## 1 Introduction
### The State of the Art and Analyses
A method to eliminate higher-order modes in microstrip antennas operating at single or dual frequencies was developed by integrating a microstrip filter directly into the antenna design, simplifying the transmitter and receiver systems. By offering a dual-frequency antenna for S and X bands, providing a 7% bandwidth and an 8 dBi gain in the S band and a 10.5% bandwidth with an 11.5 dBi gain in the X band, it may be well-suited for satellite communication systems [18]. In Ref. [19], a compact planar Yagi-Uda antenna was developed for PicoSats and small satellite missions, addressing size constraints through meandering and one-dimensional artificial dielectric techniques to fit within the small dimensions of these satellites. It operates at 3.46-3.54 GHz, and good agreement exists between the simulation and measurement results. The study demonstrated the compactness of the antenna and also how antenna systems support rapid communication in small satellite platforms. Ref. [20] introduced a substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) antenna for CubeSats, utilizing middle-point feeding and shorting walls to achieve broadside radiation at dual frequencies. Communication flexibility was improved by offering a stable radiation pattern and also achieved a low profile, keeping it within CubeSat's size constraints. Its broadside radiation pattern assured a reliable signal transmission, offering a viable solution for enhanced small satellite communication. In Ref. [21], an innovative planar leaky-wave antenna (LWA) was introducedto improve CubeSat communication, utilizing SIW technology with periodic fan-shaped slots etched on the SIW surface to achieve effective CP radiation. This design is highly advantageous for CubeSats, offering a compact and lightweight solution that meets the size, weight, power, and thermal (SWaP) constraints of small satellites with its high gain and broadside radiation pattern. A Fabry-Perot cavity (FPC) antenna was presented, featuring increased gains, a wide bandwidth, and CP to enhance data transfer for CubeSat and small satellite applications. Its high performance was achieved by employing a spatially distinct superstrate excitation method, and it meets SWaP limits. All results were evaluated through practical investigations and presented as significant for a small satellite field [22]. Slot antennas typically consist of flat metallic plates with strategically placed cuts within the frequency range of 0.3-25 GHz. Nonetheless, their power and directivity do not meet the CubeSat communication requirements. After exploring various possible methods, they can achieve a gain of 9.71 dBi and 30.2% of BW [23]. However, their primary drawback is their relatively large size. Ref. [24] presented a MTS antenna designed for RF energy harvesting with static beamsteering achieved through fixed metal slots and a secondary MTS layer. It functions at 2.4 GHz and offers an 8.1 dBi gain, but it is yet to have beamsteering abilities, despite its sophisticated structure. An electronically steered MTS antenna developed by [25] operated at 10 GHz with a 9.6-10 GHz bandwidth, utilizing a 12 \(\times\) 12 cm\({}^{2}\) aperture comprising 96 varactor-tuned elements spaced at half-wavelength intervals. This design achieved 2D beamsteering without traditional phase shifters, employing feed phase diversity and varactor diodes for continuous phase tuning. However, this antenna's reliance on varactors introduced nonlinearities and potential thermal instability, and its 12 \(\times\) 12 cm\({}^{2}\) size was relatively large. Biasing the varactors required too much power, and the feeding network further enhanced complexity, which is contrary to the simplicity and power constraints of CubeSats. An antenna with two vertically faced MTSs resonating at 26.8 GHz, offering polarization-independent unit cells capable of absorption, reflection, and a 180\({}^{\circ}\) phase shift within the 26.5-27 GHz band, was introduced in [26].