# Expanding Horizons: Taking Advantage of Graphene's Surface Area for Advanced Applications
## 1 Introduction
These substances are essential for many reasons, including the design of the transducer, the creation of matrices for immobilizing enzymes, and the  
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of a hybrid supercapacitor setup. Reproduced under the terms of the CC-BY Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license [16]. Copyright 2023, MDPI. incorporation of stabilizing and mediating elements. Collectively, these components profoundly influence a biosensor's overall performance [11; 12; 13]. They have gained significant prominence as a viable and versatile option for conducting various medical and biological analyses. Their applications span a diverse spectrum, including environmental monitoring, biomedical research, food security assurance, and agricultural enhancement. Conventional analytical techniques, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), have faced significant obstacles in meeting stringent regulatory requirements for quantifying analyte levels in diverse sample matrices. Despite their widespread use and effectiveness in many applications, these methods often struggle to achieve the necessary precision, accuracy, and sensitivity that regulatory bodies demand. As a result, there is a growing need for more advanced analytical approaches to reliably measure analyte concentrations across various sample types while meeting regulatory standards. Limitations, such as low sample throughput, the necessity for solvents, the need for sample pretreatment, and large sample volumes, often constrain these methods. This has led to an increasing demand for analytical platforms that can efficiently and simultaneously detect one or more analytes. Recent advancements in wearable sensors, lab-on-a-chip technologies, and high levels of throughput assays have shown the ability to deliver precise and timely analyses in a short amount of time. These advancements signify a significant leap in analytical capabilities, enabling faster decision-making processes and more efficient workflows. Such technologies hold promises for various applications, from medical diagnostics to environmental monitoring. The development of compact and portable biosensor devices has expanded their applicability to various fields, including defense, biomedical research, agriculture, crime investigation, and drug screening at multiple entry points [14; 15]. These innovations enhance analytical capabilities and make biosensors more accessible and versatile for addressing the diverse and evolving demands of modern science and industry [16]. Figure 2 outlines the main components of a biosensor device, including the biorecognition element, transducer, and signal processing unit. A biochemical reaction is triggered by the biorecognition element's particular interaction with the intended substance [17]. The transducer subsequently transforms this response into an optical, electrical, or mechanical signal. The signal processing unit amplifies and interprets this signal, allowing for precise detection and quantification of the analyte. Each component works in sequence to enable accurate, real-time analysis in the biosensor [18]. The utilization of its substantial surface area extends its applications into the domains of catalysis and environmental remediation. G-b catalysts have demonstrated heightened  
Figure 2: A diagram depicting the components of a biosensor device, illustrating its various elements. Reproduced under the terms of the CC-BY Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license [18]. Copyright 2023, MDPI. catalytic activity due to their expansive surface area, facilitating efficacious interactions with reactant molecules. These catalysts have proved effective in a variety of applications, such as the generation of hydrogen, the purification of water supplies, and the breakdown of contaminants, providing long-term answers to pressing global issues. Its remarkable surface area has been strategically harnessed for environmental remediation objectives.