esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Comfort Evaluation of Elastic Warp-Knitted Fabrics  
Human skin has many micropores penetrating not merely sweating but also air. Therefore, WVTR and air permeability are critical factors for evaluating comfort performance which is related to physiological sensation to fabrics [23]. Figures 7 and 8 show the WVTR and air permeability of elastic warp-knitted fabrics. Comparing Figure 7a,b, Fabric A had lower WVTR than Fabric B even with the same weft yarns, which is equivalent to Figure 8a,b that air permeability of Fabric B is higher than Fabric A. Moreover, regardless of the fabric structure, the warp-knitted fabrics made by PC ring-spun complex yarns possessed the lowest WVTR values (Figure 7) because of the highest remaining water ratio of cotton fibers in the PC yarns as explained by the fact that cotton fibers had cellulosic groups and thus easily bonds with water molecules through hydrogen bonds [27].  
Figure 5: Total hairiness (**a**) and harmful hairiness (**b**) of BC, PC and BPC ring-spun complex yarns with different twist number (9, 12, 15, 18, and 21 TPI).  
Figure 6: Stereomicroscopic observations of BC (**a**); PC (**b**) and BPC (**c**) ring-spun complex yarns.  
Figure 8 shows that Fabric B made by BC or PC weft yarns had the highest air permeability, and Fabrics composed of BPC wett yarns generated the lowest air permeability. This finding indicated that BPC fabrics had higher density than the others because of the coarser yarn (Table 1). This finding has been confirmed by [PERSON] _et al._[28], who showed that air permeability was correlated with the diameters of weft and warp yarns and fabric density. Figure 8 also suggests that air permeability depended on  
Figure 8: Air permeability of elastic warp-knitted fabrics (Fabrics A, B, and C) made by BC (**a**); PC (**b**) and BPC (**c**) ring-spun complex yarns.  
Figure 7: Far-infrared emissivity of elastic warp-knitted fabrics (Fabrics A (**a**); B (**b**) and C (**c**)) made by ring-spun complex yarns (BC, PC and BPC).  
the feeding methods of weft yarns and diameter of the feeding yarns. The compactness of fabrics was variable even with the same feeding methods of weft yarns.  
Based on the above, the value of WVTR of all fabrics reached 699-876 g/m\({}^{2}\) day. According to literature, the WVTR of human skin under dry condition was 215 g/m\({}^{2}\).Day, but that of skin under wet condition reached 350 g/m\({}^{2}\).Day [29; 30]. Therefore, the elastic fabrics showed two times higher value of WVTR than wet human skin. The air permeability of Fabric B composed of BC and PC yarns achieved 73.2 cm\({}^{3}\)/s/cm\({}^{2}\), four times higher than that of plain woven fabrics made by filaments based on ASTM D737. As aforementioned, the warp-knitted fabrics fabricated in this study can provide a comfortable, drying and breathable microclimate environment to wearers.
# Stride Length Impacts on Sagittal Knee Biomechanics in Flat Ground Baseball Pitching
###### Abstract  
Coordinated lower extremity biomechanics are altered in response to changes in stride length, influencing the kinetic chain that potentially induces compensatory throwing mechanics throughout the baseball pitching cycle. The respective sagittal knee dynamic profiles, for both the stride (lead) and drive (trail) leg, were analyzed during flat ground baseball pitching to determine whether the stride length variation elicits compensatory drive and stride leg knee joint kinematics, kinetics, and joint powers. Using a randomized cross-over design, a cohort of 19 healthy skilled competitive pitchers from collegiate and high school travel programs from across Western New York were assigned to throw 2 simulated 80 pitch games at \(\pm 25\%\) of their desired stride length. An integrated motion capture system with two force plates and a radar gun tracked each throw. Pairwise comparisons at hallmark events and phases identified significantly different sagittal knee dynamics for both the drive and stride leg between the stride length conditions. During the acceleration phase, the drive knee moments between the stride length conditions demonstrated differences in power generation and absorption. Longer strides allowed for greater knee propulsion dynamics, exemplified by eccentric drive knee extensor moments with a concomitant power absorption that slowed the rate of drive knee flexion (\(p\leq 0.001\)). Conversely, shorter strides generated power through concentric knee flexor moments that increased the rate of drive knee flexion (\(p\leq 0.001\)). Stride knee extensor moments and power generation during the acceleration phase were also significantly higher with shorter strides (\(p\leq 0.05\)). Adapted knee joint dynamics may offer insights into stride length optimization, training, and injury prevention strategies.  
