## 2 Improved Chicken Swarm Algorithm
### Improved Algorithm Performance Testing
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Function**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**CSO**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**PDCSO**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**ICSO**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**ASCSO-S**} \\  & & _D=10_ & _D=50_ & _D=10_ & _D=50_ & _D=10_ & _D=50_ & _D=10_ & _D=50_ \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{F1} & Ave & 0 & 0 & \(2\times 10^{-131}\) & \(1.04\times 10^{-31}\) & \(2.1\times 10^{-142}\) & \(1.86\times 10^{-45}\) & 0 & 0 \\  & Std & 0 & 0 & \(9.5\times 10^{-131}\) & \(4.53\times 10^{-31}\) & \(8.6\times 10^{-142}\) & \(7.68\times 10^{-45}\) & 0 & 0 \\  & Best & 0 & 0 & \(6.2\times 10^{-136}\) & \(3.79\times 10^{-50}\) & \(7.5\times 10^{-151}\) & \(7.47\times 10^{-50}\) & 0 & 0 \\  & Worst & 0 & 0 & \(5.2\times 10^{-130}\) & \(2.47\times 10^{-30}\) & \(4.6\times 10^{-141}\) & \(4.22\times 10^{-44}\) & 0 & 0 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{F2} & Ave & 0 & 0 & \(7.57\times 10^{-78}\) & \(4.88\times 10^{-35}\) & \(2.41\times 10^{-91}\) & \(4.89\times 10^{-38}\) & 0 & 0 \\  & Std & 0 & 0 & \(3.23\times 10^{-77}\) & \(1.72\times 10^{-34}\) & \(1.27\times 10^{-90}\) & \(8.78\times 10^{-38}\) & 0 & 0 \\  & Best & 0 & 0 & \(2.58\times 10^{-80}\) & \(6.16\times 10^{-40}\) & \(4.03\times 10^{-96}\) & \(1.96\times 10^{-40}\) & 0 & 0 \\  & Worst & 0 & 0 & \(1.78\times 10^{-76}\) & \(9.37\times 10^{-34}\) & \(6.94\times 10^{-90}\) & \(4.05\times 10^{-37}\) & 0 & 0 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{F3} & Ave & 0 & 0 & \(1.59\times 10^{-66}\) & \(149.2781\) & \(4.75\times 10^{-70}\) & \(19.57705\) & 0 & 0 \\  & Std & 0 & 0 & \(8.66\times 10^{-46}\) & \(457.8035\) & \(1.38\times 10^{-69}\) & \(98.51109\) & 0 & 0 \\  & Best & 0 & 0 & \(1.27\times 10^{-71}\) & \(1.29\times 10^{-6}\) & \(7.13\times 10^{-81}\) & \(1.93\times 10^{-8}\) & 0 & 0 \\  & Worst & 0 & 0 & \(4.74\times 10^{-45}\) & 2038.464 & \(6.39\times 10^{-69}\) & \(539.5373\) & 0 & 0 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{F4} & Ave & 0 & 0 & \(4.14\times 10^{-47}\) & 18.97023 & \(1.21\times 10^{-59}\) & \(17.23904\) & 0 & 0 \\  & Std & 0 & 0 & \(2.21\times 10^{-46}\) & 6.744785 & \(2.52\times 10^{-59}\) & 6.530568 & 0 & 0 \\  & Best & 0 & 0 & \(2.03\times 10^{-52}\) & 1.201056 & \(2.89\times 10^{-68}\) & 0.125546 & 0 & 0 \\  & Worst & 0 & 0 & \(1.21\times 10^{-45}\) & 28.29731 & \(8.94\times 10^{-59}\) & 25.15158 & 0 & 0 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{F5} & Ave & \(1.13\times 10^{-26}\) & 0.073115 & \(0.043912\) & 4.416301 & 0.019847 & 5.616788 & 0.966116 & 10.02114 \\  & Std & \(2.58\times 10^{-26}\) & 0.09572 & 0.031135 & \(0.376249\) & 0.0498784 & 0.338539 & 0.152327 & 0.330825 \\  & Best & \(9.21\times 10^{-31}\) & 0.00795 & 0.001415 & \(3.844698\) & 0.000216 & 5.041785 & 0.655284 & 8.975014 \\  & Worst & \(1.18\times 10^{-25}\) & 0.282306 & 0.124232 & 5.418371 & 0.270206 & 6.263295 & 1.259867 & 10.49705 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{F6} & Ave & \(5.64\times 10^{-5}\) & \(6.44\times 10^{-5}\) & 0.000227 & 0.001258 & 0.000344 & 0.001001 & \(7.63\times 10^{-5}\) & 0.000118 \\  & Std & \(5.37\times 10^{-5}\) & \(6.66\times 10^{-5}\) & 0.000133 & 0.000405 & 0.000222 & 0.000536 & \(7.68\times 10^{-5}\) & 0.000112 \\  & Best & \(9.17\times 10^{-7}\) & \(2.49\times 10^{-6}\) & \(3.51\times 10^{-5}\) & 0.000596 & \(1.9\times 10^{-5}\) & 0.000415 & \(2.75\times 10^{-6}\) & \(4.85\times 10^{-6}\) \\  & Worst & 0.000262 & 0.000263 & 0.000475 & 0.002215 & 0.000832 & 0.003155 & 0.000332 & 0.00047 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{F7} & Ave & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\  & Std & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\  & Best & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\  & Worst & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{F8} & Ave & \(1.88\times 10^{-16}\) & \(8.88\times 10^{-16}\) & \(1.6\times 10^{-15}\) & \(1.14\times 10^{-14}\) & \(8.88\times 10^{-16}\) & \(4.20\times 10^{-15}\) & \(8.88\times 10^{-16}\) & \(8.88\times 10^{-16}\) & \(8.88\times 10^{-16}\) \\  & Std & 0 Figure 6: _Cont._  
The results in Table 3 and Figure 6 show that the performance of the PDCSO algorithm was much better than that of the other algorithms in terms of optimization accuracy, convergence speed and stability.