esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results
### Antimicrobial Activity  
No formation zone around the enhanced film discs was observed indicating the lack of antibacterial activity. Moreover, films also did not show any antibacterial effect on the contact area under the discs. However, the EO used as a control sample exhibited strong inhibitory activity against the tested bacteria. Specifically, oregano oil showed total inhibition of _E. coli_ and L. monocytogenes growth. Moreover, it presented also good antibacterial activity against _S. aureus_ and _S. enterica_ with a mean diameter of 65 mm and 30 mm of inhibition zone, respectively. The results demonstrated that pure EO has a clear effect on all tested bacteria. Since pure EO showed a significant antibacterial activity it was expected for the enhanced with EOs films to show some activity too.  
However, the lack of antibacterial activity may be attributed to the film formation process by hot-pressing at a high temperature (190 \({}^{\circ}\)C) which could affect the bioactive components of the EO and lead to loss of volatile compounds. Therefore, higher concentrations of EO need to be incorporated into the films in order to achieve any antimicrobial effect.  
Previously [PERSON] et al. (2021) found that polystyrene films incorporated with clove oil at concentration 10-30% did not exhibit any antimicrobial effect on the tested microorganisms (_E. coli & S. aureus_), while polystyrene films incorporated with a higher concentration of clove oil (40%) showed antibacterial activity with an inhibition zone of 4 mm and 5.2 mm diameter, for _E. coli_ and _S. aureus_, respectively. However, [PERSON] et al. (2021) did not involve high temperature during film formation; consequently, any reduction in the antibacterial efficacy was attributed to the loss of volatile compounds through the drying process [40]. [PERSON] et al. [25] also developed flavouring active LDPE based lemon aroma films with no antimicrobial activity. This result suggests that all the obtained PSxOO@NaMt, PSco-MAxOO@NaMt and PSxOO@OrgMt films could potentially be used rather as active aroma films to protect meat products from lipid oxidation and prevent meat odour rather than as antimicrobial packaging films.
## 2 Feasibility Issues for Our Quadratic Problem  
Here, we consider some feasibility issues for the linear inequality constrained quadratic problem (2). Clearly, (2) just includes the two real unknowns \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\). Moreover, as regards the existence of solutions for (2), we have the following result.  
**Lemma 1** (Feasibility).: _Let the problem (2) be given and assume that the real values \(a_{1},b_{1},a_{2},b_{2}\) are finite, with \(a_{1}\leq b_{1}\) and \(a_{2}\leq b_{2}\). Then, (2) admits solutions if and only if at least one of the following conditions holds:_  
**Cond.**__I_: \(\epsilon_{1}=\epsilon_{2}=0\) _and_ \(\epsilon_{3}\geq 0\)_._
**Cond.**__II_: \(\epsilon_{1}=0\) _and_ \(\epsilon_{2}\
eq 0\)_; moreover,_  
* _if_ \(\epsilon_{2}>0\)_, then_ \(a_{2}\leq\epsilon_{3}/\epsilon_{2}\)__
* _if_ \(\epsilon_{2}<0\)_, then_ \(b_{2}\geq\epsilon_{3}/\epsilon_{2}\)_._
**Cond.**__III_: \(\epsilon_{1}\
eq 0\) _and_ \(\epsilon_{2}=0\)_; moreover,_  
* _if_ \(\epsilon_{1}>0\)_, then_ \(a_{1}\leq\epsilon_{3}/\epsilon_{1}\)__
* _if_ \(\epsilon_{1}<0\)_, then_ \(b_{1}\geq\epsilon_{3}/\epsilon_{1}\)_._
**Cond.**__IV_: \(\epsilon_{1}\
eq 0\)_,_ \(\epsilon_{2}\
eq 0\)_,_ \(-\epsilon_{1}/\epsilon_{2}<0\)_, moreover,_  
* _if_ \(\epsilon_{1}>0\) _and_ \(\epsilon_{2}>0\)_, then_ \(a_{2}\leq-(\epsilon_{1}/\epsilon_{2})a_{1}+(\epsilon_{3}/\epsilon_{2})\)__
* _if_ \(\epsilon_{1}<0\) _and_ \(\epsilon_{2}<0\)_, then_ \(b_{2}\geq-(\epsilon_{1}/\epsilon_{2})b_{1}+(\epsilon_{3}/\epsilon_{2})\)_._
**Cond.**__V_: \(\epsilon_{1}\
eq 0\)_,_ \(\epsilon_{2}\
eq 0\)_,_ \(-\epsilon_{1}/\epsilon_{2}>0\)_, moreover,_  
* _if_ \(\epsilon_{1}<0\) _and_ \(\epsilon_{2}>0\)_, then_ \(a_{2}\leq-(\epsilon_{1}/\epsilon_{2})b_{1}+(\epsilon_{3}/\epsilon_{2})\)__
* _if_ \(\epsilon_{1}>0\) _and_ \(\epsilon_{2}<0\)_, then_ \(b_{2}\geq-(\epsilon_{1}/\epsilon_{2})a_{1}+(\epsilon_{3}/\epsilon_{2})\)_._  
