## 4 Discussion
For instance, factors such as the angle of the radar gun relative to the trajectory of the ball, environmental conditions like indoor lighting or wind, and the precision of timing during the recording process could introduce small discrepancies in speed measurements [24; 25]. However, the consistency of our results suggests that these factors were well-controlled in our study, minimizing their potential influence. This robustness is crucial for practical applications, where precise conditions cannot always be guaranteed yet reliable data are still required. Furthermore, the close agreement between devices in our study suggests that the Bushnell radar gun could be effectively utilized in various real-world settings, including outdoor environments, where conditions might differ from those in a controlled laboratory. This versatility improves the Bushnell radar's applicability, making it a valuable tool not just for researchers but also for coaches and athletes who need reliable speed measurements in diverse contexts. Overall, our findings contribute to a growing body of evidence supporting the use of more accessible radar technology in sports science, providing a foundation for future research to explore its full range of capabilities and applications. While the present study demonstrates promising agreement between the Stalker device and the Bushnell radar in measuring throwing and kicking speeds, it is important to acknowledge some limitations that may impact the interpretation and generalizability of our findings. Firstly, our research focused on a specific range of ball velocities, which may not fully represent the entire spectrum that the tested guns can measure, potentially limiting the applicability of our results to other contexts, such as sports with higher velocity demands like tennis serves or baseball pitches. While relevant to many sports, the relatively narrow velocity range of 29-102 km/h does not encompass the full operational capabilities of these radar devices, which can measure speeds up to 177 km/h. In comparison, top velocities in actual gameplay, such as elite tennis serves, can reach speeds exceeding 200 km/h, far beyond the upper limit observed in this study [26]. The performance of the Bushnell radar in capturing extremely high or low velocities remains to be fully explored, and future studies should seek to address this gap by evaluating the devices across a broader range of speeds. Additionally, this study was conducted in a controlled laboratory environment, which may not fully reflect real-world conditions. In outdoor scenarios, environmental factors such as wind speed, temperature, humidity, and direction could impact the radar guns' performance and the accuracy of their measurements. For example, wind can alter a ball's trajectory and velocity, potentially affecting radar readings if the devices are not carefully calibrated and positioned to account for these influences. Temperature and humidity variations may also affect the performance of electronic devices, potentially introducing subtle measurement inconsistencies. Future studies should investigate radar accuracy in these real-world conditions to assess the devices' robustness and reliability in less controlled environments. Moreover, our study did not examine the potential effects of variations in radar positioning, such as differences in the angles, heights, or distances of the devices relative to the ball trajectory. Testing the radar guns from different perspectives could help simulate various sports scenarios, where measuring equipment might be positioned differently due to space constraints or the nature of the sport itself. The accuracy of radar readings may be affected by these factors, as different angles and heights can introduce measurement errors by altering the device's perception of the object's velocity vector.