esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Amphishea: A Novel Persistent Buffer Management Strategy to Improve SMR Disk Performance
## 6 Experiment  
### Experimental Setup  
The prototype system of Amphishea is implemented in user space [22; 33], log and its space allocation component and garbage collection component use the relevant functions provided by the open-source library libzbc [42] to interact with a real HM-SMR disk. The detailed parameters of the HM-SMR disk are listed in Table 2. All experimental evaluations were performed in a Ubuntu 20.04.1 environment configured with a 5.15.0 Linux kernel, with a workstation equipped with a 3.0 GHz AMD EPYC 7302 CPU and 128 GB DRAM.  
Since RMW operations in persistent buffer cleanup are the root cause of SMR disk performance jitter, a set of write-request dominated workloads from Microsoft Research Cambridge [17; 43] is selected to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. The de  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Values** \\ \hline Model type & Seagate Exos X18z HM-SMR SATA3 7200 RPM \\ Storage capacity & 18 TB \\ Block size & 512 B (logical)/4096 B (physical) \\ CMR zone size/number & 256 MB/180 (\#0\(\sim\)\#719) \\ SMR zone size/number & 256 MB/73,548 (\#720\(\sim\)\#67,055) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Specifications of the SMR Disk.  
tailed characteristics of the trace, as shown in Table 3, include the number of requests, write ratio, update ratio, write range, and average write size. Note that some additional features that affect the accuracy of the experimental evaluation results, such as read-ahead, read-lookahead, and write-cache, are disabled. Regarding the observation window mentioned in Section 5.1.1, we refer to the literature [41] to set its size to 1024. In addition, the sampling period in Section 5.2.3 is set to 10,000, which means that for every 10,000 write requests, the space allocator will check if the buffer space needs to be reallocated. To avoid overestimating the effect of the strategy, we dynamically set the size of the persistent buffer to 1% of the maximum access range of the trace, based on the study [6; 16]. The representative strategies chosen to compete with Amphisheaena are shown below:  
* Fluid [16] uses a circular log data layout to manage the persistent buffer. All incoming blocks are sequentially appended to the end of the log and can be updated in place. When the buffer is cleaned, the victim is evicted in a FIFO manner.
* Fluid_loop [16] follows the same data layout scheme as Fluid. The difference is that when the buffer is cleaned, the hot-zone blocks are re-queued to the head of the log instead of being written back.
* Skylight [6] uses a hash algorithm to map SMR zones to a specified buffer zone, which is a typical persistent buffer management strategy that can be used for CMR- or SMR-based persistent buffers. All incoming data is sequentially appended to a specified buffer zone, and when the buffer is cleaned, all buffered blocks in a CMR zone are written back to their native zone.
###### Abstract  
In remote areas, large power stations are often installed to supply local loads due to the difficulties of power transmission. However, with the development of renewable energies and poverty alleviation programs, many renewable energy stations have been installed in such areas. This large amount of surplus and fluctuating energy causes a poor voltage quality, and this problem is difficult to solve with traditional methods. Adding transmission lines can be a feasible solution, but the related research is limited. To provide a guideline for this solution, a network optimization algorithm is proposed in this paper. In the process, a sub-grid that is far from the national grid with an imbalanced power supply and demand is connected to the national grid directly to improve the power quality. First, the linear performance index power mileage is defined to facilitate the calculation and help denote the voltage quality. Then, an iterative algorithm is formed to perform the network optimization and automatically choose the number of clusters. A case study of an actual power grid in Chongqing, China, and an IEEE 123-bus case are used to verify our algorithm. The results show there is a great improvement in the voltage profile.  
adding transmission line; network optimization; voltage regulation; power mileage +
Footnote †: journal:
## Appendix A Template and Instructions for Annotation
### Data Consolidation and Preprocessing Steps  
* Text cleaning and preprocessing : Extraneous characters and irrelevant columns were removed to ensure consistency. Temporary columns, such as the 'Old Reason' column left by different annotation teams, were dynamically updated or removed as needed.
* Claim and evidence ID generation: Unique Claim_Topic_ID and Evidence_Topic_IDs were generated to maintain traceability between claims and their corresponding evidence, as detailed in Table 1.
* Annotation tracking and traceability: After cleaning the individual files from each annotation team, the Annotation_ID column was added to the dataset, with the same ID assigned to all instances curated by the respective team (B_2.0, C_2.1, C_2.2), enabling traceability back to the raw files.
* Dataset consolidation: The cleaned datasets were concatenated into a single DataFrame, and the index was reset to ensure consistency and avoid any indexing issues across the combined dataset.
