## 1 Introduction  
Urban areas will be home to nearly 68% of the global population by 2050, highlighting the rapid expansion of urban landscapes [1]. Alongside this expansion, a confluence of complex natural and social threats has emerged [2, 3]. Urban resilience, which emphasizes reducing urban vulnerability and achieving sustainable development, provides a novel paradigm for addressing these multifaceted challenges and has been increasingly applied across various fields of urban governance, including urban planning, economic recovery, disaster risk management, social transformation, and climate change studies [4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Globally, both the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development [9] and the New Urban Agenda [10] have emphasized the importance of building resilient cities. In China, urban agglomerations (UAs), as highly developed spatial forms of integrated cities, are regarded as the primary form for advancing urbanization and serve as significant carriers of socioeconomic accumulation and industrialization [11; 12]. Consequently, enhancing resilience through systematic measures and integrated capabilities has become a fundamental issue for UAs to maintain vitality and achieve sustainable development [13; 14]. Since [PERSON] first introduced the concept of resilience to the field of ecological studies as the capacity of ecosystems to withstand disturbances while maintaining their basic functional characteristics [15], scholars have interpreted its meaning in various ways based on different disciplines and perspectives. In the context of urban systems, resilience generally refers to the capacity to respond or reorganize in ways that preserve essential functions, identity, and structure, while also retaining the ability to adapt, learn, and transform in the face of anticipated or unexpected threats, shocks, and other disruptions [16; 17]. This capacity determines the performance and long-term sustainability of urban systems when facing internal and external pressures [18; 19]. Cities are dynamic and complex coupled systems of natural-social symbiosis, whose subsystems exhibit characteristics such as nonlinear dynamics, feedback mechanisms, and high interconnectivity [20; 21]. Numerous studies have illuminated the complex interactive relationship between humans and ecosystems in cities from the perspective of social-ecological resilience [22; 23; 24], which has significantly inspired urban managers to transition from linear thinking to resilience-oriented approaches. Scholars have devised diverse methodologies for the quantitative assessment of urban resilience. Among these, indices serve as indispensable tools for quantifying resilience across various scenarios and temporal dimensions [25]. Many studies have developed indicator frameworks rooted in urban subsystems, such as economic, social, ecological, infrastructural, and institutional dimensions. This approach not only enhances urban resilience management but also optimizes resource allocation guidance across different subsystems to boost overall resilience [26; 27]. As technologies have advanced to become more intricate, automated, decentralized, accessible, and intelligent, there is a growing recognition that technological systems should be viewed as a distinct but interrelated domain that aligns with the complexity of social and ecological structures and dynamics, rather than merely being a component of the social systems [28; 29]. Technological resilience emphasizes both the robustness of physical and digital infrastructure and the integration of innovation and adaptive technologies to maintain functionality and performance under stress [30]. By integrating technological solutions with broader environmental policies and social initiatives, societies can more effectively adapt to and mitigate the impacts of environmental change, ultimately fostering a more resilient and sustainable future [31; 32].