esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract
Using the spherical ANM method in [43] is an easy way to solve the traditional ANM problem where the elements of the atom are Vandermonde vectors with extra weighting constrains [44; 45; 46; 47]. This method leads to a potential larger dimensional semidefinite programming (SDP) challenge than the dimension of samples, that could be computationally challenging. Based on the detailed real-time utilizations for gridless sparse depiction techniques on the SH manifolds of the DoA, we are inspired to propose a low-dimensional SH ANM method, which is not yet available in the literature. Moreover, it becomes important to state that [PERSON] [48] first proposed SHANM. The main novelty of this research in comparison to [48] is that we specifically extended the SHANM technique to an antenna array as opposed to a microphone array, supported with real antenna measurement data in electromagnetics vis-a-vis an SAA, which is the most acceptable justification to examine and test each method. The main contributions of this paper are summarized as follows. 1. The gridless sparse signal recovery problem of SH manifolds is studied using ANM for DoA estimation of signal impinging on an SAA. 2. The SH atomic norm based on a covariance matrix is defined. Because the SH is not Vandermonde, the main problem in the extension of the ANM method to the SH is the formulation of the convex optimization problem without the Vandermonde decomposition theorem. Dealing with this problem, a low-dimensional semidefinite programming formulation of the SHANM problem is developed, which consequently recovers the atomic decomposition directly with no foundation of the Vandermonde decomposition theorem. 3. Consequently, an SHANM-based DoA estimation method is presented for SAA configurations and exhibits improved performance compared to previous methods, particularly at low SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) and in the case of adjacent sources. 4. In addition, with the current development in technologies and applications, systems and circuits are becoming more compact every day, causing the distance between the elements in the array to be smaller, consequently causing strongly coupled antenna arrays. This primarily lead to strong mutual coupling, impedance mismatch, and poor radiation features [49]. Hence, estimating the DoA with mutual coupling remains an important task. In this work, we accounted for the impacts of mutual coupling using experimental measured data [8], which is the general and acceptable ground to examine any method, which we employed to illustrate the efficacy and robustness of the proposed methods. The proposed method shows sufficient localization accuracy.
# Edible Packaging: A Technological Update for the Sustainable Future of the Food Industry
## 3 Results
### Advantages and Disadvantages of Edible Packaging  
The main problem for the food sector is the loss of quality during storage, which ultimately increases waste. Using bio-packaging methods to increase a product's shelf life may effectively reduce costs associated with spoilage caused by natural ripening processes. Edible packaging can improve food quality and shelf life and thereby meet consumer demand for environmentally friendly products [125]. Other advantages of edible packaging over plastic packaging, include biodegradability, selective barrier properties, biocompatibility, edibility, non-toxicity, and non-polluting properties [4].  
Edible packaging requires special care during shipping processes as they are sensitive to temperature fluctuations, and most edible films and coatings degrade or almost degrade at their melting point, negative affecting their ability to be formed via thermal processing methods like extrusion, compression molding, and injection molding [14; 21]. A lot of edible packaging is primarily packed, and food products still need outer coverings for protection from chemical and biological contaminants. The oxygen barrier of edible packaging can block anaerobic respiration, thereby resulting in the delayed ripening of fruits and vegetables. Also, some consumers may have allergic reactions to edible food packaging (e.g., caseins). The cost of edible packaging materials is comparatively higher than conventional packaging materials. These factors may significantly affect consumer acceptance [20]. Another important limitation is the limited data on cytotoxic studies regarding edible films and coatings. Natural materials can also be toxic due to reactions or high-concentration formulations [86].
The quadcopter is used for applications such as surveillance, search and rescue, and object detection [7; 8; 9]. As mentioned earlier, a quadcopter with two pairs of fixed pitched propellers has a very short operation time because it has to generate lift force all the time to move around, which requires high electrical power. Batteries are used as an electrical power source in quadcopters; however, because of the high electrical power requirement, the normal operation time of a quadcopter is just 20 to 30 min [10]. This limits the quadcopter flight range and operation time drastically, and accordingly, the quadcopter might not be able to fulfill the purpose of its use in a specific application. Generally, to continuously operate quadcopters, the batteries are changed or recharged after the normal operation time.  
