# Nexus between Building Information Modeling and Internet of Things in the Construction Industries
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Geographical Distribution and Major Themes of BIM and IoT Studies  
Studies on technological adoption of BIM and IoT have been widely investigated in different countries as shown in Figure 5. There is significant awareness of BIM and IoT adoption in Malaysia as indicated by the number of research articles published. Rahim  
Figure 4: Opportunities for BIM-IoT integration in the construction industries.  
et al. [60] investigated BIM awareness among Malaysian contractors. The objective of this study was to investigate the level of understanding that Malaysian contractors have regarding the role that BIM plays in achieving sustainability on all fronts, including the economic, environmental, and social fronts. A survey included 133 different contractors, ranging from grade G1 to G7. The findings showed that most respondents were aware of the contributions that BIM makes toward environmental sustainability, in addition to the contributions that BIM makes toward the other two pillars of sustainability, economic and social. Therefore, it is necessary to educate the stakeholders in the construction sector and give information that is based on reality as part of a process to generate a better understanding and wider exposure, and to convince them to apply BIM innovation. [PERSON] et al. [61] in their study reported the level of BIM implementation in Malaysia. The purpose of this study was to examine the adoption of BIM by Malaysian business organizations. Based on the findings, only 13% of the 268 respondents in the public and private sectors reported utilizing BIM in their organizations, indicating that Malaysia is still far from where it should be in terms of BIM implementation, according to the study's findings. There was a lack of awareness, expenses, delayed adaptation, the lack of a clear guideline to assist organizations and policymakers toward BIM implementation, and the fact that BIM was not mandated in adequate time were identified to be the causes of the slow adoption. [PERSON] et al. [62] investigated the adoption of BIM in Malaysia from the perspective of engineering consulting service firms. The findings demonstrate that the organizations have a BIM concept that is consistent with industry standards; nonetheless, the primary impediments to implementation are a lack of well-trained employees, advice, and government backing. Nonetheless, the enterprises were ready to embrace BIM within two years, citing market needs and competitive advantage as the key factors. The adoption of IoT in the Malaysian construction industry has been reported by [PERSON] et al. [63]. The findings revealed that IoT adoption in the Malaysian construction sector is growing but still lags behind other Asian countries. The authors further revealed that the adoption of IoT will have a bright future with encouragement from the Malaysian government and backing from the Department of Public Works and the Construction Industry Development Board since both the private and public sectors are aware of the benefits of doing so. Apart from Malaysia, BIM and IoT adoption have been investigated in other countries such as Vietnam, the United Kingdom, United Arab Emirate, Taiwan, South Africa, Singapore, Saudi Arabia, Palestine, Nigeria, New Zealand, South Korea, Kenya, Jordan, Iran, India, Hong Kong, Ghana, Germany, and Finland. The main theme of the various studies centered on BIM integration, the barrier to IoT adoption, BIM adoptions, BIM contributions, BIM effectiveness, BIM uptakes, hindrances to BIM implementation, IoT adoption, and evaluation of BIM. Among the various themes, BIM and IoT adoption has been widely investigated.  
Figure 6 shows that the major themes of the studies of BIM and IoT in the construction industry are diverse. However, the barriers and adoption of the implementation of BIM and IoT in the construction industries are the most pronounced. Other themes such as factors affecting BIM and IoT, augmented reality and BIM integration, and level of acceptance is sparingly investigated.