## 7 Practical Applications of NCS
### Power Systems and Smart Grids  
Gradually proceeding to reliable information transmission to far-flung areas over communication networks, it is very difficult to reproduce the consequences of the commu  
Figure 16: Components of autonomous vehicular system.  
nication system in the situation of stability in power grids. These types of communication system networks set up random variable time-delays and packet-dropouts in the data being transmitted. There are so many approaches to check such type of communication systems, commonly known as NCS [60]. Intensive analysis persists in control system theory to model the consequences of data-packet delays and dropouts because of the transmission of sensor, as well as actuator, signals via a constrained communication network on desired system stability [39]. Power grids are amongst the biggest styles of systems that are made-up by the human. For performance and transient stability analysis functions, the facility network has to be studied as a full because of the extremely interactive nature of its parts. Another issue is that the growth of an influence network beside time that moves it aloof from its properly designed initial structure and causes degradation of performance, stability and dependableness. Supported by these facts, it is expected that a networked management theme is ready to realize a superior performance compared to the historically decentralized controllers that use solely the regionally measured info [104].  
In Reference [95], a modern coordinated NCS framework is designed for grids to control distributed generation sources. Measurements of the system are being transmitted to the networked-controller through the above mentioned period of time communication system network. The consequences of data transmission delays and data-dropouts are because of the communication system network is sculptured. Because this modern communication system network has become vital for grids, future power systems should be designed ready for instability.  
In Reference [155], a distributed supervisory strategy for load/frequency control problems in networked multi-area power systems is discussed. Coordination between the control center and the areas is accomplished via data networks subject to communication latency, which is modeled by time-varying time-delay.  
Figure 17 shows the block diagram of networked control of smart grid [160]. The block \"Power System\" shows the open-loop power system which is to be controlled. To this effect, real-power deviations in some of the lines are measured in real-time using current transformers (CTs) and potential transformers (PTs), and represented by y(t) in the block diagram. They are sampled and sent over the communication network as discrete data-packets, y(k). User datagram protocol is used for packet transmission, and packet-loss occurs during transmission. The final data which is received at the control unit after packet loss is given by y'(k). The control unit consists of a LQG controller, which is a combination of a Kalman filter and a linear quadratic regulator (LQR). Kalman filter uses the reduced-power system model and the output data-packets arriving at the controller, y'(k), to estimate the states, x'(k). The state estimates are then multiplied by the LQR gain to produce the control signals, u(k), which are then sent with the help of communication network to the actuators.