## 3 Results
### Health Benefits
#### 3.2.5 Obesity  
83 studies from the Web of Science and 6 from PubMed were the initial search results, but only 8 were assessed after the eligibility check. The fiber and healthy starches contained in beans can reduce appetite [98]. As a long-term dietary strategy, this could help prevent overeating and lead to weight loss, according to [PERSON] (2023), who showed that higher consumption of dried and/or canned beans is associated with a normal weight [99]. Numerous studies found a link between non-digestible oligosaccharides and protein con sumption with a healthier body mass index (BMI) [100; 101]. In addition, participants in a study who incorporated four servings of cooked legumes per week into a low-fat, high-fiber (>25 g/day) diet for 12 months lost more weight [102]. More recently, a study of 15,185 people found that those who consumed beans can contribute to gaining less weight and abdominal fat over a ten-year period than those who did not [103]. A weight reduction of 2.24 kg (average 0.448 kg per week) was observed with an amount of 2400 mg/day of white kidney bean extract before each daily meal for 35 consecutive days [104].  
This weight loss was consistent with that observed in a previous study over a 12-week duration, which utilized a portion of 500 mg/day and resulted in an average weight decrease of 2.91 kg [105]. The effects of Adzuki bean products on body weight control have been studied, revealing three main impacts: decreased food intake, increased energy expenditure, and reduced adipose tissue (Table 5) [45].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Author/(Year)** & **Study** & **Age Group** & **Participants** & **Conclusions** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2023) [70] & National Study (1999–2019) & 18- \(\geq\) 60 years old & 170.000 patients with dyslipidemia & Healthy diet pattern that includes bean consumption, improves lipidemic profile and other CVD risk factors \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2023) [71] & Multicenter, randomized, crossover Study & 48.1 \(\pm\) 14.2 years old & 73 patients with elevated LDL Cholesterol & Daily consumption of earned beans impacts on minimizing total cholesterol and LDL \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2024) [72] & National Survey 2015–March 2020 & 60- \(\geq\) 80-years old & 3094 elderly & The older the lower consumption of beans, the lower plant-based protein intake and protection against diseases \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2018) [74] & Population-based case-control study conducted from 1995–2004) (the San Francisco Bay Area Breast Cancer Study) & 35–75 years old & 2133 breast cancer patients & Reduced breast cancer risk with a higher intake of bean fibers \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2019) [77] & Randomized controlled trial & 60.9 \(\pm\) 11 years old & 18 colorectal cancer survivors & Different types and dose of beans protect against colon cancer \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2016) [78] & Randomized controlled single-blinded trial & 58–65 years old & 29 colorectal cancer survivors & Increased bean consumption associates with colorectal cancer chemoprevention \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2015) [84] & Randomized controlled crossover trial & \(\geq\)18 years old & 12 patients with metabolic syndrome & Postprandial insulin levels and antioxidant endpoints are lower after bean consumption \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2018) [85] & Randomized, multi-center, parallel-group clinical trial between October 2003–2010 (the PREDIMED study) & 67 \(\pm\) 6 years old & 3349 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus & Beans consumption is inversely associated with type 2 diabetes incidence \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Summarized the health benefits derived from the nutritional profiles of various bean varieties.