esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Emission of Terpenoid Compounds from Rice Plants
###### Abstract  
The global cultivation area of rice is equivalent to 4% of the world's forest area and may be an important sink and source of trace gases. To produce a precise terpenoid emission inventory, it is essential to obtain reliable data of terpenoid emission from rice plants. In the present study, terpenoid emissions from various rice species were measured using flow-through chamber and tower flux measurement methods. In the flow-through chamber measurement, linaloal was emitted from the above-ground parts of the three rice cultivars \"Koshihikari\", \"Nipponbare\" and \"IR72\". The emission rates gradually decreased (<0.1 ug gDW\({}^{-1}\) h\({}^{-1}\)) within two days during the measurement periods. As the touching stimulus might have enhanced linaloal emission, a non-contact measurement method, i.e., the tower flux measurement method, was applied to a \"Koshihikari\" paddy. Linaloal was not detected, but \(\alpha\)-pinene was detected in the atmosphere above the rice paddy. The \(\alpha\)-pinene flux (mean \(\pm\) 95% confidence interval) was 0.006 \(\pm\) 0.004 nmol m\({}^{-2}\) s\({}^{-1}\) on a land-area basis. The flux was 1/200 of the previously reported monoterpene emission rate of the rice plants measured in a commercial chamber, but was not largely different from three other reports. We provide terpenoid flux data above a rice paddy for the first time, which is more reliable because the tower flux measurement method can avoid stimuli to rice leaves and stems. Although the obtained terpenoid emission rate is very low, the obtained values can contribute to the establishment of a precise BVOC inventory in Asia.  
Keywords:linalool; \(\alpha\)-pinene; tower flux method; REA; rice paddy; non-contact +
Footnote †: journal:
## 4 Discussion  
We have synthesized ODN containing the _acy_AOVT base **2** that is expected to react with the nucleophilic residue of the nucleic acid-binding protein in the proximity of the vinyl group. The reactivity with _acy_AOVT to DNA or RNA was significantly higher than that of _acy_AOVP. The interesting result that only one nitrogen substitution on AOVP drastically increased the reactivity could be attributed to the electron withdrawing effect of the nitrogen atom. The _acy_AOVT (**2**) showed relatively high yields to dC, dT and dG in DNA and rC, rU in RNA. The highest reactivity to cytosine with the AOVT derivatives **1** and **2** might be due to the high nucleophilicity of the amino group in cytosine and to the flexible linker, which makes it possible to access the vinyl group in the amino group of the cytosine. The cross-linking yields to adenine in the DNA or RNA with _acy_AOVT **2** were  
Figure 7: Evaluation of the crosslinking reaction between duplex DNA and Hha1 DNMT-1 (**A**) SDS-Page gel stained silver for analysis of reactions. Duplex DNA (**ODN6** (**X** = C or _acy_AOVT) and **DNA2**: 3 \(\mu\)M) and Hha1 DNMT-1 (1 \(\mu\)M) was incubated in the presence of SAM at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C. (**B**) 5′-FAM labelled **ODN6** was used in the same reaction of (**A**) and the gel was visualized by silver staining and fluorescence. (**C**) SDS-Page gel stained FlamingoTM for analysis of reactions. Duplex DNA (**ODN6** (**X** = C for control or _acy_AOVT) and **DNA2**: 1 \(\mu\)M) and Hha1 DNMT-1 (1 \(\mu\)M) was incubated in the presence of SAM at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C or 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C. (**D**) Time course of the yields at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C or 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
significantly lower than that of Et-AOVT **1**. The vinyl group in _acy_AOVT **2** might be located away from the reactive site of adenine because of being positioned at similar natural base-pair by the short linker with **2**, resulting in the low crosslinking yields to adenine (Figure S14). The melting temperature (\(T_{m}\)) values of the duplex for **ODN7/DNA1(G)** or **RNA1(G)** were the highest in all the duplexes containing the other AOVT-base pairing. These results suggested that the duplex containing _acy_AOVT-G would be stabilized by forming three hydrogen bonding, resulting in orientation of the vinyl group in _acy_AOVT to the opposite side of the complementary bases (Figure 8).  
