## Appendix A
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Cognitive Factors** & **General Requirements for Operator** & **Examples** \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{Covariation} \\ \hline  & Make base rates of causes and outcomes & “Hollow bottoms occur in 20\% of situations, but the \\  & available & problem of skewed bars after the stopper only occurs in 5\%” \\ Magnitude of & \multirow{2}{*}{Point out illusory correlations} & “This fault type occurs almost as often when hollow \\ probabilities & & bottoms are present and when they are absent” \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multirow{2}{*}{Make absence of causal relations explicit} & “Foil color differs between the current situation and the \\  & & selected case but has no impact on the current problem” \\ \cline{2-3} Inattentional blindness & \multirow{2}{*}{Make negative causal relations explicit} & “Machine cooling reduces the impact of long time in the \\ for negative relations & & buffer” \\ \hline  & \multirow{2}{*}{Disentangle single causal effects} & “Skewed bars can be caused by soiled conveyor belts, \\  & & hollow bottoms, insufficient vacuum suction, and incorrect \\  & & positioning of machine parts” \\ \cline{2-3} Overshadowing and & \multirow{2}{*}{Make interactions between causes explicit (e.g., additive, enhancing, suppressing)} & “The effects of low temperatures in the molding unit are \\ super-learning & & cancelled out when chocolate bars remain in the buffer for a \\  & & long time” \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multirow{2}{*}{Highlight simple correlations that do not} & “Low weight of chocolate bars is associated with skewness, \\  & & but this is not because weight causes skewness but because \\  & & contribute to causal effects & weight and skewness both are a consequence of hollow \\  & & bottoms” \\ \hline  & \multirow{2}{*}{State alternative outcomes in predictive reasoning tasks} & “Low temperatures of chocolate filling may not only cause \\ Type of task & & hollow bottoms but also tensions between coating and \\  & & filling, which can lead to breakage” \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multirow{2}{*}{Highlight causal strengths in predictive reasoning tasks} & “Low machine cooling only has a weak impact on conveyor \\  & & reasoning tasks & belt soiling” \\ \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Temporal relations} \\ \hline  & \multirow{4}{*}{Provide information about temporal order and temporal dependencies of events} & “First, high temperatures cause chocolate to melt and lead to soiling of the conveyor belts. This can result in skewed bars, \\ Temporal order & \multirow{2}{*}{Highlight temporal orders when they cannot easily be perceived} & “A chocolate bar is first touched by the injector and then by the transfer finger, but it can quickly move back and forth between the two components, which may cause breakage” \\  & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & Make it explicit when events follow each other but are not causally related & “Bars can break after they have moved into the turning wheel, but it is not the turning wheel that causes breakage” \\ \hline  & \multirow{2}{*}{Minimize time delays in information presentation} & Present past molding problems together with current \\  & & packaging problems instead of at the time when they occur \\ Temporal contiguity & \multirow{2}{*}{Increase time delays when no causal relation exists} & Present the processes in the injection unit separately from \\  & & processes in the turning wheel when explaining how the \\ \hline  & \multirow{2}{*}{Make variable time lags between cause and effect transparent} & “Problems in the molding unit can affect the packaging \\ Temporal variability & \multirow{2}{*}{Provide information about factors affecting the variability of delays} & “The delay of molding problems affecting the packaging \\  & & machine depends on the time that chocolate bars remain in \\  & & the buffer” \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{Expercing longer delays} & Provide information about delayed effects & Simulate how the current temperatures in the molding unit \\  & & will affect the packaging process in one hour \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{Prior knowledge} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}