## 1 Introduction
In case of exposure to natural sources of ionizing radiation, the exemption levels for Uranium and Thorium in secular equilibrium have also been determined and rounded to 0.5 Bq/g, whereas the associated dose criteria for individual and population is 0.3 mSv and 1 person-Sv, respectively [20; 21]. The IAEA Safety Standard Series, SSG 36, titled Regulatory Status of Radioactive Consumer Products, provides advice and suggestions on how to satisfy the criteria for justification, optimization, and authorization of consumer product distribution to the general public. It also suggests how the exemption requirements in General Safety Requirements (GSR) Part 3 can be extended to goods containing small quantities of radionuclides, radiation generators, and activation products containing radionuclides. Furthermore, it suggested a radiological safety assessment to be conducted for the transportation of a large number of consumer products to ensure that the radiation exposure dose does not exceed the exemption level. In Case of NORM processing cycle, the IAEA international Basic Safety Standards (IAEA's GSR Part 3, 2014) also established exempt activity concentrations of 1 Bq/g for \({}^{238}\)U and \({}^{232}\)Th, and 10 Bq/g for \({}^{40}\)K in secular equilibrium. The associated dose criteria is 1 mSv and 1 person-Sv for individual and population, respectively. This exemption value is also applicable to IAEA regulation for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material, 2018 [7; 22; 23]. The United States National Radiation Commission (US NRC) states that the radiation exposure to workers must be maintained below the annual limits of 50 mSv, and radiation exposure of persons and the general public resulting from use and misuse, delivery, advertising, must be maintained below lower levels [24]. In the same regards, the IAEA Specific Safety Requirements No. SSR-6 (Rev.1), titled \"Regulation for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material\" 2018, also addressed the requirements, including exemption criteria for the transport of NORM that should be followed to ensure the safety of the people and the environment [23]. Furthermore, studies covering different NORM industries on the full impact and technical basis for existing exemption values were recommended to relieve the unnecessary regulatory burden of transporting NORMs with significantly low activities [25]. NORMs and associated consumer products may be a source of radiation exposure during transportation, production, storage, normal use and misuse, accident and after disposal. The gamma radiation from radionuclides of \({}^{238}\)U, \({}^{235}\)U, and \({}^{232}\)Th and decay series, as well as \({}^{40}\)K, are the most common external sources of irradiation of the human body. These radionuclides can also be found in the body and can irradiate numerous organs with alpha, beta, and gamma rays [6]. Several studies have also been conducted to evaluate their radiological effects. Studies on the transport of NORMs from various industrial sectors such as oil and gas extraction, phosphate, and uranium ore have been conducted worldwide [25]. For example, in the United Kingdom (UK), several studies on the transport of NORMs from oil and gas industries, ores and mineral sands, coal and coal ash, iron, and steel production, were conducted, and the results showed that the annual doses to transport workers were less than 0.1 mSv, and members of the public were far below 0.001 mSv [26]. Another study on the transportation of tantalum (Ta) and niobium (Nb) containing traces of thorium and uranium was conducted through road, rail, and sea transport modes. The results from the slag containing NORMs showed doses of 0.24, 0.032, 0.0041, 0.019, 00038, and 0.00017 mSv for truck drivers, dockworkers, seaman, trainman, public adjacent to the road, and public adjacent to the rail, respectively. These doses are lower than the recommended 1 mSv per year [27].