s +
Footnote †: journal: 18 November 2021  
Accepted: 17 January 2022  
Published: 19 January 2022  
MCPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
## 2 Materials
### Data Preparation
#### 2.2.3 Mapping Units  
LSM commonly uses grid cells, slope units, and unique-condition units as mapping units. The choice of mapping unit is controversial; however, grid cells are the most common [33; 34]. Landslides can be represented better by a slope unit, which represents their source, transport, and accumulation areas [35; 36; 37]. Thus, the study area is divided into 25,483 slope units with the hydrologic analysis tool in ArcGIS and necessary artificial corrections are accompanied according to remote sensing images.
# Wireless Sensor Networks for Big Data Systems
## 4 Open Issues
### Application-Specific Requirements  
Usually, WSN is deployed and implemented to accomplish application-specific missions, as well as meet their specific requirements. For example, some applications require scalar values, while others require vector ones. According to the required type of values in the application, the data generated by the sensor node possesses naturally different properties and characteristics. This implies that the network and data system for big data should be designed in accordance with the application requirements. Moreover, because multimedia data need more considerations for resource consumption than typical data in terms of storage, processing, and management, a feasible framework and architecture should be developed to employ specific algorithms regardless of the volume, velocity, and variety of the generated data.
# Detection of Defects Using Spatial Variances of Guided-Wave Modes in Testing of Pipes
## 5 Results
### First Set of Tests
#### 5.2.4 Comparison  
Figure 14 shows the amount of increase in the minimum and maximum values achieved using the first and second version of the thresholding. The minimums tend to increase less than the maximum values by at least a factor of two.  
Figure 14: The increments achieved using the second version of thresholding in the first set of tests.  
Figure 13: Limits achieved using method three in the first set of tests.  
The generated _safe zone_ margins for all of the methods are shown in Figure 15. Except for Test 4, method three tends to have a higher _safe zone_ margin than method two, and the best margin is achieved using second thresholding version for method three. These results are especially important on tests 2 and 5, where the optimum excitation frequency of both methods is used. The second version of thresholding always produces a greater safety margin.  
Figure 16 shows the length of detection achieved by average values with different algorithms. Cases where outliers are detected are not reported. As can be seen, in the optimum frequency, both of the defect lengths achieved by method two and method three are the same. In Test 5, in the second version of thresholding, the length has decreased, since the average value is fixed, and the defect size is smaller; however, in Test 2, the same detection length is achieved using both versions, since the defect is wider. Method three is the best out of these three mentioned ones, since it produces a larger _safe zone_ margin, and can detect the defects automatically using the optimum excitation frequency of 34 kHz for the first set of tests.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Data Collection Procedure  
CT images of all participants were collected from the database of patients who underwent CBCT of the skull at the Medical Imaging Department of the Coimbra Hospital and University Centre between January 2015 and February 2021.  
Patients included in the study conformed to the following inclusion criteria: patients with skeletal class I, II and III dentofacial deformities in need of orthodontic-surgical treatment; Caucasian patients aged over 18 years; and patients with CBCT and photographic records acquired before and after orthognathic surgery. The exclusion criteria included: patients with congenital abnormalities or syndromes with craniofacial deformities; patients with previous head and neck trauma; patients with multiple missing teeth, untreated caries lesions, active periodontal disease; and patients with a previous history of orthodontic treatment.  
