## 8 Conclusions  
In this study, a novel Surface Defect Index (SDI) method is proposed to quantify the volume occupied by various types of defects and reveal their positions and infiltration within concrete surfaces. This method establishes a quantitative survey of defects in terms of surface area and depth, enabling a comprehensive evaluation of concrete surface quality. One of the strengths of the proposed method lies in the use of controlled samples featuring various defect configurations, which allowed us to create a rigorous testing environment where we could precisely assess the method's effectiveness. Using these samples, SDIs were obtained for each surface, providing concrete results that underscore \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c}
**Concrete Surfaces Examined** & **Application of the RMP on the Framed Area** & **SDI (\%)** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Concrete Surfaces Examined**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Application of the RMP on the Framed Area**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**SDI (\%)**} \\  & & \\  & & \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: SDI values and visual representations for various concrete surfaces. the relevance of the method. The validation of the measurement method demonstrated its high precision, reliability, and consistent performance. These validation findings instill confidence in the ability of the method to effectively assess the surface defect volume in concrete samples. The correlation between the SDI and the defect volume in the various defect configurations was investigated. Strongly correlated with the defect volume variability, the SDI provides coherent measurements of the defect volume for a large range of sizes. A strong positive linear correlation and high agreement (R\({}^{2}\) = 0.9968) were observed between the experimental volume and effective volume of defects. Therefore, the SDI can be a robust indicator for quantifying the defect volume over a wide variety of defect scales. The method effectively evaluated the levels of quality using the SDI; this was demonstrated by the strong relationship between this index and the volume of defects. The effectiveness and reliability of our measurement method make it a valuable tool for assessing the quality of concrete surfaces with a high degree of precision and consistency. The SDI was tested across a diverse array of real conditions of concrete surfaces, confirming its applicability and reliability in concrete quality assessment. Furthermore, the logic-based evaluation, which was based on a new Surface Defect Quantification Index, was efficient in classifying the final quality of concrete surfaces according to the volume occupied by all defects on the surfaces. The surface area and the maximum depth of defects were used as parameters for the evaluation and classification of surfaces in terms of their durability attributes. These classifications provide insights into the quality of sample surfaces; hence, surfaces with higher SDI values are of better quality, while the surfaces with the highest SDI values are of lower quality. Therefore, the Surface Defect Index can serve as a valuable indicator for evaluating the susceptibility of a material to the penetration of aggressive substances. It can be regarded as an indicator of the durability of concrete, its performance, and its service life. Through early detection and remediation of surface defects in concrete, it is feasible to enhance the durability and lifetime of concrete structures, consequently relieving the need for costly future repairs and maintenance. Contrary to the limitations associated with several methods for the assessment of the quality of concrete surfaces, the developed method offers several advantages. Firstly, its simplicity and ease of implementation make it accessible to a wider range of users without requiring specialized expertise. Secondly, the method significantly reduces time requirements, particularly for large surfaces or those with numerous defects, enabling rapid assessments even in time-sensitive conditions compared with referenced methods [11; 18].