# Antioxidant Capacity of Honey Enriched by Wildflowers
## 3 Results and Discussion
Investigating the antioxidativeative activity of Serbian honeys, [PERSON] et al. [47] found that forest honey showed better antioxidativeative activity, on average 594.77 mg Trolox\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\) in the ABTS test and 260.77 mg Trolox\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\) in the DPPH test, than other test samples of honey. In turn, a determination of phenolic content by the same authors using the spectrophotometric method in honey samples demonstrated that the highest total phenolic content (806.10 mg GAE\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\)) and flavonoid content (146.27 mg Qu\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\)) was found for forest honey and was more than ten times higher than for acacia honey, in which the total phenolic content was determined to be 68.48 mg GAE\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\) and the flavonoid content was determined to be 18.59 mg QU\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\). According to [PERSON] et al. [48], the radical scavenging activity in Slovakian honeydew honey samples measured for a 25% \(w/v\) honey solution ranged from 45.9 to 86.6%. Concerning the content of phenolic compounds determined as total phenolic content, especially for multifloral honeys, the authors of many studies report highly varied data. For example, [PERSON] et al. [49] found that in multifloral Irish honeys, the total phenolic content (TPC) ranged from 2.59 to 81.10 mg GAE\(\cdot\)100 g\({}^{-1}\) of honey. In the authors' opinion, the result of this determination was affected by the region in which the honey was collected. In Irish honeys produced in rural areas, a much lower total phenolic content was recorded (20.32 mg GAE\(\cdot\)100 g\({}^{-1}\)) than for city honeys from the same region (28.26 mg GAE\(\cdot\)100 g\({}^{-1}\)) due to the much greater diversity of floral resources in Irish urban areas. [PERSON] et al. [50] reported that Peruvian wild multifloral honey showed the highest phenolic compound content, which was 207.89 \(\pm\) 2.18 mg GAE\(\cdot\)100 g\({}^{-1}\), with the results also showing the lowest variability. It also bears highlighting that there are monofloral honeys characterised by high phenolic compound content, which leads to high interest in these products, such as Manuka honey (_Leptospermum scorarium_), which originates from New Zealand and Australia. The latter is distinguished by the highest total phenolic content recorded to date, ranging from 217.0 to 203.0 mg GAE\(\cdot\)100 g\({}^{-1}\), as well as high antioxidative and antibacterial activity, and is considered a medicinal honey. The Polish equivalent to this product, according to [PERSON] et al. [51], is buckwheat honey, whose TPC value is 211.0 \(\pm\) 11.4 mg GAE\(\cdot\)100 g\({}^{-1}\) which is almost 100 times higher than in the case of rapeseed honey without additives used in our experiments and 15 times higher than honeys of both species with the addition of dried black elderberry flowers (_Sambucus nigra_ L) at the level of 4% additives, which were characterised by the highest total phenolic content in our study, but without differing significantly from that of Manuka honey. [PERSON] et al. [52], based on an extensive review of previous studies on antioxidative properties and the phenolic and flavonoid contents in honey, indicated these parameters as the characteristics that distinguish individual varieties and botanical origin, their health-promoting applications, and even provided a method to detect honey falsification. The flavonoid compounds and their transformed derivatives are substances with beneficial properties for humans due to the scavenging of free radicals and increases in the stability of cell membranes; therefore, their presence in the daily diet is very important [53]. For pure raw honeys, the flavonoid content differs between varieties, ranging from 0.56-0.62 mg QE\(\cdot\) 100 g\({}^{-1}\) for multifloral and rapeseed honeys to 0.53-0.90 mg QE\(\cdot\)100 g\({}^{-1}\) for forest honey [45]. Previously, honey enrichment with the wild-growing flowers selected by us for this study was unknown.