# Enabling End-Users in Designing and Executing of Complex, Collaborative Robotic Processes
## 3 Use Cases
### Use Case Healthcare (UCH)  
In contrast to the manufacturing industry the Nursing and Care industry is dominated by direct human interaction in a physical and social manner. That fact rises specific considerations about the implementation of robotic systems within this environment. Societal and ethical issues like autonomy, dignity, acceptance and responsibility are the primary subjects of the debate nevertheless, in view of the increasingly aging society and simultaneous shortage of skilled workers within the nursing and care sector, assisting robotic systems can be a building block to relive that tensioned situation [52]. Different activities on social and service robots are already on the rise. Some prominent examples to name are the therapeutic robot seal PARO ([[http://www.parorobots.com](http://www.parorobots.com)]([http://www.parorobots.com](http://www.parorobots.com)), accessed on 8 May 2023) [53] or service robots like the Care-o-Bot ([[https://www.care-o-bot.de/de/care-o-bot-4.html](https://www.care-o-bot.de/de/care-o-bot-4.html)]([https://www.care-o-bot.de/de/care-o-bot-4.html](https://www.care-o-bot.de/de/care-o-bot-4.html)), accessed on 8 May 2023) [54] from the Frauenhofer-Institute in Germany or LID ([[https://www.fp-robotics.com/de/lio](https://www.fp-robotics.com/de/lio)]([https://www.fp-robotics.com/de/lio](https://www.fp-robotics.com/de/lio)), accessed on 8 May 2023) [55] from F&P Personal Robotics. Figure 5: Sample of the ROBxTASK Task Design Editor. The knowledge of predictable physical activities is crucial to identify further application fields. Estimates assume the proportion of such activities within nursing and care industry around 30-36% opposed to the manufacturing industry, where the amount of predictable activities is up to 59% [56]. In order to identify an applicable use case for nursing and healthcare scenarios in ROBxTASK, an analysis on the basis of \"nursing phenomena\" [57] in combination with a fictitious \"nursing process\" [58] was conducted. Therefore, two possible scenarios were selected, namely \"malnutrition\" and \"high risk of falls\". Both variants were presented and discussed in the consortium, finally a consensus was reached on the malnutrition scenario. This is mainly explained by the consideration of possible technical implementation and practical added value for nursing professions. The process design was guided by the view of robotic systems as assistive devices in the day-to-day nursing process. The flowchart in Figure 6 illustrates the whole malnutrition process. This process is characterized by the fact that intersections between health professions (nurses), task designers and the robotic system become visible. The process starts on the task designer side with the decision for whom the use case should be active and which assessment or screening tool should be applied. The robotic system independently performs the selected assessment or screening tool at predefined intervals and compares the data to predefined thresholds. If no deviation is detected, the robotic system performs a re-assessment at a specified interval. In the event of a detected deviation, an action message is sent by the robotic system to the health professionals. In addition, predefined measures take place with regard to close surveillance. During the project implementation the use case was analyzed and discussed in detail. The joint decision was made from a feasibility perspective and represents a sub-process in the main malnutrition process, namely receive the request to bring beverages and monitor the fluid intake. The next step was to examine the use cases of industry and healthcare for synergies. The goal was to determine which robotic motion sequence can be similarly or even identically mapped. As a result, elements of the initial process could be used for further processing in the project. Figure 6: Flowchart of the malnutrition process.