## 1 Introduction  
According to incomplete statistics, there are 12,655 tailings reservoirs in China, including 3032 disease-prone reservoirs, 1265 hazardous reservoirs, and 613 critically hazardous reservoirs. The risk associated with tailings pond accidents ranks 18 th among 93 types of accident hazards globally, making it a significant hazard that cannot be overlooked. In tailings accidents, dam failures and tailings leakage account for as much as 96% of incidents. Leakages from dams and drainage facilities are the primary causes of these failures and leakages. Therefore, the study of seepage and stability in tailings reservoirs has always been a critical issue in tailings design and research. The study of seepage in tailings reservoirs differs from that in general reservoir dams in two key aspects. First, tailings seepage involves muddy water carrying tailings slurry, rather than clear water. Second, tailings sand is a byproduct of ore processing, which involves separating valuable components from waste. If tailings are discharged with water, they can cause severe pollution. Therefore, tailings-seepage management must not only ensure effective drainage but also prevent the discharge of tailings sand with the water. This requires the installation of a filter layer in the drainage facilities. In the study of the filtration characteristics of filter layers, [PERSON] [1] analyzed the clogging mechanisms of granular filter layers from the perspective of fractal dimensions. [PERSON] et al. [2] addressed muddy-water seepage as an issue of unstable seepage through variable infiltration paths and proposed an effective theoretical method for calculating such seepage. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [3] examined the interaction between the filter layer and the protected soil within the filtration system and developed a method for evaluating the filter layer's performance when it is infiltrated by protected soil. [PERSON] et al. [4] demonstrated that the erosion resistance of granular filter layers is correlated with their relative density. [PERSON] et al. [5] investigated the mechanisms and principles of internal erosion in filter layers where the protected soil is clay. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [6] proposed a novel method for the design of granular filter layers and assessed their performance using probabilistic analysis. [PERSON] et al. [7] identified three modes of clogging through laboratory tests and proposed corresponding determination methods. The principles and guidelines for filter-layer design have been discussed by [PERSON] and other researchers [8; 9; 10]. [PERSON] [11] investigated both experimentally and from a theoretical perspective the clogging of two types of filtration media by the slurry under varying operational conditions. The aforementioned literature on tailings filter layers predominantly focuses on the effects of gradation and particle arrangement. In these studies, soil particles are typically assumed to be spherical, and the studies do not account for the impact of particle shape. However, as a granular material, tailings sand features complex and variable particle shapes, and these significantly affect the clogging characteristics of the filter layer. In a study of particle shape, [PERSON] et al. [12] investigated the actual shape and internal porosity of carbonate particles and discussed how particle shape influences the crushing behavior of individual particles. [PERSON] [13] found that the number of contact points between soil particles significantly affects soil strength in work based on studies of particle accumulation with varying shapes. [PERSON] and [PERSON]'s study [14] shows that particle shape significantly affects friction strength, shear-band direction, and particle rotation. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [15] studied the effect of particle shape on multi-scale shear at the sand-geomembrane interface. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [16] investigated the effect of particle shape on the sand-accumulation process.