## 1 Introduction
This lack of familiarity could compromise the objectivity of the evaluation results, potentially resulting in lower response rates and reduced survey efficiency. Evaluation criteria primarily address the visibility of signage, the clarity of information provided, and its overall effectiveness. Based on the application of eye-tracking and VR technology, quantitative metrics such as gaze time and reaction time are considered. With the application of eye-tracking devices and virtual reality (VR) technology, quantitative metrics such as gaze duration and reaction time could now be used to assess signage performance. Within this literature, it has been shown that, although caution is needed, VR could be used for pedestrian behavior research [27]. Consequently, scholars have proposed an evaluation framework based on VR technology. This approach first integrates Building Information Modeling (BIM) with virtual reality and, combined with pedestrian or passenger wayfinding behaviors inside buildings, offers a method for evaluating and optimizing signage effectiveness [28]. Participants wear specialized equipment, and metrics such as wayfinding time and wrong turns are recorded, with wayfinding theory being used to describe pedestrian behaviors. Finally, the TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method is employed to quantify the effectiveness of information signage in guiding passengers. Furthermore, experimental designs utilizing panoramic video may effectively address this challenge. Panoramic video is an all-round spherical video [18] with realism and immersion, which makes the viewers feel as if they were there [29]. Using panoramic video could highly reproduce the real scene and allow sufficient time for human subjects. Experiments conducted with panoramic video allow participants to interact with realistic scenarios in comprehensive transportation hubs, thereby yielding more objective evaluations. Subjective evaluation methods, such as the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), incorporate significant qualitative elements and are therefore susceptible to subjectivity. The effectiveness of wayfinding signage is influenced by numerous factors, leading to a diverse set of evaluation criteria. As the number of indicators increases, methods like AHP are used to generate extensive data, complicating the assignment of subjective weights to these indicators. Consequently, it is crucial that respondents are well-acquainted with the transportation hub to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the evaluation results. Additionally, objective and quantitative methods should be employed for indicator weighting and calculations. Travelers are engaged in a \"perception-cognition-behavior\" process as they navigate through signage in the hubs. Visual attention is purpose-orientated and is the first step to identifying direction. By selecting relevant information within the field of view and making it appear in the center of vision, the human visual system is better able to perceive information details [30]. At this point, travelers' visual attention and mental activities are directed and focused on the information conveyed by the signage. This shows the importance of signage visuals in directing the visual attention of travelers and improving wayfinding efficiency. However, in the existing evaluation schemes, most of them are combined with scenarios such as traveler wayfinding behavior [14], pedestrian crossing [31], and autonomous driving [32]. The evaluation scheme based on visual attention could really design and optimize the signage from the perspective of travelers' visual needs. Additionally, the layout of effective signage is critical for traffic safety. Previous research has largely concentrated on the visual behavior of traffic participants regarding individual signs. By employing eye-tracking technology to gather eye movement data, researchers have developed methods for quantifying the information load of signage groups and visual cognition models.