esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A State-of-the-Art Review on the Study of the Diffusion Mechanism of Fissure Grouting
## 2 Current Status of Research on Grouting Materials
### Difficulties in Continuing Breakthroughs in the Future  
The current research on fissure grouting seepage diffusion theory still has many difficulties and problems to be solved, including:  
1. There are several factors that contribute to the complexity of the grouting process, and further exploration is needed. These factors include complex interactions between liquids and rocks, the morphology and distribution of fissures, the properties of grouting material, the control of grouting pressure and flow rate, heterogeneity in rock and soil layers, and environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity changes. The irregular and diverse morphology and distribution of fissures, such as horizontal, vertical, inclined, branching, and converging types, pose challenges to accurately describing the fluid flow and diffusion during grouting.
2. The existing research lacks practical guidance and often relies on ideal conditions, so it is unclear to what extent these findings are applicable to practical engineering. The theory of infiltration grouting mostly focuses on slurry diffusion in single network fissures while ignoring the diffusion of slurry in porous media or media with uneven pore sizes. Moreover, the current research primarily examines the influence of slurry fluid characteristics on diffusion, ignoring the role of pore structure characteristics in the diffusion mechanism.
3. The existing research on high-polymer grouting diffusion theory primarily examines small-pore fissures and cleavage diffusion, ignoring the diffusion mechanism in large-pore gravel media and the influence of water flow. Experimental studies mainly investigate the relationship between grouting parameters, diffusion morphology, and solidification body radius without considering the spatial and temporal evolution of a medium's dynamic response during the diffusion process.
4. In practical engineering, studying the diffusion mechanism of slurry in a single grouting hole is insufficient. In many cases, the area of the disease is relatively large, and multiple grouting holes need to be filled. This involves the selection of grouting hole types, the spacing between adjacent grouting holes, and the determination of the grouting sequence. Selecting appropriate grouting hole types and spacing can achieve twice the result with half the effort in terms of the effectiveness and cost of disease treatment. However, there is currently no mature theoretical basis for the layout of grouting holes in engineering disease treatment. The selection of existing grouting hole layout parameters often does not consider the filtration effect caused by slurry particles or only relies on on-site experience.
## 3 Optimization Based on ESS-NSGA-III Algorithm
### Environment Selection Method Based on Dynamic Convergence Distance  
During the environment selection stage, the NSGA-III algorithm considers only the perpendicular distance from an individual to the reference line and neglects the distance from the individual to the ideal point, leading to insufficient emphasis on convergence during the selection process. To address this limitation, this study proposes a novel environment selection method based on the DCD. The DCD integrates both the perpendicular distance (\(d_{1}\)) from an individual to the reference line and the projection distance (\(d_{2}\)) from the individual to the ideal point on the reference line, defined as follows:  
\[d_{3}=\alpha\cdot d_{1}+d_{2}, \tag{15}\]  
\[\alpha=\alpha_{\min}+\frac{I_{t}(\alpha_{\max}-\alpha_{\min})}{I_{\max}}, \tag{16}\]  
where \(I_{t}\) represents the current iteration number, \(I_{t\max}\) denotes the maximum number of iterations, and \(\alpha_{\min}\) and \(\alpha_{\max}\) are the lower and upper bounds of the convergence coefficient \(\alpha\), respectively. In this study, the parameters are assigned values of \(\alpha_{\min}\)\(=1\) and \(\alpha_{\max}\)\(=5\).  
During the early stages of optimization, the primary objective is to accelerate the search process toward the Pareto front. Smaller values of \(\alpha\) prioritize convergence, enabling the algorithm to rapidly approach the optimal region. This emphasis on convergence ensures efficient progress toward high-quality solutions in the initial phases of the optimization process.  
In contrast, during the later stages, the focus shifts to promoting diversity and ensuring the dispersion of solutions across the entire Pareto front. Larger values of \(\alpha\) enhance diversity, preventing the population from clustering in specific regions and ensuring comprehensive coverage of the Pareto optimal set. This balance between convergence and diversity ensures that the final solution set is both high-quality and well-distributed, capturing the full extent of the Pareto front.
## 5 Tracking Performance Verification  
To verify the effect of the INS aiding to carrier phase tracking performance for dynamic applications, comparison testing of normal PLLs and INS-aided PLLs is carried out on the hardware prototype under simulation and field vehicle scenarios.  
