esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Response Surface Test Results  
#### 3.2.1 Design and Result Analysis of Response Surface Test  
Based on the single-factor test results and in accordance with the Box-Behnken central composite design principle, a three-factor, three-level response surface optimization test was conducted. The factors selected for optimization included the tea-to-water ratio (A), ultrasonic extraction temperature (B), and \(\beta\)-cyclodextrinrin addition (C). The optimization results are shown in Table 3.  
Figure 1: Single-factor experimental results. (**A**) Sensory rating of tea–water ratio; (**B**) sensory fractions of extraction temperature; (**C**) sensory fractions of extraction time; (**D**) sensory scores of \(\beta\)-cyclodextrinrin.  
The data in Table 3 were analyzed using the response surface design software Design-Expert 13, with the sensory evaluation score Y as the response value. A multiple regression simulation was conducted, resulting in the following regression equation:  
\[\mathrm{Y=86.66-0.25A-1.40B+0.40C-1.38 AB+2.42 AC+1.38 BC-2.12A^{2}-3.02B^{2}-3.27C^{2}} \tag{2}\]  
The results of the regression model analysis are shown in Table 4. The regression model was highly significant (\(p<0.0001\)) and the lack of fit was not significant (\(p=0.1535\)\(>0.05\)), with a goodness of fit R\({}^{2}\) = 0.9879 and the difference between R\({}^{2}\)Adj and R\({}^{2}\)Pre being less than 0.2, indicating that the model had good fit. The differences between the treatment conditions were significant, demonstrating that the three-factor, three-level analysis modeled by the equation is feasible, and the model is effective.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Source of Variance** & **Sum of Squares** & **Degree of Freedom** & **Mean Square** & **F-Value** & **\(p\)-Value** & **Significance** \\ \hline Model & 169,78 & 9 & 18.86 & 63.27 & \textless{}0.0001 & **\(\ast\ast\) \\ A—tea–water ratio & 0.5000 & 1 & 0.5000 & 1.68 & 0.2364 & \\ B—temperature & 15.68 & 1 & 15.68 & 52.59 & 0.0002 & **\(\ast\ast\)** \\ C—\(\beta\)-cyclodextrintrin & 1.28 & 1 & 1.28 & 4.29 & 0.0770 & \\ AB & 7.56 & 1 & 7.56 & 25.37 & 0.0015 & **\(\ast\ast\)** \\ AC & 23.52 & 1 & 23.52 & 78.90 & \textless{}0.0001 & **\(\ast\ast\)** \\ BC & 7.56 &  
Based on the \(p\)-values, B (extraction temperature), interaction terms AB, AC, and BC, and quadratic terms A\({}^{2}\), B\({}^{2}\), and C\({}^{2}\) all showed highly significant effects (\(p<0.01\)) on the sensory score of instant black tea powder. Judging by the F-values, in the response surface optimization test, factor B (extraction temperature) exerts the most prominent influence on the quality of instant black tea powder.
###### Abstract  
The volatile-mediated interplay between stressed and non-stressed plants has been described in many studies involving both biotic and abiotic stresses as a one-way channel. However, very little is known about the molecular basis and mechanisms by which volatile organic compounds (VOCs) mediate plant communication between drought-stressed 'emitter' plants and non-stressed'receiver' neighbours for the defence against impending stress challenges. Aiming to address this in grapevine, this study investigated the effect of two-way VOC exchange between stressed and non-stressed _Vitis vinifera_ L. cv. Shiraz during drought and recovery using four treatments: isolated well-watered (WW) vines, isolated drought-stressed (DS) vines, and co-located DS 'emitter' and WW'receiver' vines in a growth room. The results obtained from solid-phase microextraction (SPME) gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed a synchronised decline in \(\alpha\)-pinene concentration in the co-located treatment vines and higher isoprene levels in the DS emitters compared to the isolated DS vines. Targeted gene expression analysis further identified the over-expression of a key gene, allene oxide synthase (AOS), in the jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis pathway during peak drought in the DS emitter. Transcript expression of chorismate synthase (CHORS) and \(\alpha\)-pinene synthase (VvPNaPin1) showed similar trends in the DS emitter. The results suggest that isoprene and \(\alpha\)-pinene may be interplant signalling molecules used by grapevine during drought. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a bi-directional interaction in grapevine between the emitters and receivers under drought stress mediated by the JA and terpenoid biosynthesis pathways.  
\(\alpha\)-pinene; isoprene; plant-plant interactions; VOC priming; VOCs; abiotic stress 2023  
31 May 2023  
23 June 2023  
26 June 2023  
28 June 2023  
2023 by the authors. Liconse MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)]([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)) 4.0/).
