## 1 Introduction  
Electrical energy is a fundamental driving force across all sectors of modern society, including residential, commercial, and industrial applications. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), global electricity demand is projected to grow at an annual rate of approximately 3% by 2030, with emerging economies expected to contribute over 70% of this increase. This sustained growth necessitates advancements in power generation and distribution systems to ensure a stable energy supply and efficient resource utilization. Traditionally, electricity generation has relied heavily on centralized, non-renewable sources such as coal, natural gas, and nuclear power. However, these sources are major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, accelerating climate change. In response, international agreements such as the Paris Climate Agreement have set ambitious emission reduction targets and promoted policies to expand the share of renewable energy. Renewable energy offers multiple advantages, including low carbon emissions, reduced maintenance costs, and improved power quality, making it a key pillar in the global energy transition. As part of this transition, Jeju Island, the southernmost region of South Korea, launched the Carbon-Free Island 2030 (CFI 2030) initiative [1; 2] to establish a fully renewable energy-based system. A critical component of this strategy is the promotion of electric vehicles (EVs) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation sector. As of July 2024, the number of registered EVs on Jeju Island reached 43,117, reflecting a 208% increase over the past five years. Additionally, most public buses have been replaced with electric models, significantly contributing to the island's clean energy goals. Furthermore, Jeju Island has been expanding its renewable energy infrastructure to support this transition to ensure a stable and sustainable energy supply. According to the CFI 2030 implementation plan established in 2019, the island aims to deploy 4085 MW of renewable energy capacity by 2030, exceeding 106% of its projected electricity demand [3]. Progress toward this goal includes increasing residential solar panel adoption to 32.7% and operating South Korea's first commercial offshore wind farm since 2017. As a result, renewable energy accounts for 18.3% of Jeju Island's electricity mix in 2021--the highest share in the country. However, while these kinds of transitions have rapidly advanced due to environmental benefits, such as reducing carbon emissions, they also pose challenges related to rising electricity demand and peak loads. Increased EV adoption, despite its role in lowering carbon emissions, further contributes to these challenges. According to several studies, surges in EV charging during peak commuting hours or high-tourism seasons can place significant stress on the grid [4; 5]. Additionally, the variability in renewable energy generation, which depends on climate conditions and time of day, complicates grid management. For example, solar power is only available during daylight hours, limiting its support for nighttime EV charging, while wind power fluctuates with weather conditions, making it difficult to maintain a stable supply. These rapid shifts in electricity demand, combined with the intermittency of renewable energy sources, can lead to grid instability. To address these challenges, various strategies have been proposed to minimize the imbalance between power demand and supply. For example, there are policy-based demand-side management approaches that aim to reduce energy consumption by adopting incentive mechanisms--such as imposing additional energy charges during peak hours [6; 7]. Additionally, there is active research on hardware approaches, such as integrating external energy storage systems (ESSs) into the grid [8]. Furthermore, to address the uncertainty of renewable energy sources (RESs), studies on energy management and scheduling have been actively pursued [9; 10].