###### Abstract  
The construction industry is facing increasing pressure to improve productivity and decrease its environmental impact. Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, especially three-dimensional concrete printing (3 DCP) technology, have provided many benefits for construction. However, holistic comparative studies of the competitiveness of 3 DCP and conventional methods, from cost and time perspectives, are lacking. Choosing between the methods is difficult for practitioners. In this study, we investigated the current state of 3 DCP in the construction industry using seven distinct scenarios. Our analysis was performed to illustrate the impact of design and supply chain configurations on performance. The results prove the notable competitiveness of 3 DCP. In contrast to the conventional construction method, the more complex round design had a positive impact on the cost and process time in 3 DCP scenarios. Additionally, we show that on-site 3 DCP using a robotic arm was more cost-effective than off-site 3 DCP.  
3D concrete printing; additive manufacturing; supply chain configurations; process mapping 1  
[PERSON], [PERSON], W.  
design model with the least possible human intervention [4]. Regarding concrete structures, 3D printing technology enables concrete to be printed at a desired location and at a desired speed, by pumping the concrete toward the printing head [5].  
Since 3D printing technology is advancing and making it possible to print complex and large structures such as two-story houses [6] and five-story apartments [7], it is important to investigate the cost and sustainability aspects of 3D concrete printing (3 DCP) technology. The construction industry is one of the most inefficient industries; hence, 3D printing technology may disrupt the construction industry operationally and economically. Prior research has shown that complex large-scale structures can be produced via 3 DCP technology, and besides introducing automation, the technology can have social and design flexibility benefits [8]. The 3 DCP technology offers design freedom, allowing designers to produce flexible designs [9]. Theoretically, 3D printing should allow for any shape to be printed [10] and it has the potential to change the effect of design and supply chain configurations on cost performance. Traditional construction methods have supported the use of standardized design solutions and industrialized prefabrication, but little empirical research has examined how 3D concrete printing might change these relationships.  
The typical division of construction into industrialized prefabrication and on-site operations is still relevant for 3D concrete printing, even though AM originally facilitated local on-site production. Moreover, 3 DCP can be performed on the production site while the robotic printer and the concrete pump are being transported to the site and installed for printing, which we call on-site printing. Printing can be performed in factories, and the produced components can be shipped to the construction site for assembly. Thus, multiple design and supply chain configurations are possible for 3 DCP, and empirical research is needed regarding the cost and time effects of these different supply chain configurations.  
The objective of this study was to compare the performance of conventional construction methods with that of 3 DCP technology for different design solutions and supply chain configurations. We investigated the competitiveness of concrete printing in terms of cost and completion time to determine the optimal design solutions and supply chain configurations. The study contributes to the existing knowledge about concrete printing technology and the feasibility of its application for housing projects.