# Intent to Adopt Location Sharing for Logging Safety Applications
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Survey Instrument  
The survey instrument was designed using best practices outlined in [PERSON] et al. [46]. The survey consisted of close-ended questions and measures designed to (a) establish participant background information, (b) complete formal TPB assessment, and (c) explore additional elements related to future LS adoption (see Appendix A for complete survey). Questions are described in the methods as they appeared to participants at the logger workshops and are re-organized by theme in the results. The first four questions were presented in a forced-choice format with three answer options: \"yes\", \"no\", and \"unsure\". Question one addressed previous use of LS devices, and questions two through three requested participants' opinions on the ability of various types of LS devices and features to improve logging safety. Since LS is a general concept that can apply to several different technologies, these two questions allowed us to understand the specific ways in which LS might be used by loggers. In question four, we asked participants to indicate privacy concerns about real-time locations being shared with \"coworkers at the jobsite\" and \"supervisors or others at a remote office or shop\" in order to better define the circumstances under which shared positioning would be acceptable to loggers. The topic of reach, or who receives positioning information (Figure 1), was included based on worker monitoring concerns voiced by Idaho loggers in the [PERSON] et al. study [26]. Due to the availability of lower-cost LS receivers using smartphones as a communication conduit (goTenna, Beartooth), we asked loggers if they own a smartphone (\"yes\" or \"no\"), and, if so, how often they carry the phone with them while working on logging operations (\"always\", \"often\", \"rarely\", or \"never\"). Other questions in the first half of the survey addressed concerns about carrying an extra device (3-point, unipolar scale) and priorities for the focus of LS technology. The latter question asked participants to rank four safety applications, from most important (1) to least important (4): \"contacting off-site emergency response\", \"finding injured workers quickly\", \"alerting coworkers when someone needs helps\", and \"preventingaccidents on the jobsite.\" We also asked loggers about the importance of finding new ways to improve safety on logging operations, using a 5-point scale from \"very unimportant\" to \"very important.\"  
Several questions were framed according to the TPB (Figure 2), with attribute measurement and scaling based on guidelines suggested by [PERSON] et al. [28] and [PERSON] [34]. Since the analytic power of the TPB is generally higher the more detailed the behavior being assessed [30], we defined three, specific LS practices (behaviors) in our survey that corresponded to draft recommendations being considered for use of LS in logging safety: (1) \"using personal, location-sharing devices (PLDs) with local, automatic location sharing for hand fallers\", (2) \"using PLDs on all ground workers and heavy equipment\", (3) \"using GPS-based PLDs and geofences for general situational awareness.\" [PERSON] defined situational awareness as knowledge about the state of dynamic environments [47]. It encompasses (a) perception of elements (e.g., attaining information on people, equipment, raw materials, and environmental features), (b) comprehension of how perceptions are relevant to completing tasks, and (c) projection of the future status of elements [47]. In the context of logging safety, LS could increase team situational awareness by enhancing loggers' ability to monitor events across an operation and anticipate potentially injurious situations. Figure 1: Illustration of _reach_: a location-sharing device carried by the hand filler could transmit locations to other coworkers at the jobsite, such as the skidder operator in the top right corner, or to off-site employees, such as the supervisor shown in the bottom right corner.