We attempted the reaction to the commercially-available DNMT using the duplex containing _acy_AOVT-G as a model reaction with the nucleic acids-binding protein. The results indicated that _acy_AOVT might react with the thiol group of the cysteine residue in DNMT in close proximity as shown in Figure 9.  
We expect that this _acy_AOVT-G base pairing system would provide a \"cross-linkable duplex material\" to react with the nucleic acid-binding proteins.
## 2 Research Background  
### Digital Payment and Digital Payment Technologies  
Digital payment refers to transactions that occur through digital or online means without physically exchanging cash. The paper and payee both use a digital medium for the transaction, for example, making payments for your purchase using a mobile device (smart phone) via wireless connection or other communication technology means [18]. Digital payment also refers to electronic transactions that take place via the internet, e.g., payment by credit or debit card, whether online or in person at a supermarket or another shop [20]. It also includes payments made through cryptocurrencies, such as bitcoin, which facilitates an encrypted, peer-to-peer digital barter [21].  
The digital payment services are made possible through digital payment technologies. The technologies used for digital payment transactions include e-payment technologies, such as eChecks and BNPL solutions (Buy Now, Pay Later), which initiate transactions between parties digitally. With online shopping gaining popularity, e-payment technologies are the most-used payment technologies. Similarly, card payment technologies include credit and debit cards that can be used both online and in person and can include the use of Near-Field Communication (NFC) chips when used in person. Touch-free payment using NFC enables connection between two electronic devices over a short distance. This contactless payment has become more popular due to its convenience, speed and reliability, and has proved more useful during the pandemic because of health restrictions and safety precautions [22]. Other popular payment technologies include mobile payments, e.g., mobile e-wallets, such as Apple Pay, PayPal, Samsung Pay and Google Pay. These are virtual wallets, which provide great convenience and more secure financial services to the consumers. Similarly, cryptocurrencies are another form of emerging digital payment technology. For example, the blockchain-based cryptocurrency 'bitcoin' has the potential to revolutionize the digital financial market by creating a free-flowing trading system without fees [21].  
The 'emerging digital payment technologies' in this study context refer to the digital payment systems or digital payment methods or technologies used to make payments for transactions. They are relatively new and characterized by persistent growth over time with potential socio-economic impacts. Thus, the use of these digital payment technologies generally will yield benefit for the wider population at large [23].
## 3 Analysis and Discussion
### Imaging System Analysis
The field curvature and distortion diagram give the change of the position of the fine beam image point leaving the image plane in different fields of view; the field curvature diagram is the thin beam meridian and arc sagittal field curvature of three wavelengths. The whole field curvature of the system was less than 0.2 mm and the distortion was less than 10% to ensure that the final fundus image was not distorted.
## 6 Numerical Experiment
### Results and Discussions: Performance by the Missing Value Rate of the User Trajectory
As a result, we infer that sparse spatial-temporal information, i.e., a sparse trajectory, would have sufficient information to classify the corresponding user age group. Finally, the classification performance with respect to the data acquisition period is discussed. Focusing on the maximum accuracy of GMM-RF, the accuracy values from January to June are 0.545 (0.064), 0.476 (0.038), 0.342 (0.017), 0.335 (0.023), 0.331 (0.015), and 0.316 (0.011), respectively. In January and February, the values are particularly high. Conversely, the values from March to June are lower than those from January and February. This occurred because declarations of a state of emergency and a semistate of emergency were enforced from 8 January to 21 March and 20 April to 1 August 2021, respectively, in the target area. The state of emergency involves strong behavioral regulation, including orders to close restaurants and commercial facilities. In contrast, the semistate of an emergency is a behavioral regulation that includes only the required orders regarding hours of operation [45]. Thus, in January and February, in which states of emergency were enforced, the restriction of irregular behavior (e.g., amusement trips to commercial and recreational facilities) among people's activities clearly differentiated the behavior patterns of people in different user age groups. However, in March, when a state of emergency was also enforced, the classification performance was significantly lower than that in January and February. This could be because the states of emergency migrated to semistates of emergency in the middle of March, and people's behavior changed remarkably. The classification performance also declined from April to June; this may be because people's behavior became more diverse than that during the state of emergency. The monthly sample sizes shown in Figures 5 and 6 indicate that the sample size from March to June is larger than that from January to February. This suggests that people's behavior patterns gradually returned to normal during the period from March to June. Nonetheless, the average accuracy values are significantly higher than those of random classification in the range of 3 SD for many parameter settings. These results also reveal that the sparse trajectory contains sufficient information for classifying user age groups without the use of any semantic information other than spatial-temporal information.
