esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Numerical Results and Discussion
### Discussion
As mentioned earlier, the particles are affected by the flow in the near wake region for \(d_{p}=0.1\)\(\upmu\)m. As the space ratio value increases, the distances between obstacles and duct walls decrease and the wake region of each obstacle transfers to the regions near the duct walls. Hence, the number of particles near the center of the duct reduces considerably and this leads to an increase in the number of particles that deposit on the duct's surfaces. The particle deposition percentages are about 1.8%, 2.3%, 3.1%, and 4.3% for \(S/D=1.5\), 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5, respectively. Figure 9 discloses the variations of mean Nusselt number on the top wall of the duct with different values of space ratio at \(Re=100\) and two values of volume fraction of nanoparticles. It can be observed that the mean Nusselt number enhances as the space ratio enhances. Generally, the heat transfer rate enhances by mounting the obstacle inside the duct because mixing of the hot liquid in center of the duct with cold liquid around the wall amends due to the oscillations generated by vortex shedding. As mentioned earlier, the distances between the walls of obstacles and duct decrease with an increase in the space ratio and accordingly, the oscillations generated by vortex shedding transfer to the regions around the duct walls. It worth noting that the fluid mixing near the duct wall increases with an increase in the space ratio, causing a higher temperature gradient around the duct wall and subsequently, a more efficient convection heat transfer. There are about 45% and 41% increments in the  
Figure 8: Particle deposition for different values of space ratio at \(Re=100\), \(\Phi=0.01\), and \(d_{p}=0.1\)\(\upmu\)m.  
Figure 7: Particle deposition for different particle diameters at \(Re=100\), \(\Phi=0.01\), and \(S/D=1.5\). mean Nusselt number for \(\Phi=0\) and 0.01, respectively when the space ratio is increased in the range of 1-2.5. Finally, the mean Nusselt number enhances about 10% by using the particles in the liquid with \(\Phi=0.01\) and \(d_{p}=30\) nm. This can be justified by positive effects of Brownian diffusion of particles and the drag of them on heat transfer improvement. Moreover, the thermal conductivity of nanofluid is more than that of the pure water case and this leads to a higher heat transfer rate.
## 1 Introduction
The members of each cluster cover a region with a high degree of overlapping; as an object can appear in one of these regions, the members of all clusters sense their domains concurrently in a collaborative manner. In each cluster, nodes are scheduled to sequentially wake up, capture an image and monitor the presence of the object applying an object detection procedure and finally go to sleep mode in an intermittent way. Each node belonging to a given cluster is involved in image capturing from its unique perspective in its own timing. In this way, members of the cluster participate in image capturing and object detection sequentially by time intervals. The main contributions of this paper are:  
* A node clustering algorithm based on overlapping camera FoVs. Finding the intersection polygons and in particular computing the overlapped areas is the key issue to establish clusters and determine cluster membership. * Scheduling members of clusters in order to perform object detection in a planned manner. * Energy conservation in scheduled cluster members, compared to energy consumption in ordinary un-clustered object detection and thus greater network lifetime. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 discusses related work. Section 3 describes the way of finding and calculating overlapping polygons and then proceeds to explain the clustering algorithm. Test results of the clustering algorithm are shown by Section 4. In Section 5 a cooperative scheduling based on the proposed clustering method for object detection is presented. Furthermore, power conservation development and network lifetime prolongation through employing the cooperative scheduling method are discussed. Finally conclusions are derived in Section 6.
