# Status of BIPV and BAPV System for Less Energy-Hungry Building in India--A Review
## 4 Potential of BIPV/BAPV in India
Maruti Suzuki India had planned to invest Rs 24 crore ($3366k) to set up a 5 MW solar power plant at its Gurugram (28.45\({}^{\circ}\) N, 77.02\({}^{\circ}\) E) facility. The plant would help to lower CO\({}_{2}\) emissions by 5,390 tonnes annually in 25 years. ReNew Power had commissioned 300 MW solar plant at Pavagada Solar Park in Tumkur district in Karnataka (13.37\({}^{\circ}\) N, 76.64\({}^{\circ}\) E). The solar power plant could reduce 0.6 million tonnes of CO\({}_{2}\) emission per year. The plant uses high efficiency Mono PERC solar modules and is based on seasonal tilt technology with string invertors. However, solar power plants are practically is not feasible for urban areas where large amount of space is required. India's population growth and rapid urbanization land availability for solar plants will be a complicated issue. Hence, solar rooftops should be given higher priority. Some of the major PV installations include Braboune stadium, Mumbai, which is the world's largest solar rooftop with capacity of 820.8 kWp, as shown in Figure 7a. Another major installation is export at Cochin International Airport, which is India's largest carrot solarized by Tata Power Solar. The plant is 2.67 MW, and is spread across an area of 20289.9 m\({}^{2}\), which offsets 1868 tons of CO\({}_{2}\) as shown in Figure 7b.  
Although, in India, 83.3 crore reside in a rural area out of 121 crores, urbanization is occuring at a rapid pace. Every minute, 30 Indians move from a rural area to a city, seeking better-paying jobs. Population and economic growth have fostered urbanization in the country and the number of urban towns and cities has drastically increased [146; 147]. By the end of 2030, 590 million Indians will be in city for which new buildings are required. It is expected that five-fold built space will be in 2030 than 2005 level in India, of which 60% will be air-conditioned space. Maintaining similar conditions, Indian's building can consume energy and emits GHG with a 700% increment by 2050, compared to 2005 levels [135]. Presently building consumes 30% of electricity in India [148]. The reduction of building energy enhances the demand for sustainable building, which will perform as low energy or less energy-hungry building by trim down the HVAC load demand. To attain such a building, envelopes need to be energy efficient and responsive to an outdoor conundrum. To assess the performance of the buildings, The Energy and Resource Institute of India (TERI) and MNRE has created Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA), and the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating tools to help curtail the substantial resources consumed by the building industry, and  
Figure 7: (a) World’s largest solar rooftop with a capacity of 820.8 kWp installed on Braboune stadium, at Cricket Club of India, in Mumbai (18.93\({}^{\circ}\) N, 72.82\({}^{\circ}\) E) (b) India’s largest solar carrot 2.67 Mw at Cochin International Airport (Cial) (10.15\({}^{\circ}\) N, 76.39\({}^{\circ}\) E).  
to reduce the overall environmental impact within tolerable limits. GRIHA evaluates the ecological performance of the building comprehensively by controlling energy consumption, reducing carbon dioxide gas emissions and reinforce the use of inexhaustible and processable sources to the best possible extent [149; 150]. MNRE also encourages now passive building which will use solar energy by the suitable orientation of building for daylighting, heating and cooling load demand [151].  
BIPV and BAPV both can contribute a considerable amount of energy and improve the building's indoor environment in India [152; 153]. However, the dearth of BIPV experts and BIPV marketing professionals, limited in-house consumption data, dearth of ability in planning, commissioning, operation, and maintenance of solar PV/BIPV projects, inadequate training and capacity building, not enough available information about BIPV for policy-making and mobilizing civil society are the barrier for Indian BIPV/BAPV market [81; 82]. Another major barrier for widespread PV in India is the lack of resources of raw materials for PV manufacturing. BIPV technology, which is mainly thin-film-based, did not have much uptake in India due to the same reason. For crystalline silicon, India depends on import of the silicon wafer. Currently, in India, the thin-film PV industries are run by US-based First Solar (22% share), Canadian Solar (6% share) and 6% share of Trina Solar Chinese manufacture (6%). India also cannot support CdTe production as India's copper refining industry size is not big enough and upgradation is required to enhance tellurium recovery rates from the copper refining process [154]. The Indian developer, Vikram Solar, has a 3.5% share followed by Moser Baer, Tata Power Solar and Lanco [155]. China controls over 97% of rare earth material which makes them capable to control the price of thin-film [155]. Poor performance of thin-film PV system compared to silicon PV system creates a negative impact on thin-film BIPV system. Thin film degradation occurs in higher rate than crystalline PV over 25 years. Also, thin-film PV cells possess micro-cracks after few years of operation, due to the temperature gradient differences between bottom and top, which cause additional cost of replacement. In India, utilization of BIPV and BAPV is still not fully well established and primarily most of the major integration types are BAPV. Solar rooftop PV application which is BAPV technologies are predominant in India. According to census 2011, in India, there are 331 million households, with urban settlement area of 77,370 km\({}^{2}\), which can be a huge potential of 124 GW for rooftop BAPV to satisfy 40 GW rooftop PV power generation target by 2022. Rooftop PV installations grew at robust pace adding 1,836 MW in the financial year 2018-2019, with a total becoming 10 GW. Figure 8a shows the spaced type semitransparent crystalline solar BIPV module integrated on the rooftop having installed capacity of 1.68 kWp. Each module had dimensions of 1963 mm \(\times\) 0.987 mm \(\times\) 40 mm covered with 36 c-Si panels with a transparent area of 49% and rated power of 150 W. Figure 8b shows the India's first zero energy building, which was constructed in 2014. PV panels occupy 4600 m\({}^{2}\) area and annual energy generation cost is 14 lakh ($19k) Unit kWh, while the cost of installation was Rs 18 core ($2533k). Coal India Limited's Corporate Headquarters at Rajarhat in Kolkata (22.57\({}^{\circ}\) N, 88.37\({}^{\circ}\) E) installed 632 PV panels with total capacity of 140 kW. The solar energy powers the uninterrupted power supply for desktops, emergency lighting systems and the landscape lighting of CIL's corporate office. Tata BP Solar has implemented 30 kWp ($250,000) BAPV system in Samudra Institute of Maritime Studies in Pune (18.52\({}^{\circ}\) N, 73.85\({}^{\circ}\) E).