## 8 Nanotechnological Tools for Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods  
Nanotechnology is the study of the potential to image, analyze, understand and control materials at scales of 1-100 nanometers, where unexpected interfacial phenomena implement new functions. This extraordinary aptitude has resulted in a plethora of new technologies that influence practically every part of science and technology, industry, the economy, the environment and human existence ([PERSON] and [PERSON], 2019; [PERSON] and [PERSON], 2019). In a visionary presentation, [PERSON] (1959) proposed that we should be capable of manipulating matter down to the atomic level with excellent consistency and accuracy so that innovative substances with tailored functions could be developed. The developing area in research facilities did not flourish until the mid-1980s, when essential analytical tools, including scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy, were available ([PERSON] and [PERSON], 2019). Different Nano-Formulations for Encapsulation and Nutraceuticalul Delivery: General Properties, Advantages over Conventional Ones and Improvement of Oral Biaavailability  
Previously, the majority of studies focused on putting specific beneficial compounds into colloidal delivery systems, such as \(\beta\)-carotene into a nanoemulsion [215], vitamin D into an emulsion, resveratrol into solid lipid NPs [217] or curcumin into protein NPs [218]. It is typically essential to integrate several bioactive compounds into a single delivery system [219]. Furthermore, combining numerous bioactive compounds in a single system may have advantages since they have synergistic effects. When taken together, their bioavailability or bioactivity is more significant than when consumed separately. A multitude of strategies can be used to produce a multi-bioactive delivery system. Single-particle encapsulation: When the bioactives to be encapsulated have similar polarity, such as being all hydrophobic or all hydrophilic, they can be delivered in a single phase using a colloidal delivery system. Micelles, liposomes, lipid droplets and protein NPs, for example, can disperse non-polar bioactives within the same hydrophobic domain. Non-polar bioactives are generally distributed throughout the hydrophobic phase before the particles are produced. Single-particle encapsulation is typically more accessible and less expensive to implement than the method described below. Still, it is significantly less versatile when controlling the precise levels of different nutrients or nutraceuticals in a system. Depending on the particular nutritional profile sought, the entire emulsion production process would have to be repeated for each unique food item. At the moment, the most extensively used method is encapsulating nutraceuticalul combinations in single colloidal particles. Curcumin and resveratrol, for example, have been co-encapsulated in nanoparticles made of lipids [220], proteins [221] and polysaccharides [222]. Before making colloidal particles, the two polyphenols were mixed with the dispersed phase material. Another study found that curcumin and vitamin D could be successfully encapsulated into liposomes [223]. Curcumin and egg white peptides were co-encapsulated in chitosan and casein biopolymer particles to enable simultaneous administration [224]. Both hydrophobic nutraceuticals with complementary biological activity, coenzyme Q10 and piperine were encapsulated in biopolymer nanoparticles with a hydrophobic zein core and a hydrophilic carrageenan shell [225]. It has been demonstrated that co-encapsulation improves the chemical stability of the two bioactive components while also managing their gastrointestinal fate, such as natural antioxidants, ferulic acid and gallic acid co-encapsulated within cyclodextrin complexes [226]. According to another study, the natural antioxidants anthocyanins and curcumin can be co-encapsulated within casein micelles via electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions [227].