## 3 Results and Discussion
### Bioconcentration Factor  
Plants having both phytostabilization and pollution-tolerant capacities are potentially useful for phytoremediation purposes. The mean BCF values for antibiotics in water lettuce and parrot feather tissues are shown in Figure 6. Uptake translocation of antibiotics varied among treatments. In water lettuce tissues, BCF of antibiotics ranged from 0.24 to 0.78, while that of NOR was much lower, ranging from 0.24 to 0.38. In addition, SMZ (0.59-0.64) and TET (0.72-0.78) showed higher uptake accumulation into water lettuce tissues. The BCF values of water lettuce and parrot feather showed similar trends but were higher for parrot feather (Figure 6). The differences in uptake accumulation of antibiotics in water plants are governed by antibiotic concentrations, crop species, and environmental conditions. SMZ and TC showed 60-80% removal, in the range of 1-10 mg/L of treatment concentration, but NOR removed only 20-30%. Parrot feather was slightly more effective in this respect than water lettuce. BCF values greater than 1 are generally believed to indicate the potential success of a plant species for phytoremediation. The BCF values of inorganic metal ions are often higher than 1 [19]; however, in this study, BCF values of antibiotics, which are toxic organic substances, were less than 1. The BCF values of antibiotics were similar to those measured in previous studies [18]. In this study, the metabolites of the three antibiotics could not be identified due to various research limitations. We present data for estimating metabolites of three antibiotics using previous research data. Biotransformation was shown to be the main removal process for the parent antibiotics from the aqueous phase and abiotic transformation, mineralization, and sorption to the suspended solids [20]. _Microbacterium_ sp. strain 4N2-2 produces four metabolites (8-hydroxynorfloxacin, 6-defluoro-6-hydroxynorfloxacin, desethylene-norfloxacin, and N-acetylnorfloxacin) from nonflexoxin [21], _Streptomyces_ sp. strain AL-16012 produces five metabolites (chlorotetracycline, doxycycline, medicotetracycline, and rolitetracycline) from tetracycline [20], and ammonia-oxidizing archaeo strain produces two metabolites (acetyl + hydroxy (AcOH-sulfonamide) and N4-formyl-sulfonamide) from sulfamethazine [22] through glycosylation, decarboxylation, hydroxylation, oxidative defluorination, desethylation, and \(N\)-acetylation. These metabolites, of course, may be subjected to further degradation by other environmental microorganisms. Three antibiotic types--quinolones, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines--which are thought to be genetically toxic to fishes, have been reported to bioaccumulate in fish tissues, as well as in aquatic environments, such as rivers and surface water. The adverse effects of these antibiotics are known to cause damage to developmental, cardiovascular, and metabolic systems, as well as in altering antioxidant and immune responses, in fishes. Therefore, there are continuous concerns about the toxicity of antibiotics in fishes and management strategies are needed [20; 21; 22].  
Figure 5: Selected antibiotic concentrations (on a dry weight basis) in water lettuce and parrot feather plants under various treatments at the end of the experimental period. Values are the mean \(\pm\) S.D. of three parallel individuals in each container.  
**Author Contributions:** [PERSON] and [PERSON] performed the experiments and wrote the article. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This paper was supported by research funds of Jeonbuk National University in 2019.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The data used in this study can be available from the authors on reasonable request.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.