esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Chemical Constituents in the Lipid Fraction  
The lipid constituents in the plant were extracted with petroleum ether and fractionated to acetone insoluble fraction (AIF), unsaponifiable constituents (USF), and fatty acids. The AIF was analyzed by GC/MS (Table 1) and found to contain at least 10 hydrocarbons, of which the main compounds were \(n\)-octacosane (C\({}_{28}\)H\({}_{58}\), 30.34%) and hexatriacontane (C\({}_{36}\)H\({}_{74}\), 27.50%). The USF was analyzed with GLC, and the data are summarized in Table 2. This fraction contained \(n\)-hydrocarbons, triterpenes, and sterols. The hydrocarbon fraction accounted for about 93.05% of the weight, and included 16 identified components, with docosane (C\({}_{22}\)H\({}_{46}\)) being the major one (23.54%). The triterpene fraction contained only one compound, which was identified as amyrine. The sterol fraction was composed of three compounds (cholesterol, stigmasterol, and sitosterol), with stigmasterol as a principal component (3.4%). The fatty acids mixture (Table 3) was found to contain eight acids: four saturated ones (59.48%) with palmitic acid (23.69%) as a main one, and four unsaturated acids (40.54%) with oleic acid as the main one (14.23%). Our results differ from those reported by [PERSON] et al. and [PERSON] et al. (25,26). Those authors analyzed the unsaponifiable matter of _L. pubescens_ growing in Egypt, and identified 5-hydroxy1,3,4-trimethoxy-7-methyl-6 propar-naphthalene (36.64%) as the major component followed by hentriacontane (8.09%). Regarding fatty acids, oleic acid (12.72%) was the major fatty acid methyl ester, in line with the results of [PERSON] et al. (26), who identified the main fatty acid methyl esters in the leaf and stem of _Lavandula_ officinalis collected from Iran as \(\alpha\)-linolenic acid (43.2 and 21.0%, respectively), oleic acid (3.4 and 14.5%), and palmitic acid (7.4 and 12.4%). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Peak No.** & **R\({}_{\text{t}}\) (min)** & **Rel. \%** & **Formula** & **Mol. wt.** & **Compounds** \\ \hline
1 & 42.41 & 2.37 & C\({}_{22}\)H\({}_{46}\) & 310 & _n_-Docosane \\
2 & 48.76 & 3.06 & C\({}_{23}\)H\({}_{48}\) & 324 & _n_-Tricosane \\
3 & 51.13 & 6.56 & C\({}_{27}\)H\({}_{56}\) & 380 & _n_-Heptacosane \\
4 & 52.40 & 30.43 & C\({}_{28}\)H\({}_{58}\) & 394 & _n_-Octacosane \\
5 & 54.14 & 2.15 & C\({}_{29}\)H\({}_{60}\) & 408 & _n_-Nonacosane \\
6 & 54.42 & 7.62 & C\({}_{29}\)H\({}_{60}\) & 408 & 2-Methyloctacosane \\
7 & 55.13 & 5.63 & C\({}_{30}\)H\({}_{62}\) & 422 & _n_-Triacontane \\
8 & 56.56 & 9.72 & C\({}_{35}\)H\({}_{72}\) & 492 & _n_-Pentatriacontane \\
9 & 57.41 & 27.86 & C\({}_{36}\)H\({}_{74}\) & 506 & _n_-Hexatriacontane \\
10 & 62.7 & 4.60 & C\({}_{44}\)H\({}_{90}\) & 618 & _n_-Tetraterracontane \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{R\({}_{\text{t}}\) is the retention time and Rel.\% is the relative percentage in the chromatogram.} \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: GC/MS data of acetone insoluble fraction of _L. pubescens_ Decne extract.
