esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 6 Conclusions  
We proposed the XR rehabilitation simulation system for lower extremity amputation patients to enhance rehabilitation convenience. The proposed system acquired EMG signals from amputated patients and proceeded in the XR environment. The motion was created by recording the maximum/minimum of ankle movement using Azure Kinect based on the general public. EMG signals were classified as 0 and 1 and passed to unity, and actions were executed in real-time according to the signals. Patients and clinical experts use HoloLens 2 in a remote location and perform rehabilitation in the same space. Spatial Anchor sharing is designed for this system. When the test was conducted on lower extremity amputation patients, it was highly rated in terms of muscle rehabilitation effect and motivation. In this study, there was a limitation in that the accuracy of the rehabilitation movement was lowered by dividing the movement into two signals. An elderly patient with lower extremity amputation expressed difficulties in using the HoloLens2 device. In future research, the motion should be subdivided according to the value of the input force to compensate for the limitations shown in the experiment. In order to provide a simplified and optimized rehabilitation simulation system, the difficulty of the user interface should be reduced. The proposed rehabilitation system is expected to be used by clinical professionals and amputees in actual wards. This system is currently conducting a clinical trial in an Asan medical hospital. In future studies, this research has to set the threshold according to the EMG signal suitable for each individual. It is expected that the simulation system will help improve muscle movement memory and the convenience of rehabilitation training in lower extremity amputation patients.  
Conceptualization, W.S., H.K. ([PERSON]), H.K. ([PERSON]), J.H. ([PERSON]) and S.K.; methodology, W.S.; software, W.S. and H.K. ([PERSON]); validation, W.S., G.L., E.L., J.C. and H.J.; formal analysis, W.S. and H.K. ([PERSON]); investigation, G.L.; resources, H.K. ([PERSON]) and G.L. and S.L.; data curation, W.S.; writing--original draft preparation, W.S. and S.K; visualization, W.S. and H.K. ([PERSON]); supervision, C.P., H.S., J.H. ([PERSON]), S.K and S.L.; project administration, C.P., H.S., J.H. ([PERSON]), S.K., S.L.; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The Data Presented in this Study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy reason.  
The present research has been conducted by the Research Grant of Kwangwoon University in 2022. This research was supported by the MSIT (Ministry of Science and ICT), Korea, under the ICAN (ICT Challenge and Advanced Network of HRD) program (IITP-2022-RS-2022-00156215) supervised by the IITP (Institute of Information and Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Validation of a Modal Work Approach for Forced Response Analysis of Bladed Disks
###### Abstract  
The paper describes a numerical method based on a modal work approach to evaluate the forced response of bladed disks and its validation against numerical results obtained by a commercial FEM code. Forcing functions caused by rotor-stator interactions are extracted from CFD unsteady solutions properly decomposed in time and space to separate the spinning perturbation acting on the bladed disk in a cyclic environment. The method was firstly applied on a dummy test case with cyclic symmetry where the forcing function distributions were arbitrarily selected: comparisons for resonance and out of resonance conditions revealed an excellent agreement between the two numerical methods. Finally, the validation was extended to a more realistic test case representative of a low-pressure turbine bladed rotor subjected to the wakes of two upstream rows: an IGV with low blade count and a stator row. The results show a good agreement and suggest computing the forced response problem on the finer CFD blade surface grid to achieve a better accuracy. The successful validation of the method, closely linked to the CFD environment, creates the opportunity to include the tool in an integrated multi-objective procedure able to account for aeromechanical aspects.  
blade vibration; forced response; forcing decomposition; cyclic symmetry; modal work
## 4 Discussion
### Limitations  
Despite its importance for occupational safety and work-related health, only very limited data exist on the skin health of performing artists. This study is a pilot project to obtain initial data through a cross-sectional (questionnaire) and longitudinal (skin analysis) survey. The number of participants is correspondingly small, although it is a complete dance ensemble, which again ensures a certain degree of representativeness. Unfortunately, due to the small number of participants, gender differences could not be calculated. Nevertheless, as a pilot project, these results provide an initial orientation with regard to the aforementioned given information. In order to ensure the participation of a complete group, the investigations were carried out parallel to work. However, it cannot be excluded that the dermatological examination may have been influenced as a result of skin reactions during the physical work. In addition, the examinations took place in winter, which could also have influenced the results. In this case, a control examination in a warmer season would be desirable. For organizational reasons, we also decided not to conduct a control examination, which seemed dispensable due to the device-based diagnostics. In addition, further questions on quality of life in the questionnaire would have been a valuable addition to the present questionnaire. The DLQI (Dermatology Quality of Life Index) [39], which is frequently used in studies, could have been used for this purpose. In addition to that, information on dancers' care of their skin at home (e.g., what kind of cosmetics used) would have been advisable as the quality of skin care can change skin parameters. Detailed questions on the skin care products used including their ingredients would also have been an important addition. Furthermore, a comparison with an appropriate control group (e.g., a group of subjects practising similar sports without the application of make-up or hair removal procedures) could add important information.  
