## 4 Conclusions  
* The proposed synthesis methods allow mesoporous carbon and polymer materials with differentiated characteristics to be obtained. Differences in the properties of the porous structure were determined by nitrogen adsorption and SAXS measurements. These differences concerned the specific surface area, the presence of micro-sized pores, the content of meso-sized pores, and levels of closed porosity, influencing adsorption capacity. The tested materials show activity in the interaction with X-ray radiation in the range of small diffraction angles. The SAXS effect allowed various proportions of the scattering objects to be determined, as well as their size distribution and the quality of the carbon/pores or polymer/pores interfacial area. The phenomenon of blurring of the interfacial area was confirmed in the case of some samples (e.g., sample C2) or their sharp boundary (as in the case of polymer samples). The content of closed porosity was determined. * The surface properties of mesoporous carbon and polymer materials were determined by identifying the surface functional groups and their atomic content (XPS method), and surface charge (potentiometric titration method). The acidic nature of the surface of carbon materials was confirmed due to the presence of functional groups such as  
Figure 17: Comparison adsorption kinetics for various dyes on selected activated carbon (**A**) and polymer material (**B**). Figure 18: Schematic diagram of adsorption mechanism. C=O or O=C-O-, C-OH, Si-O-, O=C-O-, and Si-OH groups. These groups give the adsorbent a charge appropriate for the adsorption of cationic dyes. Unlike carbon materials, mesoporous polymer materials exhibit rather basic properties, which are influenced by the interactions between carbon atoms and the presence of nitrogen. * The significantly higher affinity of carbons for cationic dyes is mainly related to strong attractive electrostatic forces, while in the polymer-dye system, there are repulsive electrostatic ones. Methylene blue, as a small molecule with a linear shape, is more effectively adsorbed on solids characterized by the presence of micropores and small mesopores. For the adsorption of malachite green and crystal violet, due to their larger particle size and spatially expanded shape, mesoporous materials showing a medium mesopores range are better suited. For adsorbents with small pores, a sieve effect is observed in the applied adsorbates. The mechanism of dye adsorption on carbon and polymer materials is based on electrostatic interactions, \(\pi\)-\(\pi\) interactions (except for systems with P1), free dispersion interactions (London forces), and hydrogen bridges. The higher affinity of the adsorbent for the adsorbate also translates into kinetics; in the case of polymers, crystal violet is adsorbed faster despite the larger size and spatially expanded structure of the molecule. Faster kinetics is observed for carbons--methylene blue systems. The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ma17061374/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ma17061374/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ma17061374/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ma17061374/s1)), Figure S1: Distance between the most remote atoms in a molecule of (A) methylene blue, (B) malachite green and (C) crystal violet measured by means of of Mercury 3.7 (Build RC1) tools; Figure S2: Comparison of fitting quality by using the FOE, SOE, MOE, m-exponential and f-MOE equations for a description of kinetic data for the MB (C3) system (A) and the MB (P2) system (B). title; Table S1: Comparison of the parameters of various kinetic equations. Conceptualization, M.Z.-S., M.B. and A.D.-M.; formal analysis, A.D.-M.; investigation, M.Z.-S., M.B., M.M. and S.W. ; methodology, M.Z.-S., M.B., M.M. and S.W. ; supervision, A.D.-M.; writing--original draft, M.Z.-S., M.B. and M.M. ; writing--review and editing, M.Z.-S., M.B., A.D.-M. and M.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.