esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Back-to-Back Gap Waveguide-Based Packaging Structure for E-Band Radio Frequency Front-End
## 1 Introduction
Figure 2: Schematic diagram of the constituent units of the proposed structure. In this paper, our aim is to design a packaging structure for the RF front-end of a communication system that combines the advantages of back-to-back GW packaging and the power combination functions of the hybrid-coupled diplexer, while simultaneously providing frequency-selection and power combination functionalities. Its duplex function enables the FDD within the system, thereby enhancing the bidirectional transmission rate. Meanwhile, the power synthesis function increases the system's output power, extending its communication range. Based on the measurements, the results show that the passbands are 70.95-76.2 GHz and 80.92-86.25 GHz, the common port return loss is below 12 dB, and the in-band insertion loss values are less than 2.26 dB and 2.42 dB, respectively.
## 6 Summary and Conclusions  
The present work has shown the hardware and software design of MERITXELL, and the methods and procedures necessary to control, calibrate and perform measurements with it. MERITXELL is a multifrequency instrument that includes a multiband dual-polarization microwave radiometer, a GPS reflectometer, and several optical sensors. The main goal of MERITXELL is twofold. On one hand, it is an outstanding platform to perform detection, characterization, and localization of RFI signals at the most common MWR bands up to 92 GHz. On the other hand, its multisensor architecture enables it to test several data fusion algorithms in post-processing.
## Materials and Methods
### Volatiles Analysis by HS-SPME/GC-MS  
The volatiles of the fermented pomegranate juices were determined using Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry with Headspace Solid-Phase Micro-Extraction sampling (HS-SPME/GC-MS), as described by [PERSON], et al. [35] with small modifications. Each sample (2 mL) was pipetted into 4 mL glass vial and sealed with a screw-cap with PTFE-lined silicone septum. The vials were placed in a water-bath at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C and magnetically stirred at 250 rpm for 5 min before exposing the fibre (DVB/CAR/PDMS, needle size 24 ga, length 1 cm, Sigma Aldrich) for 30 min at the same conditions. Desorption of volatiles was affected at 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 2 min (splitless) in the inlet of GC-MS system (Shimadzu QP-2010 Ultra). The fibre was then held in the inlet (split ratio 1/50) for another 8 min to prevent carryover effects. Compounds were separated on a MEGA-5 HT column (30 m \(\times\) 0.25 mm i.d., film thickness 0.25 um, Mega s.n.c., Legnano, Italy) using helium as a carrier gas at a constant linear velocity (35 cm/s). During analysis, the oven was kept at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 5 min, then increased with 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min up to 150 \({}^{\circ}\)C followed by 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min up to 260 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and held for 5 min. The mass spectrometer was operated in the electron ionization mode with the electron energy set at 70 eV and scan mass range of 40-400 m/z. Source and interface temperatures were set at 200 and 270 \({}^{\circ}\)C respectively. Identification of the compounds was affected by comparing: (i) the linear retention indices based on the homologous series of n-alkanes (C7-C24) with those of reference compounds and those of NIST14 and FFNSC MS library (Chromaleont S.r.l., Messina, Italy), (ii) MS data with those of reference compounds and by MS data obtained from NIST14 and FFNSC libraries. GC-MS solution (Shimadzu) and Amdis (National Institute of Standards and Technology--NIST) software were used in the identification process. The relative amounts of individual components were calculated on the basis of peak area (from Amdis) without using any correction factor.
