# Evolution of V2X Communication and Integration of Blockchain for Security Enhancements
## 4 Edge Computing for V2X Communications  
The current cloud computing systems encounter several issues related to security, communication latency and poor performance because of central server architecture. The edge computing helps to solve these issues by installing distributing Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) servers [36]. The edge computing device is a system that offers a point of access to the core network of the enterprise or service provider. Example devices include routers, network switches, integrated access equipment, etc. MEC is a promising alternative that can shift computing capacities from clouds to edge devices assisting the future vehicular networks. MEC addresses the delay-sensitive network scenarios, providing mobile services at network edges by hosting computer-intensive applications, pre-processing data generated prior to delivery to the cloud, and providing context-aware applications with RAN information [37]. The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) published a white paper based on MEC use cases for V2X [36] that analyzed and discussed the features and recommendations of MEC that support V2X applications. It evaluates and identifies the limitation of MEC in supporting V2X applications, and work towards closing the gaps that were found in MEC for V2X applications by \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Features** & **802.11p** & **802.11 bd** & **LTE V2X** & **NR V2X** \\ \hline Base technology & 802.11a/n & IEEE802.11n/ac & 4G/LTE & 5 GNR \\ \hline Radio bands & 5.9 GHz & 5.9 GHz, 60 GHz & 5.9 GHz & 5.9 GHz\(\sim\)52.6 GHz \\ \hline Channel coding & BCC & LDPC &
\begin{tabular}{l} Data:Turbo coding \\ Control:Convolution \\ coding \\ \end{tabular} & Data:LDPC Control: \\ \hline Subcarrier spacing & 156.25 KHz, & 312.5 KHz, & 15 KHz & 15 KHz & 60 KHz mmWave:60, \\  & & 78.15 KHz & & 120 KHz \\ \hline Retransmission & None & Congestion dependent & Blind & HARQ-based \\ \hline Modes & Broadcast & Broadcast, groupcast & Broadcast & Broadcast, groupcast, \\  & & & & unicast \\ \hline PHY layer & N/A & OFDM & SC-FDMA & SC-FDMA, OFDM \\ \hline Interoperability & N/A & Yes & N/A & Non co-channel \\ \hline mmWave support & N/A & Yes & N/A & Yes \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: An overall comparison of 802.11p, 802.11 bd, LTE V2X, and NR V2X based on common features. changing existing MEC services or interfaces. ETSI is working on a specification for V2X interoperability in a multi-vendor, multi-network, and multi-access environment. The specifications focus on V2X MEC services that define necessary information for V2X operations, data flows and data formats. Some of the recommendations for V2X MEC features and services are as follows [36]:  
* MEC should provide interoperability by allowing exchange of V2X information among vehicles connected through various access technologies or mobile operators or networks. * MEC should provide service continuity, and access-network coverage across the country and between multi-operators. * MEC should provide interoperability in a multi-operator environment that enables MEC applications to communicate securely in various systems even in the absence of cellular network. * MEC should provide secure multi-operator communication between MEC applications with V2X-related core network control functions. * MEC should provide feedback information from the network to the vehicles in order to guarantee the reliability of the communication channel in supporting V2X functionality. Globally, sales from connected vehicles are expected to rise five-fold i.e., more than US $ 24 billion by the end of 2025, according to new analysis by Counterpoint's Smart Automotive Service [38]. Each connected vehicle produces about 30 TB of data within a day that requires very high bandwidth. Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) [39] is the amalgamation of mobile computing and cloud computing in order to overcome the drawbacks of mobile devices. MCC is a powerful computing technology for offloading network traffic and managing network resources.