Proof of Lemma 1.: For the sake of simplicity, we refer to Figure 1. The objective function in (2) is continuous, so that the existence of solutions follows from the compactness and nonemptiness of the feasible region. In this regard, the compactness is a consequence of assuming \(a_{1},b_{1},a_{2},b_{2}\) finite. Furthermore, it is not difficult to realize that the feasible set of (2) is nonempty as long as at least one among the five conditions, Cond. I-Cond. V, is fulfilled, where the dashed-dotted line in Figure 1 represents the line associated with the last inequality constraint in (2). In particular, Cond. IV refers to the corner points **A** and **B** of Figure 1, while Cond. V refers to the vertices **C** and **D**.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### The Model Implementation
Once the ligament properties were defined, the muscles were accurately positioned in the model. Each muscle was represented by a force actuator that could produce a controlled concentric force. As to the extensor mechanism, the rotula was reproduced by a cylinder sliding on the femoral trochlea (see Figure 2). This simplification does not affect the functioning of the knee extensor mechanism and helps reducing the computational time. The rotula was attached to the tibial tuberosity by a rope representing the patellar tendon. At the other extremity, the rotula was attached to a series of smaller cylinders representing the quadriceps tendon. These cylinders were connected to each other by spherical joints and could slide on the trochlear surface when the knee flexion was sufficiently high. Four actuators were attached to the uppermost cylinder: the three representing Vastus Lateralis (VL), Vastus Medialis (VM), Vastus Intermedius (VI), attached to the femur, and the one representing the Rectus Femoris (RF) attached on the pelvis. The hamstrings were composed of Semitendinosus (ST), Semimembranosus (SM), Biceps Femoris long head (BF-lh) and Biceps Femoris short head (BF-sh). These two last muscles converged in a single insertion point on the head of the fibula. Their origin was respectively on the ischial tuberosity (BF-lh) and the lateral side of the femoral shaft (BF-sh). The SM and ST originated in a narrow area of the ischial tuberosity and were connected to the medial  
Figure 2: The muscles represented in the model: RF (Rectus Femoris), VI (Vastus Intermedius), VM (Vastus Medialis), VL (Vastus Lateralis). These muscles constitute the quadriceps (Quad). ST (Semitendinosus), SM (Semimembranosus), BF-lh (Biceps Femoris-long head), BF-sh (Biceps Femoris-short head: they constitute the Hamstrings (Ham). GaL (Gastrocnemius Lateralis), GaM (Gastrocnemius Medialis): they constitute the Gastrocnemius (Gas). side of the proximal tibia. A via point was defined for the SM to reproduce the deviation of the action line of this muscle occurring when the knee joint approaches the maximum extension. The Triceps surae muscle was considered composed of Gastrocnemius Lateralis (GaL), Gastrocnemius Medialis (GaM) and Soleus. Only the two gastrocnemius affect the knee joint, acting as knee flexors. They were represented by having an insertion point on the rear side of the lateral and medial condyles respectively and converging to a common attachment point located on the rear of the foot (the Achille's tendon, on the heel).
## 3 Test Process
### Direct Shear Interface Tests  
During the recycling process of single-plate helical pile, the pile-soil interface friction angle is a vital factor. The pile-soil interface friction angle is investigated extensively, so that a soil-pile interface friction angle can be determined [26; 27; 28; 29]. This angle is influenced not only by internal friction angle of soil, but also governed by the steel roughness, the average grain size, \(D_{50}\), and the sand type. [PERSON] et al. [30] presented a simple means of measuring the interface friction angle between a soil and a pile surface using conventional, direct shear test apparatus with a few modifications, and concluded that the interface friction angle cannot be expressed as a constant percentage of the internal friction angle of the soil, and that the interface friction angle is a function of interface properties. In order to measure the pile-soil interface friction angle for this study, a similar test of that in [PERSON]'s paper was done in this study: the plate, which used the same material and same thickness as the helix, was dragged laterally at a constant velocity of 0.1 mm/min. The relative density of sand, \(I_{D}\), used in this is equal to 88%, and the residual interface friction angle was \(\delta\) = 15\({}^{\circ}\).
