# Connection-Aware Digital Twin for Mobile Adhoc Networks in the 5G Era
## 3 Connection-Aware DT for 5G-MANETs
### Architecture  
The proposed solution requires the coordination of multiple technologies in two main contexts: the local scenario and the DT scenario. The first represents the set of components needed to form 5G-MANETs in physical scenarios, including the wireless interfaces and individual performance reports. In the case of the DT, it is necessary to obtain updated reports about network events, aiming to provide users with a real-time representation of the 5G-MANETs. At the same time, additional components are used to customize context and network variables, including estimates of their impact on QoS and performance. Considering this, Figure 2 represents the global architecture of the proposal. Figure 1: Overview of the DT for 5G-MANETs. The local context is shaped by the nodes of the physical 5G-MANETs. These devices are responsible for functioning as communication elements that enable the deployment of contextual applications, requiring both local and remote communications. Thus, it is possible to distinguish two main communication contexts: the local context, where nodes in the 5G-MANET communicate and the remote context, where the DT is executed. On the one hand, local communications refer to the interactions that occur within the MANET, involving connections between nodes and the transmission of data. The physical proximity between devices makes the deployment of contextual applications feasible, making it appropriate to apply a local wireless interface that can be managed by the devices themselves. In this way, interactions can occur involving only those entities relevant to the context, optimizing the intervention of external components. As a result, Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) [29], or Wi-Fi become potential options, as they are interfaces supported by mobile devices and are suitable for their constrained resources. Alternatively, 5G may also serve as a solid option for communications in local contexts, providing two suitable operating modes [30]: communications with remote entities and 5G Device-to-Device (D2D) [30]. In the first case, 5G may involve additional entities in the communication, apart from the sender and receiver. This is the case for remote servers, which leads to redundant resource demand for transmissions that involve only two devices in close physical proximity. In the case of 5G D2D, it could be a potential option for providing local communications. However, this technology is still under development, with only conceptual and theoretical designs currently available [30; 31]. Furthermore, additional factors, such as the predicted energy consumption in nodes, imply that it is a less universally applicable solution [31]. On the other hand, for remote communications, 5G is an appropriate technology. This interface allows mobile nodes in 5G-MANETs to use the cellular network to maintain  
Figure 2: Architecture of the proposal, detailing the components for physical 5G-MANETs and the DT. communication with the DT, keeping the entity updated about network events with low-latency transmissions. In addition to the use of these wireless interfaces, a local reporting component is required to coordinate monitoring actions. The components are described as follows:  
* Contextual application. Nodes in 5G-MANETs may execute applications that exploit the possibilities of contextual interactions. Thus, they can be focused on multiple purposes and serve as sources of interactions for the proposed DT. * Local wireless interface. This component is responsible for providing data transmissions in local contexts. Considering the communication requirements of MANETs, limited-range wireless interfaces are suitable for enabling the transmission of information between nodes while providing reliable contextual data. For this, options such as Bluetooth, BLE, or WiFi are suitable, depending on the application's requirements.