## 5 Comprehensive Cost Computation Model
### Security Costs Due to Data Breach
#### 5.3.2 Crisis Management Cost  
The activities that enable the organization to warn the public that personal information has been lost or compromised are referred to as crisis management [38] and manage the impact of the current data breach. For example, in the case of a credit card company, these activities include notifications, credit tracking/monitoring, and reissuing credit cards (if any). The organization that is affected by the data breach may not be responsible for the expense of reissuing the cards, but rather the bank that issued the card will bear the cost  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Encryption Sensitive Data** & **Multiplier** \\ \hline Yes & 0.51 \\ No & 1.05 \\ Not sure & 1 (default) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 10: Cost factor—sensitive data encryption F\({}_{\text{Encryption}}\).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Data Breach Cause** & **Multiplier** \\ \hline Malicious or criminal attack & 1.19 \\ Negligence or mistakes (Human error) & 0.67 \\ System glitch & 0.69 \\ Don’t know & 1 (default) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 9: Cost factor—data breach causes F\({}_{\text{break\_cause}}\).  
based on the current rules. The crisis management cost per record (CMCPR) allows us to estimate the crisis management cost with cost factor 11 and is given below.  
\[\text{CMCPR}\;=\;\left[\text{ax}^{(\text{b}-1)}\right]\times\;\text{F}_{\text{ BCM}} \tag{6}\]  
where the values of a and b can be used from Table 6. In (6), the cost factor 11 related to the values of the team of business continuity management (F\({}_{\text{BCM}}\)) is discussed and shown in Table 11.  
This team usually knows how to detect the data security risk in the organization, and it has an emergency plan to deal with a potential breach. Therefore, the existence of this team in the organization will reduce the data breach cost.
# Evaluating Uncertainties in Marine Biogeochemical Models: Benchmarking Aerosol Precursors
## 4 Discussion
In all cases, measurements are not only less readily available than for our chosen starting point, the sulfide, but in fact they tend to be quite rare. The situation for the freshly released macromolecules was well reviewed in [PERSON] et al. [5]. Only a few hundred measurements have ever been reported, despite intimate relevance to the microlayer and aerosol systems. The terpene situation was well surveyed in [PERSON] et al. [26], and it is only slightly superior. Plus, there is little hope of remote sensing coming to the rescue in these cases, considering that it may well have taken decades for even the CLAW hypothesis to attract real attention from the satellite community. In such instances, there are several strategies that can be applied by our new benchmarking community. We can imitate methods from the early days of DMS study and extrapolate/interpolate according to marine biogeographic principals [84; 85]. The methods have proven simple but effective, and include the radius of influence calculations bounded by ecological province definitions such that the arguments may apply across entire basins. In cases where hundreds of data points are distributed over the major biomes, it should be possible to construct reasonable first guess fields [12; 13]. The OCEANFILMS'organospray parameterization has already begun using this method to predict adsorptive bubble-film sources of primary organics over the remote ocean [86]. Complete Atlantic transects have recently appeared for both organic enrichment into the microlayer and (normalized) surface tension effects [87; 88]. It should be possible to translate pole-to-pole latitudinal variation into a biogeographic viewpoint. Additionally, since our primary interest is in connections running from ocean biogeochemistry to the global aerosol, IOMB should not neglect to unfold atmospheric microphysical and chemical data (above the sea-air interface). Organics have been mapped globally for their presence in fine particles for about a decade now [15; 89]. Moreover, entire multiagency field campaigns are currently focusing on precisely the relationships that we propose to validate and benchmark (The North Atlantic Aerosols and Marine Ecosystems Study and Plankton Aerosol Cloud Ocean Ecosystem). An explosion of data is not at all unlikely, and this should be true both below and above the sea surface. New values should be adaptable biogeographically to become global scale datasets, beginning at the level of [PERSON] et al. 's [13] type of interpolation-extrapolation. Validation will then drive fixes for several process structural omissions, which have proven difficult to rectify in marine systems modeling. The centrality of far upper ocean organic chemistry will be difficult to avoid in the face of a few key simulations and datasets. Recall that even given the full IOMB model population, many result suites are incomplete with regard to DMS (and therefore CLAW and most of planetary cloud albedo).
