esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract  
Many motor applications require accurate speed measurement. For brushed dc motors, speed can be measured with conventional observers or sensorless observers. Sensorless observers have the advantage of not requiring any external devices to be attached to the motor. Instead, voltage and/or current are measured and used to estimate the speed. The sensorless observers are usually divided into two groups: those based on the dynamic model, and those based on the ripple component. This paper proposes a method that measures the current of brushed dc motors and analyses the position of its spectral components. From these spectral components, the method estimates the motor speed. Three tests, performed each with the speeds ranging from 2000 to 3000 rpm either at constant-speed, at slowly changing speeds, or at rapidly changing speeds, showed that the average error was below 1 rpm and that the deviation error was below 1.5 rpm. The proposed method: (i) is a novel method that is not based on either the dynamic model or on the ripple component; (ii) requires only the measurement of the current for the speed estimation; (iii) can be used for brushed dc (direct current) motors with a large number of coils; and (iv) achieves a low error in the speed estimation.  
brushed dc motor; sensorless; speed observer; spectral analysis; current +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
###### Abstract
Trunk stabilization education is effective in restoring symmetrical muscle thickness of the transversus abdominis and enhancing internal oblique activation, thereby improving trunk stability and supporting optimal movement patterns and muscle recruitment [19; 20]. A commonly used clinical method for trunk stabilization is the abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM), a technique in which the patient draws the lower abdomen inward without pelvic or rib cage movement. This maneuver specifically targets and strengthens the deep trunk stabilizers, including the transversus abdominis and internal oblique muscles, which are essential for maintaining core stability [21]. Based on core stability theory, ADIM is an effective approach to selectively activating deep core muscles and coordinating pelvic movements, thereby contributing to postural control and spinal alignment [22]. To facilitate accurate execution of trunk stabilization, a pressure biofeedback device--which provides real-time visual and auditory feedback on abdominal pressure changes--was employed. This device helps patients with stroke develop a better understanding of spatial positioning and muscle engagement, ensuring proper activation of the transversus abdominis during ADIM training. Visual feedback through this device helps ensure accurate pre-activation of the transversus abdominis muscle. [PERSON] et al. [22] found that ADIM combined with pressure biofeedback significantly improved trunk function, balance in the standing posture, and trunk movement in patients with stroke. [PERSON] et al. [23] also reported that ADIM training enhanced transversus abdominis thickness during functional tasks. Although VR training has demonstrated considerable effects on balance, concerns remain regarding potential asymmetrical postures and maladaptive recovery due to goal-directed movements. To address these issues, we used a trunk stabilization program with a pressure biofeedback device to provide visual and auditory feedback. This study aimed to improve muscle symmetry and recruitment of the transversus abdominis and internal oblique muscles, thereby promoting trunk postural control and balance in patients with stroke. However, research combining VR-based training with pre-training trunk stabilization to facilitate normal motor recovery remains limited. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether a combined intervention of VR training and pre-training trunk stabilization would yield more effective improvements in automatic postural control and balance than those of VR training alone.
# Evaluation of Survivability of the Automatically Obfuscated Android Malware
## 3 Results
### Findings: VirusTotal Dynamic Analysis Findings  
Table 10 shows the results after the samples were uploaded to VirusTotal and after behavioral reports were fetched from the following two VirusTotal Sandboxes: R2 DBox and Droidy. All the results are available on the supplementary website: [[https://sites.google.com/concordia.ab.ca/evaluation-obfuscated-malware/executability-and-system-calls](https://sites.google.com/concordia.ab.ca/evaluation-obfuscated-malware/executability-and-system-calls)]([https://sites.google.com/concordia.ab.ca/evaluation-obfuscated-malware/executability-and-system-calls](https://sites.google.com/concordia.ab.ca/evaluation-obfuscated-malware/executability-and-system-calls)) (accessed on 1 May 2022). The analysis performed using VirusTotal shows that out of all the obfuscations, Medium and High levels of obfuscations had the highest impact on the executability of obfuscated samples, as 70% were found to be showing signs of life-e.g., sandboxes produced some results. In contrast, Low obfuscations showed greater executability as almost 77% of samples produced behavioral results. The single-technique obfuscation strategies--Code, Rename, and Encryption--were shown to exhibit the greatest execution ratio, with 79% of samples producing results. Thus, the ability of obfuscators to produce different variants of a malware sample with fewer detection capabilities and good survival ratios can act as a detrimental tool with which to bypass specific mechanisms deployed for the detection of and protection against suspicious packages. Essentially, it means that malicious actors with medium-level programming skills can produce malware variants at scale with the use of widely available obfuscation tools.
