroup Analysis of Patients with Implant-Related Nerve Injury
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Factor** & **Groups** & **N(\%)** & **Mean VAS Change \(\pm\) SD** & \(p\)**-Value** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Onset to visit} & 0–3 mo & 33 (41.8\%) & \(-0.12\pm 0.23\) & \multirow{4}{*}{0.9071} \\  & 4–6 mo & 13 (16.5\%) & \(-0.09\pm 0.20\) & & \\  & 7–12 mo & 13 (16.5\%) & \(-0.05\pm 0.17\) & (Kruskal–Wallis) \\  & \textgreater{}12 mo & 20 (25.3\%) & \(-0.04\pm 0.25\) & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Implant removal} & Yes & 32 (40.5\%) & \(-0.16\pm 0.22\) & 0.625 \\  & No & 46 (58.2\%) & \(-0.16\pm 0.22\) & (Mann–Whitney U) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Sunderland grade} & I & 39 (49.4\%) & 0.20 \(\pm\) 0.12 & \multirow{4}{*}{0.0284} \\  & II & 3 (3.8\%) & 0.53 \(\pm\) 0.30 & \\ \cline{1-1}  & III & 14 (17.7\%) & 0.87 \(\pm\) 0.40 & \\ \cline{1-1}  & IV & 23 (29.1\%) & 1.21 \(\pm\) 0.61 & ([PERSON]–Wallis) \\ \cline{1-1}  & V & 0 & 0 & \\ \hline Treatment duration & 0–3 mo & 50 (63\%) & \(-0.05\pm 0.15\) & \multirow{4}{*}{\(p\) = \(-0.349\), \(p\) = \(0.020\)\({}^{*}\)} \\  & 4–6 mo & 16 (20.3\%) & \(-0.10\pm 0.17\) & \\ \cline{1-1}  & 7–12 mo & 11 (13.9\%) & \(-0.16\pm 0.23\) & \\ \cline{1-1}  & \textgreater{}12 mo & 2 (2.5\%) & \(-0.20\pm 0.25\) & (Spearman correlation) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: VAS changes by clinical factor in implant subgroup. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Treatment Group** & **Treatment Duration** & **N (\%)** & **Mean Log VAS Change** & **Standard Deviation** \\  & & **Change** & **(SD)** & \(p\)**-Value** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Treated} & 0–3 mo & 18 (41.86\%) & 1.012 & 3.976 \\ \cline{2-5}  & 4–6 mo & 14 (32.55\%) & 0.589 & 0.857 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 7–12 mo & 10 (23.25\%) & \(-1.724\) & 4.981 \\ \cline{1-1}  & \textgreater{}12 mo & 1 (2.32\%) & 13.653 & - \\ \hline Total Treated & - & 43 (100\%) & 0.607 (mean) & 4.049 & \(p\) = 0.9873 \\ \hline No Treatment & - & 36 & 0.312 & 0.890 & (Mann–Whitney U test) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Comparison of log-transformed VAS changes by treatment duration and treatment status. therapy, albeit with greater variability. This suggests that a combined treatment may offer enhanced symptom improvement in PTTNP management (Figure 4).
The microorganisms involved in these processes are classified by their stage or function into N fixers, NH\({}_{3}\)-oxidizing, NO\({}_{2}\)-oxidizing, and the denitrifiers, DNRA, and ANAMMOX. These microorganisms have genes for specific functional capabilities (Figure 1). Due to the difficulty of culturing N-cycle microorganisms, research, including diversity and monitoring studies, depends on non-culture-based methods [6; 7; 8]. However, the wide range of non-culture-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods used in studies of N-cycle microorganisms [9; 10; 11; 12; 13] raises some issues. For instance, reported N cycle-related PCR methods are mainly used for research, such as non-culture-based diversity studies, and not for the development of optimal diagnostic methods. Therefore, comparative studies between reported PCR methods are insufficient. It is theoretically advantageous to have a long nucleotide sequence to identify microorganisms based on nucleotide sequences. Generally, 400-800 base pairs (bp) are suitable, and the comparisons should be made with a length of at least 300 bp [14]. Recently, next-generation sequencing has been applied in non-culture-based research on microorganism diversity, and various platforms are used depending on the number of samples, amplified sequence length, and the number of reads. In consideration of these factors, a sequence length of approximately 400 bp is suitable for diversity studies [15]. However, several studies overlook these factors and use short amplicons. The PCR primer sets used for amplification may not amplify all the related microbial genes, and these results are greatly affected by the inhibitors contained in the nucleic acids extracted from the sample. Therefore, the availability of PCR primer sets with high applicability may depend on the sample type, such as soil or water [16]. To address these problems, in this study, we attempted to identify the optimal PCR methods for studying N cycle-related genes in soil microorganisms and examined their applicability in various soil types. Figure 1: The nitrogen cycle and related functional microorganism genes.
