## 1 Introduction
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline
**Works** & **Multi-Hop Technology** & **Applications** & **Major Study** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[4]} & \multirow{4}{*}{2.4 GHz, IEEE 802.15.4} & \multirow{4}{*}{Agricultural field surveillance} & \(\bullet\) & The development of a multi-hop network for agricultural field surveillance \\  & & & \(\bullet\) & The evaluation of RSSI levels, the number of packets sent, packet losses, battery voltage, and residual capacity \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[5]} & \multirow{4}{*}{IEEE 802.11 af-compliant network} & Deployment of a multi-hop network in a university (University of San Carlos) & \(\bullet\) & The implementation and evaluation of a multi-hop network at the University of San Carlos \\  & & & \(\bullet\) & Throughput evaluation \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[6]} & \multirow{4}{*}{2.4 GHz, IEEE 802.15.4} & \(\bullet\) & Monitoring the health of heritage buildings \\  & & & Rognosa tower in the medieval village of San & The development of a real-time WSN for monitoring the health of heritage buildings \\  & & & Gimignano, Tuscany, Italy \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[7]} & \multirow{4}{*}{Mica2 motes with Chipcon frequency} & \(\bullet\) & Wildfire tracking \\  & & & \(\bullet\) & Pinole Point Regional Park \\  & & & (Contra Costa County, \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & California, near San Francisco) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[8]} & \multirow{4}{*}{Arduino Nano board with the 2.4 GHz nrf24L01 module} & \multirow{4}{*}{Forest fire detection} & The development of a WSN system for forest fire identification \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[9]} & \multirow{4}{*}{2.4 GHz, IEEE802.15.4} & \multirow{4}{*}{Multi-hop WSN for different environments} & \(\bullet\) & The development of a multi-hop WSN for different environments \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & \(\bullet\) & The evaluation of communication reliability in terms of the PDR \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: A comparison between related works and this work. [PERSON] et al. [5] detailed the implementation of a multi-hop network at the University of San Carlos using an IEEE 802.11 af-compliant network. The two-hop communication was tested, with the first hop being a line-of-sight (LoS) case and the second being a non-line-of-sight (NLoS) scenario. The installed network achieved a highest throughput of 4.81 Mbps for the uplink and 4.93 Mbps for the downlink using a single channel. Rain had a significant impact on the quality of service (QoS), with a 17.76% decline in throughput noted. The authors also demonstrated that the system could transmit voices and data over Skype. A real-time WSN method for monitoring the health of heritage buildings was developed in [6]. The multi-hop network was built with humidity, temperature, masonry crack, rain gauge, and light sensors. Sensor nodes with the CC2420 RF module, the IEEE802.15.4 standard, were employed on the Rognosa tower in the medieval village of San Gimignano, Tuscany, Italy. The experimental findings showed that a battery-saving approach with a low-power mode and wake-up option could increase the network lifespan. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [7] described wildfire tracking using a multi-hop WSN. During planned test fires, sensor nodes recorded temperature, relative humidity, and barometric pressure in a field at Pinole Point Regional Park (Contra Costa County, California, near San Francisco). TinyOS was used to set up ten sensor nodes using Mica2 motes with Chipcon 1000 RF modules (at 433 MHz) and combined with global position systems (GPSs). The authors reported that their system successfully delivered data, and they advised that the sensor nodes should be positioned 0.5 m above the top of the fuel to prevent transmission packet loss. The authors of [8] also stated that forest fires have become a significant danger around the globe, causing damage to human habitats and forest ecosystems. Particularly, a higher percentage of forest fires are from human activities.