## 4 Results and Discussion
### Rq3: What are the most widely used patent data collections?
Reference [116] utilized the IBM Almaden data. Indian patents are managed and granted by the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR ([[https://www.csir.res.in/](https://www.csir.res.in/)]([https://www.csir.res.in/](https://www.csir.res.in/))) URL (accessed on 29 March 24)) and the Controller General of Patents, Designs & Trade Marks (CGPDTM ([[https://ipindia.gov.in/patents.htm](https://ipindia.gov.in/patents.htm)]([https://ipindia.gov.in/patents.htm](https://ipindia.gov.in/patents.htm))) URL (accessed on 29 March 24)). Patestate ([[https://www.patestate.com/](https://www.patestate.com/)]([https://www.patestate.com/](https://www.patestate.com/)) URL (accessed on 29 March 24)) is an online database encompassing CSIR (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research) granted patents. The Indian patent database provides researchers with useful patent-related information, including application numbers, filing and publication dates, invention titles, international classifications, priority document details, applicant and inventor names, and abstracts [138]. Three studies [76; 77; 80] have utilized the Indian patents. * MAREC  
MAREC ([[https://www.ifs.tuwien.ac.at/imp/marec.shtml](https://www.ifs.tuwien.ac.at/imp/marec.shtml)]([https://www.ifs.tuwien.ac.at/imp/marec.shtml](https://www.ifs.tuwien.ac.at/imp/marec.shtml)) URL (accessed on 29 March 24)) is a large repository of over 19 million patent applications and granted patents taken from EP, WO, US, and JP databases spanning the years 1976 to June 2008. MAREC includes documents in multiple languages, including English, German, and French, with a majority being full-text documents. It facilitates research and analysis in domains that include information retrieval, natural language processing, and machine translation. Documents from numerous countries are standardized into XML format with a common citation style and patent numbering scheme. Standardized attributes include names of individuals, names of companies, dates, countries, languages, references, and detailed subject classifications. The MAREC collection consists of 19,386,697 XML files, totaling 621 GB. Two studies [44; 94], have utilized the MAREC dataset. * NIH  
Primarily, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) ([[https://www.nihlibrary.nih.gov/nih-subject/patents](https://www.nihlibrary.nih.gov/nih-subject/patents)]([https://www.nihlibrary.nih.gov/nih-subject/patents](https://www.nihlibrary.nih.gov/nih-subject/patents)) URL (accessed on 29 March 24)) funds research and conducts studies. NIH dataset includes information (title and abstract) on extramural grants, contracts awarded, grant applications, NIH-supported organizations, NIH-funded scholars and interns via NIH programs, and biomedical manpower, covering the period from 2007 to 2010. Only one study [54], has utilized NIH dataset. * PatentsView  
The PatentsView ([[https://patentsview.org/](https://patentsview.org/)]([https://patentsview.org/](https://patentsview.org/)) URL (accessed on 29 March 24)) patent database is an extensive resource and an open data platform developed in partnership with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) in 2012, focusing on data related to intellectual property (IP). This database offers features such as patent visualizations, community collaborators, an API tool, a data query builder, and bulk data download, enabling a thorough investigation and evaluation of intellectual property data. The PatentsView database offers bulk downloadable patent metadata as well as comprehensive details on granted patents, as individual files in a tab-delimited format for programmers and researchers. It has several tables containing data on applicants, assignees, attorneys, classifications, examiners, inventors, citations, and more. Only one study [68] has utilized the PatentsView dataset.