# Artificial Intelligence of Things for Solar Energy Monitoring and Control
## 3 AIoT Applications in PV Systems: A Comprehensive Review
### Applications of IoT in PV Systems
#### 3.2.2 Optimization Techniques: MPPT, Solar Tracking, and Cleaning Systems
[164] present the design and development of an IoT-based solar tracker with MPPT capabilities. The system predicts the sun's position to optimize power output, controls servos to adjust the solar panel's orientation, and monitors its performance. It collects and processes data, transmitting valuable insights to a remote station for further analysis. Similar trackers can be deployed in solar farms to enhance energy harvesting and management across large areas. By sending processed data to a centralized hub, these systems enable energy utility companies to optimize energy generation and consumption, improving overall efficiency. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [165] aim to develop a highly precise solar tracker with MPPT and IoT-based data sharing. The tracking system operates in two stages: a primary stage using the sun-earth relationship for coarse adjustment and a secondary stage using Light-Dependent Resistor (LDR) sensors for fine-tuned azimuth and altitude adjustments. In cloudy or dusty conditions, the system relies solely on the primary stage to track the sun's position. By ensuring the solar panel remains perpendicular to sunlight, the tracker significantly enhances PV energy efficiency. Results demonstrate that the MPPT-enabled automatic tracking system is more reliable and efficient than a fixed solar panel. In their paper, [PERSON] et al. [166] present the design of an IoT-based smart solar tracking system capable of panel rotation, cleaning, and performance monitoring. The system utilizes an Arduino Uno, a Wi-Fi module, and a mobile application for real-time data access and control. Both simulation and hardware analysis have been conducted to validate the system's effectiveness. The proposed design enhances solar panel efficiency by ensuring optimal positioning and maintenance through IoT integration. Also, [PERSON] et al. [167] present an IoT-integrated solar PV optimization system with MPPT that dynamically adjusts the position and orientation of a PV array in real time based on weather and solar irradiance data. The system comprises a microcontroller-based control unit, sensors for environmental monitoring, and a stepper motor to reposition the PV array for maximum energy capture. The control unit processes sensor data to determine the optimal positioning and directs the stepper motor accordingly. IoT connectivity enables remote monitoring and control, enhancing system efficiency. Simulation and experimental results confirm significant energy output improvements over fixed-position PV arrays. This cost-effective and efficient solution is suitable for both residential and commercial solar PV applications. [PERSON] et al. [168] present an IoT-based solar tracking system designed to enhance solar panel efficiency by dynamically adjusting its orientation based on real-time weather and sunlight conditions. The system combines photoelectric detection and solar trajectory tracking, using sensors to assess weather conditions and determine the sun's position for precise tracking. Implemented with Arduino, NodeMCU, and environmental sensors, it enables remote monitoring and stable operation in various weather conditions. The proposed system significantly improves solar energy harvesting efficiency compared to fixed-mount panels. Moreover, [PERSON] et al. [169] have developed a solar tracking system designed to capture maximum solar energy by following the sun's position. The system rotates the solar panel setup along a single axis with one degree of freedom, driven by a DC motor controlled by an ATmega 2560 microcontroller. Light-Dependent Resistors are used to detect sunlight direction within a closed-loop system. This approach proved to be 71% more efficient than conventional fixed solar systems. The collected data are shared via IoT, enabling monitoring and control. [PERSON] et al. [170] propose an IoT-based solar tracking system (STS) with MPPT that enhances solar energy harvesting efficiency by dynamically adjusting panel positions.