# 3D-Printed Accessories and Auxiliaries in Orthodontic Treatment
## 4 Discussion
### Contemporary Use of 3D-Printed Accessories in Orthodontics
#### 4.1.2 Space Maintainers  
The premature loss of primary molars often results in the loss of space in both primary and mixed dentition stages. This can cause misalignment or even impaction of the permanent teeth. Space maintainers are a key tool in preventive orthodontics and help to avoid this loss of space. The band and loop space maintainers are specifically recommended following the early loss of a primary molar. While traditionally fabricated band and loop space maintainers are commonly used, they have certain drawbacks such as cement loss or breakage as the most common reasons for the failure of conventional space maintainers [34]. Digitally designed space maintainers can also be beneficial for non-compliant pediatric patients to avoid gag reflex via the elimination of conventional impressions [35]. Recent studies explored the application of 3D printing technologies in the production of space maintainers, focusing on their clinical feasibility, fit, stability, and manufacturing time [34; 36; 37; 38; 39]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] compared the fit of metallic space maintainers' bands made conventionally and through CAD/CAM. They found no significant differences in fit between the two methods, suggesting that both meet clinical requirements. However, further research was recommended to explore other aspects such as fracture strength and patient comfort [36]. The case of [PERSON] et al. highlighted the precise detailing and excellent fit of a 3D-printed space maintainer, although it was not deemed the cost-effective option [34]. [PERSON] et al. pointed out, in their systematic review, that while 3D-printed space maintainers are increasingly popular in pediatric dentistry and show promise in overcoming the limitations of traditional methods, comprehensive evaluations of their accuracy, efficacy, and overall clinical success are still needed [37]. Another advantage is that with 3D design, we can print more periodonontally friendly versions of bands [38]. A 3D-printed lingual arch space maintainer is another possibility for maintaining lower arch length, preventing not only mesial movement of the first permanent molar but also lingual tilting of incisors. However, the authors also stated that this might be not the cost-effective method, even though the predictability and minimal invasiveness could validate the expenses [39].
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Characterization
#### 2.2.3 Structural Characterization  
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM, SUPRA25, Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) was used for microstructure observation. The shape of the pores in the cross-section perpendicular to the casting direction of the porous sintered body and the microstructure of the HA particles in the pore channel walls were observed. The pore size and pore channel wall thickness were calculated via SEM imaging software (SmartSEM, 05.06.05, Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany). The surface of the specimens was precisely polished with SiC paper and washed in ethanol using an ultrasonic washing machine (Ultrasonic bath, CPX3800H-E, Branson, Danbury, Connecticut, USA).  
The 3D structure of each sintered scaffold was photographed using a Micro-CT (SKYSCAN 1272, Bruker, Konitch, Belgium). A resolution of 21 \(\upmu\)m was used, with the following acquisition conditions: 90 kV, 111 \(\upmu\)A, a rotation step of 0.25\({}^{\circ}\), a 0.5 mm Al filter with a 0.038 mm Cu filter, and an exposure time of 1740 ms. The NRecon (1.7.1, Bruker, Konitch, Belgium) software was used to reconstruct the acquired image slices. Approximately 900 slices per sample were generated. The reconstructed images were processed by the CTAn software (1.17, Bruker, Konitch, Belgium). Custom processing was applied to selected regions of interest (ROIs) of the samples, fitting them exactly. Adaptive thresholding was applied according to the localized analysis of density, to minimize the partial volume effect and thickness biasing [34]. The overall porous structure of the specimens, including the pore diameter, size, and distribution, as well as the wall thickness of each pore channel wall were analyzed.  
Figure 1: Freeze-gel casting steps with different PMMA addition amounts to obtain novel porous structures of the bone scaffolds.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Antifungal activity of _L. salivarius_ AS22  
Antifungal activity of _L. salivarius_ AS22 was analyzed against _R. microsporus_, _F. oxysporum_, _P. chrysogenum_, _A. fumigatus_, _A. niger_ and _A. flavus_. The cell-free extract of _L. salivarius_ AS22 exhibited potent antifungal activity against _R. microsporus_ (41 \(\pm\) 3.0 mm) and _P. chrysogenum_ (35 \(\pm\) 3.2 mm) (Figure 4). The lowest antifungal activity was noted for the _A. niger_ (13 mm) compared to other fungi. The moderate inhibitory activity showed against _A. flavus_ (32), _A. fumigatus_ (27 mm), and _F. oxysporum_ (28 mm). In general, cell-free metabolites produced by LABs possess strong antifungal activities against various fungi. The _Lactobacillus plantarum_ KCC-24 and _Pediococcus pentosaceus_ KCC-3 have produced various organic acids that inhibited the growth of _F. oxysporum_, _B. elliptica_, _P. roqueforti_, _P. chrysogenum_ and _A. fumigatus_ [44; 45]. The antifungal activity of LAB depended on the growth, environmental conditions and microbial compositions [46]. The isolate AS22 produced a significant amount of lactic acid which acts as a strong antifungal agent. Overall data confirmed that the AS22 inhibits growth of various fungi at different levels. The fungal species belonging to _Fusarium_, _Penicillium_ and _Aspergillus_ affect the quality of cereals, fodders, vegetables, fruits and animal feed. _Lactobacillus_ species have a great deal of potential to increase the shelf-life of peanuts, animal feed, and cheese and cereal products [16]. The present study recommended that the use of AS22 as an additive could prevent the above-mentioned fungi-based loss of cereals, fodders, vegetables, fruits and animal feed quality, as well as extend their shelf-life by a significant amount of time.  
