## 3 Results
### Neglected Routes  
Traffic congestion and the resulting rise in air pollution pose significant challenges in modern cities [42]. Consequently, there is considerable potential in diverting a portion of transportation to neglected routes. We define neglected routes as existing paths, tracks, and lanes that are currently underused. This includes underutilized waterways, such as rivers and canals, railways, and tram tracks, as well as bus lanes and other routes, whose utilization can alleviate the strain on congested sections and nodes of the road network. Utilizing waterways presents various opportunities to free up urban space. By using new paths and redirecting a share of freight flows to waterways, the transport capacities of traditionally used routes are supplemented, thereby reducing the burden on existing transportation systems [15]. An example of this approach is the Austrian research project \"Radkombitransport (a German term for bike combination transport) (RAKO) Donaukanal\", which explored strategies to combine urban waterways and the use of cargo bikes for the last mile. In 2016, when the project was finalized, a comparison between conventional road transport and the RAKO system showed only an 8.3% decrease in GHG emissions, primarily due to the use of diesel-powered barges. At the time, the utilization of electric boats would have incurred significant additional costs. However, alternative water-based transport forms are essential to achieving a substantial reduction in GHG emissions [17].  
These environmentally friendly water-based vehicles represent energy-efficient transport solutions. A recent study by [PERSON] et al. [43] proposed sustainable network designs for a two-echelon distribution with respect to a barge utilized for parcel delivery. According to the results, the combination of water-based transport with e-cargo bikes resulted in a potential decrease in energy consumption by 92% and fixed costs by 41% [43]. Cities with access to waterways can significantly benefit from promoting water-based transport, as it can reduce the need for costly construction projects, such as tunnels and bridges [22].  
Shifting a portion of road transport to rail presents another opportunity for using sleeping assets. [PERSON] et al. [23] examined the viability of railway freight transport in three variations: (1) a tram dedicated to freight transport, (2) a passenger tram with a freight wagon attached, and (3) using a passenger tram for the transport of parcels. Their findings indicate that a freight wagon attached to a passenger tram yields more benefits than having a tram solely dedicated to freight transport. While the delivery of goods using a passenger tram is also a viable strategy, all three cases revealed that the socio-economic advantages of these concepts outweigh the benefits from a business economics perspective.  
Table 2 shows the codes associated with the sleeping asset category neglected routes with a groundedness above 10 quotations and ranks them according to their frequency of use. _Infrastructural barriers_ (26) is the most frequently used code associated with this sleeping asset category. The code _Inland waterways_ (16) is second, while _Last mile distribution_ and _Sustainability_ are both coded 12 times, sharing third place. The code _Railways_ is used 11 times throughout the transcript analysis, indicating that the topic _Inland waterways_ came up frequently during the interviews.