# Blockchain-Based Licensed Spectrum Fair Distribution Method towards 6G-Envisioned Communications
## 3 BEAST System Model
### System Process
To encourage the standardized use of spectrum resources, a trust value assessment method is built. The incentive mechanism with the credit value as the core can encourage MNO to provide better services and encourage users to use spectrum resources regularly. And based on this method, a lightweight consensus mechanism, PoT, is proposed. The PoT consensus mechanism effectively reduces the difficulty of block generation and improves the transaction efficiency. We implement a prototype of our protocol on the Ethereum test chain. The theoretical analysis and experimental results demonstrate that BEAST can be a suitable scheme for 6G licensed spectrum distribution. To the best of our knowledge, our approach is the first one that provides fair and secure licensed spectrum distribution for a 6G network. This provides a foundation for further enhancements in the 6G spectrum resources' smart and automatic allocation. Nonetheless, BEAST still has some limitations. For example, the blockchain-based decentralized spectrum sensing technology needs to be further enhanced. Then, the accuracy and rationality will be further improved. During this process, the relative technology \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Function Name** & **Time Cost (ms)** & **Gas Cost** \\ \hline PBSetup() & 14.6 & 407,350 \\ askForSpectrum() & 0.25 & 101,322 \\ arbitration() & 0.27 & 45,788 \\ Total & 15.12 & 554,460 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Time cost and gas cost of the main function. including deep learning and artificial intelligence would be integrated. The proposed incentive mechanism also provides a heuristic scheme for the potential multiple telecom operators application scenario, which can be the subjects of future work. Conceptualization, M.L. and Q.W. ; methodology, M.L. ; validation, Y.H. and D.L. ; writing--original draft preparation, M.L. ; writing--review and editing, M.L. ; supervision, D.L. ; project administration, D.L. ; funding acquisition, Q.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research is supported by the National Key R&D Program of China through project 2020 YFB1005600; Natural Science Foundation of China through projects U21A20467, 61932011 and 61972019; Beijing Natural Science Foundation through project M21031; CCF-Huawei Huyanglin Foundation through project CCF-HuaweiBC2021009; and the Academic Excellence Foundation of Beihang University for PhD Students ([PERSON]). Not applicable. The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request. The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results. ## References

* [PERSON] et al. (2022) [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON] Multi-wideband terahertz communications via tunable graphene-based meta surfaces in 6G networks. IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag. **2022**, _17_, 16-25. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2021) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] SFC-based service provisioning for 6G Satellite-Ground Integrated Networks. In Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE/CIC International Conference on Communications in China (ICCC), Xiamen, China, 28-30 July 2021; pp. 951-956. * [PERSON] et al. (2018) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON] Fair dynamic spectrum management in licensed shared access systems. IEEE Syst. J. **2018**, _13_, 2363-2374. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] and Bitcoin (2023) [PERSON]; [PERSON] A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. Bitcoin. Volume 4. Available online: [[https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf](https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf)]([https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf](https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf)) (accessed on 14 July 2023). * [PERSON] et al.