# Deploying Secure Distributed Systems: Comparative Analysis of GNS3 and SEED Internet Emulator
###### Abstract  
Network emulation offers a flexible solution for network deployment and operations, leveraging software to consolidate all nodes in a topology and utilizing the resources of a single host system server. This research paper investigated the state of cybersecurity in virtualized systems, covering vulnerabilities, exploitation techniques, remediation methods, and deployment strategies, based on an extensive review of the related literature. We conducted a comprehensive performance evaluation and comparison of two network-emulation platforms: Graphical Network Simulator-3 (GNS3), an established open-source platform, and the SEED Internet Emulator, an emerging platform, alongside physical Cisco routers. Additionally, we present a Distributed System that seamlessly integrates network architecture and emulation capabilities. Empirical experiments assessed various performance criteria, including the bandwidth, throughput, latency, and jitter. Insights into the advantages, challenges, and limitations of each platform are provided based on the performance evaluation. Furthermore, we analyzed the deployment costs and energy consumption, focusing on the economic aspects of the proposed application.  
secure distributed systems; network emulation; GNS3; SEED Internet Emulator; Cisco routers; performance evaluation; cybersecurity +
Footnote †: journal: Computer Phys. Commun.  
0000-0001-5000-5000][PERSON] 0000-0002-0002-0002-0002-0002-0002-0002-0002-0002-002-0002-002-0002-002-0002-002-0002-002-0002-002-0002-002-0002-002-0002-0002-002-002-002-0  
cant challenge in emulation alone, as it heavily relies on host system resources and can face bottlenecks, particularly when scaling the network size and node quantity [5].  
Hybrid network emulation solutions, which combine a physical network infrastructure with a software-based emulation architecture, present significant opportunities. One of the main benefits is the cost reduction compared to a complete migration to an emulation architecture [6]. However, the hybrid model also introduces an expanded attack surface and increased security concerns. To address these concerns, integrating security solutions and adopting a security-by-design approach are essential for maximum mitigation [7].  
Furthermore, the use of emulated environments, such as the SEED Internet Emulator [8], can improve deployment efficiency and provide value for large-scale deployments in a short period [6]. Recent studies have explored the communication architecture of network emulation and conducted performance testing to assess the technology's capabilities under diverse conditions. These network emulators can also be utilized to run security software such as access control for information security [9].