## 1 Introduction
Key elements affecting HFST costs are material prices and the supply volatility they are associated with. Commonly imported CB can raise prices, but local suppliers are starting to appear to help keep costs in check. Comparably, the epoxy resin used in HFST is a specialty material that is available from a limited number of suppliers, which causes price fluctuations. These elements have a substantial impact on the total cost of HFST projects, including the sourcing and availability of these essential materials [12; 13]. The LCCA is an effective and rational tool for comparing alternatives. It is flexible and enables agencies to select components that best meet their needs based on various performance criteria. In response to the need for more compatible, cost-effective, and durable alternative binders to traditional HFST, this paper investigated various asphalt-based binders paired with different aggregates and gradations as potential substitutes for epoxy resin in HFST applications. Since the decision on the adoption of new products and alternatives such as asphalt-based HFST is based on both performance and cost, a detailed LCCA, which is a flexible and rational approach for selecting the alternatives and allows agencies to select components that fit their needs, is presented [9]. The main objectives of this study are as follows:  
1. Characterize the performance of asphalt-based HFST. Compare the findings to the performance of epoxy-based HFST applications. 3. Perform an LCCA to find out the cost-effectiveness of these new binder applications. These objectives are achieved by a comparative evaluation of the laboratory tests measurement and provide an indication of the potential achievable benefits and the feasibility of asphalt-based HFST as an alternate system.
## 1 Introduction
Water stress was found to have a strong influence on northern China's grasslands, especially in southwestern Inner Mongolia and northwestern Tibet [26]. Recently, some satellite-based models gradually began incorporating the moisture effect on RE, but it still depends which satellite product and form are selected to represent the moisture factor and the response process of \(RE\) to moisture. For instance, a linear equation of an indirect water indicator (diurnal \(LST\) difference, \(LST_{diff}\)) was utilized in the RECO model during the dry season for water-limited biomes, which were mostly concentrated in the Mediterranean climate region without a temperature limitation [27]; thus, its utility in northern China's grasslands still needs to be validated. Root-zone soil moisture derived from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Eos was adopted in a soil respiration (Rs) model in the Midwest USA, and it yielded a lower explanation capacity for seasonal variation of Rs than the surface soil moisture under extreme moisture regimes [28]. Currently, increasing attention is being given to the moisture effect on \(RE\)[29; 30], as most climate change scenario analyses have predicted that the frequency and severity of drought will increase in most biomes across the world [31]. It is practical to develop a satellite-based \(RE\) model that integrates temperature, plant productivity, and moisture effects together in both temporal and spatial processes, to yield reliable simulations of regional \(RE\) for northern China's grasslands. This study was based on 57 site-year flux-tower data and remote-sensing data from northern China's grasslands. The major objectives of this study were threefold: (i) to quantify the relationships of climatic and biotic factors and the spatial and temporal variability of \(RE\) in the Tibetan alpine grasslands and the Inner Mongolian temperate grasslands; (ii) to develop a high-resolution satellite-based model for simulating \(RE\) at regional scale on the basis of comprehensive consideration of vegetation productivity, temperature, and moisture; and (iii) to assess the model performance in terms of the temporal dynamics as well as the spatial pattern simulation of \(RE\) in northern China's grasslands.
# Path Planning of Multi-Type Robot Systems with Time Windows Based on Timed Colored Petri Nets
###### Abstract  
Mobile robots are extensively used to complete repetitive operations in industrial areas such as intelligent transportation, logistics, and manufacturing systems. This paper addresses the path planning problem of multi-type robot systems with time windows based on timed colored Petri nets. The tasks to be completed are divided into three different types: common, exclusive and collaborative. An analytical approach to plan a group of different types of mobile robots is developed to ensure that some specific robots will visit task regions within given time windows. First, a multi-type robot system and its environment are modeled by a timed colored Petri net. Then, some methods are developed to convert the task requirements that contain logic constraints and time windows into linear constraints. Based on integer linear programming techniques, a planning approach is proposed to minimize the total cost (i.e., total travel distance) of the system. Finally, simulation studies are investigated to show the effectiveness of the developed approach.  