Figure 4: Antifungal activities of _L. salivarius_ AS22 against fungi. The cell-free extract was tested against fungi pathogens and the result was expressed as zone of inhibition (mm).  
Figure 3: Antagonistic activities of _L. salivarius_ AS22 isolated from sheep dung. The cell-free extract was tested against bacterial pathogens and the result was expressed as zone of inhibition (mm).
# An Improved Contact Force Model of Polyhedral Elements for the Discrete Element Method
## 3 Calculation of Contact Force
### Contact Depth  
In the discrete element method, the element is assumed to be a rigid body. When the polyhedral element is subjected to external forces, begins to move, and comes into contact with adjacent elements, the two contacting polyhedral elements are allowed to overlap, and the depth of the overlap is called the contact depth.  
In [PERSON]'s spring-damping model, it is assumed that there is a spring between the elements, which shortens when the two elements are compressed. The compression of the spring is the contact depth, and the magnitude of the contact force between the elements is also characterized by it. In reality, when two specimens are subjected to an impact load, damage may occur, and there is no overlap, so the contact depth cannot be directly measured. Therefore, strain gauges were attached to the specimens to measure the strain values near the contact point, edge, or face, and the estimated contact depth was obtained through vector calculations. The positions of the strain gauges attached to the specimens' contact surface under different contact modes are shown in Figure 5, where the positions of the strain gauges attached to the edge-edge contact and edge-face contact are the same.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Group**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Edge–Edge**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Point–Edge**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Point–Face**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Edge–Edge**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Edge–Face**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Face–Face**} \\  & **(Collinear)** & & & & & \\ \hline
1 & 65.31 & 68.60 & 69.84 & 69.10 & 80.42 & 62.81 \\
2 & 72.28 & 70.14 & 71.26 & 70.35 & 83.64 & 68.11 \\
3 & 78.18 & 73.53 & 74.20 & 72.49 & 87.37 & 73.58 \\
4 & 111.14 & 114.52 & 117.18 & 115.49 & 115.21 & 120.73 \\
5 & 115.79 & 118.85 & 121.55 & 118.68 & 118.96 & 124.65 \\
6 & 121.82 & 125.21 & 122.59 & 123.01 & 123.51 & 127.09 \\
7 & 176.68 & 165.72 & 165.82 & 149.46 & 166.90 & 172.87 \\
8 & 177.35 & 169.34 & 168.69 & 155.23 & 170.21 & 173.62 \\
9 & 179.68 & 175.09 & 173.92 & 160.57 & 174.86 & 176.82 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Magnitude of impact force for different contact modes (N).  
As an example, the calculation of the contact depth for edge-face contact is shown in the schematic diagram in Figure 6. \(\varepsilon_{1}\) and \(\varepsilon_{2}\) in the figure are strain vectors measured by strain gauges, and the normal strain vector \(\varepsilon\) is obtained by vector addition of \(\varepsilon_{1}\) and \(\varepsilon_{2}\) using the parallelogram law. The estimated contact depth can be obtained using Equation (2):  
\[\delta=\varepsilon\times L \tag{2}\]  
where \(L\) is the length of the specimen in the normal direction. The calculated contact depths are shown in Table 2.  
Figure 5: Arrangements of strain gauges for different contact modes: (**a**) edge–edge; (**b**) edge–point; (**c**) point–face; (**d**) edge–edge/edge–face; (**e**) face–face.  