# Sign Language Sentence Recognition Using Hybrid Graph Embedding and Adaptive Convolutional Networks
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Model Comparison  
The HGE-ACN model was compared to advanced sign language recognition methods, ensuring fair evaluation based on accuracy, inference time, complexity, and standardized parameter settings for consistency.
## 2 Related Work and Background
### Maintenance  
The usage of machinery is essential in industrial applications. Failure of these machines due to wear of the underlying elements is one of the most prevalent concerns in industry; therefore, equipment maintenance is critical in preventing malfunctions and, as a result, minimizing downtime. According to [12], maintenance expenses range from 15% to 60% of the total cost of the manufactured goods. Around 33% of maintenance expenses are directly connected to redundant and incorrect equipment maintenance within these margins. As a result, lowering the expenses of costly maintenance might substantially reduce overall production costs by improving equipment productivity [13].  
According to [14; 15] there are three distinct techniques for maintaining equipment: (1) modificative maintenance, in which components are upgraded to improve machine productivity and performance, (2) preventive maintenance, in which a component is replaced just before it fails and (3) break-down corrective maintenance, in which a part is replaced after it fails, leading to downtime of the machine. In this paper, we concentrate on (2) preventive maintenance, which itself is separated into two types: usage-based maintenance (UBM) and condition-based maintenance (CBM).  
The UBM method relies entirely on arranging maintenance visits by the engineer when a specific threshold of consumption is achieved. In practice, this implies that visits are scheduled with a certain interval between them, comparable to a yearly automobile inspection. This technique results in relatively little equipment downtime, which is good for production. However, this method has two major disadvantages; the high expenses of maintenance visits and the replacement of parts that are still usable. As a result, in many industrial applications, CBM is the recommended maintenance approach, making use of data-driven methods and approaches, e.g., cf. [14; 16; 17].  
CBM assesses the current state of equipment to identify if maintenance is required. The concept behind CBM is to only execute maintenance when specific parameters, e.g., deviating behavior in the data, indicate a reduction in performance or a predicted rise in failures. This means fewer maintenance visits and more efficient usage of the underlying components, which in turn leads to lower overall maintenance costs.
## 4 Control Analysis Based on Sensitivity
### Input Disturbance Rejection  
The open-loop transfer function, \(G_{\text{ol}}\), and the close-loop transfer function, \(G_{\text{cl}}\), are related by the sensitivity transfer function as  
\[Y_{cl}(s)=S(s)Y_{ol}(s). \tag{18}\]  
Thus, (18) is valid when any entry except the main reference produces the excitation. This means that \(S(s)\) provides information about the attenuation offered by the feedback inclusion. However, the input sensitivity, \(S_{i}(s)\), explicitly analyses the disturbance effect of an input disturbance on the system's output variable.  
Figure 8 depicts the bode diagram for \(S_{i}(s)\), concluding that the controller with \(\alpha\) value of 0.75 better rejects the disturbances with frequencies in the vicinity of \(\omega_{0}\). On the contrary, \(\alpha=1.5\) has the worst rejection capabilities.