* Consistency in labeling and reason propagation: Claims with the same Claim_Topic_ID were assigned the same propagated human-generated reasons to ensure consistency within each claim group, maintaining coherence across the related evidence pieces.
* Validation and reason type assignment: The dataset was validated by grouping entries by Claim_Topic_ID to verify that each claim was correctly linked with its evidence and explanation. The reasons were further categorized into abstractive and extractive, as described in Table 1.
## 5 Results and Discussion
### Thickness Effects of the Sensing Material  
Changes in the thickness of the HfO\({}_{2}\) sensing material affect the sensor's UV-C sensitivity, response time, and insertion loss. The extent of the center frequency shift and response time under UV exposure is examined for different thicknesses of HfO\({}_{2}\). Four  
Figure 9: (**a**) S\({}_{21}\) response of the fabricated sensor with a 30 nm-thick sensing material, measured using a network analyzer, (**b**) downshift in the center frequency due to increased conductivity in the HfO\({}_{2}\) sensing material when exposed to UV-C light, and (**c**) response and recovery times of the sensor to UV-C exposure.  
thicknesses of the HfO\({}_{2}\) sensing material are tested: 10 nm, 15 nm, 20 nm, and 30 nm. As the thickness increases, a greater frequency shift in sensitivity is observed due to a rise in the absorption rate of HfO\({}_{2}\), as less UV-C energy is transmitted without being absorbed. As shown in Figure 10a, the increase in thickness correlates with an increased absorption rate and a decreased transmission rate. However, as the thickness increases, the time required to reach a steady state in the frequency changes also increases, resulting in a longer response time. The increase in insertion loss of the SAW sensor reduces the oscillator's amplitude. When the oscillator amplitude falls below a certain critical level, it becomes difficult to read the signal at the mixer. The increased SAW damping due to the mass loading of the sensing material contributes to higher insertion loss, resulting from greater interference between the SAW energy and surrounding energy. To address this, increasing the voltage/current applied to the oscillator can induce a rise in amplitude. However, this increase is accompanied by higher power consumption. Therefore, to minimize insertion loss, factors such as optimal sensor design, reduction of manufacturing errors, and a trade-off between the thickness of the sensing material and the applied voltage were considered.
# A Formal Analysis of the Mimblewimble Cryptocurrency Protocol +
## 6 Mimblewimble Implementations
### Grin
#### 6.1.1 Blocks and Transactions  
In order to provide privacy and confidentiality guarantees, Grin transactions are based on confidential transactions. In Figure 11 (Appendix C), we can observe that each transaction contains a list of inputs and outputs. Each input and output is in the form of a Pedersen commitment, that is, a linear combination of the value of the transaction and a blinding factor. For instance, in the input structure (Appendix C, Figure A2, line 1729), there is a field that stores the commitment pointing to the output being spent.  
In addition, the transaction structure has a list of transaction kernels (of type _TxKernel_) with the transaction excess and the kernel signature. All these data have a straightforward relation to our definition of transaction (Definition 3).  
However, it is important to notice that the transaction kernel structure differs from our model since it does not contain the list of range proofs of the outputs. In \(\mathtt{Grin}\), it is part of the output structure (Appendix C, Figure A3, line 2045).  
Moreover, a \(\mathtt{Grin}\) transaction also includes the block number at which the transaction becomes valid. We did not add this data to the transaction structure yet. We also should include it in the signature process. In \(\mathtt{Grin}\), not only the transaction fee is signed, the signing process also takes into account the absolute position of the blocks in the chain. In this way, if a kernel block points to a height greater than the current one, it is rejected. If the relative position points to a specific kernel commitment, \(\mathtt{Grin}\) has the same behavior.  
\(\mathtt{Grin}\) Blocks also stores a kernel offset which is the sum of all the transaction kernel offsets added to the block. In our model, the kernel offset is defined within a block (Definition 9) and the notion of adding a transaction into a block is formalized on the block aggregation (Definition 11). Besides, the single aggregate offset allows to prove Lemma 7 as part of the Transaction Unlinkability property (Property 3).
# Design of a 2 m Primary Mirror Assembly Considering Fatigue Characteristics
## 2 Mirror Assembly Design
### Establishment of Flexible Structure Analysis Mode  
The analysis mode of the flexible support structure is established to verify the reliability of the mirror assembly. The analysis flow diagram is presented in Figure 5. The mode comprehensively considers the static, dynamic, and fatigue effects on flexible supports.  
The mirror body and test tooling are divided by shell elements. The flexible support structures and rigid connectors are mainly divided by octa-node hexahedral elements. The finite element model is shown in Figure 6, and the mesh generation process is presented in Table 1.  
Figure 4: Flexible support structure.  