# IoT-Based Smart Surveillance System for High-Security Areas
## 3 Results
### Data and Information
#### 3.1.2 Decision  
The GMS employs a Doppler Effect technique to determine whether or not a detected object is a potential target. This decision is based on the phase shift of the frequency component. Additionally, Arduino UNO is also used in the process. When the GMS successfully detects an object, the signal is converted into a numeric form, namely, 1, whereas when no object is detected, a numeric value of 0 is assigned.
# Tangerines Cultivated on Madeira Island--A High Throughput Natural Source of Bioactive Compounds
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Classification of Tangerine Samples  
In order to evaluate the potential of the volatile fingerprints obtained and discriminate tangerine samples according to the variety and sample type (juice vs. peel), a statistical analysis of the valotomic data matrix was performed using MetaboAnalyst 4.0 web-based tool [13]. The complexity of the data was reduced through normalization, as described in the experimental section. The n univariate statistical analysis (ANOVA, \(p\leq 0.05\)) was carried out to verify the significant statistical differences among the concentrations of VOMs in each sample group (\(p<0.05\); Supplementary Table S2). Multivariate statistical analysis (MVSA) using PLS-DA was then performed to assess if there were significant VOMs signatures between each group. The results obtained show four different clusters discriminating each of the groups under study (Figure 4).  
As Figure 4A shows, the first component explains 50.7% of the variance and separate the tangerine \"juice\" from \"peel\". The second component contributes for 24.7% of the total variance of the model and separate the tangerine variety _murcott_ from _setubalense_. Figure 4B presents the variables that are most contributed for the differentiation of the tangerines by variety and type of sample. Accordingly, ethyl 2-methyl butanoate, ethyl propionate, and 2-methyl-furan are more associated to _setubalense_ juice; ethyl acetate, \(\beta\)-myrcene, and \(\beta\)-phellandrene to _murcott_ juice; \(\alpha\)-farnesene, \(\alpha\)-sinensal, and camphor more associated to _setubalense_ peel; and cis-\(\beta\)-terpineol, cosmene, and thymol to _murcott_ peel.  
Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was also performed using the 64 most significant VOMs identified in tangerine samples, as described in Section 2.5. This strategy allows a better identification of the inherent clustering patterns between each variety, in complementarity with the statistical analysis carried out previously. The result of this treatment can be visualized in the heatmap plot (Figure 5).  
Figure 4: Multivariate statistical analysis (MVSA) using partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) of the valotomic data obtained (**A**) and identification of the variables (VOMs) responsible for the differentiation of the samples (**B**).  
Overall, the set of variables that contributed to the differentiation of the tangerines by variety have the potential to be used for product identification and authenticity. Furthermore, tangerines of the _setubalense_ variety contain higher amounts of bioactive analytes than _murcott_ tangerines (Table 1). The refore, this bioactive signature supports higher health benefits for the _setubalense_ tangerines grown in Madeira Island, as can be used to the discrimination of the two varieties analyzed.
# Survey on Wireless Technology Trade-Offs for the Industrial Internet of Things
## 3 Trade-offs in Wireless Network Design
### Energy Consumption  
Energy consumption depends on data rate, topology and MAC design, as well as the hardware design of course. Low data rates result in long transmission times, which increases the energy consumption of the node and reduces the battery lifetime. Topology wise, nodes in multi-hop networks consume more energy than in single-hop networks given that, besides their own transmissions and receptions, they also need to forward other nodes' packets. Energy-efficiency of data forwarding paths give the routing protocols a strong influence over energy consumption as well. Complex coding and decoding operations also contribute to energy consumption. For example, FEC has been omitted in commercial 802.15.4 based networks due to the energy consumption of the decoding operation. Nevertheless, employing FEC could reduce the overall energy consumption as less energy would be spent on retransmissions and rescheduling [28]. Besides, MAC design has a significant impact on energy consumption as it defines scheduling and hence the radio on and off times.