All CBCT image information was exported in DICOM format, which represents a set of standards that ensure the safe exchange and storage of radiological images. Photographs were exported in JPEG format. As for the CBCT scanner, an i-CAT machine with a voxel dimension of 0.3 mm and acquisition time window of 13.4 s was used. The machine was calibrated for all data acquisitions. Regarding photographic recording, an RGB digital sensor camera was used, and the same model and focal length were used for extraoral photographs. The exposure of the patients' faces raises ethical issues; however, it is essential for the development of this study that these are exposed. Figure 1 presents a flowchart on the methods used to develop a co-registration method of CBCT and photo images and, consequently, for the realistic facial image reconstruction.
# A Realistic Hand Image Composition Method for Palmprint ROI Embedding Attack
## 1 Introduction
This adaptation leverages an optimization method based on the pretrained Contrastive Arbitrary Style Transfer (CAST) network [4], which can achieve desirable results within a few iterations. In the palm blending phase, the harmonized ROI image warps to the embedding position on the carrier hand. Concurrently, the area surrounding the embedding position on the carrier hand is masked and then regenerated using a pretrained inpainting network to facilitate a natural transition. The ROI image of the carrier hand serves as the reference image for inpainting, capitalizing on the ability of the inpainting method [5] to generate the masked area with semantic information from a reference image without requiring additional training. Ultimately, this process yields a composited hand image with heightened appearance consistency. In conclusion, our contributions are as follows. (1) We present the first end-to-end, training-free approach for synthesizing hand images, extending the scope of ROI attacks to encompass hand attacks. (2) To enhance the visual coherence of the composited hand images, we introduce an efficient and effective optimization method based on CAST and a pretrained reference-based inpainting technique. (3) The experimental results underscore the efficacy of our proposed method. The resulting composited hand images exhibit a noteworthy attack success rate and demonstrate superior appearance consistency in several datasets. The subsequent sections of this paper are structured as follows: Section 2 presents an overview of the relevant prior research. Section 3 delineates the designed hand image composition methods. Section 4 presents comprehensive experiments on the composition methods and the composited hand images. Lastly, Section 5 encompasses the conclusions drawn from the study and discusses potential avenues for future research.
## 2 Internet of Vehicles (IoV)
### Radio Access Technologies
The frequencies from 5945 to 6425 MHz have been assigned to very low power wireless access systems (VLPWAS), including radio local area networks (RLANs) for public and private applications, regardless of the underlying network topology in Europe, with a maximum effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of 14 dBm [34]. In the US, FCC has allocated the same band under the control of an automated frequency control (AFC) system to protect incumbent users, at the standard power levels that are currently permitted in the 5 GHz band [35]. More details can be found in [32]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Factors** & **IEEE 802.11p** & **IEEE 802.11 bd** & **LTE C-V2X** & **NR V2X** \\ \hline Base technology & IEEE 802.11a,n & IEEE 802.11n/ac & 4G & 5G \\ \hline Radio band & 5.9 GHz & 5.9 GHz and 60 GHz & Cellular licensed and 5.9 GHz & 5.9–52.6 GHz \\ \hline Peak data rate & 27 Mbps & & 28.8 Mbps & \\ \hline Delay & 5 ms & 20 ms & & \textless{}5 ms \\ \hline Mobility & 252 km/h & 500 km/h & 350 km/h & 500 km/h \\ \hline Physical layer & OFDM1 & OFDM & SC-FDMA & OFDM \\ \hline MAC layer & & CSMA & & Model: gNodeB scheduling \\  & & & Mode 2: Flexible sub-modes \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Channel-coding} & \multirow{2}{*}{BCC} & \multirow{2}{*}{LDPC} & Data: Turbo-coding & Data: LDPC \\  & & & Control: Convolution coding & Control: Polar-coding \\ \hline Modes & Broadcast & Broadcast, groupcast & Direct C-V2X, broadcast & Broadcast, groupcast, unicast \\ \hline Base station & AP & AP & Macro & Micro base station \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Comparison of IEEE 802.11p, IEEE 802.11 bd, 4G and 5G technologies for IoV. Figure 3: ITS Spectrum allocation in US and Europe.
