esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Materials and Methods
### 165 Amplicon Sequencing and Analysis  
To identify the profile and bacterial population, NGS was used--16S rRNA amplicon sequencing with a cover of 30 thousand reads. DNA extraction, library preparation, and sequencing were performed by GoGenetic (Curitiba, Brazil), with Illumina Nextseq P1-600 in paired-end. Initially, DNA was extracted from 500 mg of the sample using the Wizard(r) Magnetic DNA Purification System for Food kit (Promega Corp., Madison, WI, USA), according to the manufacturer's recommendations. To determine the concentration of extracted DNA, Nanodrop 1000 (Thermo, Wilmington, NC, USA) was used. Amplification of the genetic material was performed using the 16S-specific primers (16S-357F TCGTCGGCAGCGTCAGATGTGATAAGAGACACGTACGGNGGCWGCAG and 16S05R GTCTGGGCTCGAGAGATGGTATAAGAGACAGGACACHVCGGGTATCTAATCC) targeting the 16S V3 and V4 regions. Subsequently, the sequences were generated by the Illumina NextSeq platform, and the data obtained were processed using Qime2 (v.2022.2) [63].  
The sequences were imported into the program in the Casava 1.8 demultiplexed (paired) format, using the \"qime tools import\" function. After this process, the primers used in sequencing were removed using the Cutadapt tool. Subsequently, the Dada2 tool was used to remove low-quality sequences and correct sequencing errors, using trimming mechanisms (-p-trim-left-f 0, -p-trim-left-r 0, -p-trunc-len-f and -p-trunc-len-r), linked with the \"-p-chimera-method\" flag to remove chimeras, and tables were generated with the data, sequences, and the frequency of amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) used in our work. The taxonomy was assigned to ASVs using the naive-Bayes approach implemented through the scikit-learn Python library with default parameters and the GTDB database (v. 207). Relative abundance and the alpha diversity index were calculated using the R program (v. 3.6.1) ([[https://www.R-project.org/](https://www.R-project.org/)]([https://www.R-project.org/](https://www.R-project.org/)) (accessed on 17 January 2024)) with the reshape2 packages (v. 1.4.3) [64], phyloseq (v. 1.14.0) [65] and vegan (v. 2.4.1) [66].  
As a negative control, one water sample was used in parallel for every 48 samples and the extraction product was used as a template for the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The positive control used was Zymo Mock Control (ZymoBIOMICS(tm) Microbial Community Standard II, D6310, Zymo Research Corporation, Irvine, CA, USA) for every 400 samples.
# Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Investigation of New N-Modified Spinorphin Analogs
## 2 Results and Discussion
### Biological Analysis
#### 2.3.3 Physical Analysis  
The 6-Hz test, the new hybrid spinorphin analog Rh-S6 was the most potent compound against tonic seizures (Table 6). This spinorphin analog exhibited 100% protection in the MES test at the three doses studied (5, 10 and 20 \(\upmu\)g) (\(p\leq 0.05\) compared to control) with no mortality. The other hybrid spinorphin analog RhS5 modified at the N-terminus with rhodamine also showed stronger protective potency compared to the heptapeptide Rh-S against tonic seizures at a dose of 20 \(\upmu\)g (\(p\leq 0.05\) compared to control), suggesting that insertion of a fluorescent rhodamine dye at the N-terminus of biopeptide spinorphin increase the potency of the modified analog against generalized seizures.  
Intravenous Pentylenetetrazole Seizure (ivPTZ) Test  
The potency to elevate the seizure threshold against the three seizure phases (myoconic, clonic, and tonic) induced by ivPTZ of the two new hybrid spinorphin analogs was explored and compared to that of the bioactive heptapeptide Rh-S. It is known that the clonic seizure is the most critical phase determining the ivPTZ-induced seizure susceptibility [35]. While insertion of rhodamine dye did not affect the seizure threshold against myoconic and tonic seizures, it led to a similar activity to Rh-S of RhS6 against the clonic phase (\(p\leq 0.05\) compared to control) (Figure 8A-C).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Group** & **Dose \(\upmu\)g/10 \(\upmu\)L** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **No. of Animals Protected/** \\ **No. of Animals Tested** \\ \end{tabular} & **\% Protection** \\ \hline
**control** & 0 & 0/8 & 0 \\ \hline
**Rh-S** & 5 & 4/6 & 67 * \\ \hline  & 10 & 6/6 & 100 * \\ \hline  & 20 & 4/6 & 67 * \\ \hline
**Rh-S5** & 5 & 1/6 & 17 \\ \hline  & 10 & 2/6 & 33 \\ \hline  & 20 & 5/6 & 83 * \\ \hline
**Rh-S6** & 5 & 2/6 & 33 \\ \hline  & 10 & 3/6 & 50 \\ \hline  & 20 & 4/6 & 67 * \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Statistical analysis was performed using [PERSON]’s exact test. * \(p\leq 0.05\) compared to control.  
