## 3 Antennas with General Aspects Utilized for CubeSat
### Planar Phased Patch Antennas and Their Arrays  
Reference [5] investigated the design and feasibility of a reconfigurable phased antenna array to enhance CubeSat operations in the Ka-band. The proposed design enables dynamic beam steering, improving the gain and allowing for high-data-rate communication links for advanced CubeSat missions. The antenna's reconfigurability allows for the adaptability of the radiation patterns, making it suitable for multi-ground-station communication and intersatellite links. Operating in the Ka-band provides broader bandwidths and higher data rates, which is ideal for Earth observation and scientific data transmission applications. However, the study acknowledges the challenges of integrating such systems into CubeSats, including the high power demands, precise pointing accuracy requirements, and the complexity of controlling multiple antenna elements. Additionally, Ka-band communication is more susceptible to atmospheric attenuation, impacting performance. Despite these challenges, the feasibility analysis highlights the potential of phased arrays to meet CubeSat size, weight, and power (SWaP) constraints through careful design and optimization, offering a promising approach to extending CubeSat communication capabilities. Reference [6] presents the development of a compact microstrip antenna array tailored for fifth-generation (5G) CubeSat applications. The proposed design features 16 miniaturized patch antennas arranged in a 4 \(\times\) 4 configuration, utilizing a feeding network on a Rogers TMM10 substrate. This configuration achieves a low-profile structure suitable for the limited space available on CubeSats. The antenna array operates effectively within the frequency range of 3.46 GHz to 3.54 GHz, making it compatible with 5G communication standards. Both simulation and experimental results demonstrate the antenna's high gain and performance, indicating its potential for enhancing data transmission capabilities in CubeSat missions. The study underscores the importance of integrating efficient, low-profile antenna systems in small satellite platforms to meet the growing demand for high-speed communication. Reference [7] explores the integration of phased array microstrip patch antennas into structural panels of satellites. This multifunctional approach aims to optimize the limited space in small satellites by combining structural and communication functions. The study evaluates the feasibility of embedding these antennas within composite panels of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) and aluminum, focusing on maintaining the structural integrity while ensuring effective communication capabilities. The embedded phased array design offers advantages such as a reduced payload volume and enhanced system integration, which are critical for small satellite missions. However, the challenges include managing the potential electromagnetic interference between the antenna and composite materials, ensuring that the panel's structural properties are not compromised. The research concludes that with careful design and material selection, embedding phased array patch antennas within satellite structures is a viable solution to enhance the functionality and efficiency of small satellites. Reference [8] addressed the challenge of enhancing data transmission rates for CubeSats, which are often limited by power constraints and low-gain antennas. The authors propose a low-power, electrically steered, S-band phased array antenna system designed to increase CubeSat communications' adequate isotropic radiated power (EIRP), thereby enabling higher data rates. The prototype developed in this study features an active phased array with beam-steering capabilities, allowing for directional communication without the need for mechanical movement. This design is particularly advantageous for CubeSats, offering a compact, power-efficient solution to improve the downlink capacity.