esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Research Methodology
### Effectiveness of the Search Process
#### 2.7.2 Papers' Distribution Based on the Library  
All the selected final relevant papers from the selected libraries were categorized based on the library from which they were derived such as IEEE Xplore, ACM, Science Direct, Hindawi, and Taylor and Francis. Each library and selected papers' references are shown in Table 6. Based on the statistics, a total of 98 relevant final papers were selected among which 4 papers were obtained from ACM, 7 papers from IEEE Xplore, 52 papers from Springer, 4 papers from Hindawi, 18 from Science Direct and the remaining 4 papers from Taylor and Francis. The least number of papers are from ACM and Taylor and Francis regarding the research domain, while the greatest number of papers are from Springer and Science Direct.  
The frequency distribution of the final selected papers in association with libraries is depicted in Figure 5. It is evident from the statistics that most papers belong to Springer library as compared to the other libraries.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline
**Library** & **Papers** \\ \hline ACM & [17; 18; 19; 20] \\ \hline Science Direct & [10; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48; 49] \\ \hline IEEE Explore & [4; 7; 8; 50; 51; 52; 53] \\ \hline Taylor \& Francis & [54; 55; 56; 57; 58; 57; 54; 59; 6] \\ \hline Springer & [1; 2; 3; 5; 6; 11; 12; 13; 58; 10; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48; 49] \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Distribution of papers library-wise.  
Figure 4: Year-wise distribution of selected papers based on their type.  
Furthermore, a more detailed representation of the year-wise distribution of papers from the libraries is presented in Figure 6. More sources of papers in the three years (2017, 2018, and 2019) belong to Springer, IEEE Xplore, Hindawi, and Science Direct. All these libraries are popular and it shows that the collected literature belongs to reliable sources.
## 6 Way Forward  
We have just started witnessing the application of SBFSEM to the study of chromosomes. To date there have been a limited number of studies on chromosomes. However, application of SBFSEM has demonstrated its utility and increased our knowledge and understanding of chromosome ultra-structure and their spatial positioning at different cell cycle stages. This is due to the automated registration of images allowing access to comprehensive 3D information. This is an important milestone, and the journey has just begun.  
Sample preparation procedures for imaging chromosomes/chromatin using SBFSEM have been performed from tissues [53], cells [54; 56], nuclei [44; 49] and isolated chromosomes [55]. Sample preparation must be considered; for example, the penetration of heavy metal stains, sample density and fixatives can impact the experimental observations. This, in part, has been ameliorated by the development of staining methods integrated with correlative microscopy, such as CLEM for protein and DNA imaging, which has helped unravel the structure-function relationship of proteins and DNA, e.g., during mitosis [54; 56]. This is yet to be explored for the large repository of proteins that includes scaffold proteins involved in maintaining the chromosome stability and function [59; 60]. Moreover, the effect of other factors such as divalent cations (calcium and magnesium) on the decondensation of chromosomes need to be explored [61; 62].  
Developing new generation back scattered electron (BSE) detectors would be useful. Improvement in resin strength or sturdiness that can withstand the heat generated during high-resolution imaging would allow a higher resolution to be achieved. Radiation damage or charging of the sample should be carefully considered and should enable a higher resolution to be achieved in all dimensions. As no cryogenic stage for the SBFSEM instrument has yet been developed, biological samples after freeze-substitution and high-pressure freezing would be a suitable way forward and is yet to be explored [63]. For quantitative analysis of chromosome samples, automated segmentation tools need to be developed in the software that will speed the analysis and allow data reproducibility.  
This now opens an opportunity to explore SBFSEM for determining the structure and spatial architecture of chromosomes in different tissues and cell types during disease and development. This could provide important clues into the differential proximity patterning of chromosomes during various cell cycle stages, in daughter cells after division, after disease progression such as cancers, and be useful for regenerative medicine and stem cell research.
# A Hybrid Architecture for Safe Human-Robot Industrial Tasks
## 4 Human Tracking Module  
### Experimental Setup Configuration  
The experimental setup demonstrates the advantages of using the OptiTrack [19] vision system for the workspace monitoring, i.e., a reduction of occlusions and false positive detections. The use of a multi-camera setup, covering the entire workspace, ensures that the human operators are tracked from multiple angles, significantly reducing the chances of occlusion as the system can continue tracking through any visual obstruction by relying on alternative camera views. The proactive nature of the system comes from its ability to adjust tracking based on real-time data from multiple cameras, which helps avoid false positive detections caused by partial occlusions or errors in individual camera views. In cases of full occlusions, the system may experience temporary tracking loss, but once the occlusion is cleared (e.g., the human moves out of the blocked area), the system quickly re-establishes tracking. Figure 1 shows an image of the experimental setup, acquired by one of the cameras. The laboratory environment is approximately 80 sqm large and simulates a real industrial environment in which there may be multiple operators, multiple robots, desks, and work equipment. The whole space is monitored by 12 cameras that use infrared light to capture retro-reflective markers, also called _rigid bodies_ (RB), as shown in the top left of the image. It is here assumed that the part of the human body that is most representative of the operator's motion is the hand; therefore, rigid bodies are attached to operators' gloves. The fundamental requirement for the OptiTrack system to be able to distinguish one rigid body from another is the uniqueness of the number of markers and the relative distances between them.  