multi-type robot system; discrete event system; timed colored Petri net; path planning; time window Article
## 1 Introduction
The aim of this paper is to develop, according to the sampling strategy proposed in [38; 39], a non-redundant NF/FF transformation with a hemispherical scan suitable for characterising volumetric AUTs whose encumbrance has one or two predominant dimensions as compared to the other one(s). Such a transformation technique makes use of the principle of image [37] to account for the PEC ground plane, which is supposed to be of infinite extent, and employs the adaptable surface developed in [34] to model the AUT and its image. It is possible to properly develop an efficient sampling representation over a sphere, wherein the sampling points lying on the upper hemisphere are the measurement points and the points belonging to the lower hemisphere are those at which the NF data have to be synthesised. A 2-D OSI algorithm, which allows the accurate reconstruction of the NF data needed by [PERSON]'s NF/FF transformation technique, is also developed. The paper is organised as follows: In Section 1, the interests and motivations for developing a non-redundant NF/FF transformation from NF data collected in the presence of a PEC ground plane and using very flexible antenna modelling to fit volumetric AUTs are stressed. In Section 2, an effective sampling representation of the voltage acquired by the probe over the scanning hemisphere is developed by properly applying the non-redundant representations of EM fields [33], by exploiting the principle of image [37] to account for the infinite PEC ground plane and by assuming the AUT and its image as contained in the adaptable surface developed in [34]. A two-dimensional OSI formula allowing one to accurately reconstruct the probe voltage at any point on the scanning sphere from a non-redundant number of its samples collected over the upper hemisphere is also developed in the same section. Numerical results assessing the accuracy of the developed OSI representation and of the corresponding NF/FF transformation are reported in Section 3. At last, Section 4 collects the conclusions.
## 4 Physical Phenomena and Ruling Equations
### Numerical Solutions  
The solution of the diverse equations relative to the EMF, BH, and electric circuit domains, (6)-(9), (10), and (12), respectively, should account for the specific characteristics of the involved structures. These are geometrical complexity, inhomogeneity of matter, nonlinear behaviors of variables, and domain interdependence, which imply sophisticated computational strategies [47]. Satisfying such attributes inflics material local solutions, suggesting the employment of discretized 3D techniques as a finite-element method (FEM) or equivalent methods (BEM, FDTD, etc.) [48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55] concomitant to appropriate equation-coupling schemes. Thus, a weak coupling (iterative, due to distant time constants) of EMF and BH domains would be practiced through (11). In the case of electric circuit domain consideration, the coupling with the EMF one would be strong (simultaneous, due to close time constants) [56,57].  
Note that the impact of the parameters involved in the solved equations of the EMF, BH, and circuit could be more or less significant depending on the frequency range involved, their degree of nonlinear behavior, and their degree of interdependence. Thus, depending on the device or phenomenon being modeled, the different parameters could reflect a small and negligible impact or a crucial one.
## 7 Results
### Findings  
This study yields several key findings through multiple predictive models and analytical frameworks. In the MPXG model, the Olympic medal prediction system based on the XGBoost algorithm demonstrates optimal performance, forecasting that the United States will win 57 gold medals and 135 total medals at the 2028 Olympics. The analysis reveals significant variations among different national groupings: \(\alpha_{1}\) countries exhibit stable performance but are notably affected by host nation effects, \(\alpha_{2}\) countries show an upward trend, while the performance of \(\alpha_{3}\) countries heavily depends on athletes' competitive form and whether their dominant events are included in that Olympic Games.  
The FMPM model, which adopts an FCNN architecture, achieves an accuracy of 85.5% in predicting medal potential for traditionally non-medal-winning nations (\(\alpha_{4}\) group). Notably, the United Arab Republic (UAR) has a 77.47% probability of podium success, while Mali (MLI) stands at 58.47%. Additionally, four other \(\alpha_{4}\) countries exceed the 30% probability threshold for winning medals.  
A significant quantitative finding regarding the Host Effect Coefficient (AS) is presented in Equations (3) and (4). Historical data analysis indicates that, over the past three decades, host nations have experienced an average increase of approximately 74% in medal performance during their hosted Olympics.  