# Augmented Reality in Cultural Heritage: An Overview of the Last Decade of Applications
## 3 Top Trending Applications of AR in Cultural Heritage
### Tourism
The participants in the study positively perceived the innovative character of the application, yet they appreciated the interaction as difficult, not being accustomed to wearable equipment previously. The majority of participants found the application enjoyable and useful from a cultural tourism perspective. No matter what the level of mixture between the real environment and the computer-generated content is, cultural heritage virtual environments are inspired by historical facts and have as their main function the visualization and interpretation of digital replicas. Once the user wants to reach the next level of virtual cultural experience, interaction with virtual artifacts has to take place on the basis of alternate scenarios that bring into hypothetical setups the known and contested historical heritage [122]. Annotated assisted on-site navigation allows for a profound multimodal exploration of cultural heritage sites [123, 124]. User experience both inside and outside of museums is enhanced by the use of mobile applications that facilitate sharing of content between users and building cultural memory [123], profiting from both tangible and intangible cultural heritage. The integration of VR/AR/MR elements into tourism activities, such as a museum visit, brings opportunities in a mixed reality project developed in Rome, in the museum Ara Pacis [81], but also brings forward some difficulties inherent to such a project. User immersion in a museum space redesigned to fit MR elements, such as audio, video, or touch, enhances the experience from various perspectives, including educational, socialization, and entertainment. The experience of users participating in a virtual tour augmented using smart glasses is evaluated in [125] through the analysis of text from reviews posted on the TripAdvisor platform. Two AR mobile applications for urban heritage capitalization are described in [89]. They are analyzed in a user study that assessed their utility, aesthetics, and interestingness, and both apps are found to enrich the tourist experience, in both outdoor and indoor environments.
###### Abstract  
We evaluated the effect of three monthly intravitreal injections of afliberecept on the serum concentration of interleukin 17A (IL-17A), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1/CCL2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and placental growth factor (PIGF) in treatment-naive patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). Twenty-two eyes of twenty-two patients with nAMD scheduled for the initial loading phase of intravitreal afliberecept (2 mg/0.05 mL) were included. Serum VEGF, PIGF, MCP-1/CCL2 and IL-17A levels were determined four times in each individual--just before the first injection, 2-3 days after the first injection, just before the third injection, and then 2-3 days after the third afliberecept injection. A statistically significant difference was found between the serum PIGF and IL-17A levels measured before the first injection and after the initial loading phase, with a mean value (MV) of 440.884 vs. 302.151 (\(p\) = 0.023) for PIGF and MV = 139.088 pg/mL vs. 151.233 pg/mL (\(p\) = 0.016) for IL-17A, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences for VEGF and MCP-1/CCL2 between any of the compared measurements. We reveal that repeated injections of afliberecept promote an increase in serum IL-17A concentration, which may lead to a systemic inflammatory response mediated by IL-17A, but not by MCP-1.  
affiberecept; interleukin-17; IL-17; monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; MCP-1/CCL2; vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGF; placental growth factor; PIGF; age-related macular degeneration; AMD +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 5 mPOC Sensory System
### Device-to-Device (D2D) Communications  
Device-to-Device (D2D) supports the connectivity between mobile applications and is transparent to users. D2D is supported by both 4G-LTE (initiated with Release 12) and 5G. The current 3 GPP (5G) is based on Release 18, which supports D2D communications [35; 36; 37]. In the context of the mPOC system, smartphones in the wireless range of one another can discover each other and exchange users' (e.g., health-related) information, in addition to the information received from the public health agencies, which are then used as a predictive measure to assess the dynamics of the moving population and forecast the possibility for further spread of the virus in a pandemic situation. This can be assisted by a mechanism provided by the LTE protocol, called LTE Direct (LTE-D), which uses line-of-sight communication, and it has a range of up to 500 m. Figure 1 shows the LTE-Direct one-to-one discovery and registration handshakes (adapted from [5]). The mPOC algorithm utilizes D2D, which will be discussed in the next section.  
