esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Comparison with Previous Studies  
The values of \(\alpha\) from the in situ experiments were analyzed and compared with those in previous studies. For comparison with the present and previous studies, \(\sigma_{e}\) was calculated from \(\alpha\). \(\alpha\) was normalized by density to yield \(\sigma_{e}\), which differs from \(W\) and \(L\) depending on fish species. Given that \(\sigma_{e}\) varies with the fish body, \(\sigma_{e}\) must be normalized by \(W\) (\(\sigma_{eW}\)) or \(L\) (\(\sigma_{eL}\)) for comparison. \(\sigma_{eW}\) and \(\sigma_{eL}\) are as follows [6]:  
\[\sigma_{eW}=\sigma_{e}/W^{2/3} \tag{4}\]  
Figure 3: (**a**) and (**b**) are mean and maximum attenuation coefficients at 3–7 kHz for the different number of individual fish, respectively (100 ind. : blue dotted line, 200 ind. : red straight line, 300 ind. : green straight line, 400 ind. : pink dashed line, and 500 ind. : black dashed line). \[\sigma_{eL}=\sigma_{e}/L^{2}, \tag{5}\]  
where \(\sigma_{eW}\) and \(\sigma_{eL}\) are \(\text{m}^{2}/\text{kg}^{2/3}\) and non-dimension, respectively. The normalized \(\sigma_{e}\) values were calculated from the measured \(\alpha\) in the in situ experiments (see Equation (2)). The present study calculated the normalized \(\sigma_{e}\) only for 100 ind., which was similar to the ocean environments. The \(\sigma_{eW}\) values were 0.0033, 0.00041, 0.0048, 0.0046, and 0.0057 \(\text{m}^{2}/\text{kg}^{2/3}\), while the \(\sigma_{eL}\) values were 0.0154, 0.0191, 0.0223, 0.021, and 0.0261 at 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 kHz, respectively. All the calculated \(\sigma_{eW}\) and \(\sigma_{eL}\) values are shown in Table 3 and plotted in Figure 4.  
Some of the previous extinction or attenuation experiments showed the relationship between attenuation with the fish populations from several fish species at different frequencies. The previous studies mainly focused on the high-frequency band at 38-420 kHz for fishery acoustics or the scattering theory. Figure 4 shows the results of \(\sigma_{eW}\) and \(\sigma_{eL}\) with frequency in the previous and present studies. Each symbol represents \(\sigma_{eW}\) and \(\sigma_{eL}\), and the black line shows the regression model from [PERSON] et al. (1992) [6]. The \(\sigma_{eW}\) values of sea bream and spotted mackerel were similar in spite of the apparent difference in their body shapes, as demonstrated by \(W\) and \(L\) at 50 and 100 kHz [15; 16]. However, \(\sigma_{eW}\) of yellowtail using the direct method was considerably higher than the above result. It
# Low-Light Photodetectors for Fluorescence Microscopy
## 3 Single Point Detectors
### Single Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD)  
The single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) is a solid-state photodetector composed of three semiconductor layers, called p-layer, i-layer, and n-layer (Figure 5) [27]. The n-layer has extra electrons, whereas the p-layer has holes. The average gain for an avalanche photodiode (APD) is around 100, which is insufficient for single-photon detection. Therefore, SPADs are usually operated in \"Geiger-mode,\" where an applied bias voltage is greater than the diode's breakdown voltage. Then, when a charge is generated by an incident photon, the charge multiplication (or avalanche) occurs until it saturates corresponding to a current typically specified by the components. These APDs with a single pixel are referred to as SPADs, and those with multiple pixels are referred to as silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) or multi-pixel photon counters (MPPCs). Although Geiger-mode driven SPADs are suitable for single photon counting, SPADs suffer several drawbacks. The active area cannot be increased because fabrication of a large semiconductor surface increases the number of defects. Geiger-mode driven SPADs have high dark counts due to the Geiger discharge and high afterpulse noise. The dead time is relatively long (about 50 ns), during which photon counting is inoperative because the mode needs to be reset for every single photon detection. To reduce dark counts, SPADs are typically cooled to 210-250 K.  