OptiTrack is considered the gold standard in motion capture and tracking systems due to its high accuracy (0.2 mm), high frame rate (from 20 Hz up to 1000 Hz), reliability, and versatility. Its advanced software, called Motive, enables easy integration with other systems, making it a trusted solution for complex applications of advanced robotics in collaborative robotic tasks for industrial, large spaces.
# Energy-Efficient Hybrid Routing Protocol for IoT Communication Systems in 5G and Beyond
## 1 Introduction
### Motivation  
The main motivation of this paper is the challenge of energy efficiency in 5G IoT systems as a result of managing data transmission of a staggering number of wireless sensor nodes. As discussed earlier in this section, various clustering protocols have been reported in the literature; however, most of these techniques are not viable for MIMO-based IoT communication system. Therefore, clustering protocols for conserving the energy of IoT systems in the 5G environment is still missing.
## 3 SOMS Framework  
In this section, the SOMS framework is described and the important features of the proposed structure are presented. The important goals of the proposed structure for outage management system are:  
* To classify the outages optimally according to the depots and crews' constraints.
* To reduce the outage cost of the distribution system.
* To reduce the DG cost of the distributed energy resources.
* To reduce the EDRP cost of the smart distribution system.
* To reduce the RRC's time to obtain the health of the power distribution system.  
Usually, the optimization problems have some constraints. In this paper, the important constraints that are considered are as follows:  
* The capacity limit of crews' vehicles and the limits of the resources in each depot.
* The operation limits such as the power flow limit of the distribution system, EDRP limits and DG limits.
* The RRC limit.
* The repair of damaged components.  
The proposed outage management system should be an integrated system considering all the goals and constraints. The proposed structure of the outage management system is shown in Figure 2.  
As shown in Figure 2, the proposed structure for system outage management is categorized into two stages. In the first stage, all the outages are clustered considering the distance between depots and the damaged component. In this stage, all the above-mentioned constraints are addressed. This clustering causes a decrease in the processing time for the DSOs in crisis times. The first-stage results are very important in the case studies where the numbers of outages and depots are high. In the second stage, the multi-objective function is provided to optimize the outage cost, DG cost, EDRP cost and RRC time.  
Figure 2: The proposed structure of the system outage management.  
This paper considers some novel aspects of the outage management problem (in comparison with previous work) that are mentioned as follows:  
* _The load shedding cost is considered in the objective function of the proposed framework:_ Previous work only considered the maximum served load in the outage management problem. However, this paper considers the load shedding cost in the novel structure. Additionally, the load importance is considered, to prioritize high-priority loads.
* _The EDRP costs are considered in the proposed framework:_ The role of the EDRP was not considered in previous work in the smart outage management field.
* _The dispatch cost for the DGs is considered in the objective function of the proposed problem:_ DGs plays an important role in the smart outage management system. The operation cost for the DGs was not considered in previous work.
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Two-Level Decision Fusion System  
We assume a set of detectors, where each detector can express its belief on each of the system's states. Detectors leverage one or more sequences of \(C(y^{s},b)\) values, in order to formulate a particular decision. Dempster-Shaffer's (D-S) theory of evidence is then used to build a two-level decision fusion system [38].
# Subcooled Flow Boiling Heat Flux Enhancement Using High Porosity Sintered Fiber
## 3 Results
### Flow and Bubble Pattern  
Figure 7 shows the boiling flow pattern at the maximum heat flux of each porous thickness, the inlet subcooling temperature \(\Delta T_{sub}=30\) K, and mass flux 400 kg\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\cdot\)s\({}^{-1}\). Except for the 2 mm porous thickness, the small bubbles nucleated, coalescence, and departure forming a big bubble that fully covered the flow channels. In the 2 mm porous thickness, just small bubbles were generated outside the porous body, however, the wall superheat increased considerably. This effect is attributed to the vapor trapping by the microchannels inside the porous body. The critical heat flux was reached on the 0 mm porous thickness. Due to the limited number of cavitation sites, a single big bubble was generated, forming a vapor blanket due to the lack of water supply. The departure rate on the 0 mm surface was lower than that of those on the porous body surfaces. In Figure 8, the flow pattern where the inlet subcooling temperature \(\Delta T_{sub}=30\) K. In comparison with the inlet subcooling temperature \(\Delta T_{sub}=30\) K, the flow channels presented a clear reduction in the bubble size formation, and in none of the cases, the CHF was reached. This effect was attributed to the inlet temperature that affects the bulk temperature farthest to the saturation temperature. Under high inlet subcooling temperature, the bubble formation was reduced to small bubbles outside the porous body with a high departure rate. Bubbles rarely coalesce between them, however, the 0.5 mm porous body promoted in higher-level the bubble coalesce and thus, increase the heat flux at lower wall superheat as shown in Figure 9.  
