# Post-Flood Risk Management and Resilience Building Practices: A Case Study
## 6 Results and Discussions  
### Literature Review Results  
Pakistan is a disaster-prone country as evident from its disaster profile. Frequent floods, earthquakes, cyclones, landslides make the affected region vulnerable. Each year Pakistan faces the loss of lives, flora, fauna, infrastructure, and economic instability in the affected region. Furthermore, different factors contribute to the vulnerability and severity of disasters such as lack of effective early warning systems, poor infrastructures, lack of awareness about disaster management, poor communities living in disaster-prone areas, lack of coordination between disaster management authorities and limited skilled manpower to provide an early response to victims. Pakistan has developed an institute known as Natural Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) at the federal level to respond to disaster scenarios. The NDMA plan outlines how different stakeholders will work jointly for disaster management and mitigation [8; 9; 10]. The monetary support from donors is directed towards disaster reduction. Different UN agencies such as JICA, ADB, EU and USAID work with local NGOs, however, NDMA has been set up for coordination with different agencies [21; 22; 23]. The major devastation during the 2010 floods attracted a large number of aids from international countries, relief agencies and local civil societies which helped NDMA being the central institute to carry out relief activities [24; 25; 26]. At the provincial and local level, NDMA constituted a Provincial Disaster Management Authority to manage disaster events and help people to recover from the loss of property, food, and their livelihood. PDMA provides a platform to bring all provincial organization together to provide timely disaster response and mitigate flood risk. The limitation of PDMA is the lack of risk management and making communities resilient towards extreme weather events such as floods. They focus more on response with little importance to long-term strategies for making communities more adaptive to floods. Agricultural losses are not addressed by PDMA, indicating that there are no plans for the management of framing communities to save their crops and reduce losses. Furthermore, disaster management authorities at the district level are not fully function and are equipped to assist communities during a disaster event. [PERSON] et al. [27] surveyed the household vulnerability and resilience to flood disasters in two districts within Khyber Pakhtunkhwa after the 2010 floods. Data were collected from 600 households through interviews. Variability and resilience indices were calculated based on the selected variables for community households in the district of Charsadda and Nowshera. Higher vulnerability index along with lower resilience index indicated that communities in Nowshera were more vulnerable to flood disasters as compared to those in Charsadda. The study suggested that the local authorities need to create awareness about flood mitigation and prevention practices among the district and emphasize strengthening social, physical, and economic resilience. Educating communities about flood disaster management and effective zoning strategies to prevent houses from being built in flood-prone areas will reduce casualties. Through awareness about infrastructure material, people can move from traditional materials such as clay to more resistant and durable material, i.e., concrete or bricks. [PERSON] et al. [28] investigated community needs and perception about the rehabilitation process and the support from the government and NGOs during the 2010 floods in Swat, Pakistan. No humanitarian aid reached the community after the first ten days as the main road was washed away. When the roads were partially opened, a few NGOs were observed distributing water disinfectants while the community was waiting for food and shelter. After the 2010 floods, the drinking water quality deteriorated and affected sanitation systems in many districts of Pakistan.