## 1 Introduction
Given the importance of ubiquitous communication, the effectiveness of networks in hospital environments fundamentally depends on the quality and availability of cellular coverage [8], as hospitalsare very complex environments with various sources of interference and signal obstructions. Thus, it is essential to identify the areas that need improvement in cellular coverage to ensure the continuity and quality of service provision [9]. Recent research highlights the importance of wireless technologies, such as ZigBee, Wi-Fi, ultra-wideband (UWB), and Bluetooth/BLE (i.e., IEEE 802.25.4, 802.11, 802.3, and 802.1, respectively), in conjunction with mobile networks, e.g., narrow-band Internet of Things (NB-IoT), as well as the use of small cells, such as femtocells, in indoor environments, to improve coverage, as described by authors from [3,4]. Despite the advances observed in the integration of mobile technologies into healthcare systems, two gaps persist in the scientific literature regarding the evaluation of cellular coverage in hospital environments. The first pertains to the scarcity of empirical studies conducting comparative measurement campaigns involving multiple technologies--namely 5G, LTE, UMTS, and NB-IoT--within the same hospital setting. Most existing works adopt theoretical approaches or are limited to the isolated analysis of a single technology. Even the seminal study by [PERSON] et al. [10], which describes the implementation of a standalone 5G network in a hospital in China, focuses exclusively on this technology, without addressing coexistence or comparison with other network layers. The second gap relates to the near-total absence of applied studies in African contexts, particularly concerning the technical analysis of cellular coverage in healthcare facilities. Although investigations such as those by [PERSON] [11] and [PERSON] and [PERSON] [12] highlight the fragility of digital infrastructures and insufficient coverage as critical obstacles to the modernization of healthcare systems in Africa, these approaches are centered on macrostructural perspectives, without incorporating empirical measurements or multitechnological comparative analysis in clinical environments. This study thus aims to contribute to bridging these two gaps: firstly, by conducting a multitechnological technical measurement campaign in a real hospital context; and secondly, by establishing a solid methodological foundation for the future replication of this study in a resource-limited environment, specifically at the Hospital of Cumura in Guinea-Bissau. The aim of this study is to evaluate the quality of cellular coverage at the CHUCB, identifying areas where cellular coverage improvements are needed. This study will serve as the basis for future work to be carried out at the Cumura Hospital in Guinea-Bissau, where telecommunications infrastructures are significantly more limited. For this purpose, measurements of the radio spectrum were carried out at more than 20 points in the hospital, using measurement devices, such as the NARDA SRM-3006 spectrum analyzer and the R&S(r)TSME6 scanner, encompassing the sub-6 GHz bands, thus including the range of frequencies, up to 2.6 GHz, from this study [13]. Data obtained has allowed for a detailed analysis of coverage quality, enabling the proposal of handy solutions, such as the installation of femtocells or DAS in critical areas, to ensure ubiquitous, efficient, and seamless communication. Carrying out this study is essential to ensure that all sectors of the hospital have the required coverage to operate safely and effectively, thereby enhancing the quality of the healthcare provided to patients. The remaining sections of the paper are organized as follows. Section 2 addresses the applied methodology, outlining the context and objectives of the measurement procedures and of the equipment used.