## 6 Future Work  
Looking ahead, future recommendations include both refining the proposed framework and broadening its applicability. Beyond the immediate context of Iraq's transportation network, the methodology integrating DEA efficiency scores and MDP holds promise  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Network Size** & **Avg. Cost Multicast Tree with Fixed Delay** & **Avg. Cost Multicast Tree with Fixed Profit** \\ \hline
10 & 37.8\% & 23.3\% \\
15 & 16.4\% & 11.5\% \\
20 & 21.9\% & 15.2\% \\
25 & 24.2\% & 15.8\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Performance improvement gain of proposed model against avg. cost multicast tree fixed delay and fixed profit.  
for optimizing multimodal transportation systems in various geographic regions. Customization of input parameters and constraints to match the characteristics of different transportation networks enables the framework's effective application to similar challenges encountered in other countries or regions. This adaptability underscores the potential for widespread implementation and impact, offering a versatile solution to enhance transportation efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and environmental sustainability globally.  
Moreover, the insights gained from analyzing the performance of different transportation modes and optimizing strategies in Iraq's context have broader implications for decision-making processes in diverse geographic contexts. Understanding the trade-offs between transportation costs, delay costs, and environmental impacts provides valuable guidance for policymakers and stakeholders worldwide. By extrapolating these insights, transportation authorities can make informed decisions regarding infrastructure development, mode selection, and resource allocation to address common challenges faced by transportation networks globally.  
To facilitate the adaptation and implementation of the optimization framework in various regions, future research efforts should focus on refining the model and exploring potential extensions to address additional factors or constraints relevant to transportation optimization. Collaboration with local transportation authorities, research institutions, and industry stakeholders in different geographic areas will be instrumental in tailoring the framework to address specific transportation challenges and priorities. Additionally, sharing methodologies, findings, and best practices through academic publications, conferences, and collaborative research projects will contribute to global knowledge exchange and capacity building in transportation optimization, fostering innovation and progress in the field.  
Conceptualization, M.R.A. and K.B.; Data curation, M.R.A., K.B., S.G. and A.J.O.; Formal analysis, M.R.A., K.B. and S.G.; Investigation, M.R.A. and K.B.; Methodology, M.R.A. and K.B.; Project administration, M.R.A., K.B. and S.G.; Supervision, M.R.A. and K.B.; Visualization, M.R.A., K.B. and A.J.O.; Writing--original draft, M.R.A. and K.B.; Writing--review & editing, M.R.A., K.B., S.G. and A.J.O. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Data Availability Statement: Data were collected from four places in the Iraqi Ministry of Transport, which is the General Company for (land, train, water, and air transport) [30].  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.