# Change and Driving Factor Analysis of Eco-Environment of Typical Lakes in Arid Areas
###### Abstract  
In arid regions with scarce water resources, lakes play an extremely vital role in maintaining the ecological environment. Therefore, the Chinese government has launched an ecological water conveyance project in the Tairim River basin in Xinjiang with the aim of restoring the ecological environment of the area. In previous studies, there was no complete evaluation system used to quantify changes in the ecological environment of arid regions after ecological water conveyance. In this paper, Lake Taitema was selected as the study area, which is both a terminal lake in the Tairim River basin and an object of the ecological water conveyance project. This study utilized Landsat TM/OLI satellite remote sensing images and MODIS datasets to build a remote sensing ecological index model and systematically evaluated the changes in the ecological environment and land use types in the Taitema Lake area. A structural equation model was constructed to analyze the correlation between the area of Taitema Lake and its driving factors. The results show that over the selected 20 years, the proportion of pixels with an upward trend (Zc > 0) of the RSEI was 56.5%, while the proportion of pixels with a downward trend (Zc < 0) of the RSEI was 43.5%. The area proportion of regions with poor ecological environment quality decreased by about 40%, and the area proportions of regions with moderate, good, and excellent ecological environment quality increased by 29.7%, 10%, and 0.6%, respectively. By comparing the land use data from 2000 and 2020, the proportion of grassland increased by 6%, the proportion of water area increased by 4.4%, and the proportion of unused land decreased by 9.6%. In summary, after the implementation of the ecological water conveyance project, the ecological environment quality of the Lake Taitema area gradually improved, and ecological water conveyance was the main driving factor of the area change in Lake Taitema.  
arid area; ecological water conveyance; ecological environment quality; remote sensing ecological index model; Lake Taitema
# Rain Monitoring with Polarimetric GNSS Signals: Ground-Based Experimental Research
## 3 Results and Discussion  
This experiment is conducted with the same instruments in 2015 and 2016. Since multipath effect may vary due to the property variation of the vegetation and soil on nearby surface, data of the same satellite from 2015 and 2016 cannot be connected together to analyze. Therefore, their results are discussed separately.
## 3 Results
### Decision Matrix  
Table 2 provides an overview of the scores and rankings for each cooling option based on all criteria. The Zimmer Cryo 6 obtains the highest total weighted points, totaling 160, making it the top-ranked choice. Following closely behind is the vortex tube with 132 weighted points. Conversely, the alcohol spray receives the lowest weighted total among the cooling methods. Notably, the convective cooling methods outperform others, garnering the highest points. The third and fourth positions are occupied by the two conductive cooling methods, excluding ice, which presents the challenge of leaving water that obstructs the camera's view after cooling.  
The Zimmer Cryo 6 cooler demonstrates superior performance compared to other cooling methods. It offers several notable advantages, including the ability to uniformly apply cooling to the skin and consistent conditioning of cold air regardless of the device's location or usage. Additionally, the Cryo 6 exhibits high cooling efficiency at \(-30\)\({}^{\circ}\)C. Importantly, the cooling process does not obstruct the field of view of the thermal camera, allowing for accurate recording of the skin lesion's cooling sequence. Another noteworthy advantage is that the Cryo 6 does not require additional equipment or consumables, making it user-friendly and minimizing the workload per patient during clinical practice.
