esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Nanomaterials-Based Ion-Imprinted Electrochemical Sensors for Heavy Metal Ions Detection: A Review
## 3 Application of Nanomaterials in HMIIECSs
### Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
#### 3.1.1 Carbon Nanotube Materials
In addition, as for the viewpoint of dispersibility, MWCNTs were easy to aggregate and precipitate at the bottom of the container, while the dispersibility of vinyl-functionalized MWCNTs increased, and the dispersion solution did not change even after 6 months, which was beneficial to increase the specific surface area and enhance the adsorption of Cd\({}^{2+}\). The calibration curve with LOD of 0.03 uM was obtained by DPV under optimal conditions. Selectivity studies showed that the binding capacity of Zn\({}^{2+}\), Cu\({}^{2+}\), and Ni\({}^{2+}\) was lower than that of Cd\({}^{2+}\). MWCNTs-IIPs had high selectivity for Cd-Cu mixtures, relatively high selectivity for Cd-Ni mixtures, and low selectivity for Cd-Zn mixtures. In 2019, they synthesized Mn\({}^{2+}\) IIP and composited with vinyl functionalized-MWCNTs by free radical polymerization to prepare an electrochemical sensor (Pt-MWCNTs-Mn(II)-IIP) for the detection of Mn\({}^{2+}\)[94]. The LOD of the electrochemical sensor was investigated with DPV and found to be 0.0138 uM,and the imprinted adsorbent showed higher selectivity and specificity for Mn\({}^{2+}\) compared to other metal ions. The feasibility results of the electrochemical sensor showed that it had a promising application in real lake water samples, pigments, cosmetics and fertilizers. From this, we can summarize one of the advantages of IIT, namely, changing the types of imprinted metal ions based on the same composite materials to detect different HMIs, and to improve the specific recognition of target HMIs detection and reduce LOD. In 2017, [PERSON] et al. designed a Mn\({}^{2+}\)-imprinted sensor based on Mn\({}^{2+}\)-IIP particles and MWCNTs-CS-ionic liquid (IL) nanocomposite modified GCE, denoted as Mn(II)-IIP/MWCNTs/CS/IL/GCE [95]. The results showed that the significantly enhanced current signal was observed at Mn(II)-IIP/MWCNTs-CS-IL/GCE, indicating that Mn(II)-IIP/MWCNTs-CS-IL composites had more Mn\({}^{2+}\) binding sites than other composites (NIP/MWCNTs-CS-IL and MWCNTs-CS-IL). It can be attributed to the synergistic effect of MWCNTs-CS-IL nanocomposites and immobilized Mn(II)-IIP on the GCE surface. The MWCNTs-CS-IL nanocomposites provided enhanced loading sites for the modification of Mn (II)-IIP particles due to their large specific surface area. The conductivity of the sensor increased due to their excellent conductivity. Therefore, the presence of MWCNTs/CS/IL significantly enhanced the electron transfer rate in the redox reaction. The important parameters such as IIP dosage, pre-concentration potential, and enrichment time of the sensor were optimized to 1.0 mg, \(-\)1.4 V and 120 s, respectively, with a linear response in the range of 2.0 to 9.0 \(\upmu\)M, and the LOD of 0.15 \(\upmu\)M.  
Figure 5: The preparation of Pt-MWCNT-IIP electrode. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [89]. Copyright 2018, John Wiley and Sons.
# Microheater Topology for Advanced Gas Sensor Applications with Carbyne-Enriched Nanomaterials
###### Abstract  
The response characteristics of carbyne-enriched surface-acoustic-wave (SAW)-based gas sensors utilizing meander and rectangular microheater topologies were investigated to assess their desorption and recovery properties. Comparative analysis of contact resistance and interface capacitance before and after heating revealed minimal deviation in contact resistance, signifying strong thermal stability in the carbyne-enriched layer. However, the interface capacitance varied with the microheater size. Our analysis reveals that a small meander microheater configuration (line width: 300 \(\upmu\)m) facilitates efficient sensor recovery at ethanol concentration measurements in the range of 180-680 ppm, maintaining a low deviation in time delay across different concentrations (\(\sim\)2.3%), resulting in a narrow hysteresis and linear sensor response. Conversely, the large meander microheater (line width: 450 \(\upmu\)m) and rectangular dense microheater induce irreversible changes in the sensing structure, leading to a widened hysteresis at higher concentrations and increased power consumption. Recovery patterns display substantial deviations from initial values at different concentration levels. Higher concentrations exhibit broader hysteresis, while lower concentrations show narrower hysteresis loops, compared to the small meander microheater. The study offers insights into desorption rates, power consumption variations, and recovery behaviors related to different microheater configurations. It demonstrates the importance of microheater topology selection in tailoring recovery properties and response characteristics, contributing to the advancement of carbyne-based sensor technology.  