Figure 7: Flow and bubble formation pattern at the maximum heat flux for all the porous thickness: \(\Delta T_{sub}=30\) K; \(G=400\) kg\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\cdot\)s\({}^{-1}\).
## Materials and Methods  
### Nanoparticle Synthesis  
To synthesize HAp nanoparticles, 400 mL of a 0.06 M aqueous NH\({}_{4}\)H\({}_{2}\)PO\({}_{4}\) (Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA, USA) solution containing 25 mL 28% NH\({}_{4}\)OH (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was added dropwise to a 400 mL 0.1 M aqueous solution of Ca(NO\({}_{3}\))\({}_{2}\) (Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh,PA, USA), which contained 50 mL of 28% NH\({}_{4}\)OH. The beaker was kept heated on a plate at 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C and stirred vigorously at 400 rpm. Once the addition of NH\({}_{4}\)H\({}_{2}\)PO\({}_{4}\) had been completed, the suspension was brought to a boil, then immediately removed from the plate and left to air cool at room temperature. Stirring was suspended and the precipitate was left to age along with its supernatant under ambient conditions for 24 h. After 24 h, the precipitate was separated into 50 mL Falcon tubes and centrifuged/washed three times with deionized H\({}_{2}\)O (5 min at 5000 rpm), and left to dry in a vacuum oven (Accu Temp-19, Across International, Livingston, NJ, USA) (p = \(-\)20 mmHg) at 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
To synthesize brick-shaped and needle-shaped HAp microparticles, 100 mL solutions composed of 10 mM Ca(NO\({}_{3}\))\({}_{2}\), different concentrations of NH\({}_{4}\)H\({}_{2}\)PO\({}_{4}\), and 20 mM urea were covered with aluminum foil to prevent evaporation, heated to 88 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and then subjected to an ultrasound field using an ultrasonicator (Q700 QSonica, Newtown, CT, USA), a regular, \(\frac{1}{2}^{\circ}\) tip, the amplitude equal to 20, and pulse on/off time of 2/1 s for different processing periods. The decomposition of urea at elevated temperatures proceeded according to Equation (1), yielding NH\({}_{4}\)OH as a product and an increase in the pH, which caused the precipitation of HAp, as per Equations (2) and (3).  
\[\text{CO(NH${}_{2}$)}_{2}+\text{H${}_{2}$O}\rightarrow\text{CNOH}+\text{NH${}_{ 4}$}^{+}+\text{OH}^{-} \tag{1}\]  
\[\text{10 Ca${}^{2+}$}+6\text{HPO${}_{4}$}^{2-}+8\text{OH}^{+}+3\text{H${}_{2}$O} \rightarrow\text{Ca${}_{10}$(PO${}_{4}$)}_{6}\text{(OH${}_{2}$)}_{2}+9\text{H${}_{2}$O} \tag{2}\]  
\[\text{10 Ca${}^{2+}$}+6\text{H${}_{2}$PO${}_{4}$}^{-}+11\text{OH}^{-} \rightarrow\text{Ca${}_{10}$(PO${}_{4}$)}_{6}\text{(OH${}_{2}$)}_{2}+9\text{H${}_{2}$O}+3 \text{H}^{+} \tag{3}\]  
To yield brick-shaped or needle-shaped particles, the concentration of NH\({}_{4}\)H\({}_{2}\)PO\({}_{4}\) in the reaction solution was 40 mM or 60 mM, respectively [30]. After the reaction times, ranging from 1-3 h, the samples were cooled down to room temperature and aged in air for 12 h. The precipitates were then sedimented in the centrifugal field (3500 rpm) for 5 min, separated from the supernatant and dried in a vacuum oven (\(p\) = \(-\)20 mmHg) at 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C.
