## 3 Results
### Shoulder Pain and Passive ROM  
In the baseline and outcome measurement of shoulder pain in the CG and EG, the results are presented in Figure 2. At the midpoint of the treatment (four weeks), only the EG had a significant difference when compared with the baseline (\(p<0.05\)). After eight weeks of treatment, the mean of the VAS pain score decreased from 5.5 to 2.1 (62%) in the EG when compared with 5.2 to 3.2 (38%) in the CG. When compared with the baseline, pain scores were significantly (\(p<0.05\)) reduced in both the CG and EG. However, the VAS pain score of the EG was significantly 34% lower than that of the CG (\(p<0.05\)). From \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline  & **Control Group** & **Experimental Group** & \\  & **(CG)** & **(EG)** & **\(p\) Value** \\ \hline Number of patients (\(n\)) & 24 & 24 & \textgreater{}0.05 * \\ \hline Age & 59.2 \(\pm\) 1.7 & 58.8 \(\pm\) 1.3 & \textgreater{}0.05 * \\ \hline Female/Male & 16/8 & 17/7 & \textgreater{}0.05 * \\ \hline Dominant side R/L & 22/2 & 23/1 & \textgreater{}0.05 * \\ \hline Affected dominant/non-dominant & 7/17 & 5/19 & \textgreater{}0.05 * \\ \hline Shoulder flexion & 102.9 \(\pm\) 3.9 & 103.6 \(\pm\) 3.8 & \textgreater{}0.05 * \\ \hline Shoulder abduction & 91.2 \(\pm\) 3.4 & 89.2 \(\pm\) 3.0 & \textgreater{}0.05 * \\ \hline Shoulder internal rotation & 31.4 \(\pm\) 1.7 & 31.6 \(\pm\) 1.4 & \textgreater{}0.05 * \\ \hline Shoulder external rotation & 34.0 \(\pm\) 2.1 & 32.1 \(\pm\) 2.0 & \textgreater{}0.05 * \\ \hline VAS score & 5.2 \(\pm\) 0.2 & 5.5 \(\pm\) 0.2 & \textgreater{}0.05 * \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Values are expressed as the mean \(\pm\) SE or \(n\) = number. R: Right, L: Left. * Independent t-tests for between CG and EG. * Chi-square test for between CG and EG.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Demographic Features, range of motion (ROM), and visual analogue scale (VAS) score at baseline assessment. the identity plot chart, we observed that most of the numerical distribution in the EG was significantly lower than that in the CG. The passive ROM after four weeks and eight weeks treatment in the CG and EG were presented in Figure 3. In the flexion portion, flexion ROM was found to be significantly increased at the midpoint (four weeks) and eight weeks of treatment from baseline in the CG and EG. After eight weeks of treatment, the mean of passive flexion ROM increased from 103.6 to 141.2 (36%) in the EG compared with 102.9 to 127.5 (24%) in the CG. When compared with the baseline, the flexion ROM had improved significantly (\(p<0.05\)) in both the CG and EG groups. The flexion ROM in the EG was significantly better than the CG after 8 weeks treatment (\(p<0.05\)). From the identity plot chart, we observed that most of the numerical distribution in the EG was higher than that in the CG after eight weeks. In the abduction portion, abduction ROM had significantly increased in the EG, but not in the CG after four weeks of treatment (\(p<0.05\)). After 8 weeks of treatment, the passive abduction ROM had increased from 89.2 to 134.7 (51%) in the EG when compared with 91.2 to 107.5 (18%) in the CG. The passive abduction ROM of the EG was significantly (\(p<0.05\)) 25% better than the CG. From the identity plot chart, most of the numerical distribution in the EG from baseline to 8 weeks treatment was higher than that of the CG. In the internal rotation portion, internal rotation ROM had significantly increased in the EG, but not in the CG after four weeks of treatment (\(p<0.05\)). After eight weeks of treatment, the mean of passive internal rotation ROM increased from 31.6 to 57.5 (81%) in the EG when compared with 31.4 to 40.8 (30%) in the CG. The passive internal rotation ROM of the EG was significantly 41% better than the CG (\(p<0.05\)). From the identity plot chart, we observed that most of the numerical distribution in the EG from baseline to eight weeks treatment was higher than that of the CG.