carbyne-enriched layer; SAW sensor; microheater topology; sensor recovery Article
# Constant Transmission Efficiency Dimming Control Scheme for VLC Systems
## 4 Simulation Results
### Dimming Range  
Dimming range is the range that can be achieved by a dimming control scheme, which can be expressed as:  
\[\gamma_{r}=\gamma_{max}-\gamma_{min}, \tag{11}\]  
where \(\gamma_{min}\) is the minimum dimming factor, \(\gamma_{max}\) represents the maximum dimming factor, and \(\gamma_{r}\) is the dimming range.  
For both the two dimming control schemes with constant transmission efficiency, including the block coding scheme and the proposed ECWCS scheme, the dimming range depends on the value of \(n\) and the value of \(n\) is affected by the value of \(k\). Thus we provide the relationship between \(k\) and the dimming range \(\gamma_{r}\). What needs illustration is that the length of the coded binary sequence \(n\) of the proposed ECWCS scheme is not unique when \(k\) is fixed. For convenience, we utilize \(n=2^{k}\). In paper [14], the dimming range of the block coding dimming control scheme can be summarized as Table 3, and the dimming factor's division value of the block coding scheme is \(\frac{1}{k}\).  
The dimming range of the proposed ECWCS dimming control scheme is shown in Table 4.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \(k\) & \(\gamma_{min}\) & \(\gamma_{max}\) & \(\gamma_{r}\) \\ \hline
2 & \(\frac{1}{4}\) & \(\frac{3}{4}\) & \(\frac{1}{2}\) \\
3 & \(\frac{1}{4}\) & \(\frac{3}{4}\) & \(\frac{1}{2}\) \\
4 & \(\frac{1}{16}\) & \(\frac{5}{16}\) & \(\frac{2}{8}\) \\ \(k\) & \(\frac{1}{2^{k}}\) & \(\frac{2^{k}-1}{2^{k}}\) & \(\frac{2^{k}-1}{2^{k}-1}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: The dimming range of the proposed ECWCS scheme under different \(k\).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \(k\) & \(\gamma_{min}\) & \(\gamma_{max}\) & \(\gamma_{r}\) \\ \hline
2 & \(\frac{1}{4}\) & \(\frac{3}{4}\) & \(\frac{1}{2}\) \\
3 & \(\frac{1}{4}\) & \(\frac{5}{6}\) & \(\frac{2}{3}\) \\
4 & \(\frac{1}{8}\) & \(\frac{8}{4}\) & \(\frac{1}{2^{k}}\) \\ \(k\) & \(\frac{1}{2^{k}}\) & \(\frac{2k-1}{2^{k}}\) & \(\frac{k-1}{2^{k}}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: The dimming range of the block coding scheme under different \(k\).  
Figure 2: Dimming range of the block coding scheme and the extensional constant weight codeword sets (ECWCS) scheme under different \(k\).  
Figure 2 shows the dimming range under different \(k\). From Tables 3 and 4 and Figure 2, we can know that the proposed ECWCS scheme has a wider dimming range and a lower division value compared with the block coding scheme. We can also see that under the condition of \(k\geqslant 7\), the dimming range is nearly all covered when the ECWCS scheme is utilized.
