## 1 Introduction
Additionally, a desire to reduce personal carbon footprints motivates some participants, reflecting a commitment to environmental sustainability [14]. For some, the social aspects of sharing with others in the community and fostering a sense of collective responsibility are key drivers [14]. Peer-to-peer car sharing increases the utilization rates of personal vehicles,reducing the need for manufacturing new vehicles and thereby decreasing the overall environmental footprint. Peer-to-peer car sharing can significantly reduce the demand for parking spaces in urban areas, as fewer individuals need to own private vehicles, thus freeing up urban space for other uses and decreasing urban sprawl [14]. Peer-to-peer car sharing encourages lower rates of vehicle ownership, which can lead to fewer cars on the road and, consequently, reduced traffic congestion and air pollution [4]. By enabling vehicle owners to rent out their vehicles, P2P car sharing provides economic benefits to car owners while fostering a community-based sharing economy that can enhance social interactions and trust within communities [4]. Moreover, it has been highlighted that peer-to-peer car sharing can contribute to the realization of sustainable development goals. Among other things, it is emphasized that P2P car sharing encourages users to shift from owning personal vehicles to participating in a sharing economy, which can lead to lower individual vehicle usage and, consequently, fewer emissions [15; 16; 17]. Analyzing P2P car sharing from a lifecycle perspective reveals benefits such as reduced demand for vehicle production and associated resources, leading to further reductions in greenhouse gas emissions [17]. It is also noted that peer-to-peer car sharing significantly increases the utilization rates of privately owned vehicles, reducing the need for additional cars and thereby contributing to less traffic and parking congestion [18]. By facilitating the sharing of personal vehicles among multiple users, P2P car sharing can lead to notable reductions in carbon emissions per user, supporting broader environmental sustainability goals [18]. The adoption of P2P car sharing fosters a cultural and behavioral shift toward the sharing economy, reducing reliance on personal vehicle ownership and promoting more sustainable urban transport habits [18]. Another area is linked to analyses of profitability and quality under demand uncertainty, attempts to optimize these systems using mathematical models accounting for demand fluctuations and the diversity of user preferences, and economic studies on how sharing affects consumption and ownership, exploring intentions to participate in peer-to-peer car sharing from a \"provider-user\" perspective and highlighting motivations and barriers for users and service providers that influence their participation decisions. It is emphasized that P2P car-sharing systems can optimize profitability while maintaining high service quality, even under conditions of demand uncertainty [19]. The importance of understanding user behavior and network effects to improve service effectiveness is also noted [20]. Important factors include trust, perceived benefits, and the social and environmental impacts of sharing [21]. Additionally, the need for user-centered design practices that focus on usability, accessibility, and satisfaction to foster higher adoption rates is highlighted [22]. The final identified area in the literature involves assessments of the perception of peer-to-peer car-sharing systems in terms of vehicle owners' attitudes and values toward car-sharing and vehicle technology, public perception, and characteristics of the peer-to-peer car-sharing market. This addresses challenges such as safety concerns and privacy that may hinder the adoption of this model among certain user groups, as well as analyses of people's willingness to rent their vehicles to others through peer-to-peer car-sharing platforms for additional earnings.