## 3 Methodology
### 3D Modeling Results
distance algorithm was applied, defining the cloud with the largest number of points as a basis for comparison and a fixed distance at which the two clouds' points were calculated. As a reference cloud, the 3D point cloud created from the images collected at 60 m flight height with 90% and 70% overlap and side overlap was selected (scenario 2), and a radius of r = 0.5 m was applied (Figure 10b). Figure 10 illustrates the results of the C2C comparison. Figure 10a depicts the differences between the clouds created from the data acquired from the altitude of 60 m and with an overlap rate of 80% and 60% and 90% and 70%, respectively. The absence of points in certain parts of the gorge denotes the lack of information on the 3D model. Green points that appear in the western and upper part indicate points having a distance of 20 cm. Furthermore the existence of numerous blue points designates that the two point clouds were similar in the biggest part of their extent (Figure 10a). From the comparison of the reference point cloud (scenario 2) with the scenario 3 point cloud (Figure 10c) we can assume that the center part of the gorge has no differences as a plethora of blue points having distances less than 5 cm exist in this part. Additionally, in the upper center part of the scenario 3 point cloud, the red parts depict the differences of the two point clouds with distances higher than 45 cm. The comparison of the point clouds in scenario 2 with those of scenario 4 had the following results (Figure 10d): (a) they had the smallest number of holes thus the geometry of the gorge was mapped better in scenario 4, and (b) in the west upper part of the point cloud a red part existed denoting that the two point clouds had significant differences  
Figure 9: 3D dense point cloud: (**a**) from the flight of 60 m with 80% front overlap and 60% side overlap, (**b**) from the flight of 60 m with 90% and 70% overlap, (**c**) from the flight of 80 m with a 80% and 60% overlap, (**d**) from the 80 m flight with 90% and 70% overlap, (**e**) from the 100 m flight with 80% and 60% overlap, and (**f**) from the 100 m flight with 90% and 70% overlap. (greater than 45 cm). These red parts may also be translated as the lack of points (holes) in the scenario 2 point cloud, and (c) that the center part of the gorge had no differences as a plethora of blue points having distances between 0 and 10 cm existed in this part. As in previous comparisons, when comparing the scenario 5 point cloud with the reference one, the center part of the gorge had no differences; thus, blue points having distances between 0 and 10 cm existed in this part. Red parts existed on the west side of the gorge, denoting high C2C distances (greater than 45 cm). Additionally, in the upper east part in both point clouds missing parts existed. Finally, thed scenario 2 and scenario 6 comparison indicated similarity with the scenario 5 comparison results. Gaps apparent in the west part existed in the 3D dense point cloud of the gorge. In scenario 6, the green east parts denoted C2C distances that had values between 15 and 25 cm.
## 5 Conclusions
The EIPS framework will also be useful in trade studies where comparative assessments of large numbers of instrument configurations(with different system parameters such as: channels, bandwidth, spectral resolution, observation geometry etc.) are required. Furthermore, because of the EIPS framework's applicability across the EM spectrum, it will be a useful tool for studies investigating the potential synergy between satellite atmospheric remote sensing instruments working in different parts of EM spectrum. An example of such a study is by Sato Sato (2016), in which the synergy between satellite remote sensing measurements at UV, IR and MW spectral ranges for the retrieval of vertical profiles of ozone have been investigated. The EIPS framework is under continuous development to incorporate more functionalities. Some anticipated future developments include: radio frequency interference (RFI) mitigation algorithms, satellite data dimensionality reduction techniques such as the principal component analysis (PCA) and metrics for measuring instrument synergy studies are planned for integration into the framework. Conceptualisation P.K.D; Formal Analysis, P.K.D, S.H. and P.H. ; Investigation, P.K.D, S.H. and P.H., Supervision, S.H., P.H., A.O., R.S., C.T., D.G., and S.W., Writing-original draft, P.K.D and Writing-review and editing, all the authors (P.K.D, S.H., P.H., A.O., R.S., C.T., D.G. and S.W). We are sincerely thankful to The Commonwealth Scholarship Commission in the UK (CSC) for Prateek Kumar Dongre's research funding (CSC Reference Number: INCS-2016-214). The authors declare no conflict of interest. The following abbreviations are used in this paper:  
