# Seareed Exhibits Therapeutic Properties against Chronic Diseases: An Overview
## 6 Pharmacological Properties of Seaweed to Overcome Chronic Disease
### Neurodegenerative Disease  
Neurodegenerative diseases are age-related chronic and progressive loss of neurons, such as [PERSON]'s disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, cerebral ischemia, and traumatic brain injury [130; 131]. The major cellular and molecular events that cause neurodegeneration are oxidative stress, misfolded proteins, impaired mitochondrial function, apoptosis induction, proteostasis impairment, and neuroinflammation [132]. The mechanism of neurodegenerative disease is shown in Figure 4b. Studies of the effects of seaweed-derived compounds on neurodegenerative diseases are summarized in Table 2. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Algal Source** & **Constituent** & **Study Type** & **Biological Effects** & **Ref.** \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{Brown seaweed} \\ \hline _Sargassum hemiphyllum_ & Fucoidan & In vitro & \begin{tabular}{c} Inhibited the progression of MCF-7 \\ and MDA-MB-231 cell lines \\ \end{tabular} & [72] \\ _Bifurcaria bifurcata_ & Diterpenes & In vitro & \begin{tabular}{c} Inhibited the growth of MDA-MB-231 \\ cell line (IC\({}_{50}\) = 11.6 to 32.0 \(\mu\)g/mL) \\ \end{tabular} & [119] \\ _Sargassum_ sp. & Ethanol extract & In vitro & \begin{tabular}{c} Inhibited the growth of MCF-7 cell \\ line (IC\({}_{50}\) = 250 \(\mu\)g/mL) \\ \end{tabular} & [31] \\ _Hizikia fusiforme_ & Sulfated & In vitro and in vivo & \begin{tabular}{c} Inhibited the growth of human \\ bladder cancer EJ cell line \\ \end{tabular} & [122] \\ _Laminaria japonica_ & Laminarin & In vitro and in vivo & \begin{tabular}{c} Inhibited hepatocellular carcinoma \\ (HCC) cell proliferation \\ \end{tabular} & [123] \\ _Fucus vesiculosus_ & Fucoidan & In vitro & \begin{tabular}{c} Inhibited HT-29 cell profieation \\ \end{tabular} & [124] \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{Red seaweed} \\ \hline _Laurencia papillosa_ & Sulfated & In vitro & \begin{tabular}{c} Inhibited MCF-7 cell viability \\ \end{tabular} & [117] \\ _Eucheuma cottonii_ & Ethanol extract & In vivo & \begin{tabular}{c} Inhibited the growth of breast tumor \\ inhibited colorectal cancer stem cell \\ viability (IC\({}_{50}\) = 1 \(\mu\)g/mL) \\ \end{tabular} & [118] \\ _Gigartina pistillata_ & Carrageenanans & In vitro & \begin{tabular}{c} Inhibited sarcoma 180 ascites tumor \\ cell growth \\ \end{tabular} & [125] \\ _Champia feldmannii_ & Sulfated & In vitro and in vivo & \begin{tabular}{c} Inhibited sarcoma 180 ascites tumor \\ cell growth \\ \end{tabular} & [126] \\ _Gracilaria fisher_ & Sulfated galactans & In vitro & \begin{tabular}{c} Restored migration of CCA cells \\ \end{tabular} & [127] \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{Green seaweed} \\ \hline _Ulva fascita_ & Guai-2-en-10a-ol & In vitro & \begin{tabular}{c} Inhibited the growth of \\ MDA-MB-231 cell line \\ \end{tabular} & [120] \\ _Ulva lactuca_ & Ulvan & In vitro and in vivo & \begin{tabular}{c} Inhibited MCF-7 cell viability \\ Inhibited breast carcinogenesis \\ \end{tabular} & [121] \\ _Ulva lactuca_ & Aqueous-ethanolic & In vivo & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Inhibited benzoa(a)pyrene-induced \\ toxicity in mice \\ \end{tabular} & [128] \\ _Gayralia oxysperma_ & Sulfated & In vitro &
\begin{tabular}{c} Inhibited the growth of \\ U87 MG cell line \\ \end{tabular} & [129] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: The effects of seaweed-derived compounds on cancer. The activation of microglia--a macrophage cell production in the central nervous system (CNS) due to the excessive production of inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and pro-inflammatory cytokines, e.g., tumor necrosis factor-\(\alpha\) (TNF-\(\alpha\)), interleukin (IL)-18, IL-6, and reactive oxygen species (ROS)--can cause chronic neurodegeneration [130; 143]. _Mugropsis myagroides_ Sargachromenol reduced inflammation in lipopolysaccharide-sismulated microglia by downregulating the IxB-\(\alpha\)/NF-\(\kappa\)B and ERK/JNK pathways [130].