## 2 Related Works
The literature reviewed shows several trends; first, we will highlight the limitations and challenges encountered, where it was observed that most of the works presented are not governed or based on a standard for the design of the DT architecture; with it being a form of technology that is under development, there are open proposals for both the design of digital entities, communication, and the data collection of physical environments. It was also observed that the proposals do not include an analysis of security, latency, and resource consumption, which are important factors in the industry. However, being a developing technology, the \"ISO 23247\" standard [33] in force for the development of DTs in the industry does not present restrictions regarding the use of technology, platforms, and communication protocols used for their implementation. It was observed that the most used protocols for communication are OPC UA, TCP/IP, and MQTT, which allow bidirectional communication and can be used at different levels of the automation pyramid, allowing for horizontal and vertical integration according to the required need in the processes. On the other hand, several trends and enabling technologies for the development of this technology and the interoperability that can be achieved between different platforms to design DTs are evidenced. Table 1 shows the nine papers that are considered relevant for this research because the proposed architectures used for industrial protocols for bidirectional communication were implemented in industrial case studies and show the process for the integration of said technologies and protocols. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Ref** & **Paper** & **Protocols** & **Implementation** \\ \hline ([PERSON] et al.) [15] & \begin{tabular}{c} MES-integrated digital \\ twin frameworks \\ \end{tabular} & OPC UA and TCP/IP & Industry 4.0 Lab \\ \hline ([PERSON] et al.) [16] & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Digital Triplet Approach for \\ Real-Time Monitoring and \\ Control of an Elevator \\ Security System \\ \end{tabular} & OPC UA & Elevator \\ \hline ([PERSON] et al.) [17] &
\begin{tabular}{c} Methodology and Tools for \\ Digital Twin \\ Management—The \\ FA3 ST Approach \\ \end{tabular} & OPC-UA and AML & Classification station \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: List of the most relevant papers with architectures implemented in the industry. It is also evident that the use of AR and VR increases the capabilities of the DT in the industry. Among the main advantages is the interaction and experience that AR provides to the user, while VR allows for more realistic simulation environments based on the data acquired from the process in real time. Among the types of software used, Unity provides several advantages to implement the DT, and the communication protocol used is MQTT due to its ease and performance; in addition, there is Node-RED, which is an open-source development tool based on programming. Finally, from the works reviewed at the simulation level, we can highlight mainly the proposal of integrated platforms for monitoring and simulation with the use of industrial protocols. The proposed DT systems show that the main advantages of using DTs in the processes can be applied to the field, control, and management levels. The results show a considerable time reduction in the processes and optimization in the processes by being able to perform an early simulation with real data. In the present research, the implementation of an architecture for an immersive digital twin in an MES under the ISO 23247 standard will be carried out. It will be supported with AR, VR, IoT, CPS, and OPC UA protocol technologies. It is hypothesized that the proposed architecture will allow for the integration of these technologies to increase the capabilities of the DT, providing greater benefits to users through a friendly and flexible interaction between physical and virtual entities, with the aim of improving the efficiency of processes and decision-making in real time.