###### Abstract  
This paper presents a measurement method for high-precision cutting edge radius of single point diamond tools using an atomic force microscope (AFM) and a reverse cutting edge artifact based on the edge reversal method. Reverse cutting edge artifact is fabricated by indenting a diamond tool into a soft metal workpiece with the bisector of the included angle between the tool's rake face and clearance face perpendicular to the workpiece surface on a newly designed nanoindentation system. An AFM is applied to measure the topographies of the actual and the reverse diamond tool cutting edges. With the proposed edge reversal method, a cutting edge radius can be accurately evaluated based on two AFM topographies, from which the convolution effect of the AFM tip can be reduced. The accuracy of the measurement of cutting edge radius is significantly influenced by the geometric accuracy of reverse cutting edge artifact in the proposed measurement method. In the nanoindentation system, the system operation is optimized for achieving high-precision control of the indentation depth of reverse cutting edFiguree artifact. The influence of elastic recovery and the AFM cantilever tip radius on the accuracy of cutting edge radius measurement are investigated. Diamond tools with different nose radii are also measured. The reliability and capability of the proposed measurement method for cutting edge radius and the designed nanoindentation system are demonstrated through a series of experiments.  
single point diamond tool; cutting edge radius; reversal method; nanoindentation system; elastic recovery
###### Abstract  
(1) Background: Rapid urban growth in China has extended rail systems to neighboring cities to meet intercity travel needs, making it important to understand intercity travel patterns. (2) Methods: Taking the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan Intercity Metro Xihuan Line as an example, intercity ridership patterns are analyzed. A Gaussian mixture model is applied to cluster ridership into groups based on travel time and stay time, respectively, and their travel patterns are examined. (3) Results: Weekdays display distinct commuting patterns with morning and evening peaks. On weekends, peak travel times are quite different. Based on travel time, intercity ridership is divided into two groups. The short-travel-time group primarily travels for residential demand, while the long-travel-time group is mainly for leisure. No significant differences were found in weekday and weekend patterns. Based on stay time, ridership is categorized into two groups. Most trips are round trips on the same day, but overnight ridership is higher on weekends. On weekends, the intercity ridership groups with tourism as their travel purpose on weekends have different stay modes, but their main travel destinations are similar. On weekdays, there are large differences in the distribution of main travel destinations between the short-stay-time group and the long-stay-time group, and their travel purposes are more diverse.  
intercity metro passenger; travel pattern; travel time; stay time; Gaussian mixture model +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences  
1
## 3 Circuit Level Perspectives of JCRS RF Hardware
### Phased Arrays and Beam Steering Systems
#### 3.3.1 Phased Arrays  
An antenna array is comprised of several individual antenna elements assembled in a linear or bi-linear configuration. When each element is excited with a controlled phase shift with respect to the neighboring element, a variation in beam angle can be achieved in the space. Active return loss may result when several elements are excited simultaneously due to their mutual coupling. Mutual coupling depends on the beam width, bandwidth, and element type. A high return loss may cause scan blindness for targets and loss of coverage in communications. Therefore, a single element may require redesigning or tuning for operation in an array due to pattern multiplication. Mutual coupling can be reduced by increasing the inter-element distance, at the cost of strong side lobes appearing around the  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Application** & **Antenna Type** & **Frequency (GHz)** & **Isolation (dB)** & **Reference** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Communication} & Parabolic reflector & 26.5–40 & — & [63] \\  & Magnetoelectric & 26.5–29.5; & \multirow{2}{*}{—} & [64] \\ dipole + phased array & 24.25–27.5 & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & 24–51.1; 5.1–5.6; & \multirow{2}{*}{16} & [48] \\  & & 23–30 & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: _Cont._main lobe, called grating lobes. Grating lobes can be avoided by limiting the interelement spacing \(d\) as [66]:  
\[d\ \lessapprox\frac{\lambda}{1+|\sin(\theta_{max})|} \tag{1}\]  
where \(\lambda\) is the non-guided wavelength and \(\theta\) is the beam steering angle from array symmetry axis. To achieve a bore sight to end-fire beam steering, \(d\) should be less than half the wavelength at the highest frequency of operation. It gives rise to strong mutual coupling with ordinary wide patch-antennas. Therefore, compact element designs are required for achieving tight inter-element spacing. Grating lobes are less vital for radar-assisted communication compared with radars as a primary service application where spatial accuracy of the target is of higher importance.  
In addition to grating lobes, gain fluctuations arise from the array gain dependence on the beam angle and frequency-dependent pattern of individual elements [67; 68]. Gain fluctuations are relatively more critical to radar systems than communication due to the increased probability of target missing in the low-gain conditions. Gain fluctuations can be compensated on the penalty of complex signal processing.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Local Results at Cultural Heritage Sites in Zamora (Spain)
However, from a practical point of view, this would introduce complexity into the systematic production of hazard and risk mapping, such as those of FEMA [68] in the USA, SNCZI [69] in Spain, or the Flood Factor [70], also in the USA. At the same time, it would give dynamism and ease of updating to large-scale local studies, which are optimal for urban areas or vulnerable infrastructures (large dams, nuclear power stations, industrial complexes, etc. ).
