## 2 Related Works  
The technology of IoT can include physical devices like remote sensors that can collect and transmit large amounts of data and significantly affect the operations of endpoints [3; 4; 6]. The IoT technology is integrated into the whole system infrastructure and is helpful in operational planning and management activities, i.e., inventory delivery, tracking, and forecasting, decision-making in terminal operations. Integrating technology platforms allows businesses to track products throughout their lifecycle using RFID and GPS sensors. Intermodal terminal managers can collect valuable information about durations of product storage, temperature conditions of freights, the delivery time of each transaction, and the shipping time spent in the terminal. With different sensors, it is possible to monitor various conditions. The systems can display inventory levels in real-time moments, and managers can analyse other trends and predict plans for future operations more accurately. Installation functions can use data from IoT and display data for better determination of critical metrics that increase the reliability and efficiency of their services. However, all these possibilities are enabled if the work of components is integrated into the IoT platform safely and correctly. Delays in terminal operations can help managers to identify the root causes of bottlenecks and take steps to improve the process. Since the location of goods can be tracked in real-time during delivery, the dispatch centres can provide customers with excellent customer service by delivering accurate delivery plans and real-time location information. Expanding inland terminals helps seaports alleviate the inevitable problems of storage capacity. Seaports are appealing because they are reliable and connect remote points [33]. Therefore, the processing of container storage is one type of operations which are important in all terminals. Optimal storage refers to proper management, fast retrieval times, and minimal unproductive steps, defined as factors that keep the container from getting closer to its final destination (for example, reaching a specific container, among many others) [34]. In light of the above, the optimization of container distribution and collection methods can be said to depend on the availability of storage space, the degree of mechanization, and the management policy [35]. Whatever the storage facility, the distribution methods used in inland terminals should coordinate technological processes in seaports to ensure optimal handling of containers. Usually, research on seaports focuses on increasing the efficiency of quays to speed up container ships' trans-shipment [36]. The analysis of intermodal transport mainly focuseson operations in intermodal terminals, the design of this transport network, optimization of intermodal transport routes, and synchronization of processes [37; 38; 39]. As the primary node of the intermodal transport system, intermodal terminals provide the necessary equipment and space for the trans-shipment of containers between different modes of transport (sea, rail, and road transport). The majority of research on intermodal terminal operations focuses on ports of the container. Some activities of container ports are examined from different perspectives by different authors (Table 1). However, researchers have mainly focused on container ports, paying less attention to optimizing rail and road intermodal terminal operations. Although rail and road terminals and container ports have similar handling equipment, the rules and operating procedures of these two types of intermodal terminals are very different. When comparing operations at container ports and road-rail intermodal terminals, the critical difference is that the area of ship loading in a port of container and the yard of the container are located in the same loading area at rail-road intermodal terminals.