# Bayesian Optimal Experimental Design for Race Tracking in Resin Transfer Moulding
## 4 Numerical Examples  
We now apply the outlined methodology to two example problems. For these, the data are generated by running the RTM model with a true permeability, which we denote by \(\mathbf{k}_{\text{true}}\), which we are trying to estimate. Then, noise is added to these simulated pressures. It is assumed that the permeability in the bulk of the domain (\(\mathbf{K}_{bulk}\)) is homogeneous and that the permeability in the race-tracking regions is a scalar multiple of the bulk region.  
We assume the data come in the form of pressure measurements taken at discrete sensors at predefined times. The pressure sensors are placed at optimal locations using the scheme described in the later section on Bayesian Optimal Experimental Design (Section 6). All pressure measurements are then normalised by dividing by the inlet pressure.  
The programming language Julia was used to both execute the RTM simulations and to complete the Bayesian calculations in general. This allows for faster code execution compared to other interpreted languages, and we use the _ForwardDiff_ package for automatic derivative calculation [31].  
A Gauss-Newton algorithm [32] with random restarts is used to carry out the optimisation required to find the MAP estimate. We can reliably produce solutions with smaller residuals (i.e., a lower cost function described by Equation (27) than \(\mathbf{k}_{\text{true}}\), with less than 10 restarts, for the small-scale models considered in this paper.
# Advances in Improving Energy Efficiency of Fiber-Wireless Access Networks: A Comprehensive Overview
## 4 Energy Efficiency Analyses of Radio-over-Fiber Networks
### Approaches for Improving Energy Efficiency in General RoF Networks
On the other hand, it was shown that the D-RoF link was less susceptible to E/O/E loss. However, the D-RoF link showed a degradation of the EE due to RF signal reconstruction at higher Nyquist zones. Furthermore, it was shown that the EE could be improved on both the  
Figure 8: An example of indoor DAS implementation. A-RoF and the D-RoF connections by increasing the wireless bandwidth. It was also shown that in the presence of multiple services, additional energy savings depend on the wireless environment.
# An Overview of Emergency Communication Networks
## 3 Review of Emergency Communication Networks
### Network Classification
#### 3.1.1 Satellite Networks
NISAR is a \"dual-frequency\" synthetic aperture radar imaging satellite built by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). Its primary purpose is to spot potential natural disasters, help monitor groundwater supply, track ice sheet melting rates associated with sea level rise, and observe changes in the distribution of vegetation around the world. With the rapid increase in the number of remote sensing satellite platforms, snow monitoring using remote sensing satellites has been widely used. [PERSON] et al. [56] used spaceborne SAR to detect the snow cover area so as to better understand global snow cover dynamics. [PERSON] et al. [57] proposed a snow cover recognition method based on FY-4A AGRI geostationary satellite data, which can accurately and effectively identify snow cover phenomena. [PERSON] et al. [58] used satellite sensors to monitor the snow coverage of the Himalayas; these sensors enable timely detection of snow cover and snow melt, and prediction of the occurrence of avalanches, floods, and other natural disasters. Satellite communication has the advantages of not being limited by ground conditions and having a wide range of communication coverage, large capacity, high reliability, long transmission distance, independent communication ability, and strong resistance to damage, which makes it very suitable for emergency communications. [PERSON] et al. [59] thoroughly analyzed the usefulness of satellite communications after a disaster. [PERSON] et al. [60] proposed a satellite-based hybrid network, in which the ground network and satellite network were mixed on a mesh wireless communication protocol platform. [PERSON] et al. [61] proposed a functional architecture and network architecture of the fusion of satellite communication and ground mobile communication based on the 5G core network. [PERSON] et al. [62] described in detail an emergency network based on satellite communication, which uses two-way satellite links for reliable communication. [PERSON] et al. [63] proposed a network architecture based on the integration of satellite and the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) network, which provides LTE to disaster areas through the satellite return trip and is applicable to various scenarios. Despite the huge advantages of satellite communication, there are limitations to its use. Satellite communication networks require a large investment, have a relatively low transmission rate, limited capacity, and high use cost, and are only suitable for communication in extreme emergencies. Figure 1: Satellite network communication system (PLMN: public land mobile network, PSTN: public switched telephone network).
