esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Four-Dimensional Thermal Analysis of 888 nm Pumped Nd:YVO4 Dual-Rod Acousto-Optic Q-Switched Laser
## 3 Experimental Setup
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Symbol** & **Value (Ref.)** & **Symbol** & **Value (Ref.)** \\ \hline \(\lambda_{\text{p}}\) & 888 nm & \(T_{0}\) & 298 K (25 \({}^{\circ}\)C) \\ \(\lambda_{\text{s}}\) & 1064 nm & \(K_{\text{a}}\) & 5.10 W/(mK) [16] \\ \(\lambda_{\text{f}}\) & 1032 nm [6] & \(K_{\text{c}}\) & 5.23 W/(mK) [16] \\ \(l\) & 63 cm & \(\rho\) & 4.22 g/cm\({}^{3}\)[16] \\ \(l_{\text{m}}\) & 6 cm & \(C_{\text{p}}\) & 0.56 /gK [16] \\ \(l_{\text{c}}\) & 2.5 cm & \(H\) & \(2\times 10^{4}\) Wm\({}^{2}\)K [27] \\ \(w\) & 2 mm & \(\sigma_{\text{ap0}}(T_{0})\) & \(1.2\times 10^{-24}\) m\({}^{2}\)[1] \\ \(h\) & 2 mm & \(\sigma_{\text{e80}}(T_{0})\) & \(15.6\times 10^{-23}\) m\({}^{2}\)[31] \\ \(n_{\text{tot}}\) & \(6.24\times 10^{25}\) /m\({}^{3}\) & \(n_{\text{o}}\) & 1.96 [32] \\ \(W_{\text{up}}\) & \(0.8\times 10^{-21}\) m\({}^{3}\)/s [28] & \(n_{\text{e}}\) & 2.17 [32] \\ \(\tau_{1}\) & 530 ps [29] & \(n_{\text{m}}\) & 1.45 [25] \\ \(\tau_{4}\) & 104.29 μs, 0.5\% at. [10] & \(T_{\text{OC}}\) & 0.57 \\ \(\tau_{\text{up}}\) & 20 ns [22] & \(L\) & 0.02 \\ \(\beta_{40}\) & 0.420 [30] & \(\delta_{0}\) & 0.8 [25] \\ \(\beta_{41}\) & 0.467 [30] & \(t_{\text{s}}\) & 60 nm [25] \\ \(\beta_{42}\) & 0.110 [30] & \(t_{\text{on}}\) & 5 μs \\ \(\beta_{43}\) & 0.003 [30] & \(\omega_{0}\) & 420 μs \\ \(S\) & \(10^{-11}\)[22] & \(\omega_{\text{p0}}\) & 450 μs \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: The parameters used in this work. Figure 2: Experimental setup of the dual-rod acousto-optic Q-switched laser systems with the corresponding coordinate frames: LD, laser diode; Xtal, crystal; AOM, acoustic optical modulator; M, mirror; DM, dichroic mirror.
# Evaluating CHIRPS and ERA5 for Long-Term Runoff Modelling with SWAT in Alpine Headwaters
## 3 Results
### Performance Evaluation Using Gauge Observations
The positive and statistically significant \(TP_{month}\) is observed in January (for 44% of gauges), February (for 33% of gauges) and August (for 78% of gauges). The \(TP_{month}\) is also positive for May and November, while it is negative in April and October. The precipitation trends from the CHIRPS and ERA5 products were compared to the observed trends (see Table 11). The precipitation trends are generally overestimated by both products. Generally, the CHIRPS shows lower \(TP\) bias, and ERA5 shows lower absolute error and lower discrepancy in the \(TP\) significance to the observed trend. The annual trends at lower elevations are significantly overestimated by both products (\(MAE\_TP=98\%\) CHIRPS, 44% ERA5), which is mainly contributed by overestimated trends in the warm season in valleys. The spatial performance for the annual \(TP\) follows the spatial performance for the annual \(P\). The CHIRPS show a higher performance than ERA5 in catchments b1 Sill (\(MAE\_TP=6\) mm \(10\mathrm{y}^{-1}\) CHIRPS, 10 mm \(10\mathrm{y}^{-1}\) ERA5) and b2 Drava (\(MAE\_TP=27\) mm \(10\mathrm{y}^{-1}\) CHIRPS, 33 mm \(10\mathrm{y}^{-1}\) ERA5) and a lower performance than ERA5 in catchment b3 Isel (\(MAE\_TP=42\) mm \(10\mathrm{y}^{-1}\) CHIRPS, 32 mm \(10\mathrm{y}^{-1}\) ERA5). Both products show poor estimates of the seasonal precipitation trends in catchment b2 Drava with an opposite warm seasonal trend and an underestimated cold seasonal trend. For the monthly time step, the ERA5 shows a stronger correlation around the linear regression  
Figure 7: Error in annual (**top**) and monthly (**bottom**) precipitation estimates (\(P\)) for all gauges (**left**) and boxplots per elevation bands and catchments (**right**). The boxplot depicts the 25 th, 50 th and 75 th percentile of the monthly precipitation bias, while the whiskers represent the extreme values. (\(R^{2}\_TP\) = 0.37 CHIRPS, 0.63 ERA5) and a slightly lower error (\(MAE\_TP\) = 9.5 mm 10y\({}^{-1}\) CHIRPS, 7.5 mm 10y\({}^{-1}\) ERA5), Figure 8. The bias in _TP_ significance shows a lower number of missed significances in the monthly trends by the ERA5 product (24% misses for CHIRPS, 20% misses for ERA5). Both GPPs captured statistically significant positive _TP_ for January, Februray and August and a statistically significant negative April trend, but only ERA5 replicated negative _TP_ in June and October.
