## 7 Results and Discussion  
Each of the six representative heliostats, with its corresponding group (SW, S, SE, NW, N, or NE), was simulated independently for each of the eight configurations studied in this work: Julich (J) or Protaras (P) locations, rectangular (R) or square (S) heliostats, and flat (F) or sloped (S) ground. This produces 48 files describing all the obstacle events (night-time, fraction of rays stopped by shading, and fraction of rays stopped by blocking) for all the nine sampling times, starting at 08:00 up to 16:00 LCT time, covering the whole 8 h working range for all 366 days (leap year) in 2024. All results reported here (including Figures 10-17 and Tables 2-4) were obtained using our software, with the working parameters discussed in Section 6 (Computational Details).  
Figure 10: Daily heliostat efficiency (DHE) calculated for SW, S, SE, NW, N, and NE representative heliostats (see Figure 9), for Jülich, with rectangular heliostats and flat ground (from 3 rd November to 21 st January, it is right at 16:00 LCT).  
Figure 11: Daily heliostat efficiency (DHE) calculated for SW, S, SE, NW, N, and NE representative heliostats (see Figure 9), for Julich, with square heliostats and flat ground (from 3 rd November to 21 st January, it is night at 16:00 LCT).  
Figure 12: Daily heliostat efficiency (DHE) calculated for SW, S, SE, NW, N, and NE representative heliostats (see Figure 9), for Protaras, with rectangular heliostats and flat ground.  
Figure 14: Radiation loss (night, shading, and blocking effects) calculated for NW, N, and NE, representative heliostats (see Figure 9), for Julich, with rectangular heliostats and flat ground (from 3 rd November to 21 st January, it is right at 16:00 LCT).  
Figure 13: Daily heliostat efficiency (DHE) calculated for SW, S, SE, NW, N, and NE representative heliostats (see Figure 9), for Protaras, with square heliostats and flat ground.  
Figure 16: Radiation loss (shading and blocking effects) calculated for NW, N, and NE representatives, heliostats (see Figure 9), for Protaras, with rectangle heliostats and flat ground.  
Figure 15: Radiation loss (night, shading, and blocking effects) calculated for NW, N, and NE representative heliostats (see Figure 9), for Jülich, with square heliostats and flat ground (from 3 rd, November to 21 st January, it is night at 16:00 LCT).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline  & **SW** & **S** & **SE** & **NW** & **N** & **NE** & **AHE** \\ \hline JRF & 0.9830 & 0.9763 & 0.9658 & 0.8141 & 0.8176 & 0.7592 & 0.8213 \\ JRS & 0.9829 & 0.9763 & 0.9572 & 0.8985 & 0.9051 & 0.8581 & 0.8988 \\ JSF & 0.9808 & 0.9742 & 0.9605 & 0.6729 & 0.7118 & 0.5754 & 0.6968 \\ JSS & 0.9807 & 0.9748 & 0.9571 & 0.7398 & 0.7911 & 0.6496 & 0.7601 \\ PRF & 0.9968 & 0.9921 & 0.9845 & 0.9000 & 0.9223 & 0.8438 & 0.9027 \\ PRS & 0.9967 & 0.9920 & 0.9764 & 0.9424 & 0.9548 & 0.9094 & 0.9427 \\ PSF & 0.9927 & 0.9862 & 0.9737 & 0.7498 & 0.8157 & 0.6506 & 0.7722 \\ PSS & 0.9925 & 0.9865 & 0.9698 & 0.7910 & 0.8625 & 0.7019 & 0.8121 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: YHE and average (AHE) for the 8 configurations, Jülich (J) or Protaras (P) location, rectangular (R) or square (S) heliostats, and flat (F) or slope (S) ground for SW, S, SE, NW, N, and NE heliostats.  
Figure 17: Radiation loss (shading and blocking effects) calculated for NW, N, and NE representative heliostats (see Figure 9), for Protaras, with square heliostats and flat ground.