## 4 Results and Discussion
### New Design Procedure  
The previous sections provide an example of the OMSS design workflow, which can be a foundation for developing an innovative design procedure for bridge construction equipment. Although [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [30], [PERSON] [31], Members of IABSE Working Group 6 [32], and [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [28] have developed design recommendations for the design of bridge section and construction equipment, those guidelines are in a generalised stage based on European and American design codes, and useful information is scattered in numerous documents. A more straightforward and detailed design procedure within the environment of the Australian construction industry and the power of parametric design has been pointed out in this project, while the relevant precedents are also referenced. This design process comprises several critical stages, beginning with a comprehensive understanding of design briefs, including analysing bridge superstructure drawings to determine appropriate construction methods and gathering information on operational and environmental conditions during construction. Thus, with further site investigation and condition monitoring, accurate design assumptions can be proposed, and a more comprehensive solution can be achieved. The overall design is based on specific standards, such as loading action determination in AS 1170 and bridge design requirements in AS 5100, and incorporates engineering expertise to confirm construction methods and sequencing. These standards and practical experience can also guide the overall structural layout and material selection for the bridge construction equipment. To emphasise the proposed new design procedure, some steps were simplified in this study, including employing assumed bridge cross-sections, working conditions, and OMSS design concepts from prior cases. The parametric modelling of the structure was then performed using Grasshopper, optimising the geometry with its built-in Galapagos component and FEA plug-in, Karamba3D. The next stage involved detailed structural design. Various loads needed to be calculated for the FEA in the following steps. The loads included the weight of the bridge deck, the formwork system, specific wind loads, and the weight of workers and equipment. With the determination of design loads, comprehensive analysis was conducted to find appropriate load cases. Then, structural analysis and capacity calculations were required to assess the strength and stability of the proposed structural components under different loading scenarios. The analysis was carried out using the Strand7 FEA software, and the member capacity calculation was conducted using an established Excel spreadsheet based on the main design principles in AS 4100. After the completion of those design stages, from parametric modelling to numerical analysis, several iterations were required to refine the design. Finally, the structural design was finalised, construction drawings were produced, and a calculation report was prepared before advancing to the next design phase. Due to the scope limitations of this study, only an initial design process for the temporary bridge construction equipment was proposed and validated. Given the complexity of the equipment's overall structure, more advanced and detailed structural analyses, such as dynamic wind, thermal, and fatigue analyses, are needed to ensure structural integrity and operation safety. Additionally, functional facilities can increase the complexity of its design, which include electrical systems, hydraulic systems, and active control systems like OPSs. This requires multidisciplinary collaboration among various specialists. Therefore, an initial working procedure framework for bridge construction equipment design with the consideration of Australian conditions is proposed, as illustrated in Figure 50. The areas explored in this study are coloured in black.