## 3 Results
### Landscape Pattern
The \(\rm{MPS_{P}}\) value only increased for cropland, but the increase was small, at just 1.74%, whereas other patch types decreased. Water bodies decreased the most (56.20%). The \(\rm{LSI_{P}}\) value change was negligible. In ZINNR, both \(\rm{LPI_{P}}\) and \(\rm{ED_{P}}\) value increased, with the \(\rm{LPI_{P}}\) value of cropland increasing the most (54.95%) and the \(\rm{ED_{P}}\) value of barren land increasing the most (62.52%). The \(\rm{PD_{P}}\) value of wetlands decreased the most (63.33%), whereas \(\rm{MPS_{P}}\) increased the most for wetlands (72.32%). The \(\rm{LSI_{P}}\) value change was also negligible. Overall, wetland and impervious surface  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Inside and Outside** & **Type** & **Year** & \(\bf{PD_{P}}\) & \(\bf{LPI_{P}}\) & \(\bf{MPS_{P}}\) & \(\bf{ED_{P}}\) & \(\bf{LSI_{P}}\) \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Inside} & 2000 & 0.1222 & 2.1914 & 98.5048 & 6.6391 & 23.5042 \\  & Cropland & 2010 & 0.0574 & 1.0334 & 98.8698 & 3.3280 & 23.4995 \\  & 2020 & 0.0519 & 1.2677 & 126.7836 & 3.0631 & 20.0990 \\  & 2000 & 1.2982 & 1.1861 & 6.9728 & 17.6603 & 68.3538 \\  & Forest land & 2010 & 0.6141 & 0.5593 & 6.9472 & 8.3920 & 68.3333 \\  & 2020 & 0.5275 & 0.6785 & 7.4879 & 7.5987 & 64.3016 \\  & 2000 & 2.2569 & 1.7338 & 5.5059 & 26.6686 & 88.6510 \\  & Grassland & 2010 & 1.0663 & 0.8176 & 5.4983 & 12.7586 & 88.6053 \\  & 2020 & 0.9523 & 0.8460 & 6.2854 & 11.3034 & 77.7368 \\  & 2000 & 0.0150 & 59.5367 & 3998.1375 & 6.4252 & 10.0239 \\  & Wetland & 2010 & 0.0073 & 28.0698 & 3876.9109 & 3.1660 & 10.0201 \\  & 2020 & 0.0245 & 26.8231 & 1106.5735 & 3.2972 & 10.6496 \\  & 2000 & 0.1339 & 0.4646 & 27.1570 & 2.5533 & 15.7177 \\  & Water & 2010 & 0.0636 & 0.2190 & 26.9675 & 1.2253 & 15.7296 \\  & 2020 & 0.0590 & 0.4581 & 38.6558 & 1.3597 & 15.1372 \\  & 2000 & 0.0309 & 0.0974 & 26.2800 & 0.8348 & 11.0468 \\  & Impervious & 2010 & 0.0146 & 0.0459 & 26.2541 & 0.4065 & 11.0360 \\  & 2020 & 0.0358 & 0.0760 & 13.5289 & 0.5788 & 13.9585 \\  & 2000 & 0.7919 & 0.1617 & 2.6690 & 5.6902 & 45.9799 \\  & Barren & 2010 & 0.3751 & 0.0762 & 2.6552 & 2.7299 & 45.9978 \\  & 2020 & 0.3277 & 0.0766 & 2.2895 & 2.1325 & 41.3830 \\  & 2000 & 0.1368 & 15.8733 & 355.8554 & 17.2783 & 33.4166 \\  & Cropland & 2010 & 0.0458 & 5.2816 & 353.7959 & 6.1416 & 33.4174 \\  & 2020 & 0.0473 & 5.3034 & 342.3769 & 5.5302 & 30.0774 \\  & 2000 & 1.6153 & 0.3581 & 5.0064 & 18.5621 & 83.2265 \\  & Forest land & 2010 & 0.5380 & 0.1191 & 5.0007 & 6.2442 & 83.3100 \\  & 2020 & 0.4728 & 0.1075 & 4.6118  
patches became more regular in shape in ZINNR, whereas patch types became increasingly fragmented. In MdfNNR, all patch types became increasingly fragmented, especially forest, grassland, and water body patches. For landscape index, the MPS\({}_{\text{L}}\), CONTAG\({}_{\text{L}}\), and SHDI\({}_{\text{L}}\) values of ZINNR increased by 134.91%, 6.93%, and 2.76% respectively, whereas the rest of the index values decreased. Notably, the PD\({}_{\text{L}}\) value decreased by 57.43%. For MdfNNR, the MPS\({}_{\text{L}}\), SHDI\({}_{\text{L}}\), and SHEI\({}_{\text{L}}\) values decreased by 110.7%, 124.43%, and 101.61%, respectively, whereas the other index values increased. Notably, the PD\({}_{\text{L}}\) value increased by 52.55%. This indicates that the MdfNNR landscape became increasingly fragmented with weaker connectivity, reduced diversity, and irregularity. In contrast, the ZINNR landscape showed smaller distribution evenness changes, enhanced connectivity, increased aggregation, and more regular shapes.