# pH-Responsive Hollow Polymeric Microspheres from Irradiated Cyclic Ether Aqueous Solution
###### Abstract
However, most studies on the radiation synthesis of hollow microspheres employ water-in-oil microemulsions or micelles as templates [19; 20], and the following cross-linking of the shells occurs during irradiation to fabricate stable hollow structures. In addition, the multi-step synthesis processes are still required, including the preparation and removal of the templates. According to our knowledge, despite numerous reports about the preparation of'smart' hollow microspheres by using various methods, one-step construction starting from small molecules without any templates is still lacking. Moreover, among the enormous interest in developing advanced properties of the'smart' hollow microspheres, one of the emerging areas is the combination of the reversible controlled-structure transition with delivery application [21]. The triggered transition from large-scale objects to constituent particles permits on-demand release of entrapped matters, which is important for applications in industries such as oil field engineering and biomedical fields. Therefore, it is highly desirable to develop a simple route to prepare stimuli-responsive hollow microspheres with reversible structure transition abilities. In this work, we reported the construction of well-defined hollow microspheres via a one-step \(\gamma\)-irradiation procedure using simple cyclic ethers without double bonds as monomers in aqueous solution. The possible formation mechanism of hollow microspheres was proposed. When irradiated in water, due to the reaction with OH radicals, the rings of cyclic ethers were opened to be converted to amphiphilic polymers containing functional groups (OH, CHO, and COOH groups), which was identified in our previous work [22]. Then, the amphiphilic polymers would be self-organized into hollow microspheres at a suitable irradiation time. Furthermore, the pH stimuli-responsiveness, the controlled morphology transition, and the possibility as controlled delivery systems of the prepared hollow microspheres were studied in detail via a combination method of confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and labeling of dyes. The radiation-synthesized hollow polymeric microspheres exhibit obvious pH stimuli-responsiveness and can release the encapsulated hydrophobic molecules at pH above 5.0. Moreover, the reversible disassembly/assembly behavior between hollow microspheres and amphiphilic polymer micelles could be repeated several times.
## 3 Results
### Other Types of Nanoparticles  
Finally, three other types of nanoparticles were studied that also based their cytotoxic effect on the encapsulation of plant extracts. Initially, [PERSON] et al. (2022) synthesized calcium phosphate nanoparticles loaded with a functional extract from _Euphoria lathyris_ seeds. It was shown that this nanoformulation was able to encapsulate in its interior two bioactive compounds derived from this seed, esculetin and euphorbein, thus eliminating elements without bioactive capacities contained in the seeds during synthesis. It was shown that the encapsulation of euphorbein and esculetin in nanoparticles was able to increase the cytotoxic effect of these bioactive agents compared to their isolated use. In addition, these nanoformulations showed in vivo hemocompatibility and absence of toxicity in non-tumor cell lines. On the other hand, the authors performed an in vivo study using a model of colorectal cancer induced from AOM/DSS, demonstrating a reduction in the number and size of malignant polyps after treatment with these nanoparticles [42]. A second study was based on the production of functional extracts from _Garcinia mangostana_ fruit peel and the synthesis of iron nanoformulations from these extracts. While the free extract had an IC\({}_{50}\) of 133 \(\upmu\)g/mL in the HCT-116 cell line, its encapsulation in nanoparticles led to a decrease of this value to 99.8 \(\upmu\)g/mL. In addition, unlike the other nanoformulations mentioned above, by possessing a magnetic iron core, hyperthermia experiments could be performed. This application was used to increase the cytotoxicity of these nanoformulations in the tumor cell line [43].  
