# Recent Advances in Research from Nanoparticle to Nano-Assembly: A Review
## 4 Futuristic Scope and Perspectives
In this regard, several research groups across the globe are searching for materials with unique optoelectronic and magnetic properties, which has resulted in numerous publications. Recently, the focus is being shifted towards departing from lengthy and laborious lab-confined experiments to software-based simulation tools to understand the systems' performance at least semi-quantitatively. In this regard, numerous iterations with respect to material properties, size, shape, and the nearby environment have been explored to obtain a prerequisite understanding prior to performing the associated experiments in the wet-lab. Although such simulations and theoretical models provide an adequate understanding of the systems under consideration, the expected outcomes in the software-based models can be significantly different from the ones observed experimentally on account of the approximations made in the former scenario, often to a large margin. In this regard, there is a growing demand to utilize the understanding from the large data sets where the key highlights and learning from reported works can be fed to a self-learning tool to comprehend, analyze, and evaluate the best possible configuration for experimental work. With the advent of advanced artificial intelligence tools, appropriate materials with desired properties can be categorized for the synthesis of SA structures. For instance, AI and machine learning-based algorithms can be designed to evaluate the performance of the different types of coupling phenomena between different types of materials at nanoscale dimensions using relevant tools in the computer system before carrying out experiments in lab-based setups. Nanotechnology and related explorations are already being integrated with AI and machine learning tools in myriad fields of applied sciences such as agriculture [137], scalability [138], plasmonics [139], nanomanufacturing [140], diagnostics [141], materials discovery [142], and precision cancer medicine [143]. In this background, we would like to emphasize that there are several future opportunities in the broad domain of SA and related technologies, especially at the intersection of AI-based tools to streamline the SA approaches and lab-driven experimental technologies. Further, although there are numerous reports highlighting the utility of NAs for diverse applications, it is important to note that the mechanism of formation of different NAs with the use of different sizes, shapes, heterogeneity, and polycrystalline natures is yet to be explored. Moreover, it is expedient to shift the research direction from a more general approach where the obtained NAs are classified as dynamic or static, to a more focused approach where the actual role of thermodynamic and kinetic processes needs to be elaborately discussed. Additionally, there are several examples of SA processes that cannot be categorized as either stimuli-dependent or stimuli-independent. This vague type of SA often depends on the combination of external stimuli and intrinsic properties of a material. For instance, a thermo-responsive polymer poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) generally self-assembles in an aqueous medium. However, its self-assembly and disassembly depends on the temperature. Though it exhibits a thermal response SA at a low critical solution temperature, some of the thermo-responsive polymers cannot be categorized into stimuli-responsive or stimuli-dependent techniques due to their intrinsic behaviors [144]. Similar to thermo-responsive materials, some of the magnetic field-responsive NA also cannot be categorized into stimuli-responsive or stimuli-independent SA. For example, super-paramagnetic iron oxide NPs can SA directly due to dipole-dipole interaction and external stimuli directs super-paramagnetic NPs effectively to form complex SA nanostructures [145]. Therefore, NA in super-paramagnetic NPs cannot be categorized. Block copolymers like poly(acrylic acid)-block-polystyrene SA organize into vesicle or micelle nano-structures depending on the amphiphilic behavior of the polymer.