## 3 Cyclotron-Produced \({}^{68}\)Ga Using a Liquid Target
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Process** & **Method** & **Result** & **Ref.** \\ \hline Target: 1.7 M [\({}^{68}\)Zn]Zn(NO\({}_{3}\))\({}_{2}\) in & & \\  & 0.2 M HNO\({}_{3}\) & & \\  & Current: 46 \(\mu\)A & EOB = 4.3 \(\pm\) 0.3 GBq & [35] \\  & Time: 32 min & & \\  & Nominal proton energy: 12 MeV & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & Target: 1.42 M [\({}^{68}\)Zn]Zn(NO\({}_{3}\))\({}_{2}\) in & & \\  & 1.2 M HNO\({}_{3}\) & & \\ Target material preparation and & Current: 40 \(\mu\)A & EOB = 9.85 \(\pm\) 1.6 GBq (266 mCi) & [36] \\ irradiation using GE PETtrace & Time: 60 min & & \\
800 cyclotron & Nominal proton energy: 14 MeV & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & Target: 1.0 M [\({}^{68}\)Zn]Zn(NO\({}_{3}\))\({}_{2}\) in & & \\  & 0.2–0.3 M HNO\({}_{3}\) & & \\  & Volume: 2.2 mL & & \\  & Current: 30 \(\mu\)A & EOB = 3.7 GBq (100 mCi) & [37] \\  & Time: 60 min & & \\  & Nominal proton energy: 14.3 MeV & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Published articles related to the production of cyclotron \({}^{68}\)Ga. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Process** & **Method** & **Result** & **Ref.** \\ \hline Platform: FastLab2 Developer, GE Healthcare, & & \\ Wisconsin, USA & & \\ Purification: Zr Resin washed with 0.1 M HNO\({}_{3}\) & EOS = 2.3 \(\pm\) 0.2 GBq & [35] \\ (9 mL), elute with 2 M HCl (5 mL) & & \\ Formulation: TK200, elute with 0.1 N HCl (5 mL) & & \\ \hline Platform: Trasis All-in-One, Belgium & & \\ Purification: 100 mg, hydroxamate resin & & \\ (50–100 \(\mu\)m); washed with of 0.005 M HNO\({}_{3}\) & & \\ (50 mL); elute with of 5.5 M HCl (7 mL). & NR & [36] \\ Separation of target material & Formulation: 400 mg, AG-1X-8 anion exchange & & \\ and purification, and & resin: elution with 2 mL of water. & & \\ \hline Platform: FastLab2 Developer, GE Healthcare, & & \\ Milwaukee, WI, USA & & \\ Purification: Zr Resin; condition with 0.1 M HNO\({}_{3}\) (7 mL); washed with 0.1 M HNO\({}_{3}\) (15 mL), & & \\ elution with 1.75 M HCl (5–6 mL). & EOS= 2.0 \(\pm\) 0.3 GBq & \\ Formulation: TK200 resin; condition with water & 50 mCi & \\ (7 mL) followed by 1.75 M HCl (4 mL) before use; & & \\ washed with 2.0 M NaCl (3.5 mL) in 0.13 M HCl; & & \\ elite with 1–2 mL H\({}_{2}\)O Hollowed by dilute HCl & & \\ to formulate & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Methods for separation of target material and purification and formulation of [\({}^{68}\)Ga]GaCl\({}_{3}\). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Process** & **Method** & **Result** & **Ref.** \\ \hline Radiolabeling & 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 10 min at pH 4.0–4.5 & [\({}^{68}\)Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 1.78–3.16 GBq & [36] \\ \cline{2-3}  & 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 5 min & [\({}^{68}\)Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 were near & [37] \\  & quantitative (\(\sim\)1.67 GBq, 45 mCi) & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: Method for [\({}^{68}\)Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 radiolabelling and the EOS radioactivity. conditioned with 0.1 M HNO\({}_{3}\) before trapping. After \({}^{68}\)Ga trapping, the ZR resin was washed with 0.1 M HNO\({}_{3}\) and then eluted with 1.75 M-2 M HCl to TK200. This method produces 5 mL [(\({}^{68}\)Ga)GaCl\({}_{3}\) in 0.1 M HCl. [PERSON] and co-workers [37] highlighted a clear difference in using TK200 resin. The group introduced the NaCl/HCl purge method to reduce the residual acid in the final [\({}^{68}\)Ga]GaCl\({}_{3}\) formulation of 0.1 M HCl in 5 mL [37]. [PERSON] and co-workers had a different approach whereby the pH of target solution was adjusted to 5.5-6.0 using sodium bicarbonate to improve the retention of \({}^{68}\)Ga. In addition, an AG-1X-8 anion exchange resin was used for formulation and only 2 mL water was needed to elute the [\({}^{68}\)Ga]GaCl\({}_{3}\) for radiolabeling [36]. Both methods were important to ensure a high AMA, especially when using a liquid target, thus reducing the impact of a lower EOB compared to a solid target.