# The Application of Generative Algorithms in Human-Centered Product Development
## 2 Generative Design in the Design Process  
Generative approaches are generally associated with conceptualization and early form development; [PERSON] [22], for instance, has looked at how generative design can be applied to product development and highlighted the need for \"quantitative methodologies\" similar to those used in Kasei engineering strategies (see [23]). Similar work [24] describes where and how generative design can fit into the conceptualization phase; the work provides a detailed description of the steps involved in executing generative design in CAD. [PERSON] et al. [25], in an overview of the field, suggest how algorithms can be applied throughout the design process. This includes improved performance vs. cost in detailed design, assessing geometries for manufacturability (particularly in relation to additive manufacturing), supporting optimization, and in enhancing procurement and tendering processes. Some recent research has explored workflows in which generative design can be applied within a conventional industrial design context. Other work [26] describes different ways in which generative design can be applied for product design, with specific examples including Voronoi patterning for product bodies, procedural networks for geometric formations, and the use of Fusion 360's Generative Design module for the creation of a ceiling lamp. Similar work has explored the problems with systematizing such processes by looking at two distinct application cases: an engineering design case (a metal disc dispenser driven by technological constraints) and an industrial design case (a camera holder driven by user requirements) [27]. Reverse engineering can also be applied within this framework through the analysis of existing parametric models. For example, an existing CAD part can be analyzed and reconfigured with respect to no parameters and new information. [PERSON] and others [28] explored the use of reverse engineering, generative design, and additive manufacturing in the realization of a customized foot orthosis, for instance. Work from other sources has also detailed how generative design can be applied within the context of early-stage product development. GenoForm for instance, a plug-in for SolidWorks, is used by [PERSON] [24] to demonstrate variations in a basic design and conceptually and practically separate Generative Design Methods (GDM) and Genetic Algorithm Design (GADES), suggesting the first as a much simpler method. After an algorithm has been defined (constraints set within an overall architecture), it can be modified to give design variations. This is a process of semi-automated form finding where the constraints that the designer has inputted articulate with the generative algorithms. A key issue in the development of generative design methods is a kind of \"barrier to entry\" and a limited adoption within industrial design settings. A range of issues have been identified when considering how best to implement generative design methods into these \"traditional\" settings. These include unfamiliarity with the technology or an unwillingness to accept the benefits and process changes that the technology may bring within a specific design context. Additionally, the technology requires a steep learning curve and removes a degree of autonomy and volition from the designer or design team. We can consider several examples whereby generative methods were shown to influence design outcomes. [PERSON] et al. [25] showed that in several design task situations, generative design has proven to be more efficient than teams of humans. This is also evident in work by [PERSON] [24] where he implies that generative design will provide a method of quickly transferring conceptual designs to the further development phase--here, generative design acts as a useful next step in a development cycle. This is clearly a function of the nature of the design task, but generative design methods can notably benefit efficiency, although they may have deleterious effects for the employment of designers, for instance.