esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Discussion  
The average times of the FAs are comparable for both approaches, but in the NRA, the EAs were slightly faster because they did not test for reservations.  
Starting with one MRSA, the total time found by the EAs was identical to the optimal total time. This makes sense because there were no foreign reservations. However, the total travel times in both approaches were longer because they also included the time of searching, and in the case of the WRA, the time also included the travel time of the IAs; but the difference was not significant. The change occurred with the presence of three MRSA in the environment, resulting in a more time-consuming performance of the NRA. In the case of the WRA, the more MRSs there are in the environment, the longer it takes to find and reserve a new route. But the total travel time under the WRA was shorter than the total travel time under the NRA. In the case of the NRA, on the contrary, the more MRSs there are in the environment, the more often they stop and the longer they wander. We can conclude that, as the number of MRSs increases, the WRA outperforms the NRA in the total travel time.  
The waiting duration is longer under the WRA. This can be explained by the fact that under the WRA, the MRSs cannot leave their positions until the whole route is reserved; thus, they are waiting.  
We have proposed a design method and formulated several coordination rules, for this type of planner. The route planner was compared to a different, non-reservation-based approach. We tested the approaches in 3D virtual reality, so as to better understand their properties and identify errors.  
Experiments show that as the number of MRSA increases, our approach achieves better performance regarding the travel times, distances traveled, and the time of transport-order execution. Thus, a proof-of-concept solution has been achieved.  
From our experience of implementing this type of planner, we can formulate several recommendations. The more urgent a system is, the more complex the agents and ants are: hence they are becoming less lightweight. We recommend using similar or identical mechanisms for testing of the reservations by the exploration ants, and making reservations by the intention ants. That will prevent programmers from introducing numerous bugs into the code base, and will make the code easier to maintain. If a task can be delegated to the intention ants instead of the exploration ants, the intention ants should be preferred for performance reasons.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Correlation between Volatiles and Sensory Attributes in Passion Fruit Wines Using PLSR
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Compound** & **Volatile Compound** & **Odor Series** & **ES** & **BV** & **VI** & **CY** \\ \hline
19 & **Isopentyl acetate** & 1 & 57.79 & 45.4 & 72.66 & 84.38 \\
20 & \(\beta\)-Myrcene & \(1,3\) & 14.72 & 13.83 & 19.1 & 20.57 \\
21 & \(\alpha\)-Terpineol & \(2,5\) & 7.45 & 6.08 & 9.88 & 8.31 \\
22 & **Linaolol** & \(2,5\) & 186.35 & 142.99 & 204.87 & 207.99 \\
23 & **Citronello1** & 2 & 5.3 & 3.48 & 5.54 & 2.67 \\
24 & **Geranyl acetone** & 2 & 3.36 & 3.03 & 2.11 & 2.56 \\
25 & _cis-Rose oxide_ & 2 & 19.8 & 17.03 & 18.2 & 20.01 \\
26 & _trans-Rose oxide_ & 2 & 11.7 & 11.07 & 11.85 & 11.41 \\
27 & **Geranol** & 2 & 3.25 & 2.82 & 3.2 & 3.27 \\
28 & \(\beta\)-Damascone & \(1,2,5\) & 27.94 & 26.46 & 30.44 & 30.02 \\
29 & \(\alpha\)-Ionone & 1 & 9.15 & 6.98 & 9.56 & 9.26 \\
30 & \(\beta\)-Ionone & 2 & 8729.67 & 7111.36 & 8219.21 & 10,015.43 \\
31 & **TDN** & \(2,7\) & 1.82 & 1.53 & 1.67 & 2.05 \\
32 & **Benzothiazole** & 7 & 0 & 0 & 8.28 & 17.6 \\
33 & **2-Methyltetrahydroothiophen-3-one** & 7 & 95.02 & 158.31 & 124.65 & 32.88 \\
