## 5 Water Treatment Employing Bioadsorbents
### Bioadsorbents Based on Herbage and Forage
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline
**Biowaste** & **Contaminant** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Isothermal Model** \\ **Adjusted** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Kinetic Model** \\ **Adjusted** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **q\({}_{\text{m}}\)/Q\({}_{\text{e}}\)** \\ **Adjusted** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Removal** \\ **Efficiency (\%)** \\ \end{tabular} & **Ref.** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Potato Stem powder} & MB & \begin{tabular}{c} Langmuir and \\ Freundlich \\ \end{tabular} & Pseudo-second order & 41.6 mg/g & 82 & [84] \\  & MG & \begin{tabular}{c} Langmuir and \\ Freundlich \\ \end{tabular} & Pseudo-second order & 27.0 mg/g & 67 & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Potato Leaves powder} & MB & \begin{tabular}{c} Langmuir and \\ Freundlich \\ \end{tabular} & Pseudo-second order & 52.6 mg/g & 87 & [84] \\  & MG & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Langmuir and \\ Freundlich \\ \end{tabular} & Pseudo-second order & 33.3 mg/g & 75 & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Raw wheat straw} & Cu & N.R & N.R & 0.070 mmol/g & 42 & \\  & Cd & N.R & N.R & 0.089 mmol/g & 55 & [73] \\  & Ni & N.R & N.R & 0.051 mmol/g & 30 & \\  & Pb & N.R & N.R & 0.015 mmol/g & 10 & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Rice straw} & Pb(II) & Langmuir & N.R & 42.55 mg/g & 94 & \\  & CA & Freundlich & Pseudo-second order & 126.3 mg/g & 42.5 & [16,85] \\  & CBZ & Freundlich & Pseudo-second order & 40.0 mg/g & 75.3 & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Soybean straws} & Cu & N.R & N.R & 0.085 mmol/g & 60 & \\  & Cd & N.R & N.R & 0.018 mmol/g & 10 & [73] \\  & Ni & N.R & N.R & 0.007 mmol/g & 5 & \\  & Pb & N.R & N.R & 0.033 mmol/g & 25 & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Sugarcane bagasse} & Mn(II) & N.R & Pseudo-second order & N.R & 62.5 & [87,88] \\  & Mn(II) & Langmuir & Pseudo-second order & 0.676 mg/g & 63 & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Sugarcane bagasse (HCl-treated)} & Mn(II) & Freundlich & Pseudo-second order & 1.897 mg/g & 99 & [87] \\  & Fe(III) & Langmuir & Pseudo-second order & 331.1 mmol/g & \textgreater{}95.0 & \\  & Co(II) & N.R & N.R & 15.5 umol/g & N.R & \\ \multirow{3}{*}{Sugarcane bagasse (NaOH-treated)} & Cu(II) & N.R & N.R & 86 umol/g & N.R & \\  & Cd(II) & N.R & N.R & 70 umol/g & N.R & \\  & Pb(II) & N.R & N.R & 87 umol/g & N.R & \\  & Zn(II) & N.R & N.R & 81 umol/g & N.R & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Sulfonated tea waste} & Cr(VI) & Langmuir & Pseudo-second order & 438.18 mg/g & 96 & \\  & MB & Langmuir & Pseudo-second order & 1007.61 mg/g & \textgreater{}99 & [91] \\  & Tet & Langmuir & Pseudo-second order & 380.97 mg/g & 97 & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Sunflower} & Mn(II) & Langmuir & Pseudo-second order & 47.6 mg/g & 81.6 & \\  & Cd & Langmuir & Pseudo-second order & 83.3 mg/g & N.R & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Cu & Langmuir & Pseudo-second order & 30.3 mg/g & N.R & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Zn & Langmuir & Pseudo-second order & 45.4 mg/g & N.R & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Fe & Langmuir & Pseudo-second order & 71.4 mg/g & N.R & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Ni & Langmuir & Pseudo-second order & 27 mg/g & N.R & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Sunflower (NaOH-modified) \\ \end{tabular} } & Ni & Langmuir & Pseudo-second order & 41.7 mg/g & N.R & [89] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Tea waste} & Mn(II) & Langmuir & Pseudo-second order & 0.157 mg/g & 95.5 & [92] \\  & Zn(II) & Langmuir & Pseudo-second order & 0.278 mg/g & 99.5 & \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* N.R, not reported; BBY, Bismack brown Y; CV, Crystal violet; MB, Methylene blue; SO, Safranin O; MG, Malachite green; CA, Clofibric acid; CBZ, Carbamazepineme; Tet, Tetracycline; CA/NaOH, Citric acid and NaOH.  
\end{table} 
Table 5: _Cont._a rapid initial adsorption rate followed by a slower rate (15-20 min contact time), fitting the Langmuir and pseudo-second order kinetic models. In the same year, [PERSON] et al. [73] reported high adsorption efficiency for copper ions (0.085 mmol/g) by employing soybean straw, with low values for cadmium and nickel (0.018 and 0.007 mmol/g, respectively). The authors found that copper adsorption increased to over 80% when the adsorbent material was chemically modified with 1% NaOH.