The parameters of PLLs are selected based on the analysis results of the steady-state models given in Section 3. According to Figure 8, the optimal bandwidth of INS-aided PLLs is about 3 Hz when the vehicle acceleration is 9.8 m/s\({}^{2}\), the bandwidth of INS-aided PLLs is set as 3 Hz. Figure 6 shows that the tracking error of normal PLLs under static conditions is also minimum when the bandwidth is set at about 3 Hz. However, the bandwidth of normal PLLs has to be widened to keep lock under motion conditions in practice, as shown in Figure 8. To verify the conclusion that the bandwidth can be set narrow enough under motion conditions only when the PLLs are aided by INS, the tracking performance of the normal PLLs with a bandwidth of 3 Hz is compared with the INS-aided PLLs with the same bandwidth. To demonstrate another conclusion that INS-aided PLLs could reduce the tracking error under motion conditions, the tracking error of the normal PLLs with a bandwidth of 10 Hz is compared with the INS-aided PLLs with a bandwidth of 3 Hz.
## Materials and Methods
### Membrane Preparation
#### 2.4.2 Thin Film Composite (TFC) Membranes  
PIL-based coatings were physically deposited onto polyimide (PI) nano-filtration membranes playing the role of a mechanical support yielding thin-film composite (TFC) membranes. PI supports were prepared using a phase inversion method from 15 wt % solution of Matrimid(r) 9725 in a mixture of solvent containing NMP, THF and H2O in 62.25 wt %, 20.75 wt % and 2.00 wt %, respectively. The obtained homogeneous polymer solution was filtered, degassed and cast on the Novatexx(r) 2483 non-woven fabric with a doctor blade positioned at 200 um. After 30 s of preliminary solvent evaporation, the non-woven with a PI coating was submerged into a bath filled with deionised water to precipitate the PI film [56]. The PI supports were further cross-linked in 0.63 wt % XDA solution in methanol for 3 d, rendering them insoluble in common solvents [57].  
All PIL-based materials were dried under vacuum overnight at 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C to eliminate the absorbed moisture. Coating solutions were obtained by dissolution of the active polymer in acetone to acquire a final concentration of 4 wt%. The solutions were magnetically stirred to yield a homogeneous phase, filtered and allowed to degas overnight to avoid defect formation.  
The composite material solutions were spray coated onto the PI supports using an Exactacoat ultrasonic coating system (Sono-Tek Corp) with an AccuMist ultrasonic nozzle [58]. To obtain smooth, thin, and defect free TFC membranes, the 4 wt % solution of PIL and PIL/IL blends in acetone was sprayed with 4.0 W power output on the ultrasonic nozzle and a spray flow rate of 1 mL min\({}^{-1}\) was applied, corresponding to a coverage of 20 mL cm\({}^{-2}\). For each membrane, 4 layers were coated, with a subsequent drying at room temperature for 10 min between each layer. The samples were finally dried/cured at room temperature. A thin layer of PDMS was applied over the PIL-based selective layer as a final stage of the membrane preparation, by coating with an 10 wt% solution in hexane, following the procedure suggested by the supplier and described elsewhere [16].  
Thicknesses of TFC membranes were measured using the manufacturer's SEM software for each layer separately. To obtain average thickness of a layer, the measurement was conducted on at least three identical membranes on five spots for each membrane observed. The selective layer thickness ranged between 2.9 \(\pm\) 0.1 to 9.8 \(\pm\) 0.1 um over all samples prepared [17].
