## 5 Results
### Regulatory and Economic Instruments
Almost all countries (except for Brunei Darussalam, Lao PDR, India, Cambodia, and Myanmar) initiated financial schemes for promoting green technology (Table 6). Singapore provides funding through a Grants for Energy Efficient Technologies (GREET) program and China provides energy service companies with tax incentives (tax reductions) and subsidies [76] (p. 12-13). Singapore and Japan fund environmental R&D, including the field of energy. The Republic of Korea implemented the 21 st Century Frontier R&D Program to develop technologies such as hydrogen energy and carbon dioxide reductions from 1999 to 2010 [51]. The Republic of Korea provides a tax credit of 20% (30% for small and medium-sized companies) for R&D activities in four areas: electric, hybrid, plug-in or clean diesel vehicles; solar batteries; wind and geothermal energy; and carbon capture and storage [76] (p. 17). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Economic** & **Country** & **Title of Economic Instruments** \\
**Stage** & & Innovation for Environmental Sustainability (IES) Fund (2001) \\  & 3R Fund (2009) \\  & Energy Efficiency Improvement Assistance Scheme (EASe) (2005) \\  & Grant for Energy Efficient Technologies (GREET) \\  & One-Year Accelerated Depreciation Allowance for Energy Efficient Equipment and \\  & Technology (ADAS) \\  & Design for Efficiency Scheme (DfE) (2008) \\ Singapore & Clean Energy Research and Testbedding Program (CERT) (2007) \\  & Energy Research Development Fund (ERDF) (2008) \\  & Pilot Building Retrofit Energy Efficiency Financing (BREEF) Scheme (2011) \\  & Green Mark Incentive Scheme for Existing Buildings (GMIS-EB) (2015) \\  & Green Mark Incentive Scheme—Design Prototype (GMIS-DP) (2015) \\  & Sustainable Construction Capability Development Fund (SC Fund) (2010) \\  & Water Efficiency Fund (WEF) (2007) \\  & Clean Development Mechanism Documentation Grant (2008) \\  & Tax Incentives for Renewable Energy (2014) \\ \hline  & Japan Fund for Global Environment (JFGE) (1993) \\  & JPMorgan Japan Technology Fund (2005) \\
3 & Japan’s Voluntary Emissions Trading Scheme (JVETS) (2005) \\  & Global Environment Research Fund (2010) \\  & Environment Technology Development Fund (2010) \\  & Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (about stabling a sound material-cycle society) (2011) \\ Japan & Green Fund (2013) \\  & Green Vehicle Purchasing Promotion Program (2009) \\  & Eco-Car Tax Breaks (2009) \\  & Feed-in-Tariff Scheme for Renewable Energy (2009) \\  & Tax for Climate Change Mitigation (2012) \\  & Funding Program for World-Leading Innovative R\&D on Science and Technology \\  & (FIRST Program) (2009) \\ \hline  & Environmental Improvement Fund (1992) \\  & 21 st Century Frontier R\&D Program (1999) \\  & Eco-Technopia 21 Project (2001) \\ Republic of & Environmental Venture Fund (2001) \\ Korea & Environmental Industry Promotion Fund (2009) \\  & Recycling Industry Promoting Loan (2012) \\  & Fiscal Incentives for Renewable Energy (2009) \\  & Feed-in-Tariff Scheme for Renewable Energy (replaced by the RPS) (2006) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Economic instruments for eco-innovation.