The Bayesian linear regression model for coaching effects introduces the Athlete Weighted Points (AWP) metric to quantitatively assess coaches' influence on athletes' medal potential. The AWP calculation incorporates coefficients based on coaches' employment status and specialization (C.E. = 0.25, 0.5, or 1) as well as national grouping factors (\(\xi_{k}=0.4\), 0.2, or 0.1), as detailed in Equation (6). The model results show that hiring top-tier coaches for comprehensive guidance can elevate AWP scores to reach 4-6 points, while specialized training for specific events can still raise AWP to 2-4 points. Together, these findings establish a robust quantitative analytical framework, providing critical insights into the dynamics of Olympic performance across different national contexts and systemic factors.
# Nanomaterials in Bone Regeneration
## 4 Nanoparticles
### Carbon Nanoparticles
It can therefore be generally stated that the presence of GO or graphene in a very low amount significantly improves the mechanical properties of scaffolds and promotes both adhesion and proliferation of osteoblasts. Fullerenes are closed cage structures composed of sp\({}^{2}\) hybridized carbon atoms, approximately spherical in shape. Fullerene materials have convenient physico-chemical properties that are used in medicinal chemistry and in pharmacology [200, 201]. The carbon nanofibers with a fullerene surface layer improve the adhesion and increase the proliferation of MG-63 osteoblast cells [202]. The aligned fullerene nanow whiskers with a nanopatterned surface have been marked as an attractive platform for stem cell expansion in vitro and for tissue engineering [203]. Water-soluble fullerene C60 significantly inhibited the response of osteoclast precursor cells to RANKL in vitro, including osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption [204]. Carbon dots (CDs), a new member of the carbon nanomaterial family, is a novel therapeutic and diagnostic biomaterial with unique and tunable physico-chemical properties [205]. CDs are biocompatible, non-toxic, spherical particles with a diameter of less than 10 nm. They are used in cell imaging, targeted drug delivery, and bone regeneration materials. The preparation of CDs is very simple and economically undemanding. CDs coated with metformin activated the ERK/AMPK pathway and promoted periodontal bone regeneration [206]. CDs significantly enhanced matrix mineralization, promoted osteogenic differentiation in vitro, and stimulated new bone growth in the skull defect model in vivo [207]. Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) have interesting characteristics important for bone engineering, including nanometric diameter, very good mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, chemical inertness, and biocompatibility [208]. Recently, the thin, flexible 3D texture of carbon nanofibers synthesized by the electrospinning method gained attention for use as a scaffold for bone regeneration [209]. The incorporation of silica nanoparticles into CNFs improves hydrophilicity, which affects cellular adhesion and proliferation [210].
# Cracking and Toughening Mechanisms in Nanoscale Metallic Multilayer Films: A Brief Review
## 3 Basic Mechanical Properties
### Yield Strength/Hardness  
Original attraction in metallic NMMFs comes from the order-of-magnitude increases in yield strength accompanied by the decrease of \(h\)[77]. Hardness of the NMMF is acquired by multiplying reported tensile yield strengths by 2.7 [56]. The attention is mainly focused on \(h<100\) nm with the rapid development of nanotechnology. NMMFs are suitable for fundamental studies on the effects of length scale, in the range of micrometers and nanometers thickness, on the deformation mechanisms in metallic nanocomposites. [PERSON] et al. [78] produced Figure 12 to summarize the deformation regimes in metallic multilayer thin films as a function of individual layer thickness \(h\). Under a constant modulation ratio of 1, the hardness/strength curve of NMMFs usually exhibits three different regions:  
Figure 11: Fractography of Cu/Au multilayer specimens with \(h=25\) nm. The shearing direction is indicated by white arrows [67].  
Figure 10: Schematic illustration of three-point bending apparatus used for localized fracture experiment [67].  
