# Cost-Benefit Assessment of 5G Rollout: Insights from Brazil
## 3 5G International Practices
### United States of America  
The study by [12] focuses on a techno-economic evaluation of 5G deployment in Texas, United States, particularly addressing the use of Massive MIMO HetNets over mmWaves at the 28 GHz frequency. The main objective is to assess the financial viability of different deployment scenarios, particularly in heterogeneous networks with varying population densities. Two primary deployment models are considered: Dense Urban and Macro-Urban.  
In the Dense Urban scenario, the focus is on areas with high population density and significant data traffic, such as city centers and commercial districts. The deployment strategy incorporates macro- and micro-cells to manage the high demand, especially for indoor coverage, where signal penetration can be challenging. This scenario aims to provide robust coverage and high data transfer rates in areas of intense demand, such as large office buildings, shopping centers, and entertainment areas. The financial analysis of this scenario shows a positive net present value (NPV) of USD 482.1 million and a modified internal rate of return (MIRR) of 11%, indicating strong profitability and potential for investment.  
On the other hand, the Macro-Urban scenario is designed for larger urban and suburban areas, where the population density is lower but the need for continuous coverage remains high. This scenario uses long-range cells to minimize the number of base stations needed, reducing overall infrastructure costs. However, the financial outlook for this scenario is less favorable. The analysis reveals a negative NPV of \(-\)USD 2.56 billion and a MIRR of \(-\)12%, indicating that, under current conditions, this deployment model would not be profitable. A negative financial performance suggests that this scenario involves higher risks and may not generate sufficient returns to justify the investment.  
The comparison between these two deployment scenarios highlights the critical role of detailed financial analysis in planning 5G network deployments. Although the Dense Urban scenario emerges as a financially viable and promising investment, the Macro-Urban model presents significant financial challenges, requiring further considerations to mitigate risks and improve profitability.  
The negative financial outcome observed in the suburban scenario, despite lower infrastructure investments, can be attributed to several interrelated factors. First, suburban areas often experience more dispersed user distribution, which reduces the average revenue per site compared to dense urban environments. While users in both urban and suburban areas engage in data-intensive activities such as streaming and social networking, suburban users are more likely to connect through home Wi-Fi networks, reducing reliance on mobile data. Additionally, the temporal pattern of network usage may differ: urban areas tend to concentrate high traffic volumes during working hours, whereas the suburban demand peaks later in the day, potentially resulting in the underutilization of infrastructure during large portions of the day. These factors combined diminish the potential return on investment in suburban zones, thereby contributing to the observed negative NPV in the techno-economic analysis of the Texas case study [12].