## 3 Results
### Multifunctional Nanoparticles for Therapy and Imaging
#### 3.1.1 Nanoparticle Drug Carriers
A comparative overview of key findings from recent studies using different nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems in HCC therapy is presented in Table 1.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt}} \hline \hline
**Type** & **Payload** & **Targeting Ligand** & **Target Model** & **Efficacy Outcomes** & **Toxicity Outcomes and Limitations** & **Reference** \\ \hline SLNs & Docetaxel & Galactose & \begin{tabular}{c} BEL7402 cells; \\ tumor-bearing \\ nude mice \\ (Preclinical study) \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} BEL7402 cells; \\ tumor-bearing \\ docetaxel \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} Reduced systemic \\ toxicity vs. free \\ limited \\ pharmacokinetics \\ \end{tabular}  & Reduced liver toxicity; no long-term toxicity & \\ SLNs & Docurable & \begin{tabular}{c} BEL7402 /5-FU \\ (DOX) + \\ Curcumin \\ \end{tabular}  & - & \begin{tabular}{c} BEL7402 /5-FU \\ cells; DEN-induced \\ HCC in mice \\ (Preclinical study) \\ \end{tabular}  & Reduced systemic toxicity vs. free & \begin{tabular}{c} Reduced liver \\ toxicity; no long-term \\ toxic- \\ city/accumulation \\ \end{tabular}  & [12] \\ \hline Poly- & & & & & \\ dopamine & & & & \\ core NPs & & & & \\ decorated & & & & \\ with & & & & \\ PAMAM & & & & \\ \hline Dendrimer & & & & & \\ based & & & & & \\ self-assembly & & & & & \\ bling & & & & \\ nanodrug & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{MVLs} & \multirow{4}{*}{ \begin{tabular}{c} Oleanolic \\ Acid (OA) \\ \end{tabular}  } & \multirow{4}{*}{ \begin{tabular}{c} HepG2 cells \\ (in vitro); H22 \\ murine hepatoma \\ (in vivo) \\ (Preclinical study) \\ \end{tabular}  } & \begin{tabular}{c} Enhanced \\ cytotoxicity to \\ SMMC7721 cells; \\ H22 \\ tumor-bearing mice \\ (Preclinical study) \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} Reduced cytotoxicity \\ in ASGP-negative \\ SMMC7721 cells; \\ significant tumor \\ suppression in vivo \\ \end{tabular}  & [29] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{MVLs} & \multirow{4}{*}{\ \begin{tabular}{c} Oleanolic \\ Acid (OA) \\ \end{tabular}  } & \multirow{4}{*}{ \begin{tabular}{c} HepG2 cells \\ (in vivo) \\ (Preclinical study) \\ \end{tabular}  } & Enhanced cellular uptake; apoptosis & Mild hepatic and pulmonary toxicity at high dose; no renal or hematologic effects; not suitable for IV & \\  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Type** & **Payload** & **Targeting** & **Target Model** & **Efficacy Outcomes** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Toxicity Outcomes** \\ **and Limitations** \\ \end{tabular}  & **Reference** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Liposomes} & Cisplatin & & & \begin{tabular}{c} HepG2 xenografts \\ in BALB/c nude \\ mice; H22 tumors \\ in Kunming mice \\ (CURL) \\ \end{tabular}  & \multirow{4}{*}{-} & Enhanced tumor inhibition; & Reduced \\  & & & & \begin{tabular}{c} inhibition; \\ synergistic effect; \\ reduced tumor \\ \end{tabular}  & hepatotoxicity and \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Core-shell} & \multirow{4}{*}{Doxorubicinic} & Lactbionic & HepG2 cells; Wistar & Enhanced cellular & \ \begin{tabular}{c} Reprotoxicity and \\ endotoxicity vs. free \\ DOX; less \\ \end{tabular}  \\  & & acid, Gly- & rats with induced & \begin{tabular}{c} uptake; apoptosis \\ induction; and \\ tissue regeneration \\ observed \\ \end{tabular}  & \multirow{4}{*}{[31]} \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Citeosan} & \multirow{4}{*}{Doxorubicinic} & \multirow{4}{*}{Folic Acid} & HepG2 cells & Enhanced & No major toxic effects \\ NPs & & & & & \\