\end{table}
Table 5: The activity of Rh-S, Rh-S5, and Rh-S6 in the 6 Hz test in mice.
# A Synthetic Approach for Biosynthesis of Miquelianin and Scutellarin A in _Escherichia coli_
###### Abstract  
Grapevine (_Vitis vinifera_) glyucuronosyltransferase (VvGT5) specifically catalyzes flavonol-3-\(O\)-glucuronosylation and the blue flowers of _Veronica persica_ (Lamiales, Scrophulariaceae) uridine diphosphate (UDP)-dependent glycosyltransferase (UGT88D8) as flavonoid 7-\(O\)-specific glucuronosyltransferases, were chosen, codon optimized, and employed to synthesize the high valued flavonoids glucuronoids, miquelianin and scutellarin A in _Escherichia coli_. A single vector system was constructed to overexpression entire UDP-glucuron acid biosynthesis pathway genes, along with a glucokinase gene in _Escherichia coli_ BL21 (DE3). The newly generated _E. coli_ BL21 (DE3) piBR181-glk.pgm2.galU.ugd.UGT88D8 strain produced 12 mg/L (28 umol/L) of scutellarin A from apigenin, representing only 14% of maximum conversion percentage. Similarly, the strain _E. coli_ BL21 (DE3) piBR181-glk.pgm2.galU.ugd.VvGT5 produced 30 mg/L (62 umol/L) of muquelianin, representing a 31% conversion of quercetin. This production profile is a good starting point for further host engineering, and for production of respective compounds.  
flavonoid \(O\)-glucuronosyltransferase; multi-monocistronic vector; UDP-glucuron acid; miquelianin; scutellarin A
# Experimental and Geant4 Simulation Study of MURA Mask for Scintimammography
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Experimental Setup  
Figure 1 shows the experimental setup used including the anthropomorphic breast tissue phantom, the MURA mask, the mask holder and the imaging detector. Measurements have been performed with a Gamma-Camera Philips Brightview at King Khaled University Hospital (KKUH) and a 512 \(\times\) 512 detector Field of View (FOV). The image acquisition time was set to 20 min, and the \({}^{99 mTc}\)source activity was 30 mCi. For each point of measurement, we repeated the experiment three times.
# Fast Spectral Approximation of Structured Graphs with Applications to Graph Filtering
## 6 Experimental Results
### Depth of Hierarchical Decomposition  
To validate the theory, we first perform numerical simulations for graphs in \(\mathcal{S}^{l}_{1/2}\) of fixed dimension for different decomposition depths. Here, we generate a set of 100 random \(\mathcal{S}^{l}_{1/2}\) graphs with \(n=1000\) nodes. The model to generate such graphs follows a unit disk model (see A). The model to generate such graphs follows a unit disk model (see A). Here, we generate \(n\) 2D points in \([0,1]\times[0,1]\) and establish edges between points pairs whose distance is below a fixed threshold. For this simulation, we have set the threshold to 0.1.  
From Figure 4a we can observe how the average of the normalized approximation error, i.e., \(\mathbf{e}_{\mathrm{n}}=\|\lambda-\hat{\lambda}\|_{2}/\|\lambda\|_{2}\) follows the expected behavior from the developed theory. That is, there is a rapid increase of the approximation error for higher decomposition orders, i.e., increasing the depth parameter. From this plot, it can be observed that when the depth parameter is fixed to \(d^{*}=\lfloor 0.5\log_{2}(n)\rfloor=4\), the theoretical normalized approximation error is below 20% while the empirical error is below 10%. This discrepancy is due to the worst-case analysis for the derived error and the omitted additive and multiplicative constant hidden by the asymptotic notation. This is the depth at which the method provides a good trade-off between computational complexity and spectrum approximation accuracy as described in the theoretical analysis.