It's important to acknowledge that D2D can also be leveraged through other communication protocols, such as Bluetooth and NFC (Near Field Communication), which are out of the scope of this paper.  
Figure 1: LTE-Direct D2D handshakes in mPOC system [5].
## 5 Experiments and Results
### Comparative Experiments with Deep Learning Models
In conclusion, the deep learning model comparison experiments clearly demonstrate the significant benefit of GAN-based data augmentation in enhancing the model's ability to detect fault samples. Moreover, the CNN-LSTM architecture proves more effective than standalone CNN or LSTM models in capturing both temporal and spatial features of battery operation data.
# Compressed Nonlinear Equalizers for 112-Gbps Optical Interconnects: Efficiency and Stability
## 4 Conclusions  
In this paper, we compare the efficiency and stability performance of pruned Volterra series-based equalization and neural network-based equalization for 112 Gbps VCSEL enabled optical interconnects. From the 112 Gbps PAM4 transmission experiment, we can conclude that NNE has more than one order of magnitude BER advantage over VE at the same computation complexity. By using pruning algorithms, NNE has around 50% lower computation complexity compared to VE at the same BER level. Moreover, when communication channel condition become tough, VE shows serious performance instability due to its intricate structure. Through performance stability evaluation by changing bias current of a VCSEL, pruned VE shows more consistent equalization performance than NNE.  
Conceptualization, W.Z. and Z.H.; methodology, L.G.; validation, Y.Z. and C.L.; writing-original draft preparation, W.Z.; writing-review and editing, Z.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by National Key Research and Development Program of China (2019 YFB1802903) and Open Projects Foundation of Yangtze Optical Fiber and Cable Joint Stock Limited Company (YOFC) (grant No.SKLD1903).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Integrating Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) into Urban Traffic: Simulating Driving and Signal Control
## 1 Introduction
Objectives and Contributions of the Study
* Detailed Analysis of AV Behaviors: This research offers a comparative analysis of the impact of different AV driving behaviors (cautious, normal, aggressive, and platoon-forming) on intersection performance. * Signal Timing Optimization: This study explores the optimization of traffic signal cycle times (60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, and 204 s) to enhance intersection efficiency in the presence of AVs. * Comprehensive Performance Metrics: This research evaluates multiple performance metrics, including queue lengths, travel time, vehicle delay, and emissions, providing a holistic assessment of AV integration. * Simulation-Based Analysis: Utilizing the PTV VISSIM traffic simulation model, this study provides insights into the optimal integration of AVs into urban traffic systems. By addressing these aspects, this study seeks to provide valuable insights into the optimal strategies for integrating AVs into urban traffic systems, thereby contributing to the ongoing discourse on sustainable and efficient urban mobility.
# A Novel Wireless-Netted UWB Life-Detection Radar System for Quasi-Static Person Sensing
## 3 Design of Golay Complementary Coded Radar
### The Antennas  
The size of antennas is essential in radar design. A miniaturized radar is more adaptable to the environment. A certain compromise was made in this work between bandwidth and efficiency when designing the antenna to meet the requirements of using the ultra-wideband and having a miniaturized size. Large bandwidth and high efficiency can be obtained in a smaller size by using a bow-tie antenna. The top-layer patch of the antenna has a semi-elliptical shape, meaning that the current flows through a longer path in a small size. Simultaneously, an elliptical end is added to the bottom layer, coinciding with the top layer. By loading resistors on the bottom side, the current is coupled through the substrate for further absorption, which improves the radiation efficiency of the antenna. The use of a metal back cavity can also enhance the antenna's forward radiation ability while further improving the isolation of the transmitting and receiving antenna and the SNR of the radar system. The size of a single antenna is 140 mm \(\times\) 70 mm \(\times\) 35 mm, as Figure 4 shows, and the operating band is 0.5-1.5 GHz.