# A Review on Design Considerations and Connection Techniques in Modular Composite Construction
## 4 Prospects and Conclusions  
### Discussion and Recommendations for Future Work  
This investigation offers critical perspectives on modular construction and its extensive benefits, emphasising the design factors essential for effectively executing modular edifices. While limited research exists specifically on connections in concrete modules, this study bridges the gap by reviewing various connection techniques in precast systems and evaluating their suitability in the modular construction context. By synthesising insights from experimental studies and performance metrics, this review lays the groundwork for further exploration into connection methodologies tailored specifically for modular construction. The findings of this research indicate that modular construction techniques noticeably improve efficiency, particularly in high-rise structures, by optimising manufacturing workflows, accelerating on-site assembly, and enhancing overall construction quality. The benefits associated with modular construction, including reduced construction duration, financial savings, and heightened safety, are thoroughly documented, establishing it as an attractive alternative to traditional construction paradigms. While these composite connections (including grouted, bolted, and hybrid) have demonstrated significant potential, particularly in their seismic performance, enhancement is necessary to augment their reliability under seismic conditions. Experimental investigations have indicated that grouted systems perform better in seismic contexts than alternative connection types. However, additional advancements are imperative to optimise these systems for enhanced assurance regarding their behaviour during seismic occurrences, which encompasses improving load transfer mechanisms, ductility, and failure resistance. Addressing these enhancements is essential for facilitating the widespread implementation of composite connection systems in modular construction. Future research should delve into the seamless integration of various connection types within modular structures, examining their compatibility with different modular systems and assessing their impact on structural performance during assembly and in-service conditions. A particularly critical area for investigation is the seismic performance of these connections, especially under extreme seismic environments characterised by phenomena such as directivity effects and more extended pulse periods in ground motions [84]. These conditions, observed in significant earthquakes like the Myanmar earthquake [85] caused by super shear rupture, pose unique challenges to modular construction systems. Understanding the response of composite connections under such dynamic loading scenarios is essential for enhancing earthquake resilience. Detailed studies on how these connections behave under supershear-induced ground motions [86] and other seismic loads will be instrumental in ensuring the stability and safety of modular structures in earthquake-prone regions. Alongside these technical explorations, developing comprehensive design standards and guidelines tailored for modular construction is imperative. It should address specific challenges like joint flexibility, load transfer mechanisms, and the interaction of modular units. Furthermore, future studies should investigate material-specific experimental testing of connection components, such as high-strength steel, and advanced concrete mixtures to evaluate their durability and seismic performance. Cracking mechanisms similar to those observed in metallic alloys under extreme thermal and mechanical conditions may provide valuable insights for evaluating potential failure modes in connection systems [87]. Research into smart adaptive connections, incorporating shape-memory alloys or damping-based mechanisms, could enhance energy dissipation and improve earthquake resistance in modular structures.