Figure 4: Schematic of a photomultiplier tube (PMT).
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Analysis of Results
For the transmission of a text file, the number of missing packets increased with the separation between the TX and RX. We found about 275, 412, 1125, and 1155 lost packets for 11 m, 26 m, 57 m, and 68 m, respectively. Similarly, for the transmission of an image file (1.5 MB), a significant number of missing packets were observed at increasing distances. For instance, we found 156,870, 170,990, and 181,000 missing packets at distances of 11 m, 31 m, and 50 m, respectively.
# Widely Wavelength-Tunable High Power Single-Longitudinal-Mode Fiber Laser in Mid-Infrared Waveband
## 5 Conclusions  
In summary, we have demonstrated a widely wavelength-tunable MIR high-power fiber laser of SLM using a compound cavity structure. The mechanism of SLM operation has been discussed and verified. The SLM lasing wavelength can be continuously tuned over 100 nm from 2705 nm to 2806 nm by rotating the grating and a high output power up to 450 mW has been achieved. Our laser structure has the advantages of easy fabrication, low-cost, wide wavelength-tuning range and high output power. We believe that such a tunable MIR SLM fiber laser can be used in many applications, such as absorption spectroscopy for gas sensing (CO\({}_{2}\), SO\({}_{2}\), H\({}_{2}\)S, etc.).  
[PERSON] contributed to the paper in experiments, methodology, paper draft preparation, software, visualization, and data analysis. [PERSON] and [PERSON] contributed to the paper in conceptualization, methodology, review and editing, supervision, project management, and funding resources. [PERSON] contributed to the paper in resources, visualization, experimental supervision, and project administration. [PERSON] contributed to the paper in investigation, software, and data analysis. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province (2021C03178), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2018 YFC1407503), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91833303, 11621101), Ningbo Science and Technology Project (NO. 2018B10093), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Comparative Impact Analysis of Cyclone Ana in the Mozambique Channel Using Satellite Data
## 4 Discussion  
### Impact Numbers in the Mozambique Channel  
Ana was classified as a'severe tropical storm' by Meteo-France La Reunion (and 'TC' by OCHA), due to its wind speed ranging 89-117 km/h, corresponding to a medium-intensity natural hazard (Meteo France Reunion, 2022). On the contrary, cyclone Idai had 10 min sustained winds ranging twice those of Ana with 166-213 km/h winds thus classifying it as an 'intense TC' [31]. The flooding impact from our model of TC Ana was then compared with the data from different sources. According to emergency reports by ReliefWeb, affiliated to the UN-OCHA initiative, more than 185,429 people were affected by TC Ana in Mozambique. This estimate concurs with our model's prediction of 195,977 affected people. However, predictions vary with immediate damage assessments published on the 31 January by the National Institute for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction (INGD) reporting 45,000 affected people in the Zambezia region, which is almost twice as less as our predictions, potentially as a result of the differences in field surveys compared to remotely sensed data [29]. In Madagascar, the National Office for Risk and Disaster Management (BNGRC3), estimated that there were more than 131,555 affected people throughout the 12 regions of the country [30]. This concurs with our estimate, particularly as most affected populations were located in the two ROIs, the Boeny and Melaky regions. National estimates in Madagascar tend to be comparable to this study as they tend to be remotely sensed Copernicus data combined with National Meteorological Services data, Meteo Madagascar.  
Results from our flooding model showed that 5-15% of the study areas were flooded. When compared to past TCs, such as Idai in Mozambique in March 2019, where TC Idai had 10 min sustained winds ranging twice those of Ana with 166-213 km/h winds, thus classifying it as an 'intense TC' [31], this range was 50-60% [32]. Despite being very different events, these ranges concur with the cyclone's differences in category. As such, the study's flooding model seems proportionally less than cyclone Idai in terms of the extent of relative flooding area.