AMSU-AAdvanced Microwave Sounding Unit-AAMSU-BAdvanced Microwave Sounding Unit-BAOSDAtmospheric Observing System DesignATMSAdvanced Technology Microwave SounderDFSDegrees of Freedom for SignalECMWFEuropean Centre for Medium-Range Weather ForecastsEIPSEnd-to-End Instrument Performance Simulation SystemEMElectromagneticHT-FRTCHavemann-Taylor Fast Radiative Transfer CodeIASIInfrared Atmospheric Sounding InterferometerICIIce Cloud ImagerIRInfraRedMAPMaximum-a-posterioriMetOpMeteorological OperationalMHSMicrowave Humidity SounderMWMicrowaveMWIMicroWaveImagerMWMicroWave SounderNETDNoise Equivalent Temperature DifferenceNWPNumerical Weather PredictionOEOptimal EstimationPCPrincipal ComponentPCAPrincipal Component AnalysisSRFSpectral Response FunctionTESTransition Edge SensorUMUnified ModelUVUltraviolet
# Design of a Noise Mitigation System Using Lightweight Graded Micro-Porous Material
## 1 Introduction
### Acoustic Models  
Research studies are found in the literature where phenomenological, semi-phenomenological, and empirical models have been developed [27] and used successfully. The phenomenological approach provides exact solutions to acoustic dissipations for simple pore geometries (e.g., slits and circular capillaries) to general pore geometries (e.g., cellular foam, fibrous, granular). They introduce pore shape factors that cannot be measured [27]. The semi-phenomenological approach is based on mathematical functions of approximate responses of a fluid saturating a porous medium subjected to acoustic excitation. These semi-phenomenological acoustic models are commonly used for acoustic predictions.  
There are three commonly used semi-phenomenological acoustic models, namely Johnson-Champoux-Allard (JCA) [27; 28], Johnson-Champoux-Allard-Lafarge (JCAL) [29], and Johnson-Champoux-Allard-Pride-Lafarge (JCAPL) [30], that require five, six, and eight flow properties, respectively, to predict the acoustic response, i.e., the absorption coefficient versus frequency and transmission loss versus frequency. In a frequency domain, all three models are based on fluid flow properties to give a physical basis for describing sound propagation through porous media. Among the three models, JCAL and JCAPL are the most popular for their enhanced ability to capture sound propagation across a broad frequency range and complex material types, as they consider additional thermal and viscous characteristic flow properties relative to JCA. In addition, a three-parameter analytical model with reduced flow properties [31] can be used for porous media with a pore-size distribution (PSD) close to log-normal (granular, fibrous, and foams), with an assumption that pores are circular but with a non-uniform size distribution through the thickness. A detailed description of the acoustic models and flow properties is available in references [27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33].  
All these acoustic models are coded in the MATELYS AlphaCell simulator that we procured (version 13) and used for this study. MATELYS AlphaCell is a simulation tool dedicated to the prediction of the acoustic performances of both single and multilayer or graded material systems (using the transfer matrix method). The tool was designed and developed by France-based MATELYS--Research Lab [34].  
However, all the acoustic models mentioned above require the flow properties to make acoustic predictions for specific materials. Therefore, the establishment of these flow properties becomes critical for the use of acoustic models (JCAL, JCAPL, and PSD) to achieve the optimized design, but direct measurements of these flow properties are expensive and sometimes impossible. The flow chart in Figure 2 explains how the analysis is performed in MATELYS AlphaCell. Therefore, the calculation of flow properties is an important challenge.
# Exploring Gait Recognition in Wild Nighttime Scenes
## 5 Results and Discussion
### Performance Comparison with State-of-the-Art Methods
The experimental results in Table 7 show that while GaitSAT has more parameters (2.961 M) compared to GaitGraph (0.320 M) and GaitTR (0.512 M), this increase is justified by its significant performance improvements. Specifically, GaitSAT demonstrates substantial performance advantages on the OUMVLP dataset, achieving 56.53% and 21% improvements in Rank-1 accuracy compared to GaitGraph and GaitTR, respectively. Notably, when compared to the current state-of-the-art GPGait (3.655 M), GaitSAT achieves superior performance with fewer parameters and inference time (0.0273 vs. 0.0428 sequences/second*GPU). These experimental results demonstrate that, despite its multimodule and cascade structure, GaitSAT's excellent computational efficiency and resource utilization make it feasible for large-scale practical deployment.