The last nanoformulation studied was synthesized by [PERSON] et al. (2017), consisting of two solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) coated with chitosan and encapsulating 70% ethanolic extracts of _Cimanumum assia_ bark and _Origanum vulgare_ leaves. In this case, after studying the cytotoxic capacity of the free and encapsulated extracts in the nanoformulations in the CRC cell line HCT-116, IC\({}_{50}\) values of 19.90 \(\upmu\)g/mL were obtained for the cinnam extract and of 26.48 \(\upmu\)g/mL for the oregano extract. Meanwhile, the values were 29.80 \(\upmu\)g/mL for SLNs encapsulating the cinnam extract and 37.22 \(\upmu\)g/mL for NPs encapsulating the oregano extract. The cytotoxic effect exerted by nanoencapsulation of these extracts was generated by inducing cell apoptosis. Finally, this study showed the synergistic potential of these extracts with the drug 5-FU, which could be a possible therapeutic option to reduce the concentration of the traditional chemotherapeutic agent used, thereby reducing its side effects [44].
# Review of GIS-Based Applications for Mining: Planning, Operation, and Environmental Management
## 3 Mine Planning Using GISs  
GIS-based research on mine planning is generally classified into four topics: ore reserve estimation, open pit optimization, mine infrastructure design, and potential conflict region analysis.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Separation of Cr(VI) from Mixed Ion Solution  
Industrial wastewaters contain mixtures of heavy metal ions and other anionic species. In this study, the Aliquat 336/PolyHIPE membrane was used for the recovery of Cr(VI) from a simulated wastewater mixture. The composition of the mixture solution was based on a wastewater from local (Taichung, Taiwan) electroplating plant: Cr(VI) (53.2 mg/L), Ni(II) (65.0 mg/L), Mg(II) (81.8 mg/L), Cu(II) (42.4 mg/L), SO\({}_{4}\)2\({}^{-}\) (245.0 mg/L), and F\({}^{-}\) (84.30 mg/L), at pH 4.0.  
Table 4 shows the results of separation. The recovery rate of Cr(VI) is as high as 95.09%, even under the interference of high concentrations of SO\({}_{4}\)2\({}^{-}\) and F\({}^{-}\). The separation factor of Cr(VI)/SO\({}_{4}\)2\({}^{-}\) and Cr(VI)/F\({}^{-}\) is 27.19 and 11.17, respectively. The high separation factor demonstrates that Aliquat 336/PolyHIPE membrane has potential for practical application in the recovery of Cr(VI) from industrial wastewater.
# Age and Source of the Jinjingzui Skarn-Type Gold Deposit in the Southeastern Hubei Province, China
## 4 Analytical Results
### Sulfur and Lead Isotopic  
Six pyrite samples from the Jinjingzui Au deposit \(\xi^{34}\)S\({}_{\text{V-PDB}}\)(%) ranged from \(-\)2.4% to \(-\)8.4% (Table 3), having an average value of \(-\)3.1%. \({}^{206}\)Pb\({}_{-204}\)Pb, \({}^{207}\)Pb\({}_{-204}\)Pb, \({}^{208}\)Pb\({}_{-204}\)Pb contents ranged from 17.77-18.58, 15.48-15.67 to 37.91-39.05, with average values of 18.14, 15.59 and 38.49, respectively (Table 3).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sample** & **Mineral** & **\(\xi^{34}\)S (\%)** & **\({}^{206}\)Pb/\({}^{204}\)Pb** & **\({}^{207}\)Pb/\({}^{204}\)Pb** & **\({}^{208}\)Pb/\({}^{204}\)Pb** & **\({}^{208}\)Pb/\({}^{206}\)Pb** & **\({}^{208}\)Pb/\({}^{207}\)Pb** & **\({}^{206}\)Pb/\({}^{207}\)Pb** \\ \hline JJZ-10 & pyrite & 5.9 & 18.020 & 15.610 & 38.650 & 2.145 & 2.477 & 1.155 \\ JJZ-11 & pyrite & 2.3 & 17.770 & 15.480 & 37.910 & 2.134 & 2.449 & 1.144 \\ JJZ-12 & pyrite & \(-\)2.4 & 17.930 & 15.570 & 38.300 & 2.136 & 2.460 & 1.151 \\ JJZ-13 & pyrite & 2.2 & 18.170 & 15.620 & 38.510 & 2.119 & 2.465 & 1.163 \\ JJZ-15 & pyrite & 2.2 & 18.580 & 15.670 & 39.050 & 2.101 & 2.492 & 1.186 \\ JJZ-16 & pyrite & 8.4 & 18.350 & 15.590 & 38.540 & 2.101 & 2.473 & 1.176 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: S-Pb isotopic data of pyrite from Jinjingzui Au deposit.  