# Pitch Channel Control of a REMUS AUV with Input Saturation and Coupling Disturbances
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Model Characteristics  
Considering the input limitation in physical space and requirements of input instructions, the input range of the actuator should be smaller than the maximum operating range. The parameters of L1 AC controller and AW compensator for REMUS pitch channel differ due to different types of plant model employed. All coefficients for REMUS AUV are all obtained from [PERSON]'s thesis [30].  
In realistic experiment, roll angle of the vehicle is not zero due to the moment of the propeller. Thus, the pitch motion controlled with horizontal rudders is coupled with roll angle and roll rate. The linear plant model is derived under the assumptions that pitch motion of REMUS is independent, which brings more certainties for vehicle control. The roll angle of the REMUS vehicle running in steady conditions is observed to have an average roll offset of \(\phi\) about \(-5.3\) degrees when the pitch angle is zero. The roll channel is coupled with pitch channel in practice, and the fluctuation in the roll channel will magnify the value of the disturbance. Therefore, coupling perturbations must be treated properly.  
Figure 3 depicts the roll angle and rate response of REMUS vehicle when propeller force is \(3.86\) N, and propeller torque is \(-0.534\) Nm. The roll channel is coupled with REMUS vehicle's other freedoms, which can be treated as a disturbance in pitch motion control. Note that the coupled relationship between roll rate and actuators allows us to focus on the frequency and amplitude of the rudders of the underwater vehicle. In addition, the rate of roll should be confined in a small range to suppress coupling disturbances in vehicle systems when controller is working.  
Figure 2: Block diagram of L1 AC with AW compensator for REMUS AUV in pitch channel.  
Underwater vehicle's buoyancy varies in different density of the water environment, which brings two effects: uncertainty and steady-state error. Uncertainty in system dynamic due to the water density changes, together with water flow [19], can be predicted using adaptive law. The buoyancy changes of underwater vehicle make it a static instability system. However, the REMUS vehicle is an under-actuated system and only the horizontal rudder can be used to adjust the pitch angle of the underwater vehicle model with positive buoyancy. Part of the forces and moments resulted from the horizontal rudder is used to balance the positive buoyancy force of the vehicle. This can help explain why there is a steady-state error in pitch channel control. Figure 4 shows the relationship between steady-state error and underwater robot buoyancy.  
Figure 4: Relationship between the buoyancy and the steady-state error.  
Figure 3: Roll angle \(\phi\) and rate \(p\) of REMUS in six DOF model simulation.
# Investigating the Physical Mechanisms of Quicksand Using a Custom-Designed Experimental Apparatus
## 5 Conclusions  
This study investigated the effects of particle gradation and dynamic water velocity on the evolution of quartz quicksand using a self-developed dynamic water infiltration test apparatus. The key findings of the study are as follows:  
Figure 7: Mechanism stage of quicksand of quartz sand [3]: **(1)** initial deposition state; **(2,3)** grain space reconstruction; **(4)** quicksand.  
1. The infiltration rate of quartz sand samples was found to be minimally affected by particle gradation (d\({}_{50}\)) and strongly influenced by dynamic water velocity. A positive correlation was observed between infiltration rate and water velocity, with infiltration increasing as the velocity increased.
2. Particle gradation determined the potential for quicksand formation in the quartz sand samples, with a median particle size (d\({}_{50}\)) of 0.710 mm marking the threshold for quicksand occurrence. The dynamic water velocity controlled the timing of quicksand initiation, with an approximate quicksand thickness of 60 mm observed.
3. The evolution of quicksand occurred in three stages: \"self-consolidation\", \"reconstruction\", and \"quicksand\". Both particle gradation and dynamic water velocity significantly impacted the \"reconstruction\" stage and determined whether the sample transitioned into the \"quicksand\" stage.  
