## 3 Results
### Cyberattacks in Smart Grids: Challenges and Implications of Cybersecurity
#### 3.2.2 Pairwise Comparison Matrix, Relative Weights of Criteria, and Weighted Sum of Alternatives
Therefore, the pairwise comparison matrix satisfies the consistency requirements. The weighted sums (Table 5) represent the overall scores or evaluations of each alternative based on the criteria and their corresponding relative weights. The alternatives with higher weighted sums are considered more suitable or preferable in terms of meeting the cybersecurity needs of smart grids, while the alternatives with lower weighted sums may have some limitations or may not perform as strongly in the evaluated criteria. Based on the weighted sums (Table 5), we can categorize the alternatives as follows:  
* **The alternatives with high weighted sums (above 5)**:
* \"Access Control and Authentication (A1)\" (6.25) has the highest weighted sum, indicating its effectiveness and importance in enhancing cybersecurity in smart grids. Implementing strong authentication mechanisms and access controls is crucial for ensuring only authorized individuals can access critical systems and data. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c} \hline \hline
**Criteria** & **Relative Weights (RWs)** \\ \hline
**C1 “Security Effectiveness”** & 25\% \\ C2 “Scalability” & 7.89\% \\ C3 “Integration and Compatibility” & 7.89\% \\ C4 “Performance Impact” & 6.93\% \\ C5 “Cost-Effectiveness” & 10.18\% \\ C6 “Manageability and Usability” & 6.32\% \\ C7 “Compliance and Regulatory Requirements” & 5.93\% \\ C8 “Resilience and Redundancy” & 4.97\% \\ C9 “Vendor Support and Collaboration” & 4.84\% \\ C10 “Future Readiness” & 1.76\% \\ C11 “Network Segmentation” & 4.7\% \\ C12 “Patch Management” & 4.59\% \\ C13 “Threat Intelligence” & 4.59\% \\ C14 “Vendor and Supply Chain Security” & 4.47\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Relative Weights (RWs) of criteria (i.e., the importance or priority assigned to each criterion in the evaluation of the cybersecurity options). These weights indicate the relative significance of each criterion in determining the overall effectiveness of the options. \"Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) (A5)\" (5.762) has a relatively high weighted sum, suggesting its significance in smart-grid cybersecurity. Implementing SIEM solutions enables the collection, analysis, and correlation of security events and log data, enabling early detection and response to potential cyber threats. * **The alternatives with medium-weighted sums (between 5 and 5.5)*
* suggest that they offer a solid performance in the evaluated criteria. They are important components for detecting and responding to security incidents. * \"Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS) (A3)\" (5.487): this alternative falls within the medium range, indicating its effectiveness in monitoring network traffic, detecting suspicious activities, and taking preventive actions against potential threats. * \"Security Incident Response (A7)\" (5.297): this alternative also falls within the medium range, highlighting the importance of establishing a comprehensive incident response plan to effectively respond to and manage cybersecurity incidents, minimizing their impact. * **The alternatives with low weighted sums (below 4.5)*
* compared to others. While they still provide value in their respective criteria, they may not excel as strongly overall. * \"Compliance and Regulatory Requirements (A13)\" (4.349): this alternative has the lowest weighted sum among the alternatives, indicating that while compliance with cybersecurity standards and regulations is important, it may not have as high a priority as other options in the context of smart-grid cybersecurity. * \"Encryption (A2)\" (3.739): this alternative has a relatively low weighted sum, suggesting that while encryption is important for securing data transmission and storage, it may not have as significant an impact as other alternatives in the evaluated criteria.