## 5 Methodology Validation
### Scenario 4: Solar Photovoltaic, Batteries Storage System, and Combined Heat and Power
During the 30 days, the voltage stays between the limits. Just like scenario number two, 30 days were tested to observe the behavior of the system in its timescale. During the 30 days of simulation, from the second day, all days have interruption of energy for critical loads. The days with major interruption are days four and sixteen, with interruptions of 3.75 and 2.92 h respectively. On average during the month, the load had an interruption for approximately 88.83 min, corresponding to 1.48 h per day. The average unused energy per day is 3.8 MW. This energy could be used for another application or increase the installed capacity of the battery. In the same way, as scenario number three, the requirements from MG regulation were evaluated with the information extracted from the simulation. The useful thermal energy is equal to 80.19%, and the heat rate of the machine is 5105.7 BTU/kWh. Results demonstrate that the CHP used for the scenario and simulation complied with the MG requirements. As in previous scenarios, the CHP used for scenario number four generated an additional energy, that could be used for another purpose. The cooling capacity was calculated using the same consideration as scenario number three. With this capacity, the energy supplied will be 4.5 times the library. This will be profitable in emergency cases because the conservation of some of the material of the library requires cooling. It is necessary to highlight that the voltage in p.u. in the point of interconnection, shown in Figure 19, presents some violations due to excess of energy generated by PV system and CHP. In addition, SOC is greater than 95%, thus the BESS can not absorb the excess of energy. In the same time window, unused power turns up as observed in Figure 19.  
Figure 19: Power in critical loads, SOC, Voltage in per unit, and Unused Power.
## 1 Introduction
### \(\gamma\delta\) T Cells: An Appealing Source for Adoptive Cell Immunotherapy  
\(\gamma\delta\) T cells are attractive candidates for adoptive cell immunotherapy due to their unique biology. The following features pinpoint the favorable characteristics of \(\gamma\delta\) T cells over \(\alpha\beta\) T cells for cancer treatment.  
First, \(\gamma\delta\) T cell tumor recognition and killing is not dependent on the expression of a single antigen. In contrast, they recognize a broad spectrum of antigens on various cancer cells through their diverse innate cytotoxicity receptors expressed on their cell membrane [40]. This broad response reduces the chances of tumor immune escape by single antigen loss. In addition, this property provides opportunity for designing immunotherapies for tumors lacking well-defined neo-antigens and without the need of further genetic engineering.  
Second, \(\gamma\delta\) T cells recognize their target cells in an MHC-independent manner leading to low or absent risk for alloreactivity and GvHD, thus allowing the development of universal third-party allogeneic cell products for several malignancies.  
Third, \(\gamma\delta\) T cells home in a wide variety of tissues wherein they can rapidly respond to the target and release effector cytokines. This natural tissue tropism of \(\gamma\delta\) T cells, especially of the V\(\delta\)1 subset, provides migratory advantage over \(\alpha\beta\) T cells and higher ability to infiltrate and function in tumors hypoxic environments [41].  
Furthermore, growing evidence indicates that \(\gamma\delta\) T cells interact with APCs and other immune cells, while also playing the role of APCs by priming the antigens for \(\alpha\beta\) T cells thereby enabling the orchestration of a cascade of immune responses against tumors [42].  
These features make unmodified \(\gamma\delta\) T cells an attractive source for adoptive cell immunotherapy. However, genetic engineering strategies may also be applied to enhance their cytotoxicity and redirect them toward specific targets. For example, using \(\gamma\delta\) T cells, either as a vehicle for chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) or \(\alpha\beta\) T cell-derived TCRs [43], may provide exciting results by combining tissue resident property and innate-like recognition of \(\gamma\delta\) T cells with antigen-specific activation and engagement of multiple costimulatory signals. To date, the major obstacle to the broad application of \(\gamma\delta\) T cells for adoptive cell immunotherapy remains effective strategies of in vivo or ex vivo expansion [44; 45].
# Seamless Handover Scheme for MEC/SDN-Based Vehicular Networks
## 2 Background and Related Works
Specifically, they investigated the communication models between vehicles and infrastructure and classified the technique into several categories: data offloading through vehicle-to-vehicle communication, data offloading through vehicle-to-everything communication, and data offloading through vehicle-to-infrastructure communications.