Conceptualization, J.L. and Z.Y.; Data curation, K.Z.; Formal analysis, R.D. and H.W.; Funding acquisition, J.L.; Investigation, R.D.; Methodology, Z.Y. and H.W.; Project administration, K.Z. and Z.Y.; Resources, J.L.; Software, H.W.; Supervision, J.L.; Validation, R.D. and Z.Y.; Visualization, H.W. and R.D.; Writing--original draft preparation, K.Z.; Writing--review and editing, J.L. and R.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Science and Technology Department of Shanxi Province, grant number 202103021224112.  
Not applicable.  
Data Availability Statement: Data generated or analyzed during the study are available from the corresponding author by request.  
The authors would like to thank the reviewers, the experts and the editors for their serious and constructive comments.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# Key Issues on Integrating 5G into Industrial Systems
## 3 Typical Applications in Industrial Systems
### PLC Automated Production
#### 3.1.2 PLC's Communication Protocols  
PLC is crucial for industrial automation and its communication mechanism is the key to achieving its control functions. At present, the mainstream PLC equipment generally adopts Modbus and Profibus protocols, both of which have advantages in terms of market shares, technical characteristics, and application scenarios. Used for unit-level and field-level SIMITAC networks, Profibus is suitable for medium- and small-scale data transmission. Modbus is the world's first truly industrial field bus protocol and it is also a universal language of electronic controllers. Aimed at the application of PLC, Modbus is the most commonly used protocol in PLC control systems [36]. Through this protocol, controllers can communicate with each other, as well as with other devices via a network (such as Ethernet). Therefore, Modbus has become a universal industrial standard to connect the control equipment produced by different manufacturers to an industrial network for centralized monitoring. Given the important position of Modbus protocol in PLC control, it is regarded as the typical model in the future.
###### Abstract  
This paper studies the secure transmission in the dual-hop cognitive wiretap networks, where the secondary transmitter ([PERSON]) aims to transmit confidential information to the secondary receiver ([PERSON]) in the face of a multi-antenna relay (Relay), while the malicious eavesdropper ([PERSON]) is used to eavesdrop the confidential information from [PERSON] and Relay. To improve security, we design two transmission schemes, namely maximal-ratio combining/maximal-ratio transmission-selection combining (MRC/MRT-SC) with half-duplex (HD) receiver and maximal-ratio combining-zero forcing beamforming/maximal-ratio transmission-selection combining-zero forcing beamforming (MRC-ZFB/MRT-SC-ZFB) with full-duplex (FD) receiver. To evaluate the secrecy performance obtained from the proposed schemes comprehensively, the new closed-form and simple asymptotic expressions for the secrecy outage probability (SOP) and secrecy throughput (ST) of our considered networks with MRC-ZFB/MRT-SC-ZFB and MRC/MRT-SC schemes are derived, respectively. Thus, we explore the effect of various schemes on system secrecy performance in terms of SOP and ST. Analytical results and numerical simulations demonstrate that MRC-ZFB/MRT-SC-ZFB achieves better performance in the two proposed schemes. In particular, we show that the FD receiver plays a crucial role in designing the cognitive wiretap networks for protecting the legitimate link against attack from the malicious eavesdropping.  
c 2020 10, 1840; doi:10.3390/app10051840
## 2 Related Work
### Automatic Code Generation of SC
At the same time, in response to the above results, a visual programming platform based on Google Blockly is proposed for users, so that they can interact with the platform through a visual interface and design SCs. The benefit of the visual programming environment is that IT can improve the development efficiency, but it still requires the designer of the SC to possess certain technical knowledge. Moreover, compared with our work, the use of only a visual programming environment is limited; it cannot reflect the business requirements. In our work, the visual programming environment is part of the content and is combined with business modeling to jointly generate SC codes. To summarize, the existing automated SC generation methods have the following limitations: (1) they cannot present the business processes of SCs to users while reflecting reusability; (2) the interactions among stakeholders, between SCs, and between stakeholders and SCs are not depicted; (3) many approaches fail to generate fully deployable SCs; (4) few methods integrate the essential security checking functions of SCs.
