# Determination of Cyanotoxins and Prymnesins in Water, Fish Tissue, and Other Matrices: A Review
## 5 Discussion
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Reference** & **Toxins** & **Matrix** & **Extraction/Sample Preparation Procedure** & **Analysis** & **Toxin Detection** \\  & **Measured** & & & **Savicious** & & \\ \hline
**[**55**]** & **STX** & **Shellfish tissue** &
\begin{tabular}{c} Samples were extracted using 0.1 M HCl with ultrasonication, \\ cleaned/concentrated with SPE (C18 cartridge), and analyzed. \\ \end{tabular} & LC-qTOF MS & 0.1–1.6 ug/kg recovery from spiked tissues \\ \hline
**[**58**]** & **STX** & \begin{tabular}{c} Sheep intestine \\ and blood \\ \end{tabular} & Samples were sonicated with 0.1 M acetic acid and incubated for 2 h at 4 °C. & \begin{tabular}{c} LC with \\ clean-up was performed with a C1S cartridge 1 mL of 0.05 M acetic acid \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} SCX detection in intestine but \\ spectrofluorometric \\ detector \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} SCX detection in intestine but \\ not in blood;/cact \\ concentration not reported \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
**[**56**]** & **STX** &
\begin{tabular}{c} Seabibt tissues and whole forage fish and invertebrates were extracted for \\ STX analysis using the procedure of [117]. Tissue was homogenized, \\ extracted in 3 mL of 1 \% acetic acid, vorced, boiled, allowed to cool to \\ room temperature, vortexed again, and centrifuged. The remaining \\ supernatant was poured into a vessel, the procedure was repeated. The \\ combined supernatant was filtered and diluted in Mill-Q water for analysis. \\ \hline
**[**59**]** & **STX** &
\begin{tabular}{c} A tissue homogenate (1.0 g) was mixed with 5.0 mL of phosphate buffer \\ solution in a 50 mL plastic centrifuge that and then placed in a boiling \\ water bath for 5 min, cooled, extracted in ultrasonic water bath at room \\ temperature, and centrifuged. The supernatant was collected, and the residue extracted once more. The supernatant was combined and filtered by \\ microfibers. The filtrate was cleaned using immontaffinity column \\ (IAC). The eluent from the IAC was blown dry with with a 5.45 °C. \\ redissolved with 1 mL of water, and filtered by a 0.22 mL membrane before \\ determination by LC-MS/MS. \\ \hline
**[**57**]** & **STX** & **Ablone** & About 2 g of abalone tissue (epipolarum, viscera, or foot muscle) was mixed with 18 mL of 13 acetic acid (v/v). The mixture was vortexed, bolded, colored, vorced again, and centrifuged. This was followed by the addition of 5 \% of ammonium hydroxide before 57E clean-up. STX was eluted using 2 mL of acetonitrile sulfateacetic acid (20.801, v/v/v) and diluted with acetonitrile before analysis. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Cont. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Reference** & \ \begin{tabular}{c} **Toxins** \\ **Measured** \\ \end{tabular}  & **Matrix** & **Extraction/Sample Preparation Procedure** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Analysis** \\ **Method** \\ \end{tabular}  & **Toxin Detection** \\ \hline \hline
[60] & BMAA &
\begin{tabular}{c} \\ **The lyophilized sample was hydrolyzed using 6 N HCl liquid hydrolysis for \\ 20 h at 105 \({}^{\circ}\)C in the absence of oxygen. After hydrolysis, samples for \\ derivatized analysis were dissolved in 500 \(\mathrm{\,\,\mathrm{\  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Reference** & **Toxins Measured** & **Matrix** & **Extraction/Sample Preparation Procedure** & **Analysis Method** & **Toxin Detection** \\ \hline
[113] & CNN & \multirow{4}{*}{Mussel} & Lyophilized tissues and samples for the analysis of intra- and extracellular CYN were extracted in 100\% methanol with ultrasonication on ice. Tissue and all edl debris was removed by centrifugation and the supernatant dried at 50\% C under Na, and re-suspended in Milli-Q water. The samples were centrifuged again to remove insoluble materials and analyzed. & LC-UV & Up to 2.52 ug/g in tissue \\ \hline
[126] & \(P\) & \multirow{2}{*}{Water and algal cells} & Samples were placed in 15\({}^{\circ}\)C and incubated at an irradiance of 5-7 mmol photons \(m^{2}s^{3}\) for 2 hr.