Figure 6: Schematic diagram of strain calculation for edge–face contact mode.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Mortar Analysis
#### 3.2.2 Mortar Rheological Analysis

Table 7: The fluidity and compressive strength of cement mortar. Figure 11: The flow properties (shear stress-shear rate variation) of the samples after 1 h plus 40 min. naphthalene-based water-reducing agent, sample 3 containing superplasticizer J has lower plastic viscosity and higher fluidity, which indicates that the performance of water-reducing functional polycarboxylic acid high-performance superplasticizer J is superior to that of naphthalene-based water-reducing agent. Moreover, unlike the other groups, the shear stress of the cement mortar mixed with sustained-release polycarboxylic acid superplasticizer H, i.e., sample 4, gradually decreases within 1 h plus 40 min, but its plastic viscosity slightly increases. Good slump retention implies that the sustained-release polycarboxylic acid admixture not only delays the hydration of cement but also better disperses the cement particles in the mortar, therefore it can retain the good fluidity of the mortar at the same time. Moreover, sustained-release functional polycarboxylic acid superplasticizer H, thanks to its polyoxyethylene and hydroxyethyl functional groups, gradually produces the effect of reducing water. As the cement hydration progresses, the hydroxyl group of ethyl ester reacts with the alkali generated by the hydration of the cement to form a carboxyl water-reducing group, thereby continuously facilitating the dispersion of the cement particles in the mortar and producing a plasticizing effect. It can be inferred from Figure 12 that the addition of early-strength polycarboxylic acid superplasticizer can increase the plastic viscosity of the cement mortar. Furthermore, the influence of the amount of early-strength polycarboxylic acid high-performance superplasticizer on the cement mortar is examined. The plastic viscosity of sample 7, containing 5.90 g of superplasticizer Z, is lower than that of sample 6 with 7.08 g of superplasticizer Z. Increasing the amount of superplasticizer reduces the plastic viscosity and shear yield stress of the cement mortar, which indicates that a higher amount of the water-reducing agent (7.08 g of superplasticizer Z in sample 6) is more effective. In addition, in terms of the mortar flow properties, the sample containing a higher amount of the early-strength polycarboxylic acid superplasticizer, i.e., sample 6, has higher fluidity. In fact, the smaller the shear yield stress is, the better the fluidity becomes; the plastic viscosity also reflects the internal friction between the cement particles in the mortar. Therefore, the early-strength polycarboxylic acid superplasticizer can effectively reduce the yield stress and plastic viscosity of the mortar and is able to improve the fluidity (compare blank sample 2 with sample 6).
## 5 Discussion
### Roof Cutting and Pressure Relief  
Based on the broken rock zone detection for the surrounding rock, it can be concluded that the rock failure range on the coal wall side is greater than that on the coal pillar side. This is likely due to the fracture of the roof in the goat behind the working face, whereby the pressure is transmitted to the two sides along the roof, as shown in Figure 15a. As the coal wall side is closer to the goat, the transmitted stress is greater, and the damage is more severe. The coal pillar side is also damaged owing to the pressure exerted by the roof, which is clearly significantly dangerous. To reduce the damage to the roadway surrounding rock, the stress transmission path from the goat to the roadway needs to be separated; one effective technology currently available is roof cutting and pressure relief, as shown in Figure 15b.  
If the roof cutting approach is successful, the stress transmission path of the roof will be completely cut off, which is highly beneficial for the maintenance of the roadway surrounding rock. After roof cutting, assuming that all the rocks fall within the roof cutting range in the goat, the gauge will serve as effective support for the roof rock stratum owing to the expansion of the rock, as shown in Figure 15b. This considerably alleviates roof rock fracture, significantly reduces mine pressure concentration, and fundamentally inhibits the occurrence of mine disasters. This is essentially similar to the 110 and N00 mining methods proposed by Professor [PERSON] [27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32].
