esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
It should be noted that logical topology problems are sometimes confused with routing problems in WSNs. Our aim was not to design a routing protocol, but to construct a logical topology for WSNs. Although logical topologies of wireless networks inherently define routing paths, the problem is not limited to delivering data from the source to the destination node(s). The logical topology designs the logical structure, and provides the communication abstraction, while routing protocols can be established on the basis of the logical abstraction. Moreover, we aim to design a logical structure of deployed sensors, with which other protocols (e.g., data dissemination or data collection protocols, time synchronization protocols, event synchronization protocols and other different application protocols) can be designed. The paper is organised as follows. Section 2 discusses the issues related to logical topology design. Section 3 describes the existing chain oriented topologies and discusses the observations of different chain oriented topologies. Section 4 presents a detailed description of the proposed topology and defines the different terminologies used. Section 4 also discusses issues regarding topology designs, the workflow and the communication abstraction of the proposed topology. Section 5 discusses network management issues for the proposed topology while Section 6 evaluates the performance of the proposed topology, with conclusion presented in Section 7.
## 4 Conclusions  
In summary, the novel growth of Ni-Co sulfide nanosheet-nanotube arrays as a binder free electrode on Ni foam have been successfully synthesized for supercapacitors, based on the anion-exchange reaction, by utilizing a one-step facile hydrothermal method combined with a subsequent low-cost sulfuration. The electrochemical performances of the transition metal oxides and sulfide electrodes materials are directly dependent on the shape, size, and morphological features obtained during the experimental process. The initial value of the area capacitance achieved 2.28 F cm\({}^{-2}\) of the present electrode at a current density of 1 mA cm\({}^{-2}\), a high areal capacitance retention of 95.2% is achieved compared to the activation induced peak value even after 3000 charge-discharge cycles, which is much better than counter Ni-Co oxide electrode (1.75 F cm\({}^{-2}\) at 1 mA cm\({}^{-2}\), 93.2% retention after 3000 charge-discharge cycles compared to activation induced peak value). The excellent super-capacitive performance is ascribed to the ion-exchange reaction, which induces the flexible hollow nanotube feature and higher conductivity, compared with Ni-Co oxide NWs.  
Figure 5: Electrochemical performance of Ni-Co sulfide electrode and the pristine NiCo\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) electrode. The electrochemical measurements were carried out in a 6 M KOH aqueous solution as electrolyte. **(a)** Cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves comparison, **(b)** Galvanostatic charge-discharge curves, **(c)** CV curve of Ni-Co sulfide electrode, **(d)** Galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements of Ni-Co sulfide electrode, **(e)** cycle performance comparison and **(f)** EIS curve comparison.  
These results evidently suggest the potential of the Ni-Co sulfide nanocomposite electrode for high-performance supercapacitors.  
The following are available online at [[http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/15/3082/s1](http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/15/3082/s1)]([http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/15/3082/s1](http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/15/3082/s1)), Figure S1: The XPS spectra of Ni-Co sulfide. (a) Ni 2p, (b) Co 2p, (c) S 2p, Figure S2: STEM-HAADF image and its corresponding EDS maps. (a-d) The sample of NiCo\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\), (e-h) the sample of Ni-Co sulfide. Table S1: Reference survey of related active material electrodes for electrochemical capacitors.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] both contributed equally. Methodology and experiment, [PERSON], [PERSON] and R.W.; Writing-original draft preparation, [PERSON] and [PERSON]; writing-review and editing, [PERSON]; funding acquisition and supervision, [PERSON].  
