# Bone Substitutes Scaffold in Human Bone: Comparative Evaluation by 3D Micro-CT Technique
## 3 Results
The implants related to the biomaterials of bovine origin-1a and equine-1b confirmed to have reasonable values of porosity (increments from control to test site about 11%--1a to 16%--1b) and BV/TV. Furthermore, for the Tb.Th parameter, higher values were detected from 16.7% for the 2b test to 50% for the 1b test and lower values for the 2a test, \(-\)31%, and for the 4a test, \(-\)23.5%. Figures 4 and 5 represent the reconstructions for the test and control site of the entire specimen central section and of a selected slice of the same specimen. Density values were associated with various colors to better visualize the structural elements, such as human bone and biomaterials. The color gradient highlights the areas with different mineralization from the yellow-lower mineralization and the orange-medium mineralized structures, to the red color that visualizes highly calcified structures. About the histological analysis, the images in reference of each selected slice of the specimens--Part 2, investigated in the Part 2 (specimens 1a, 2b, 4a), are shown in Figure 6. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Group**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Label**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Implant Site**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**BV/TV**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**BS/BV (mm-1)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Porosity (\%)**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Tb.Th**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Tb.Sp**} \\  & & & **(\%)** & & & **(mm)** & **(mm-1)** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{1-Bio-bone} & \multirow{2}{*}{1a} & Test & 19.80 & 95.59 & 80.20 & 0.08 & 0.37 \\  & & Control & 28.17 & 90.22 & 72.20 & 0.06 & 0.22 \\  & & Test & 10.93 & 39.35 & 89.06 & 0.12 & 0.70 \\  & & Control & 23.15 & 61.21 & 76.85 & 0.08 & 0.28 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{2-HA} & \multirow{2}{*}{2a} & Test & 48.05 & 30.50 & 51.95 & 0.11 & 0.19 \\  & & Control & 52.21 & 29.20 & 47.79 & 0.16 & 0.13 \\  & & Test & 23.35 & 84.13 & 76.65 & 0.07 & 0.17 \\  & & Control & 39.25 & 81.06 & 60.75 & 0.06 & 0.09 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{3-TCP} & \multirow{2}{*}{3a} & Test & 14.10 & 90.72 & 85.89 & 0.11 & 0.37 \\  & & Control & 44.84 & 45.46 & 51.46 & 0.08 & 0.15 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{4-polymer} & \multirow{2}{*}{4a} & Test & 30.99 & 44.15 & 69.01 & 0.13 & 0.27 \\  & & Control & 39.00 & 26.45 & 61.00 & 0.17 & 0.27 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Morphometrical parameters for each specimen in test and control site implants. Figure 3: Complete 3D models reconstructed of the biomaterials analyzed in the preclinical phase: **(A)** BioOSS®, 1a; **(B)** Bioen®, 1b; **(C)** ICB; **(D)** ENGIpore®, 2b; **(E)** Bioset, 3a and **(F)** SINTbone, 4a. 3.2 Clinical phase: morphological, quantitative and histological results on extracted implants. Figure 4: Clinical phase—Part 1, micro-CT reconstructed images for specimens test (left side) and control site (right side): (**A1**) 1b test, section of the entire specimen; (**A2**) 1b test, selected slice; (**B1**) 1b control, section of the entire specimen; (**B2**) 1b control, selected slice; (**C1**) 2a test, section of the entire specimen; (**C2**) 2a test, selected slice; (**D1**) 2a control, section of the entire specimen; (**D2**) 2a control, selected slice; (**E1**) 3a test, section of the entire specimen; (**E2**) 3a test, selected slice; (**F1**) 3a control, section of the entire specimen and (**F2**) 3a control, selected slice. Figure 5: Clinical phase—Part 2, micro-CT reconstructed images for specimens test (left side) and control site (right side): (**A1**) 1a test, section of the entire specimen; (**A2**) 1a test, selected slice; (**B1**) 1a control, section of the entire specimen; (**B2**) 1a control, selected slice; (**C1**) 2b test, section of the entire specimen; (**C2**) 2b test, selected slice; (**D1**) 2b control, section of the entire specimen; (**D2**) 2b control, selected slice; (**E1**) 4a test, section of the entire specimen; (**E2**) 4a test, selected slice; (**F1**) 4a control, section of the entire specimen and (**F2**) 4a control, selected slice.