# Sustainable Transformation: A Case Study of an Engineering-to-Order Additive Manufacturing Firm
## 4 Literature Overview
### Additive Manufacturing (AM)
Furthermore, AM processes suffer from relatively high rejection rates in production compared to CM, leading to increased environmental impact due to material wastage [14]. Another drawback is the slow manufacturing pace of AM, which escalates environmental consequences owing to the prolonged energy consumption necessary to power AM machines over extended durations [5]. Additionally, many AM processes necessitate extended post-processing operations for support structure removal and surface finish refinement, adversely affecting the environment [62]. Moreover, according to [3] in powder bed fusion (PBF), material extrusion (MEX), and binder jetting (BJT), operators face potential health risks associated with inhaling fine particles and chemicals. The inhalation exposure risk significantly arises during manual post-processing steps [15], specifically due to sanding [3]. As discovered, nanoparticle concentration increases inside the AM room, even after working hours due to reduced ventilation [3]. As the authors concluded, the following measures need to be implemented \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Technique/Material/ Method** & **Description** & **Industry** & **Part Properties** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Efforts towards Sustainable Evaluation in the Literature**} & \multicolumn{1}{p{113.8 pt}}{**Batch Production**} & \multicolumn{1}{p{113.8 pt}}{**Reference**} \\ \hline Selective laser sintering (SLS)/Polymers//Fowler & Parts are formed by sintering & Engines, automotive, genotype, dental & High-performance moulded parts & Sustainability analysis of SLS from an energy environment and environment analysis of MF & Yes & [23; 62; 65; 66] \\  & with a high-power laser & Parts are made by selectively applying night ink and dealing agents oude a bed of nylon powder fusion & Aerospace, medical, and consumer products & High-density, lightweight parts & High-density, environmental and environmental and environmental and density of MF; energy VSM (EVSM) for the MJF process & Yes & [6; 23; 62; 65; 66] \\  & & Parts are made by jetting & Medical, dental, packaging, bypass & Elastomeric features & Elastomeric features & Elastomeric features & \multirow{2}{*}{Yes} & \multirow{2}{*}{[62]} \\  & Material jetting & & them with UV light & & evaluation & & & \\ \hline Direct metal laser sintering (PMLS) /Selective laser melting (SIM) & Melting metallic powder layers with a high-power bed fusion & Aerospace, alloys with a high-power and dental industries, beef fusion & High strength, good and dental industries, jewellerty & Energy consumption resistance evaluation for DMLS and yeast evaluation & & & \\  & & Aerospace, automotive, defence, background fusion & High-strength, good and ground fusion & Economic and environmental evaluation & Yes & [67] \\  & & Metal powder melted by high-powered electron beam & Aerospace, mechanical, dental & High-strength, good & Sustainability assessment of products manufactured & Yes & [68; 69] \\  & & & industrial and commission & High-strength, good & Sustainability assessment of products manufactured & Yes & [68; 69] \\  & & spreading the powder bed bed fusion & applications & parts & by LPBF & & \\  & & The inkjet printer releases (DDO)/Polymers/Material (DDO)/Polymers/Material putting & The inkjet printer releases & Defence, aerospace, and computer goods, pressure goods, mechanical & Drudeable labels; parts requiring precise & Environmental impact evaluation of Insjet & Yes & [70] \\  & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._to prevent hazards: \"efficient ventilation, AM machine with enclosure, fume cupboards, suction, and suitable chemical resistant gloves and clothing (...) regular maintenance and systematic verification of the correct operation\" [3]. To summarise, improvements are needed in AM operations to enable sustainable production for higher-volume industrial purposes [5; 6; 7].