Figure 10: Re–Os weighted average model ages (**a**) and isochron age (**b**) of molybdenite from the Jinjingzui Au deposit.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Samples** & **Weight (g)** & **\(w\)(Re) (\(\times\)10–)** & **\(w\)(Commons Os)** & **\(w\)(\({}^{48}\)Fe)** (\(\times\)10–)** & **\(w\)(\({}^{48}\)Os)** (\(\times\)10–)** & **Age (Ma)** \\ \hline JJZ-1-1 & 0.00221 & 2018.58 & 26.76 & 0.1309 & 0.04 & 1268.72 & 16.82 & 2935.85 & 22.2 & 138.7 & 2.5 \\ JJZ-1-2 & 0.00245 & 1962.52 & 28.06 & 2.5859 & 0.04 & 1210.86 & 17.64 & 2798.81 & 16.4 & 138.6 & 2.6 \\ JZ-1-1 & 0.00255 & 1775.82 & 24.35 & 1.0373 & 0.05 & 1116.14 & 15.31 & 2577.37 & 18.4 & 138.4 & 2.5 \\ JZ-4-2 & 0.00234 & 847.91 & 13.29 & 0.3173 & 0.02 & 532.93 & 8.35 & 1238.80 & 8.5 & 139.4 & 2.7 \\ JZ-4-3 & 0.00222 & 1813.77 & 29.09 & 0.6757 & 0.05 & 1139.99 & 18.29 & 2663.06 & 15.8 & 140.1 & 2.8 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Re–Os isotopic data of molybdenites from the Jinjingzui Au deposit.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Photocatalytic Tests  
Photocatalytic technology is an important technique for eliminating dyes in sewage water. The photocatalytic degradation characteristics of the biosynthesized NPs in MB dye solution was conducted under UV irradiation. Under irradiation, electrons through the valence band are excited and travel to the conduction band, which creates holes in the valence band. Generally, the electrons form \(O_{2}^{-}\) species through reaction with oxygen, while the holes form hydroxyl radicals through reaction with OH ions. Hence, oxidizing species can attack and oxidize organic pollutants. Usually, the proper photocatalytic activity of ZnO products can be related to the number of defects [58; 59].  
The degradation rate of MB was calculated as follow [60]:  
\[\text{degradation }\%\text{= }(\text{A}_{0}-\text{A})/\text{A}_{0}\times 100 \tag{3}\]  
where A\({}_{0}\) is the absorbance at t = 0 min and A is the absorbance after treatment. According to Figure 6a, it is obvious that the absorbance peak was reduced significantly (after 200 min). Indeed, the biosynthesized ZnO NPs show a noticeable reduction in intensity, thus indicating the degradation of the dye molecules. Figure 6b depicts the degree of degradation of the MB solution obtained with ZnO NPs after UV radiation over time. It is obvious that the maximum degradation of around 80% was obtained after 200 min. In a similar study on photocatalytic degradation of MB dye with ZnO-_Camellia sinensis_ NPs, the same result of approximately 80% degradation in 120 min was obtained [61].  
Figure 6: (a) UV absorption spectra (black line: 0 min to purple line: 200 min in 25 min increments) and (b) degradation percentage of methylene blue (50 ppm) by photocatalysis with the biosynthesized ZnO NPs under UV irradiation.
# Application and Evaluation of the Gaofen-3 Satellite on a Terrain Survey with InSAR Technology
## 1 Introduction  
Interferometric SAR (InSAR) technology, an important application technique for SAR satellites for earth observation, can be used for height measurement and surface deformation monitoring [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6]. Currently, there are many international satellites available for the regular use of InSAR technology. However, China is only at the beginning of this stage. Gaofen-3 is a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite developed by the China Academy of Space Technology and was launched with a CZ-4 carrier rocket from Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center on 10 August 2016 [2]. Table 1 shows the basic parameters of InSAR satellites globally and Gaofen-3 in particular [2; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15].  
