## 2 Cost Components
### Road User Cost
#### 2.2.1 Normal Operating User Costs
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Vehicle Type** & **Tire Unit Price (Yuan/Piece)** \\ \hline passenger car & 450 \\ Bus & 1100 \\ small truck & 800 \\ big truck & 1400 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Tire unit price. RC--vehicle Repair and Maintenance cost of the road section (yuan)  
P\({}_{\text{R}}\)--Unit price of a new vehicle (yuan/vehicle),  
R--The ratio of maintenance cost per kilometer for 1000 vehicles to the price of a new car. The calculation of R for different vehicle models is shown in Equations (7) and (8) [21]. \[\text{Passenger car}:\;\text{R}=\text{e}\cdot\text{K}\cdot\exp(\text{f}\cdot \text{IRI})\cdot\text{CKMP} \tag{7}\]  
\[\text{truck}:\;\text{R}=\text{e}\cdot\text{K}\cdot(1+\text{f}\cdot\text{IRI}) \cdot\text{CKMP} \tag{8}\]  
where  
e, f--The regression coefficient of the model;  
K--Maintenance cost coefficient;  
p--Vehicle aging coefficient;  
CKM--Total vehicle mileage;  
Among them, the recommended values of the e, f, K, and p coefficients are shown in Table 5.  
(2) User Travel Time cost  
The cost of vehicle travel time generally refers to the value generated by the opportunity cost of the time consumed by the vehicle during travel [25]. The vehicle travel time cost of the road section is calculated using the following formula:  
\[\text{TTC}=\text{Q}\cdot\text{T}\cdot\theta \tag{9}\]  
where \(\theta\)--the time value coefficient (yuan/h), usually related to the personal income of regional travelers [26]. T--the travel time of a single vehicle before maintenance (h). The functional relationship between v and the PCI can be obtained through tests on a large number of road sections, which is expressed as follows [27]:  
\[\text{Light}-\text{Duty Vehicle}:\;\text{T}=\
icefrac{{1}}{{\text{v}}}= \
icefrac{{1}}{{\text{0.82 PCI}+16.5}} \tag{10}\]  
\[\text{Large vehicle}:\;\text{T}=\
icefrac{{1}}{{\text{v}}}=\
icefrac{{1}}{{ \text{0.76 PCI}+0.75}} \tag{11}\]  
(3) Accident cost  
The vehicle accident cost refers to the cost caused by the loss caused by the traffic accident of the vehicle driving on the expressway. For the loss cost of a single traffic accident, my country makes a preliminary division according to the different degrees of the accident. The specific accident cost is shown in Table 6. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Accident Level** & **Accident Cost/Yuan** \\ \hline property damage only & 640 \\ injury accident & 6770 \\ fatal accident & 24,460 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: China’s traffic accident levels and accident costs [28]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Vehicle Type** & **e(10\({}^{-6}\))** & **K** & **f(10\({}^{-3}\))** & **P** \\ \hline passenger car & 32.49 & 1.54 & 17.81 & 0.308 \\ bus & 1.77 & 2.86 & 4.63 & 0.483 \\ small truck & 1.49 & 2.86 & 327.33 & 0.371 \\ big truck & 8.61 & 1.43 & 45.9 & 0.371 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Recommended values of maintenance cost model coefficients. This article uses the relationship between the number of occurrences of various vehicle models at different accident levels obtained by [PERSON] through regression [6], as shown in Table 7.  
According to the number of annual traffic accidents, combined with the accident cost \(\mathrm{P_{A}}\), the annual traffic accident cost can be calculated [8]. \[\mathrm{AC}=\mathrm{AT}\cdot\mathrm{P_{A}} \tag{12}\]  
where AC--Annual traffic accident vehicle accident costs (yuan)  
AT--the number of accidents per year; the calculation formula is shown in Table 7.  
P\({}_{\mathrm{A}}\)--The loss cost of a single traffic accident (yuan); the value is shown in Table 6.