## 4 Discussion
Products and processes that continuously produce data that will be processed using new statistical and control models enable new digital step change for performance changes. This work's outcome leads to a final data-driven and decision-making solution for the different case studies presented. The case studies not only illustrate potential outcomes in different scenarios but also provide insights into the preparatory steps organizations must undertake, such as activating new systems, modifying skill sets, and securing resources, before embarking on technological introductions. Initiating a digitalization process demands a nuanced understanding within organizations, recognizing that the actions to be taken can vary based on the nature of what is being analyzed. Whether they are products, processes, or systems, a tailored approach is crucial. The approach will firstly be applied to the development of a tender's analysis tool in a railway company [48]. Figure 2 shows the roadmap. In the starting position, the tenders were already collected in the enterprise information system that integrates the company's process and thus makes the documents available throughout the company (Acatech level 2). However, tenders' textual data are not processed and analyzed. The starting scenario is evaluated with TRL 9 since everything works in an operational environment. To reach visibility (Acatech level 3), the available tenders' data should be processed, and this implies the need to make a step back to TRL 2, where several technological solutions were conceptualized. One concept was chosen and the proof of concept defined (TRL 3), and the results of the tender's analysis are interpreted in the light of the knowledge of experts (Acatech level 4), internal to the firm, that usually manually process the tenders. Then, the tool was tested in the sandbox environment of the enterprise information system (TRL 4). Once the tool validation in the sandbox was completed successfully, the test of the system was moved to the real information system's environment (TRLs 5-6). The tool was demonstrated in everyday operations (TRL 7), completed and qualified (TRL 8) and finally proven in operations (TRL 9). The present case study demonstrated a quite mature approach where data, already present and structured,  
Figure 2: The roadmap development of the tenders’ analysis tool in a railway company. are gathered and analyzed and different algorithms compared. The one chosen was evolved by a series of continuous improvements and tests until it reached operational maturity in a progressive improvement of the tool TRL. To test the ability of the approach to also deal with physical objects, it was applied to the digitalization of a robotic cell in an automotive firm [49]. Figure 3 shows the roadmap. The robotic cell uses UR5 robots and the robotic hand Hand-E from ROBOTIQ. The cell is already fully sensorized and the gripper is force-controlled (Acatech level 2). The data are sent and processed and can be analyzed (Acatech level 3) since connectivity and visibility are fulfilled. However, many failures are measured in the pick and placement process of the component, which forces the company to stop operations several times a day. This scenario does not fulfil the Zero-Defect Manufacturing goal of Zodiac, and therefore, the starting position is evaluated with TRL 6 where everything works in a relevant environment but does not fully reach the performance expected in the industrial scenario it is designed for. The available data on failure types, occurrence and overall efficiency allow the development team to identify the root cause of the failures. Based on that analysis, several modular solutions were developed on a conceptual level. One solution was chosen and has been tested and proven feasible with the help of a Pretotype [50; 51]. The solution was further developed by the design of a prototype in CAD, which was eventually manufactured.