These batteries can be recharged using wired power transmission which requires some physical connection or via wireless power transmission which does not require any physical connection. Even though wired power transmission is more efficient than wireless power transmission, the wireless power transmission technique is currently utilized for its lower maintenance and increased safety (due to no physical connection of wires) for the delivery of power [11; 12]. In order to charge the battery using wireless power transmission, the quadcopter is equipped with electromagnetic coils. These coils can be single or multiple depending upon the size and design of the charging system. Generally, a wireless power transmission system is composed of a transmitting and a receiving side. Both the transmitting and receiving sides are equipped with coils to transfer the power from the source to load. The battery with the receiving coil is installed on the quadcopter and the transmitting side is normally a ground station composed of a transmitting coil. For efficient power transmission, it is necessary that the quadcopter land on the ground station in such a way that the receiving and transmitting coils are aligned properly; however, due to the poor landing effect of quadcopters, there is always a chance of misalignment. This misalignment causes power loss and affects the efficiency of the charging system. To eliminate this misalignment issue, there is a need to develop a system which can easily mitigate the poor landing effect. For that, a charging system is proposed in this work which can cope with such issues and increase the power transmission efficiency.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Mixed Gas Permeation Measurement  
Equimolar CO\({}_{2}\)-CH\({}_{4}\) gas mixture measurement was carried out at room temperature for two SSZ-13 membranes at two feed pressures of 0.255 and 0.605 MPa. According to Figure 4, the results showed that by increasing the feed pressure from 0.255 o 0.605 MPa, the CO\({}_{2}\) permeance for the membrane M1 decreased from 8.5 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-7}\) to 3.5 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-7}\) [mol/(m\({}^{2}\)sPa)] and for the membrane M2 from 3.5 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-7}\) to 1.2 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-7}\) [mol/(m\({}^{2}\)sPa)] (the membranes labeled as M1 and M2 correspond to the membranes that exhibited the highest CO\({}_{2}\)/CH\({}_{4}\) permselectivity in single gas permeation measurements, with values of 120 and 110, respectively). CH\({}_{4}\) permeance increased from 7.6 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-9}\) to 1.3 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-8}\) [mol/(m\({}^{2}\)sPa)] for the M1 and from 2.6 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-9}\) to 3 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-9}\) [mol/(m\({}^{2}\)sPa)] for the M2. Therefore, the CO\({}_{2}\)/CH\({}_{4}\) selectivity decreased from 111 and 116 for two membranes at pressure 0.255 MPa to 27 and 46, respectively, at 0.605 MPa. These results showed that the permeance of CO\({}_{2}\) and CO\({}_{2}\)/CH\({}_{4}\) selectivity decreased in the mixture compared to the single gas measurement which can be attributed to competitive adsorption (CO\({}_{2}\) molecules are hindered by CH\({}_{4}\) molecules) as well as molecular interactions in a binary mixture. In addition, at higher feed pressures, performance of membranes decreased due to higher competition for adsorption sites, pore blockage, and more diffusion of CH\({}_{4}\) molecules through defects (greater contribution of non-zeolitic pathways).
## 4 Seismic Assessments with Capacity Spectrum Method
### Evaluation of Equivalent Viscous Damping Curve  
The definition of the EVD factors \(\xi_{eq,i}\) with respect to different displacements is critical in the CSM method. The EVD factor \(\xi_{eq,i}\) associated with the displacement \(\delta_{i}\) is obtained based on the proportion of the absorbed energy to the elastic energy:  
\[\xi_{eq,i}=\xi_{0}+\frac{E_{d,i}}{4\pi E_{s,i}} \tag{2}\]  
where \(E_{d,i}\) is the energy dissipated in the single loop under the displacement \(\delta_{i}\), \(E_{s,i}\) is the elastic deformation energy, and \(\xi_{0}\) is the viscous damping of the structural material.  
