# Tailoring the V-Model for Optics: A Methodology for Optomechatronic Systems
## 4 Application Example
### Domain-Specific Design: Non-Sequential Detailed Design of a High-Resolution Lighting System  
In order to achieve a comprehensive trade-off between optical efficiency and image quality, a detailed design of the high-resolution lighting system was carried out on the basis of the concept presented in Section 1.2. First, the superior decisions that led to the detailed  
Figure 11: Cross-domain solution concept of a high-resolution lighting system according to [9].  
design shown in Figure 12 are explained, followed by a discussion of potentials to increase optical efficiency.  
To illuminate the active area of the modulator, the Osram Oslon(r) Boost HL LED has been selected as a light source. Taking into account the Etendue of the DLP7000, used as light modulator, a \(2\times 4\) LED array can be implemented for light generation. In order to realize an Etendue-preserving system, a telecentric system architecture is determined for the high-resolution lighting system, implemented using a TIR prism to ensure sufficient separation of the illumination and projection paths [30, 81].  
A homogeneous illumination of the active area of the modulator, with the objective to reduce luminous flux losses due to an illumination overfill, and the application of identical LEDs for the LED array allows the use of identical LED optics. Designed as a collimator to achieve efficient use of the light emitted by the LEDs, the LED optics are combined to create a lens array. The homogeneous illumination of the active area of the modulator is achieved by means of the subsequent converging and free-form lenses. Depending on the position of the micromirrors, the incident light on the active area of the modulator is projected into the application area via a three-lens projection system. The image quality of the projection system has been analyzed in the work of [PERSON] [17].  
Based on an analysis of the detailed optical design, [PERSON] identified in [17] various areas in the optical path where different measures can be performed to increase the optical efficiency. In the following, an excerpt of possible solutions to increase the optical efficiency is presented using the example of the TIR prism, taking into account interdependencies between the domains mechanics and optics (cf. Figure 8).  
Alignment deviations between the TIR prism and the active area of the modulator, which for example lead to rotation, tilting or displacement of the components relative to one another, have a significant influence on the illumination overfill of the active area of the modulator and thus on the efficiency of the system. To minimize the influence of alignment deviations, it is therefore recommended to use a single optomechanical mount to embed both components. The mounting shall be designed in such a manner that the tolerances of position between the two components are maintained during assembly and operation, that twisting, tilting and/or displacement between the two components is prevented, and that centering is achieved at the same time.  
One optical approach to increase the system efficiency is to integrate the optical function of the free-form lens into one of the two prism halves of the TIR prism [82].  
Figure 12: Non-sequential detailed design of a high-resolution lighting system according to [17].  
Although not described in [82] by [PERSON], this approach is suitable to increase the system efficiency, since a reduction in the number of optical elements in the system also reduces the losses due to scattered and reflected light at the individual optical elements.  
The example of the non-sequential detailed design of the high-resolution lighting system allows us to illustrate how, by integrating the method for the sequential and non-sequential detailed design into the process to develop optomechatronic systems, targeted measures can be realized to address the conflict of objectives between high optical efficiency and image quality during the development of these systems.