## 3 Results  
### Phytochemical Characterization  
The highest levels of total polyphenols were extracted by DMSO and 50% _v/v_ EtOH, followed by deionized water and pure ethanol. Indeed, their levels in HPE\({}_{\text{DMSO}}\) and HPE\({}_{\text{EOH150}}\) were 1.2- to 1.4-fold higher than in HPE\({}_{\text{H2O}}\) and HPE\({}_{\text{EOH1100}}\) (Table 2). Tannins were mainly recovered by H\({}_{\text{2O}}\) and DMSO, their amount in HPE\({}_{\text{H2O}}\) and HPE\({}_{\text{DMSO}}\) being 1.5- to 1.9-fold higher than that found in HPE\({}_{\text{EOH1100}}\) and HPE\({}_{\text{EOH50}}\) (Table 2). Regarding flavonoids and flavonoids, the highest extraction power was exhibited by DMSO; HPE\({}_{\text{DMSO}}\) exhibited about 1.5- to 3-fold and 1.5- to 1.7-fold higher concentrations of total flavonoids and flavonoids than HPE\({}_{\text{EOH50}}\) or HPE\({}_{\text{EOH1100}}\) and HPE\({}_{\text{H2O}}\), respectively (Table 2).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Gene** & **Primer Sequences** \\ \hline
**CB1** & Forward: 5\({}^{\prime}\)-TTCCCTTGTGAAGGCACTG-3\({}^{\prime}\) \\
**NM\_016083** & Reverse: 5\({}^{\prime}\)-TCTTGACCGTCTTTGACC-3\({}^{\prime}\) \\ \hline
**CB2** & Forward: 5\({}^{\prime}\)-ATGCCTGGCCTCATCAACTC-3\({}^{\prime}\) \\
**NM\_001841** & Reverse: 5\({}^{\prime}\)-CTCACACACTCTTTCCAGTG-3\({}^{\prime}\) \\ \hline
**FAAH** & Forward: 5\({}^{\prime}\)-CAGCTTTTCCTCAGCAACATG-3\({}^{\prime}\) \\
**NM\_001441** & Reverse: 5\({}^{\prime}\)-CAATCACGGTTTTGCGGGTAC-3\({}^{\prime}\) \\ \hline
**18S** & Forward: 5\({}^{\prime}\)-CGCCCGATGGGTGAAATTC-3\({}^{\prime}\) \\
**NM\_003286** & Reverse: 5\({}^{\prime}\)-CATTTCGCCAAAATGCTTCCG-3\({}^{\prime}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Sequences of the primers used in RT-PCR analysis.  
Altogether, these results revealed that DMSOO is the most suitable for recovering total polyphenols, including tannins, flavonoids, and flavonoids, followed by 50% _v/v_ EtOH, especially for total flavonoids and flavonoids. Pure ethanol extract possesses similar features compared to 50% _v/v_ EtOH regarding total flavonoids and flavonoids, with a lower recovery of total polyphenols. Finally, pure deionized water was able to better extract tannins, with significantly lower flavonoid levels.  
The SPME-GC-MS analysis highlighted the presence of different volatile compounds in all the samples except for the aqueous HPEH2O extract. Among them, eight compounds, listed in Table 3, were identified and their relative percentage amounts were calculated. Eugenol and \(\beta\)-carophyllene were the main volatile phytochemicals in all extracts. Eugenol achieved a maximum 51.6% amount in HPEETOH50, while HPEDMSOO and HPEETOH100 contained the highest percentages of \(\beta\)-carophyllene (i.e., 77.4% and 77.1%, respectively). Moreover, \(\beta\)-pinene (5.1%) and isoeugenol (1.0%) were found in HPEETOH50, while thymol (0.8%) was found in HPEDMSO. \(\alpha\)-copaene was also identified in ethanolic extracts HPEETOH100 and HPEETOH50 (6.3% and 3.7%, respectively). On the other hand, \(\alpha\)-humulene (10.0%; 0.8%) and \(\delta\)-cadienne (5.8%; 1.3%) were detected in HPEDMSO and HPEETOH100, respectively.