esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results
### Analysis of Harmonic Response  
Harmonic response analysis was employed to predict the system's steady-state response under time-varying sinusoidal loads, focusing on the response at different rotational speeds within the defined sweep frequency range under a specified excitation force. This analysis aids in confirming whether the RSS flexible base can effectively mitigate resonance, fatigue, and other detrimental effects caused by forced vibrations, serving as a foundation for the dynamic design of the RSS flexible base and validating the feasibility of its structural design. A support plate width of B = 7 mm was chosen, and the harmonic response analysis of the RSS base was performed using the modal superposition method with ANSYS Workbench finite element analysis software. Given the more prominent deformation of the RSS base in the x and y directions, this study focused on extracting the vibration displacement and stress curves in these directions for a deeper analysis of the results. The resonance frequencies, resonance amplitudes, and their locations were identified, with an in-depth exploration of the stability of the RSS flexible base.  
Combining the results of the optimized modal analysis, it can be seen that the maximum displacement of the first-order mode occurs at the bearing housing and support plate of the RSS base. First, the amplitude-frequency response curve with a natural frequency of approximately 30 Hz was studied, with 30 Hz selected as the center frequency for easier observation of the changes. The frequency range was set from 0 to 60 Hz, and the solution interval was set to 600. The harmonic response spectrum in the x direction is shown in Figure 7a. Between 0 Hz and 30 Hz, the vibration amplitude gradually increases with the rising frequency. Near 30 Hz, the amplitude suddenly increases, reaching a peak of 2.01 \(\upmu\)m, and then quickly drops. The amplitude slowly decreases between 30 Hz and 60 Hz. The amplitudes at other frequencies are relatively small compared to the peak value, indicating that this component has good dynamic stiffness and meets the design requirements. It also proves that resonance in the base occurs near the 30 Hz region, and during actual operation, the three-phase servo asynchronous motor on the test bench will not operate at this frequency, effectively avoiding the resonance band. The harmonic response spectrum in the y direction is shown in Figure 7b. Within this frequency range, the maximum axial displacement is 3.05 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\)\(\upmu\)m, which is significantly smaller than the peak displacement in the x direction. Therefore, the rotor primarily exhibits x-directional vibration.  
Figure 6: Frequency comparison diagram before and after optimization.
# Exploring the Potential of Sensing for Breast Cancer Detection
## 5 Biosensors for Breast Cancer Detection
### Analytical Techniques Based on Nanomaterials for the Detection of Breast Cancer Biomarkers  
There are different nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, quantum dots, multifarious composites, and noble metal nanomaterials (Au NPs, Ag NPs) which have been considered as a part of different biosensors to improve the detection performance of biosensors [157]. Nanomaterials are hundreds of times smaller than human cells. So, the size and the quantum tunneling effect of the nanomaterials significantly improve the performance of biosensors. In [158], the authors constructed a CdS/ZnO nanorod array-based photoelectrochemical sensor to detect MCF-7 and determined the concentration from 50 to 1.0 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) cells/mL, and the LOD was found to be 10 cells/mL. In [159], the authors detected the breast cancer biomarker microRNA-21 (miR-21) by applying an ECL technique with a gold-silver nanocluster supramolecular network (AuAg NCs) and reported that the linear range was 10 aM-10 pM, and the LOD was 4.5 aM. Nanomaterials are also considered for SPR [160; 161], SERS [162], and colorimetry [163; 164; 165], etc.