Figure 3: Rigid connector.  
Test tooling and constraint are removed from the 18 threaded holes on the back of flexible supports during static analysis. The test tooling is connected to the vibration experimental platform, and holes at its bottom are constrained during dynamic analysis. We calculate the mirror surface errors according to the analysis results using MATLAB software. We perform modal, vibration, and fatigue life analyses when the analysis results meet the design requirements. These processes are connected via ISIGHT software, and an automated simulation mode is built to achieve the optimal design of the flexible support. The design route of the mode is shown in Figure 7. According to the finite element analysis  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Component** & **Quantity** & **Material** & **Elements** & **Nodes** & **Card Image** \\ \hline
**Mirror** & \(1\) & SiC & 156,476 & 141,724 & PSHELL \\
**Rigid connector** & \(3\) & 4J32 & 39,932 & 30,810 & PSOLID \\
**Flexible support** & \(3\) & TC17 & 62,994 & 46,542 & PSOLID \\
**Test tooling** & \(1\) & Al & 128,341 & 95,566 & PSHELL \\
**Total** & & & 387,743 & 314,642 & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Mesh generation of mirror assembly.  
Figure 5: Analysis flow diagram.  
Figure 6: Finite element mode.  
results, the optimal \(\mathbf{L_{1}}\), \(\mathbf{L_{2}}\), \(\mathbf{L_{3}}\), and \(\mathbf{L_{4}}\) values are 9, 2.5, 3.5, and 35 mm, respectively. However, the mirror surface error is significantly more than the design indexes. Hence, determining the correct installation position of flexible supports is necessary.
# Design of MIMO Antenna with Double L-Shaped Structure for 5G NR
## 2 Design of Proposed MIMO Antenna  
### Antenna Geometry  
The proposed eight-port MIMO antenna is shown in Figure 0(a), and it has eight antenna units with numbers ranging from Ant1 to Ant8. On an FR4 substrate with copper cladding on both sides and a relative permittivity of 4.4, these antenna elements are arranged symmetrically. The size of the substrate used in this design is 150 \(\times\) 75 \(\times\) 0.8 mm\({}^{3}\). Meanwhile, the dimensions of the proposed antenna are L1 = 4 mm, L2 = 10.9 mm, W1 = 2.5 mm, and W2 = 1 mm, as shown in Figure 1, indicating that the antenna can be easily used in a 5.9-inch 5G smartphone. Figure 0(b) shows the detailed structure of the antenna elements (taking Ant1 as an example). A feed strip printed in the shape of an L is used to feed the slot coupling. The feeding strip is divided into two sections, namely the vertical part with dimensions 13.4 \(\times\) 2.5 mm\({}^{2}\) (50 \(\Omega\) feeders) and the horizontal stub with dimensions of 4 \(\times\) 2.5 mm\({}^{2}\). This antenna, unlike traditional closed-slot antennas, has an etched L-slot radiator with an open slot. The slot is divided into two parts in this case: horizontal slot and open branch slot. The horizontal slot's length and width are 9 mm and 5 mm, respectively, on which the I-shaped open branch is etched. Furthermore, the open branch's size is 4 mm 1 mm, and this extended open branch is used to increase the capacitance of the slot antenna, thereby improving the antenna's impedance matching performance.
## 4 Experimental Setup  
For the purposes of the evaluation of the FEA results of bending angle range, measurements were performed under controlled conditions adapted to the experiment, as shown in Figure 7. For determining the bending angle of the 3D-printed finger joint, a computer vision system with Hikvision Darkfighter DS-2 CD7026G0 Network IP camera was chosen. The camera was previously calibrated for the given measurement setup.  
Figure 7 explains the experimental setup in detail, where a 3D-printed finger (1) is attached to the supporting structure (3) in the MP joint at one end, while the other end remains free. At the top of the finger, there is an opening where a thin nonelastic string (5) is pulled through and a load is connected to a string's free end (4) so that the load is perpendicular to the supporting structure. This way, the experimental setup mimics the FEA simulation. The camera (2) is placed sideways so that it captures optimal frontal projection.  
For designing the technological process of 3D printing with the purpose of experimental prototypes of the compliant fingers, it is necessary to choose adequate printing parameters. The prototypes of the finger were 3D-printed on Creality Ender 5 PRO using FDM, which is a frequently applied additive manufacturing technology.  
The process of creating 3D objects using filament, Taulman Nylon 230 in this case, is performed by heating the 0.4 mm diameter nozzle of the 3D printer to 235 \({}^{\circ}\)C, which results in the filament changing to a semi-liquid state. Layer height is 0.15 mm and is applied in each iteration, and layer by layer of material is joined with previously applied layers. All the printing parameters are listed in Table 2.  
