## 3 Results  
### Catalyst Characterization  
The properties of the prepared CuFeNPs@TWM and its components were studied by analyzing their physicochemical properties. The crystalline structure of the materials was studied by XRD analysis (Figure 1). The diffractogram for TWM (Figure 1a) revealed broad peaks around 2\(\theta\) = 26 and 47\({}^{\circ}\), which are likely attributed to the (002) and (100) planes of graphitic carbon. This graphitic carbon originated from the biomass waste generated during the heat treatment. The diffractogram of the synthetized CuFeNPs (Figure 1b) indicated high crystallinity, with peaks corresponding to the lattice planes (111), (220), (331), (222), (400), (511), (440), and (533), suggesting the formation of CuFe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) nanoparticles with a cubic structure [COD card number: 00-901-2841] [50; 51]. Additionally, other lattice planes,such as (11-1), (111), (20-2), (020), (202), (11-3), (022), (31-1), and (220), corresponding to monoclinic CuO [COD card number: 00-901-6057] [52], were also observed. These may have resulted from an incomplete reaction during the nanoparticle synthesis. The diffractogram for the binary material base (Figure 1c) revealed the presence of multiple characteristic crystallographic planes. Peaks observed at (111), (220), (331), (222), (400), (422), (511), (440), and (533) positions indicate the formation of the cubic CuFe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) structure observed before. Additionally, peaks at (110) and (200) positions were identified, corresponding to a cubic metallic Fe phase (COD card number: 00-900-0657) [53]. Moreover, the crystallographic planes at (111), (200), and (220) positions are attributable to the presence of cubic metallic Cu (COD card number: 00-500-0216) [54]. These findings confirm the coexistence of cubic phases of CuFe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\), metallic Fe, and metallic Cu in the synthesized sample, demonstrating a complex multiphase structure. The average crystalline size determined was 36.0, 1.6, and 22.99 nm for CuFeNPs, TWM, and CuFeNPs@TWM, respectively. The relatively large crystalline size of CuFeNPs suggests well-developed crystal structures, while the small size of TWM evidences its amorphous nature due to pyrolysis. The intermediate size of CuFeNPs@TWM suggests that interactions between the nanoparticles and the TWM support induce lattice strain or limit crystal growth, enhancing surface area and potentially improving catalytic performance. Raman spectroscopy was used to study the vibrational and structural properties of the catalysts (Figure 2). For TWM, the typical D and G bands were found, which are associated with the A\({}_{\text{1g}}\) symmetry phonon mode, induced from sp\({}^{3}\) hybridized carbon, and the E\({}_{\text{2g}}\) phonon mode, associated with the in-plane vibration of sp\({}^{2}\)-hybridization structure. In addition to a wide peak, around 2700-2800 cm\({}^{-1}\) was observed, which is related to the 2D band, confirming the graphitic structure [55; 56]. In the case of CuFeNPs, four peaks detected can be related to a CuFe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) structure. These peaks are around 164, 461, 536, and 681 cm\({}^{-1}\) and have been associated with T\({}_{\text{2g}}\), F\({}_{\text{2g}}\), and A\({}_{\text{1g}}\) Raman active nodes. The peak 461 cm\({}^{-1}\) has been related to the O-site mode, representing the effect of the local lattice in the octahedral sublattice. The peak 680 cm\({}^{-1}\) is related to the tetrahedral site mode that represents the local lattice effect in the tetrahedral sub-lattice [57; 58; 59]. Additionally, a peak at \(\sim\)1300 cm\({}^{-1}\) was found, which could be associated with \(\alpha\)-Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) present in the structure [60; 61]. In the case of the binary catalyst, only the D, G, and 2D bands were observed, which could be attributed to the higher intensity of these bands in comparison with that of the nanoparticles. XPS was used to determine the elemental composition and the chemical states within the catalyst structure (Figure S1).