This work was supported by funding from the International Research Cooperation Seed Fund of Beijing University of Technology (2018A18), the NSFC (21676005), the NSFCDFG joint project (51761135129), Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (2172002), Great Wall Scholarship Project (CIT and TCD20170306).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Permeation Measurements  
The 34 \(\upmu\)m GPPS film was clamped in a stainless steel permeation cell between two sealant rings. The surface area of the tested films was 191 cm\({}^{2}\). The permeation cell with the film was placed in a climate chamber. One film per temperature was analyzed. The cell has a lower and an upper space separated by the film. The lower space of the permeation cell had a volume of 7667 cm\({}^{3}\) and was spiked with the permeants. The starting concentrations (\(\mathrm{c_{gas\,phase}}\)) of the investigated permeants (1-alcohols) in the lower space of the permeation cell, their molecular weights and molecular volumes [21] are given in Table 2. The upper space of the permeation cell was rinsed with pure nitrogen (20 mL/min) which moved the permeated substances out of the cell. The nitrogen stream went through a connected enrichment unit and the permeants were trapped on this unit. The enrichment unit was connected to a gas chromatograph with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and the permeants were directly desorbed into the gas chromatograph. By use of this technique, the permeated amount into the upper space of the permeation cell was analyzed for the applied permeants. During the GC run, the next sample was again trapped on the enrichment unit and subsequently injected into the GC. By use of this method, kinetic points were measured every 45 min. Gas Chromatographic Conditions: Column: Rai 624; 30 m length; 0.32 mm inner diameter; 1.8 \(\upmu\)m film thickness, carrier gas: 120 kPa helium. Temperature program: 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C (2 min), rate 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min to 280 \({}^{\circ}\)C hold for 7 min. Pre-trap: substances collected on 20 mm length by 5 mm diameter of Carbopack 107 (Supelco), desorbed at 350 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Main trap: substances focused at -46 \({}^{\circ}\)C on 20 mm length by 1.4 mm inner diameter of Carbopack B, desorbed at 260 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Calibration was performed with injections of known amounts of the applied permeants.  
From the experimental data, the permeation rates as well as the lag times of the applied permeants are available. The diffusion coefficient \(\mathrm{D_{P}}\) of the applied permeants in GPPS was calculated from the lag time \(\mathrm{t_{lag}}\) (in s) and the thickness l (in cm\({}^{2}\)) of the film according to Equation (2) [22; 23].  
\[\mathrm{D_{P}}=\frac{\mathrm{l^{2}}}{6\,\mathrm{t_{lag}}} \tag{2}\]
# A Software-Defined Radio for Future Wireless Communication Systems at 60 GHz
## 3 Results Discussion
### OTA 60 GHz Performance
For IF values of 312.5 and 468.75 MHz, EVM is below 3%, representing a performance degradation below 2% when compared to a back-to-back configuration. This is quite remarkable, since the EVM values at 60 GHz are lower than the 2.5% required by sub-6 GHz Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11.ac) to employ 256-QAM OFDM transmissions [31]. To the best of authors' knowledge, this spectral efficiency per stream and SNR results go significantly beyond the state-of-the-art, when compared to the current mmWave testbeds. Finally, for the proposed link budget the received power versus digital modulation, for an BER of \(10^{-3}\), is presented in Table 9.  
Finally, in Figure 21, it is shown the input power operating range of the mmWave RF front-end considering IF4. It can be seen that such system operates with a relatively wide input dynamic power range considering an EVM threshold of \(-10\) dB, which is enough for a error-free QPSK demodulation. From the above results, it is demonstrated that it is possible to successfully use the mmWave spectrum to achieve multi-Gigabit/s, while considering relatively high spectral efficient modulations, and signal bandwidths greater than 100 MHz. For example, in literature only the 28 GHz testbeds reported in [32; 33; 34; 35], consider a modulation bandwidth higher than 100 MHz using real-time baseband processing, and considering the 5G NR waveform as the transmission scheme (OFDM). On the other hand, at 60 GHz, it is evident a lack of testbeds that comply the minimum technical performance requirements of IMT 2020 for 5G. Considering the proposed OFDM testbed, the 5G peak spectral efficiency value of 7.8 bit/s/Hz [1] was achieved, and thus, the gap veri  
Figure 21: mmWave RF front-end input power versus EVM, for IF4 OFDM with absence of CFO. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**IF** & **EVM \%** & **EVM [dB]** \\ \hline
2 & 5.76 & \(-\)24.67 \\
4 & 2.41 & \(-\)32.75 \\
6 & 2.90 & \(-\)31.23 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: Performance results of EVM for mmWave RF front-end. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Modulation** & **Received Power [dBm]** \\ \hline
4-QAM & \(-\)84.09 \\
16-QAM & \(-\)66.65 \\
64-QAM & \(-\)59.09 \\
256-QAM & \(-\)48.35 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Minimum received power at RX vs. digital modulation, using mmWave RF Front-End. Figure 21: mmWave RF front-end input power versus EVM, for IF4 OFDM with absence of CFO. at 60 GHz has been fulfilled. In other words, no other prototype system can process a signal BW of 150 MHz in real-time with modulation orders up to 256 QAM, using OFDM as transmission scheme in an over-the-air scenario. It is worth noting that even the listed 28 GHz testbed systems, do not meet the DL specification of 7.8 bit/s/Hz.
