# Enhancing Cybersecurity in Smart Grids: False Data Injection and Its Mitigation
## 2 Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities in Smart Grids and Mitigation Requirements
### Security Standards of Generation, Distribution, and Transmission Systems Mitigation  
Cybersecurity in the generation, transmission, and distribution of electrical energy should be considered together with all the power system components integrated on SG. Cauterizing the protection of the produced energy until it reaches the consumer is one of the main tasks of the SG. In this section, standards that will ensure the safe transmission of power to the user are examined.  
* IEEE 2030-2011 Standard provides a guide for SGs electrical power systems, and energy technologies can be used together. It is the first combined application that  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**SG Structure** & **Category** & **Reference** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} Communication \\ Technologies \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{8}{*}{Wireless} & IEEE 802.15 & [52; 53] \\  & & Wireless Mesh Network & [4; 54] \\  & & Cellular Communication & [55] \\  & & Cognitive Radio & [56] \\  & & Bluetooth, ZigBee, Microwave and Free & [4; 6; 11] \\  & & Space Optical Communication & [57] \\  & & Satellite Communication & [58] \\ \cline{2-4}  & & Fibre Optic Communication & [58] \\ \cline{2-4}  & & Powerline &
\begin{tabular}{c} Broadband PLC \\ Technology (BPLC) \\ Narrowband PLC \\ Technology (NBPLC) \\ \end{tabular} & [8; 59; 60] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Classification of communication technologies in Smart Grid.  
includes IEEE 2030 standards in smart grids. Three additional standards complement in [62].
* IEEE P2030.1, Guidelines for Electrically Based Transport Infrastructures.
* IEEE P2030.2, Guidelines on the Interoperability of Energy Storage Systems Integrated in Electric Power Infrastructures.
* IEEE P2030.3, Guide to Test Practices for Electrical Energy Storage Equipment and Systems [62].
* IEC 1686-2007 is an informative document about the standards on cybersecurity features, capabilities, and functions for Smart Electronic Devices used in the substation and the security of critical infrastructures [47; 48].
* NIST has proposed a 3-phase plan to fulfil the requirements of the Energy Independence and Security Treaty (EISA) and to set the standards initially required for the installation of smart grids [41]: 1. To engage with stakeholders to identify applicable standards and requirements, gaps and priorities in existing standards in the open process; 2. To create mutual usability of smart grids to ensure long-term operability; 3. To develop and implement a framework for compliance testing and certification.
* NERC 1200 standard covers energy transmission and distribution units, and studies in NERC 1200 CIP 002-1 and CIP 009-2 series have been extended to include production facilities [42].
* Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) compliance with standards has become an obligation for the energy industry [42]. Electricity transportation and distribution network management, one of the leading departments of NIST FERC, establishes the necessary safety standards for energy transmission and distribution.
* In the IEEE 1402-2000 (R2008) standard, the security of electrical power generation and distribution stations is mostly subject to the physical level, and leakages from the electronic environment are also included [63].
* Another standard aimed at controlling data is NISTIR 7628, which includes the three following topics on risk assessment and security analysis [36; 64]: 1. The security architecture section: includes Cybersecurity strategy; Logical architecture, including high-level security requirements; Cryptography, and key management topics. 2. Requirements section: includes privacy and smart grid issues. 3. Supporting analysis and references section: concerning Vulnerability classification, Security in bottom-up smart networks analysis, Research and development on cybersecurity in smart networks, Overview of standard controls, Solutions used by switch power systems for security topics.