In spite of all the limitations mentioned above, the pilot project is nevertheless able to provide initial results in a field of research that has received little attention to date and which can serve as a basis for further investigations.
###### Abstract  
Large frequency deviations after islanding are exceedingly critical in small receiving-end power systems. The under-frequency load shedding (UFLS) scheme is an efficient protection step for preventing system black outs. It is very important to get an exact model to design the UFLS schemes. In this paper, an optimization model to achieve the system frequency response (SFR) model either from the full-scale power system or from test records was proposed. The optimized SFR model took into account the response of governors-prime movers and the dynamic characteristics of loads developed in the modern power system. Then the UFLS schemes were designed via the optimized SFR model and particle swarm optimization (PSO) method. The time-domain simulation with the actual small receiving-end power system was presented to investigate the validity of the presented model and the developed technique.  
System frequency response model; under-frequency load shedding; relay parameters; particle swarm optimization +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 2 State-of-the-Art
### Platform Ecosystems
#### 2.5.2 Market-Side Platforms and Services
The OpenADRproject ([[https://www.openadr.org](https://www.openadr.org)]([https://www.openadr.org](https://www.openadr.org))), on the other hand, very much focuses on the implementation of DR and final execution of the flexibility measure by providing a common language communication data model incorporating different DR programs, such as critical peak pricing for spot markets or fast demand response for ancillary markets. On the one hand, the USEF and OpenADR approach are making an important contribution to the standardization of interfaces and communication within the flexibility value chain, but on the other hand, they do not provide the IT solutions needed to bring together manufacturing machines and flexibility markets.
# Integrated IR Modulator with a Quantum Cascade Laser
###### Abstract  
This paper presents an infrared pulsed modulator into which quantum cascade lasers and a current driver are integrated. The main goal of this study was to determine the capabilities of a new modulator design based on the results of its electrical model simulation and laboratory experiments. A simulation model is a unique tool because it includes the electrical performance of the lasing structure, signal wiring, and driving unit. In the laboratory model, a lasing structure was mounted on the interfacing poles as close to the switching electronics as possible with direct wire bonding. The radiation pulses and laser biasing voltage were registered to analyze the influence of laser module impedance. Both simulation and experimental results demonstrated that the quantum cascade laser (QC laser) design strongly influenced the shape of light, driving current, and biasing voltage pulses. It is a complex phenomenon depending on the laser construction and many other factors, e.g., the amplitude and time parameters of the supplying current pulses. However, this work presents important data to develop or modify numerical models describing QC laser operation. The integrated modulator provided pulses with a 20-100 ns duration and a frequency of 1 MHz without any active cooling. The designed modulator ensured the construction of a sensor based on direct laser absorption spectroscopy, applying the QC laser with spectral characteristics matched to absorption lines of the detected substances. It can also be used in optical ranging and recognition systems.  
Keywords:quantum cascade laser; laser controller; infrared modulator; laser spectroscopy; free space optics +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sci. 2021, 11, 6457. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146457](https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146457)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146457](https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146457))
# Privacy-Preserved Image Protection Supporting Different Access Rights
## 4 Experimental Results
### Evaluation
Given a secret image, it will generate \(n\) transparencies so that the secret image is revealed if any \(k\) or more of them are stacked together but totally concealed if fewer than \(k\) transparencies are stacked together. It allows a secret image to be encrypted in such a way that the decrypted information appears as a visual image for human senses. To achieve this end, there is an expansion of space requirement in visual cryptography. The decrypted secret image is an enlarged visual image rather than a real secret image. Moreover, it can be used as a (\(k\), \(n\)) threshold scheme, whereas it cannot be designed for a flexible access control for specific users. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & \(j=1\) & \(j=2\) & \(j=3\) \\ \hline \(e_{j}\) & 18082907 & 33389011 & 18714097 \\ \(d_{j}\) & 1421008669804883 & 3325689139217035 & 2183403614944417 \\ \(SK_{j}\) & 2294561867680533 & 2547499887988133 & 1000342793147208 \\ \(DK_{j}\) & 2294561867680533 & 117922932426603 & 2822790476719118 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: The parameters of \(C_{j}\) for Figure 7b. Figure 8: The result of Figure 7b. Figure 7: Access policies. (**a**) hierarchical classes; (**b**) flexible classes. We note that the image map _IM_ must be communicated to the users along with the encrypted image for image decryption. The size of the image map depends on the number of authorized classes \(\delta\). For each pixel, we use \(\log_{2}(1+\delta)\) bits to represent its corresponding authorized class. Figure 9 gives an image map example of three authorized classes. In Figure 9, three 10 \(\times\) 10-pixel blocks B\({}_{1}\), B\({}_{2}\), and B\({}_{3}\) and their corresponding IM data are shown. For each pixel, \"00\" denotes the non-encryption pixel, \"01\" represents the class \(C_{1}\), \"10\" represents the class \(C_{2}\), and \"11\" represents the class \(C_{3}\). As a result, the original color image is 24 bits per pixel (bpp) and its corresponding image map for three authorized classes is 2 bpp. We can see in Figure 9 that the runs of data that mean the same value occur in consecutive elements and can be used to further reduce the size by using lossless data compression algorithms, such as run-length encoding and modified Huffman coding. Thus, the overhead information that needs to be communicated to the users is small.
