## 4 Discussion  
Until now, landscape studies have been considered, for the most part, very subjective because they were conditioned both by the existing environment in each territory and by the psychosocial interests of the observer himself, emphasizing the social, psychological, and economic points of view of the potential observers (urban, rural, religious, ethnographic, etc.). Following the European Landscape Convention, the need to carry out inventories and determine the different landscapes that encompass the singularities of each territory was established, and for this reason, this objective methodology is proposed, based on the creation of geo-referenced and quantifiable cartographies of the different landscape units, based on the natural components of the territory and its singular elements on a  
Figure 11: Cartographies of fragility. Figure 10: Cartographies of fragility: (**A**) intrinsic; (**B**) extrinsic. smaller scale. In this way, subjectivity is objectified, since the components are measurable and, with the help of GIS techniques, their gain or loss can be measured and assessed in terms of the potential natural capital of possible ecosystem services, since the landscape is a growing resource that is directly involved in the socio-economic environment of a natural space. In this sense, progress is being made in detailed studies of landscape metrics in urban environments or very specific, small areas, or in studies that make it possible, using automatic procedures, to obtain a satellite image to establish the singularities of the area studied. Our proposal establishes a methodology capable of determining and characterizing territorial landscape units (which to date were simply a physiographic reclassification of the territory according to the different heights of the terrain) that define possible future actions and minimize the vulnerability and environmental impact of anthropic activities or even serve as a tool for prevention in pre-project strategic evaluations. A landscape analysis is a complex process due to the need to understand the different resources of the physical environment (geology, geomorphology, edapology, vegetation, etc. ), as well as the internal relationships that exist between them. It is therefore a multidisciplinary approach that requires the application of different methods to tackle the complexity of the environment, which converge in a fundamental principle despite their diversity: the territorial reality. Landscape studies carried out in recent decades have been conducted from two fundamental perspectives: an objective one, which focuses on the evaluation of the natural quality of the landscape, and a subjective one, aimed at appreciating its perception and beauty. As far as this work is concerned, the cartographies generated from these natural resources prioritize geomorphology as a central element in the configuration of the landscape. In addition, these maps synthesize information on lithology and vegetation, reflecting their visual attributes in a comprehensive manner [12; 13]. The cartography model implemented in the Arribes del Duero Natural Park constitutes an exhaustive analysis of the resources of the natural environment. The assignment of values is carried out by means of a weighting of different parametric cartographies by considering a multiplicity of criteria and coefficients, which are adjusted according to intrinsic or extrinsic variables. This complexity requires the process to be automatic and leads to the creation of interpretative and synthetic cartographies, based on GIS techniques. The validation of these cartographies, in order to guarantee their accuracy, was carried out by means of direct methods through direct observation in the field, where different aspects of the landscape were recorded and analyzed. Photographs were also taken. In this way, the landscape units identified in the field through these direct methods are in precise agreement with those obtained by means of the cartography methodology based on indirect methods.