esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results
### Case Study 2: GSE81082 Dataset  
Williams-Beuren Syndrome (WBS) is a genetic condition associated with multiple symptoms, such as cognitive challenges and craniofacial dysmorphology. It is caused by a genetic abnormality involving genes in chromosome 7q11.23. The GSE81082 dataset was used to study the transcriptional landscape of how dysregulation of _Gtf2 ird1_, one of the genes within a domain of 7q11.23, affects facial dysmorphology using _Gtf2 ird1_ knockout mice.  
The DEGs were calculated using DESeq2 and identified using a log2 FC cutoff of 0.7 and a \(p\)-value cutoff of 0.005; they are visualized using a volcano plot in Figure 5A. Typically, DEGs are ranked either by fold changes or \(p\)-values, to be prioritized for downstream analysis. The underlying assumption is that the more perturbed genes are the more biologically important. Therefore, such ranking-based approaches sometimes fail to determine the phenotypically significant DEGs when the expression changes are noncompetitive.  
Figure 4: Network analysis of the GSE179385 dataset. ((**A**) Network level analysis plot.) The network analysis result is displayed in a scatter plot and this reveals that _Prakca_ is one of the most probable candidates. ((**B**) TF Network Visualization using Cytoscape.js.) The network analysis result was visualized in a network. The connectivity and interactions of _Epa1_ and its downstream genes can be easily observed.  
Biological phenomena result from the interaction of multiple genes, so the network of genes can explain complex phenotypes or diseases in many cases [32].  
Transforming growth factor beta 2 (_Tgfb2_) is an inhibitor of cell proliferation and is known to be involved in intellectual disability and craniofacial defects [33; 34]. The network level analysis suggested this gene as one of the most probable candidates possibly relevant to the phenotype, as shown in Figure 5B. Similarly, _Csrp2_, known to promote proliferation and cell cycle progression when knocked down, also appeared to be prominent in the network-level analysis result. This gene is known to be downregulated when BEN, one of the TFII-I family of helix-loop-helix TFs, is upregulated in mouse embryonic fibroblasts, and GTF2 IRD1 is another member of the TFII-I family sharing considerable sequence and structural similarity with BEN [35; 36]. This implies that _Csrp2_ can be considered a candidate downstream gene of _Gtf2 ird1_. In Figure 6, in the network visualization tab, the topological importance is depicted in detail.The aforementioned genes are the direct target of _Gtf2 ird1_ and their connectivity implies that they may have critical roles in the development of the phenotype.  
Figure 5: Analysis result of the GSES1082 dataset. ((**A**) Volcano Plot) The DEGs were detected with a log2 fold change of 0.7 and \(p\)-value of 0.005. ((**B**) Network level analysis plot) The network analysis result is displayed in a scatter plot and this reveals that _Tgfb2_ was one of the most probable candidates.
## 3 Background
### Hotspot
#### 3.4.3 Hotspot 2.0
If everything works correctly, then the STA module assumes that the access point has the Hotspot 2.0 facility and the other activities are performed as in active scan procedure. * The STA gathers roaming WLAN information: The generic advertisement service (GAS) is a mechanism that allows an STA module to exchange requests and response packets with the WLAN side. Firstly, the STA sends a GAS Initial Request to the access point along with supported authentication types, Hotspot 2.0 operators, and  
Figure 2: Generic structure of Hotspot 2.0.  