The \(\xi_{0}\) often considers the effect of damage to nonstructural components and potential lack of energy dissipation before yielding in specific numerical models. However, such incorporation may not be appropriate when dealing with purely experimental loops of bare reinforced concrete structures, as in the tests referred to in this study [39]. Regarding the elastic deformation energy \(E_{s,i}\), the rectangle half-quadrant method is adopted. This method computes the \(E_{s,i}\) corresponding to one-eighth of the specific dissipated energy obtained with reference to an equivalent perfect rigid-plastic cyclic behavior (Figure 15) as  
\[E_{s,i}=\delta_{i}\frac{F_{\text{max},i}+|F_{\text{min},i}|}{4} \tag{3}\]  
Relying on the half-quadrant method, the EVD factors \(\xi_{eq,i}\) associated with different displacement, \(\delta_{i}\), of the bents B2-CIP, B2-PGS, and B2-PGT are evaluated and presented in Figure 16. Each value of \(\xi_{eq,i}\) is the mean value of the three cycles associated with a determined imposed displacement. The equivalent viscous damping increases with the applied lateral displacement for all bent specimens.  
Figure 15: Definition of dissipated energy.
## 3 Experiment
### Experimental Parameter Settings  
In this experiment, several key factors of the MFFA-GAN model were carefully set and optimized. Regarding the optimizer, both the generator and discriminator used the Adam optimizer, which exhibits good convergence performance when handling sparse gradients and non-convex optimization problems. The momentum parameters were set to 0.5 and 0.999. During training, the initial learning rate was set to 0.01, with a learning rate decay of 0.1 every 50 epochs. The batch size was set to 1, and the coefficients for the generator's loss function were set to \(\alpha\) = 0.001, \(\beta\) = 1, \(\gamma\) = 0.0005, and \(\lambda\) = 0.006. Training continued until both the generator loss and discriminator loss converged. Additionally, to ensure experimental fairness, all comparison methods were retrained and evaluated under identical conditions. The experiments were implemented using PyTorch 2.2.0 on a workstation running the Windows operating system, equipped with a 13 th Gen Intel (R) Core (TM) i5-13490F processor, 16 GB of RAM, and an NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4060 Ti.
# Algorithmic Coverage Quantification and Visualization in Range-Free Sensor Networks
## 1 Introduction
In contrast, our study investigates localization techniques within a small-scale WSN, with fixed SR positions defined in a global coordinate system. Through projection onto a global earth coordinate system, the tool developed in this study enables the visualization and quantification of the triangulated coverage areas, i.e., the areas covered by the sensing range of at least three SRs. By using this tool to explore various network setups, informed decisions can be made regarding the optimal final network configuration, thereby establishing a robust and comprehensive detection network. In [15], an interactive visualization tool was developed to explore coverage in SR networks by employing techniques from topological data analysis and quantifying the uncertainty in SR locations based on their simplicial complex representations. Motivated by  
Figure 1: A bird’s eye view of the considered problem. the problem of wireless spectrum monitoring, the authors demonstrate the capabilities and effectiveness of their tool through the exploration of randomly distributed SR networks. In contrast, our proposed tool falls under the category of deterministic coverage models, using geometric methods that require knowledge or measurement of the SR coordinates. The methodology of the present study involves the creation of an interactive satellite map, the deployment of range-free SRs without any location uncertainty using object-oriented programming, and the calculation of triangulated coverage areas. Integrating Python programming offers an efficient way to incorporate complex algorithms and data processing tasks. The output includes an interactive map for dynamic exploration and visualization of common coverage areas. The strengths of the proposed tool include its flexibility, adaptability to diverse scenarios, and efficient TR localization based on predefined triangulated detection areas. The applications can be diverse, ranging from environmental monitoring, disaster response, security, to wildlife tracking. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 outlines the methodology used in this study, including key definitions (Section 2.1), the process of creating interactive satellite maps (Section 2.2), the creation of sensor objects (Section 2.3), the analysis of coverage zones (Section 2.4) and finally, a description of the algorithm used (Section 2.5). Section 3 demonstrates the resulting maps produced by the outlined methods through four distinct example scenarios. Finally, Section 4 provides a discussion of the presented scenarios, discussing the implications of the proposed tool, as well as its potential limitations, and future research directions. Table 1 includes a list of the acronyms used throughout this study and their definitions, for reference.