Gaofen-3, as a domestic SAR satellite that achieves interferometric imaging for the first time in China's civilian field, is of great significance. The satellite platform was equipped with a C-band SAR sensor, which can acquire high-resolution SAR images based on the phased array system. The observation width of Gaofen-3 is 10-650 km and the spatial resolution is 1-500 m. It has 12 imaging modes, including band, scanning, sliding beam, double aperture superfine and wave imaging modes as well as global observation imaging mode for ocean applications. It has a high resolution, large imaging width and multi-imaging modes. Furthermore, it can expand the observation range and improve the fast response capability by left and right position maneuvering. Table 2 lists the imaging modes and parameters of Gaofen-3 [2]. At present, the research on Gaofen-3 is mainly focused on the improvement of its geometric positioning accuracy [16], the application of ocean wind or wave retrieval [17; 18] and ship detection [19]. However, there is a lack of research on the interferometric capability of Gaofen-3, especially the interferometric measurement of terrain elevation with its SAR images.  
This paper attempts to explore and evaluate the interferometric capability of Gaofen-3. It is necessary to examine whether the satellite can perform interferometry and to evaluate its interferometric measurement accuracy as well. In the study, an interferometric data set from the Dengfeng area, China, was used to obtain elevation maps. The data set was processed through a series of processing, including high-accuracy InSAR image co-registration, interferometry processing, and interferogram flattening, phase filtering, phase unwrapping and so on. Then two kinds of digital elevation model (DEM) data were used to compare and evaluate the accuracy of the interferometric measurement of Gaofen-3 satellite data, respectively. One is GCPs data from six corner reflectors in the study area. The other is 1:2000-scale digital elevation model (DEM) data, which was obtained from an aerial survey. Finally, for comparison with other SAR sensors and further analysis of the interferometric measurement capability of Chinese SAR satellites, we processed the dataset of the same area acquired by the Chinese non-civilian Yaogan-29 satellite with the same methods.
## 4 Results on ML/DL-Based Adaptive Modulation
### Key Characteristics of Adaptive Modulation Techniques  
Tables 12 and 13 provide a comparison of the key characteristics for selected adaptive modulation techniques in SC-UWA and MC-UWA communication systems, respectively. Similar to Tables 6 and 7, the comparisons include bandwidth, transmitter-receiver (Tx-Rx) distance, modulation schemes, system types, subcarriers, and CP attributes.  
To summarize, adaptive modulation techniques in SC-UWA and MC-UWA systems offer diverse configurations suited for varying underwater conditions. SC-UWA studies explore PSK, QAM, CDMA, and FH-BFSK across 0.82-3 km distances and 4-10 kHz bandwidths, though some lack full specifications. MC-UWA systems, mainly OFDM and OTFS, utilize 32-1024 subcarriers, 5-8 kHz bandwidths, and cyclic prefixes from 64 to 400 samples. Despite robust modulation strategies, many studies omit key parameters, highlighting the need for standardized benchmarks across realistic underwater scenarios.
###### Abstract  
In this paper, active control of flow-induced cavity resonance noise is addressed. A hybrid numerical method is presented to predict the resonance frequency and, instead of traditional active flow control, a narrowband active noise control system is utilized to suppress the resonance. A duct system is built up at low Mach numbers and experiments are carried out to validate the proposed methods. The results have shown that the resonance frequency could be predicted with 1.5% errors and the flow-induced narrowband noise could be effectively suppressed at both the fundamental frequency and its first harmonic. More than 10 dB global attenuations could be achieved for the fundamental resonance frequency without noise enhancements at other frequencies. Further, it was also found that the optimal reference frequency of the narrowband active noise control system could be largely biased from the original resonance frequency, which indicates a nonlinear mechanism of the control system.  
active noise control; flow-induced noise; cavity resonance; narrowband disturbance
# Bird Detection on Power Transmission Lines Based on Improved YOLOv7
## 1 Introduction  
### Motivation  
Power supply is crucial to our daily lives [1]. However, traditional power transmission lines pose environmental challenges and risks [2], particularly in their interaction with birds [3; 4; 5]. The contact between birds and power transmission lines is an important environmental issue as it involves a balance between energy stability and environmental protection [6]. Birds can not only be injured or killed due to contact with power lines but such contact can also lead to line faults and impact energy supply. According to relevant statistical analysis, bird-related activities account for the third highest number of power transmission line trips among all fault trips in the national power grid, following only lightning and external damages [7; 8]. A special survey conducted by IEEE in 1990 revealed that one-quarter of power transmission line operational failures in the United States can be attributed to bird-related issues, and 86% of substation equipment failures are related to bird nesting activities [9]. Therefore, to achieve sustainable energy development, an efficient and reliable method is needed to detect and monitor the presence of birds on power transmission lines.