## 2 Literature Review
The model uses three evaluation indexes--confidence, fuzzy, and demand level--to assess bus, metro, and train scheduling, proving its value for transport operators. [PERSON] et al. [15] studied the use of the symmetry principle to solve the problem of bus scheduling. By considering the symmetrical operation route of public transport vehicles, a new scheduling algorithm is proposed to simplify the complexity of the scheduling scheme and improve the scheduling efficiency. When there is a shortage of backup buses or a large area of disruption, it becomes unrealistic and challenging to develop a feasible and reasonable rescheduling plan for the remaining bus services. In response to this challenge, [PERSON] et al. [16] proposed an innovative model that comprehensively considers service capabilities and regularity, aiming to minimize rescheduling costs through schedule adjustment and scheduling redistribution. Dynamic programming is used to fully consider the lag effect of interruption and the long-term optimal rescheduling scheme is realized. In order to solve the proposed model efficiently, the large neighborhood search algorithm is improved by combining the operation rules. [PERSON] et al. [17] developed a vehicle scheduling method for electric bus (EB) lines, considering the random volatility of travel time and energy consumption. An optimization model is established with the goal of minimizing the expected travel departure time delay, the sum of energy consumption expectations, and bus procurement costs. Finally, a real bus line is taken as an example to verify the proposed method by [PERSON] et al. [18]. Considering the coordinated scheduling with EB, this paper proposes an optimization model for the joint restoration of post-disaster distribution systems. Using integer algebraic techniques, the repair problem with bus scheduling constraints is re-expressed as a mixed integer linear program, which can be processed by an off-the-shelf solver. Bus vehicles are one of the main means of transport for urban residents to travel. With the growth in the number of bus routes and vehicles, bus exhaust emissions have gradually gained widespread attention in the academic community. [PERSON] [19] quantified the benefits of natural gas-fueled and diesel-fueled buses. The study showed that the environmental loss cost of diesel buses is higher than that of natural gas-fueled buses. [PERSON] et al. [20] calculated the emissions of public transport diesel vehicles based on the year of engine purchase, model and fleet, etc., and analyzed various factors affecting the carbon smoke emissions of public transport diesel vehicles. [PERSON] et al. [21] studied the power, fuel economy, and emissions of GTL diesel and regular diesel in in-service buses without engine adjustments. They found that GTL diesel can reduce both NOx and particulate matter emissions, making it a promising clean fuel option for diesel engines. Their findings suggest that GTL diesel is a viable choice for reducing emissions from diesel engines. [PERSON] et al. [22; 23] simulated greenhouse gas emissions from buses on busy lanes and assessed how different fuels and driving conditions affect emissions. They also analyzed the impact of strategies such as bus signal priority, queue-cutting lanes, and bus stop relocation on bus emissions. Combining these strategies with TSP results in more noticeable emission reduction benefits. Additionally, they examined how factors such as network congestion, road type, passenger load, and fuel type individually and collectively affect transit greenhouse gas emissions. They found that, while increased bus ridership raises emissions, the impact of higher passenger loads on emissions per passenger varies depending on bus ridership levels. In their study of public transportation bus performance and emissions, [PERSON] et al. [24] measured operational improvements (speed increases, idle reductions). The effectiveness of emission reduction techniques is largely dependent on the features of the buses and their drive cycles.