## 4 Discussion and Conclusions
### Sensors  
Several commercial MEMS type sensors were used to help demonstrate the feasibility of the smart pipe concept. The piezoelectric transducers, the force sensor and the accelerometer were sensitive to different excitations. For example, the piezoelectric transducers reacted well to excitations from a revving car at the ground surface and thus suggesting that they may not only be used as sensors, but are also sensitive enough to be used as an energy scavenging device. The laser module detected large obstructions as well as the attenuation caused by different media (air/water). This suggests that in the future, the turbidity in the water could be measured using such a device. The temperature sensors also demonstrated how multiple sensors could be used to monitor discrete parameters, in this case the temperature of the water. Although most of these sensors would need modification for a commerical smart pipes system, for example they are currently too large, they did demonstrate successfully the monitoring possibilities that could be employed and that they could all detect changes in parameters likely to be indicative of a pipe failure (potential leak or overstressing of the pipe). With relevant trigger values put on the sensors outputs it would be possible to have a system that could report potential problems within a pipeline even with these simple sensors.  
In parallel, a passive purpose-built sensor using MEMS technology was investigated. This pressure sensor successfully detected changes in pressure using a capacitive circuit. However, using this sensor in a passive mode meant that the range of communication of the data was limited and highly dependent on the size of the inductive loop used. Passive systems have a near-infinite life and require no internal power source, but they offer limited functionality and can be interrogated over only comparatively short ranges, perhaps just a few centimetres. For this reason, active systems, which can offer much great functionality, e.g., basic data processing, and the ability to transmit over significant distances, perhaps many metres, are much more attractive. They do, however, require a reliable power source suitable for use with miniature MEMS systems when embedded in pipe walls, and this presents major technical challenges at this time.
# Operational Flood Mapping Using Multi-Temporal Sentinel-1 SAR Images: A Case Study from Bangladesh
## Materials and Methods  
### Study Area  
Figure 1 shows the study area for rapid flood mapping and potential damage assessment in Bangladesh. Bangladesh encompasses the world's largest delta system located in the southern part of the foothills of the Himalayan mountain region and in the northern part of the Bay of Bengal, with a boundary between 20\({}^{\circ}\)N to 26\({}^{\circ}\)N and 88\({}^{\circ}\)N to 92\({}^{\circ}\)E with an area of 147,570 km\({}^{2}\)[45]. The southern part of the delta is occupied by the world's largest mangrove forest (the Sundarbans). The south-eastern part includes Bangladesh's main hilly region, while low hills characterize the north-east of Bangladesh and the remaining area is mainly plain land.  
Approximately 50% of the country is within 7 m of mean sea level and most of the country is on a delta plain under the influence of the Padma, Jamuna, and Meghna rivers. Most of the plain lands is used for crop production and approximately 87% of rural households rely on agriculture for at least part of their income. Rice production in Bangladesh is a crucial part of the national economy. Recently,  
Figure 1: Study area of the entire country of Bangladesh showing three large river systems: The Ganges (Padma), Brahmaputra (Jamuna), and the Meghna forming the largest riverine delta in the world.  
Bangladesh has become one of the top 5 rice-producing countries in the world [46]. If no flood occurs in the coming year, Bangladesh will remain in the top 5 rice-producing countries. Although Bangladesh is a land of 6 seasons, the 3 most distinct seasons are the pre-monsoon hot season from March to May, the rainy monsoon season lasting from June through October, and a cool, dry winter season from November through February. The country has an average of 136 wet days per year, and approximately 80% of yearly rainfall occurs from June to September [47]. In a normal year, about one-third area of the country gets inundated by flood water [48]. The planet's highest rainfall occurs in Cherrapunji, which is located just a few kilometres away from the north-eastern border of Bangladesh. The high annual rainfall combined with the mountain terrain causes rivers from the north eastern border to flow with a very high current due to high gradient topography. When this water reaches Bangladesh territory, it spreads over a large area and regularly causes different levels of flood incidents in Bangladesh. Sometimes, locally concentrated prolonged heavy rainfall worsens the flood situations.