## 4 Results
### Evaluation Methods  
Evaluation is an integral part of any model development process to demonstrate its effectiveness for the tasks of interest [142; 143; 144]. To assess the performance of DRSs, three different evaluation approaches have been considered, which comprises of user studies, online, offline evaluations. The first two categories involve active users' participation, though the exercise is carried out in different ways. While the offline approach is conducted based on historical datasets. In a user study, the test subjects are asked to interact with RS and express their overall satisfaction on the quality of recommendations [142]. The main advantage of a user study is that it allows for the collection of information about user experience with the system, such as the effect of user-interface (UI) or their feelings about the complexity of the tasks. However, researchers considered this to be on the high cost as a large number of test subjects must be employed and their active awareness about the testing of the RS often biases their actions and feedbacks. The online evaluation also utilizes the user study experts for evaluating RSs. This usually requires a set of real users to carry out large-scale testing on the real world RSs mostly through click-through rates (CTR) [48; 108]. The online evaluation is considered the best method among other evaluation methods and mostly used for online settings that have access to real-world systems [142]. The advantage of online evaluation is that the performance of the RSs can be evaluated to understand various impacts such as the real-time response, robustness and scalability performances. Although the online evaluation can achieve better results, it is mostly time-consuming than other evaluation methods and is rarely adopted. In offline evaluation, historical data of users such as the clicks or ratings are used to measure the accuracy of recommendation. Offline methods are the easiest and more convenient method of evaluation, as they required no real users' interactions [5; 128]. In practice, the temporal information associated with the ratings such as the time at which the item is rated by a user can be used in evaluating the prediction accuracy or the Top N precision of recommendations [62; 63; 132]. Distribution of the evaluation metrics with respect to their evaluation indicators and the number of studies is provided in Table 6. For each evaluation method, certain indicators are considered to evaluate the performance of a system and as well assess the user's satisfaction based on the recommended item lists. From the table, it could be noticed that the offline methods are the most used evaluation approaches for their greater advantage in terms of the implementation cost and fast evaluation.
## 4 Applications in Optimization
### Non-Evolutionary Chaotic Optimization Algorithms  
In addition to evolutionary chaotic optimization algorithms, the Lozi map has been used as the core of more classical optimization algorithms.
## 5 Security Analysis of a V2I Authentication Scheme
### No Perfect Forward Secrecy  
Suppose the adversary obtains the long-term key \(K\), they can recover \(N_{2}\), \(N_{4}\), \(N_{7}\), \(ID_{v}\), and \(ID_{r}\) from the messages transmitted publicly. Therefore, the previous and subsequent session keys \(SK=h(N_{2}\oplus N_{4}\oplus N_{7}\oplus ID_{v}\oplus ID_{r})\) can be calculated. The protocol has no perfect forward secrecy.  
**Remark 3**.: _The reason why their scheme cannot achieve perfect forward secrecy is that the generation of session key in their scheme does not use the Diffie-Hellman value._
## 2 Discussion
### Other  
Other psoriasis-linked genes include APOE, CTLA4, DEFB4, GBP6, LCE, MCP1, VDR, and ZNF313 (Table 1). APOE was previously linked to hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, both of which are correlated with psoriasis. APOE gene polymorphisms were further implicated in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, as APOE plays a role in the proliferation of T lymphocytes and protects against some infections in patients with psoriasis [4; 18]. CTLA4 encodes a protein that inhibits T cells and has an inverse correlation with psoriasis severity, as psoriasis is characterized by increased T-cell infiltration [4; 14]. DEFB4 is a member of a family of microbicidal, cytotoxic peptides made by neutrophils [4]. It encodes human \(\beta\)-defensin 2, which has an essential role in skin inflammation [19]. GBP6 is an interferon that induces GBP, which hydrolyzes GTP to both GDP and GMP [4]. LCE encodes a protein that plays a role in skin barrier function, with its expression being largely restricted to the epidermis. Certain subtypes of LCE have anti-microbial properties that may play a role in the innate immunity of the skin, especially the stratum corneum [20]. In particular, LCE3B and LCE3C deletions are highly implicated as a psoriasis risk factor due to interactions with the HLA-C*06 gene. LCE3B and LCE3B are located in the epidermal differentiation complex on chromosome 1 [20]. Deletion in LCE3B and LCE3C also causes increased expression of the upstream LCEA gene, which alters the skin balance of self-peptides and the microbiome. MCP1 encodes a cytokine characterized by two cysteines separated by a single amino acid that displays chemotactic activity for monocytes and basophils [4]. MCP1 was indicated as a potential inflammatory marker in determining psoriasis severity, as it is locally and systemically augmented in psoriatic patients [21]. VDR encodes the nuclear hormone receptor for vitamin D3, which regulates immune response pathways [4]. These receptors play a role in epidermal barrier function, antimicrobial processes, and inflammation in healthy individuals, as well as in the inflammation seen in patients with autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and psoriasis [22]. ZNF313 encodes a protein that is involved in T-cell activation [4]. It is abundantly expressed in the skin, as well as T-lymphocytes and dendritic cells for immune function [23].
