## 3 Observed Damage Mechanisms in Eastern T\(\ddot{\text{u}}\)rkiye's Masonry Buildings
### Damage from Heavy Earthen Roofing  
The substantial weight of earthen roofing markedly increases the seismic vulnerability of conventional masonry buildings in eastern Turkkiye. This roofing method, which is primarily favored due to the plentiful availability of indigenous raw materials and advantageous thermal insulation characteristics, employs a composite layering system that generally incorporates soil, clay, organic fibrous substances such as straw, and, on occasion, stone aggregates, all of which are supported by wooden structural components like beams or timber joists. The overall mass of these layers considerably intensifies the inertial forces exerted on the underlying masonry walls during seismic events, thus aggravating structural susceptibility.  
The conventional execution of these substantial roofing systems frequently neglects the imperative for robust anchorage systems to support masonry walls. Rather, there is a prevalent tendency to depend on frictional bonds or rudimentary mechanical fasteners. In the event of seismic activity, this insufficient anchorage leads to differential displacements between the roof and walls, resulting in considerable horizontal movement. As these lateral inertial forces escalate, the inadequately secured, heavy roof mass generates substantial out-of-plane bending stresses. As a result, wall segments, particularly those adjacent to the roof-wall interface, become susceptible to significant deformation, cracking, bulging, or, ultimately, structural failure because of deficient connection detailing.  
Furthermore, the considerable weight of these roofs intensifies the damage patterns that have been observed, particularly at wall junctions, corners, and around apertures. An uneven distribution of loads due to the inconsistent application or varying thicknesses of roofing materials results in specific areas of heightened stress concentration, which promotes the development of diagonal shear cracks and progressive structural degradation.  
Field evaluations undertaken subsequent to seismic occurrences consistently underscored significant destruction directly associated with the utilization of heavy earthen roofing techniques. Numerous cases of either total or partial failure of roofing systems were documented, which critically compromised the structural integrity of masonry walls and markedly increased the volume of debris produced. The expansive debris fields not only hindered emergency response and rescue endeavors but also substantially elevated dangers to both occupants and first responders. Furthermore, the absorption of moisture by earthen roofs enhances their mass and accelerates degradation processes, particularly during seasonal freeze-thaw cycles, resulting in additional deterioration of structural components and heightened seismic susceptibility.  
Notwithstanding the clear discouragement and outright bans established by modern seismic regulations, the prevalence of heavy earthen roofing methods remains deeply rooted in regional traditions and cultural inclinations. The shift towards lightweight, securely anchored roofing solutions holds significant promise for alleviating seismic hazards, yet it faces considerable socioeconomic opposition and deeply ingrained construction methodologies. Addressing these challenges requires the execution of targeted educational initiatives, financial incentives, and strengthened regulatory oversight. Field photos of observed damage due to heavy earthen roofs are shown in Figure 13.