# Interference Mitigation Strategies in Beyond 5G Wireless Systems: A Review
## 3 Classification and Evolution of Interference Management Strategies in B5G Networks
### Classification and Analysis of Interference Management Strategies in B5G Networks
#### 3.2.3 Inter-Cell Interference
They stated that the MRP outperforms FR planning when interference rejection combining receivers are used, realizing high achievement in terms of outage throughput gains in low and high-traffic load situations. [PERSON] et al. [132] investigated a sparse code multiple access (SCMA) based on an UL ICI abolition mechanism to improve the achievement of the cell-edge users by decoding the preferred signal and the interference signal at the BSs. They indicated that the SCMA-based scheme is a promising ICI abolition technique for B5G wireless systems. A functional process of inter-cell rank coordination (RAC) given the dominant ratio of interference is introduced by [PERSON] et al. [133]. The authors found that the suggested technique is computationally effective and needs minimal overhead control. [PERSON] et al. [134] proposed a distributed IM algorithm. The proposed ICI sub-space formation algorithm is less complex and has fewer issues coming from IA. They reported that the suggested method enhances the throughput in networks with large prevalent interference systems. [PERSON] et al. [135] discussed a potential solution to reduce interference and maximize user throughput through a structured approach between the separate cells in the NOMA scope. The authors indicated that NOMA plays an important role, a crucial role in providing large ST and assuring fairness of the layout. In [136], the authors applied RFA to mitigate the impacts of ICI and intentional jammers-interference (IJs-I). They demonstrated that the proposed technique results in considerable improvement in UL coverage performance by reducing ICI and IJs-I. [PERSON] et al. [137] used wireless virtual embedding to virtualize wireless resources in high-dense networks and dynamically allocate resources to minimize ICI in the network. The authors found that the SINR of the total network is fewest and guarantees the quality of each user. [PERSON] et al. [138] proposed a hybrid system for radio resource management (REM) to enhance the jitter and delay performance. It was found that a fully flexible time division duplex (TDD) is an applicable option for indoor SCs within the extent of the envisioned B5G technologies. These studies demonstrate the potential of advanced ICI mitigation techniques, such as CoMP and coordinated BF, to improve cell-edge performance and throughput. However,  
Figure 6: Inter-cell interference in cellular networks. the feasibility of implementing these solutions in real-world deployments is often limited by backhaul capacity, synchronization demands, and infrastructure availability especially in rural or legacy networks. Furthermore, in m-MIMO systems, challenges such as pilot contamination remain unresolved, particularly under dynamic UM scenarios. In advanced B5G networks, ICI becomes more pronounced due to the coexistence of macro-cell and dense SC, as well as dynamic spectrum sharing and mobility patterns. The 3 GPP has proposed several mechanisms for ICI mitigation, including eICIC and CoMP transmission and reception [139; 140]. While eICIC primarily manages time-domain resource partitioning, CoMP focuses on spatial-domain coordination using shared channel state information (CSI) and joint processing (JP). These techniques have shown effectiveness in IM at cell edges, especially under FR-1 scenarios. In addition, the use of UAVs and the adoption of dynamic TDD introduce asymmetric UL/DOL interference that must be handled through adaptive scheduling and POC [141; 142]. Emerging research also explores hybrid ICI mitigation schemes that combine BF, POC, and user clustering to reduce control overhead while maintaining SE [143; 144]. The summary of previous studies of ICI is shown in Table 4.