## 4 Discussion
### Benefits and Deficits of Current On-Board Operator Workspaces  
The following section delineates the benefits of and problems with on-board operator workspaces in living labs that were reported by the operators from these labs. Positive and negative aspects of the workspaces in general will be summarized prior to referring to specific HMI elements.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Subscale 1** & **Laboratory** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Examples from Responses (Paraphrased)**} & \(\boldsymbol{+}\)2 & \(\boldsymbol{o}\)2 & \(-\)2 & **Total** \\ \hline Physical & HEAT & (None) & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ Demands & RealLabHH & \(\bullet\) & \"Constant standing is required. It is very difficult to maintain over a longer period of time.\" (P1(\(-\))) & 0 & 3 & 3 \\  & TaBuLa & \(\bullet\) & \"Workstation requires standing at all times so my legs hurt while I am observing the traffic.\" (P3(\(-\))) & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{Sum} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{0} & 0 & 4 & 4 \\ \hline Equipment & HEAT & \(\bullet\) & \"[Operating system] is easy to use and to learn.\" (P3(\(+\))) & 3 & 1 & 1 & 5 \\  & RealLabHH & \(\bullet\) & \"Operation was simple.\" (P1(\(+\))) & 2 & 0 & 0 & 2 \\  & TaBuLa & \(\bullet\) & \"[Learning how to operate the system] took me three months. It depends on your motivation. If you feel like learning it, it’s not hard. It was easy for me.\" (P3(o)) & 0 & 3 & 5 & 8 \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{Sum} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{5} & 4 & 6 & 15 \\ \hline Work & HEAT & \(\bullet\) & \"We are usually on the job in pairs; one takes care of the passenger, the other drives.\" (P3(\(+\))) & & & & \\  & HeAT & \(\bullet\) & \"Every incident given to the control center, reports written by them, but also information given to each other as on-board operators on road conditions.\" (P2 (o)) & 2 & 3 & 6 & 11 \\  & & \(\bullet\) & \"I wish that the manufacturer’s responses on incidents should also be communicated to us on-board operators. I want to know how can I avoid this error and what is the reason for it.\" (P3(\(-\))) & & & & \\  & & \(\bullet\) & \"With three shuttles running, we don’t need a control center. I opt for reducing communication with the control center and call the police, towing service or ambulance directly, not via the control center.\" (P1(\(-\))) & & & & \\  & RealLabHH & \(\bullet\) & \"It is important to keep a checklist to make sure everything, e.g., check the brakes. Everything we do is documented in a [physical] folder. I would prefer that we write tickets digitally instead of on paper, e.g., as an app. This would help us save paper.\" (P1(\(-\))) & 1 & 0 & 8 & 9 \\  & & \(\bullet\) & \"I would like more breaks because you are always on the go and your intervention might be required. This means constant stress.\" (P3(\(-\))) & & & \\  & & \(\bullet\) & \"Working hours are pleasant.\" (P2(\(+\))) & & & & \\  & \(\bullet\) & \"Shift plans are good.\" (P2(\(+\))) & & & & \\ TaBuLa & \(\bullet\) & \"Documentation via cell phone using voice and text message and by sending pictures via chat, e.g., notes on parking offenders on notes.\" (P3(o)) & & & & \\ \hline Sum & \multicolumn{3}{c}{7} & 5 & 15 & 27 \\ \hline Sum Overall & \multicolumn{3}{c}{13} & 9 & 65 & 87 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 9: _Cont._