# A Novel Intermittent Jumping Coupled Map Lattice Based on Multiple Chaotic Maps
## 1 Introduction
First, for the non-adjacent coupling, most of the previous works [7; 8; 9; 10; 11] merely adopted the Arnold cat map to determine the spatial positions of coupled lattices. However, we find that the Arnold cat map will repeatedly sample the same spatial position at a regular period. The repeated sampling usually tends to accumulate the diffusion energies heavily for a part of lattices, and thus incurs a non-uniform distribution of diffusion energies over lattices. Second, for the dynamical coupling, the previous works [13; 14; 16; 22; 23] simply endow the coupling coefficient with dynamics, but neglect the influence of coupling states on the spatiotemporal chaos. Third, for the multi-chaos mixing, the current works [17; 24] fulfilled the mixing in a deterministic manner so that the mixing behavior can be clearly inferred according to the spatiotemporal indices. These problems not only limit the parameter space of spatiotemporal chaos, but also result in local chaotic behaviors, implying that some of the lattices may always lie in a non-chaotic regime. In such circumstances, extra computation or human labor may be required to carefully screen out the chaotic lattices before performing image encryption algorithms. To alleviate the above problems, in this paper, we propose a novel intermittent jumping CML, abbreviated as IJCML, based on multiple chaotic maps. In our proposal, the pseudo-random information generated from multiple chaotic maps is integrated into the lattices in a complex nonlinear manner. The intermittent jumping mechanism is twofold. First, the intermittence refers to dynamically switching the coupling states between \"off\" and \"on\", which increases the complexity of diffusion. Second, the jumping establishes new non-adjacent coupling relations between lattices, which avoids the problem of repeated sampling so as to equalize the distribution of diffusion energies over lattices. We will describe the IJCML system at length in Section 2. Our work studies the chaotic behaviors and nonlinear phenomena induced by the intermittent jumping mechanism, and observes the spatiotemporal chaos of the IJCML system from the following perspectives: diffusion energy analysis, power spectrum analysis, equilibrium degree analysis, information entropy analysis, inter-lattice independence analysis, Lyapunov exponent analysis, bifurcation diagram analysis, spatiotemporal behavior analysis, and computational complexity analysis. Note that these perspectives are widely chosen by [7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 13; 14; 16; 17; 22; 23; 24] for analyzing a dynamical system. We will conduct extensive numerical simulations and comparative studies in Section 3. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed IJCML system is superior to or comparable to the existing ones [1; 7; 13; 14] in terms of the aforementioned analyses, and thus highlight the potential for deployment into a practical image cryptosystem.
## 6 Discussion and Implications
### Research Implications and Gaps  
This work surfaces important research opportunities:  
* Underexplored categories such as People Debt, Process Debt, and Accessibility Debt merit dedicated empirical investigation, especially in educational and open-source platforms.
* Quantitative evaluation of the questionnaire's validity and sensitivity will be a priority for future work, once the collected responses are analyzed.
* Interdependencies between debt types (e.g., between data, infrastructure, and model) should be formally modeled to better understand risk propagation. For example, poor documentation may directly hinder onboarding and inclusivity, thereby amplifying Accessibility Debt. Similarly, weak test practices can increase the likelihood of Defect Debt, while Build and Configuration Debt often co-occur in poorly modularized pipelines. These preliminary observations, drawn from the thematic analysis, support our view that certain debt types may be clustered and co-managed. While a formal dependency model is beyond the scope of this work, illustrative relationships are presented in Appendix B (Table A2) to support future investigations into structured cause-effect mappings among debts.
* Expansion of stakeholder roles beyond organizers and participants (e.g., reviewers, maintainers, platform developers) could reveal additional systemic concerns.  
The proposed typology and questionnaire offer a starting point for the development of AI-specific technical debt taxonomies and management strategies.
# Integrated Components and Solutions for High-Speed Short-Reach Data Transmission
###### Abstract  
According to different transmission distances, application scenarios of a data center mainly include intra- and inter-data center optical interconnects. The intra-data center optical interconnect is considered as a few kilometers optical interconnect between servers and racks inside a data center, which accounts for nearly 80% of data traffic of a data center. The other one, inter-data center optical interconnect, is mainly applied in tens of kilometers data transmission among different data centers. Since data exchange in data centers generally occurs between many servers and racks, and a lot of transmitter and receiver components are required, optical interconnects become highly sensitive to component costs. In this paper, we firstly review the development and applications of mainstream transmitter components (e.g., VCSEL, DML, EML, MZM, and monolithic integrated transmitter) and receiver components (e.g., single-end photodetector, Kramers-Kronig receiver, Stokes vector receiver, and monolithic integrated receiver), which have been widely applied in short-reach transmission systems. Then, two types of integrated solutions including simplified detection scheme and transceiver integration scheme are presented in detail. Finally, we summarize and discuss the technological and component options for different transmission distances. We believe that monolithic integrated components, especially transceiver integration, will become a powerful solution for next-generation high-speed short-reach transmission systems.  
short-reach transmission link; direct detection; coherent detection; transceiver; Kramers-Kronig receiver; Stokes vector receiver; monolithic integrated components
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, we have proposed a Predicted Distance Difference Loss, or PDDL, for the JDE-based MOT method to mitigate the detection of centroid offsets, and the PDDL can be easily applied to existing trackers to improve not only tracking performance but also detection accuracy. In addition, we have designed an EFGCN that extends the effective feature range for mitigating Re-ID's dependence on detection performance and improving feature quality, and have proposed a trajectory correlation correction strategy, ACM, to minimize the loss of occluded targets. Together, these form REACTrack, which has achieved 62.8 HOTA and 80.1 IDF1 on the MOT17 dataset, ranking first among all JDE-based methods.  
