# Online Privacy Fatigue: A Scoping Review and Research Agenda
## 3 Findings
### The Antecedents and Outcomes of Online Privacy Fatigue
#### 3.3.1 Antecedents of Privacy Fatigue
Their findings indicate that participants viewed IoT privacy invasions (such as viewing unauthorized CCTV footage) to be significantly more severe than those that take place in other IT environments (e.g., social media). Contrary to the influence of _perceived severity of invasion_, [PERSON] et al. [13] found information overload to have a more significant effect on privacy fatigue than _perceived privacy risks_ when using Weibo. The Role of Privacy Controls and Privacy Management  
Several articles (\(n=9\)) investigated the influence of privacy controls or the management thereof (see Figure 5). The _loss of control_ featured most (\(n=4\)), especially in the results of qualitative articles. For example, [PERSON] et al. [19] found that a significant number of students perceived the loss of Facebook privacy controls to be irrelevant, as the level of privacy controls had no direct bearing on successfully protecting one's personal information. The loss of control simply furthers the associated feelings of privacy denial, fatigue, and ultimately digital resignation (i.e., privacy invasions being inevitable). [PERSON] et al. [25] and [PERSON] et al. [31] reported similar findings, adding that a loss of privacy controls within the context of general internet use also influences feelings of uncertainty, powerlessness, and mistrust, all of which contribute to privacy fatigue. One article [8] reported that teens are particularly fatalistic in terms of such privacy invasions (referred to as network defeatism), opting to manage and control social media privacy on an interpersonal rather than a personal level. Six articles explored the difficulty of managing privacy controls (also referred to as settings). Two of these reported that overly complex privacy controls (i.e.,complexity of privacy management_) significantly increase overall fatigue [15; 19]. Interestingly, younger users did not view such complexities to be as significant when considering institutional privacy concerns, which mirrors the results of [PERSON] and [PERSON]'s earlier research [15]. [PERSON] et al. [14] found evidence to suggest that a reduction in complexity (by increasing _privacy usability_) significantly reduces fatigue, with [PERSON] et al. [23] reporting similar results when increasing _privacy setting affordances_ in an m-health mobile app (i.e., the range and extent of privacy controls provided). Finally, one article reported that although an increase in the ease of privacy control (modeled as _privacy control feature ease of use_) significantly reduced fatigue, the same did not apply to the relationship between _privacy control feature capability_ and privacy fatigue when using a mobile app [22]. Together, the above suggests that, within the context of a mobile app, a reduction in complexity significantly reduces privacy fatigue. Four articles reported that a _lack of knowledge_ significantly influenced privacy fatigue making it the second most common antecedent identified. Knowledge seemed to play a significant role when interfacing with technologies such as smart or IoT devices, specifically when recording audio. For example, [PERSON] et al. [30] found a lack of privacy notifications and warnings about possible infringements to be particularly problematic within the context of recording-capable smart devices. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [24] found participants' lack of knowledge to increase feelings of privacy fatigue when using smart healthcare devices at home. A lack of knowledge was also found to significantly increase fatigue within the context of internet-based self-disclosure and participation [16; 25]. One article modeled the influence of _information overload_, reporting that, within the context of Weibo interactions, its effect on privacy fatigue was significantly larger than that of perceived privacy risks [13]. Similar results were reported by [PERSON] et al. [31] who found that too much information overwhelms users, making them weary and desensitized to security and privacy risks.