# Developing Productivity-Safety Effectiveness Index Using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)
## 1 Introduction  
Conventionally, productivity has been regarded as a critical capability in the industrial economy. Recent concerns about productivity focus on enhancing business excellence through advanced production systems, including ICT, data analytics, and digitalization [1, 2, 3]. Many attempts to increase productivity have been conducted both theoretically and methodologically. Quality management has also been recognized as one of the most essential capabilities for structuring effective production systems [4, 5]. Standards aimed at ensuring higher quality and productivity, such as ISO 9001, have been established, and key concepts like Six Sigma have been developed within companies [6]. Worker safety has become a critical concern in modern society, drawing increasing attention from both governments and industries [7, 8]. As national economies mature, the importance of workplace safety for companies also grows [9]. The safety systems are recognized as important societal and political issues for business administration. Companies without occupational safety are blamed for worker's life and welfare in society. The government could supervise these illegal firms to enhance the quality of the work environment [10, 11]. The government could supervise these illegal firms to enhance the quality of work environment [12]. Safety issues have a significant impact on productivity losses, as production systems are often shut down to prevent human casualties until the problem is resolved [13, 14]. In hazardous work environments, unsafe conditions and behaviors can lead to a loss of control over production systems. For instance, when a production line in a semiconductorfactory is halted due to an incident caused by unsafe conditions and behaviors, it can cost millions of dollars to resume operations. Similarly, when a fatality occurs on a construction site, the work schedule is delayed to address the issues, leading to additional costs to follow the revised schedule [13; 14]. Therefore, safety measures at industrial sites are critical for achieving business excellence and establishing high-productivity systems. Standards for safety management systems, such as OHSAS18001 and ISO45001, are widely adopted by global companies [15; 16]. Additionally, with the growing importance of ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) criteria in international trade [17; 18], safety performance has become an essential factor for business success. In this respect, improvement of both productivity and safety performance is ideal and a goal of the mission of business success. Recently, many global firms have tried to enhance the condition of workplace safety environment for production and quality management [17; 19]. When the industrial site maintains safety, the firms take advantage of preventing loss time of machines and improving labor motivation in terms of production capacity, operation ratio, and labor productivity, respectively [8; 13]. Also, the reputation of companies can be upgraded by ensuring workers' health and promoting laborers' welfare [20]. As such, the relationship between productivity and safety was already unveiled in previous experiences [14; 17]. Failure indeed leads to low productivity and fatal injury. The high productivity and workers' safety are guaranteed by the high-quality process and system of industry sites. At the national economic level, governments annually provide statistics on productivity and safety performance to monitor the state of national competitiveness. For example, productivity is measured using various indices, such as labor efficiency and industrial facility capacity [18; 19]. Safety performance is assessed through occupational safety and health statistics, including injury frequency and severity rates, to track workplace safety conditions [21; 22]. This study contributes to the development of integrated measures that help business managers and policymakers understand the relative value of productivity and safety performance across industries.