## 1 Introduction  
The existence of urban parks is beneficial to the physical and mental health of residents [1,2]. They also serve as gathering and social platforms, fostering community awareness and improving the quality of life for urban residents [3, 4, 5, 6]. Compared to busy streets, parking lots, and city squares, parks provide opportunities for passive activities [7], allowing people to enjoy landscapes, rest, linger, and contemplate. Therefore, parks cater to various needs. China is currently in the stage of promoting new urbanization and building a moderately prosperous society. The focus of urban development has shifted from extensive construction to high-quality transformation, from incremental development to stock renovation. Urban residents have developed a dual pursuit of materialism and spiritualism, urgently focusing on a people-centered, shared, and sustainable social environment.  
In recent years, scholars have primarily focused on research applications related to the layout and optimization of green infrastructure accessibility [5,8,9]. With the ongoing process of urbanization, changes in population structure are also synchronizing, with aging, declining birth rates, and issues of population movement across regions and national boundaries, such as refugee crises, gradually emerging [10; 11]. Consequently, marginalized groups, including the elderly, children, ethnic minorities, and people of color, have become the focus of research in this field [12; 13]. The perspective of equity in park space utilization intertwines with the concept of landscape justice [9; 14].  
Furthermore, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has raised concerns about park maintenance and mitigation functions. This could have a significant impact on marginalized groups as they not only have special needs but also face higher infection risks [15]. Comprehensive management measures need to be implemented to maintain social distancing in urban areas and ensure the safety of green spaces [16; 17]. Inclusive design embodies an egalitarian and forward-thinking philosophy [18], which brings to mind the concept of landscape justice. It has drawn the attention of researchers as it advocates for environments that provide various spaces and opportunities for people of different abilities to utilize them appropriately [19].  
However, previous research still lacks a comprehensive study on the inclusiveness of urban park utilization. To be more specific, firstly, the features of park inclusiveness are currently not clearly defined. Secondly, there is a lack of research on how urban parks meet the needs of different population groups and promote equitable access. Thirdly, though the importance of inclusive design is recognized, there is a lack of specific evaluation tools to measure and assess the inclusiveness of urban parks, analyze their current status, and identify variables that cause differences in inclusiveness levels.  
Therefore, the objective of this study is to construct a Park Inclusiveness Design Index (PIDI) and evaluate urban parks in Hangzhou. Through the analysis of relevant data, this study aims to identify the characteristics and challenges of inclusive design in Hangzhou's urban parks and emphasize the importance of equality and inclusivity in park spaces. The innovation lies in the establishment of the index through a multi-dimensional approach, including literature collection, focus groups, and hierarchical analysis based on the capability demand model. The primary contribution of this study is to provide a systematic evaluation framework that can assist urban planners and designers to better understand and improve the inclusiveness of parks. Furthermore, the research findings will also serve as a reference for other cities, promoting the sustainable development and social inclusiveness of urban parks.