34 & **Ethyl 3-(methylthio)propionate** & 1 & 10.34 & 0 & 9.88 & 11.46 \\
35 & **3-Mercaptohexanol** & 1 & 91.83 & 163.19 & 135.26 & 167.71 \\
36 & **3-Mercaptohexanol acetate** & 1 & 1332.66 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
37 & **2-Methyl-1-propyl-1,3-oxthiamine** & 1 & 3.16 & 3.17 & 3.61 & 0.39 \\
38 & **3-(Methylpropyl acetate** & 3 & 765.27 & 461.42 & 284.71 & 0 \\
39 & Ethyl laurate & \(1,8\) & 0.22 & 0.18 & 0.24 & 0.27 \\
40 & Isobutyl acetate & \(1,7\) & 0.24 & 0.18 & 0.33 & 0.18 \\
41 & Phenethyl acetate & \(1,2\) & 0.26 & 0.19 & 0.23 & 0.58 \\
42 & Hexyl butyrate & 1 & 0.37 & 0.37 & 0.39 & 0.37 \\
43 & Isoamyl caprylate & \(1,5,8\) & 0.17 & 0.11 & 0.18 & 0.19 \\
44 & Methyl salicate & 3 & 0.55 & 0.41 & 0.49 & 0.64 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Bold indicates that the concentration of the compound exceeds the threshold.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: _Cont._  
Figure 3: Partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis using volatile compounds (OAV \(>\) 1 or esters OAV \(>\) 0.1, as listed in Table 4) and aroma descriptors (passion fruit, mango, green apple, lemon and floral with GM% \(>\) 20%) in passion fruit wine fermented by commercial yeast strain ES488 (ES), BV818 (BV), VIC (VI) and CY3079 (CY).
# A Hierarchical Control System for Autonomous Driving towards Urban Challenges
## 2 Hierarchical Control System  
The hierarchical control system consists of global path planning(GPP), decision making, local path planning and control [27] hierarchies from low to high level as shown in Figure 1. The GPP id developed based on HD-map and V2X information by using [PERSON]'s algorithm to select the best route. A series of waypoints from the GPP is first combined with the perception to adjust the behavior of the vehicle. Then, the local path planner employs the behavior to generate an efficient trajectory. Herein, the path is comprised of a set of waypoints with a format \(<\!\!x,y,v\!>\) for each waypoint, where \(x,y\) are the global coordinate in the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate [11], and \(v\) is the speed of the vehicle. Finally, the control commands the car to follow the trajectory by using the longitudinal and lateral controllers. In this section, we neglect the GPP and concentrate on the design of decision making, local path planning, and control.
## 4 Conclusions  
In this study, five gas analysers (an INNOVA 1314, a Rosemount CT5100, a Picarro G2103, a Gasmet CX4000 and an Axetris LGD F200-A) were validated under filed conditions for application in ammonia emission measurements at poultry and pig houses according to the VERA test protocol, using the wet-chemistry method as the reference. The apparent ammonia concentration ranged between 0.98 and 19.1 ppm\({}_{\mathrm{v}}\). High correlations (\(r>0.99\)) were found between all the analysers and the reference method. The measurement errors were generally below 2 ppm\({}_{\mathrm{v}}\) or 10%. Equivalence to the wet-chemistry method was demonstrated for the INNOVA and Rosemount analyser. After recalibration, the highest achievable accuracy was \(\pm\)0.46 ppm\({}_{\mathrm{v}}\) or \(\pm\)6.7%. The Picarro and Axetris analyzer could also achieve sufficient accuracy after a recalibration. The Gasmet analyser was subjected to an interference from carbon-dioxide, but it showed good results after correcting for this interference. The Rosemount, Axetris, and INNOVA analyser outputs based on laboratory calibrations using certified a gas cylinder were inconsistent with the wet-chemistry measurements. Further research is required in order to verify the representativeness and reliability of certified gas cylinders for calibrating gas analysers applications in the field.  
