## 1 Introduction  
In previous years, communication networks depended on transmission through copper cables, but these cables could not cope with current technological developments due to several negative points provided by these cables, such as low transmission speed, significant attenuation, crosstalk, and short-distance transmission, which led to thinking in other solutions, including transmission by optical fibers [1, 2]. Fiber optic-based transmission technology plays a big part in many fields thanks to several advantages, such as wide bandwidth, very high speed data, low attenuation, long distance transmission, and in addition to that, low price [3]. Recently, multiplexing techniques have become some of the essential technologies in the field of optical networks because of the efficiency they provide in terms of multiplexingcapacity and the transmitted data rate such as optical time division multiple access (OTDMA), wavelength division multiple access (WDMA), and optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) [4; 5; 6]. In optical time division multiple access and wavelength division multiple access, each user uses a time slot and a wavelength to access and share the data in the channel, respectively. As a result, an increase in the number of users causes an increase in temporal duration and optical band. Therefore, this increase is directly linked to the increase in the number of subscribers, which leads to degradation in the performance of the system [6; 7]. Optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) multiplexing is one of the techniques that improves the quality of service (QOS) and increases the capacity of the system, where each user uses a different optical signature than the others to send their information to the receiver through an optical channel synchronously and asynchronously [5; 8; 9], and all the bandwidth of the channel is used for an indefinite period of time. Thanks to these characteristics, this technique guarantees transmission security, data security, and transparency between users during communication [10; 11]. Furthermore, the OCDMA network is divided into two categories according to the nature of the optical source: coherent OCDMA and incoherent OCDMA. In coherent OCDMA, the generated optical codes are composed of (\(-1\)) and (\(+1\)); therefore, we say that these codes are strictly orthogonal and bipolar. Moreover, the system becomes more complex and very expensive due to the use of these bipolar codes. Incoherent OCDMA optical codes are generated using binary data (0) and (\(+1\)). As a result, the codes are not strictly orthogonal and unipolar; for that, the system requires very simple optical devices and is less expensive [12]. Generally, most OCDMA optical code multiplexing systems are based on transmission through an incoherent optical source due to low transmission power and wide bandwidth. However, this technique is characterized by multiple access interference (MAI), which limits the ability to produce the maximum number of optical codes due to the property of cross-correlation of the codes, which are almost orthogonal depending on the construction method and create phase-induced intensity noise (PIIN), which causes multi-user interference (MUI) and leads to influence on the system performance [10; 11; 13; 14]. To eliminate these disadvantages, the SAC-OCDMA system is considered an important key to reducing multiple access interference MAI, which is defined by the intersection of the chips of the ones (1) [15; 16; 17; 18], and improves system performance through high immunity against localized noise, very low overall power spectral density DSP, and the encoding and decoding devices, which are simple and less expensive. The development of this field has led to the creation of several codes of different dimensions, according to the various domains: temporal, spatial, polarization, or spectral. The first approach is the one-dimensional codes, which are carried out in time or in the spectrum.