## 1 Introduction  
The wettability of rock formations is a fundamental parameter that determines the interaction between fluids and the solid phase surface, hydrogeological processes, and water resource management. This property has a significant impact on single- or multiphase fluid flow in porous media during such processes as the production of hydrocarbons from oil and gas reservoirs, carbon capture and storage into a geological aquifer, and the monitoring of the quality of underground water. In the production of hydrocarbons, wettability dictates the efficiency of displacement of hydrocarbons by water or other agents, directly influencing the hydrocarbon recovery factor. Understanding and controlling wettability is crucial for optimizing oil and gas production, as well as for developing new enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques [1, 2]. The wettability of rock surfaces depends on a multitude of factors, including the mineral composition of the rock, the types of fluids present, and the pore structures. These factors can vary significantly depending on geological conditions and reservoir characteristics, making the task of controlling wettability complex and multifaceted [3, 4]. Additionally,changes in wettability can occur both naturally and as a result of the application of various technological methods. The methods for evaluating rock wettability are diverse and offer unique advantages. The Amott-Harvey and USBM tests measure the rock's ability to absorb fluids and are widely used in practice [5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13]. Contact angle measurement provides information on surface wettability. Advanced techniques, such as micro-CT and SEM, provide detailed data at the microscopic level [14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23]. Methods like IR spectroscopy and NMR allow for the analysis of chemical composition and wettability changes [24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35]. Analytical approaches, including the Lakh method and its modifications, assess wettability based on relative permeability curves [36; 37; 38]. Altering the wettability of rocks is a key process in an enhanced oil recovery. Several methods for changing wettability are actively being studied and utilized in the oil industry. One of the most promising methods is the low-salinity water flooding (LSWF) technique. Reducing the salinity of injected water can increase the water wettability of the rock and improve oil displacement. Studies have shown that LSWF promotes the desorption of ions from the rock surface and reduces interfacial tension, ultimately leading to increased oil recovery [39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47]. Another important method involves the use of surfactants, which can significantly alter interfacial tension and wettability [48; 49; 50]. Surfactants are capable of reducing the surface tension between oil and water, thereby facilitating improved oil displacement [51; 52; 53; 54; 55; 56]. Cationic and anionic surfactants interact with rock surfaces in various ways, facilitating control over wettability and an increase in the oil recovery factor [26; 57; 58; 59; 60; 61; 62]. Carbonated water injection (CWI) is yet another method that has gained popularity in recent years. Introducing CO\({}_{2}\) into the injected water can alter the wettability of the rock, making it more water-wet and thereby enhancing oil recovery [63; 64]. An additional advantage of this method is the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, as CO\({}_{2}\) is sequestered in underground reservoirs [65; 66; 67; 68; 69; 70]. Furthermore, chemical reactions occurring between the rock surface and reactants can significantly influence the wettability of the rock surface. The dissolution and blockage of minerals in rocks alter the pore structure, which affects phase distribution and, consequently, the relative permeability and oil recovery factor [71; 72]. Studies have shown that the introduction of certain chemical reagents can promote the stability of the pore structure and precipitation [71; 72].