# MAC-Based Compression Ratio Improvement for CAN Security
## 5 Conclusions  
We proposed a bit replacement algorithm that further increases the compression efficiency of the Triple ID method by combining CAS map and MAC. In the Triple ID algorithm, it is very important to compress CAN data to 4 bytes or less for communication efficiency. The proposed method reduced the occurrence of compressed messages exceeding 4 bytes by up to 99.57% compared to the Triple ID method. Simulation using a CANoe system shows that the peak load of the CAN system with the proposed algorithm is only 64.8% of that of the CAN system with the Triple ID algorithm.  
The Triple ID algorithm provides sufficient authentication performance without changing the CAN protocol. In addition to the authentication performance, the proposed algorithm further improves the communication efficiency of the Triple ID algorithm. Therefore, the proposed algorithm is expected to be usefully applied to CAN systems, including recent connected cars, where security vulnerabilities are of great concern.  
The proposed method differs from the modified MAC method in that it improves compression performance by moving not only header bits but also part of the data information to MAC. This is an important step forward, as the proposed method is applicable to other compression algorithms as well.  
Future research should focus on applying the proposed method to other communication systems such as FlexRay.  
[PERSON] and J.P., writing--original draft; [PERSON]-H.S., formal analysis; [PERSON]--review and editing; [PERSON]-G.C.--review and editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
On behalf of all the authors, the corresponding author states that our data are available upon reasonable request.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
###### Abstract  
Sloshing flows of liquid natural gas (LNG) with multi-phase flow characteristics consisting of liquids and gases can affect the load conditions and structural response of cargo containment systems (CCS). The compressible properties of the sloshing flow can limit the maximum pressure, so a multi-phase fluid model is required to represent the sloshing physics. In this study, we identified a suitable numerical model to simulate the sloshing flow and structural strength evaluation based on the inhomogeneous fluid model. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is based on a Eulerian domain model, which is in turn based on the constant volume based finite element method (CVFEM) in a commercial Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes CFD code (ANSYS CFX). It includes the interphase momentum transfer between the liquids and gasses. The physics for the sloshing assessment were considered to identify the main aspects of the inhomogeneous multiphase model. For numerical analysis of the sloshing, we conducted a sloshing simulation on the experimental data of the model scale to examine the validity of the results. The velocity of the sloshing flow was extended to the real scale and applied to a local two-way fluid structure interaction (FSI) analysis model. Structural strength evaluation of the LNG CCS by sloshing flow was performed by FSI analysis. Through the example of structural response analysis of Mark III type CCS, the results were discussed and effectiveness of the proposed structural response assessment model by sloshing was reviewed.  
sloshing; fluid impact; multi-phase flow; computational fluid dynamics; fluid structure interaction analysis +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences  
1 Extreme Technology Research Center for Ship and Offshore Platform, INHA University, Incheon 22212, Korea; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
2
# Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance of Bi2O2 CO3 Loaded Activated Carbon for Toluene Removal in Air
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Characterization and Propertiesof BOC/AC Composites  
#### 3.2.1 Microstructure Analysis  
The microstructures of the BOC/AC and AC samples were characterized by SEM. As shown in Figure 5, the BOC/AC_50 and BOC/AC_100 samples have flower-like BOC grown on the surface of AC, with a size of ca. 5 \(\upmu\)m (Figure 5a,b). These results demonstrate the successful growth of BOC on the surface of AC via an in-situ crystallization process. The BOC/AC_150 and BOC/AC_200 have cylinder-like morphology with a length of ca. hundreds of nanometers (Figure 5c,d). Figure 5e,f show the morphologies of the pristine AC sample, which has a porous structure with high specific surface area and good adsorption ability [31; 32; 33].  
The surface area, pore volume, and pore diameter results of the as-prepared samples are shown in Figure S1 and listed in Table 1. The BOC/AC_100 sample has the highest BET surface area among all BOC/AC and AC samples, possibly because of the flower-like BOC on the surface of the AC. This is highly beneficial for promoting the photocatalytic performance by providing an abundance of active reaction sites. All samples show similar pore volume and pore diameter (1.5 nm), which is due to the use of the same matrix of AC. For these composite materials, activated carbon has excellent adsorption capability for toluene gas and Bi\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\)CO\({}_{3}\) photocatalysis can in situ mineralize the adsorbed toluene to CO\({}_{2}\) and H\({}_{2}\)O under light illumination.