In future work, we will consider enhancing target features in the temporal dimension and designing an algorithm that can be combined with cross-camera, multi-object tracking and applied to a wider range of scenarios.  
Conceptualization, Y.P. and J.L.; methodology, Y.P. and J.L.; software, J.L.; validation, J.L.; investigation, J.L.; writing--original draft preparation, J.L.; writing--review and editing, Y.P. and J.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Figure 6: MOT17-04 tracking results. There is a strong light source interference in the video, and the target pedestrians are occluded. In this paper, we used PDDL to predict the position of the target, and even if the target with ID 279 is occluded in the 64 th frame of the video, the target can still be tracked according to the predicted position. The # number indicates that the frame number in mot17 video sequence.  
Figure 7: MOT17-12 tracking results (frame numbers are shown in the upper left corner of each fra me). The video sequence is the data captured in the camera motion state; the target scale, and relative coordinates will change, labeling two small scale and occluded typical targets. No. 8 and No. 9—two companionable women appeared from the doorway of the store after occlusion and left. No. 11—man wearing black after occlusion after the camera advances a number of frames after the scale of the target becomes larger. The # number indicates that the frame number in mot17 video sequence.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by the [Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province] grant number [20210101180 JC].  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The MOT16 and MOT17 datasets presented in this study are openly available in the MOT16 paper [38], respectively.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Load Forecasting Based on LVMD-DBFCM Load Curve Clustering and the CNN-IVIA-BLSTM Model
## 3 Methodology
### The Proposed CNN-IVIA-BLSTM Forecasting Model
#### 3.3.4 Power Load Forecast Evaluation Indicator  
Three evaluation indexes are set as \(y_{MAPE}\) (mean absolute percentage error, MAPE), \(y_{RMSE}\) (root mean square error, RMSE), and \(y_{MAE}\) (mean absolute error, MAE). The equations are shown in (47) to (49):  
\[y_{MAPE}=\frac{1}{n}{\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}{\left|\frac{{{X_{act}}(i)-{X_{pred}} (i)}}{{{X_{act}}(i)}}\right|}} \tag{47}\]  
\[y_{RMSE}=\sqrt{\frac{{\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}{\left({{X_{act}}(i)-{X_{pred}}(i)} \right)^{2}}}}{n}} \tag{48}\]  
Figure 12: Hybrid forecasting model structure diagram.  
\[y_{MAE}=\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^{n}\left|X_{act}(i)-X_{pred}(i)\right| \tag{49}\]  
In the above equation, \(n\) is the total number of predictions, \(X_{act}(i)\) is the real value of the load at moment \(i\), and \(X_{pred}(i)\) is the predicted value of the load at moment \(i\).
## 4 Discussion
### Advancing Sustainability Through Traceability  
One of the clearest outcomes of our work is showing how blockchain traceability can capture and validate circular economy requirements. By explicitly representing the return and reuse of materials, companies can move beyond linear \"take-make-dispose\" models towards circular models where products and materials are repeated cycled, while also enforcing reuse requirements (such as testing, refurbishment, and perhaps also destroying components that fail testing). Controlled reuse has direct environmental benefits: it enables verification of recycled content, as required in emerging regulations (for instance, the EU's upcoming requirements on textile waste and recycled plastic content in packaging). Our framework would allow a firm to generate an auditable report that \"X% of our product's material this quarter came from verified recycled sources,\" which can support compliance and marketing claims. It also exposes inefficiencies or losses in the loop--e.g., if only 20% of products are being returned, the data will show that, prompting strategies to improve return rates (such as incentives for customers). And finally, it protects against abuse of reuse, for example, in situations where testing reveals some form of defect or contamination of a post-consumer component, compelling its destruction (recent concerns about brominated flame-retardant materials being reused to manufacture black plastic kitchen utensils would be an example). In essence, traceability provides the data foundation for a circular strategy, aligning with the notion that \"improved traceability and transparency lay the foundation for trust among all actors along the value chain\", which encourages circular business model uptake.  
