###### Abstract  
This study presents a detailed comparative analysis of different methods for evaluating seismic response in structures, focusing on maximum displacements and collapse assessment. The results obtained through modal spectral analysis, non-linear dynamic analysis, and the incremental pushover analysis applied to a specific structure are compared. It has been found that the choice of time step and the consideration of ductility are critical for obtaining accurate predictions. The results of the non-linear dynamic analysis of the building's response indicate that an earthquake equivalent to the one that affected the city of Lorca (southeast Iberian Peninsula) in 2011 would have a devastating impact on the studied structure, highlighting the importance of the finite element method modelling in predicting the formation of plastic hinges and assessing structural safety. These findings highlight the importance of utilising multiple analysis approaches and detailed modelling to fully understand the seismic behaviour of structures and ensure adequate resistance and stability to extreme events. seismic modelling; finite element method; building design; Lorca earthquake 202420241420  
different methods of evaluating seismic response to ensure adequate protection of structures in earthquake-prone areas. In the recent history of the province of Huelva, the most devastating earthquake was the Lisbon earthquake (1755), with a magnitude ranging from 8.2 to 9.2 degrees (13,14). This devastating effect could be avoided in the future by using an appropriate structural typology, calculation models that adequately model the earthquake and the consideration of an accelerogram from a safety perspective. The analysis of seismic vulnerability at the urban scale, which allows risk analysis and quantification of expected losses, is also a suitable strategy (15). In the context of the usual typologies of the case study site, reinforced concrete is the most common material for buildings in Huelva. Several existing buildings were designed to outdated seismic codes, so some have been retrofitted to correct connections, material properties and other deficiencies. Selected strategies exist to address the problem, such as elasto-plastic dissipative bracing (EPDB) to provide supplementary stiffness and energy dissipation in the main frame of resistance (16). Non-linear static procedures are increasingly being used in the design and seismic assessment of infrastructure such as bridges and are often considered as an alternative to dynamic nonlinear analysis (17). The NCSP-07 standard for seismic analysis of bridges in Spain permits the use of non-linear static procedures but only as a supplement to dynamic analysis (18). For high-rise buildings, modular steel buildings (MSB) are already available as a novel solution to improve seismic performance (19). For composite structures that do not dispense with concrete, the use of concrete-filled tubular steel composite columns (CFST) with ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) slabs has shown good seismic performance (20). The ground motion characteristics have a significant effect on the seismic response, so its application in some areas of the Huelva coast with low load-bearing capacity would require specific analysis. In this context, a steel solution such as the PEC-Steel Spliced Frame Beam (PSFB), which aims to maintain the advantages of the PEC beam while reducing steel consumption, could be a valid option (21). Among the methods for evaluating seismic response, pushover analysis has gained recognition as an effective tool for understanding the behaviour of structures under seismic loads (22). In combination with non-linear dynamic analysis, this approach allows for a gradual and nonlinear assessment of the structural load capacity, identifying critical points of weakness and predicting possible collapse patterns (23).