## 3 Results
### S. triloba Acetone Extract Decreases Wound Closure in Both U2 OS and SKOV3 Cells  
The effect of _S. triloba_ acetone extract (IC\({}_{50}\)) on U2 OS and SKOV3 cell migration was evaluated using the scratch-wound healing assay after incubation for 22 h and 20 h respectively. Wound closure was determined as a percentage of the wound area at either 22 h or 20 h, relative to the wound area at 0 h. Significant decreases in wound closure were noted in both U2 OS (31.974%) and SKOV3 (32.881%) cells when compared with respective untreated controls. U2 OS cells treated with cisplatin (IC\({}_{50}\)) displayed similar percentage wound closure to cells treated with _S. triloba_ acetone extract. On the otherhand, wound closure for SKOV3 cells treated with paclitaxel could not be determined since the treatment caused the cells around the wound boundaries to detach and thus adversely affecting the results (Figure 6). S. triloba Acetone Extract and the Combination Treatment Respectively Decrease U2 OS and SKOV3 Cell Migration  
The effect of _S. triloba_ on U2 OS and SKOV3 cell migration was further assessed using the transwell migration assay. Results from the assay indicated that although _S. triloba_ acetone extract significantly decreased U2 OS cell migration by 65.6%, SKOV3 cell migration was unaffected. Additionally, a 42% decline in SKOV3 cell migration was observed for the combination treatment of _S. triloba_ acetone extract (19 \(\mu\)g/mL) and paclitaxel (0.787 \(\mu\)g/mL). The cisplatin (IC\({}_{50}\)) and paclitaxel (IC\({}_{50}\)) positive controls, respectively, displayed negligible effects on U2 OS and SKOV3 cell migration (Figure 7). Figure 6: _S. triloba_ acetone extract decreases wound closure in both U2 OS and SKOV3 cells. Percentage wound closure was determined for both U2 OS and SKOV3 cells after incubation with _S. triloba_ acetone extract (IC\({}_{50}\)) for 22 h and 20 h respectively using the scratch-wound healing assay. Wound closure was determined as a percentage of the wound area at the respective time point relative to the wound area at 0 h. **(A)**_S. triloba_ acetone extract significantly decreased U2 OS percentage wound closure by about 30% when compared with untreated controls; this decrease was similar to the one observed in the cisplatin control (IC\({}_{50}\)). **(B)** Representative images depicting wound closure progression of U2 OS cells. **(C)** Similarly, SKOV3 cells percentage wound closure was significantly decreased by about 32% after _S. triloba_ acetone extract treatment. The paclitaxel control (IC\({}_{50}\)) caused the SKOV3 cells around the wound boundaries to detach and percentage wound closure could not be accurately determined for these samples. **(D)** Representative images depicting wound closure progression of SKOV3 cells. Results are a representation of three independent experiments (*** \(p\)\(\leq\) 0.001, *** \(p\)\(\leq\) 0.01, * \(p\)\(\leq\) 0.05). S. triloba Acetone Extract and Its Combination with Paclitaxel Affect the Steady-State mRNA Expression of Oncogenic Targets in Both U2 OS and SKOV3 Cells  
The steady-state mRNA expression of several genes involved in cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis was examined in both U2 OS and SKOV3 cells after treatment with either _S. triloba_ acetone extract or the combination treatment (_S. triloba_ (19 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro mL}\)) + paclitaxel (0.787 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/mL)). Comparisons made between treated and untreated U2 OS cells revealed significant declines in _RUNX2_ (_p_\(\leq\) 0.001), _ vimentin_ (_p_\(\leq\) 0.001), _N-cadherin_ (_p_\(\leq\) 0.001), and _PI3 KR1_ (_p_\(=\) 0.013) expression after _S. triloba_ treatment. On the other hand, both _MDM2_ (_p_\(\leq\) 0.001) and _SETD7_ (_p_\(=\) 0.005) were significantly upregulated by approximately 1-fold. Expression fold changes in _p53_, _BAX_, and _PTEN_ displayed no statistical significance (Figure 8A). Treatment of SKOV3 cells with _S.