esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Hybrid Methods for Selecting Precast Concrete Suppliers Based on Factory Capacity
## 1 Introduction
Breaches of these secondary contracts can result in liquidated damages, additional project delays, and cost overruns, ultimately affecting the overall project's successful completion and potentially creating liabilities for the main contractor or owner. Furthermore, the nature of supplier engagement, such as the use of 'nominated suppliers,' profoundly impacts risk distribution. A nominated supplier is specifically chosen and mandated by the project owner for the contractor to engage with, often due to specialized expertise, proprietary materials, or established relationships. While this approach can ensure quality and consistency for critical components, it shifts some procurement and performance risks away from the main contractor. In such arrangements, the main contractor's liability for delays or defects arising directly from the nominated supplier's performance may be limited, with the primary risk reverting to the project owner who made the nomination. This distinct contractual model fundamentally alters the risk allocation matrix and demands careful consideration in early project planning and legal agreements to clearly define responsibilities and mitigate potential disputes. Consequently, project owners or contractors must select effective suppliers before beginning a construction project. The inherent complexity of selecting a precast concrete supplier, driven by numerous qualitative and subjective criteria, poses a significant challenge that traditional, less comprehensive decision-making methods struggle to address effectively. Simple evaluations often yield inconsistent outcomes due to their limited capacity to account for the multifaceted trade-offs. While various Multicriteria Decision-Making (MCDM) approaches exist, existing studies frequently fall short in two key areas: they either rely too heavily on singular expert intuition for all decision parameters, leading to time-consuming and resource-intensive processes, or they lack a robust, direct mechanism for integrating objective operational data, such as factory capacity, into the qualitative assessment of supplier performance. This research identifies a critical gap in the existing literature: the absence of a comprehensive yet efficient and integrated framework that systematically evaluates suppliers against diverse criteria and explicitly links objective operational attributes to the derived quality weights. The need for an integrated approach combining Stepwise Weighted Ratio Analysis (SWARA) for efficient expert-driven criteria weighting, principal component analysis (PCA) for objectively linking capacity to quality coefficients, Weighted Aggregate Product Assessment (WASPAS) for robust alternative ranking, and Value Engineering for a holistic cost-benefit analysis stems from its ability to leverage the strengths of each method, mitigate their weaknesses, reduce overall subjectivity, and thereby significantly enhance the accuracy and practicality of supplier selection decisions in this complex domain.
## 3 Incremental Launching Construction and Monitoring Technology
### Incremental Launching Construction Steps  
Step 1: Site preparation, temporary pier foundation concrete construction on the basis of hardening, erection of assembly support, establishment of the incremental launching pier and emergency temporary pier in the central separation belt, and then installation of the incremental launching equipment are carried out. Before incremental launching, site inspection of the incremental launching equipment such as the jack, high-pressure oil pump, and control device is carried out to guarantee the proper functioning of the incremental launching equipment.  
Step 2: Steel box girder assembly is carried out using a crane and other equipment for steel box girder hoisting, positioning, alignment matching, and temporary connection installation; on the splicing platform, assembly welding is performed on 5-section and 6-section steel box girders and 23 m guide girders and on both sides of the steel box girder to install a guardrail, and the axis and elevation are reviewed.  
Step 3: Steel box girder incremental launching is initiated. The vertical jack of the walking-type translation incremental launching device lifts the steel girder. The horizontal jack completes the forward pushing. After the girder is dropped, it is placed on the supporting beam, and then the horizontal jack returns to the original state to complete the stroke incremental launching. The steel box girder advances 17.4 m through cyclic incremental launching, and the incremental launching is stopped. The axis and elevation of the steel box girder are checked. After confirmation, the 4-section steel box girder is hoisted and welded, followed by the 5-section steel box girder. Subsequently, the guardrail of the 4-section steel box girder is installed.  
Step 4: The girder is pushed forward 15.7 m and incremental launching is stopped to check the axis and elevation of the steel box girder, confirm the correctness, hoist and weld the 3- and 4-section steel box girders, and install the 3-section steel box girder's guardrail.  