# Fractional-Order Closed-Loop Model Reference Adaptive Control for Anesthesia
## 7 Conclusions  
In the case of control of anesthesia, we are dealing with a process that is not fully understood, and with the current integer-order model paradigm, dominated by the PK/PD approach, which, despite its plausibility and acceptance by the biomedical and control community, presents a significant challenge, not only due to the nature of the processes (unknown parameters, unknown time delay, states not available for measurement, positivity and poor excitation in the control input) but also due to the model structure (Wiener structure). Recent developments in biology and physiology with a focus on fractal dynamics, pharmacology, and anesthesia, using fractional calculus, have led to a new paradigm in the understanding and modeling of the physical phenomena in these areas. This new paradigm suggests that complex phenomena (including anesthesia) can be modeled more precisely and accurately and with a simple structure with fractional-order tools.  
The main contributions of this paper are the extension of the CMRAC and the identification schemes for fractional-order systems and their application to the control of anesthesia.  
It was proposed that simple fractional-order models could be used to represent the input-output behavior of the PK/PD model of anesthesia. It was shown that a simple, fractional-order structure can capture the response of the patient, which is represented by a nonlinear model (Wiener model). Based on the fractional models proposed, a FOCMRAC was designed to control the PK/PD model of anesthesia, showing, through simulations, that these controllers can meet the control objectives. Moreover, this scheme was shown to be robust against inter and intra-patient variability, time delay, parameter uncertainty, perturbation, and noise. These results represent a different and novel approach for attacking the problem of control of anesthesia, which still is an open problem and an active topic of research.  
Investigation, G.N.-G., Y.T.; Formal Analysis, G.N.-G., Y.T.; Writing-Original Draft Preparation, G.N.-G.; Writing-Review & Editing, Y.T.  
This research was funded by PAPIIT IN113418 and SEP-CONACyT 253677.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Secure Image Signal Transmission Scheme Using Poly-Polarization Filtering and Orthogonal Matrix
## 5 Security Performance Evaluation
 \tag{32}\]  
As analyzed in Equation (31), we found \(\bar{\xi}_{\text{Bx},j}\geq\xi_{\text{Ex},j}\) and \(\bar{\xi}_{\text{By},j}\geq\xi_{\text{Ey},j}\); thus, \(C_{\text{ave}}\geq 0\) would always be positive when deviations existed in any of the parameters mention above, which ensured transmission security.
# A Security-Enhanced Query Result Verification Scheme for Outsourced Data in Location-Based Services
## 5 Security Analysis
### Security of Lookup Table  
Our scheme also adopts a secure outsourced data storage and query approach by designing a one-to-n lookup table so that multiple queries to the same POI by different users or by the same user at different times correspond to different contents of the fog node storage. By doing so, we completely break the traditional one-to-one storage structure of the lookup index and lookup content. To ensure the security of the proposed scheme, we will illustrate the security of the lookup table in the following ways: the security of stored content in the lookup table, the indistinguishability of individual data items in the lookup table, the security of the data request process.  
Firstly, the files themselves are secure, because LBSP encrypts the description files before outsourcing them to the fog node with the keys that attackers cannot achieve. Secondly, as shown in Table 3, the data items in the lookup table are all composed of \(ID\), \(prf_{k}(W)\), \(C(DS)_{n\in W}\), \(C(\Lambda)\), \(VO_{G}\), and \(VO_{W}\). Moreover, the data in the data items are all n-dimension (\(n=2\) in Table 3), attackers--even the fog node itself--cannot tell the difference between the different data items. Thirdly, when the same POI is queried, the description files and verification object returned by the fog node each time will likely be different data items (i.e., in different positions on the server) and that item will be unique in that query. As the generation of the guide set is random, the returned data from querying the same POI will be randomly assigned to multiple data entries in the lookup table, and the fog side cannot obtain the complete frequency information of the query index through traditional statistical analysis methods, enabling a secure query process. Moreover, queries against different POIs may return data from the same data item, which helps to confuse the one-to-one correspondence between the query index and the returned data.