## 3 Database Development
### Finite-Element Modelling of the Benchmark URM Building  
#### 3.1.1 Benchmark Building  
Numerous URM buildings exist in various regions worldwide, encompassing residential dwellings, government facilities, educational institutions, and historic monumental structures. These structures, situated in seismically active areas, were built using traditional methodologies devoid of engineering oversight. Additionally, the literature indicates that many older URM buildings remain inhabited, owing to their cultural significance and traditional ties [3]. Notably, contemporary URM constructions built in the last decade often showcase the fusion of masonry walls and reinforced concrete slabs, as depicted in Figure 2.  
A single-storey, single-bay masonry building was considered the benchmark building archetype for database development [30]. This box-type URM building geometry is commonly found in the rural areas of several countries worldwide. The plan and elevation of the benchmark URM building are shown in Figure 3. This particular building is considered the benchmark for the present study due to the availability of experimental and numerical investigations in the literature [30,31]. The plan area of the building is 14.42 m\({}^{2}\) with 0.23 m thick walls, and 0.15 m thick reinforced concrete Intel beams and roof slab. The building has a 0.914 m height parquet wall, and a 0.25 m thick sand layer was placed on the roof slab. The building is made up of brick units with cement mortar. The wall density values of the building along the X and Y directions are 13.1% and 9.7%, respectively. The walls were assumed to be sufficiently anchored to the diaphragm.  
Figure 2: Typical URM building with reinforced concrete slab in India.
## 5 Conclusions and Future Work  
In this study, geography-like landforms were derived from fitness contour lines within the context of multimodal optimization problems, and subsequent optimization was guided by the extracted geometric information. This method utilizes all individuals to construct a topographical contour, enhanced by Kriging interpolation to capture finer details, resulting in a comprehensive representation of the global landscape. Potential peaks are identified based on these detailed global geometric data. Niches are then formed through clustering techniques, and the optimal solutions are found by conducting an exhaustive search within each niche. Experiments show that the TCDE algorithm can locate all peak regions in all eight test functions. In other words, compared with the baseline method, the strategy adopted in this method is very effective, and it can adapt well to complex situations where multi-peaks are gently or steeply connected and rough peaks coexist with fine peaks. Through engineering application analysis, it was found that the TCDE algorithm can be effectively applied to multimodal optimization problems such as template matching. However, the TCDE algorithm has high time complexity of \(O(H^{3})\). In high-dimensional cases, Kriging interpolation needs to be performed pairwise between dimensions, which greatly increases the time complexity. Therefore, future work will focus on studying suitable interpolation methods with low time complexity for multimodal optimization problems, such that the TCDE method can be applied to high-dimensional multimodal optimization problems.  
Methodology, Z.C. and L.J.; writing--original draft, Z.C., Y.Z., C.F., X.G., and H.J.; writing--review and editing, L.J. and Z.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Open Fund Project of the Key Laboratory of Smart Earth (Grant No. KF2023 YB04-04).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline N & TCDE & ANDE & CDE & SDE & LIPS & R3 PSO & NCD-DE & RS-CMSA-ESII \\ \hline
30 & 6671 & 8723 & 9878 & 9347 & 18,546 & 7647 & 7545 & 8567 \\
50 & 7865 & 8876 & 9886 & 83,457 & 17,785 & 8912 & 8567 & 8712 \\
100 & 8624 & 9486 & 25,312 & 80,578 & 67,843 & 9467 & 26,557 & 9215 \\
150 & 8081 & 9689 & 24,347 & 78,879 & 87,683 & 12,467 & 26,420 & 8785 \\ \hline N & PNPCDE & FDLS-ADE & Self-CSDE & NMMSO & LoISDE & LMCCEDA & LMSEDA & SA-DQN-DE \\ \hline
30 & 8074 & 9872 & 8672 & 8489 & 6789 & 8977 & 7221 & 8763 \\
50 & 9568 & 7679 & 9789 & 14,687 & 14,864 & 7897 & 8543 & 8369 \\
100 & 19,562 & 15,678 & 6842 & 15,648 & 18,795 & 6897 & 9610 & 9021 \\
150 & 23,795 & 24,782 & 9234 & 19,578 & 23,468 & 9689 & 9878 & 9839 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Comparison results of multimodal optimization algorithms using NCC.  
Data Availability Statement: The code can be downloaded at [[https://github.com/2573723684](https://github.com/2573723684)]([https://github.com/2573723684](https://github.com/2573723684)) /TCDE (accessed on 21 May 2025).