## 3 Results
### Time Series Results of Measured Concentrations
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline  & **Compound** & **Unit** & **Overall Average** & **LRT (1) Period** & **Other Periods** & **Ratio (2)** \\ \hline
**Gas** & CO & ppb & 202.175 & 283.010 & 184.521 & 1.534 \\  & CO\({}_{2}\) & ppm & 446.742 & 452.842 & 445.410 & 1.017 \\  & SO\({}_{2}\) & ppb & 4.953 & 4.823 & 4.981 & 0.968 \\  & O\({}_{3}\) & ppb & 38.140 & 42.254 & 37.241 & 1.135 \\  & NO & ppb & 0.950 & 0.994 & 0.940 & 1.058 \\  & NO\({}_{2}\) & ppb & 3.770 & 4.957 & 3.510 & 1.412 \\  & NH\({}_{3}\) & ppb & 6.974 & 14.748 & 5.366 & 2.749 \\
**PM\({}_{2.5}\)** & PM\({}_{2.5}\) & \(\mu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) & 21.869 & 50.863 & 15.388 & 3.305 \\  & eBC & \(\mu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) & 0.916 & 1.943 & 0.692 & 2.807 \\  & PM\({}_{2.5}\)sum & \(\mu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) & 17.499 & 41.545 & 11.995 & 3.464 \\  & OC & \(\mu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) & 4.816 & 7.577 & 4.184 & 1.811 \\  & EC & \(\mu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) & 0.453 & 0.789 & 0.376 & 2.101 \\  & WSOC & \(\mu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) & 3.186 & 5.239 & 2.716 & 1.929 \\  & NO\({}_{3}\)\({}^{-}\) & \(\mu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) & 5.149 & 17.172 & 2.397 & 7.163 \\  & SO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{2-}\) & \(\mu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) & 2.754 & 5.928 & 2.028 & 2.923 \\  & NH\({}_{4}\)\({}^{+}\) & \(\mu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) & 2.452 & 6.821 & 1.452 & 4.696 \\  & K+ & \(\mu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) & 0.086 & 0.199 & 0.061 & 3.277 \\  & Na & \(\mu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) & 0.278 & 0.418 & 0.247 & 1.691 \\  & Mg & \(\mu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) & 0.077 & 0.115 & 0.068 & 1.688 \\  & Al & \(\mu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) & 0.178 & 0.251 & 0.162 & 1.546 \\  & Si & \(\mu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) & 0.351 & 0.495 & 0.319 & 1.553 \\  & Cl & \(\mu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) & 0.337 & 0.736 & 0.250 & 2.939 \\  & K & \(\mu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) & 0.253 & 0.520 & 0.194 & 2.679 \\  & Ca & \(\mu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) & 0.113 & 0.182 & 0.098 & 1.844 \\  & Ti & \(\mu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) & 0.011 & 0.016 & 0.010 & 1.641 \\  & Cr & \(\mu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) & 0.002 & 0.003 & 0.002 & 1.252 \\  & Mn & \(\mu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) & 0.011 & 0.019 & 0.009 & 2.140 \\  & Fe & \(\mu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) & 0.160 & 0.244 & 0.142 & 1.719 \\  & Ni & \(\mu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) & 0.003 & 0.003 & 0.003 & 1.245 \\  & Cu & \(\mu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) & 0.001 & 0.001 & 0.000 & 2.555 \\  & Zn & \(\mu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) & 0.020 & 0.038 & 0.016 & 2.421 \\  & Br & \(\mu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) & 0.003 & 0.006 & 0.002 & 2.340 \\  & Pb & \(\mu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) & 0.008 & 0.014 & 0.007 & 1.978 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Chemical concentration results in the orchard area. addition, the ratio of K\({}^{+}\)/Cl generated by biomass combustion is 0.3-1 for crops and 2.8-5.4 for wood [28; 31]. In this study, the ratios of K\({}^{+}\)/EC and K\({}^{+}\)/Cl were 0.19 and 0.26 lower than those of previous studies, respectively. The average ratio of K\({}^{+}\)/K in this study was 0.34. Thus, a large amount of K was present in water-insoluble materials. Its origin could be from soils rather than biomass combustion, as reported in previous studies (geological origin of 0.1 for K\({}^{+}\)/K, biomass combustion of 0.9 for K\({}^{+}\)/K) [28; 32]. Meanwhile, the biological combustion of agricultural byproducts in Korea is performed during November and December after completing crop harvests. Thus, the period of this study was set to be from January to February. Based on the results reported above, WSOC might have a bigger influence due to SOA generations than biomass combulsions. Water-soluble ionic compounds accounted for 49.34% of PM\({}_{2.5}\) compositions, which were the highest. The concentrations of ionic compounds were: 2.452 ug/m\({}^{3}\) for NH\({}_{4}\)\({}^{+}\), 5.149 ug/m\({}^{3}\) for NO\({}_{3}\)\({}^{-}\), 2.754 ug/m\({}^{3}\) for SO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{2-}\), and 0.086 ug/m\({}^{3}\) for K\({}^{+}\). NH\({}_{3}\) in the atmosphere is an alkaline gas that can form ammonium sulfate ((NH\({}_{4}\))\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\)) or ammonium bisulfate ((NH\({}_{4}\))HSO\({}_{4}\)) after it is neutralized by sulfuric acid (H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\)). Some NH\({}_{3}\) can form ammonium nitrate (NH\({}_{4}\)NO\({}_{3}\)) by reacting with nitric acid (HNO\({}_{3}\)) [33; 34].