Hall-Petch, confined slip in single layer, and interface crossing. Among the numerous studies, extensive works have been experimentally and theoretically conducted on Cu-Ni [14; 17; 57; 77; 79; 80; 81; 82; 83; 84; 85] and Cu-Nb [1; 5; 6; 27; 42; 78; 81; 86; 87] systems. Tables 1 and 2 compares peak hardness (\(H_{\text{max}}\)), crystal structure and the hardness enhancement for the extensive investigated Cu/X and Ag/X NMMFs. The hardness enhancement is calculated from the hardness ratio of \(H_{\text{max}}\) with the rule-of-mixtures hardness (\(H_{\text{rom}}\)) of the monolithic constituent films.
# Capacity Bounds for Dense Massive MIMO in a Line-of-Sight Propagation Environment
## 3 System Model  
Here we present the channel model adopted in [1]. We assume a channel model with only free-space non-fading (i.e., pure) LoS propagation between the BS and the devices and that the BS is equipped with a ULA with the \(M\) antenna elements spaced of \(\lambda/2\), where \(\lambda\) is the signal's wavelength. We do not consider the existence of the mutual coupling effect among antenna elements. There are \(K\) single-antenna devices deployed randomly within the cell that simultaneously transmit data towards the BS through the same time-frequency resources.  
Additionally, we also consider that all the \(K\) devices being served by the BS are located in the far-field of the antenna array at the angle \(\theta_{k}\) as measured relative to the array bore-sight [1]. Therefore,  
\[\mathbf{G}=\mathbf{HBD}^{1/2}, \tag{1}\]  
where the elements of the matrix \(\mathbf{H}\) are defined as \(h_{mk}=e^{-j(m-1)\sin(\theta_{k})}\), \(m\) is the antenna index, \(k\) is the device index, \(\theta_{k}\) models the devices' locations and is uniformly distributed in the interval \([-\pi,\pi]\), the elements of the diagonal matrix \(\mathbf{B}\) are defined as \(b_{k}=e^{i\theta_{k}}\), \(\theta_{k}\) is a uniformly distributed random variable defined in the range \([-\pi,\,\pi]\) that models the phase shift associated with a random range between the array and the \(k\)-th device, and the elements of the diagonal matrix \(\mathbf{D}\) that are defined as \(d_{k}=\beta_{k}\) are the large-scale fading coefficients [1].  
The Friis' free-space path-loss coefficients, \(\beta_{km}\), are modeled as described in [30],  
\[\beta_{km}=\frac{\eta}{d_{k,m}^{2}}, \tag{2}\]  
where \(\eta\) is a constant equal to \(\left(\frac{\lambda}{4\pi}\right)^{2}\)[31], \(d_{k,m}\) is the distance between the \(m\)-th BS antenna and the \(k\)-th terminal's antenna, and the path-loss exponent is equal to 2, which is the value used for free-space propagation. We consider isotropic antennas, i.e., the antennas have unitary gains (no directivity). As the distance between the \(k\)-th device and the antenna array is \(d_{k,m}\gg\lambda\), then \(d_{k,m}\approx d_{k}\), and consequently \(\beta_{km}\approx\beta_{k}\), i.e., \(\beta_{km}\) does not depend on the antenna index as the distance between the \(k\)-th device and the BS is much greater than the distance between the antennas. We consider that \(d_{k}\) is a uniformly distributed random variable distributed in the interval \([R_{\min},R]\), where \(R_{\min}\) is the minimum distance a device can be from the BS and \(R\) is the cell radius. The adopted system model is depicted in Figure 1.
# UVSQ-SAT, a Pathfinder CubeSat Mission for Observing Essential Climate Variables
## 3 Materials and Methods  
UVSQ-SAT is a LATMOS mission based on the deployment of one CubeSat and with the goal to monitor essential climate variables. The UVSQ-SAT mission contains a space segment and a ground segment that uses at least one UHF/VHF antenna located at Observatoire de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (France). The ground segment includes all the activities from CubeSat monitoring/control to data product generation and distribution.