Step 5: The equipment continues pushing forward and stops incremental launching when reaching the falling girder position; it then dismantles the guide girder, adjusts the alignment, and then carries out the overall falling girder maneuver. The elevation is checked by the total station, and the other steel box girders are lifted in situ. The assembly support, incremental launching pier, and emergency pier of the central isolation belt of the expressway are removed.
# Aerodynamic Performance Assessment of Distributed Electric Propulsion after the Wing Trailing Edge
## 2 Theoretical Analysis  
As shown in Figure 1, DEP can be designed as a pusher configuration according to the relative positions of the propeller and the wing.  
There are four small propellers equally distributed along the rear wing. The direction of rotation of the propeller is shown in Figure 1. Therefore, the propeller and the wing in the DEP interact with each other. This section analyzes the aerodynamics of the propeller and wing. In Figure 1, \(D_{rp}\) is the dimensionless horizontal distance from the center of rotation of the propeller to the rear edge of the wing (where \(c\) is the chord length of the propeller). \(Xr\) (\(\Delta x/R\)) is the dimensionless vertical distance from the center of the propeller to the chord plane of the wing. The positive value indicates that the propeller is above the chord plane.  
For the isolated rotor without interference, the lift and the drag coefficients are as follows [25]:  
\[C_{l}=\frac{2L}{\rho V^{2}S} \tag{1}\]  
\[C_{d}=\frac{2D}{\rho V^{2}S} \tag{2}\]  
Figure 1: The pusher configuration of the DEP system: (**a**) 3D view; (**b**) side view.  
where \(L\) is lift, \(D\) is drag, \(\rho\) is the density of air, \(V\) is the rotational velocity, and \(S\) is the reference area.  
To characterize the aerodynamic interference between the propeller and the wing in the DEP system, the lift coefficient and the drag coefficient are applied to obtain the variation in the rotor interference [26].
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Physical Characterization  
The crystalline structures of the prepared materials were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra which recorded on Rigaku, RINT 2200 Japan using CuKa (filtered) radiation (\(\lambda\) = 0.154 nm) between 1.8 and 50 degrees. The functional groups and inter-layered anions were recorded through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) over the wave number range 400-4000 cm\({}^{-1}\), using \"Spectrum Two\" from PerkinElmer Company. Thermal analyses (differential thermal analysis--DTA; differential thermal gravimetric--DTG; and thermal gravimetric analysis--TGA) of powdered samples up to 800 \({}^{\circ}\)C were carried out at a heating rate of 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C /min in flow of both nitrogen and air using a Seiko SSC 5200 Japan. The morphology, shape surface and distribution of the samples were directly obtained at room temperature using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) JEOL:JSM-6330F, Tokyo, Japan.
# Blockchain Interoperability for Future Telecoms
###### Abstract  
The inherent characteristics of blockchain, including immutability, self-execution, and the removal of intermediaries, consistently generate increasing interest in its applications within the telecom sector, making it an exciting area for investment. This literature review aims to explore a promising research area known as blockchain interoperability. Interoperability seeks to connect two or more independent blockchains to effectively exchange information. Through leveraging the interoperability features of blockchain, independent telecom networks can seamlessly share information with other mobile, fixed, and next-generation networks. This results in improved security and efficiency, cost savings, and an enhanced customer experience. This study reviews highly cited research papers in the literature to assess blockchain's relevance to telecom use cases for interoperability. Additionally, it presents prominent interoperability solutions and identifies essential requirements for the successful implementation of blockchain interoperability in the telecom sector. The findings highlight key research gaps and future directions for the adoption of blockchain in telecommunications, particularly for the forthcoming sixth generation (6G).  
blockchain; Hyperledger; interoperability; permissioned; SAGIN; telecommunications; 6G +
Footnote †: journal:  
0000-0001-5000-0000-0000-0000-0000-0000-0000-00000-0000-00000-00000-00000-00000-00000-00000-00000-00000-00000-00000-000000-00000-0000  
ensuring the security, confidentiality, and privacy of 6G networks. This literature review is novel in its focus on identifying the essential characteristics of blockchain interoperability for future telecom use cases and challenges. The identified use cases and associated challenges in the context of 6G primarily pertain to the domains of robust security, privacy, and real-time execution. These factors are critical to ensuring that dynamic resource allocation and real-time interconnection are effectively managed and optimized. It also presents existing interoperability solutions by introducing a new taxonomy called the side-by-side approach, which meets these important criteria. This new approach can be regarded as a promising option for future research.
