This is highly visible in children. Thus, the challenge has arisen to find more cost-effective remineralizing agents that act independently or synergistically with fluoride in promoting this repair process. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in understanding how different dental care products contribute to this balance, particularly in terms of promoting remineralization [12; 24; 29]. Dentistry now emphasizes non-invasive treatment options for early caries lesions, mainly through remineralizing products [19]. Previous research has primarily focused on the chemical and physical properties of dental care products and their impact on enamel hardness and caries prevention [18; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35]. The use of casein calcium amorphous phosphopeptide (CPP-ACP), which is derived from milk protein, has been shown to be an effective means of remineralization, as it provides stable sources of bioavailable calcium and phosphates, thus allowing minerals to deposit more quickly on the enamel surface. Studies have revealed that CPP-ACP can decrease lesion depth, enhance enamel microhardness, and boost demineralization resistance. As a result, it is considered moderately beneficial for patients who are at a high risk of caries or have conditions that hinder natural remineralization [29; 31; 36]. Another important innovation is nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA), a synthetic form of hydroxyapatite that more closely resembles natural enamel in microstructure. nHA can penetrate micro- or nano-scale defects on the enamel surface, providing deeper levels of remineralization. Recently, research has shown the ability of nHA-based formulations to restore enamel hardness and resistance to acidic erosion [25, 37]. Bioactive glass (BAG) has also gained attention due to its ability to release calcium and phosphate ions upon contact with saliva, forming an HA-like layer on enamel. This feature is particularly beneficial for individuals at high caries risk, such as orthodontic patients, as BAG provides sustained ion release even under acidic conditions, thereby preventing white spot lesions around brackets [37, 38]. Technological advancements in fluoride delivery, such as fluoride iontophoresis (FI), have expanded treatment options for high-risk individuals. FI involves a mild electric current to enhance fluoride penetration into the enamel, allowing deeper ion integration and improved acid resistance. Studies have shown that FI increases fluoride retention and strengthens acid resistance, which is especially useful in patients requiring intensified fluoride therapy without the side effects of frequent high-dose applications [16]. Another biomimetic approach is to use phosphorylated chitosan-calcium phosphate complexes (Pchi-ACP). These complexes replicate the natural formation of enamel by organizing calcium and phosphate ions in a structured pattern, enhancing enamel hardness, and supporting subsurface lesion repair. Given their high biocompatibility and effectiveness, Pchi-ACP complexes are suitable for patients with sensitivities to other agents, and their efficacy has been confirmed in vitro through techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) [37, 39]. Advanced imaging techniques such as SEM and atomic force microscopy (AFM) are invaluable for assessing remineralization efficacy. These high-resolution methods provide insights into the enamel's microscale structure, validating the effects of agents such as nHA and CPP-ACP on enamel microhardness and surface integrity [40, 41, 42, 43, 44]. These techniques allow quantitative assessment of remineralization [24]. The study evaluates the remineralizing ability of Mentadent Professional Resilience, a toothpaste based on nano-hydroxyapatite, as a non-invasive solution for enamel demineralization. These technologies enable precise measurements of remineralization, offering additional support for evidence-based choices in preventive and restorative dentistry.