## 1 Introduction  
Land use classes are closely connected with both local and regional climatic conditions, demonstrating the delicate interaction between natural components of the environment and human activity [1; 2; 3]. Climate variables such as temperature, precipitation, and seasonal patterns have a significant impact on the distribution and features of various land uses [4; 5; 6], including agricultural areas [7; 8; 9; 10], forests [11; 12], urban spaces, and water bodies [13; 14; 15]. Climatic considerations play a crucial role in determining the suitability of specific regions for different land uses, impacting the growth of crops, the density of forests, and the availability of water supplies [16; 17]. Nevertheless, the influence of climate on land utilization is not fixed; it transforms in response to evolving climatic conditions, such as those caused by global climate change [18; 19; 20]. Consequently, changes in temperature, patterns of precipitation, and occurrences of extreme weather events are anticipated to modify the way land is used, requiring the implementation of adaptive management measures [21; 22]. Research conducted at a global or detailed level has highlighted the impacts of global warming such as the decline in biodiversity, an increased susceptibility to wildfires, and structural changes in ecosystems; excessive heat can harm crops by diminishing photosynthesis [23; 24; 25], influencing the growth of fruits [26], or inducing heat-related illnesses [27; 28], resulting in decreased yields [29]. Certain crops can experience accelerated maturation [30], resulting in encounter delays that disturb the timing of planting and harvesting [31; 32]. Global warming causes a rise in mean global temperatures, which can disturb ecosystems [33; 34], modify habitats [35], and endanger biodiversity as compared to other scenarios [36]. Global warming perturbs natural weather patterns, resulting in heightened storm intensity [37], extended periods of drought, and irregular precipitation patterns [38; 39; 40; 41; 42], therefore impacting agriculture and available water resources [43]. Increasing temperatures and arid conditions amplify the occurrence and intensity of wildfires [44], causing destruction to forests [45; 46; 47], emitting carbon, and endangering both animals and human communities [48]. Numerous species exhibit insufficient adaptability to changing climates [49; 50], resulting in a decline in biodiversity, therefore undermining ecosystems and diminishing their ability to withstand future environmental pressures [51; 52]. Species are migrating to new regions in response to temperature changes, which can cause ecosystem imbalances and lead to the extinction of less adaptable species [53; 54]. Beyond climate, anthropogenic activities also have a significant impact. Human activities, such as agriculture, urbanization, deforestation, and industrial growth, position considerable pressure on land resources [55]. The need for natural resources, such as wood, minerals, and fertile land, motivates alterations in land use, frequently resulting in the transformation of natural environments into agricultural or urban zones. Hence, the impact of human activities on land utilization is projected to increase in the coming years, propelled by the escalating demand for natural resources, the expansion of urban areas, and rising population growth [56]. GIS-based models allow for the assessment of land suitability for different purposes by combining diverse environmental, socio-economic, and climatic aspects [57; 58; 59]. GIS-based assessments play an important role in determining the most suitable places for agriculture, forestry, and conservation in the context of climate change [60; 61]. This technique allows the identification of land that indicates resilience to climatic impacts and supports the achievement of sustainable development initiatives [62; 63].