## 3 Theoretical Analysis of the Anchoring Action of Oil Wells on the Movement of Overburden Rock
### Stability Analysis of Overlying Rocks Under Anchorage
#### 3.3.3 Stability Analysis of Overburden  
(1) Stability analysis of layered rocks  
Since coal seams in northern Shaanxi usually show a near-horizontal bedding structure, all bedded rocks are assumed to be near-horizontal beds in this study, and stability analyses were conducted accordingly. Stability analyses of overburden rocks typically predict instability risk using the classical shear-slip theory. The stability of the well wall is primarily assessed based on shear force when anchorage effects are considered.  
When the shear stress in the overburden rock exceeds its shear strength, slippage, and destabilization occur. In cases of rock instability, well wall failure generally occurs at a critical stress threshold. The expression for critical shear stress is given as follows:  
\[\tau_{cr}=C+\sigma_{n}\cdot tan(\varphi) \tag{15}\]  
In the formula, \(c\) is the cohesion of geotechnical materials, 0.83 MPa is taken for the 3-2 coal seam, \(\sigma_{n}\) is the normal stress, 29.17 MPa, and \(\varphi\) is the friction angle (internal friction angle). The value of 37\({}^{\circ}\) is taken for substituting the data to obtain \(\tau_{cr}=23.04\) MPa.  
(2) Factor of Safety for overburden instability analysis  
In order to quantify the risk of overburden destabilization, a Factor of Safety (FS) is often used to evaluate the stability of the well wall as follows:  
\[FS=\frac{\sigma}{\tau} \tag{16}\]  
If the safety factor \(FS<1\), then the risk of well wall instability is high.
# Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT):
## 2 Narrowband-IoT Standard and Releases
### Release 16 Enhancement Prospects
#### 2.4.4 Inter-RAT Idle-Mode Mobility  
For applications such as smart tracking of logistics that involve mobility, the NB-IoT UE may still need to be accessible even when moved to the area served by other base station.  
In this regard, 3 GPP should introduce the new feature for NB-IoT UE support for inter-RAT mobility during idle mode. The mentioned feature is introduced along with optional handover support during connected mode through procedure simplification i.e., without dedicated signaling for measurement control and report. This is because handover helps to reduce system information reading time.
# Widely-Tunable Ring-Resonator Semiconductor Lasers
## 4 Advanced Designs for Linewidth Reduction  
Linewidths of Si ring based semiconductor lasers are typically in sub-MHz range (for comparison, see Section 5), compared with typical linewidths of III/V lasers that are in a few MHz range. Here we describe methods for improving linewidth even further. It should be noted that methods described here generally improve Lorentzian, or white-noise limited, linewidth. The 1/f contribution of the phase noise to laser linewidth depends on many parameters, including sources of technical noise, such as current supplies, etc. To improve long-term stability of a semiconductor laser, locking to stable high-\(Q\) resonators is typically employed. A demonstration of locking a ring based widely-tunable semiconductor laser to a high-\(Q\) resonator made in SiN has shown significant reduction of low-frequency noise [24], and such resonators can be integrated on the same chip [25]. Laser locking to the external resonator lies outside the scope of the paper, but shows potential for extremely stable chip-scale laser, especially as SiN has lower thermo-optic coefficient than Si.
