# Mobile-Application Loading-Animation Design and Implementation Optimization
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Experiment I--Perception Measure
#### 2.1.4 Results with Discussion  
An analysis of the collected data was conducted using statistical methods (descriptive analysis, independent samples t-test, and one-way repeated measures MANOVA). The descriptive statistics for the QoE features are presented in Table 2. The mean duration for all eight animations was estimated as 4.56 s, which is slightly less than the actual duration. The distribution was tested for normality with a normal QQ plot. The duration perceptions of animations with percentage indicators (Nos. 3 and 6) were estimated as the longest. The identity animation (No. 3) duration was estimated as the shortest. The subjective feelings of duration and passage of time were evaluated on a five-point Likert scale (1--long, slow; 5--short, fast). The duration and passage of time for the identity and activity animations (Nos. 2 and 7) were perceived as the shortest in duration and the fastest in speed, respectively. Animation 3 (the percentage indicator) was perceived as the longest in terms of duration and subjective feeling of the passage of time. Perception of interest and aesthetics were evaluated on a five-point Likert scale (1--boring, 5--interesting; 1--low, 5--high). The interest and the aesthetics for animations 2 and 7 were estimated as the highest. The percentage progress indicator was estimated as the lowest in terms of interest and aesthetics. Semantic differential questions (a set of 10 items that covered two subscales) were used to identify the connotative meanings of animation concepts [20]. The participants indicated how much they experienced the effects of each animation on a five-point Likert scale. Affective/emotional factors \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline  & **Loading** & **Animation Metaphor** & **Time Affordance** \\ \hline
1. & Throbber & Spinning icon (repetitive) & Indeterminate \\ \hline
2. & Identity & The app logo on a cup, which is being filled with coffee, in & \\  & Animation & front of a coffee machine & \\ \hline
3. & Progress Bar & A linear graphical control element with a & \\  & (With Percentage Indicator) & percentage indicator & \\ \hline
4. & Attribute & Icons with text (coffee, grounded, brewed, served) shown in & \\  & Animation & the linear sequence & \\ \hline
5. & Circular & Twelve radial lines arranged in a circular pattern (repetitive) & Indeterminate \\ \hline
6. & Percentage & “Spinning wheel” with a percentage indicator (repetitive) & \\  & Spinner & & \\ \hline
7. & Activity & Cup being filled with coffee from a coffee jug & Anticipative \\ \hline
8. & Text & “do not let anything stop you”, “skip obstacles”, “take it & \\  & Animation & with you”, “go for your own Coffee2 go o” & Indeterminate \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Loading-animation type and design descriptions. were Sad--Happy, Uncomfortable--Comfortable, Tense--At Ease, Anxious--Relaxed, and Unimpressed--Stimulated. Functional-utilitarian factors were Impatient--Patient, Tired--Energetic, Helpless--Powerful, Annoyed--Excited, and Confused--Confident. The affect and the utility of animation 7 were estimated as the highest. The connotative meaning of the percentage progress indicator animation was estimated as the lowest in terms of affect and utility. A one-way repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance (one-way repeated measures MANOVA) was performed to examine whether the eight proposed designs (throbber, identity animation, progress bar, attribute animation, circular indicator, percentage spinner, activity animation, and text animation) differed in four variables of wait-time-animation evaluation (perceived speed, perceived aesthetics, and two semantic differential dimensions: affective and utilitarian). A one-way repeated measures MANOVA was also used to test the differences in multiple dependent variables between the experimental conditions (all participants took part in each experimental condition).