## 5 Evaluation Phase According to Design Science Research
### Findings  
The findings of the pilot project revealed time savings in the process steps of container assignment and transmission of the assigned rental IDs to the bid drawing as well as in the final creation of up-to-date 2D plans of the containers. In the latter-mentioned process step, a reduction from approximately 2 h to 5 min could be achieved, which corresponds to a time saving of ~95%. In comparison, the time savings in the former-mentioned process amount to ~83% when comparing the current process to the BIM-based process. For the creation of the bid drawing itself, no time difference between the current process, which is characterized by using CAD and predefined blocks to the BIM approach making use of a BIM authoring tool and the developed BIM object library, could be observed (Table 2).  
Regarding the assembly times as part of bid estimation, the following findings have been obtained considering a crew of three fitters when applying the current estimation process based on experience and an automated calculation based on BIM information: The estimated time for the panel modifications of the assigned containers was 2 weeks, whilst the BIM-based calculations resulted in an estimation of 2.5 weeks. The container installation duration has been estimated in the traditional way at 5 days, whilst the BIM-based calculation resulted in 7 days. The results are given in Table 3. The BIM-based calculations were built on performance factors provided by the industry partner. These performance factors describe the time required for the modification of one single panel respectively for the installation of one single container.
# Real-Time Computing Strategies for Automatic Detection of EEG Seizures in ICU
## 3 Results
### 'Cardirespiratory Arrest' Subgroup  
For the CRA subgroup, the Random Forest model yielded the best results regarding sensitivity and specificity. With all features considered, the mean F1 score was 0.88. Focusing on the most critical variables, such as the mean of the right temporal channel and the largest local differences in the detail coefficients of various transforms, the averaged F1 score was 0.89 with a standard deviation of 0.06. The sensitivity achieved was 89.5%, and the specificity was 100%, as shown in the confusion matrix (Figure 3D). The false positives and negatives primarily came from patients exhibiting non-convulsive seizures (NCSs) and focal seizures (FSs).
## 1 Introduction
### Motivation and Contributions  
Advances in emergent technologies such as XR are not static. The increasing popularity of XR technologies in recent years has motivated practitioners and researchers to develop new software artifacts to explore the capabilities of new hardware devices. Therefore, keeping this scenario of constant advancement in mind, in addition to the lack  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{28.5 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Reference** & **Year** & & **Topics Focused on Each Paper** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Differences with This Article**} \\ \hline
[13] & 2021 & \(\bullet\) & Review of existing VR/AR solutions in HRC & \(\bullet\) & Our article presents research questions and a systematic search methodology \\  & & \(\bullet\) & Solutions are presented in four main categories: operator support, instruction, simulation, and manipulation & \(\bullet\) & Our article presents articles published from 2015 to 2022 \\  & & \(\bullet\) & Referenced articles published from 2010 to 2019 & \(\bullet\) & Our article focuses on solutions using game engines as a key technology \\ \hline
[15] & 2022 & \(\bullet\) & Categorizes the recent literature on AR for HRC and industrial applications & \(\bullet\) & Our article reviews papers proposing a VR, MR, and/or AR solution \\  & & \(\bullet\) & Our article focuses on solutions using game engines as a key technology & \(\bullet\) & Our article focuses on solutions using game engines as a key technology \\  & & \(\bullet\) & Our article reviews papers for industrial, social, and service applications & \(\bullet\) & Our article activities papers for industrial, social, and service applications \\  & & \(\bullet\) & Our article highlights reported hardware and software issues \\ \hline
[14] & 2022 & \(\bullet\) & Synthesizes and categorizes AR solutions in the following dimensions: approaches to augmenting reality, characteristics of robots, purposes and benefits, classification of presented information, design components and strategies for visual augmentation, interaction techniques and modalities, application domains, and evaluation strategies & \(\bullet\) & Our article reviews papers proposing VR solutions \\  & & \(\bullet\) & The article reviews AR applications presenting any actuated or robot-like hardware (many of which are outside the scope of our review). & \(\bullet\) & Our article focuses on solutions using game engines as a key technology \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Differences between this article and similar works recently presented in the robotics literature.  
of a comprehensive study focused on the software aspects, there is a need to revisit the state-of-the-art solutions for social, service, and industrial robotics. Therefore, the main contribution of this article is:  
_The identification of novel and relevant software frameworks and tools for building advanced XR experiences in HRI using popular game engines._