# Centralized MPPT Control Architecture for Photovoltaic Systems Using LoRa Technology
## 2 Centralized MPPT Architecture Based on LoRa
### Conceptual Centralized MPPT Architecture  
In this manuscript, we present an innovative architecture that harnesses MIC, LoRa communications, and a centralized MPPT controller for the enhanced control and monitoring of PV subsystems. Figure 6 provides a visual representation of the envisioned architecture.  
Each PV subsystem comprises a PV panel, a DC-DC converter, and a sensor and actuator node, each subsystem being uniquely identified. These sensor and actuator nodes are responsible for reading essential physical variables from their corresponding subsystem, including irradiance, temperature, and PV and output voltage and current. Subsequently, these data are transmitted to the centralized computing node via LoRa/LoRaWAN communication.  
The centralized computing node assumes the responsibility of performing calculations that are required for determining the necessary control actions. Upon receiving information from a sensor and actuator node, it executes the MPPT control process tailored for the associated PV subsystem. Once the MPPT algorithm calculates the control action, it is transmitted back to the corresponding sensor and actuator node through LoRa/LoRaWAN for execution.  
Notably, with the addition of a new sensor and actuator node, the computing node dynamically creates a new process for the MPPT control of the added PV subsystem. This adaptability ensures the integration of new components into the existing architecture.  
Furthermore, the computing node acts as a conduit for forwarding relevant information to the cloud, enabling the use of cloud services. This integration with cloud-based platforms enhances accessibility and provides a comprehensive overview of the PV subsystems' performance. Additionally, this architecture supports the implementation of various control strategies.  
Due to the characteristics of LoRa communications, abrupt changes in irradiance can cause poorer performance when compared to other wireless technologies. The time step limitation of this technology reduces the responsiveness of the system to changes in  
Figure 6: Centralized MPPT architecture using LoRa/LoRaWAN.  
environmental conditions. However, LoRa's long-range capabilities enable efficient communication over extended distances, which are crucial in scenarios where MPPT controllers may be deployed in remote or challenging terrains. Its low-power consumption aligns with the energy-efficient nature of renewable energy systems, ensuring minimal impact on overall power consumption. LoRa's robustness in overcoming signal obstacles further enhances its reliability, making it particularly well suited for outdoor environments with potential line-of-sight challenges. Additionally, the cost-effectiveness of LoRa technology contributes to the affordability of implementing MPPT controllers, fostering the flexibility and scalability of PV energy solutions. The combination of long-range communication, low-power consumption, reliability, and cost-effectiveness positions LoRa as a promising technology for enhancing the performance and connectivity of MPPT controllers in PV energy applications.