# Improved Performance of Li-ion Polymer Batteries Through Improved Pulse Charging Algorithm
## 4 The Future of Battery Charging  
The findings resulting from these studies conducted on finding the optimal pulse charging parameters using a design of experiments approach reinforces the need to ensure that proper battery charging algorithms are developed to guarantee improved battery charge and energy efficiencies, reduced charging times, and longer cycle life across various environmental conditions and applications. It can therefore be required to have a combination of different charging algorithms that can be optimally selected based on factors such as temperature, device operation, state of charge, number of charge and discharge cycles, battery impedance, and consumer needs. For this we coin the phrase \"smart charging\" to describe a system of sensor-enabled charging algorithm selection to ensure that the performance metrics of the LiPo batteries are always optimized according to the application and environmental circumstance. The development of innovative rechargeable batteries dictates that corresponding charging algorithms are developed that can ensure longer cycle life, improved runtime, and decreased charge time at a lower cost. Ionic materials [38] have developed a lithium battery that uses a solid plastic electrolyte to enhance malleability, increase energy density, and improve safety. A lithium or sodium doped glass as battery electrolyte to increase the energy storage capability of the battery was debuted by [PERSON] et al. [39]. A porous silicon battery was developed in [40] by etching silicon wafers and \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline  & [26] & [27] & [32] & [33] & **This Work** \\ \hline Battery type & Li-ion & Li-ion & Li-ion & Li-ion & LiPo \\ Battery capacity (mAh) & 600 & 500 & 2500 & 1000 & 600 \\ Voltage range (V) & 3.4–4.2 & 3.3–4.2 & 3.2–4.2 & 3.2–4.2 & 3.1–4.1 \\ Charge current (mA) & 600 & 230 & 1250–4000 * & 611-250 * & 300 \\ Charge time (min) & 118 & 190 & 58 & 51 & 71 \\ Cycle life & n/a & n/a & n/a & n/a & \textgreater{}400 cycles \\ \hline \end{tabular}
* Alternating peak pulse currents used.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Comparison between various pulse charging algorithms. Figure 7: Remaining battery capacity after 400 charge/discharge cycles at room temperature for standardly (CC-CV) charged and optimally pulsed charged LiPo batteries. coating them with metals to form micro batteries. This new technology prevents dendrite formation and makes the battery easily recyclable. A battery with a silicon rich anode material was presented by Exponential Energy (XNRGI) [41], where this anode material could increase battery capacity and due to its reduced thickness, it could be charged in a shorter time. With these battery innovations and other prospective ones summarized in [42; 43; 44; 45], there will be a need to understand the fundamentals of the ion movements in these batteries and the redox and intercalation chemistry behind their performance to ensure that proper charging algorithms are developed accordingly. As new battery technologies continue to emerge and are still not ubiquitously used or mass manufactured yet, li-ion based batteries will continue to be used in a number of widespread applications. Consumers of these battery powered applications are always looking for the capability of fast charging their batteries. Hence, charging algorithms still need to be continually developed whereby li-ion batteries can relatively be charged in a few minutes without compromising the safety of the device or the user while achieving longer runtimes. With regards to pulse charging, optimized performance can be obtained when charging at frequencies, which corresponds to that at which the minimum battery impedance occurs. Future pulse charging algorithms should therefore consider novel ways to perform in-situ battery impedance measurements and with alteration of charging parameters based on the current battery impedance in a seamless manner, since battery impedance versus frequency changes over time. The use of artificial intelligence in battery charging will also become prevalent.