# Micro-Nanobubble Technology in Surface Cleaning and Defouling
## 5 Summary and Future Perspectives
Expected advancements in bubble generating techniques bode well for the future of MB and NB technologies, potentially expanding their uses in fields such as precise cleaning and medication delivery. Advances in cost, scalability, and efficiency may propel the technologies' broad acceptance as they develop. Because MB and NB technologies provide environmentally friendly, sustainable solutions, they have the potential to completely transform sectors including food processing, agriculture, and water treatment. In society, they have the ability to solve issues like pollution and water scarcity, especially helping developing nations by enhancing agricultural production and water quality. High-efficiency MB/NB reactors and integration with renewable energy sources are possible future advances. These developments will have a lasting effect on society and industries while also making major contributions to global sustainability. By increasing productivity and encouraging sustainability in a variety of industries, MB and NB technologies provide substantial real-world advantages. In wastewater treatment, NBs have been successfully used to eliminate organic impurities, which has decreased the requirement for chemical additions. To improve aeration and make sediment removal easier, MBs have been used in large-scale water purification systems. In agriculture, both NBs and MBs have been used to enhance soil permeability, boost crop yields, and lessen dependency on chemical fertilizers and pesticides. These technologies improve sustainability and treatment efficiency in the food processing sector by speeding up the decomposition of organic materials. Furthermore, NBs have been used in dental hygiene to remove plaque, and MBs exhibit encouraging potential in applications such as targeted drug delivery and medical imaging. Scaling up MNB technology for industrial usage is difficult. Important issues for future research include reducing the performance variability across various operating situations, guaranteeing consistent bubble size and stability, and optimizing the generating processes. Furthermore, investigating the synergistic use of MNBs in conjunction with other technologies, including bioremediation or sophisticated oxidation processes, may improve their efficacy. In conclusion, MNBs have significant potential as long-term solutions for enhancing cleaning effectiveness, improving industrial processes, and solving environmental issues. To fully realize the potential of the NB technology and guarantee its broad use in practical applications, more multidisciplinary research and industry cooperation are essential. Conceptualization, B.S. ; methodology, B.S. ; writing--original draft preparation, B.S. ; writing--review and editing, B.S., G.P. and M.-H.P. ; supervision, M.-H.P. and J.-H.R. ; project administration, M.-H.P. ; funding acquisition, M.-H.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This study was funded by the Korea Technology and Information Promotion Agency for SMEs (grant number: RS-2023-00262684). Not applicable. Author [PERSON] was employed by the company N to B Co., Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.