## 5 Applications  
As evidenced in Section 1, RA, extracted from different plants, shows many interesting functional properties that were tested and listed by several authors [33; 91]. The interesting properties of RA are summarized in Figure 11.  
Thanks to the preparation of different organic or inorganic carriers (Section 4.1) RA can be incorporated in bionanosystems, that represent an advantageous more stable and effective form of RA. Bionanosystems can be available as solid powders or as liquid systems if liquid nanoparticles are available in suspensions or emulsions, such as in the case of gel microcapsules or liposomes. Figure 11: Exploitable properties of RA. Coatings containing RA could allow this functional molecule to be deposited onto surfaces to have specific anti-microbial properties. For instance, RA was suspended in acidic water solution with chitosan to prepare a coating that helped in increasing the shelf life of fish fillets [172] thanks to the anti-microbial properties of both chitosan and RA. Moreover nasal [124; 173; 174] and ocular [175; 176] liquid treatments were prepared containing RA. Despite gaps in the literature regarding this subject, the incorporation of RA bio-nanosystems in liquid coatings to treat plastic, metal or ceramic surfaces to widen the use of RA in several solid consumer goods. Would certainly be possible. In addition, the use of electrospray was found to be useful in producing RA incorporating biopolymeric particles by [PERSON] et al. [177]. Electrospray is a technique very useful not only in the production of solid powder, but also to anchor polysaccharides particles consisting of chitin nanofibrils on several surfaces, especially tissues, as demonstrated by [PERSON] et al. [178; 179]. Hence, the use of this technique could be extended to RA bionanosystems incorporated in a biopolymer matrix as a methodology to modify biopolymers substrates. Another interesting technique that can be applied to incorporate powders in non-woven tissues is dry powder impregnation, which has been thoroughly investigated in the biomedical and cosmetic field [9]. However, the potentialities of the latter techniques for applying RA on several substrates to obtain products for personal care, sanitary and cosmetic products would require more research. The incorporation of RA in hydrosuspendable biopolymers can easily be realized through casting techniques under water evaporation, as proposed by [PERSON] et al. [115], who prepared gelatin films containing RA. In any case, polymers efficient in packaging are thermoplastic hydrorepellent. The incorporation of RA in such thermoplastic bulk material requires further investigation into the correct methodologies for melt blending and extrusion. Recently, [PERSON] et al. [156] have studied the dispersion of RA and salicylic acid (SA) bianosystems based on different LDHs in LDPE, a polymer widely used in packaging applications. The good dispersion results, the final anti-microbial properties towards _Staphylococcus aureus_ and the controlled release kinetic of the obtained films evidenced that these bionanosystems are good intermediates for obtaining interesting functional biomaterials that could be exploited in packaging and other applications. In recent years, significant improvements and developments have been made in algae-based polysaccharides with increased focus on ulvan. Demand for renewable resources and a unique polymer matrix is increasing and innovative approaches are required in modern formulations, for aquaculture, food packaging or biomedical applications such as drug delivery, wound dressings, tissue engineering and antimicrobial coatings. Marine sulfated polymers such as ulvan (Figure 12) represent a potential inexpensive resource for these applications and the large number of articles published on this topic in the last two to three years highlights its great importance [67; 72]. Suitable bionanosystems incorporating ulvan can be available as solid powders, liquid suspensions or gels, as described in Section 4.2.