## 2 Methodology
### Deterministic Inversion Using Initial Model from DL-ERT Inversion  
To improve our DL-ERT inversion, we leveraged field borehole data to generate more realistic and target-oriented training data. However, generating training data that accurately represents the complex subsurface structure and uncertainties found in real field data is challenging, which can limit the applicability of deep-learning models trained on synthetic data to actual field data.  
Although deep-learning models aim to minimize the difference between the prediction and ground truth in the resistivity model, they may not fit the data as well as deterministic inversion methods, which are optimized to fit the data. However, deterministic inversion methods suffer from the ill-posed nature of the inverse problem, often leading to unstable results and convergence problems, particularly if the initial model is far from the actual subsurface properties. To address these issues, we implemented deterministic inversion using the results of DL-ERT inversion as the initial model. This approach provides a better solution with a more reliable starting point, improving the accuracy and reliability of our inversion results.  
In this work, we used the SimPEG library for deterministic inversion, which solves the minimization problem with an objective function, \(\Phi(\mathbf{m})\), that comprises a data misfit term, \(\Phi_{d}(\mathbf{m})\), and a regularization term, \(\Phi_{m}(\mathbf{m})\), as follows:  
\[\Phi(\mathbf{m})=\Phi_{d}(\mathbf{m})+\beta\Phi_{m}(\mathbf{m})=\|\mathbf{W}_{d}(\text{F}(\bm {m})-\mathbf{d}_{obs})\|_{2}^{2}+\beta\|\mathbf{W}_{m}\bigl{(}\mathbf{m}-\mathbf{m}_{apr})\|_{ 2}^{2}, \tag{9}\]  
where \(\beta\) is the regularization parameter; \(\mathbf{W}_{d}\) and \(\mathbf{W}_{m}\) are data weights and model weights, respectively; \(F\) is forward modeling; \(\mathbf{d}_{obs}\) denotes observed data. The prior information in the model is incorporated through the a priori model \(\mathbf{m}_{apr}\). Further details on the method can be found in [31].  
Then, we used the Gauss-Newton method to solve the minimization of Equation (9). The flowchart of the deterministic inversion is presented in Figure 8. Typically, the initial model is assumed to be a homogeneous background model, which could be far from the true resistivity model and make it difficult to achieve convergence in the misfit. By contrast, we used the output of the DL-ERT inversion as the initial model and then ran the deterministic inversion. This approach allowed us to obtain better data fitting than the traditional deterministic inversion. In the next section, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach using synthetic test data and field data.
## 4 Proposed Architecture
### Publishing and Fetching Environmental Sensor Data  
We set out to evaluate MAM's potential for publishing environmental sensor data since it is a lightweight data communication protocol over an immutable distributed ledger. Using an MAM protocol, a system that could publish and fetch the environmental sensor data was developed. We installed the MAM Client JavaScript Wrapper library [39], as well as preparing the data payloads to be published to the private Tangle using MAM, and structured the data, utilizing the JSON format in the Windows client.  
The Windows client was configured to publish the MAM data payloads through a restricted channel where a channel key and authorization key are used by the data publisher, i.e., an environmentalist, to encrypt the MAM data payloads. At the transaction level, an environmentalist can define the access controls. If an environmentalist wants to give one or more environmental officers access to their channels, they can send their channel keys to them. In return, the environmental officer could retrieve and authenticate the corresponding data payloads from the Tangle. If an environmentalist would like to revoke access to their stream of data at any time, this just requires updating their MAM channel's authorization key and safely transmitting it to a desired environmental officer.  
With this architecture in place, as shown in Figure 8, the client device automatically published environmental sensor data to the private Tangle using the MAM Client JavaScript Wrapper library. Using MAM's restricted channel mode, data payloads were attached. We were able to examine how an environmentalist could change controls for accessing a specific stream of messages by upgrading their authorization key. To acquire the data payloads once the transactions were published to the Tangle, we used an authorization key and channel key.  
