## 1 Introduction  
Over the past few decades, rising fuel prices and strict regulations on CO\({}_{2}\) emissions have led the transportation sector to strive for lightweight and robust materials [1; 2; 3]. Replacing traditional materials, such as high-strength steel and aluminum, with magnesium-based materials makes automobiles lighter, thus improving fuel utility [4]. Magnesium is \(\sim\)33% lighter but has a strength close to aluminum, making it a promising substitute for aluminum in lightweight structural components. In addition to magnesium's low density, high specific strength, castability, machinability, recyclability, thermal stability, damping capacity, and electrical conductivity make magnesium an excellent choice in the automobile and electronic sector [5]. Moreover, magnesium-based materials have the essential scope for use in the aerospace industry [6; 7]. Using magnesium in aircraft seats, seat tracks, overhead bins, and doors will significantly reduce aircraft weight. Inside the aircraft cabin, it is estimated that the mass distribution of the seats is 42-44% of aluminum, 9.5-15% of plastics and 7.8-10% of steel [8; 9]; replacing these with magnesium will significantly affect the overall performance. However, magnesium-based materials are still not employed in these applications due to the previously imposed ban on the use of magnesium in aircraft due to its high affinity for oxygen (i.e., low oxidation resistance) [10; 11]. The main disadvantages of this low oxidation resistance are easy ignition when in contact with an adequate electric spark or flame and the inability to self-extinguish [12; 13; 14]. Despite being alloyed, magnesium is an unsuitable material to extinguish using the current extinguishers in aeroplanes. An effective way to improve the ignition resistance of magnesium is by enhancing its oxidation kinetics by adding nano reinforcement particles into the magnesium matrix [15; 16; 17]. The incorporation of nanoparticles into the magnesium matrix considerably improves the ignition temperature by forming a stable and more protective oxide layer on magnesium's surface. Furthermore, the low thermal conductivity of the nanoparticles compared to magnesium reduces the thermal conductivity of the composites and improves thermal stability and ignition resistance [17; 18]. Recent studies have analyzed the influence of various nano reinforcement particles on the ignition resistance of the magnesium-based materials. The addition of 10 wt% silicon carbide micron particles [19] to the AM60B alloy increased the ignition temperature to 603 \({}^{\circ}\)C from 525 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Adding 2 vol% silica nanoparticles (SiO\({}_{2}\)) [20] into the magnesium matrix improved the ignition resistance by 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The inclusion of SiO\({}_{2}\) nanoparticles delayed the onset of ignition by developing a stable and protective oxide film on the surface. Similarly, adding 1.5 vol% of samarium oxide (Sm\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)) nanoparticles [21] to the magnesium matrix improved the ignition resistance. The addition of nano-ceria (CeO\({}_{2}\)) nanoparticles [22] to the pure magnesium matrix improved the ignition resistance and compression strength by 21% and 32% more than pure Mg. The addition of CeO\({}_{2}\) nanoparticles resulted in a stable and protective CeO\({}_{2}\) rich oxide layer, with a Pilling-Bedworth ratio (PBR) of 1.07 (oxide layer with a PBR value greater than 1 and less than 2 is stable and protective [18]), causing the delayed ignition of the composites. Similar to this, the addition of 25 wt% of hollow glass microballoons [23] into the magnesium matrix improved the ignition resistance by developing a more protective oxide film, with a PBR value of 1.89. The addition of 1.5 vol% calcium oxide (CaO) nanoparticles to the magnesium matrix significantly improved the ignition resistance to 831 \({}^{\circ}\)C, which is 33% higher than the magnesium.