# Exploring Pandemics Events on Twitter by Using Sentiment Analysis and Topic Modelling
## 4 Exploring Data  
In this section, we speculate about the data information. Figure 2 shows the composition of our datasets. Malaria accounts for about 28.3% of the whole data, while influenza with 17.6% and tuberculosis with 13.8% are in the second and third positions, respectively. We can observe that the discussion about typhus is the smallest one, just 0.7%. Figure 3 shows the word cloud for the total dataset. The keywords about viruses have been removed to exclude their influence on the resulting plot. We can observe that twitter users are concerned about people's health issues in relation to viruses around the world. Terms, i.e., people, health, vaccine, and disease, have a higher frequency with respect to others, such as work. Figure 2: The composition of the 11 datasets. For different viruses, word clouds and bar plots with the first 20 words have been created. In this paper, we have included the main plots. Figure 4 is for Ebola, which highlights the terms Congo and outbreak. On the one hand, Ebola is the name of a river in the northern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo, in which an unknown virus came and killed people in 55 villages along the Ebola River in 1976. On the other hand, on 23 April 2022, the World Health Organization [36] issued a statement that Mbandaka city, a north-western Equateur province capital, in the Republic of Congo, found a person suffering from Ebola haemorrhagic fever, and the country's health department declared an outbreak for a new round of Ebola. Meanwhile, the frequency of Marburg is very high. The Marburg virus is characterised by the same symptoms and transmission routes as the Ebola virus disease. The Marburg virus and Ebola virus belong to the Filoviridae family. Marburg has a high frequency, because on 1 July, Ghana had confirmed the first two fatal cases of the Marburg virus disease. Figure 5 is for cholera which is often associated with water pollution. In this case, we have observed that the water term appears frequently. Terms, such as Mariupol and Ukraine, also have a high frequency. Mariupol is a port city in Ukraine, which has been almost destroyed by the current war. Water has mixed with sewage, and according to the BBC news [37], there could be the risk of a major cholera outbreak. Young people are often at high risk of HIV/AIDS. There are several tweets discussing prevention behaviour or awareness for youth. On 10 March 2022, there is the National Women and Girls HIV/AIDS Awareness Day, and it is possible to observe various tweets about this argument. Influenza tends to be associated with avians and pigs. We have observed various tweets that include bird, flock, and so on. Figure 4: Word cloud and bar plot for Ebola. Figure 3: Word cloud once removed keywords about viruses. Malaria is mainly spread by mosquitoes. The mosquito term occupies a high percentage. The child word also has a high frequency, which means that a malaria infection for children is of great concern. Spanish flu is a disaster in history, known as the 1918 influenza pandemic. Terms such as year, time, and history have a high frequency. For tuberculosis, children and elderly people are mainly interested. The meningitis term also has a high proportion, because tuberculous meningitis is one of the typical complications of tuberculosis. This disease mostly occurs in children under 5 years of age, and the elderly are also a susceptible population. The Queensland term has a high proportion in the typhus dataset. There are many types of typhus virus and the Queensland tick typhus is one of them [38]. It is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium rickettsia australis. In the swine flu dataset, terms such as war, Ukraine, and Russia appear and account for a significant percentage. This is related to the latest international events and conflicts. Furthermore, in the same dataset, terms such as people and vaccine appear and account for a significant percentage. It is also closely related to terms such as bird and poultry. Kenya, outbreak, and die appear frequently related to yellow fever.