###### Abstract  
Nanomaterials have been one of the latest trends used by geotechnical engineers for improving insufficient soil criteria. This study aims to assess the usability of CaCO\({}_{3}\), nano-CaCO\({}_{3}\) and Glass Fiber Chopped Strands (GFCSs) in the improvement procedures for clay soil media by performing traditional and laboratory model experiments. Clay samples mixed with CaCO\({}_{3}\) at 5%, nano-CaCO\({}_{3}\) at 0.75% and GFCSs at 2.0% separately provided 1.49, 1.68 and 1.86 times increments in the bearing capacity values in comparison with plain clay, respectively. Mixtures of clay, GFCSs at 1.5% and nano-CaCO\({}_{3}\) at 0.75% enabled the most optimal result of 2.58 times improved bearing capacities. Curing durations had a significant effect on increasing the bonding between nano-CaCO\({}_{3}\) and clay which led to further improved conditions. Settlement enhancements of up to 6.80% were recorded for the mixtures of nano-CaCO\({}_{3}\), GFCSs and clay as well. Thus, improvements were reached in terms of bearing capacity and settlements along with the applicability and economy of the related procedures, of which the details can be seen in the following sections of this study. nano material; glass fiber chopped strand; bearing capacity; settlement; model experiment; clay 2025157779  
[PERSON]  
1 Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cukurova University, Adana 01330, Turkey  
2 Construction Department, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Mersin University, Mersin 33110, Turkey; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
from construction and demolition sites [8], rice husk ash [9], biopolymers [10], glass manufacturing waste [11], geopolymers [12] and steel slag [13]. The combined use of traditional soil stabilization agents and chemical improvement compounds contributes to climate change by emitting greenhouse and pollutant gases such as CO\({}_{2}\), SO\({}_{2}\), and NOx, and poses environmental toxicity risks by generating additional toxic by-products that contaminate both soil and groundwater [14; 15]. Consequently, the use of more environmentally friendly alternatives is currently a topic of interest in geotechnical engineering when considering environmental protection and reducing the use and associated costs of chemical compounds to strengthen the soil. Environmentally friendly nanomaterials are one group of soil improvement materials that offer significant advantages in areas with problematic soil conditions [16; 17; 18]. In addition, ecologists have raised the importance of putting research into nanomaterials at the forefront because quantitative measures allow a successful evaluation of ecological risk [19; 20]. The high specific surface areas of most nanomaterials permit their interaction with expansive clay particles [21]. Generally preferred nano additives for soil enhancement procedures in geotechnical engineering include nano-bentonite, nano-laponite, nano-alumina, nano-silica, nano-clay, nano-copper, nano-CuO, nano-MgO, carbon nanotubes and nano-zeolite. As documented by other studies on nanomaterials, adding nano-silica to soils, even at remarkably low percentages from 0.7 to 3%, either on its own or with other traditional additives like cement and lime, significantly impacts not only the soil microstructure but also the physical and chemical properties of soils, as well as improving compressibility, resistance and unconfined compressive strength [22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30]. Carbon nanotubes are essentially a sheet of graphene rolled into a cylinder and are the strongest and stiffest material yet discovered, being 100 times stronger than steel but 6 times lighter [31]. Amounts as small as 1 to 3% can substantially improve the compressive strength of soils [32]. Similarly, the use of nanomaterials, such as nano-bentonite [33; 34] and nano-laponite [35; 36], show exceptional improvements in the geotechnical properties of soils, even at percentages as low as 1 to 10% by lowering the liquefaction potential and increasing their compressive strength.