# Power Profiling of Smart Grid Users Using Dynamic Time Warping +
## 6 Potential Privacy Issues with Power Profiling  
While power profiling in smart grids enhances efficiency and energy management, it also introduces significant privacy risks for users. Extracting power consumption patterns to classify users can inadvertently reveal detailed insights into their daily habits, routines, and even sensitive lifestyle aspects [71]. These risks can be categorized into three main concerns: behavioral insights, privacy invasions, and malicious exploitation.
## 1 Introduction  
It is well known that a pedicle screw can provide robust initial stability to a spinal segment, supplying critical support during fusion surgeries for various spinal diseases [1; 2; 3; 4]. Accordingly, the pedicle screw has been widely used in fusion surgery for degenerative spinal diseases [4]. However, the versatile use of the pedicle screw is limited by fixation failures resulting from screw loosening, the incidence of which was reported to be 0.6-11% and might be even higher in patients with osteoporosis [5; 6].  
As the general population continues to grow older, spine surgeons frequently encounter challenging cases in which patients not only present with an osteoporortic spine but also require pedicle screw fixation for successful surgical treatment. The materials of the pedicle screw, such as stainless steel, titanium alloy, and nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloy, may potentially cause corrosion and release some harmful metallic ions into the human body [7; 8; 9]. In order to improve corrosion resistance and fixation capability, a growing number of coating techniques are being used for biomedicalapplications [10; 11; 12]. In addition, because the compromised bone quality caused by osteoporosis increases the risk of an early fixation failure, such as screw loosening, several ways for enhancing device fixation have been explored. These include alterations of screw thread design, optimization of pilot hole size for non-self-tapping screws, modification of the implant's trajectory, and bone cement augmentation [13].  
A pedicle screw with dual thread has been developed for the mechanical improvement of pedicle screws by two different threads: a proximal fine pitch for the proximal shaft within the pedicle, and a distal standard single coarse pitch for cancellous bone. The potential advantage of pedicle screws with two different threads is supported by previous studies [14; 15]. However, some researchers suggest that the dual-threaded design did not yield any additional advantage over a single thread, as the cylindrical single-lead thread screws presented better biomechanical anchorage than the dual-lead thread screws in axial loading conditions [14]. Therefore, the selection of optimal thread design for the improvement of device fixation in clinical practice remains controversial. We designed a new type of dual-threaded screw and hypothesized that the screws with the dual-threaded design would exhibit better biomechanical performance compared to a single-threaded screw in terms of pullout strength, because of an increased resistance force to pullout in the cortical bone region.  
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the biomechanical performance of dual-threaded pedicle screws along with that of a newly designed dual-threaded screw in laminated polyurethane foam blocks simulating various levels of bone quality and compare it with that of a conventional single-threaded screw.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Historical Storm Surge Event, January 2019
#### 3.1.2 Impact on the Vistula Lagoon  
The hydrodynamics of the Vistula Lagoon during the event were largely governed by the exchange of water through the Strait of Baltiysk. The high sea level in the Gulf of Gdansk created a pressure gradient, forcing water into the lagoon. Simultaneously, strong NE winds amplified the surge effect by pushing additional water toward the southern parts of the lagoon, further exacerbating flooding risks.  
The combined effect of high sea levels and persistent easterly winds resulted in severe water accumulation in the southern part of the Vistula Lagoon. This pattern of damming in the Polish part of the lagoon is consistent with previous studies conducted for the period of 2008-2017 [5]. The storm surge caused a rapid rise in water levels near Elblag (Nowakowo) with recorded values exceeding 1.5 m asl, surpassing both the warning and alarm levels. Similar conditions were observed in Tolkmicko (Figure 1), where water levels reached approximately 1.38 m asl. These extreme water levels posed a significant flood risk to the adjacent polder areas of Zulawy Elblaskie, a low-lying region that is highly susceptible to inundation.
