## 3 Results and Discussion
### Carbon Parameters
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Localities**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Profile**} & **Depth** & **TOC** & **HSs** & **HAs** & **FAs** & \multirow{2}{*}{_c(HA)/c(FA)_} \\ \cline{3-4}  & & **[m]** & & & **[\%]** & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Locality I} & \multirow{4}{*}{P1} & 0.0–0.12 & 3.14 & 0.93 & 0.26 & 0.68 & 0.60 \\  & & 0.12–0.35 & 0.91 & 0.26 & 0.04 & 0.23 & 0.16 \\  & & \textgreater{}0.35 & 0.13 & 0.14 & 0.01 & 0.13 & 0.04 \\ \cline{2-8}  & & 0.0–0.07 & 5.37 & 1.85 & 0.37 & 1.48 & 0.25 \\  & & 0.07–0.36 & 0.66 & 0.63 & 0.10 & 0.52 & 0.20 \\  & & \textgreater{}0.36 & 0.88 & 0.26 & 0.14 & 0.12 & 1.18 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Locality II} & \multirow{4}{*}{P3} & 0.0–0.06 & 14.77 & 6.84 & 1.22 & 5.63 & 0.22 \\  & & 0.06–0.09 & 12.41 & 6.37 & 0.46 & 5.91 & 0.08 \\  & & \textgreater{}0.09 & 4.28 & 2.40 & 0.27 & 2.13 & 0.12 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-8}  & & 0.0–0.06 & 5.01 & 1.85 & 0.38 & 1.47 & 0.26 \\  & & 0.06–0.20 & 1.58 & 0.86 & 0.21 & 0.65 & 0.32 \\  & & 0.20–0.50 & 1.63 & 0.48 & 0.17 & 0.31 & 0.53 \\  & & \textgreater{}0.50 & 1.35 & 0.59 & 0.13 & 0.46 & 0.27 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{P5} & \multirow{4}{*}{P5} & 0.0–0.15 & 2.85 & 1.64 & 0.61 & 1.03 & 0.59 \\  & & 0.15–0.30 & 2.81 & 0.92 & 0.38 & 0.55 & 0.69 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & 0.30–0.60 & 1.25 & 0.92 & 0.18 & 0.74 & 0.24 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & \textgreater{}0.60 & 1.10 & 0.67 & 0.21 & 0.46 & 0.45 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Carbon parameters’ average values in soil profiles. how specific soil types influence the behaviour and fate of lead and cadmium can reveal potential interactions and overall impacts on soil quality and environmental health. This understanding is essential for developing effective management strategies. Fulvic acids are soluble in alkaline and acidic solutions, i.e., they are highly mobile in the soil [48]. Their salts, Cd and Pb, are soluble in water. With ferric and aluminium hydroxide, fulvic acids form soluble complex compounds. This property is important for the movement of minerals in the soil, and they are important in podzolisation processes. The increased content of fulvic acids in the soil (typical of more acidic soils) makes these elements available in forms acceptable to plants. Fulvic acids are a type of humic acid with a low molecular weight and oxygen content [49]. Fulvic acids are fairly light in colour, from yellow to a light brown. The values of carbon parameters, such as _TOC_, FAs, HSs, and HAs, in soil profiles are shown in Table 2.  
The humus's composition can be roughly determined using the senses--by colour (the darker the better), the structure of the decomposition of organic matter, the type of soil, and the soil reaction. Furthermore, it can also be determined using the ratio of humus to fulvic acids (_HA_/_FA_), poor quality humus: 0.5 or less (podzol soil, peaty soil). The top layers of the soil's profile are where the greatest concentrations of organic matter, mostly from vegetation, concentrate in natural ecosystems. In specific monitoring locations and soil types, we examined how each correlation value depended on the sampling depth (Table 2). As the depth increased, the transformation cycles' overall nature shifted. Fermentation processes replace oxidation processes, which cause soil carbon to be lost. The amount of the total organic carbon (_TOC_) content is a fundamental measure of the organic carbon present in the soil and may be attributed to the influences of many factors, including climate conditions, soil properties, etc. [50]. It serves as an indicator of the soil's organic matter content, reflecting the quantity of carbon stored in organic compounds within the soil [51; 52]. The _TOC_ content is crucial for assessing soil fertility, nutrient availability, and the potential for carbon sequestration. Changes in _TOC_ content can provide insights into alterations in land use, management practices, and environmental conditions, making it a valuable parameter for evaluating soil health and productivity [53; 54].