# A Comprehensive Literature Review on Hydrogen Tanks: Storage, Safety, and Structural Integrity
## 3 Historical Perspective
### From 2000 to 2014  
The period from 2000 to 2014 witnessed a remarkable acceleration in the development and commercialization of hydrogen storage technologies, driven by increasing global awareness of the need for clean and sustainable energy solutions [111]. This era saw significant progress in improving the efficiency, safety, and affordability of hydrogen storage systems, paving the way for their widespread deployment in various sectors.  
One of the most significant areas of innovation during this period was the optimization of metal hydride storage materials and systems [112]. Building upon the advancements made in the late 20 th century, researchers focused on enhancing the hydrogen storage capacities and kinetics of metal hydride alloys, aiming to meet the stringent requirements of automotive and stationary applications [113; 114]. Novel alloy compositions and nanostructuring techniques were explored to improve the hydrogen absorption and desorption rates, enabling rapid refueling and extended driving ranges for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. This was achieved using a combination of novel alloy compositions and nanostructuring techniques, which were explored to improve the hydrogen absorption and desorption rates, enabling rapid refueling and extended driving ranges for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles [95; 115].  
Simultaneously, advancements in hydrogen compression technologies continued to play a crucial role in enabling practical hydrogen storage solutions. Research efforts were directed towards developing lightweight and efficient compression systems that meet the demanding performance requirements of hydrogen fueling stations and industrial facilities [22; 38; 116]. The commercialization of high-pressure hydrogen storage tanks with enhanced reliability and cost-effectiveness was made possible by innovations in compressor design, materials, and control algorithms. This was evidenced by the work of [PERSON] et al. [117], who demonstrated that the reliability of these tanks could be improved by using a combination of advanced materials and control algorithms.  
Moreover, the integration of hydrogen storage technologies into emerging energy systems, such as renewable energy storage and grid balancing, gained momentum during this period [118]. Hydrogen-based energy storage solutions, including hydrogen electrolysis coupled with storage in underground caverns or salt domes, offered a scalable and flexible approach to storing excess renewable energy for later use [119]. Research initiatives and pilot projects demonstrated the feasibility and potential benefits of hydrogen storage for enabling the large-scale integration of renewable energy sources into the electricity grid. These benefits include the ability to store excess renewable energy for later use, which is crucial for maintaining a reliable and sustainable energy supply [120; 121].  
Furthermore, collaborative efforts between government agencies, research institutions, and industry stakeholders played a crucial role in advancing hydrogen storage technologies. These efforts have been instrumental in developing and implementing hydrogen storage solutions that can be integrated into existing energy systems. Public-private partnerships, such as the U.S. Department of Energy's Hydrogen Storage Grand Challenge, which was initiated in 2003 [122], provided funding and support for innovative research projects aimed at overcoming critical technical barriers and accelerating the commercialization of hydrogen storage solutions [105].  
In conclusion, between 2000 and 2014, the period of accelerated development and maturation in hydrogen tank storage technologies was driven by technological innovation, industry collaboration, and an increasing market demand for clean energy solutions.