## 2 Experimental Setup  
### Apparatus and Sample Preparation  
We use the DJZ-500 shear box device (Figure 1a) to perform the unloading shear tests under constant shear forces. The shear displacement is measured by a horizontal LVDT, which is attached to the upper part of the shear box. Normal and shear loads are measured by the load cells with a sampling rate of 50 times per second. The granular material used in the experiments is directly placed into the shear box with a length \(\times\) width \(\times\) height = 400 mm \(\times\) 200 mm \(\times\) 100 mm (Figure 1a). Steel balls are placed between the upper and lower shear boxes to avoid frictional contact. At the same time, PVC film is laid on the inner wall of the shear box to prevent sand leakage.  
The gouge layers are sometimes considered to have no cohesion [20]. Therefore, it is reasonable to use dry sands to study the behavior of gouge layers. We use natural sand collected from the coastal areas of southeast China as the experimental granular material, as shown in Figure 1b. The gradation diagram of the sand is shown in Figure 1c, which indicates that it is poorly graded. For each test, we layer 23.0 kg of sand into the shear box and fully compact it to reduce the porosity as much as possible. Since the height of the specimen is kept at 100 mm, the initial density of sand in the shear box is 2875 kg/m\({}^{3}\), i.e., the initial porosity of the granular sample is a constant, and the porosity distribution in the experimental samples is uniform. Typical particle sizes and other detailed properties of the sand are reported in Table 1. The relevant literature [33] confirms that under the authorized pressure in this study, no obvious particle breakage occurs. Therefore, we hold the precondition that the properties of particulate matter remain unchanged during the experiment.
## 4 Conclusions  
In the present study, we successfully fabricated electrospun nanofiber membranes and they were modified by post-treatments such as heat-pressing and annealing. Especially, the effects of annealing on the improvement of the MD flux performance were investigated. Based on the results, it was found that the sufficiently annealed electrospun membranes had a slightly increased average pore size, which contributed to their much higher flux in the DCMD compared to the other membrane samples. An average flux of 35 LMH could be achieved for annealed membranes while an average flux of 20 LMH was obtained by using commercial PVDF membranes in the same DCMD setup during 10 h of operation. It was found that the increase in the \(\alpha\) phase of PVDF led to the increase in the hydrophobicity of the membrane, so the high LEP after heat-pressing remained unchanged, although the average pore diameter increased. The other key factor in terms of the wetting resistance was the greatly narrowed pore size distribution as the membranes annealed for two and three days had the narrowest distribution among all the samples. Therefore, the higher average pore size of the annealed electrospun membranes contributed to the improvement of the flux performance while its negative effect on the LEP was offset by the increase in the hydrophobicity, preventing wetting issues. In summary, along with heat-pressing, the annealing technique is recommended for electrospun nanofiber membranes to improve their characteristics such as LEP, contact angle and pore size, which is key for a better permeation and rejection performance of MD for desalination. The use of nanofiber membranes with proper tuning of the material, process and post-treatment parameters to obtain near-ideal MD membranes with high performance efficiency can potentially accelerate their industrial applications.  
This research was supported by a grant (16 IFIP-B065893-04) from the Industrial Facilities & Infrastructure Research Program funded by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport of the Korean government. The authors also acknowledge the grant from the ARC Future Fellowship (FT140101208) and the UTS FEIT Blue Sky Research Fund.  
[PERSON], [PERSON] and H.K.S. conceived and designed the experiments; [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] performed the experiments, helped with data acquisition and prepared the figures; [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and H.K.S. analyzed the data; [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] wrote the paper; and H.K.S. and [PERSON] supervised and approved the research plan.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 2 Extended Harmonic-Modal Hybrid (XHMH) Approach
### Nonlinear Dynamics  
Many engineering applications cannot be modeled as a linear system. In soil dynamics, for example, the relation between stress and strain is highly nonlinear and hysteretic; thus, an accurate nonlinear modeling, addressing the soil stress-strain behavior is required.  
