# Towards Climate Smart Farming--A Reference Architecture for Integrated Farming Systems
## 3 MiFarm-CSA Architecture
### Integrated Data Collection Network
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Concept—Technology** & **Definition** \\ \hline Climate Smart Agriculture & Agriculture that boosts productivity, enhances resilience, minimises greenhouse gas emissions, and facilitates achievement of national and international food security and development goals \\ \hline Integrated Farming Systems & A biologically integrated system, which integrates natural resources in a regulated mechanism into farming activities to achieve maximum replacement of off-farm inputs and sustain farm income. \\ \hline Mixed Farming Systems & A type of farming which involves crop cultivation and livestock rearing together in an integrated form that is managed as a single farming system. \\ \hline Precision Agriculture & A farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter and intra-field variability in crops, aiming to lay down a decision support system for the whole farm management with the goal of optimizing yield while preserving resources. \\ \hline ”hicle & An aircraft without a human pilot on board. \\ \hline Internet of Things & A network of physical objects, “things”, that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems over the Internet \\ \hline Flying Ad-Hoc Network & An Ad-Hoc network structure which is formed by a set of UAVs of which at least one must be connected to a ground control station or satellite \\ \hline Radio-frequency Identification & A technology that uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. \\ \hline Machine Learning & An application of artificial intelligence (AI) that provides systems the ability to automatically learn and improve from experience without being explicitly programmed. \\ \hline Low-Power Wide-Area Network & A type of wireless telecommunication wide area network designed to allow long-range communications at a low bit rate among things, such as sensors operated on a battery. \\ \hline Geographic Information System & A conceptualized framework that provides the ability to capture and analyze spatial and geographic data. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Definitions of concepts, technologies and practices. forests [82]. The UAVs can be equipped with (i) multispectral sensors, (ii) hyperspectral sensors, (iii) thermal sensors, (iv) cameras and (v) GPS. The information is gathered by scanning crops, livestock and forest landscapes. In particular, by scanning the crops, ASSM will acquire (i) soil and field analysis, (ii) crop monitoring, (iii) yield estimation (iv) bidirectional reflectance properties of plant surfaces, (v) health of plants (leaf area index, chlorophyll content, water stress detection, photosynthesis soil analysis) and (vi) soil composition in agricultural fields to estimate crop yields based on the computation of vegetation indices in farmlands [83]. By scanning livestock, ASSM will be able to gather information related to (i) counting animals; (ii) locations of animals; (iii) animal temperature; (iv) body condition scoring; (v) number of newly born animals; (vi) disease detection and animal identification using radio frequency identification (RFID). Lastly, ASSM will be capable of monitoring forests in terms of (i) carbon sequestration, (ii) tree canopy analysis, (iii) conservation features, (iv) monitoring biodiversity, (v) ecological landscape features and (vi) plant and tree health. As a result, ASSM constitutes a powerful information gathering tool, which offers advanced, real-time data collection and measurements tool, while expanding the monitored landscape, thereby allowing the development of MFS in rough areas. ASSM is expected to contribute to the resilience increase through instant macroscopic data gathering which enhances decision making, while reducing the cost (labor cost and data acquiring) of current solutions, e.g., ground surveying.