## 6 Properties of Fungal Biomass Degradation Hemi-Cellulaases and Cellulaases
_Trichoderma reesei_ and _Humicola insolens_ are not closely related, however, both organisms are brown rot fungi and do not degrade lignin [49]. This is likely due to the fact that these two brown rot fungi have lost their lignin degradation genes during their evolution process [108]. [PERSON] et al. [122] screened 55 fungal endocellularases out of several fungal species by comparing their specific activities with the _Trichoderma reesei_ Cel5A (EGII) activity at 0.0290 umol D-glucose/mg protein.min measured with filter paper. The top three selected fungal endocellularases included the _Aspergillus niger_ ApCel5A activity at 0.120, _Gloophyllum trabeum_ GtCell2A at 0.030 and _Sporotrichum thermophile_ StCel5A at 0.024 umol D-glucose/mg protein.min by using filter paper [122]. By comparison, GH5-p4818 Cel5_2A activity on Avicel by Wanget al. [45] was about 80% higher than the _Aspergillus niger_ endocellulase ApCel5A activity, six-fold higher than the _Gloeophyllum trabeum_ endocellulase GtCel12A, and eight-fold higher than the _Sporotrichum thermophile_ endocellulase StCel5A, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded from this review that while cellulases from the three main aerobic fungi _Trichoderma reesei_, _Humicola insolens Aspergillus niger_ are useful and the predominant commercial cellulases on the current industrial enzyme markets largely for textile, detergent, wood pulp & paper polishing and food processing, these cellulases are clearly limited in their applications as exogenous feed enzyme additives for livestock feeding industries and as an industrial cellulases for producing commercial scale of lignocellulosic ethanol from raw feedstock biomass materials. This is largely due to the fact that these fungal cellulases are not processive endocellulaases, need multiple enzyme synergism to carry out effective degradation, and are bi-modular, relatively large in their molecular weights and sizes, and thus less effective and efficient in breaking down raw lignocellulosic composite in plant nature of feeds and feedstock.
# Effect of Postharvest UVB Irradiation on the Fruit of cv. Dottato (_Ficus carica_ L.)
## 4 Conclusions  
The post-harvest period is critical for climacteric fruits such as figs, because storage conditions cause metabolic changes that lead to a general deterioration of quality parameters. The interesting result of this study is the beneficial impact of UVB on the physicochemical quality parameters of fig fruit. The results indicate that UVB irradiation (1.4 and 8.4 kJm\({}^{-2}\)) can preserve post-harvest quality and contribute to the shelf-life extension of fresh fruit. UVB treatment reduced the loss of firmness and color indices while maintaining the integrity and control of decay. It also had a positive influence on primary and secondary metabolites. UVB influenced the concentration of soluble sugars, preventing post-harvest losses and increasing the content of important health compounds such as carotenoids, flavonoids, and phenols. Finally, another interesting result was that the UVB treatment probably directs its effects not only at the skin, but also at the flesh. UVB can be a promising ecological tool to improve the shelf life of fresh figs during storage. However, further experimental investigations are needed to assess the effectiveness of the technique and apply it on a commercial scale. Our subsequent studies will involve the use of UVB lamps (LED) with a UVB-only emission spectrum (280-315 nm) to re-evaluate the effects on fig by-products.  
The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app132413003/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app132413003/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app132413003/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app132413003/s1)), Figure S1: Color parameter of the flesh: Lightness title; Figure S2: Color parameter of the flesh: Chroma; Figure S3: Color parameter of the flesh: Hue angle.  
Conceptualization, C.G., R.P. and D.G.; methodology, C.G., R.P., C.F., D.G. and F.I.; validation, C.G., D.G. and R.P.; data curation: C.G., F.I. and D.B.; technical support, M.A. and L.T.; supervision: C.G. and R.P.; writing--original draft preparation, C.G. and R.P.; writing--review and editing, C.G., R.P., D.B. and C.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy.  
The research was carried out with the support of the CNR-IBE technical staff. The authors thank [PERSON] and [PERSON] for help and assistance during the engineering, installation, and setup of the UVB lamp system.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Impact of Shifts in Vegetation Phenology on the Carbon Balance of a Semiarid Sagebrush Ecosystem
## 3 Results
### Comparison of Seasonal Patterns of CO\({}_{2}\) Fluxes  
To quantify the influence of different vegetation activities on the carbon balance of the ecosystem, we compared the seasonal patterns of CO\({}_{2}\) fluxes in 2019 and 2020 (Figure 6). Both years showed distinct seasonal patterns of NEE. In 2019, the magnitude of monthly NEE was maximized in April (\(-28\) gC m\({}^{-2}\)) and then gradually declined as the growing season progressed until July (Figure 6 and Table 1). The ecosystem was turned into a carbon source in August (\(13\) gC m\({}^{-2}\)) and remained a weak source or sink in the following months. In 2020, the ecosystem carbon uptake was maximized in March (\(-24\) gC m\({}^{-2}\)) and then declined dramatically in April (\(-8\) gC m\({}^{-2}\)). The ecosystem functioned as a carbon source from May to December (Figure 6 and Table 1) due to lower vegetation activity and relatively higher ecosystem respiration compared to 2019.  