## 4 Discussion  
This work proposed a new configuration for SAW devices based on the partially etched ZnO/SiC structure. Diverse combinations of piezoelectric layer thickness, etching depth, electrode material, and metallization ratio provide many choices for practical use. We demonstrated the optimization of the proposed structure. As the quasi-Rayleigh mode wave and the quasi-Sezawa mode wave are distanced in the frequency domain and do not interfere with each other, they can be used individually and can exert their respective functions. Primarily, choosing a proper piezoelectric film thickness and etching ratio is the most necessary consideration. For the quasi-Rayleigh mode, higher ZnO thickness and etching depth both contribute to a higher \(K^{2}\), but it is at the expense of a decrease in \(V_{\rm p}\) and the ease of fabrication. For the quasi-Sezawa mode, the \(K^{2}\) value exhibits an increasing trend first and then decreases for each etching ratio, and the maximum value appears at \(h/\lambda=1\) and \(d/h=0.5\). In the subsequent optimization, a \(K^{2}\) that was as large as possible and an appropriate \(V_{\rm p}\) were both taken into consideration. Through modulating the electrode material and its thickness as well as the metallization ratio, the \(V_{\rm p}\) and \(K^{2}\) of quasi-Rayleigh mode finally reached 2102.8 m/s and 11.56%, while measurements of 5276 m/s and 8.17% for the quasi-Sezawa mode can be achieved.  
Additionally, adding a bottom electrode between the piezoelectric material and the substrate can form a hybrid quasi-SAW/BAW configuration. Since the acoustic velocity of the metal electrodes is much lower than SiC, the acoustic velocity exhibits a dramatic decrease compared to the partial etching of the structure only. If aiming at fabricating the low-frequency and large-bandwidth devices, adding a bottom electrode is a good choice  
Figure 7: \(V_{\rm p}\) (**b**) and \(K^{2}\) (**c**) of quasi-Rayleigh wave and quasi-Sezawa as functions of bottom electrode material and thickness \(t_{2}/\lambda\) based on the partially etched ZnO/metal/SiC structure (**a**).  
as the \(K^{2}\) can increase to 11.91%. As for building high-frequency and wideband devices, adding a bottom electrode may be not a good option because although the \(K^{2}\) can reach 9.26% after the optimization, the \(V_{p}\) will be reduced to 4754.8 m/s for the quasi-Sezawa as the bottom Al electrode normalized thickness \(t_{2}/\lambda\) is 0.1. This work offers a method for enhancing the \(K^{2}\) of the conventional layered structure and meets the needs of wideband filters and high sensitivity sensors. This work also provides guidance for experiments.
## 4 Results and Descriptive Analysis
### Driving Workload
#### 4.2.2 Influence of the Median Opening Length on the Driving Workload
When the opening length was 70 m, the average driving workload increased by 20.95% compared with that at 40 m. Truck drivers began to appear slightly nervous, but more than 85% of the participants were still in a normal driving condition. The driving safety risk was low, which indicates that the opening length of 70 m was more reasonable under the experimental road and traffic conditions. When the opening length was 100 m, the average driving workload significant increased by 56.28% compared with that at 70 m. Some truck drivers experienced serious tension and anxiety, and the proportion of higher risk was more than 15.41%, which indicates that this length was more radical under the experimental road and traffic conditions, making it difficult to ensure driving safety. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Independent Variable** & **Dependent Variable** & **Fitting Formula** & **Domain** & **Range** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Opening length} & Running speed & \(y=-1.673^{*}10^{-5.5}\times 3\) & \(0.003\times 2\) & \(0.217x+38.032\) & [50.07, 76.34] \\  & Mean speed & \(y=4.111^{*}10^{-8}x^{-}\) & \(-0.0013x^{2}+1.496x-1.519\) & [40, 130] & [40.11, 63.12] \\  & Driving workload & \(y=6.364^{*}10^{-8}x^{3}-1.095^{*}10^{-5}x^{2}+0.001x-0.004\) & & [0.00921, 0.03883] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Fitting results of different opening lengths with vehicle speed and driving workload in the work zone. Figure 10: Fitting curve of different opening lengths with vehicle speed and driving workload in the work zone. When the opening length was 130 m, the average driving workload was 4.16 times, 3.44 times and 2.20 times that at 40 m, 70 m and 100 m, respectively. More participants were in a high-tension state in the middle of the median opening. The proportion of high risk exceeded 15.85%, and the proportion of risk exceeded 38.99%, indicating that this opening length was too large under the experimental road and traffic conditions, resulting in higher driving safety risks at the median opening.
