# A New Indicator to Assess Public Perception of Air Pollution Based on Complaint Data
## 3 Results
### Spatiotemporal Analysis of Public Perception of Air Pollution  
#### 3.2.1 Spatiotemporal Analysis of Complaint Density and Emotional Intensity  
We calculated the longitude and latitude coordinates of each complaint data through the address-matching method. The spatial distribution results of air pollution complaint data in Shandong Province from 2012 to 2017 are obtained (Figure 2). Figure 2 shows that the public complaints about air pollution are almost distributed in all regions of 17 cities in Shandong Province. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Name**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Number of Complaints**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Emotional Intensity of Complaints**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & **Counts** & **Mean** & **SD** & **Annual Changes** & **Mean** & **SD** & **Annual Changes** \\ \hline Shandong Province & 11,699 & 1949.83 & 877.74 & \(-\blacksquare\blacksquare\blacksquare\) & \(-6.55\) & 0.18 & \(\blacksquare\blacksquare\) \\ Jinan & 464 & 77.33 & 32.00 & \(-\blacksquare\blacksquare\blacksquare\) & \(-6.99\) & 0.35 & \(\blacksquare\blacksquare\) \\ Qingdao & 687 & 114.50 & 64.97 & \(-\blacksquare\blacksquare\blacksquare\) & \(-6.47\) & 0.33 & \(-\blacksquare\blacksquare\) \\ Zibo & 772 & 128.67 & 39.34 & \(-\blacksquare\blacksquare\blacksquare\) & \(-6.56\) & 0.25 & \(-\blacksquare\) \\ Zaozhuang & 721 & 120.17 & 61.12 & \(-\blacksquare\blacksquare\) & \(-6.50\) & 0.26 & \(-\blacksquare\) \\ Dongying & 438 & 73.00 & 18.38 & \(-\blacksquare\blacksquare\) & \(-6.52\) & 0.24 & \(\blacksquare\) \\ Yantai & 924 & 154.00 & 74.75 & \(-\blacksquare\blacksquare\) & \(-6.59\) & 0.19 & \(\blacksquare\) \\ Weifang & 1288 & 214.67 & 88.05 & \(-\blacksquare\blacksquare\) & \(-6.71\) & 0.23 & \(-\blacksquare\) \\ Jining & 714 & 119.00 & 50.50 & \(-\blacksquare\blacksquare\) & \(-6.33\) & 0.33 & \(-\blacksquare\) \\ Taian & 722 & 120.33 & 55.22 & \(-\blacksquare\blacksquare\) & \(-6.80\) & 0.36 & \(\blacksquare\) \\ Weihai & 171 & 28.50 & 14.69 & \(-\blacksquare\blacksquare\) & \(-6.45\) & 0.27 & \(-\blacksquare\) \\ Rizhao & 378 & 63.00 & 27.93 & \(-\blacksquare\blacksquare\) & \(-6.61\) & 0.30 & \(\blacksquare\) \\ Binzhou & 866 & 144.33 & 62.06 & \(-\blacksquare\blacksquare\) & \(-6.46\) & 0.21 & \(-\blacksquare\) \\ Dezhou & 506 & 84.33 & 39.46 & \(-\blacksquare\blacksquare\) & \(-6.61\) & 0.19 & \(-\blacksquare\) \\ Liaocheng & 793 & 132.17 & 67.36 & \(-\blacksquare\) & \(-6.30\) & 0.42 & \(-\blacksquare\) \\ Linyi & 1074 & 179.00 & 68.79 & \(-\blacksquare\blacksquare\) & \(-6.30\) & 0.31 & \(-\blacksquare\) \\ Heze & 697 & 116.17 & 42.15 & \(-\blacksquare\blacksquare\) & \(-6.72\) & 0.29 & \(-\blacksquare\) \\ Laiwu & 487 & 81.17 & 37.84 & \(-\blacksquare\blacksquare\) & \(-6.53\) & 0.17 & \(\blacksquare\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Descriptive statistics of public complaints about air pollution in Shandong Province from 2012 to 2017. Then, we used Kernel density and Kriging interpolation to analyze the complaint density and complaint emotion intensity of air pollution in Shandong Province from 2012 to 2017. The results are shown in Figure 3.  
In Figure 3a, red indicates the area with high public complaints about air pollution. Figure 3a shows that almost every city in Shandong Province has some high-density areas of public complaints. In Figure 3b, the emotional intensity of public complaints about air pollution is negative. The redder the color, the smaller the emotional value of public complaints, and the stronger public's negative emotional intensity. From the spatial distribution of complaint density and complaint emotion intensity, public complaints' negative emotion intensity is not very large in areas with high complaint density, such as Jinan, Zibo, and Linyi in 2016. Public complaints' negative emotion is also very strong in low complaint density areas, such as Binzhou and Yantai inland in 2017.