# Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Determination of Spectral Fundamental Parameters
## 5 Experimental Determination of Spectral Parameters by LIBS
### Determination of Transition Probabilities
Transition probabilities of 30 transitions belonging to 5d\({}^{10}\)6s(8s, 7p, 5f, 5g) electron configurations of Pb III (20 measured for the first time) were experimentally obtained by [PERSON] [117] in 2010. A lead sample with a purity of 99.99% was irradiated with Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm in a 6 Torr argon atmosphere so that no self-absorption effects were observed. The same author [118] obtained experimentally the transition probabilities of 97 Sn I lines using a Pb-Sn sample. The relative values were put on an absolute scale using the available lifetimes of the upper states of the transition. In 2011, the experimental determination of the Stark width for 21 Fe II lines with wavelengths in the range 260-300 nm [75] and 26 Fe II lines in the range 230-260 nm [76] was done. The plasmas were generated from a set of Fe-Cu alloys (iron contents in the range 0.5 wt%-25 wt%) [75] and Fe-Cu/Fe-Ni samples [76], respectively. In these papers, the error due to self-absorption was estimated by authors to be lower than 10%. In another similar work, the same year [PERSON] et al. [77] obtained transition probabilities of 19 Ni II lines using the curve-of-growth method for taking into account the self-absorption effects in nickel samples with concentrations in a range between 0.11 at% and 27 at%. [PERSON] et al. [119] exploited the optical emission spectra of the LIP generated by a Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm wavelength to determine the transition probabilities of 48 emission lines of the transition array 3d\({}^{8}\)4s-3d\({}^{8}\)4p of Ni II (17 of which were measured for the first time). The authors used 12 home-made nickel-copper alloys samples with concentrations in the range between 0.11 at% and 27 at%. The self-absorption effects were compensated using the curve-of-growth method. In 2013, [PERSON] et al. [120] determined experimentally the transition probabilities for 37 spectral lines of Re II (15 of them were obtained for the first time) from a LIBS plasma produced by Nd:YAG laser irradiation of a low rhenium content Zn-Re alloy. The electron number density and temperature of the plasma were evaluated. The relative intensities were put on an absolute scale combining the branching ratios with the evaluation of the line lifetimes and by comparison with known spectral lines. The same year, [PERSON] et al. [121] studied the spectral emission of a LIBS neon plasma produced by irradiation of a Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm. The transition probabilities of 30 spectral lines of neon for transitions arising from 2p\({}^{5}\)3p upper and 2p\({}^{5}\)3s electron configurations were measured with the branching ratios method. The absolute values of the transition probabilities were obtained from the relative line strengths considering the lifetimes of the excited states. In 2015, [PERSON] et al. [56] applied the C-Sigma method for the determination of 9 Ca II transition probabilities (5 of which measured for the first time) from the 4d, 5s, 5d and 6s configurations. The authors used a fused glass (lithium borate) target added with high purity CaCO\({}_{3}\) and Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) for reference. Ca in the samples ranged from 0.07 at% to 1 at%. [PERSON] et al. [122] in the same year experimentally determined 112 Mo II oscillator strengths (79 of which measured for the first time). The plasma was generated in air at atmospheric pressure from a fused glass target added with molybdenum oxide. Mo concentration was in the range of 0.1%. The relative intensities were reported on an absolute scale by considering the branching fractions ant the lifetimes of the upper levels of the transitions. In 2016, [PERSON] et al. [123] measured the oscillator strengths of highly excited levels of 161 Mo II lines (148 of which measured for the first time). The authors used fused glass samples added with molybdenum oxide. In 2018, [PERSON] et al. [124] obtained the transition probabilities of 46 spectral lines of Mn II (28 of which measured for the first time) using the C-sigma graph method. They used glass disks prepared from pure MnO at different concentrations.