Conceptualization, E.B. and P.D.; methodology, S.Z.; formal analysis, S.Z.; resources, B.S.; original draft, S.Z.; supervision, E.B. and P.D.; the manuscript was reviewed by all co-authors. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
We would like to thank [PERSON] and [PERSON] for carrying out the practical work during the field tests.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Fermentation Strategies for Production of Pharmaceutical Ternenoids in Engineered Yeast
## 5 Factors Affecting Fermentation Process of Pharmaceutical Terpenoids
### Strain Engineering  
Wild type \(S\). _cerevisiae_ strains (most known laboratory strains used for system biology: CENPK, S288C, BY4741 and W303, www.yeastgenome.org, accessed on 26 March 2021) have endogenous sterol biosynthesis process, including MVA pathway. Ergosterol is synthesized through this process. By using molecular biology methods, namely gene deletion and high-through screening methods, all enzymes and genes upstream the MVA pathway, and downstream ergosterol synthesis in \(S\). _cerevisiae_, have been clarified [64]. Terpenoids cannot be directly produced by wild type strains of \(S\). _cerevisiae_ without genetic modifications because it requires the availability of precursors for transfer of intermediates between compartments (the cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum) and diverse class of Cytochrome P450 (CYP-CPR) enzymes for the oxygenation reactions to produce structurally diverse terpenes [57]. In order to produce terpenoids efficiently in yeast, several genetic modifications such as promoter alterations, gene mutations, genes knockout and expression of heterologous genes were required (see recent reviews: [2; 6; 12; 65]. Highly engineered strains of \(S\). _cerevisiae_, with the capability to produce different type of terpenoids, including industrial products, such as farnesene, artemisinin, patchouli alcohol, squalene, geraniol, and \(\beta\)-carotene, have been constructed [5]. However, different gene regulation is necessary for different type of end-products. For instance, in sesquiterpen production, ERG9 enzyme is required to be downregulated to lower the metabolic flow from farnesyl pyrophosphate to squalene, while in triterpenoids production, the same enzyme is upregulated to increase precursors pull for triterpenoids [64]. In addition, distinctive plant derived cytochrome P450 enzymes for specific target products should be cloned and expressed as well [12]. Because of these reasons, tailor-made engineered strains need to be constructed for specify target terpenoids [7; 56]. Some of the important genetic modifications for different terpenoid biosynthesis are presented in Table 2.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Compound** & **Titer** & **Strategy** & **References** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Amorpha-4,11-diene} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(>\)40 g/L} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Overexpression of ADS, upc2-1} \\  & & Integration of genes copies using control of galactose-inducible promoters: 3 copies of & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & tHMG1, and ERG10, 13, 12, 8, and IDI1 & [60] \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Deletion of gal80\(\lambda\) & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Downregulation of ERG9 & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Relevant engineering strategies performed in _Saccharomyces cerevisiae_ for terpenoid production (adapted from [7]).
## 5 Case Study
### Cyberattack Detection  
As illustrated in Figure 12, an algorithm for cyber-attack detection through DC current measurement from E-FCR operation is proposed. Moreover, the normalized correlation concept for LCC#2 is also present to describe the prediction of DC current after the attack occurs on LCC#2. Furthermore, even though the attack only occurs on LCC#2, it will cause another effect, such as creating misjudgment active power from the VSC#3 line.  
As illustrated in Figure 14, DC current measurement detection from E-FCR operation was analyzed. In terms of normal operation, the prediction current showed an exactly similar response to the actual DC current from LCC#2. This shows that the proposed detection through normalized correlation concepts works well. The main reason why DC current prediction only focuses on LCC#2 is because when LCC#2 is attacked, it becomes a major threat for isolated power systems, especially for small-network-size balancing arrangements. In addition, it is also important to know the basic normal operational characteristics before we explore more cyber attack operations. As illustrated in Figures 15-17, the response of DC current changes significantly after an attack occurs.  
Figure 14: DC current prediction in normal operation.  
As shown in Figure 15, when a delay of measurement attack occurs, the DC current from VSC#3 showed quite a significant difference. This situation was caused by an attack on LCC#2, in which the attackers change the input signal from the converter station reflected by the frequency measurement input signal in LCC#2 and create a delayed power transfer.  
Figure 16: DC current prediction in missing data attack operation.  
Figure 15: DC current prediction in delay of measurement attack operation.  
As depicted in Figure 16, a missing data attack operation is more dangerous compared with a delay of measurement. This reason could be seen according to the zero response of the DC current, causing the attackers to change the input signal to zero several times. However, VSC#3 tried to support more power to maintain balancing arrangements similar to before the attack occurred. Due to this reason, we can observe a different ramp-rate value and maximum current compared with Figures 14 and 15.  