## 1 Introduction
In addition, compared to air combustion, the influence of inherent minerals on NO\({}_{x}\) reduction in oxy-fuel combustion still remains poorly understood. The direct utilization of coal is difficult for exploring the effects of specific minerals on NO\({}_{x}\) formation and sometimes it is almost impossible to avoid the complicated interactions from other minerals. Few investigators have aimed at the combustion atmosphere dependence of mineral effect on NO\({}_{x}\) reduction. Little work, if any, has been carried out on the impacts of oxy-fuel combustion on the transformation of different nitrogen functional groups. The evolutions of NO and nitrogen dioxide (NO\({}_{2}\)) formation with coal particle size are still unclear under oxy-fuel condition. Some scholars believed that the enlargement of coal particle size lowered the devolatilization rate but had a slight impact on char-nitrogen in the air, while others found out that the release of char-nitrogen presented an obvious positive correlation with particle size [35]. Conclusions from various scholars are probably different and sometimes are even contradictory. Synthetic coals can be utilized to further probe NO\({}_{x}\) formation and reduction for its known and simple compositions. Our previous studies indicated that synthetic coals retained the main structure and property of the aromatic heterocyclic rings, simplified the coal macromolecule, and had definite chemical compositions and nitrogen functional groups [23; 36]. In addition, the combustion characteristics of synthetic coal under oxy-fuel conditions present a striking similarity to those of high volatile coal [36]. Hence, the application of synthetic coal can offer an improved understanding of NO\({}_{x}\) behaviors in oxy-fuel combustion. The complicated catalytic interactions can be avoided and a specific study on the influence of certain mineral matter can be achieved due to the convenient control of mineral matters within the coal matrix. Unfortunately, synthetic coal has not been employed to elucidate the NO\({}_{x}\) formation and its reduction mechanisms in oxy-fuel combustion yet. Based on the advantages of synthetic coal for research on the transformation of coal nitrogen, the present objective was to study the NO\({}_{x}\) reduction in oxy-fuel combustion using two synthetic coals with pyrrol or pyridinic nitrogen employing a lab-scale entrained flow reactor. The influences of the combustion atmosphere on the fuel nitrogen (denoted as fuel-N, hereafter) transformation of the two main nitrogen functional groups in the coal matrix were experimentally compared. The impacts of coal particle size on NO and NO\({}_{2}\) formation were also evaluated contrastively. In addition, the effects of mineral matters on NO\({}_{x}\) reduction were elucidated. The present study will provide a supplementary information on the mechanisms of NO\({}_{x}\) formation and reduction in oxy-fuel combustion.
## 4 Path to Clinic
### Crispr  
It can accurately edit the pathogenic mutant genes, and it is possible to achieve a permanent cure for all forms of FSHD through one-time treatment. In the long run, Crispr is more economical than other gene therapies because it can be achieved in a single dose and will work for the rest of patients' lives. However, delivery of Crispr/cas9 requires the participation of vectors, and currently, the main vector used is the AAV vector. In most populations, there are neutralizing antibodies against AAV, which create an immune response and render the drug ineffective [79]. As we mentioned in the last section, high-dose drug delivery using a virus vector can cause off-target effects and adverse events related to hepatotoxicity. Off-target Crispr will lead to irreversible changes in genetic material, and editing non-target fragments may lead to dysfunction of key proteins. At present, variants of Cas9 have been developed that can only disrupt single-stranded DNA, while targeting double-stranded DNA allows for precise editing of that region, significantly reducing mutations in non-targeted regions [80]. Additionally, research has developed Cas13 to target and cleave RNA instead of DNA, thereby avoiding the potential risks of permanent off-target gene editing associated with DNA-targeting systems [70]. The use of Crispr tools requires strict specificity testing, and the rapid development of controllable specificity editing improves the security of Crispr tools [81]. At present, the urgent clinical problem may be to reduce immunogenicity and increase the efficiency of delivering skeletal muscle while detargeting the liver.
## 5 Discussion
### Usability  
The evaluation showed that the RA component was more usable compared to the legacy tool. We believe that this is related to the design specifications of the tool, such as the use of a task-based modeling method, the traceability of the steps, and finally, the automatic detection of changes. For example, two participants in the group that used the RA tool second spontaneously reported that having the changes highlighted was better compared to the legacy tool, with which the user had to scroll and search to find the changes. However, despite the good ratings given in the RA tool, the SUS score is not yet optimal--considering that the average was below 70. This indicates that the tool might not be accepted by the whole user pool [60]. Therefore, further improvements can be considered for future developments. For example, while changing resources either via the MES or via manual entry, the user must confirm for each step that the resource has been changed and no grouping feature, as in the risk evaluation, is present. This leads to the user having to click on \"save change\" several times, therefore leading to a repetitive task which could have influenced the SUS score. This is demonstrated by one user in the group that used the RA tool second. The user spontaneously expressed that the repetitive clicking for every step was improper if compared with the grouping of the resources in the subsequent risk assessment. Therefore, integrating the grouping feature across all steps could be one way to improve the acceptance of the RA tool. As an example, if a robot is changed and PFL is used as mitigation, the maximum allowable speed would depend on the robot type. Considering these insights, future versions of the RA will limit the number of clicks required to confirm changes and will integrate the grouping feature across different steps in the risk evaluation workflow. These changes could lead to an SUS score above 70, indicating a wider acceptance by the user pool.