Furthermore, transparency about lifecycle can influence consumer behavior. If consumers trust that returned items are properly recycled (perhaps even via a consumer-facing app that queries the blockchain for their returned item's status), they may be more willing to participate in take-back programs. This can create a positive feedback loop increasing sustainability.
# Exploitation of Antimicrobial Nanoparticles and Their Applications in Biomedical Engineering
## 4 Applications of Antimicrobial Nanoparticles  
As mentioned, although the term nanoparticle has only been recognised in the 19 th century, it indeed has a long ancient history of medical applications. Under the name \"Collargol\", \"Argyrol\" and \"Protargol\", although the physiochemistry of such Ag NPs were not determined until the 19 th century [120], these commercial products have been manufactured since 1897 and have been used by medical doctors to treat various diseases, such as syphilis and other bacterial infections [3; 121]. Moreover, for many decades, nano silver, formerly known as colloidal silver, has also been used as additives for wound care, water filtration systems, algicides and disinfectants (e.g., trade names Silver Algaedyn, Nu-Clo Silvercide, ASAP-AGX).  
With the attractive properties and fruitful diversity found in nanoparticles, there has been an increasing trend of manufactured products that involved the utilities of such antimicrobial nanoparticles for a wide range of healthcare applications. In particular, BASF and Evonik Degussa are the biggest markets that offer nanomaterials in cosmetics and personal hygiene [122]. It was estimated in 2016 that the global market for nanomaterials was between 300,000 to 1.6 million tons. Amongst all, Ag NPs are one of the most common nanoparticles utilised in healthcare applications; about 135-420 tons of Ag NPs were produced in 2014, with the Asian region accounting for the largest market share. Needless to say, along with commercial applications of antimicrobial Ag NPs products, the research and development of other NPs and their utilities in healthcare applications are also rapidly growing.  
Figure 4: Various antimicrobial activities of metal nanoparticles. Reproduced with modification from [PERSON] et al., _Materials Science and Engineering_: C; published by Elsevier, 2014. [72].
# An Accurate Jacobian Matrix with Exact Zoeppritz for Elastic Moduli of Dry Rock
## 4 Calculation of Jacobian Matrix Elements Using Exact Zeoppritz and Biot-Gassmann Equations
### The Calculation of \(\frac{\partial A}{\partial m_{j}}\)
#### 4.1.4 Partial Derivative of Matrix A with Respect to \(\mu_{d2}\)  
Regarding this, \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) are independent of \(\mu_{d2}\), but \(\alpha^{\prime}\) and \(\beta^{\prime}\) are dependent on \(\mu_{d2}\). The detailed derivations also are shown in Appendix B. Letting \(\tau_{\mu d2}^{vp2}=\frac{1}{v_{p2}}\frac{\partial v_{p2}}{\partial\mu_{d2}}\) and \(\tau_{\mu d2}^{v\approx 2}=\frac{1}{v_{s2}}\frac{\partial v_{p2}}{\partial\mu_{d2}}\), the partial derivative of matrix A with respect to \(\mu_{d2}\) is:  
\[\frac{\partial A}{\partial\mu_{d2}}=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}0&0&-\tau_{\mu d 2}^{vp2}\sin\alpha^{\prime}&-\tau_{\mu d2}^{v\approx 2}\tan\beta^{ \prime}\sin\beta^{\prime}\\ 0&0&-\tau_{\mu d2}^{vp2}\tan\alpha^{\prime}\sin\alpha^{\prime}&\tau_{\mu d2}^ {v\approx 2}\sin\beta^{\prime}\\ 0&0&\tau_{\mu d2}^{vp2}a_{33}+2\tau_{\mu d2}^{v\approx 2}\bigg{(}a_{33}+\frac{\rho_{2}}{ \rho_{1}}\frac{v_{p2}}{v_{p1}}\bigg{)}&\tau_{\mu d2}^{v\approx 2}a_{34}(2-\tan^{2}\beta^{ \prime})\\ 0&0&a_{43}\bigg{(}2\tau_{\mu d2}^{v\approx 2}-\tau_{\mu d2}^{vp2}\tan^{2}\alpha^{ \prime}\bigg{)}&(3a_{44}+2\frac{\rho_{2}}{\rho_{1}}v_{s2})\tau_{\mu d2}^{v \approx 2}\\ \end{array}\right] \tag{25}\]