As described in Figure 17, DC current prediction works concerning the false data injection attack operation. Before the DC current was attacked, the actual and prediction currents showed a similar response. However, when intruders changed the signal to zero, the active current from VSC#3 suddenly changed the ramp rate in order to supply an imbalance after a zero dynamic attack occurred on LCC#2. This attack shows false data injection attacks are the major threatening operation in balancing arrangements.
# Secure Image Transmission Using Multilevel Chaotic Encryption and Video Steganography
## 3 Methods and Materials
### Mathematical Preliminaries
#### 3.2.3 Ikeda Map  
The Ikeda map is a two-dimensional chaotic map used to model the dynamics of light in a nonlinear optical cavity. It simplifies the complex Maxwell-Bloch equations into a discrete system for studying chaos and bifurcations [24].  
\[x_{n+1}=1+ux(x_{n}\text{cos}(t_{n})-y_{n}\text{sin}(t_{n}))\] \[y_{n+1}=un(x_{n}\text{sin}(t_{n})+y_{n}\text{cos}(t_{n}))\] \[t_{n}=\theta-\frac{\varnothing}{1+y_{n}^{2}+x_{n}^{2}}\]  
\(x_{n}\), \(y_{n}\) are the current coordinates of the point.  
Where \(x_{n}\), \(y_{n}=0.5\), \(\theta=0.4\), \(\varnothing=6\), and \(u=0.9\) (which is typically in [0.85, 0.95] for chaos). This map has the following features:  
Use of fixed points, periodic orbits, and chaotic attractors;  
Sensitivity to initial conditions and parameter changes;  
Transitions to chaos via bifurcation cascades [25].
## 3 Methods
### Accuracy Assessment  
Classification performance was assessed according to producer's accuracy (PA), user's accuracy (UA), and [PERSON]'s kappa coefficient (\(\text{K}_{\text{c}}\)), computed as shown in Equations (3)-(5). PA is the ratio of correctly classified parcels over the total number of parcels for a ground truth class. Alternatively, UA is the ratio of correctly classified parcels for a given class to the total number of parcels predicted to belong to that class [33]. Statistical metric kappa is used to describe the overall classification accuracy and it is generally preferred over simple accuracy metrics, as it accounts for random agreement between truth and estimation [34]. Hence, \(\text{K}_{\text{c}}\) better showcases the capacity of both input data and classification techniques [35].  
\[\text{PA}=\frac{\text{n}_{\text{ii}}}{\text{n}_{\text{irow}}} \tag{3}\]  
\[\text{UA}=\frac{\text{n}_{\text{ii}}}{\text{n}_{\text{icol}}} \tag{4}\]  
\[\text{K}_{\text{c}}=\text{N}\sum_{\text{i}=0}^{\text{r}}\text{n}_{\text{ii}}- \sum_{\text{i}=0}^{\text{r}}\frac{\text{n}_{\text{icol}}\text{n}_{\text{irow} }}{\text{N}^{2}}-\sum_{\text{i}=0}^{\text{r}}\text{n}_{\text{icol}}\text{n}_ {\text{irow}} \tag{5}\]  
where \(\text{n}_{\text{ii}}\) is the number of parcels correctly classified in a particular crop type class; N is the total number of parcels in the confusion matrix; r is the number of rows; \(\text{n}_{\text{icol}}\) and \(\text{n}_{\text{irow}}\) are the column (predicted class labels) and row (ground truth) total, respectively [36].
## 5 Experimental Setup, Analysis and Evaluations
Based on our assumption of a hop-to-hop propagation latency of 0.1 ms, the maximum latency reported at the migration by switches was 3 ms and gateways was 1.5 ms for controller attachment with \"Kansas City\" using the BFR approach. However, our concern is the latency difference with and without using BFR to properly locate the master controller in the network. Details on latency evaluation with the ONOS controller are available at [35]. Figure 11: Switch latency with and without applying BFR in the Abilene network during migration for controller placement. Figure 10: Control path latency with BFR in the Abilene Network, while setting Chicago, Denver, Indianapolis, Kansas City, and Seattle as RSSes with one router migration in a sequence: (**a**) control path latency by switch; (**b**) control path latency by iBGP-peers formed during migration. Figure 12a,b presents the bar graphs of cumulative latency values for Abilene and GEANT2009 networks. Node \"ESS\" is identified as the RSS for the GEANT2009 network. This graph shows the lower cumulative latency value with BFR as compared with the cumulative latency without BFR for both Abilene and GEANT2009 networks.
