## 3 Results, Discussion and Outlook
### Categories of Research Studies
#### 3.2.1. Maritime Law and Review Studies
The content of the profession will, of course, change depending on the phase of implementation of the degree of digitalization, but there will always be a need for maritime knowledge and understanding. This calls for careful updates of curriculums in maritime academies concerning specific competence requirements related to different concepts and combinations of the types of ships and traffic areas [23]. The IMO has now taken a more proactive and leading role in MASS due to the rapid technological developments in recent years. The Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) and the Legal Committee (LEG) have now agreed on regulatory scoping exercises and gap analysis to see if, where, and how unmanned ships will fit into existing maritime conventions and regulations [24]. In the article by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [25], the responsibility of the master was examined across four levels of automation, accompanied by an exploration of the legal possibilities to address the issue of legal responsibility. It was also found that the legal terminology related to autonomous and remotely operated vessels is still insufficiently developed. In conclusion, the researchers emphasized the urgent need to adapt legislation to technical progress in the shipping industry, especially in the context of remote-controlled and autonomous vessels, while pointing out the paramount importance of safety. Review studies allow us to see how much a topic and technology evolve in practice, i.e., how many studies have been conducted on it so far. The topic of education related to autonomous ships is very narrow, and few researchers have conducted review studies to date. However, as the systematic literature review suggests, autonomous shipping and the research relevant to future seafarers' training is very limited; thus, this paper reflects on how Industry 4.0 has led to the modification of training programs for personnel in four selected industries [26]. In their study, [PERSON] et al. present all sectors of transportation and their connection to automation. Industry 4.0 is naturally linked to Shipping 4.0, i.e., autonomous ships in this sector. To be prepared for the future of shipping, it is important to know the different aspects of Shipping 4.0 or autonomous and unmanned ships in the age of Industry 4.0. Evolution through each industrial revolution highlights the relationship between environmental needs, industrial revolutions and educational changes [27]. Based on a literature review, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [28] conclude that maritime education and training (MET) in the countries that serve the world's seafarers must adapt their curricula to include training for MASS operations through remote control centers. Machine learning and artificial intelligence models are of great help to facilitate training. Machine learning and artificial intelligence are actually two important factors in the digitization of the industry. These technologies have become remarkable and continue to be at the forefront of the successful implementation of the fourth industrial revolution (I4.0) [29]. The Tuerkistanli review study [30] conducted an in-depth review and bibliometric analysis of the advanced teaching methods in the field of MET and showed a steady increase in publications, especially under the influence of regulatory bodies such as the IMO and STCW. The challenges in disseminating different perspectives within research on advanced teaching methods in MET highlight the need for regulatory changes to accommodate innovative approaches, especially in response to disruptive events such as the COVID-19 pandemic. After a comprehensive literature review and evaluation of the existing research, it is clear that there is a significant gap in meeting the demand for MET in autonomous ships. The main focus is on identifying the essential skills and competencies required for future crews. Despite challenges such as regulatory barriers [31], it is crucial for maritime universities, colleges, training institutions and authorities to actively follow the progress of MASS.