# An All-Mach Number HLLC-Based Scheme for Multi-Phase Flow with Surface Tension
## 4 Numerical Test Cases
### 2-D Problems
#### 4.2.5 Oscillating Bubble  
A more challenging test-case [1; 29; 55; 56; 53] to validate the implementation of surface tension effects in the solver is to simulate the periodic deformation of a liquid droplet in air in the absence of gravity. The equation for the initially deformed droplet, as per [PERSON] et al. [55], is given in polar coordinates as  
\[r(\theta)=R_{0}+\epsilon_{r}\cos(n\theta),\]  
where \(n\) is the integer mode of oscillation and \(R_{0}\) is the initial radius. Here for \(n=2\), the above equation is written in Cartesian coordinates as  
\[\left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right)-\left(\epsilon_{r}\left[\frac{x^{2}-y^{2}}{x^{2}+y^{2 }}+R_{0}\right]\right)^{2}=0,\]  
with \(\epsilon_{r}=0.01\) and \(R_{0}=0.8\).  
The thermodynamic properties for the EOS are given as per [PERSON] et al. (2018):  
\[(\gamma_{1},p_{\infty_{1}})=(1.4,0.0)\text{and}(\gamma_{2},p_{\infty_{2}})=(4.4,60 00),\]  
where the densities of the gas and liquid are \(\rho_{1}=0.01\) and \(\rho_{2}=1\) with \(\sigma=1\). The theoretical small-amplitude inviscid oscillation frequency is then  
\[\omega_{n}^{2}=\frac{\left(n^{3}-n\right)\sigma}{(\rho_{1}+\rho_{2})R_{0}^{3}}.\]  
The domain is a square of size \([-2,2]\) m and the velocity field is initialised to zero everywhere. The simulation is run for a total time of two periods, using a CFL of 0.4. Figure 15 illustrates the evolution of the overall kinetic energy where the damping is due to the presence of numerical dissipation at low mesh resolution as seen in the work by [PERSON] et al. (2018). Here, the maximum % error, as compared to the analytical period on the coarsest mesh, is 1.1%, while on the finest, it is 0.15%. The results are comparable to those obtained by others ([PERSON] et al., 2018; [PERSON] et al., 2018; [PERSON] et al., 2018). As shown in Figure 16, second-order convergence is recovered while refining from a 200\({}^{2}\) to 400\({}^{2}\) mesh.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Capturing Scheme** & \(\kappa\) & \(|\boldsymbol{u}|_{max}/\boldsymbol{U}_{\sigma}\) & \(\|\varepsilon(\Delta p)\|_{\infty}\) \\ \hline HLLC & Height & \(2.83\times 10^{-2}\) & \(4.15\times 10^{-2}\) \\ HLLC-CICSAM & Height & \(6.54\times 10^{-9}\) & \(3.20\times 10^{-3}\) \\ HLLC & Convolution & \(5.98\times 10^{-3}\) & \(8.74\times 10^{-3}\) \\ HLLC-CICSAM & Convolution & \(2.40\times 10^{-1}\) & \(1.27\times 10^{-1}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Magnitude of max. dimensionless velocity and pressure jump error at \(t=15\) s.  
Figure 14: Evolution of spurious velocities over time.
# Effect of Particle Size on Composet Analysis by Portable X-ray Fluorescence
###### Abstract  
Portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) could be more widely used for analyzing organic amendments, because it allows for a fast and low-cost analysis and is easy to use, among other operational advantages. However, the heterogeneity of these materials causes deviations in the measurements made. In the present study, three composts different in their origin (municipal solid waste (MSW), sewage sludge, and alperujo (i.e., olive oil manufacturing) waste) and composition were used. The effect that the laboratory grinding process had on the results of their elemental analysis conducted with pXRF was studied, as well as the elemental composition of the compost granulometric fractions. The grinding process of the fractions larger than 0.5 mm caused higher concentration readings for the elements Si (up to 47%), Ti (up to 30%), Al (up to 27%), K (up to 26%), P (up to 24%), V (up to 18%), and Pb (up to 16%) and lower readings for Zn (up to \(-41\%\)) and Cu (\(-64\%\)) in the ground samples. The differences depended on the type of compost. However, in the complete compost samples, the grinding caused lower reductions: \(-34\%\) in the Cu concentration of the MSW compost, \(-20\%\) in the Zn concentrations of the MSW compost and the alperujo compost, and a 15.2% increase in the P concentration of the MSW compost. For most of the elements, grinding did not cause significant differences. Since several of the elements that presented wide variations are essential for the characterization of compost, it is recommended that in order to carry out measurements with this technique, a sample preparation process is carried out that guarantees its homogeneity.  