# AI-Driven Innovations in Software Engineering: A Review of Current Practices and Future Directions
## 3 AI Applications in Software Engineering
### Design and Architecture  
#### 3.2.1 Automated Design Pattern Recognition  
Design patterns represent reusable solutions to recurrent problems in software design, and their appropriate application is instrumental in developing robust and maintainable systems. AI technologies can assist developers by automatically recognizing suitable design patterns based on system requirements and the existing codebase [48].  
By leveraging machine learning algorithms, AI systems can analyze code repositories and architectural diagrams to suggest optimal design patterns that enhance code efficiency, scalability, and maintainability. Such automation alleviates the cognitive burden on developers, ensures consistency in design decisions, and expedites the architectural planning phase.  
For example, AI tools can scan the codebase to identify areas where specific design patterns, such as Singleton, Observer, or Factory, may be effectively applied. By recommending refactoring opportunities, these tools can improve the overall code structure and performance. Moreover, AI can detect anti-patterns or suboptimal design choices, providing suggestions for architectural improvements.  
Advanced AI techniques, including graph neural networks and pattern recognition algorithms, have enhanced the capability of AI systems to understand complex software architectures and code structures. These techniques enable the identification of patterns at a higher level of abstraction, facilitating more sophisticated design recommendations.
# Authentication and Billing for Dynamic Wireless EV Charging in an Internet of Electric Vehicles
## 2 Preliminaries
### Symmetric and Asymmetric Cryptography  
Asymmetric cryptography or public-key cryptography is a technique that uses pairs of keys, namely public and private keys, for encryption and decryption. In public-key cryptography, a message is encrypted using the receiver's public key, and only the intended receiver is able to decrypt the message using its private key [32]. In contrast, symmetric-key cryptography is based on a shared key that is used for both encryption and decryption [33]. Since a single shared key is utilized, the execution of symmetric key cryptography is faster and simpler than asymmetric cryptography protocols.
## 4 Realization of the Optimization of the Measurement Points of the Deck Modal Test of STTGB
### Modal Test of Bridge Deck Based on the Uniform Distribution Method  
The modal test of the bridge deck was carried out by the hammering method (single point excitation and single point response). An impact hammer was used to apply excitation at the modal reference point, and an accelerometer was used to pick up the response signal. Based on the dimensions of the STTGB deck, the deck was divided into 50 measurement points according to the 10 \(\times\) 5 division method, where the length direction was divided into nine equal parts with a spacing of 890.6 mm between two adjacent points, and the width direction was divided into four equal parts with a spacing of 375.75 mm between two adjacent points. The arrangement of the measurement points is shown in Figure 10.  
In the modal analysis software, the analysis frequency was set to 100 Hz, the trigger amount was set to 20 N, the number of sampling points was set to 1024, and the number of triggers was set to 3. Using the random subspace modal parameter identification method for parameter identification, the modal frequencies and vibration pattern of the bridge deck, based on the uniform distribution method, were obtained, as shown in Table 8.
## 5 Results and Discussion
### Meshed Configuration Results  
Table 7 presents the comparison between the SSA approach, the BONMIN and COUENNE solvers, and the proposed GNDO approach that considers fixed reactive power injection throughout the day for the IEEE 33-node grid with a meshed grid topology. The numerical results shown in Table 7 imply that:  
1. Once again, the COUENNE and BONMIN solvers got stuck in locally optimal solutions, which is attributed to the nonlinear non-convex nature of the exact MINLP model. The COUENNE solver only reached a reduction of 4.21% with respect to the benchmark case, while the BONMIN solver yielded a better local solution, with a reduction of 6.61% with respect to the benchmark. 2. The proposed GNDO approach found a solution with an expected reduction in the annual operative costs of about 10.45%, i.e., 0.04% better than the solution reported by the SSA approach. However, the main characteristic of both solutions is that these located the D-STATCOMs in the same set of nodes (14, 30, and 32). However, their sizes differ, which explains the difference in the final objective function value. 3. The total installed size of the D-STATCOMs with the GNDO is 731.83 kvar, whereas the SSA installed 742.90 kvar, which implies that with a better definition of the D-STATCOM sizes it is also possible to reach better final objective function values. Nevertheless, the main characteristic of this behavior is that based on its probability functions, the GNDO explored and exploited the solution space with better sensitivity than the SSA approach. To confirm that the variable reactive power injections play an important role in reducing the expected annual operating costs of the network with respect to the fixed injection case, the results presented in Table 8 are employed. The results in Table 8 show that the scenario with variable reactive power injection finds additional improvements regarding the final objective function value, i.e., approximately USD 136.89 per year of operation when compared with the fixed reactive power injection case. This result confirms that the main advantage of using D-STATCOMs is that variable reactive power is injected as a function of the network requirements, which justifies the distribution of static compensators instead of capacitor banks in order to support reactive power in distribution grids with variable demand behavior.