## 4 Discussion
However, there is variability in these interactions depending on the sealer's composition and clinical conditions [20; 21]. In our study, the amount of silicon more than doubled at the dentin-sealer interface compared with intermediate dentin area, with the highest level being found in the coronal sections. [PERSON] et al. 's research found the same results, with the Si concentration being higher along the interface between the dentin and the bioceramic sealer and lower in the surrounding dentin [26]. This study detected the highest phosphorus concentration at the dentin-sealer interface in the apical region, highlighting the sealer's bioactivity and its potential to enhance mineralization in this crucial area for tissue regeneration. Conversely, the lowest level was observed in the intermediate dentin coronally. Furthermore, in the study of [PERSON] et al., about the composition of three sealers, the AH Plus Bioceramic Sealer was found to have a mass percentage of 12% P in an EDX analysis [27]. The study conducted by [PERSON] et al. emphasizes the same concept, as they found that bioceramic sealers produced phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) ions, which in turn facilitated the absorption of calcium and silicon (Si) into the dentine of human root canals, demonstrating bioactivity. Ca and Si uptake by intertubular dentine can indicate a material's bioactivity [28]. The inclusion of silicon may have biological significance since it promotes the process of dentine remineralization in a laboratory setting [29]. This underscores the potential of silicon in enhancing the bioactivity of materials used in dental applications. The Si content in the sealer is well established, as confirmed by the technical data sheet of the material and in the study of [PERSON] at al., where it was found in an EDX analysis to be at a mass percentage of 2.25% [27]. The carbon concentration in the intermediate dentin was four times more than that in the dentin near the sealer interface because of the preservation of its biological matrix, mainly collagen, which has a high carbon content. Bioceramic sealers promote mineralization, forming new mineral deposits in dentin, such as hydroxyapatite. This process also enhances the proportion of inorganic substances compared to organic material, decreasing carbon levels near the point of contact with the sealer [30]. The oxygen content was slightly elevated at the dentin from the sealer interface, likely due to the metabolic events that occur during and after their application. Increased oxygen levels enhance the healing processes essential for the success of root canal treatments. Ah Plus Bioceramic sealer comprises calcium silicate-based compounds interacting with dentin fluids, forming calcium hydroxide. This process produces oxygen as a result of the chemical reactions that occur during the formation of hydroxyapatite. The elevated oxygen levels in this region could indicate significant biochemical processes occurring at the interface [31]. The concentration of the element Mg near the contact was higher than in the intermediate dentin. This could be possible because EDTA firmly attaches to bivalent ions, including magnesium and calcium. EDTA can extract considerable magnesium from the root dentin based on the solution's concentration and application length [32]. The boundary between dentin and a bioceramic sealer exhibited elevated sodium (Na) levels, likely resulting from the irrigation of teeth with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCI) during chemo-mechanical therapy. If sodium is present in the dentinal tubules or on the dentin surface when the sealer is applied, it may result in elevated sodium concentrations at the interface. This study's limitations may be due to the absence of ex vivo experiments concerning the sealer utilized in this laboratory-based research, and the lack of a control group. An in vivo setting is necessary for relevant answers to the questions we raised.