## 4 Discussion: Model for G-QMS in SoS
### Fundamental Principles
#### 4.1.5. Encompassing of Unique Additions and Extensions  
The independent category [5.3] with \(\text{Si}_{\text{Total}}=7.82\) was identified to this principle which is most distinctly associated with the SoSE cluster (Figure 2). This category, along with insights from other result categories, highlights the necessity for additions and expansions within the G-QMS in SoS model, akin to those discussed in previous studies by [PERSON] et al. [1] and [PERSON] and [PERSON] [2]. However, some of these are particular to this G-QMS model, among them:  
1. **Unique QMS entities** are identified that are crucial for further development and focus. These QMSs align with the **three-dimensional quality concept** (Section 4.1.3) and the intricate and extended process structure of project management for SoS (Section 4.2.2). For example, the \(\text{QMS}_{\text{integ}}\) entity designated for the Combination and Integration (C&I) stage is not currently recognized in the QMS standards nor explicitly identified within organizations yet is deemed essential for this model (refer to Section 4.1.3, _third quality dimension_, and Section 4.2.2(d)). Another example includes the (\(\text{QMS}_{\text{CS}}\) refer to Section 4.1.3, _first quality dimension_, and Section 4.4.2(1)). Further additions and extensions are found in the management of SoS, encompassing QMSs for organizational functions, typically considered as _external_ QMSs but not marginal, for instance, the _QMS Client_ and _QMS M&C Local_\(\text{soS}_{x}\) entities (Section 4.3.1). These aspects are reflected in the program management structure for SoS and are also embodied in expanded quality management tools.
2. **Interface as an entity:** The concept of treating interfaces as distinct entities is emphasized in principle 4 of the model discussed in [PERSON] and [PERSON] [2] and is closely related to the _second quality dimension_ outlined in Section 4.1.3. In the context of SoS projects, explicit emphasis must be given to the interface aspects by defining the relevant \(\text{QMS}_{\text{int}}\) entities. This model specifically recognizes the technological system \(\text{QMS}_{\text{int}}\) entities (Section 4.3.2(1)). As efforts are made to develop various \(\text{QMS}_{\text{int}}\) entities, the inclusion of a _classification_ structural element is necessary, which is the implementation of the **Balance component**, as explained in [PERSON] et al. [1] and further expanded by the term **Balance point (Bp)** in [PERSON] and [PERSON] [2].
3. **Additions or extensions to the current QMS international standards** in accordance with base anchors 5 and 6 of [PERSON] et al. [1]. For example, the AS9100 standard expands by introducing special terms into the required application such as _Critical Items (CIs)_, _Key Characteristics (KCs)_, and _Product Safety (PS)_. These terms become more important as the level of system complexity increases; therefore, their proper application can contribute to G-QMS in SoS. These components can be integrated within each of the **three G-QMS in SoS model concept dimensions** (Section 4.1.3). For instance, within the _first dimension_, an idea of the _CS classification_ emerges from the identification and classification of CI and PS (Section 4.4.2(1)). Within the _second dimension_, it refers to the classification of the interface levels through the identification and classification of CI and PS for the interface. On this basis, those \(\text{QMS}_{[\text{integ}\_{\text{CS}}]}\) (Section 4.3.2(1)) can be identified, defined, and classed.
4. **Additional or extensional quality management tools** specifically designed for SoS projects are integral, such as a comprehensive set of forums, advanced communication systems, and robust documentation and control systems (Section 4.4.7).