# Biomechanical Effect of 3D-Printed Foot Orthoses in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis
## 3 Results
### Center of Pressure  
Figure 5 reveals the average path of COP under the two conditions. For the Shoe + FO condition, the COP was more lateral than that under the Shoe condition from the 10% to 90% of the stance phase. Under Shoe + FO, the COP at the peak KAM significantly shifted laterally by 2.71 mm on average compared with that under the Shoe condition (Table 1).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Variable** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Shoe** \\ **(Mean \(\pm\) SD)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Shoe + FO** \\ **(Mean \(\pm\) SD)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **\(p\) Value** \\ \end{tabular} & **Effect Size** \\ \hline Walking speed (m/s) & 0.977 \(\pm\) 0.163 & 0.925 \(\pm\) 0.146 & 0.060 & 0.34 \\ COP at peak KAM (mm) & 7.289 \(\pm\) 3.641 & 9.998 \(\pm\) 4.054 & 0.001 * & 0.70 \\
1 st peak KAM (N\(\cdot\)m\(\cdot\)BW\({}^{-1}\cdot\)LL\({}^{-1}\)) & 0.049 \(\pm\) 0.018 & 0.047 \(\pm\) 0.019 & 0.042 * & 0.11 \\
2 nd peak KAM (N\(\cdot\)m\(\cdot\)BW\({}^{-1}\cdot\)LL\({}^{-1}\)) & 0.044 \(\pm\) 0.017 & 0.040 \(\pm\) 0.018 & 0.004 * & 0.23 \\ Peak KFM (N\(\cdot\)m\(\cdot\)BW\({}^{-1}\cdot\)LL\({}^{-1}\)) & 0.036 \(\pm\) 0.022 & 0.034 \(\pm\) 0.019 & 0.464 & 0.10 \\ Peak AEM (N\(\cdot\)m\(\cdot\)BW\({}^{-1}\cdot\)LL\({}^{-1}\)) & \(-\)0.009 \(\pm\) 0.005 & \(-\)0.010 \(\pm\) 0.006 & 0.411 & 0.18 \\ Peak AIM (N\(\cdot\)m\(\cdot\)BW\({}^{-1}\cdot\)LL\({}^{-1}\)) & 0.009 \(\pm\) 0.008 & 0.007 \(\pm\) 0.008 & 0.033 * & 0.25 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Significantly different between the two conditions. (COP: center of pressure, KAM: knee adduction moment, KFM: knee flexion moment, AEM: ankle version moment, AIM: ankle inversion moment, BW: body weight, LL: leg length).  
\end{table}
Table 1: Comparison of the walking speed and biomechanical variables between two conditions: wearing standard shoes (Shoe) and wearing shoes embedded with 3D-printed FO (Shoe + FO).
## 3 Experimental Setup
### LD and Transmitter  
#### 3.1.1 LD Light Source  
Figure 1 shows the view of LD used in this experiment and the performance results tested. As shown in Figure 2a, this setup selected the directly modulated single-mode fiber-pigtailed laser. Figure 2b shows that the central wavelength of a single LD is 450.1 nm  
Figure 1: Schematic of the experimental setup. PRBS: pseudo-random bit sequence; AWG: arbitrary waveform generator; AMP: RF amplifier; LD: laser diode; VA: variable attenuator; FL: fiber launch; BC: beam collimator; BS: beam splitter; PCM: photon-counting module; PMD: power measurement device; OS: oscilloscope.  
with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 2 nm. The tested 3 dB bandwidth of the LD was about 1 GHz, as shown in Figure 2c. Figure 2d shows the tested results of V-I and P-I curves when the operating temperature of LD was 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The threshold current was 27 mA and the mean output optical power was 15.0 mW when the bias current was set at 66 mA.