## 4 Hardware Description
### Circuit Schematic of the System
#### 4.1.1 Node 1 Transmitter Unit  
The circuit scheme of Node 1 appears in Figure 4. Flow sensor, ultrasonic HC-SR04, 2.4 GHz RF module, ESP 8266, Arduino Mega 2560, PH sensor, and LCD 16 \(\times\) 2 are part of node 1. Node 1 The flow sensor is attached to the microcontroller's digital pin 8. The ultrasonic sensor is mounted on the microcontroller's digital pin 10. For the supply of a 3.3 V power, ESP 8266 is linked to the microcontroller's Rx0 or Tx0 pin using AMS1117. The RF module is attached to the microcontroller's Rx1 and Tx1 pins. The pin P0 is linked to the microcontroller's A0 pin sensor. Digital pins 5, 4, 3, and 2 of the microcontrollers are connected to the LCD's D4-D7 (Data pins), Register Select (RS), and enable (E) pin of LCD is connected to digital 12 and 11 of the microcontrollers respectively. The contrast levels are adjusted using a potentiometer of 10K in which the wiper of the potentiometer is connected to the VEE pin of the LCD, one pin is attached to the ground and the other to VCC (+5 V).
# Tuning the Cell and Biological Tissue Environment through Magneto-Active Materials
## 4 Fundamentals of Smart Polymeric Materials: Focus on Magneto-Active Elastomers and Hydrogels
### Magnetorheological Elastomers (MREs)
**Hard magnetic particles** are those formed by high-coercivity ferromagnetic materials [124]. These materials' high-remnant characteristics allow them to retain high residual magnetic flux density, which means that they exert a magnetic force, even in the absence of magnetic fields, once they are magnetically saturated. The most widely used \"hard magnetic\" material for magnetic particles is neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB). In this case, the magnetorheological effect or the magnetostriction is achieved not only by the dipole-dipole interactions of the particles under a magnetic field, but also by the torque induced on these magnetised particles by the external magnetic field. For the magnetic field to produce an optimal torque on the particles, these must be aligned in the matrix.
# Shear Resistance Evolution of Geogrid Reinforced Expansive Soil Under Freeze-Thaw Cycles
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Elastic Modulus  
The elastic modulus, a fundamental geotechnical parameter characterizing soil stiffness, is operationally defined as the secant modulus corresponding to 1% axial strain [9; 39; 45]; this is mathematically expressed as Equation (1):  
\[E=\frac{\Delta\sigma}{\Delta\epsilon}=\frac{\left(\sigma_{1}-\sigma_{3}\right)_ {1\%}}{\varepsilon_{1.1\%}} \tag{1}\]  
where \(E\) is elastic modulus; \(\left(\sigma_{1}-\sigma_{3}\right)_{1\%}\) is the deviator stress at 1% axial strain; \(\varepsilon_{1.1\%}\) is the axial strain of 1%.  
Figure 8 illustrates the normalized elastic modulus evolution under F-T cycles, where the dimensionless parameter represents the modulus ratio between F-T-exposed specimens and their untreated counterparts sharing identical geosynthetic reinforcement configurations. As shown in Figure 8, the elastic modulus first decreased and then tended to stabilize with the increase in F-T cycles. The decrease was obvious after 1-3 F-T cycles and tended to stabilize to reach dynamic equilibrium after 6 F-T cycles. These are in good agreement with the findings of [9; 39]. Under F-T conditions, high confining pressure exhibited more steadily than low confining pressure. The effect of F-T cycles on the plain expansive soils was more significant than that of GRES, which indicated that geogrids improved the F-T resistance of expansive soils. After the six F-T cycles, the elastic modulus decreased by about 35.7%, 23.3%, 18.3%, and 23.5% for 0-, 1-, 3-, and 5-layer GRES.  