## 2 Background on L2 Solutions
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Solution** & **Throughput (TPS)** & **Latency (s)** & **Security Level** & **Trust Assumptions** \\ \hline State Channels & Very High (1000–10,000) & Low (0.01–0.10) & High & Requires trust in participants \\ \hline Sidechains & High (100–1000) & Moderate (10–60) & Varies & Depends on sidechain’s security mechanism \\ \hline Plasma & High (500–5000) & Low to Moderate (0.1–1) & High & Trust in Plasma operator for data availability \\ \hline Optimistic Rollups & Moderate to High (4000–10,000) & High (0.1–7 days due to fraud-proof period) & High & Trust in fraud-proof mechanism \\ \hline Zk-Rollups & High (2000–4500) & Low (0.1–1) & Very High & No additional trust assumptions \\ \hline Validiums & Very High (9000) & Low (0.1) & High & Trust in data availability committee \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: The reported throughput and latency are approximate and theoretical, depending on the specific implementation and network conditions.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Comparison of Layer 2 Blockchain Solutions. root hash are stored off-chain, while validity proofs are stored on-chain. A data availability committee, such as a centralized oracle, that needs to be trusted can regulate the availability of off-chain data. This paper concentrates on rollup-based L2 architectures since they present an optimum balance between efficiency and security (no additional trust assumptions). The following sections also discuss the number of promising solutions developed so far.
# Efficient Time-Series Clustering through Sparse Gaussian Modeling
## 2 Notation and Preliminaries
### Evaluation Criteria of Sparse Time-Series Clustering
#### 2.3.1 Rand Index  
The _Rand Index_ (RI) [24] quantifies the similarity of two clusterings (i.e., the ground truth clustering and the clustering computed by the algorithm) by counting the number of \"correct\" pairs of data points, which are both assigned either to the same or to different clusters in the two clusterings. More precisely, RI is defined as  
\[\text{RI}=\frac{2\left(\text{SS}+\text{DD}\right)}{n(n-1)}\,,\]  
where \(n\) is the number of data points (and \(n(n-1)/2\) is the total number of data point pairs) and \(\text{SS}+\text{DD}\) is the number of \"correct\" pairs. Specifically, SS (resp. DD) is the number of pairs of data points that belong to the same cluster (resp. to different clusters) in both clusterings. By definition, \(\text{RI}\in[0,1]\). However, the threshold above which RI values are considered satisfactory strongly depends on the number of clusters \(k\), with a completely random (and oblivious to the cluster sizes) clustering achieving an expected RI of \(1/k\) against any given clustering.
# Methodology and Results of Detailed 3D Seismic Exploration in the Zhezkazgan Ore District
## 4 Discussion  
As a result of reflection 3D seismic data interpretation, isochron and structural maps have been compiled at a scale of 1:5000 corresponding to the base of the Pokrovsky (C2 pk), Zlatoust (C2 zt), and Taskuduk (C2 ts) horizons. The deep-lying stratigraphic horizons of lower sections of the Carboniferous system, large faults, and micro-tectonic disturbances (small faults and cracks) are clearly distinguished by seismic sections.  
The analysis of seismic data and extensive application of drilling data allowed to identify spatial extent of ore-bearing horizons in the Upper Beleuty and Taskuduk suite layers of the lower section of the Carboniferous system, where exploration drilling had been earlier performed. The top of silicified limestones (C2 pk), ore-bearing greenish-gray sandstones in the Upper Beleuty layers (1B-IV, 1B-III), and the top of the Lower Beleuty layers are clearly visible as reflecting horizons in seismic wave fields (C1 nbl1). Taking into account historical drilling data, the localization of target horizons and ore bodies was delineated.  
The subsoil use company has drilled five verification wells at new targets out of 17 (seventeen) recommended wells and copper mineralization has been confirmed for all drilled wells.
# E-Mail Network Patterns and Body Language Predict Risk-Taking Attitude
## 4 Discussion and Limitations  
By measuring features of individual language, both verbal and as body language, we propose a novel way to measure attitudes towards risk. The same approach can also be used to measure other \"soft\" personality characteristics such as ethical and moral values [21; 22]. We find, for instance, that someone using a language indicating a fitness-aware lifestyle is less willing to take general risks, while someone using a language indicating a preference for \"yolo\" is less willing to take ethical risks. On the other hand, people who use a \"journalist\" such as \"matter of fact\" language are more willing to take ethical risks. Similar insights can also be gleaned from the body language of individuals. For instance, the less consistent they move their bodies, i.e., the higher the variance of their arm movement over time, the higher their willingness to take general risks. On the theoretical side, insights such as these offer valuable suggestions for personality researchers. On the practical side, these results permit HR managers to better understand the culture of their organizations, based on the words that the members of their organization use.  
The presented study has some potential areas in need of further investigation. First, individual risk-preference is measured through self-reported questionnaires, which may introduce a subjective bias of observed relations due to the common method variance [51]. A more objective alternative is to expose participants to gaming tasks (e.g., the ultimatum game [52]). Second, a relatively small number of participants inevitably restrict the validity generalization of our results. Therefore, a larger-scale experiment involving more participants from a wider range of backgrounds should be done to provide further evidence of the robustness of our results. In addition, in the social networking part (Study A) of this study we have mainly focused on e-mail networks, but the proposed methodology could be extended to online social networks from practically any discipline, such as Facebook and microblogging platforms.