# Frequency-Dependent Acoustic Reflection for Soil Classification in a Controlled Aquatic Environment
## 4 Discussion  
### Significance of the Findings  
The results demonstrate a clear spectral distinction between SP and GP soils, confirming that frequency-dependent reflectance coefficients can serve as a reliable classification parameter. This validates the hypothesis that spectral acoustic signatures provide a finer-scale differentiation than traditional backscatter-based methods.  
This differentiation highlights the potential of using acoustic spectral signatures as an alternative to traditional seabed classification methods. The findings suggest that the frequency-dependent behavior of acoustic waves interacting with sediments is influenced by grain size, grading characteristics, and microstructural differences, which are often overlooked in conventional acoustic seabed mapping techniques.
## 3 AS01 SAR Satellite Data Experiment and Analysis
### Performance Evaluation Based on Wake Detection
This clustering process helps obtain a new set of peak points, and the average values of angle and distance in this set are utilized as the corresponding detection results [31]. In practical applications, using this information, the motion parameters, such as the speed and heading of the ship, can be calculated based on the offset of the target image in the azimuth direction and the angle of the narrow V-shaped wake. Therefore, the test results of wake detection performance based on AS01 SAR data are consistent with subjective evaluations and image quality assessments, further validating the effectiveness and practicality of this processing method.
# A Lightweight High Definition Mapping Method Based on Multi-Source Data Fusion Perception
## 6 Conclusions  
This paper proposes a low-cost and lightweight semantic HD mapping method for autonomous driving applications that is based on multi-source data fusion perception. The mapping system framework builds upon previous work that utilizes crowdsourced data, but the paper introduces an improved semantic alignment algorithm and semantic aggregation algorithm that are evaluated in a practical scene. For fusion mapping on the cloud, we focus on the optimization of multiple trajectories' pose and propose a semantic-based GICP two-stage semantic alignment algorithm, which significantly improves the semantic alignment accuracy, and propose a semantic aggregation algorithm based on lane line logic constraints for lightweight vector map construction, which effectively suppresses the impact of abnormal data on semantic element instantiation. Compared with the state-of-the-art ([PERSON] et al. and [PERSON] et al.), our method reduces the relative accuracy error of fusion mapping by 30%, increases the factor completion rate by about 15%, and improves the mapping efficiency by about 10%. The experimental results demonstrate that our method is highly accurate, lightweight, and robust, and can meet the application accuracy requirements of high-precision mapping. Our method also provides convenience for users to segment and load maps.  
Conceptualization, H.S. and B.H.; methodology, H.S.; software, H.S. and Q.H.; validation, H.S. and Y.Z.; investigation, H.S. and J.S.; writing--original draft preparation, H.S.; writing--review and editing, H.S. and J.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was funded by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of Things special fund for development funding and the city cooperative guidance project of Guangzhou (No. 2014Y2-00218).  
No applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Visible Light Communication System Technology Review: Devices, Architectures, and Applications
## 2 VLC Transmitter Light Source
### Theoretical Background of Laser for VLC Application
#### 2.2.1 Edge Emitting Laser Diodes (EELDs)  
A typical white laser transmitter is constructed using a blue laser exciting yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) phosphor. [PERSON] et al. performed the first demonstration of an InGaN/GaN-based room-temperature EELD [66], utilizing the injection locking technique and demonstrating that the bandwidth of the laser diode can be enhanced, making it promising for high data rate VLC systems [67]. In 2018, [PERSON] et al. demonstrated a prism-based self-injection locked (SIL) external cavity diode laser based on a violet LD with a continuous wavelength tunability of 5.15 nm [68]. In 2020, [PERSON] et al. demonstrated that a novel InGaN-based distributed feedback (DFB) laser diode with narrow-linewidth emission at approximately 480 nm enabled a 10.5 Gbps data rate using a 16-QAM OFDM modulation scheme [69].  
The phosphor material is laser-pumped to produce eye-safe white light emission, which has significant advantages over the non-human-eye-safe beam from a single-wavelength coherent emission high-power LD chip [70; 71]. Figure 5 shows an integrated surface-mount device (SMD) package for laser lighting applications. The laser beam hits the phosphor, and the combination of photons from the LD and the phosphor converts the photons to produce a white light spectrum. These laser SMDs can produce a directional beam of 400-500 lumens from a 300-400-micron spot, producing a brightness level beyond 1000 cd/mm\({}^{2}\)[72].  
Figure 4: Laser modulation characteristics.