## 4 Development of Optical Sensing Techniques for Red Meat Quality Prediction
### Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI)
#### 4.3.1 Acquisition Methods for HSI Images  
A hyperspectral image is a hyperspectral cube with three-dimensional (3D) properties, incorporating two-dimensional spatial data with x rows and y columns, as well as one-dimensional spectral data (of \(\lambda\) wavelengths) [211]. There are several different methods for acquiring a 3D hyperspectral image: point-scanning, line-scanning, area-scanning, and single-shot [212]. The point-scanning method captures spectral information pixel by pixel, resulting in high spectral resolution but low scanning speed [213]. The line-scanning method is the most common and scans one line at a time, with the resulting image stored in band-interleaved-by-line format [214]. The area-scanning method captures a two-dimensional grey-level image at one wavelength and can acquire a full hyperspectral image by scanning over the entire wavelength range [215]. The single-shot method captures all the spectral and spatial information simultaneously but may have limitations in meeting industry demands for resolution [216].
## 4 Discussion
For this purpose, additional research on the use of TLS for such measurements would be reasonable by changing the distance of the instrument within a radius of 10 m. It was found that the uneven influence of lighting conditions in laboratory on the accuracy of measurements made with the RTC 360 LT terrestrial laser scanner was significant. Measurements of TL_01 (1.2 mm and 17.42%) under artificial light conditions in the laboratory were less accurate than measurements outside the laboratory with TO_01 (0.7 mm and 11.65%) and TW_01 (0.9 mm and 15.00%). This can be mainly attributed to a larger number of reflecting surfaces in the laboratory, which affect the reflection of the laser beam and lead to imperfections in the point cloud of the scanned surroundings. The imperfections were visible in the form of the resulting holes in the point cloud, which could be eliminated by selecting a larger number of stands. As one can see from the measurement results, there are some shifts in the reliability rank of the measurement devices. From the declarations of the used devices, we can conclude that displacements smaller than 1 mm cannot be considered as displacements because this is the maximum reasonable limit for geodetic measurements. If we wanted to measure displacements smaller than 1 mm, we would have to use other methods, such as inductive gauges, laser gauges, or precision dial gauges that offer a measurement accuracy of up to 0.01 mm. Performing an experimental analysis of the displacements of timber beams aimed to evaluate the suitability of using terrestrial 3D laser scanning as a good laboratory alternative and non-contact method for determining the vertical displacements of structural elements. Based on the obtained results and existing literature, the findings can be summarized in the following points:  
* Measurements made with the Leica RTC 360 LT terrestrial laser scanner were found to be less accurate than measurements made with the Leica Nova TS 50. The difference between the calculated value and the measured value of the vertical displacement was on average 0.2 mm for the measurements with the Leica Nova TS 50, while this difference was 0.9 mm for the measurements with the RTC 360 LT.
* A larger deviation of the vertical displacement measurements occurred with targets that were not automatically detected by the program and were therefore recorded manually.
# Multi-Satellite Observation-Relay Transmission-Downloading Coupling Scheduling Method
## 2 Problem Description
### Initial Solution Generation Method  
The process of generating initial solutions follows the strategy of maximum backward time slack [55], which is a heuristic rule aiming to maximize the number of observed targets. The process for generating initial solutions is as follows:  
1. All targets form the unselected target set;
2. Select each target from the unselected set to perform mission insertion into each insertion position of each satellite's current observation result sequence to generate a set of observation solution candidates;
3. Calculate the sequence backward time slack of the inserted satellite for all observation solution candidates;
4. Sort solutions in descending order of the backward time slack. Keep the observation solutions that meet the attitude maneuver constraint. If all solutions to a target do not meet the attitude maneuver constraint, remove the target from the unselected target set. If there is no solution remaining, go to step 8;
5. Select an observation solution according to the sorting order and plan the data transmission path. Verify the constraint satisfaction of the observation solution. The data transmission path planning method is described in Section 3.4;If the selected solution satisfies the constraint, insert it into the satellite observation sequence according to the corresponding position and go to step 7. Otherwise, if all solutions to the selected target do not meet the constraints, remove the target from the unselected target set. In the unsatisfied situation, if there is an unprocessed observation solution, go to step 5; otherwise, go to step 7;
7. If there is a target in the unselected target set, go to step 2; otherwise, go to step 8;
8. End.  
The solution can be further improved through the tabu search algorithm based on the initial solution.
