## 1 Introduction  
Conventional reinforced concrete (RC) has historically served as a cornerstone in construction, providing essential strength and stability. Nevertheless, its intrinsic limitations have prompted the investigation of alternative materials that can more effectively address the requirements of contemporary engineering practices. A significant issue associated with traditional RC is the corrosion of the steel reinforcement. This problem can result in serious consequences, such as concrete spalling, reduction in load-bearing capacity, and, ultimately, structural failure [1, 2, 3, 4]. Low tensile strength, susceptibility to cracking, and the brittle behavior of concrete are the other challenges of conventional RC members [5; 6]. In response to these issues, researchers and engineers introduced an alternative material, fiber-reinforced cementitious composite (FRCC) reinforced with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars. FRCC is an advanced construction material that mixes regular cement-based materials, like concrete, with various types of fibers to enhance their mechanical properties and durability. Some of the fibers used in FRCC are steel fiber (SF), synthetic fibers such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), aramid fiber (AF), and basalt fiber (BF) [7; 8]. FRCCs such as engineered cementitious composites (ECCs), strain-hardening cementitious composites (SHCCs), and ductile fiber-reinforced cementitious composites (DFRCCs) have been broadly studied for their ability to undergo strain-hardening, deflection-hardening, and multiple cracking property. These properties make them well-suited for structural applications that demand improved durability and crack resistance [6; 9]. As shown in Figure 1, FRCC and concrete display distinct differences in their tensile stress-strain responses. Concrete typically exhibits a brittle failure upon reaching its tensile strength. Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) demonstrates strain-softening behavior until it reaches its cracking resistance. In contrast, the engineered cementitious composite (ECC) displays strain-hardening behavior up to the rupture point in the post-cracking phase [10]. FRCC made with various raw materials or different material ratios exhibits different mechanical properties under compression and tension. For instance, to enhance the mix, mineral admixtures such as silica fume (SF) [11], fly ash (FA) [12], and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) [13] can be used as mineral additives or as a partial replacement for cement. FRP bars were introduced in the construction industry in the 1980s as an alternative material to traditional steel reinforcement. Numerous studies [1; 2; 4; 14] demonstrated the benefits of using FRP bars over conventional steel bars, particularly in their durability and reduced maintenance requirements. These bars are made from a polymer matrix reinforced with various fibers, including carbon (CFRP), glass (GFRP), aramid (AFRP), and basalt (BFRP). FRP bars combine strength, lightweight characteristics, and resistance to environmental degradation. These properties make them particularly advantageous in applications where high tensile strength, corrosion resistance, and reduced weight are critical. The mechanical performance of FRP bars, including their tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and fatigue resistance, allows for innovative design solutions in various structural applications. As the demand for durable and efficient materials continues to grow, understanding the mechanical properties of FRP bars is ess  
Figure 1: Behavior of fiber-reinforced cementitious composites under direct tension [10]. designers seeking to enhance the longevity and performance of modern structures. Each type of fiber offers properties that can be tailored to meet specific structural requirements. The structural performance of FRCC members reinforced with FRP bars is significantly influenced by the material properties of both the composite matrix and the reinforcement bar.