## 3 Suggested Framework for Asset Digitalization and Management
### Asset Models for Digitalization and Management
#### 3.2.1 The Asset Basic Definition Model  
This model follows the guidelines outlined in the IEC 81346-1:2022 [35] and ISO 14224:2016 [34] standards and defines the complete set of asset data and information inherently available across various information systems and applications used in asset management (Figure 3):  
* Physical Asset Registration Code. Each physical asset is assigned an individual and non-transferable code. This code serves as a unique identifier for that specific asset. The assigned code is solely for identification purposes and has no inherent connection to other characteristics or attributes of the asset.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline  & **Classification** & **Description** & **Main References** \\ \hline
1. & Conceptualization and Definitions & Foundational concepts of “digitization”, \"digitalization”, and “digital transformation”, exploring their implications for asset management. Standardized frameworks offering high-level guidance for modularity, interoperability, and lifecycle management. & [4,9] \\
3. & Advanced Models for Digitalization and Predictive Management & Integration of IoT, digital twins, and models like the Asset Health Index (AHI) to enable predictive management and lifecycle optimization. & [39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45] \\
4. & Practical Applications and Case Studies & Case studies demonstrating how the discussed architectures and models can be implemented in specific scenarios, such as critical infrastructure & [29; 36; 55; 56] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: References discussed in this section.  
* Asset Class. Class determines the technical aspects of asset maintenance tasks. Subclasses (or types as per the IEC 81346 standard) can be used to establish distinctions within the same class. This aspect aligns with the type-oriented forming structure following the IEC 81346 standard and the taxonomy generation introduced in standard ISO 14224:2016 [34].
* Asset Functional Location. The physical or logical location where an asset is installed or used. This could be a specific room, building, piece of equipment, or any other defined area where an asset performs its intended function. A complex system can be represented by a tree of functional locations, also known as a functional structure. This aspect aligns with the function-oriented structure defined by the standard IEC 81346. A physical asset may occupy different functional locations at different times throughout its useful life.
* Asset Reference System. Different systems, from global satellite navigation to local cartography and specialized environments, may utilize specific coordinate reference systems to accurately represent and manage assets. The reference system becomes an integral part of asset definition, especially in distributed networks, and is essential for effective analysis, visualization, and maintenance purposes.  
This basic definition of the asset is independent of the interfaces required to manage the asset, which are shown in Figure 1 as BI Apps. The basic model will be limited and stable, while the number of interfaces will be as many as deemed necessary, adapting to the needs of the different roles and users involved in the management.