# Nisin E, a New Nisin Variant Produced by _Streptococcus equinus_ MDC1
###### Abstract  
Members of the genus _Streptococcus_ inhabit a variety of sites in humans and other animals and some species are prolific producers of proteinaceous antibiotics (bactericins). As little is known about (i) streptococcal inhabiting domestic pets, and (ii) whether novel bacteriocin-producing streptococci can be isolated from domestic pets, the aim of this study is to address these gaps in the research literature. In this study, _Streptococcus equinus_ MDC1, isolated from a healthy dog, was found to exhibit potent antibacterial activity against _Microococcus luteus_ in a simultaneous antagonism assay, suggesting that strain MDC1 produces a lantibiotic bacteriocin. The inhibitory activity spectrum of _S. equinus_ MDC1, determined using agar-based deferred antagonism assays against?70 indicator strains, was found to be similar to that of nisin U (a lantibiotic produced by _Streptococcus uberis_). However, the spectra of the two bacteriocins differed by 23 strains, mainly with the MDC1 bacteriocin having no inhibitory activity towards certain streptococci of human origin (e.g., _Streptococcus sapdanii_, _Streptococcus anginosus_, _Streptococcus salinarius_). The genome of _S. equinus_ MDC1, which was sequenced completely using single-molecule real-time (SMRT) next-generation DNA sequencing technology, comprises a single 1,936,555-basepair chromosome containing seven copies of the ribosomal RNA operon, 69 tRNA genes and nearly 1900 putative coding sequences. Analysis of the MDC1 genome sequence using the bacteriocin detection algorithms BAGEL4 and antiSMASH revealed the location of a 13,164-basepair 11-gene locus, designated _mmd_, which encoded a mature nisin E peptide that differed from nisin U by only two amino acids (Ile\({}^{15}\)\(\rightarrow\)Ala and Leu\({}^{21}\)\(\rightarrow\)Ile) and an extra C-terminal asparagine residue, and the proteins required for post-translational modification of the bacteriocin, processing, export, and producer immunity. Despite the high homology (90.6% identity, 93.8% similarity) between nisin E and nisin U, there was considerably less homology (47.4-76.3% identity, 68.4-88.8% similarity) between the other proteins encoded by their respective biosynthetic loci. This new natural variant of nisin, called nisin E, represents the first nisin variant to be reported for _S. equinus_; additionally, its differences with nisin U may provide some insight into the amino acids that influence bacteriocin potency and killing spectrum.  
bactericin; _Streptococcus equinus_; deferred and simultaneous antagonism assays; nisin variant; genome sequencing (PacBio RS-II platform); genome assembly (Canu); _nmd_ locus; BAGEL4; antiSMASH
## 3 Multicarrier CDMA Based Modulation Schemes
### CI/mc-CDMA  
In [52; 53; 54], the use of MC-CDMA with novel carrier interferometry (CI) complex spreading codes was proposed. The carrier interferometry MC-CDMA (CI/MC-CDMA) method, applied to cognitive radio systems, offers enhanced performance and flexibility compared to conventional MC-CDMA with WH spreading codes. In conventional MC CDMA systems with \(N\) Walsh-Hadamard spreading codes, \(N\) orthogonal users can be supported. If more than \(N\) users are to be supported, pseudo-orthogonal codes must be employed. This results in high multiuser interference and degradation in bit-error rate (BER) performance due to cross correlation between pseudo-orthogonal codes. CI codes were introduced to overcome the above limitations of MC-CDMA. The advantages of CI codes include the availability of CI codes for any integer length and flexibility in adding additional number of users without much degradation in BER performance, which make CI/MC-CDMA more suitable for dynamic spectrum access environment.  
Figure 6: The BER performance of MC-CDMA system for varying number of deactivated subcarriers (Ud).