In the nonlinear case, the general semi-discretized momentum balance can be written as  
\[\mathbf{M}\frac{d^{2}\mathbf{U}(t)}{dt^{2}}+\mathbf{C}\frac{d\mathbf{U}(t)}{dt }+\mathbf{K}\mathbf{U}(t)-\mathbf{R}(\mathbf{U})=\mathbf{F}(t), \tag{13}\]  
where \(\mathbf{R}(\mathbf{U})\) is a nonlinear contribution that depends on \(\mathbf{U}(t)\).  
The simplest linearization compatible with the just described hybrid framework consists in calculating the nonlinear term \(\mathbf{R}(\mathbf{U})\) from the solution at the previous iteration of the nonlinear solution procedure and considering it as an extra-loading, i.e.,  
\[\mathbf{M}\frac{d^{2}\mathbf{U}(t)}{dt^{2}}+\mathbf{C}\frac{d\mathbf{U}(t)}{ dt}+\mathbf{K}\mathbf{U}(t)=\mathbf{R}(\mathbf{U}^{-}(t))+\mathbf{F}(t), \tag{14}\]  
where \(\mathbf{U}^{-}(t)\) correspond to the time-dependent solution at the previous iteration. Now, all the rationale previously introduced applies, with \(\mathcal{F}\) being now the Fourier transform of \(\mathbf{R}(\mathbf{U}^{-}(t))+\mathbf{F}(t)\).  
To improve the numerical efficiency, we consider the expression of the loading in the frequency domain, expressed in the modal basis, \(\mathbf{f}(\omega)=\mathbf{P}^{T}\mathcal{F}(\omega)\) and consider an approximation of it in the frequency domain  
\[\mathbf{f}(\omega)=\sum_{l=1}^{\mathtt{L}}\mathbf{f}(\omega_{l})N_{l}(\omega), \tag{15}\]with \(N_{l}(\omega)\) the approximation functions in the frequency domain. Thus, the problem solution reads  
\[\xi_{i}(\omega)=\frac{\sum_{l=1}^{\mathsf{L}}f_{i}(\omega_{l})N_{l}(\omega)}{- \omega^{2}+i\omega c_{i}+\kappa_{i}}. \tag{16}\]  
The expression above allows the offline calculation of the inverse transform of the approximation functions \(N_{l}(\omega)\), making possible an online reconstruction in almost real-time [16].
# Towards a Digital Twin Prototype of Alpine Glaciers: Proposal for a Possible Theoretical Framework
## 2 Glaciers Monitoring
### Overviewing Glacier Modelling Approaches
The Alps represent exactly a unitary territorial context where different climatic similarities can be recognized and used to properly zone them. This is therefore a mandatory step that we advise about when aiming at proposing a DT for the Alps. The Alpine Region is characterized by an abundance of glaciers, but only few of them are well studied. The time series of frontal variations are the most frequently available data. Other data such as glacier volume, shape, aspect, steepness and elevation are mandatory for models, but not always available for Alpine glaciers. Moreover, high mountain regions present some peculiarities, hosting mixed ecosystems where glaciers, rocks, debris, streams and lakes continuously interact. These makes the Alps particularly sensitive to climatic variations that, most importantly, can lead to important environmental hazards such as landslides, floods and significant changes in water availability and quality [64; 65]. The estimation of the future evolution of all glaciers in the European Alps was started by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [66], who combined glacier inventory data with a parameterisation scheme to predict the future evolution of the Alpine ice mass. Recently, [PERSON] et al. [67] have proposed a model of glacial evolution in Europe by bringing together the experiences gained in recent decades and proposing an evolution that makes intensive use of inventory data. In this context, a glacier DT should be able to integrate the peculiarities of both glacier inventories and models, aiming at continuously updating those features and inputs through the exploitation of available open and official EO data/services that institutional players are continuously proposing through downstream chains. In this context, glaciologists should list specific requirements to address services from institutions, thus making them increasingly consistent with their expectations. In the meantime, they should define and provide standards for both descriptors and models to make all results and simulations around the world homogeneous. Climatic zonation criteria should also be rigorously defined, making explicit their dependence from the detail level/scale of the analysis and making possible a more effective translation of the single-glacier approach to the multi-glacier one.