## 2 Existing Studies in BASNs  
The traffic generated from BASNs can be classified into two main classes, namely, real-time traffic (having stringent temporal requirements) and non-real-time traffic (that tolerates delays and requires reliable delivery). In the literature, some research efforts have been made to improve communication reliability with low energy consumption in BASNs. For example, the work in [16] proposes a cooperative routing protocol to increase the overall packet delivery ratio and throughput in BASNs. The proposed scheme employs a linear, three-node arrangement with an amplifying-and-forwarding mechanism to route packets over the shortest path towards the sink. The proposed protocol improves network throughput at the cost of high latency and packet error rates. The study in [17] presents a routing protocol that minimizes latency and energy consumption issues in BASNs. The proposed scheme also routes data packets over the shortest path from the source towards the sink. This mechanism may be helpful to minimize the latency but leads to the issue of network congestion, which increases packet losses or invalid data packets in BASNs. Likewise, the authors in [18] propose a routing protocol to distribute the energy consumption load evenly among the biosensors in order to extend the lifetime of the BASNs. The proposed scheme shows a significant improvement in terms of throughput, residual energy, and network lifetime. However, because poor synchronization between the biosensors leads to excessive interference, there is a large number of corrupted data packets. Hence, the overall effective packet delivery ratio decreases in BASNs. Similarly, an optimized routing approach in [19] is proposed to enhance the routing performance of data gathering for critical and emergency networks. The developed beacon-less protocol relies on advertisement packets to establish reliable routing paths between the source and destination in the network. The proposed mechanism significantly reduces the latency as a trade-off with the poor network scalability. The work in [20] isolates the offending nodes in order to provide reliable data delivery in BASNs. The proposed trust and thermal-aware routing protocol, because it employs a multifaceted routing strategy, finds the best relay nodes to cope with hotspot and load balancing issues. The developed protocol decreases the packet drop ratio and latency and increases the packet delivery ratio with high network throughput in BASNs. The researchers in [21] propose a communication framework to relay data packets over highly reliable links towards the sink in BASNs. In the proposed scheme, the authors presume that the nodes exhibiting periodic channel fluctuations can be divided into various groups: nodes on the right side of the body and nodes on the left. However, poor synchronization between biosensors is another issue, which also results in significant packet loss, particularly for the biosensors closer to the sink. In [12], an efficient and reliable packet transmission mechanism is proposed, which takes advantage of periodic human movements such as walking and running. The proposed scheme achieves high packet delivery rates at a lower energy consumption, but it faces synchronization issues and latency with packet arrivals. Also, a thermal-aware packet forwarding scheme is proposed in [22] to handle temperature rise issues in BASNs. The suggested scheme employs a multiring-like packet forwarding architecture to find alternative routing paths towards the sink. The work in [2] also presents a data priority-aware routing protocol to maximize packet delivery rates with low energy consumption and latency in BASNs. The network clustering approaches have proven to be an effective solution for organizing energy-constrained biosensor networks by minimizing energy consumption and reducing communication costs. Clustering techniques aim at gathering data among groups of elementary biosensor nodes, which elect their leaders (the cluster,head node) among themselves.