# Effects of Glyphosate and Its Metabolite AMPA on Aquatic Organisms
## 4 Conclusions  
There is a large amount of information about the benefits, environmental fate, effects, and risks of using glyphosate throughout the scientific literature. Nevertheless, evaluating chronic exposures of nontarget aquatic organisms is missing. The results of the studies that have been summarized in this review indicate that GLY, as an individual compound or as a component of commercial products used in agriculture, and its main metabolite AMPA may have adverse effects on freshwater and marine organisms at different levels of biological organization. GLY mainly caused oxidative stress, and affected antioxidant enzymes, blood parameters, and caused several histopathologic changes in the gills, liver, and kidneys, and not least genotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and cardiotoxicity in fish and oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymes, and haemocyte parameters in mussels. In comparison to AMPA, there are many gaps in the scientific literature regarding the knowledge of its toxicity on aquatic organisms. AMPA may cause genotoxicity and immunotoxicity in fish, adverse changes in haemolymph parameters, effects on mussels' antioxidant enzymes, and developmental delay and survival of tadpoles. There are also concerns about potential bioconcentration effects and breeding in organisms of these compounds. Considering the increasing consumption of herbicides and their repeated application worldwide, the European Commission implemented a regulation (EU 2017/2324 [103] that GLY can be used as an active substance until 15 December 2022 on the condition that national authorities have to authorize each product. Therefore, we assume that the presence of GLY and AMPA in the aquatic environment requires a stricter control and further studies of the potentially toxic effects of these substances on nontarget organisms. As the lethal concentrations indicate glyphosate, its commercial products, and AMPA at very high levels impact long-term exposure at real environmental concentrations, more detailed information about the ecotoxicity needs to be evaluated. Conceptualization, data curation, writing--original draft preparation, N.T. ; writing--review and editing A.S.; supervision J.V. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Species** & **Concentration** & **Exposure** & **Effects** & **References** \\ \hline Mediterranean mussel (_Mytitus gallopronicinalis_) & 100 \(\mu\)g/L & 7 days & \(\uparrow\) haemocyte diameter, haemocyte volume, haemocyte proliferation, LDH in haemolymph, HL; & [77] \\  & & & \(\downarrow\) THC, AChE in gills & \\ \hline Mediterranean mussel (_Mytitus gallopronicinalis_) & & & \(\uparrow\) THC, haemocyte diameter, haemocyte volume, haemocyte proliferation, AChE in gills, CAT in digestive gland; & \\  & 100 \(\mu\)g/L & & & \(\downarrow\) HL \\ \cline{3-4}  & & & \(\uparrow\) haemocyte volume, LDH in haemolymph; \\  & & 21 days & \(\downarrow\) THC, haemocyte proliferation, HL, \\  & & & & AChE in gills \\ \cline{3-4} Mediterranean mussel (_Mytitus gallopronicinalis_) & & 7 days & \(\downarrow\) THC \\ \cline{3-4}  & & & \(\uparrow\) THC, haemocyte diameter and volume, lysosome activity, acid phosphatase; & \\  & 1, 10, 100 \(\mu\)g/L & & \(\downarrow\) haemocyte proliferation, SOD in gill and digestive gland & \\  & & & \(\uparrow\) haemocyte proliferation, lysosome activity, acid phosphatase, LDH; & \\  & & & \(\downarrow\) THC, haemocyte diameter and volume & \\ \hline _Bufo spinosus_ & 0.07, 0.32, 3.57 \(\mu\)g/L & 16 days & \(\downarrow\) embryonic survival, development delay, short tail length & [102] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Cont. Funding: The research was funded by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic--project No. QK1910282. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: Not report data. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this review paper.