## 2 Techno-Economic Analysis at 2030
### Materials and Methods
Calculating the contribution of these two costs for the reference parks in [11; 17], subtracting them from the average CAPEX and rounding, the base value of CAPEX for this study was fixed at 2 ME/MW. Distance from shore of 10 to 200 km are considered. However, water depth in most of the Italian marine areas with high wind resources reach 1000 m (the present limit for the installation of floating wind turbines, according to the developers [11] within 50 km). The range 50-200 km refer to northern European seas. * With regards to the speed maps, data relating to offshore areas appear to be affected by great uncertainty: the measurements used for the calibration of the offshore maps of the atlas are few and almost all from satellite;
* The maps may be slightly underestimated;
* The offshore wind turbine technology has greatly evolved from 2007 to today;
* The specific production reported in the atlas refer to gross specific production: this means that it does not consider the losses due to aerodynamic interference between the turbines of the same fleet, the network losses, or those due to machine downtime, while the CF used in the calculation of the LCoE refers to net production;
* The maximum height of the maps is 100 m above sea level, while the hub height of the reference turbines is around 120 m.  
In order to evaluate the increase of available energy per unit of area between 100 and 120 m, first, the \"wind shear\" law [22], expressed by the following formula, has been applied to calculate the ratio between the wind speed 120 m and 100 m a.s.l. \[\frac{v_{z}}{v_{z0}}=\left(\frac{z}{z_{0}}\right)^{\alpha} \tag{3}\]  
where \(v_{z}\) and \(v_{z0}\) are the wind speeds respectively at the height \(z\) and \(z_{0}\) a.t.l./a.s.l. and \(\alpha\) is an empirically coefficient, called wind shear coefficient or friction coefficient, which takes into account the stability of the atmosphere, the roughness, and morphology of the terrain/sea and the wind speed--\(\alpha\) = 0.11 is the standard value for offshore areas. According to the fact that the available wind energy is proportional to the third power of the wind speed, the ratio of the available energy at 120 m and 100 m has been calculated applying the third power to the found ratio. The result is that the available energy at 120 m is 6.2% higher than the one at 100 m. Considering that 6.2% found value is comparable to the energy losses of an offshore wind park, the ATLAEOLICO gross specific production map (measured in equivalent hours) at 100 m a.s.l. has been assumed as the net specific production map at 120 m a.s.l. Table 1 shows the correspondence between the ATLAEOLICO specific production map values and the CF values considered in the LCoE calculation. According to the map shown in Figure 1, CF value between 25% and 45% represent different marine areas in Italy, while the two more values 50% and 55% are also considered in the calculation to represent the northern Europe context. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**NEH** & **CF** \\ \hline
2409 & 25 \\
2891 & 30 \\
3373 & 35 \\
3854 & 40 \\
4336 & 45 \\
4818 & 50 \\
5300 & 55 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Correspondence between net equivalent hours (NEH) at 120 m a.s.l. and capacity factors (CF). The WACC, weighted average cost of capital, is a statistical parameter that is calculated and studied as a tool for evaluating investments. It is influenced by a multiplicity of different factors and it is quite difficult to assess in a developing sector. To determine the range of variability of WACC for this study, the authors mainly refer to literature. A BGV Associates and WindEurope study [23] estimates a value of 5.5% for a 1000 MW for commercial offshore park with fixed foundations, while [24] indicates 4.8%. Due to the higher uncertainty of the floating wind energy sector, a conservative range of 5-9% was considered. Once the inputs and their variability have been defined, a calculation tool was created to calculate LCoE values shown in the following paragraph.