related details. Upon the receipt of such a packet, the access point responds with GAS Initial Response packet that contains the ANQP-structured contents such as, the roaming consortium list, domain name, venue name, venue info, operator friendly name, IP address type availability, connection capacity, network authentication type information, access network type field, internet available field, BSS load information, Hotspot 2.0 indication, operating class indication, network access identifier (NAI) realm, 3 GPP cellular public land mobile network (PLMN), and the homogeneous extended service set (HESSID). * The STA association with the access point: Upon the detection of a target WLAN, the STA module sends an association request to the access point with the NAI realm, network type, authentication types, and Hotspot 2.0 indication. If all works correctly, the access point responds back with an association response frame to the STA module where the advanced encryption standard (AES)-aware 802.1X authentication procedure is embedded. * STA authentication: An STA module sends an 802.1X authentication request to the access point, which then forwards it to the 802.1X authentication server (AAA) via an 802.1X relay (access controller) along with the NAI reports. A home authentication server (AAA) then communicates with the remote AAA server for the requisite authentication approval. If all works correctly, remote AAA server then grants access of the WLAN to the STA module. In [92], a strong authentication scheme was proposed that is able to find the federated identities without tamper-resistant hardware. The study shows the password-based credential (PBC) to resist offline attacks by using a randomize-then-prove approach. This work shows how the PBC can be assessed as publicly verifiable for a federated identity application. In [93], a quantum-safe password authentication scheme was elaborated for its use in mobile devices. In this method, the password-authenticated key exchange (PAKE) system is deployed between two peer devices. Asymmetric-PAKE protocols can be used in this ecosystem to lower the remote server-aware plain text compromise that is posed by an attacker by storing the hash of the user's password. It is guaranteed that the user's password is never transmitted to the remote server. To improve the security of the system, smooth projectile hash functions (SPHF) and commitment-based password-hashing schemes (PHS) are introduced in the study. We believe that such schemes can be considered as alternatives to the generic hotspot architecture.
## Appendix A
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Instrument/Mission** & **Frequency** & **Antenna Size** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Spatial** \\ **[GHz]** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Mass** \\ **[m]** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Power** \\ **[km]** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Data Rate** \\ **[kg]** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Orbit Altitude** \\ **[km]** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Altika/SARAL [25] & 23.8, 36.5, 35.75 & 1 & 10 & 40 & 85 & 43 & 800 \\ \hline SWIM/CRSAT [25] & 13.58 & 0.9 & - & 120 & 50 & 519 \\ \hline Altimeter/SWOT [24] & 5.405 & 9-50 @ 80–400 & 850 & 400 & 600 & 693 \\ \hline SAR (CSA)/RADARSAT [24] & 5.405 & 16–10 @ 20–500 & 705 & 650 & 105 & 798 \\ \hline SAR RCM/RCM [24] & 5.4 & 3–100 @ 20–500 & 600 & 174 & - & 592 \\ \hline COSI/KOMPSAT-5 [24] & 9.66 & 1–20 @ 5–100 & 520 & 600 & 310 & 550 \\ \hline Severjennim-M/Meteor-M N2 [25, 83] & 9.623 & 40–100@ 600 & 150 & 1000 & 10 & 830 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* The background color in the table indicates the type of platform suitable for the instrument according to the power and mass requirements: gray: mini-platform; black: large-platform.  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Survey of SAR image instruments.
###### Abstract
rosea_ during interactions with its hosts (_Botrytis cinerea_ and _F. graminearum_) showed that transcriptional responses of _C. rosea_ could predict more than half of the transcripts encoding membrane transporters (61%), followed by biosynthesis of secondary metabolites (12%) and carbohydrate-active enzymes (7%) [29]. Especially, the expressions of the two ABC transporter genes, i.e., _abcC8_ and _abcG18_ of _C. rosea_, were induced during the interaction with respective hosts _B. cinerea_ and _F. graminearum_[29]. Moreover, the transcriptional responses of _C. rosea_ genes such as _abcC8_ and _abcG18_ were induced by fungicides (boscalid and mefenoxam) and the mycotoxin zeanelenone, respectively [29]. Despite significant research advancements in fungal functional genes and transcriptomics, the knowledge of transcriptomics in mycoparsitic specialists continues to lag far behind that of the mycoparsatic generalists. In addition, the distinction of _Sphaerodes_ RNASeq profile from _Trichoderma_ and _Clonostachys_ transcriptomics remains unknown. This study on _Sphaerodes_ focuses on membrane-bound or integral membrane proteins with diverse ABC transporter functions involved in the detoxification of toxic compounds/mycotoxins within the interactive mycoparsaite-_Fusarium_ zone. Moreover, a refined identification, classification, and evolutionary phylogeny of ABC transporters based on the transcripts may serve as predictive indications for differences in ecology and biocontrol efficiencies across different mycobacteria lifestyles. An improved specific biocontrol against _Fusarium graminearum_ in cereals is still waiting for genomic and transcriptomic solutions [30]. The need is further accentuated since the world production of cereals encountered a steady increase in _F. graminearum_ incidence and experienced devastating losses due to Fusarium head blight (FHB) outbreaks and associated mycotoxins over the last decades [31]. In this study, we aimed to better understand the transcriptomic bases of mycoparsaitism in _S. mycoparsaitia_ interacting with the _Fusarium_ host, with particular emphasis on the ABC families of transporters possibly involved in the mechanisms of biocontrol, virulence, multiresistance, and cell detoxification. The results could further help to better explain the differences between distinct microm parasitic lifestyles as well as the evolutionary advantages of the biotrophic-specific mycoparasitism as compared with well-known necrotic mycoparasitism.