The flux partitioning results illustrate that the different seasonal patterns in NEE in 2019 and 2020 were primarily driven by differences in GPP from February to October. In 2019, the magnitude of GPP was maximized in April (\(-57\) gC m\({}^{-2}\)) and declined gradually in May through October to approximately \(-5\) gC m\({}^{-2}\). In 2020, the magnitude of the GPP was the largest in March (\(-34\) gC m\({}^{-2}\)) and maintained relatively low values from May to October (Figure 6 and Table 1). The magnitude of total GPP was greater in 2019 than in 2020 (\(-211\) gC m\({}^{-2}\) vs. \(-112\) gC m\({}^{-2}\)), whereas the annual total R\({}_{\rm eco}\) of the two years was comparable (\(164\) gC m\({}^{-2}\) vs. \(144\) gC m\({}^{-2}\)). Overall, the ecosystem functioned as a carbon sink in 2019 and a carbon source in 2020 (\(-47\) gC m\({}^{-2}\) vs. \(32\) gC m\({}^{-2}\)).  
Figure 6: Monthly sums of the net ecosystem CO\({}_{2}\) exchange (NEE), gross primary production (GPP), ecosystem respiration (R\({}_{\rm eco}\)), and soil respiration (R\({}_{\rm soil}\)) at the study site over the two-year period. The error bars denote uncertainties in the monthly cumulative CO\({}_{2}\) fluxes estimated from the Random Forest projections.
## 5 Discussion
### Practical Implications and Added Value  
The practical implications of this study are far-reaching. The proposed method provides a practical framework for construction projects in smart cities to manage information more effectively. It offers clear guidelines and procedures for different units to follow, ensuring that information flows smoothly across different scales and that each unit can access and utilize the information they need in a timely manner.  
The added value of this process is not only reflected in the improved project efficiency but also in the long-term sustainability and development of the construction industry. By promoting the use of BIM and related technologies and establishing standardized information management protocols, it paves the way for more intelligent and sustainable construction practices. It enables better integration of construction projects with the overall urban planning and development, contributing to the creation of more livable and efficient smart cities.  
In conclusion, this study presents a valuable approach to multi-scale information collaborative management in construction projects. Through its theoretical contributions, practical applications, and demonstrated improvements in efficiency, it offers a significant step forward in the digital transformation of the construction industry and provides a useful reference for future research and practice in this field.
# Application of Artificial Neural Networks to Ship Detection from X-Band Kompsat-5 Imagery
## 1 Introduction
In this paper, we propose an efficient method to detect ship targets from X-band Kompsat-5 SAR imagery using the ANN approach. The proposed method creates two input layers for ship detection through optimal image processing in order to consider Kompsat-5 SAR image characteristics. The method is tested and validated by using a full-scene Kompsat-5 SAR image. The detection procedure is as follows: (1) two input layers, an intensity differential map and a texture differential map, are generated from an SAR image using the azimuth low-pass filter, the non-local (NL)-means filter, the median filter, the sum-of-square (SS) operation, and so on; (2) a ship-probability map is created by the ANN approach; and (3) ships are detected from the map by using a threshold value. The NL-means filter and median filter were used to reduce phenomena related to the false detections. The NL-means filter effectively reduced noise on SAR imagery without smoothing edges of the objects, while the median filter was used to remove ship targets in SAR imagery. For the performance validation of the proposed method, the X-band Kompsat-5 SAR data with horizontal transmitting and horizontal receiving (HH) polarization was used in the study. A total number of 78 ship targets were extracted from the test full scene via a visual analysis and used to calculate the precision, recall and false detection rate.