## 3 Results  
Blood glucose levels were significantly elevated (\(p\) < 0.001) in STZ-treated rats in comparison with control rats. Treatment of these type 1-diabetic rats with of _L. regularis_ (150 or 300 mg/kg/day) for four consecutive weeks significantly lowered blood glucose levels (\(p\) < 0.01 and \(p\) < 0.001, respectively) as compared to STZ-treated animals (Figure 1a). Serum insulin levels were also decreased in STZ-injected rats compared to normal control animals (\(p\) < 0.05). Furthermore, high taken dose (300 mg/kg/day) of _L. regularis_ treatment significantly (\(p\) < 0.01) enhanced the serum insulin levels compared to STZ group. (Figure 1b). Nephrotoxicity markers such as creatinine and urea levels were significantly increased in the STZ-injected group compared to control rats (\(p\) < 0.01 and \(p\) < 0.001, respectively) (Figure 1c,d). These increased serum creatinine levels were markedly reduced by treatment with _L. regularis_ (150 or 300 mg/kg/day) in diabetic rats compared to the vehicle- and STZ-treated group (\(p\) < 0.05). Similar reductions in serum urea levelswere observed in \(L\). _regularis_-treated (150 mg/kg/day and 300 mg/kg/day) groups when compared to the STZ group (\(p<0.05\) and \(p<0.01\), respectively) (Figure 1c,d). Serum lipid parameters, including TC, triglycerides (TG) and LDL-cholesterol levels were significantly increased in STZ-injected rats compared to control rats (\(p<0.001\)) (Figure 2a-c). The serum HDL-cholesterol levels were not significantly affected (Figure 2d). Serum TC and TG levels were significantly reduced in \(L\). _regularis_ (150 or 300 mg/kg/day)-treated groups compared to STZ- and vehicle-treated group (\(p<0.05\) and \(p<0.05\), respectively) (Figure 2a,b). Similarly, LDL-cholesterol levels were also significantly reduced in \(L\). _regularis_ (150 or 300 mg/kg/day)-treated groups compared to STZ- and vehicle-treated group (\(p<0.01\) and \(p<0.001\), respectively) (Figure 2c). However, serum HDL-cholesterol levels were not significantly altered in \(L\). _regularis_ (150 or 300 mg/kg/day)-treated groups compared to the STZ- and vehicle-treated group (Figure 2d). Figure 1: Effect of \(L\). _regularis_ (150 or 300 mg/kg for 4 consecutive weeks) on diabetic-induced changes in serum glucose (**a**), insulin (**b**), urea (**c**) and creatinine (**d**) levels. Data are expressed as means \(\pm\) SE (\(n=6\)) and were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Student Newman–Keuls as post hoc test. * Control vs. STZ group; # STZ vs. \(L\). _regularis_ (150) or \(L\). _regularis_ (300). # \(p<0.05\), ** or ## \(p<0.01\), ** or ## \(p<0.001\). Serum proinflammatorycytokines including TNF-\(\alpha\), IL-1\(\beta\) and IL-6 levels were significantly increased in STZ-treated rats compared to control rats (\(p<0.001\)). _L. regularis_ (150 or 300 mg/kg/day) treatment for 4 weeks significantly reduced the TNF-\(\alpha\), IL-1\(\beta\) and IL-6 levels compared to the STZ- and vehicle-treated group (\(p<0.001\)) (Figure 3). Proinflammatory cytokines were also estimated in renal tissue homogenates (Figure 4). IL-1\(\beta\) levels in renal tissue were significantly elevated in STZ-treated group compared to the control group (\(p<0.01\)). _L. regularis_ (300 mg/kg/day) significantly reduced IL-1\(\beta\) expression in renal tissue compared to STZ- and vehicle-treated rats (\(p<0.05\)) (Figure 4a). Similarly, renal tissue IL-6 levels were significantly increased in STZ-treated rats compared to control rats (\(p<0.01\)), and _L. regularis_ (150 or 300 mg/kg/day) treatment in diabetic rats significantly reduced IL-6 levels compared to the STZ- and vehicle-treated group (\(p<0.05\)) (Figure 4b). TNF-\(\alpha\) renal tissue levels were also significantly elevated in STZ-treated rats compared to the control group (\(p<0.001\)). The higher dose of _L. regularis_ extract (300 mg/kg/day) significantly reduced renal TNF-\(\alpha\) levels compared to STZ- and vehicle-treated rats (\(p<0.05\)) (Figure 4c). Figure 2: Effect of _L.