# An Efficient Multiscale Scheme Using Local Zernike Moments for Face Recognition
## 3 MS-LZM Face Recognition Scheme
### Multiscale Feature Extraction Around Facial Points  
In MS-LZM, an image pyramid is created by sub-sampling the face images by a factor of \(3/4\) for each coordinate, and then the LZM transformation is applied on these images separately. On the complex-valued images obtained as a result of these transformations, the feature vectors are constructed around the points corresponding to the facial points determined on the facial image. To calculate these feature vectors, overlapping grids are located on the LZM components to be the facial points at the central point, and a phase-magnitude histogram (PMH) is constructed as described in [39] for each sub-region of these grids as follows:  
\[PMH=[h_{0},h_{1},h_{2},\cdots,h_{B-1}], \tag{8}\]  
where  
\[h_{b}=\sum_{i,j}A(I_{i,j})s(\Phi(I_{i,j}),b,B). \tag{9}\]  
Here, \(I\) is a complex image, and \(i\) and \(j\) indicate pixel coordinates. \(A(I_{i,j})\) and \(\Phi(I_{i,j})\) represent magnitude and phase, respectively. With real \(re(I_{i,j})\) and imaginary \(im(I_{i,j})\) parts of \(I_{i,j}\), these are computed as follows:  
\[A(I_{i,j})= \sqrt{im(I_{i,j})^{2}+re(I_{i,j})^{2}}, \tag{10}\]  
Figure 3: Steps of the proposed multi-scale feature extraction scheme using LZM components. Shows the process of construction of a feature vector for only a facial point.  
\[\Phi(I_{i,j})=tan^{-1}(im(I_{i,j})/re(I_{i,j})). \tag{11}\]  
In (8) and (9), \(B\) represents the number of bins in the PMH, and the function \(s(\phi,b,B)\), which is used in (9), defined as  
\[s(\phi,b,B)=\begin{cases}1,&\text{if}\quad\frac{2\pi b}{B}\leqslant\phi<\frac{ 2\pi(b+1)}{B},\\ 0,&\text{otherwise}.\end{cases} \tag{12}\]  
The PMHs computed for each facial point on the LZM components of different sizes are concatenated to obtain a feature vector for each facial point. To detect the facial points, we used a toolkit [58] which contains the implementation of the method proposed by Kazemi et al. [59]. In Figure 4a, the detected 68 facial points are shown. In this study, not all of these points were used. Only the 21 points given in Figure 4b were used, and to determine these points, we performed some experiments. We created subgroups using points around the eyes, mouth, and nose. Then, we selected the group with the highest performance in the experiments.
## 4 Fatigue Life Prediction of Bridge Cables
### Fatigue Analysis Approach  
To obtain probabilistic distributions of \(\sigma_{m}\sigma_{\Delta}\) and \(Nc\), an analysis approach is developed in the MATLAB (Version R2009a, MathWorks, Inc.: Apple Hill Drive Natick, MA, USA, 2009) environment and is outlined as follows:  
1. According to the vehicle load model in Tables 2 and 3 a series of vehicles are generated according to the distribution of the vehicle type, the transversal position of vehicle loads, axle loads and the axle spacing by using the truncated Latin Hypercube sampling (LHS) [38] or random sampling.
2. According to the vehicle parameters determined in the above step, loads of a given vehicle are applied on the FE model in ANSYS. Each load step corresponds to a static FE analysis, and after each load step, the loads move forward to simulate the movement of the vehicle. Thereafter, the stress time-histories of a particular vehicle can be obtained.
3. Rain-flow counting [31] is conducted to obtain the mean stresses, the stress ranges and the corresponding number of cycles; after that, regression analysis is performed to obtain the PDFs of \(\sigma_{m}\sigma_{\Delta}\).
