## 3 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Samples** & **MDD** & **PDI** & **Viscosity** & **Whiteness** \\  & **(nm)** & & **(cP)** & \\ \hline OPO nanoemulsion & 286.6 \(\pm\) 10\({}^{\text{x}}\) & 0.276 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{y}}\) & 19.7 \(\pm\) 1.77 \({}^{\text{z}}\) & 16.27 \(\pm\) 1.46 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ OPO-AA nanoemulsion & 289.2 \(\pm\) 10.1\({}^{\text{x}}\) & 0.248 \(\pm\) 0.009 \({}^{\text{y}}\) & 32.7 \(\pm\) 2.62 \({}^{\text{z}}\) & 20.91 \(\pm\) 1.67 \({}^{\text{b}}\) \\ CLA nanoemulsion & 275.8 \(\pm\) 9.7 \({}^{\text{x}}\) & 0.266 \(\pm\) 0.009 \({}^{\text{y}}\) & 16.1 \(\pm\) 1.13 \({}^{\text{z}}\) & 11.94 \(\pm\) 0.84 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ CLA-AA nanoemulsion & 269.8 \(\pm\) 9.4 \({}^{\text{x}}\) & 0.244 \(\pm\) 0.009 \({}^{\text{y}}\) & 22.6 \(\pm\) 1.36 \({}^{\text{z}}\) & 14.26 \(\pm\) 0.86 \({}^{\text{b}}\) \\ SO nanoemulsion & 258.7 \(\pm\) 9.1 \({}^{\text{x}}\) & 0.276 \(\pm\) 0.009 \({}^{\text{y}}\) & 20.4 \(\pm\) 1.43 \({}^{\text{z}}\) & 38.68 \(\pm\) 2.71 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ SO-AA nanoemulsion & 251.2 \(\pm\) 8.8 \({}^{\text{x}}\) & 0.244 \(\pm\) 0.02 \({}^{\text{y}}\) & 22.8 \(\pm\) 2.28 \({}^{\text{z}}\) & 35.42 \(\pm\) 3.54 \({}^{\text{b}}\) \\ CO nanoemulsion & 264.9 \(\pm\) 9.3 \({}^{\text{x}}\) & 0.263 \(\pm\) 0.06 \({}^{\text{y}}\) & 18.3 \(\pm\) 1.56 \({}^{\text{z}}\) & 47.10 \(\pm\) 4.00 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ CO-AA nanoemulsion & 274.4 \(\pm\) 9.6 \({}^{\text{x}}\) & 0.252 \(\pm\) 0.07 \({}^{\text{y}}\) & 23.9 \(\pm\) 1.55 \({}^{\text{z}}\) & 45.75 \(\pm\) 2.97 \({}^{\text{b}}\) \\ FO nanoemulsion & 259.3 \(\pm\) 9.1 \({}^{\text{x}}\) & 0.200 \(\pm\) 0.05 \({}^{\text{y}}\) & 18.7 \(\pm\) 1.27 \({}^{\text{z}}\) & 36.17 \(\pm\) 2.46 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ FO-AA nanoemulsion & 278.9 \(\pm\) 9.8 \({}^{\text{x}}\) & 0.190 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{y}}\) & 21 \(\pm\) 1.58 \({}^{\text{z}}\) & 39.2 \(\pm\) 2.94 \({}^{\text{b}}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Superscript letters a and b represent significant differences (\(p\) \(<\) 0.05) between the addition or absence of AA in whiteness. Superscript letters x for MDD, y for PDI, and z for Viscosity represent no significant differences (\(p\) \(>\) 0.05) between the addition or absence of AA. Data are described as mean value \(\pm\) standard deviation (n = 3).  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Physicochemical properties (mean droplet diameter (MDD), polydispersity index (PDI), viscosity, whiteness) of o/w nanoemulsions with or without the addition of ascorbic acid (AA) using different oils as the lipid phase; olive pomace oil (OPO), canola oil (CLA), sunflower oil (SO), corn oil (CO), and fish oil (FO). capacity to form a stable interfacial film around the droplets, resulting in a more uniform droplet distribution [44; 45]. Figure 2 shows a representative DLS graph. As expected, the viscosity of nanoemulsions is relatively low, ranging from 16.1 to 32.7 cP, as the viscosity of colloidal systems is strongly related to the viscosity of the continuous phase. However, it increased with increasing concentration of the dispersed phase. Moreover, viscosity values did not significantly differ (OPO 49.1 cP, CLA 48.8 cP, SO 48.8 cP, CO 31.18 and FO 69.71 cP at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C), as all the examined oils have similar fatty acid composition and viscosity except fish oil [35; 46; 47]. The color of the nanoemulsions, expressed as whiteness, was significantly influenced by the addition of ascorbic acid (\(p<0.05\)), with the blank samples having a value of approximately 20, while the addition of AA led to an increased value of 40.7. Also, the type of the lipid phase affected the color, with CO and FO nanoemulsions being whiter, which can be attributed to the lighter color of these oils as well as the different solubility of lycopene in different oils [25]. Therefore, both the lipid phase type and the addition of ascorbic acid contribute to the observed variation in color.