#### Related Work  
A comparative study on Augmented Reality (AR) navigation for cranial biopsy was conducted by [PERSON] et al. [32], who examined a system utilizing a ceiling-mounted robotic C-arm with intraoperative Cone-Beam CT (CBCT) capability. It integrates an optical tracking system with four cameras into the C-arm's flat panel for co-registration, patient and instrument tracking, and image augmentation. The study involved using a CT scan obtained from the DICOM online library as a basis for creating a printed 3D model that served as a phantom. It was additionally equipped with 30 steel balls (2 mm \(\pm\) 5 um diameter) to indicate targets for injections. Subsequently, the phantom was scanned using CBCT for registration and planning of biopsy paths. The operators were guided during the procedure by a three-dimensional needle tracking navigation system. For testing purposes, thirty individual biopsy insertions were performed. After needle positioning, a new CBCT scan was performed for verification of the needle position. The accuracy was established by measuring the distance between the tip of the inserted needle and the center of the target while subtracting the ball radius of 1 mm. The measurements also concerned the navigation time following the planned path and the correlation between path length and accuracy. The median path length was 39 mm (range 16-105 mm); our study examines more distant target locations. Moreover, the examination did not involve measuring the repeatability of the procedure. No significant correlation was detected between path length and accuracy; however, accuracy testing involving more distant locations could provide different results due to the angular error. The execution time measurements were not compared to results without using the system to establish its usability and impact on potentially reducing the procedure time. Finally, the study did not establish potential reduction of punctures needed to hit the target.  
Another study compared the technical feasibility of an AR navigation system with a standard CT-guided approach [33]. It utilized markers to superimpose patients' reconstructed anatomical structures and needle tracking. Testing on human subjects involving eight patients (four males) aged 58 \(\pm\) 24 years (mean \(\pm\) standard deviation) was performed in a group. Biopsies were performed using the AR solution; for another eight patients (four males) aged 60 \(\pm\) 15 years, biopsies were guided using CT. For each procedure, the collected data were as follows: elapsed time from local anesthesia to specimen withdrawal,number of CT passes, radiation dose, complications, specimen adequacy, and the height, weight, and body mass index of the AR group patients. No complications were observed in either group, there were no significant differences in terms of procedure duration, and every procedure was completed as initially planned, reaching the target lesion and obtaining a bioptic sample. However, the number of CT passes and radiation dose were significantly lower when using the AR solution. The study did not present quantitative data about path length, which could be valuable due to the possibility of angular error. The number of needed punctures was not indicated, which could provide information about the likelihood of reducing risk of post-procedural complications. Finally, the study did not precisely describe the a placement of the target spots or whether the individual procedures had greater risk of complications.