# Outdoor Visible Light Communication in Intelligent Transportation Systems: Impact of Snow and Rain
###### Abstract  
A comprehensive study of outdoor visible light communication (VLC) under snow and rain effects has been conducted in this paper. This paper analyzes the expected rain attenuation of Marshal, Carbonneau, and Japan models at different precipitation levels. Snow attenuation is measured in wet and dry situations at various precipitation levels as well. Therefore, a full comparison is carried out for different attenuation effects on certain outdoor VLC design characteristics such as the maximum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), optical power received, bit error rate (BER), and maximum coverage area. VLC with various modulation techniques is considered. The ON-OFF Keying (OOK), L-Pulse Position Modulation (L-PPM), Inverse L-Pulse Position Modulation (I-L-PPM), and Subcarrier Binary Phase-Shift Keying (SC-BPSK) are investigated. The simulation results show a considerable difference in the information received under different weather conditions depending on the type of modulation scheme used. The simulation has been done on a two-lane road, and a green traffic light-emitting diode (LED) with a wavelength of 505 nm is used as a transmitter. A non-imaging concentrator coupled with a photodetector is considered to be a cost-effective receiver.  
visible light communication (VLC); LED-based traffic light; non-imaging concentrators; intelligent transportation systems (ITS); weather conditions; modulation techniques +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 3 Empirical AM-FM Decomposition  
To estimate instantaneous frequency accurately via commonly used Hilbert transform, it requires the signal to be mono-component and satisfy Bedrosian and Nuttall theorem, i.e., the spectra of carrier signal and amplitude envelope do not overlap in frequency domain [37]. However, the IMFs obtained from VMD do not satisfy this condition automatically. In this case, amplitude envelope will contaminate the carrier signal, and instantaneous frequency estimation via Hilbert transform is subject to influences of amplitude envelope, leading to occasional negative frequency values.  
To address this issue, we preprocess the IMFs with empirical AM-FM decomposition. For any AM-FM component, its instantaneous frequency is essentially contained in the carrier signal. Empirical AM-FM decomposition can separate an IMF of AM-FM nature into corresponding amplitude envelope and carrier signal, thus removing the effect of AM term on instantaneous frequency estimation, and fulfilling the requirement by [PERSON] and Nuttall theorem.  
Empirical AM-FM decomposition is based on iterative applications of cubic spline fitting to the local maxima of the signal absolute value, and separates the AM and FM parts of any IMF signal uniquely but empirically through a normalization scheme [38]:  
1. Initialization: Given an IMF \(u(t)\), set iteration index \(i=1\), residual signal \(r_{0}(t)=u(t)\).  
2. For the residual signal \(r_{i-1}(t)\), identify all the local maxima of its absolute value.  
3. Fit to the local maxima using a cubic spline, obtaining the empirical envelope \(e_{i}(t)\).  
4. Normalize the residual signal \(r_{i-1}(t)\) using the empirical envelope \(e_{i}(t)\), obtaining the normalized residual \(r_{i}(t)=\frac{r_{i-1}(t)}{e_{i}(t)}\). Using the absolute value data fitting, the normalized signal is guaranteed symmetric about the zero mean.  
5. Check the stop criterion, if \(r_{i}(t)\leq 1\) for all \(t\), terminate the normalization, and designate the empirical FM part \(c(t)=r_{i}(t)=\cos[\phi(t)]\), which is a pure FM function with unity amplitude, and the AM part (amplitude envelope) \(a(t)=\frac{u(t)}{c(t)}=\prod\limits_{k=1}^{i}e_{k}(t)\). Otherwise, let \(i=i+1\), go to Step 1 and repeat Steps 2-5.  
