# Deduplication-Aware Healthcare Data Distribution in IoMT
## 1 Introduction  
The Internet of Things (IoT) encompasses a vast array of smart sensors used to check the health conditions of patients. In addition, IoT senses crucial data and sends them to the main storage repository. Incorporating IoT into healthcare facilitates the frequent and real-time monitoring of patients, resulting in timely interventions and enhanced patient outcomes [1, 2]. A wireless body area network (WBAN) contains intelligent sensing devices affixed to the human body to observe and share health data, such as the heart rate, oxygen saturation level, body temperature, and blood pressure. These devices have limited resources for the detection and transmission of crucial health information [3]. WBANs use sensors in wearable devices such as garments, watches, and shoes for accurate reading and frequent patient monitoring. By utilizing WBANs, healthcare providers can ensure that patients, especially those with chronic conditions, receive continuous supervision without the need for frequent hospital visits. All deployed sensors are connected with an aggregator node located at the core of the body of the patient [4, 5]. Sensors transmit real-time data to collector devices (CDs), which then exchange the data with sink or fog servers. Finally, the data are sent to cloud repositories for long-term healthcare analysis and estimation for the timely identification of critical issues. The use ofcloud repositories will ensure that healthcare data are securely stored and easily accessible in the future. Fog servers offload data processing to reduce the burden on cloud systems and enhance privacy and security. This approach mitigates bandwidth limitations and network congestion. A fog server helps to reduce delays in processes, such as exchanging data from the sensing devices to the cloud [6]. This reduced latency is crucial in emergency scenarios where quick access to patient data can save lives. Data collection and deduplication can occur at the aggregator node. It is beneficial for elders, workers, patients, etc. It involves sending their information frequently to a central storage repository. Energy management is challenging with regard to sustaining and optimizing the functionality of IoT sensors. This emphasizes the need for efficient energy harvesting and management to ensure uninterrupted IoT network performance. Diverse energy-harvesting methods and their integration with communication technologies have been described. By addressing the challenges associated with energy resource management, such research aims to improve energy conservation, extend battery lives, and ultimately enhance the overall reliability and efficiency of IoT sensor networks [7]. Data aggregation involves the collection of data from a particular area of interest and the transmission of a single message by aggregating the values of different sensors. It helps to reduce the number of messages, the communication cost, and the energy consumption. A detailed analysis of in-network aggregation is presented in [8] for IoT. It categorizes schemes based on the technology utilized in data centers to improve aggregation by offloading tasks from servers to network switches. This method reduces the communication and traffic pressure as data collection is performed directly within the network. Their effectiveness is also explored in addressing issues such as interference, fault tolerance, flexibility, and security. In [9], efficient data aggregation for heterogeneous networks is discussed, where hybrid approaches combine data-centric and address-centric routing. Such methods improve latency, energy efficiency, data accuracy, and temporal correctness. Fog servers are utilized to receive the aggregated data and process it before sharing it with the cloud. By processing the data at the edge of the network, fog servers help to decrease the amount of data transmitted to the cloud, thereby saving bandwidth and reducing the response times. Deduplication identifies redundancies in aggregation data to maintain a singular entity of records.