keywords: heavy metals analysis; organic amendments; plant nutrients; pXRF; sample grinding +
Footnote †: journal:
## 4 Results and Discussions  
### The Cutting Torque  
Experimental data of the cutting torque are depicted in Table 2.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Level** Parameters & **Speed (rpm)** & **Feed Rate (mm/rev)** \\ \hline
1-3 & 1000 & 0.050 \\ \(-1\) & 1250 & 0.065 \\
1 & 1500 & 0.085 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Cutting parameters and their levels in experiments.  
Figure 3: A photo of the experimental tests.  
The experimental data of the cutting torque in conventional drilling and ultrasonic assisted drilling were used to calibrate out the coefficient \(C\) in the cutting model in Equation (5). The results of regression fitting operations are shown in Table 3. The value of the coefficient \(C\) in CD and UAD are about 0.1545 and 0.12516, with the correlation R\({}^{2}\) of 0.99869 and 0.99863, respectively.  
The cutting torque computed by the model described in Equation (5) was then compared to corresponding experimental data. The errors were less than 10 percent, as shown in Table 2.  
With the correlation factor higher than 0.99, it can be said that the model is promising to predict the cutting torque in both conventional- and ultrasonic assisted drilling processes. In other words, the formulas presented in several engineering books are well satisfied to calculate the cutting component in deep hole drilling. Based on the \(C\) factor values, UAD provided a cutting torque lower than CD, about 0.15475/0.12156 = 1.273 times. In other words, the effects of ultrasonic assistance can reduce the cutting torque by 27.3% compared to conventional drilling.
## 3 Results
### DRE Attenuates Fibrogenic Gene Expression in PA-Induced AML12 Cells  
To assess the antifibrotic effects of DRE, we measured the expression levels of fibrosis-related genes in PA-induced AML12 cells. The following fibrogenic markers were analyzed: collagen type I alpha 1 (_COL1A1_), collagen type I alpha 2 (_COL1A2_), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (_TIMP1_). PA significantly upregulated the mRNA levels of _COL1A1_ and _COL1A2_ compared to those in the control group. However, co-treatment with DRE at 50 and 100 \(\upmu\)g/mL significantly suppressed this effect in a dose-dependent manner. Although both DRE concentrations reduced the _TIMP1_ levels, the changes were not statistically significant (Figure 3).  
Figure 2: Effects of DRE on lipogenic and inflammatory gene expression levels in PA-induced AML12 cells. AML12 cells were treated with PA (0.5 mM) to induce hepatic steatosis and co-treated with DRE at 25 and 50 \(\upmu\)g/mL for 24 h. Notably, mRNA expression levels of the lipogenesis-related genes, fatty acid synthase (_FAS_), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (_SREBP1c_), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (_ACC_), were significantly increased by PA. However, this effect was attenuated by DRE, particularly at 50 \(\upmu\)g/mL. Similarly, levels of the inflammatory markers, cluster of differentiation 68 (_CD68_), interleukin-6 (_IL-6_), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (_MCP-I_), were markedly upregulated in the PA-treated group. However, DRE co-treatment significantly reduced their expression levels in a dose-dependent manner. Data are represented as the mean \(\pm\) SD. \({}^{*}\)_p_\(<\) 0.05 vs. control group; #_p_\(<\) 0.05 vs. PA-treated group.
# An Adaptive Routing Algorithm Based on Relation Tree in DTN
## 6 Simulation
### Simulation Results
#### 6.2.4 Impact of Buffer Size  
The results for different buffer sizes are shown in Figure 6. From Figure 6a, we can see that the delivery rate of Epidemic and Prophet is low when the buffer size is small, because the high message discard rate brought by the uncapped replication method will seriously reduce the final delivery rate of messages. The delivery rate of the remaining three algorithms remains stable and at a high level, and when the buffer size exceeds 15M, AR-RT has an advantage due to its ability to dynamically adjust the number of copies of the initial message. Figure 6b shows that as the buffer size increases, the average delay of Epidemic increases slightly, while the average delay of the remaining four algorithms remains stable, with AR-RT performing the best and having a clear advantage. Figure 6c shows that the network overhead of Epidemic tends to decrease as the buffer size increases. The network overhead of the remaining four algorithms remains basically stable, with the network overhead of Bubble Rap being in the lowest state. Figure 6d shows that as the buffer size increases, the average hop count of Epidemic and Prophet shows a significant decreasing trend, but always at a high level, and the average hop count of the remaining three algorithms remains stable, among which AR-RT performs better.  