After empirical AM-FM decomposition, the IMF can be written as  
\[u(t)=a(t)c(t)=a(t)\cos[\phi(t)]. \tag{12}\]It separates any IMF empirically and uniquely into the corresponding amplitude envelope (AM) and the carrier signal (FM) parts. The obtained normalized carrier signal \(c(t)\) has unity amplitude, thus satisfying the requirement by Bedrosian and Nuttall theorem automatically.
###### Abstract  
Six wild-type non-_Saccharomyces_ strains, belonging to the species _Zyogosaccharomyces bailii_, _Pricomyces carsonii_, _Trigonopsis californica_, and _Pichia manshurica_, were evaluated for white wine production using Assyrtiko grapes from Santorini in Greece. Fermentation kinetics, in terms of glucose and fructose consumption and sensory analysis, was first employed to test the enological potential of the yeast strains. Based on their performance, two strains of _Z. bailii_ (Zb-A19Y5 and Zb-K29Y2) and one strain of _T. californica_ (Tc-A9Y1) selected for further analysis. The selected strains were tested in larger fermentation volumes for sugar consumption, while the produced wines were assessed for classical enological parameters, volatile compounds (GC/MS), and sensory analysis. Tc-A9Y1 could lead to dry wine (1 g/L of residual sugars) with 1.6 vol (12%) less alcohol than the other experimental wines. The wines that were fermented with the strain Zb-K29Y2 exhibited very high concentrations of isoamyl alcohol (604.33 \(\pm\) 76.8 mg/L), but at the same time, they were characterized by low fruity notes. None of the produced wines presented any off-flavor aromas. Exploiting non-_Saccharomyces_ strains with great fermentation capacity, which are able to produce high-quality wines and adapted to global warming conditions, is a new challenge for the wine industry.  
non-_Saccharomyces_ yeast; assyrtiko; winemaking: _Zyogosaccharomyces_ bailii_; _Pricomyces carsonii_; _Trigonopsis californica_
# Introduction to Photonics: Principles and the Most Recent Applications of Microstructures
###### Abstract  
Light has found applications in data transmission, such as optical fibers and waveguides and in optoelectronics. It consists of a series of electromagnetic waves, with particle behavior. Photonics involves the proper use of light as a tool for the benefit of humans. It is derived from the root word \"photon\", which connotes the tiniest entity of light analogous to an electron in electricity. Photonics have a broad range of scientific and technological applications that are practically limitless and include medical diagnostics, organic synthesis, communications, as well as fusion energy. This will enhance the quality of life in many areas such as communications and information technology, advanced manufacturing, defense, health, medicine, and energy. The signal transmission methods used in wireless photonic systems are digital baseband and RoF (Radio-over-Fiber) optical communication. Microwave photonics is considered to be one of the emerging research fields. The mid infrared (mid-IR) spectroscopy offers a principal means for biological structure analysis as well as nonintrusive measurements. There is a lower loss in the propagations involving waveguides. Waveguides have simple structures and are cost-efficient in comparison with optical fibers. These are important components due to their compactness, low profile, and many advantages over conventional metallic waveguides. Among the waveguides, optofluidic waveguides have been found to provide a very powerful foundation for building optofluidic sensors. These can be used to fabricate the biosensors based on fluorescence. In an optical fiber, the evanescent field excitation is employed to sense the environmental refractive index changes. Optical fibers as waveguides can be used as sensors to measure strain, temperature, pressure, displacements, vibrations, and other quantities by modifying a fiber. For some application areas, however, fiber-optic sensors are increasingly recognized as a technology with very interesting possibilities. In this review, we present the most common and recent applications of the optical fiber-based sensors. These kinds of sensors can be fabricated by a modification of the waveguide structures to enhance the evanescent field; therefore, direct interactions of the measurand with electromagnetic waves can be performed. In this research, the most recent applications of photonics components are studied and discussed.  