4. According to Equations (9) and (10), the fatigue life can be calculated as follows: \[T=\frac{N_{r}}{365\times ADV\times Nc}=\left[\frac{1.805E\ln\left(a_{cr}/a_{0} \right)}{B\left(1+DLA\right)^{2}\sigma_{m}\sigma_{\Delta}}\right]/\left(365 \times ADV\times Nc\right),\] (11) where \(T\) is the fatigue life (in year) and \(ADV\) represents the number of average daily vehicles. \(DLA\) is the coefficient of dynamic load amplification, which has a mean value of 0.057 and the COV of 0.8 [39]. The critical depth of crack, \(a_{cr}\), is calculated according to the critical wire broken rate of a cable, which follows a normal distribution with the mean value of 4 mm in this study [40]. Considering the high level of uncertainty of material properties, \(B\) and \(E\) are treated as random variables, with their probabilistic properties listed in Table 4.
## 5 Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols (E2 RPs) for UWSNs
### Bio-Inspired Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols (Bio-Inspired E2 RPs)
#### 5.2.5 Energy-Efficient Adaptive Clustering Algorithm (E2 ACA)  
For UWSNs, the author of [40] presented the energy efficient adaptive clustering algorithm (E2 ACA). This technique can prevent a distant CH from the BS from prematurely expiring. In a sphere-shaped surveillance region, it employs a multilayer hierarchical technique. The BS is put in the middle of the application area. The number of network layers that make up the entire monitoring area varies, and each network layer is established in response to the CH radius' competition. This approach computes the width of each layer while also accounting for the CH's remaining energy.  
Network communicating nodes with more energy remaining than the threshold value, might be suggested as CH candidates. The CH communicating node with the most weight among the CH candidates is ultimately selected as the network CH. The sum of the distance from the CH candidate to the nearby nodes, the average remaining energy of the neighbor nodes, the distance from the CH candidate to the BS, and the network maximum CH radius are used to determine the weight value. The data packet transmission is selected depending on the remaining CH energy and can handle both single-hop and multi-hop transmissions. If single-hop data packet transmission takes less energy than multi-hop data packet transmission, single-hop data packet transmission will be selected. Otherwise, adaptive clustering underwater network (ACUN) will be used as the multi-hop technique for data packet transmission. The simulation results in [40] demonstrate that, in regards to energy efficiency, single-hop data packet transmission performs better than multi-hop data packet transmission.
## 6 Conclusions and Future Outlook  
The use of a classification system for involved technologies as well as the use of a unified metamodelling framework is undeniably a powerful tool for the design and the operation of manufacturing processes, along with the optimization through digital twins. Herein, it has been shown how a tree-like structure as well as a metamodelling language can be used, in combination with preexisting workflows, for such an objective. The main added value of this approach concerns the aspects of systems' integration, technology capabilities' documentation and workflow formation. The latter also includes policy integration, such as human-in-the-loop optimization and certification, which have repercussions for the choice of the equipment as well as the flow of information among the manufacturing entities.  
More specifically, in the case of the closed-loop optimization of manufacturing processes, it has been proved that through specific techniques, such as the inclusion of equipment capabilities in the metamodelling, the linearization of the workflow can be achieved and various malfunctions can be prevented, i.e., the inability of the automated workflow. Additionally, in the case of multi-process chains management, metamodelling is highly useful for the optimization since other entities, beyond the processes (and the machines), can be consolidated in the decision-making process. The safe and reliable operations in industrial manufacturing processes play a crucial role in the economic productivity [119].  
It also seems that common aspects in business models should be adopted in case previous knowledge is to be utilized. This dictates the existence of a regulatory framework as well as the integration of procedures such as certification and encryption.  
Additionally, regarding future work, strictly defining the parameters of the language, such as the XML-based syntax, standardizing the positioning of the majority of the technological advancements in the MIB (tree-like structure), as well as describing the optimization of the workflow with mathematical tools are waiting to be completed. Finally, it is critical to have compilers that can be used to generate machine-specific control, as well as instruction sets for the integrators. Maybe the way to achieve this would be establishing common standardized architectures and/or the use of virtual machines in parallel with every agent installed on the shop floor. AAS is highly expected to facilitate this procedure through its structures.  
Conceptualization, P.S.; methodology, A.P.; writing--original draft preparation, A.P. and K.S.; writing--review and editing, P.S. and D.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Figure A5: Technologies’ classification detail on process control.  
Figure A6: Technologies’ classification detail on modelling.  
Figure A9: Technologies’ classification: Industry-4.0-related branch.