## 4 Results and Discussion
### Factors Influencing Watching Intention  
Members of the experimental groups, specifically, those enrolled in the sports camps, demonstrated a greater inclination towards playing and watching the sports compared with the individuals in the control groups. This finding reinforces the nomological validity of this research. Additionally, baseball participants showed a stronger desire to watch games than those involved in badminton, aligning with the hypothesis that baseball enjoys a higher level of spectatorship. Moreover, statistical analyses using paired sample _t_-tests revealed that both baseball and badminton camp participants who underwent spectatorship intervention reported a marked enhancement in their intention to watch, with average scores increasing from 2.842 and 1.956 to 4.197 and 2.588 (Table 5), respectively (_p_ < 0.001 and 0.032, both below the significance level of 0.05).  
A linear regression model (Model 1) analysis showed similar results with watching intention as a dependent variable, while the experimental group participants and baseball rather than the control group participants and badminton had a stronger contribution along with a positive and significant regression coefficient of sports identification (Table 6). Another linear regression model (Model 2) analysis showed similar results with watching intention as a dependent variable, while the experimental groups with spectatorship intervention and baseball rather than without intervention groups and badminton had a stronger contribution along with a positive and significant regression coefficient of sports  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l l l l} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Dependent Variable**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Sport Type**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Experimental Group 1 with Intervention**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Experimental Group 2 without Intervention**} \\ \cline{3-10}  & & **Prior** & **After** & _t Value_ & _p Value_ & **Prior** & **After** & _t Value_ & _p Value_ \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Sports identification} & baseball & 2.981 & 3.506 & 2.302 * & 0.033 & 3.292 & 3.438 & 0.779 & 0.447 \\  & badminton & 3.544 & 3.007 & \(-\)2.138 * & 0.048 & 2.883 & 2.922 & 0.173 & 0.865 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Watching intention} & baseball & 2.842 & 4.197 & 4.312 * & \(<\)0.001 & 3.213 & 3.025 & \(-\)0.810 & 0.428 \\  & badminton & 1.956 & 2.588 & 2.346 * & 0.032 & 2.912 & 2.677 & \(-\)0.819 & 0.425 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Playing intention} & baseball & 3.613 & 3.875 & 1.287 & 0.214 & 3.663 & 3.963 & 1.352 & 0.192 \\  & badminton & 3.941 & 3.059 & \(-\)4.265 * & 0.001 & 3.279 & 3.441 & 0.512 & 0.615 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Notes: * Indicates significant results with a _p_-value lower than 0.05. Highlighted yellow indicates significant results. Red t values show unexpected results.  
\end{table}
Table 5: Identification, watching, and playing intention among experimental groups one and two.  
identification (Table 6). These analyses suggested that both being in an experimental group (especially those involving spectatorship interventions) and the type of sport (in this study, baseball versus badminton) were significant predictors of a person's intention to watch sports. Sports identification also played a crucial role, as it positively influenced this intention, indicating that how much participants identified with a sport affected their willingness to engage as spectators.