Figure 9 shows the normalized elastic modulus (\(E_{N}/E_{0}\)) in the present paper compared to the previous studies [9; 34; 39; 43], \(E_{N}\) is the shear strength after F-T cycles. \(E_{0}\) is the shear strength before F-T cycles, which included the variation patterns of normalized elastic modulus of geogrids, geotextiles, glass fibers, basalt fibers, and unreinforced soils with the number of F-T cycles. As demonstrated in Figure 9, the normalized elastic modulus of both unreinforced and reinforced soils exhibited a progressive decline with F-T cycles. After six F-T cycles, the normalized elastic modulus reached a constant value; thus, the specimens obtained a new dynamic stability. Take the last two freeze-thaw cycle increments as an example, the average decrease in the normalized elastic modulus of GRES was 1.5% (6-10 F-T cycles), geotextile-reinforced soil was 8.28% (6-9 F-T cycles), fiber-reinforced soil was 21.8% (5-10 F-T cycles), and the normalized elastic modulus of GRES increased slightly. In addition, compared to other reinforcing materials, geogrids showed a better reinforcing  
Figure 7: Normalized shear strength in present paper compared to the previous studies [9; 34; 39; 43].  
effect, and this difference increases with the increase in the number of F-T cycles, which is caused by the difference in the reinforcing mechanism.
## 2 The Node Deployment Strategy Based on 2-Fold Coverage
### The Difference in Coverage Requirements  
In real-world applications, some key monitoring targets in the area often require more sensor nodes to monitor, that is, their coverage requirements are higher than others. Figure 2 shows a 3-coverage example. If the coverage requirement of the monitoring target is 2, then the information will be redundant. If the coverage requirement of the monitoring target is 3, then the coverage number of the target point meets its requirement. If the coverage requirement of the monitoring target is 4, then a partial loss of valid information occurs.
## 3 Results
### Pitting Corrosion  
The ASTM G48E corrosion test was used to evaluate the CPT in the three experiments. Both GMAW welds showed the same CPT of 55 \({}^{\circ}\)C, whilst the FCAW welds showed a lower CPT value of 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C. To rank the GMAW experiments with the same CPT, additional criteria were considered, such as the number and depth of the pits and the weight loss. The GR weld then showed a better ranking than the GH weld.  
To compare the influence of the arc energy on the corrosion resistance of the GMAW welds, the ASTM G150 test was performed on GH and GR coupons. Table 3 summarizes the results from the ASTM G150 test together with relevant microstructural features and the location of the pitting initiation. Because of the differences in the time settings with the standard, the temperatures registered are not CPT strictly speaking, but they served comparison purposes.  
Porosity was not a concern in terms of pitting corrosion, as pores were surrounded by austenite (see Figure 18), most probably because of the presence of nitrogen in the pores.  
Figure 17: Micro-inclusions in the weld deposited metal (shown as black dots in the micrographs). (**Left**) FCAW experiment with recommended arc energy. (**Center**) GMAW experiment with higher-than-recommended arc energy. (**Right**) GMAW experiment with recommended arc energy.  
Figure 18: A pore (in black) surrounded in the majority of its perimeter by austenite phase (in white).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Experiment** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Section Investigated and Microstructural**} & **CPT \({}^{*}\)(C)** & **Location of Pitting Initiation** \\ \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Features Observed**} \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{GR} & Section investigated includes Weld Pass 2 and HAZ. & \multirow{3}{*}{70.2} & \multirow{3}{*}{In the HAZ} \\  & The weld metal showed very few nitrides but the HAZ & & \\  & contained extensive amounts of nitrides & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{GH} & Section investigated includes weld passes 2 and 3 and HAZ. & \multirow{3}{*}{73.2} & \multirow{3}{*}{In the weld metal} \\  & The weld metal showed \(\
u_{2}\) and \(\alpha\)-phase and the HAZ & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & contained nitrides. & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Not strictly critical pitting corrosion because of the differences in the time settings with the standard.  
\end{table}
Table 3: Results of ASTM G150 corrosion test, location of pitting initiation and microstructural features.