## 2 Related Work  
In this section, the literature review is provided for e-voting schemes. Table 1 provides a comparison between our scheme and existing e-voting schemes. E-Voting In IndustryIn [24], [PERSON] et al. analyze the first blockchain-based e-voting scheme used by a state in its general elections, Voatz. The app used in this scheme was found to contain severe security flaws such as requirements of weak passwords, easily bypassed anti-virus, and an API that can take full control of a user's device. In addition, voter's choices could be deduced via a side-channel attack. Score VotingIn [25], [PERSON] et al. present a distributed scored voting scheme that uses a novel dual zero-knowledge proof to preserve privacy. Each component of the crypto scheme is performance tested locally using Charm, then the scheme is benchmarked locally on the Ethereum blockchain to determine average costs. Unlike our scheme, all scheme testing was conducted locally. Self-TallyingIn [26], [PERSON] et al. present a complete self-tallying e-voting protocol based on [27]. Minimal performance testing was conducted. The authors present the average time for proving and verifying a single vote, but no testing of scale is shown. In [28], [PERSON] et al., propose a modification of [27, 29] to deliver a scheme model of self-tallying voting schemes based on blockchain in decentralized IoT. The scheme is performance tested, but scalability is capped to only 12 voters. In [30], [PERSON] et al. propose and implement a traceable self-tallying e-voting protocol using a homomorphic time-lock puzzle to provide self-tallying. However, both on-chain and off-chain performance testing was limited to less than 10 voters, showing minimal scale for the scheme. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Architecture** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Election** \\ **Privacy** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Identity** \\ **Privacy** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Easy for** \\ **Voters to** \\ **Audit Results** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Implemented** \\ **Performance** \\ **Evaluation** \\ \end{tabular} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Affordable**} \\ \hline Current Paper Ballot scheme 1  & Centralized & \(\times\) & \(\bigcirc\) & \(\times\) & \(\surd\) & \(\times\) \\ [PERSON] et. al. [5] & Hybrid & \(\times\) & \(\bigcirc\) & \(\times\) & \(\surd\) & \(\times\) \\ [PERSON] and [PERSON]: [12] & Blockchain & \(\times\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) \\ [PERSON] et al. [13] & Blockchain (public) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\surd\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) \\ [PERSON] et al. [17] & Blockchain (public) & \(\times\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\times\) \\ Our scheme & Blockchain (private) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: A summary comparison between our scheme and existing e-voting schemes. Note: \(\surd\) shows a functionality a realized feature; \(\bigcirc\) shows a (partially) realized function by relying on a central trust \(\times\) is an unrealized feature. (Author’s own processing). _Blockchain Based E-Voting schemes_. In [21], [PERSON] et al. propose a blockchain-based, ranked-choice election protocol on the public Ethereum blockchain. While performance testing was only implemented locally using Hardhat, virtualized scalability was demonstrated up to 10,000 voters. Result verification through Merkle Tree generation was demonstrated up to 100,000 voters, but no election scheme functions were tested at this scale. In [31], [PERSON] et al. propose and implement a blockchain-based self-tallying voting scheme with software updates in decentralized IoT. The authors tested the voting scheme using a Raspberry Pi device to simulate an IoT device, but did not test the update integration. In addition, the testing only included up to 100 voters. In [32], [PERSON] et al. present a framework to be used for blockchain-based elections, but no implementation beyond broad software architecture concepts is discussed.