## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Genotype on Antioxidant Activities  
The DPPH, reducing power, and ORAC assays were used to reveal the effect of genotype on antioxidant activity. As shown in Figure 3a, all tested root extracts exhibited similar IC\({}_{50}\) values of \(\geq\)3500 \(\upmu\)g/mL, which were approximately 270-400 times higher than those associated with AsA. This indicates that the root extracts had very weak free-radical scavenging activities. The leaf extracts demonstrated substantial DPPH-radical scavenging capabilities (7-16 times higher than those of the root extracts), although their IC\({}_{50}\) values (183.69 to 305.24 \(\upmu\)g/mL) were higher than AsA (IC\({}_{50}\) value = 8.32 \(\pm\) 0.74 \(\upmu\)g/mL) (Figure 3a). The leaf extract of the BG genotype exhibited the highest DPPH-radical scavenging activities among the leaf extracts, owing to its low inhibitory concentration value (IC\({}_{50}\) = 183.69 \(\pm\) 3.95 \(\upmu\)g/mL), followed by the NG, BT, L, and NT genotypes. In addition, we assessed the capability of each extract to facilitate the Fe\({}^{3+}\)-Fe\({}^{2+}\) transformation utilizing the reducing power assay based on a single electron transfer reaction (SET) [6]. The reducing power activities of root extracts (200 \(\upmu\)g/mL) from all five genotypes were low, and no significant differences (\(p\)\(\leq\) 0.05) were observed between the various  
Figure 3: The antioxidant activities of five _A. triphyllla_ genotypes were assessed through DPPH free-radical scavenging (**a**), reducing power (**b**), and ORAC assays (**c**). Different letters indicate significant differences at \(p\)\(\leq\) 0.05 (means \(\pm\) SE from three independent replicate experiments). Figure 2: Effects of genotype on phytochemical concentrations. (**a**) Total phenolic (TPC), (**b**) total flavonoid (TFC), (**c**) total saponin (TSC), (**d**) lupenone, and (**e**) \(\beta\)-sitosterol contents of the five _A. triphyllla_ genotypes. Different letters indicate significant differences at \(p\)\(\leq\) 0.05 (means \(\pm\) SE from three independent replicate experiments). genotypes. When compared with root extracts, leaf extracts demonstrated higher reducing power activities, with the BG leaf extract displaying the most pronounced activity, followed by NG, BT, L, and NT (Figure 3b). Moreover, the antioxidant potentials of these extracts were evaluated through the ORAC assay, a method based on hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) [6]. As shown in Figure 3c, 40 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/mL of NG displayed the most elevated ORAC value at 44.96 \(\pm\) 3.06 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro m}\). Conversely, the antioxidant activities of the root extracts were relatively modest and displayed no significant differences (\(p\)\(\leq\) 0.05) across the five phenotypes. We conducted Pearson's correlation analysis to assess the relationship between antioxidant activities and phytochemical contents. The most significant negative correlation was identified between TFC and DPPH-radical scavenging activity (R\({}^{2}\) = \(-\)0.883 **; ** \(p\) < 0.01), followed by the correlations between TPC and DPPH-radical scavenging activity (R\({}^{2}\) = \(-\)0.743 **; ** \(p\) < 0.01), and TSC and DPPH-radical scavenging activity (R\({}^{2}\) = \(-\)0.536 **; ** \(p\) < 0.01). The tested phytochemical contents exhibited no correlation with the results of other antioxidant-activity tests. Consistent with our results, the leaf extract from 2-month-old _A. triphylla_ displayed more potent antioxidant activities when compared with the root extract [14]. In higher plants, polyphenolic compounds are synthesized in a light-dependent manner and serve to protect the photosynthetic apparatus from photoinhibition induced by excessive light [28]. In addition, the distribution and types of saponins largely depend on species and tissues [29], indicating that spatial accumulation of polyphenolic compounds and saponins can cause variations in the DPPH-radical scavenging activity of _A. triphylla_ leaves and roots.