# Towards a Collection of Security and Privacy Patterns
## 3 Security Patterns
### Availability  
According to [37], availability is defined as \"readiness for correct system service\", whereby a service is deemed to be \"correct\" if it implements the specified system function. The term Readiness of a system, in this context, refers to obtaining a correct response to a request for accessing some information or using a resource. An alternative definition of Availability refers to the \"property of being accessible and usable on demand by an authorized entity\", as defined in ISO/IEC 15408-2008 [29].  
A more information technology-focused definition of Availability [38] refers to a system that is continuously operational for a desirably long length of time. Availability can be  
Figure 7: Descriptive overview of Server Sandbox pattern.  
measured relative to \"100% operational\" or \"never failing.\" In actual practice, Availability goals are expressed and measured in the number of nines of availability, typically ranging from 99.9% (3 NINES) to 99.999% (5 NINES) and even up to 99.9999% (6 NINES).  
Considering the above, we consider Availability as a property that refers to a high-level problem and depends on specific lower-level patterns, creating the context for them. The relationships of Availability with the specific patterns are depicted in Figure 8, in the form of a graph. Three core patterns have been identified for achieving Availability: Uptime, Redundancy, and Fault Management.
# From Mirrors to Free-Space Optical Communication--Historical Aspects in Data Transmission
## 5 FSO and Safety Concerns for Humans  
One of the most important issues relating to the use of FSO links is ensuring an appropriate level of eye safety. This is especially important not only during the link alignment, when technicians use telescopes or binoculars to look at the incoming beam but also during the ordinary operation of the FSO when unauthorized people could cross the laser path by accident. The definition of radiation that is safe for humans is included in the international standard IEC 60825 [92]. Accordingly, the intensity of laser radiation to which people may be exposed without suffering any harmful effects determines the time of the maximum permissible exposure. It depends on the wavelength of the radiation, the pulse duration, the type of tissue exposed to laser radiation, and the dimensions of the image on the retina (for wavelengths from 400 nm to 1400 nm). The main eye hazard from laser radiation is damage to the eye's retina [93]. Burns or damages caused by the laser may lead to permanent or temporary loss of vision, depending on the exposure time. Radiation in the wavelength range above 1400 nm, as well as below 400 nm, is strongly absorbed by tissues, and therefore it does not penetrate the eye and does not damage the retina. The introduced regulations concerning the classification of devices equipped with a laser are based on criteria of the wavelength and power density of the incident laser radiation. FSO links should meet the requirements of class 1, and with optical devices, they should meet those of class 1M.  
Conducted research shows that, for FSO systems operating with wavelengths of 1550 nm and 800 nm, the permissible power densities are 100 mW/cm\({}^{2}\) and 2.0 mW/cm\({}^{2}\), respectively [94]. Thus, for a transmitting lens with a diameter of 100 mm, the laser power can be increased to 160 mW for \(\lambda\) = 800 nm and up to 8 W for \(\lambda\) = 1550 nm. Thus, at a wavelength of 1550 nm, radiation can be emitted with 50 times more power than in the case of radiation with a wavelength of 800 nm. Due to eye safety, it is reasonable to use radiation sources in the far-infrared range in FSO systems. Naturally, visible light or ultraviolet links are not employed, as they carry a higher energy per photon, making them more dangerous. An additional issue to consider with visible-light-based systems is the fact that, due to the scattering of light from laser beams, beams could be visible to naked eyes during nighttime.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Method Validation
#### 3.2.3 Linearity  
The linearity of the chromatographic method was investigated at six different concentrations. During the analysis of the samples, three replicates were performed for each concentration level. The concentration vs. absorbance data were correlated with the linear regression analysis (Table 3). The good linearity of the method was also estimated by the % y-intercept values (intercept value \(\times\) 100/100% response) for each analyte which should be <2%.