# Novel Approach Sizing and Routing of Wireless Sensor Networks for Applications in Smart Cities
###### Abstract  
Citizens are expected to require the growth of multiple Internet of Things (IoT) -based applications to improve public and private services. According to their concept, smart cities seek to improve the efficiency, reliability, and resilience of these services. Consequently, this paper searches for a new vision for resolving problems related to the quick deployment of a wireless sensor network (WSN) by using a sizing model and considering the capacity and coverage of the concentrators. Additionally, three different routing models of these technology resources are presented as alternatives for each WSN deployment to ensure connectivity between smart meters and hubs required for smart metering. On the other hand, these solutions must reduce costs when this type of wireless communication network is deployed. The present work proposes various optimization models that consider the physical and network layers in order to integrate different wireless communication technologies, thus reducing costs in terms of the minimum number of data aggregation points. Using a heterogeneous wireless network can reduce resource costs and energy consumption in comparison to a single cellular technology, as proposed in previous works. This work proposes a sizing model and three different models for routing wireless networks. In each case, constraints are evaluated and can be associated with different real-world scenarios. This document provides an optimization model that encompasses all of the proposed constraints; due to the combinatorial nature of the problem, this would require a heuristic technique. s 2021 21 4692 20  
services effective, such as traffic management systems, health management (telemedicine), rubbish collection systems, and image recognition systems, among others [5,6]. Therefore, the deployment and routing of a wireless sensor network (WSN) that is responsible for sending and receiving information to the central office must ensure interconnection with each sensor because the information often goes through several sensors before it reaches the central office. This situation indicates that it is necessary to optimize the number of hops in order to reduce energy consumption in the routing process [7]. Most research in this area is related to IoT in the frame of prototypes and various applications with sensors as emerging technologies, but when it is required to scale to services for smart cities, the context changes because it involves the interconnection of multiple sensors installed for various services. Furthermore, information from multiple sensors must be shared with a central office; therefore, the need to determine the size of a wireless sensor network is justified. Recent research presented possible technologies for specific uses of IoT in smart cities, such as a low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) known as LoRa, which is the type of LPWAN technology that is most often suggested due to its low power consumption and the ease of performing multiple hops. This is a trendy aspect, and it marks the possibility of heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. The present work provides the possibility of promptly using several wireless sensors for IoT applications in smart city services with management from the central offices of a public or private company through optimal sizing and routing [8, 9, 10]. Thus, in this work, we present a sizing model that minimizes the number of concentrators or data aggregation points (DAPs) in the set of candidate sites where these DAPs can be installed. The poles or peaks of the electrical distribution network that have an approximate height of 10-15 m are assumed as candidate sites. Furthermore, the DAP capacity considers the maximum number of sensors simultaneously connected in each wireless technology's coverage radius for each DAP. Therefore, this constraint is incorporated into the optimization model.