## 3 Modal Analysis  
Modal analysis belongs to the broadly understood dynamic analysis, the final results of which are the eigenvalue and mode modes. Modal analysis [15] is an essential tool for understanding the structural dynamics of objects such as structures and vibrating objects and the resistance of these objects to specific loads [16]. Modal analysis enables the testing, optimization, and validation of machines and structures. The general equation of motion is of the form:  
\[M\bar{q}(t)+C\dot{q}(t)+Kq(t)=F(t) \tag{7}\]  
where  
M\(\bar{q}(t)\), C\(\dot{q}(t)\), Kq(t)--matrices, respectively: the mass, stiffness and damping of the system,  
\(\dot{q}(t),\dot{q}(t),q(t)\)--vectors, respectively: accelerations, velocities and displacements,  
F(t)--external load vector.  
When we consider that the damping and load are zero, we are dealing with harmonic motion (Equation (8)).  
\[M\bar{q}(t)+Kq(t)=0 \tag{8}\]  
In further consideration, the displacement vector described by Equation (9) is assumed:  
\[q(t)=q_{a}sin(\omega t) \tag{9}\]  
where  
q\({}_{a}\)--vibration amplitude vector,  
\(\omega\)--circular frequency,  
f--frequency,  
T--vibration period.  
After substituting (8) to (9), we obtain the expression (10):  
\[\left(K-\omega^{2}M\right)q_{a}=0 \tag{10}\]  
Equation (10) is a homogeneous system of linear equations, where the obvious solution, the so-called trivial solution, is \(q_{a}=0\). The system can have a different solution if the matrix \(K-\omega^{2}M\) is a singular matrix.  
\[\det\left(K-\omega^{2}M\right)=0 \tag{11}\]  
The above equation is a polynomial of nth degree due to the variable \(\omega^{2}\). Zero places are sought \(\omega_{i}^{2}\) from this equation, called natural frequencies, and the corresponding vectorsare called displacement vectors \(\mathrm{q_{ali}}\). The general formula of natural frequencies is written by Equation (12).  
\[\omega_{0}=\sqrt{\frac{\mathrm{k}}{\mathrm{m}}} \tag{12}\]  
where  
\(\omega_{0}\)--natural frequency,  
k--system stiffness,  
m--system Weight.  
The eigenvalue depends on the stiffness and mass, where the stiffness is determined by the boundary conditions adopted for the system and the material stiffness described by Young's modulus and the mass of the system material described by its density. In addition, the stiffness depends on the contact stiffness between the balls and the raceway.
## 2 Jamming Attack Models
### Analysis of the Existing Models  
Study of the aforesaid models reveals that while the military models are focused towards attacking the network at the physical layer (thus, attacking all the other upper six layers like shaking the foundation of a tall building and affecting all the upper storeys consequently) with RF power being their main weapon (since there are hardly any energy and RF power constraints), the academic models are focused towards attacking the data-link layer with RF power levels at par with the existing average transmitted power of a WSN node. It also brings to the forefront the difference in approach to identification of the attacker. The academics seems to believe that the attacker (jammer) is a small time player with limited resources, who is either an intruder or one of our own compromised nodes, fully or partially knowing the protocols, and attacking the network with stealth as its main weapon from a location well within the geographical extent of the WSN. The military believes that it is neither worth the effort to learn the WSN protocols nor essential to move into the WSN geographical area for jamming, since it is so easy to jam the nodes with brute RF power from a far-off safe distance, especially when the RF frequency is known. Therefore, there is a need to balance the two approaches in modeling the jamming attack to make our counter-jamming efforts, like jamming detection and jammer localization, suitable for information warfare.
# Evolution of V2X Communication and Integration of Blockchain for Security Enhancements
## 5 Issues and Challenges in 5G and Edge-Based V2X
### Transparency Requirements  
In 5G-based edge computing, edge-cloud resource providers have total control of outsourced network information, such as vehicle information, while vehicle users are unaware of it and are unable to monitor the information until it is offloaded to the edge-cloud network. This causes a critical challenge for vehicle users in performing data flow or utilization verification and monitoring, especially in the 5G contexts where transparency between vehicular users are strongly required to guarantee openness and fairness.