## 3 Results and Discussion
### Antibacterial Activity of Synthesized AgNPs from Various Leaf and Stem Extracts  
The use of AgNPs in antibacterial assays is a fascinating strategy to overcome the problem of multidrug resistance by bacteria [104]. AgNPs synthesized from leaf and stem extracts were subjected to antibacterial analysis. Various concentrations (100, 50, 25, 12.25, 6.25, and 3.125 mg/mL) were tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains of bacteria. Clear zones of inhibition were observed for the AgNPs synthesized from the leaf and stem methanolic, and fresh and powdered extracts against Gram-positive _B. subtilis_, methicillin-resistant _S. aureus_, _S. aureus_ and Gram-negative _E. coli_ and _P. aeruginosa_. The highest inhibitory activity was observed at 100 mg/mL in all AgNPs, for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. From all of the AgNPs tested against _B. subtilis_, the NPs from the fresh stem displayed the highest inhibitory activity (18.33 \(\pm\) 3.21 mm), while the lowest was observed in the powdered leaf (12.33 \(\pm\) 1.53 mm) (Table 5). No inhibitory activity was observed in the leaf and stem AgNPs at 6.25 and 3.125 mg/mL against _B. subtilis_ (Table 4). The powdered stem AgNPs displayed the highest activity (18.67 \(\pm\) 3.21 mm) against Methicillin-resistant _S. aureus_, while the fresh leaf AgNPs demonstrated the lowest (12.00 \(\pm\) 2.65 mm) (Table 5). Only the powdered leaf AgNPs at 6.25 mg/mL displayed no activity against Methicillin-resistant _S. aureus_. No observed activity was observed at 3.125 mg/mL against Methicillin-resistant _S. aureus_ (Table 5). The methanolic leaf AgNPs showed the highest inhibitory activity against _S. aureus_ (16.67 \(\pm\) 2.52 mm), whereas the powdered leaf AgNPs displayed the lowest (13.67 \(\pm\) 2.52 mm). In _S. aureus_, no zones \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Plant Extract**} & **Absorption** & **Types of** & **Functional** & **Compound** \\  & **Frequency** & **Absorption/** & **Group** & **Class** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Powdered leaf} & 3281.52 & Stretch & O-H & Alcohol \\ \cline{2-5}  & 3223.08 & Stretch & O-H & Carboxylic acid \\ \cline{2-5}  & 2927.53 & Stretch & N-H & Amine salt \\ \cline{2-5}  & 2328.14 & Stretch & O-C=O & Carbon dioxide \\ \cline{2-5}  & 2115.65 & Stretch & N=C=S & Isothiocyanate \\ \cline{2-5}  & 1888.35 & Bending & C-H & Aromatic \\ \cline{2-5}  & 1592.68 & Bending & N-H & Amine \\ \cline{2-5}  & 1394.61 & Stretch & C-F & Fluoro \\ \cline{2-5}  & 1336.86 & Bending & O-H & Phenol \\ \cline{2-5}  & 1036.22 & Stretch & C-N & Amine \\ \cline{2-5}  & 808.04 & Stretch & C-Cl & Halo compound \\ \cline{2-5}  & 767.36 & Stretch & C-Cl & Halo compound \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Powdered stem} & 3262.30 & Stretch & O-H & Alcohol \\ \cline{2-5}  & 2929.28 & Stretch & N-H & Amine salt \\ \cline{2-5}  & 2344.39 & Stretch & O-C=O & Carbon dioxide \\ \cline{2-5}  & 2116.90 & Stretch & N=C=S & Isothiocyanate \\ \cline{2-5}  & 1607.25 & Bending & N-H & Amine \\ \cline{2-5}  & 1391.95 & Stretch & C-F & Fluoro \\ \cline{2-5}  & 1333.34 & Bending & O-H & Alcohol \\ \cline{2-5}  & 1036.10 & Stretch & C-N & Amine \\ \cline{2-5}  & 766.74 & Stretch & C-Cl & Halo compound \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: _Cont._of inhibition were observed at 6.25 and 3.125 mg/mL for both powdered leaf and stem methanolic AgNPs (Table 5). Furthermore, at 3.125 mg/mL, the powdered stem AgNPs displayed no activity against _S. aureus_ (Table 5). The powdered stem AgNPs demonstrated the highest activity (19.33 \(\pm\) 1.15 mm) against _E. coli_, whereas the powdered leaf AgNPs showed the lowest activity (15.00 \(\pm\) 1.00 mm). Zones of inhibition were observed at all concentrations for all AgNPs against _E. coli_ (Table 5). Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. (2018) have evaluated the antibacterial activity of the crude leaf and stem extracts (hexane, chloroform and methanol). These authors found the antibacterial activity of the crude leaf methanolic extract at 100 mg/mL had the highest inhibition against all tested bacterial strains.