Once the prototypes were printed and the experiment setup was installed, the measurements of the motion range were taken. By recording the image of the 3D-printed prototype in different positions, it was possible to determine the path and angle of the prototype's end that occur when the load was added in the mentioned way. Processing of the recorded images was performed using a program written in Python, using the OpenCV library of algorithms.  
Figure 7: Experimental setup for vision-based measurement of the bending angle range of 3D-printed finger. (1) 3D-printed finger. (2) Camera. (3) Supporting structure. (4) Load. (5) Thin nonelastic string.  
Weights of 10 g, 20 g, 30 g, and 40 g were added one after the other in order to determine the maximal 3D-printed compliant finger bending angle (as described in the previous section). Images were taken for each position of the measurement series when the system was in balance, and after that, the angles were measured using computer vision. The system remained unloaded between each measurement until it returned to its original position.  
The results of measurements after image processing were compared with manual measurements using a digital protractor, and they are presented and discussed in the Section 6.
# Diagenesis of Deep Low Permeability Reservoir in Huizhou Sag and Its Influence on Reservoirs
## 4 Results
### Basic Characteristics of Reservoir
#### 4.1.2 Reservoir Space Characteristics  
According to a comprehensive analysis of 105 rock samples from the Enping Formation, for example, the deep low permeability reservoir of the Enping Formation is characterized by a porous reservoir. In the samples, the pores mainly included primary intergranular pores (19.8%), intergranular dissolved pores (27.1%), dissolved pores in grains (10.9%), kaolinite intergranular pores (12.3%), mold pores (18.1%), matrix micropores (3.2%), microcracks (3.1%), and fewer diagenetic fractures (4.2%). However, the Enping Formation contained a high proportion of primary intergranular pores, with an average of 25.25%, which play a vital role in the formation and development of reservoirs. The microscopic observations revealed that primary intergranular pores are mainly developed in quartz-rich sandstones such as feldspar quartz sandstone (Q\({}_{76}\)F\({}_{16}\)L\({}_{8}\)) and lithic quartz sandstone (Q\({}_{67}\)F\({}_{15}\)L\({}_{18}\)), and there is no calcareous or clay cementation between the skeleton particles. Ultimately, dissolution pores are the essential type of reservoir space, which have a significant influence on the reservoir's physical properties, and their porosity contribution rate is approximately 48% (Figure 5).
###### Abstract
Multiple methods have been used to characterize the shale pore structure in K\({}_{2}\)q and K\({}_{2}\)n of the Songliao Basin, including the application of fractal dimensions. [PERSON] et al. analyzed the geochemical, pore structural, and fractal characteristics of the K\({}_{2}\)n samples from an outcrop section located at the junction zone of the Central Depression and Southeastern Uplift and showed that the fractal dimension of the K\({}_{2}\)n shale is positively correlated with the organic matter, clay content, total pore volume, and specific surface area [47]. [PERSON] et al. measured the content and proportion of retained hydrocarbons at different stages of maturity for outcrop samples from K\({}_{2}\)n and found that the K\({}_{2}\)n shale in Songliao Basin has the strongest retention capacity but the weakest expulsion capacity compared to shales in other basins [48]. [PERSON] et al. showed variation in the permeability of the low-maturity shale of K\({}_{2}\)n with increasing temperatures [49]. Similar to the previous study, [PERSON] et al. analyzed the shale pore structures of samples from multiple boreholes and inferred a positive correlation between the fractal dimension and the organic matter content [50]. On the contrary, [PERSON] et al. analyzed the pore structure parameters and the fractal dimension of the K\({}_{2}\)q shale in the Songliao Basin and found a U-shaped relationship between the fractal dimensions and the TOC content [51]. The different findings on the relationship between the pore structure and shale composition may be due to different studied intervals and discontinuous or weathered samples from multiple cores and outcrop sections. The SK-1 scientific drilling project, under the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program framework, has recovered \(\sim\)165 m continuous cores of lacustrine shales from the Nenjiang Formation in Songliao Basin. In this study, we collected 16 samples of shale in the first and second members of the Nenjiang Formation (K\({}_{2}\)n\({}^{1+2}\)) of the SK-1(S) well and conducted scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and rock pyrolysis analysis. The primary objectives of this study were: (1) to study the pore morphology and pore structure of lacustrine shales, (2) to analyze the relationship between the mineral content and pore space, and (3) to introduce fractal dimensions to characterize the pore structure and analyze its relationship with TOC. Our research complements the vertical variation in the pore characteristics of continuous shale samples and provides a reference for shale oil evaluation of the Nengjiang Formation in the Songliao Basin.