## 4 Principle and Operation of the Metamaterials
### Operating Principle for Metasurface Based RISs from the View of Physics  
An EM wave propagating in three-dimensional (3D) space is referred to as a wireless signal. As the electromagnetic wave propagates across space and interacts with scattering objects, it attenuates the signal strength. According to basic electromagnetic principles, the signal power per unit area in a particular medium is proportional to the square of the electric field of the associated wave. This result allows us to analyze the EM wave in order to acquire a better knowledge of the wireless signal and its interaction with reflecting objects for reflective and refractive smart surfaces. The equivalence principle, particularly the surface equivalence principle (SEP), provides the foundation for all of these EM wave manipulation studies. In the context of RIS designs, the [PERSON] principle and the [PERSON]'s field equivalence principle can be used. According to the Huygens principle, EM wave manipulation boils down to the controllable change in amplitudes and phases at each spot on the surface wavefront. Another essential viewpoint is [PERSON]'s field equivalence concept, which can be used to both the external (source-free zone) and internal problems. In this concept, the refracted and reflected EM field can be analyzed by introducing equivalent surface magnetic and electric current [81]. The following is a summary of the operational principle of waveguide-based RISs. The coupling between 3D free space waves and two-dimensional surface waves is performed by the EM wave manipulation of the waveguide metasurface in [32]. As a result, the metasurface can be considered a hologram containing additional information about its radiated signal traveling in three dimensions (3D) space. After being excited by the source, this pre-designed information is launched into the radiated field.  
On the other hand, advanced signal processing methods have also been proposed to deal with the multiple radio echoes resulting from reflections and/or diffractions of the waveform transmitted in its environment. These multiple received paths, which depend significantly on the geometry of the radio link, are then treated as a source of valuable information for tracking mobile radio nodes inside buildings, or even for mapping the environment. Unlike other related technologies, such as relays and MIMO beamforming, no power source is needed for RISs. Furthermore, unlike software-defined surfaces (SDSs), RIS software can be programmed to respond to radio waves. When an EM wave reaches the boundary between two isotropic mediums, the relationship between the angle of incidence and angle of reflection and refraction is governed by [PERSON]'s law. In particular, for reflection, the angle of incidence for the normal surface of the medium is the same as the angle of reflection. However, the recent advances in research on metasurface and reflectarrays make it possible to adjust the surface impedance and achieve a certain phase shift between the incident and the scattered waves [1].
## 2 eHealth Monitoring System  
In this section, we show how the eHealth monitoring system is implemented. This section is divided into two subsections: the first one explains the system-on-chip platform used to develop our monitoring system. Finally, the last subsection exposes the multisensor cloud data fusion technique used to determine the athlete's fatigue status.  
Our system is based on a distributed architecture (see Figure 1), where physiological data of a person are collected by several sensors, next a System-on-Chip platform joins the information and makes a standardization process, then these data are sent to Cloud to be processed. The Cloud system stores the received data and makes a data fusion process in order to know the athlete's fatigue status at every moment. These information will be sent through secure protocols (e.g., HTTPS) to remote supervisors in order to check the state of the monitored user.
# Towards Efficient Wireless Body Area Network Using Two-Way Relay Cooperation
## 5 Hybrid Cooperative Scheme for Energy Efficient WBAN
### Posture Changes
The EE associated with the posture changes described above may show small variations in the already mentioned link lengths as the abdominal displacements occur due to cardiovascular and respiratory cycles. The maximum displacement caused by the mechanical processes is estimated to be 0.2-0.5 mm and 4-12 mm, respectively [34]. The results are shown for on-body NLOS channel, as its distances fall in mid-range and easily elaborated. The variations shown for each posture depicted in Figure 13 includes the described hop-length \(\pm\)1.2 cm. Figure 13: Energy efficiency over posture changes. In some cases, hop-length exceeds the effective direct link, but relay link is not accessible, as described in walking posture, or the length of relay link exceeds its effective working span of hybrid scheme. Coding can be used over the hybrid scheme in such scenarios. JNC coding is an effective candidate for communicating over such links with an extended efficient hop-length. The effect of JNC coding for various WBAN links is explained in the next section.