# Treatment Methods for Antibiotic Mycelial Residues: A Review
## 1 Introduction
Over time, the continuous accumulation and recombination of diverse ARGs significantly increase the likelihood of developing multidrug-resistant strains, potentially culminating in the emergence of superbugs with exceptional drug resistance [15]. To date, multiple bacterial species exhibiting acquired resistance to one or multiple classes of antibiotics have been identified in environmental settings [16; 17]. Genomic sequencing and bioinformatics analyses of river sediments contaminated by antibiotic production effluents reveal distinct microbial community signatures: heightened activity of enzymatic systems mediating horizontal transfer of ARGs, coupled with significantly elevated abundance of resistance plasmids [18]. It is evident that the use of antibiotics and the cascade of complex issues it entails, particularly those related to ARB and ARGs, have emerged as critical challenges demanding urgent resolution. In 2002, China listed AMR in the _Catalogue of Drugs Prohibited for Use in Animal Feed and Drinking Water_ (issued by the Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Health, and State Drug Administration) to eliminate potential food chain contamination risks stemming from inappropriate AMR use at the source. In 2008, AMR were formally incorporated into the _National Catalogue of Hazardous Wastes (2008 Edition)_. This designation was further refined in 2016, categorizing them explicitly under the HW02 class (\"Medical Waste\") in the updated _National Catalogue of Hazardous Wastes (2016 Edition)_. The current _Technical Policy for Pollution Prevention and Control in the Pharmaceutical Industry_ mandates that \"mycelial waste residues from antibiotic and biopharmaceutical production\" must undergo hazardous waste management, while stipulating that \"antibiotic-containing wastewater with biosafety risks requires pretreatment to disrupt antibiotic molecular structures prior to discharge.\" AMR decontamination constitutes a critical safeguard for ecological security [19]. It is noteworthy that AMR is not merely a waste requiring cautious disposal; from a resource utilization perspective, it contains substantial exploitable potential. As a byproduct of fermentation, AMR is rich in biodegradable organic materials, such as proteins and carbohydrates, which typically account for over 80% of its dry weight, and possesses the capacity to be converted into high-value-added products [20]. Thus, AMR possesses dual characteristics as both a solid waste and biomass resource. Achieving its safe and resource-efficient utilization is paramount for environmental protection and resource sustainability. China has established international leadership in AMR treatment management [21]. While most countries predominantly rely on conventional disposal methods, such as landfilling or incineration, China has achieved large-scale detoxification and resource-directed vaporization of AMR through the integrated implementation of technologies, including fermentation and composting [22; 23]. Although existing reviews have documented AMR treatment technologies, they predominantly focus on the detoxification efficacy of specific methodologies while lacking comprehensive analysis and critical assessment of the broader technological landscape [24; 25]. This review clarifies the compositional characteristics of AMR, systematically categorizes and summarizes current methods in the AMR treatment domain, evaluating the application potential and limitations of each approach. A comprehensive understanding of AMR treatment strategies will advance future research and facilitate the realization of ecological safety in practical applications.