Figure 5: Comparison of the results (95% CI) of various algorithms under different message generation intervals. Subfigures (**a–d**) compare the performance of the five algorithms with the variation of the four parameters, delivery rate (**a**), average delay (**b**), overhead (**c**) and average hop count (**d**), with the message generation interval, respectively.
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Data Preprocessing and Analysis
#### 3.3.3 Data Cleaning  
After labeling the text data, the next step was data cleaning. Text data preprocessing began with converting all the text to lowercase, trimming leading or trailing spaces, and replacing newline characters with spaces. Non-alphabetic and non-ASCII characters, as well as URLs, were removed. The text was tokenized into individual words using a regular expression tokenizer. Common stopwords were filtered out, with a custom list used to exclude specific terms from the default English stopword set and to remove single-character words. The processed words were then recombined into a single string, and each word was lemmatized to its base form. Additionally, numerical values were handled, and duplicate, missing, noisy, and irrelevant data entries were cleaned to ensure a refined and comprehensive dataset.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Class**} & **Extracted Text** & **Extracted** & **Extracted Text** & **Extracted** \\  & **Data (Public** & **Image Data** & **Data (Private** & **Image Data** \\  & **Data)** & **(Public Data)** & **Data)** & **(Private Data)** \\ \hline Class 0 & 1755 & 1742 & 324 & 315 \\ Class 1 & 1209 & 1171 & 198 & 185 \\ Class 2 & 1542 & 1706 & 219 & 234 \\ Class 3 & 1658 & 1582 & 259 & 266 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Number of samples in each class for the public and private datasets before preprocessing.  
After labeling the image data, image data preprocessing began with bilateral filtering to reduce noise and enhance clarity. The images were then scaled and normalized to standardize their dimensions and pixel intensity values, improving computational efficiency and model training performance. All images were resized to 224 \(\times\) 224 pixels using a transformation pipeline, ensuring uniformity and consistency. To simplify processing, images were converted to RGB format and subsequently to grayscale. Key features were accentuated using thresholding, and duplicate entries, as well as irrelevant images, were manually excluded.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effects of NTP Treatment on Mitochondrial Membrane Potential  
The proportion of red and green fluorescence in the 5 s and 10 s treatment groups was significantly higher compared with the control group (Figure 4D). The results here were consistent with previous cell viability results, indicating that the cells were in good condition (Figure 4A,B) and a short period of NTP treatment was beneficial to the cells. With the further prolongation of treatment time, the red-green fluorescence ratios of the 20 s and 25 s treatment groups decreased sharply (Figure 4B-D), suggesting that high-dose NTP treatment was not conducive to the cells, which significantly reduced the intracellular mitochondrial membrane potential of HaCaT cells. According to the previous research results, we believe that intracellular ROS generated by low-dose NTP promoted cell viability by increasing intracellular mitochondrial membrane potential, while ROS generated by high-dose NTP induced early apoptosis and inhibited cell viability by reducing intracellular mitochondrial membrane potential.  
The decrease in cell mitochondrial membrane potential can be used as an indicator of early apoptosis. The mitochondria are the main sites for ROS production, and the study has shown that tungstate-induced mitochondrial dysfunction is related to the increase in ROS produced by mitochondria [47]. In addition, the decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential in BEAS-2B cells was also closely related to intracellular ROS accumulation, and the decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential led to the increase in the apoptosis rate [48]. Compared with the control group, the red-green fluorescence ratio of JC-1 was increased after low-dose NTP treatment, indicating that the intracellular ROS content did not damage the intracellular mitochondria at this time, and it might promote the viability of HaCaT cells by promoting the function of the respiratory chain of intracellular mitochondria. On the contrary, the proportion of red-green fluorescence was significantly decreased after high-dose NTP treatment, indicating that the intracellular ROS content was too high, which destroyed the intracellular mitochondria, induced early apoptosis and inhibited cell viability.  
Figure 3: Intracellular ROS levels. (**A**) Fluorescence images of intracellular ROS generation in HaCaT cells. (**B**) The quantification by measuring fluorescence pixel intensity using Image J software. Data represent the mean \(\pm\) SD of three independent experiments. * \(p\) < 0.05, ***** \(p\) < 0.0001 with ANOVA compared with the control.