## 1 Introduction
### Review of Chosen Former Intense Earthquakes  
Between 1998 and 2017, earthquakes caused about 750,000 deaths globally, accounting for over half of all fatalities from natural disasters ([[https://www.who.int/health-topics/earthquakes#tab=tab_1](https://www.who.int/health-topics/earthquakes#tab=tab_1)]([https://www.who.int/health-topics/earthquakes#tab=tab_1](https://www.who.int/health-topics/earthquakes#tab=tab_1)), accessed on 19 August 2024). During this period, earthquakes affected over 125 million people, leading to injuries, homelessness, displacement, or evacuation during the emergency phase ([[https://www.who.int/health-topics/earthquakes#tab=tab_1](https://www.who.int/health-topics/earthquakes#tab=tab_1)]([https://www.who.int/health-topics/earthquakes#tab=tab_1](https://www.who.int/health-topics/earthquakes#tab=tab_1)), accessed on 19 August 2024). A study by [2] provides valuable information concerning the intensity of earthquakes and the damage observed in Greece and its surroundings from 550 B.C. to 1975. Historically, numerous massive earthquakes have resulted in significant death tolls and extensive damage to infrastructure. For instance, the eruption of the volcano Vesuvius in 79 AD led to the infamous Pompeii earthquake, causing up to 16,000 deaths and completely covering the city of Pompeii in ash and lava [3]. In 1700, the west coast of the United States experienced a catastrophic earthquake with an estimated magnitude of 8.7-9.2 [4]. Between 1811 and 1812, the New Madrid Seismic Zone in the central United States was hit by a series of powerful earthquakes, with magnitudes ranging from 7.2 to 8.2, causing widespread damage and altering the course of the Mississippi River [5]. In 1755, a 9.0 magnitude earthquake devastated Lisbon, resulting in an estimated death toll of 60,000 to 100,000 people in Portugal, Spain, and Morocco due to the earthquake, subsequent fires, and a tsunami [6]. The San Francisco Earthquake of 1906, one of the largest earthquakes in the United States, with a magnitude of 7.9, caused extensive destruction in San Francisco and resulted in an estimated death toll of approximately 3000 people [7]. The 1960 earthquake, also known as the Great Chilean earthquake, is the most powerful earthquake ever recorded worldwide. It occurred in the Valdivia region of Chile and is estimated to have measured between 9.4 and 9.6 on the Richter scale. The earthquake resulted in around 1600 deaths, thousands of injuries, and widespread damage to infrastructure, industries, and agriculture [8]. The Great Alaska Earthquake of 1964, with a magnitude of 9.2, caused extensive damage to Southcentral Alaska and triggered a massive tsunami, remaining the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in North America [9]. The Kobe earthquake in 1995, with a magnitude of 7.2, caused significant damage in Kobe, Japan, resulting in over 5500 deaths, more than 41,000 injuries, and the destruction of over 100,000 homes [10]. In 2011, Japan was struck by a massive 9.0 magnitude earthquake, leading to a triple disaster involving an earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear accident, resulting in approximately 20,000 deaths and injuries to more than 6000 people. Over 470,000 people were evacuated from their homes [11]. The disaster also triggered a severe accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant, considered one of the worst nuclear incidents in history [12]. The earthquake resulted in financial losses of approximately USD 200 billion, making it the costliest in history. In 2015, a devastating 7.8 magnitude earthquake hit Gorkha, Nepal, claiming more than 9000 lives, injuring over 23,000 people, and displacing millions. The earthquake triggered avalanches and landslides and destroyed around 500,000 buildings [13]. The 2023 Gaziantep earthquake in Turkey, with a magnitude of 7.8, is the most severe natural disaster ever recorded in the history of both Turkey and Syria. The earthquake resulted in an estimated 50,000 fatalities in both countries.