## 5 Types of Electrical Steel
### Non-Oriented Steels  
The first instance of incorporating silicon into iron to achieve favourable electromagnetic characteristics occurred in 1900 by [PERSON] et al. [42]. Since 1905, these steels, known as electrical steels or silicon steels, have become crucial magnetic materials in industrial applications [43]. They are categorized as soft magnetic materials, easily magnetized and demagnetized. Additionally, the discovery of magnetic iron contrast in 1926 by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [44] led to the recognition that silicon addition reduces magnetic contrast and offers other advantages when used in rotating machines.  
Non-oriented electrical steels (NOES) are a subset of electric steels for which the individual crystals within the material are randomly oriented [45]. Their magnetic properties are particularly useful in applications requiring magnetic flux to pass through steel, making them ideal for use in rotating machines like electric motors, where the magnetic flux frequently changes direction [46].  
Efficiency in electromechanical applications has been a primary focus, as electric motors consume a significant portion of electricity worldwide [47]. For instance, in 2009, 60% of Japan's electricity consumption was attributed to electric motors, and a 1% increase in their efficiency would be equivalent to the output of a 500 MW nuclear power plant [34]. Similarly, 70% of France's industrial electricity consumption in 1996 was linked to electric motors, with 75% of their losses attributed to electricity loss and magnetism [48]. Losses in electric steel accounted for 4.5% of the total energy produced by the United States in 1992, resulting in 4 \(\times\) 10 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions [49].  
An investigation was conducted involving a non-oriented electrical steel containing 4.5 wt.% silicon. This steel, with a thickness of 0.50 mm, was produced using a standard processing route. Given limitations arise in the extensive shaping of silicon-rich steels due to certain constraints, this study concentrated on understanding how variations in the warm-rolling temperature influence the development of microstructure and texture within the hot-rolled sheet. This influence was observed after carrying out a carefully chosen annealing process [50].  
While electrical steel manufacturers strive to produce steels with reduced losses, numerous variables affect the final properties of electric steel, including chemical composition, treatment stages, and environmental processes, these constraints affect both the shaping process and subsequently have an impact on the microstructure and physical properties of silicon-rich steels [51].  
In summary, the addition of silicon to electric steel brings about several effects [52]:  
* Increased electrical resistance reduces induced eddy currents and energy loss.
* Decreased magnetic anisotropy reduces magnetic hysteresis losses and ensures more isotropic magnetic properties.
* Reduced magnetostriction leads to smaller dimensional changes during magnetization and demagnetization, resulting in lower magnetic hysteresis loss.
* A decrease in saturation induction occurs as the density of magnetically polarized atoms decreases, thus optimizing magnetic induction and permeability.  
However, a silicon content exceeding 3 wt% increases steel brittleness and significantly impairs cold deformability, making it difficult and costly to process the corresponding material [53].