# Space-Based Displacement Monitoring of Coastal Urban Areas: The Case of Limassol's Coastal Front
## 5 Conclusions  
The combination of using space- and ground-based data for detecting and monitoring changes in the coastal zone of Limassol after the exponentially rapid growth can be characterized as innovative since no case of detecting changes in urban areas in Cyprus has been studied in the past. This first assessment was accomplished using a combination of techniques such as PSI and leveling. Fifty (50) Sentinel-1 images were used in the PSI process, and thousands of PSs were created. Those PSs were isolated in a 200 m buffer zone, and the average/mean value of the vertical land displacement was computed. For the validation of the PSI results, a leveling procedure was performed, measuring height differences in thirteen (13) benchmarks from 2017 to 2021. Detected displacement using the PSI technique showed land displacement around the majority of the buildings ranging from almost \(-6\) mm to \(4\) mm over the course of a five-year study. These displacements could be related to coastal construction due to the rapid development growth in the area combined with various atmospheric components. Leveling results have shown similar results with a land displacement range of \(-3.012\) mm to \(0.092\) mm. Combining those methodologies, the land displacement in the Limassol coastal area was computed between \(-5\) mm and \(4\) mm from 2017 to 2021. The current research has carried out the beginning stages of monitoring the land displacement locally (Limassol) and regionally (Cyprus). **Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, C.D. ; methodology, K.F. and C.D. ; validation, K.F., D.K., M.P., R.B., M.E., D.G.H. and C.D. ; formal analysis, K.F., D.K. and C.D. ; investigation, K.F., D.K., G.M. and C.D. ; resources, C.D. ; writing--original draft preparation, K.F. ; writing--review and editing, K.F. and C.D. ; visualization, K.F. ; supervision, C.D. ; project administration, C.D. ; funding acquisition, C.D. and D.G.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. **Funding:** C.D. and D.G.H. have been financially supported by the 'EXCELSIOR': ERATOSTHENES Excellence Research Centre for Earth Surveillance and Space-based Monitoring of the Environment H2020 Widespread Teaming project ([[https://excelsior2020.eu](https://excelsior2020.eu)]([https://excelsior2020.eu](https://excelsior2020.eu)), (accessed on 28 December 2021)). The 'EXCELSIOR' project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No 857510 and from the Government of the Republic of Cyprus through the Directorate General for the European Programmes, Coordination and Development. K.F. and D.K. have been financially supported by the CyCLOPS (RIF/INFRASTRUCTURES/1216/0050) project ([[https://cyclops.cy](https://cyclops.cy)]([https://cyclops.cy](https://cyclops.cy)), (accessed on 28 December 2021)), which is co-funded by the European Union Regional Fund and the Republic of Cyprus through the Research and Innovation Foundation in the framework of the RESTART 2016-2020 Programme. **Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not Applicable. **Informed Consent Statement:** Not Applicable. **Data Availability Statement:** The Copernicus Sentinel data [2017-2021]. Retrieved from ASF DAAC [26 March 2021], processed by ESA. **Acknowledgments:** The authors would like to acknowledge the 'ERATOSTHENES: Excellence Research Centre for Earth Surveillance and Space-Based Monitoring of the Environment-EXCELSIOR' ([[https://excelsior2020.eu/](https://excelsior2020.eu/)]([https://excelsior2020.eu/](https://excelsior2020.eu/)), (accessed on 28 December 2021)) project that has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 857510 (Call: WIDE-SPREAD-01-2018-2019 Teaming Phase 2) and the Government of the Republic of Cyprus through the Directorate General for European Programmes, Coordination and Development. This paper is under the activities of the 'EXCELSIOR' project.