## 1 Introduction
[17] combined Kalman filtering and PF to propose a varying particle-filtering method for targets with a linear and nonlinear motion. It increased the importance of sampling, the fusion of the likelihood function, the prior distribution, and the accuracy of the PF algorithm. [PERSON] et al. [18] built a vision-guided grasping system, which adopted the edge particle filter algorithm to obtain parameters such as target position, speed, and acceleration. It realized the tracking of plane moving objects by a robotic arm. However, the system does not use claws for grasping, and the pose is not considered. [PERSON] et al. [19] used geometric particle filtering (GPF) based on reflection groups to realize three-dimensional space target tracking. This method only used depth information and did not rely on texture features. [PERSON] et al. [20] proposed a multi-task related particle filter. Compared with the conventional particle filter, this filter maintained multiple modes in the posterior density, reducing the computational cost. [PERSON] et al. [21, 22] proposed GPF using 2D affine transformation groups as particles. It had excellent performance for image tracking with a given target template. However, simple resampling resulted in decreased particle diversity. Some researchers carried out research on interception grabbing of unknown objects. [PERSON] et al. [23] proposed a method for tracking, reconstructing, and grasping unknown objects from a moving conveyor belt using external depth sensors and industrial robots. The method includes an algorithm for estimating the position, speed and shape of the object. It includes an algorithm of the conveyor path and an algorithm for calculating the interception trajectory of the robot. [PERSON] et al. [24] introduced the attraction vector to describe the relative posture between the object and the end effector to achieve tracking in a dynamic environment. [PERSON] et al. [25] used an improved spatio-temporal context tracking algorithm to track the moving target and calculated the position of the gripper in the base coordinate system. In order to complete the grasping task, a linear prediction method was used to predict the moving object in a three-dimensional space. [PERSON] et al. [26] used the same hand to detect the grasping and release of objects. The correspondence between the objects is observed before and after the object is occluded. It is used for object tracking in the living space and the body segmentation of each object. It is also achieved by detecting its grasp and release. [PERSON] et al. [27] introduced the Neural Acceleration Estimator, which estimates the changing acceleration by observing a small part of the previous deflection trajectory of the flying object. It uses the end-to-end training of the differential filter to measure the error. The experimental results show that it also has good generalization for unknown objects.
# Image Analysis and Processing for Generating Camouflages from Digital Earth Photographs
## 4 Selected Technical Aspects of the Camouflage Generator Approach  
The _CammoGenerator_ application allows to generate digital camouflages based on digital Earth images. The user gives the digital Earth images of his interest and then creates a color palette based on them, which he then uses to compose his own camouflages. Based on the application operation, the following functional requirements were formulated:  
* The user can add colors to the color palette in two ways: (1) enter a picture and generate the given number of colors, then add the selected colors to the palette; (2) choose the color we want from the dialog box. When the user selects at least two colors, the CammoGenerator application will allow access to the camouflage edit window.
* The user has the option to remove a color from the palette.
* The user can change the size of the generated image and its background color.
* The user has the option to add or remove a color from the camouflage.
* The user has the option to generate a camouflage and save it in a file.
* The user has the option to enter the name and format of the file.
* The application checks if the colors in the color palette are not repeated.
* The application will store and display the colors that were generated from the photo by the user.  
The _CammoGenerator_ application was created in a multitier architecture that separates the user interface, processing, and data storage from each other into separate layers. Such architecture allows for independent modification of each layer separately, without adversely affecting other layers.  
The implementation of the three-tier architecture was carried out by separating three layers, presented in Figure 9. The presentation layer includes four classes responsible for interaction with the user and presenting data obtained from the logic layer. The logic layer consists of two components: _ColorExtractor_, responsible for providing the function of extracting colors from the image, and _CammoGenerator_, which provides a GUI interface for communication with the data layer and a simple interface for generating a camouflage. The individual layers are described in detail in the following subsections.