keywords:light; photon; communications; waveguides; fibers; biosensors +
Footnote †: journal: Journal of Physics B
# Optimization of Blended Biochar Pellet by the Use of Nutrient Releasing Model
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Biochar Pellet Production  
Biochar from rice hull was collected from a local farming cooperative society in Go-Chang, JenBok, Korea. The pig manure compost was purchased from the company (NOUSBO Co., Suwon, Korea) having a nationwide distribution network. The biochar was produced from a pyrolysis system and applied with \"top to bottom method\". This pyrolysis system consisted of rice hull burning from the upper part, thus almost excluded oxygen from outside of the system. The loading volume of rice hull was 1.5 m\({}^{3}\), and the temperature of pyrolysis process ranged from 400 to 500 \({}^{\circ}\)C during 4 h. The produced biochar was ground in a grinder and roller to pass through a 2 mm sieve before analysis. Physiochemical properties of biochar and pig manure compost used are presented in Table 1. The biochar was generally alkaline in nature (pH 9.8) and low in total nitrogen (TN) (2.0 g kg\({}^{-1}\)). The content of total hydrogen (T-H) and H: C ratios were 17.6 g kg\({}^{-1}\) and 0.031, respectively.  
Prior to pelletizing, biochar was sieved using a series of sieves (0.5 mm to 5 mm) to measure the particle distribution. It was then blended with pig manure compost as a binder to produce a biochar pellet. The combination ratios of biochar and pig manure compost were 9:1, 8:2, 6:4, and 2:8 (w/w), and the size of biochar pellet was \(\mathcal{O}\) 0.51 cm \(\times\) 0.78 cm. The blended materials (total weight = 2.5 kg) were thoroughly mixed using an agitator (SungChang Co., KyungGi, Korea) for 5 min. Then, while continuously mixing, the combination was sprayed with 1000 mL of deionized water for 10 min. The biochar pellet produced through the pellet machine (7.5 KW, 10 HP, KumKang Engineering Pellet Mill Co., DaeGu, Korea) with the combination of biochar and pig manure compost is described in the Figure 1.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Parameters** & **Units** & **Biochar** & **Pig Manure Compost** \\ \hline pH & - & 9.78 (1:20 ratio) & 8.77 (1:5 ratio) \\ EC & dS m\({}^{-1}\) & 16.5 & 3.4 \\ TC & g kg\({}^{-1}\) & 566.0 & 289.0 \\ TOC & g kg\({}^{-1}\) & 553.5 & 259.0 \\ TIC & g kg\({}^{-1}\) & 42.5 & 30.2 \\ N & g kg\({}^{-1}\) & 2.0 & 29.1.0 \\ P & mg kg\({}^{-1}\) & 132.9 & 1744.7 \\ K & g kg\({}^{-1}\) & 20.2 & 14.5 \\ Si & mg kg\({}^{-1}\) & 1096.0 & 403.6 \\ \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{1}\) TC; Total carbon, TOC; Total organic carbon, TIC; Total inorganic carbon, N; Total nitrogen, P; Total phosphorus, K; Total potassium and Si; Total silica.  
\end{table}
Table 1: Characteristics of biochar and pig manure compost used \({}^{1}\).  
Figure 1: Processing diagram of the biochar pellet with different combinations of biochar and pig manure compost described by [PERSON] et al. (2018) [26].
## 1 Introduction
However, there are limitations in the proposed method in identifying the actual intention of the user and effectively acting in some scenarios (a detailed explanation is given in Section 3.3.1). According to [21; 22] the understanding of voice instructions could be improved by fusing the information conveyed from gestures with the language instructions. However, the proposed systems are not capable of quantifying distance-related uncertain information in user instructions. Hence, the proposed methods cannot be adopted in order to improve the quantification ability of uncertain information in voice instructions. Therefore, this paper proposes a method in order to switch the intention of the robot by identifying the actual intention of the user by analyzing the pointing gestures accompanied with voice instructions for enhanced interpretation of navigation instructions with uncertain information such as \"move far forward\". The overall functionality of the proposed system is explained in Section 2. The proposed method for switching the intention of the robot by identifying the actual intention of the user based on the pointing gestures is explained in Section 3 along with rationale behind the concept. Experimental results are presented and discussed in Section 4. Finally, the conclusions are presented in Section 5.