We evaluated and compared the performance of our MAM implementation with a non-protocol-based approach, to further assess MAM's capability and applicability for this functionality. We published payloads, sized 145, 330, 515, and 740 KB, in the restricted channel configuration by utilizing the MAM client JavaScript Wrapper library for Node.js on the Intel(R) CoreTM i7-8565U processor of the Windows client device. We chose these sizes of payloads due to the limitations of the MAM protocol, which can handle a maximum size of 740 KB. Keeping the sensor data payloads, the processor, and the client device the same, we published the data payloads with a non-protocol approach [40] to the private Tangle, using Python and Jupyter Notebook as the runtime environment. Furthermore, we analyzed and compared the results of the two approaches.
## 4 Methodology
### Datasets  
Our initial design has been tested on the USTC-TFC2016 (denoted USTC16) dataset used by several papers which analyze raw network traffic via different methods such as 1D-CNN [1, 3, 4, 5]. This dataset contains ten categories of benign traffic and ten categories of malicious traffic, and at least 6000 flows in each category.  
We also use the CIC-Denial-of-Service-2017 (CIC17) dataset [18] and the UTSA-2021-Low-rate-DoS-Attack (UTSA21) dataset [19]. The first dataset (CIC17) contains a benign category of mixed traffic, and eight categories of malicious traffic. The second (UTSA21) contains one benign category of HTTP traffic and two categories of low-rate Denial-of-Service attacks.  
We take as many flows as we can from each category of traffic while ensuring that roughly equal numbers are taken, in order to ensure that each category is well-represented in the samples and balanced relative to the other categories. Balancing training is important because machine learning models often have higher classification accuracy when the training samples are balanced [20]. Thus, we also minimize the difference between the number of benign and malicious samples, to further ensure balanced training.  
We then also combine these datasets, taking less from the categories containing larger quantities of samples, again so that each category is represented equally. We also limit the overall number of samples to avoid extending training time too much, as our goal is to create a model which can be used quickly and efficiently. Thus, when CIC17 is paired with either or both other datasets, we take fewer samples from each category of USTC16 and UTSA21, and when UTSA21 is paired with USTC16, we take fewer from the categories in the latter dataset. The number of samples used for each different combination are shown in Table 2.  
These combinations are meant to create more diverse training and testing sets, allowing the model to analyze data which are more representative of the wide array of traffic occurring across the Internet.
The major modifications include increased operating pressure and reduced temperature, with the aim of achieving a higher H\({}_{2}\)/CO ratio of syngas for SNG production. Due to the reduced operating temperature, catalyst is utilized to convert tar or heavy volatiles to lighter gases. The major modifications of E-STR include the following features: (a) the horizontal cylinder in the E-Gas\({}^{\text{TM}}\) gasifier is removed, (b) the oxidant is entirely fed with only the recycled char at the 1 st stage (thus no coal slurry), (c) the coal/slurry mixture is fed at the 2 nd stage entirely, (d) the operating pressure is much higher, while temperature is lower than the counterparts in E-Gas\({}^{\text{TM}}\) gasifier, and (e) catalytic material is needed for tar/volatiles cracking (since the second-stage temperature is not high enough to sufficiently crack the tar or heavy volatiles). The main goal of E-STR is to produce syngas with a higher H\({}_{2}\)/CO ratio suitable for SNG production. Compared to the cross-type configuration of E-Gas\({}^{\text{TM}}\), the design of E-STR excludes the first-stage cylinder. Therefore, several critical issues under high-pressure operation can be simplified,such as welding, sealing, maintenance and operation cost. The savings can be employed to compensate the cost of the catalyst for the low-temperature tar cracking process. Choosing the E-STR gasifier in this study is beneficial in many folds. In our previous studies [2; 4], the E-GasTM gasifier has been investigated and results have been compared with the reports issued by the Department of Energy/National Energy Technology Laboratory (DOE/NETL). After the model validation, the effects of the 2 nd stage injection mode as well as the feedstock type were investigated comprehensively [4]. It is more productive to continue follow-up studies of the new product derived from E-GasTM gasifier. E-STR is a new concept that is still in the development stage. Investigating this new concept is strategically important to keep INER in a lead position when it comes to understanding and applying E-STR. Both E- GasTM gasifier and E-STR gasifier have certain advantages in producing SNG over other commercial gasifiers. The objective of this study is to develop a numerical model and simulate the low-temperature and high-pressure E-STR introduced by the E-Gas group [3]. The CFD gasification model developed in the previous study [2] will be modified to incorporated a new tar condensation and re-vaporization sub-model to simulate the E-STR gasifier under high-pressure and relatively low-temperature conditions without implementing a tar-cracking catalyst. The result of this study will pave the road for developing once-through SNG production in the gasifier for the future.