# The Role of Trees in Sand Dune Rehabilitation: Insights from Global Experiences
## 3 Results
### Tree Species Used in the Afforestation of Sand Dunes
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Crt. No.** & **Tree Species** & **Region** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Risk Level/Invasiveness** \\ **on Sand Dunes** \\ \end{tabular} & **Citing Article** \\ \hline
13 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} _Cassia saiman_ (Lam.) \\ [PERSON] \\ \end{tabular} & Vietnam &
\begin{tabular}{c} Medium-Non-native \\ in some zones; \\ potential invader \\ \end{tabular} & [PERSON] et al., 1998 [56] \\ \hline
14 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} _Cassarina equisefilia_ L. \\ \end{tabular} & China;Senegal &
\begin{tabular}{c} High-Invasive on \\ tropical/coastal \\ dunes worldwide \\ \end{tabular} & [PERSON] et al., 2018; [PERSON] et al., 2019; [PERSON] et al., 1993 [57, 58, 59] \\ \hline
15 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} _Cistus creticus_ L. \\ \end{tabular} & Greece &
\begin{tabular}{c} Low-Native Mediterranean \\ species \\ \end{tabular} & [PERSON] et al., 2021 [60] \\ \hline
16 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} _Coccolba vufiera_ L. \\ \end{tabular} & Cuba &
\begin{tabular}{c} Low-Coastal native species \\ \end{tabular} & [PERSON] et al., 2024 [61] \\ \hline
17 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} _Diphusa americana_ \\ (Mill.) M.Sousa \\ \end{tabular} & Mexico &
\begin{tabular}{c} Low-Native in range \\ \end{tabular} & [PERSON] et al., 2019 [62] \\ \hline
18 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} _Eucalyptus_ sp. \\ \end{tabular} & China &
\begin{tabular}{c} High-Many species known \\ invaders; site-specific risks \\ \end{tabular} & [PERSON] et al., 2019 [58] \\ \hline
19 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} _Ficus carica_ L. \\ \end{tabular} & Egypt &
\begin{tabular}{c} Medium–Cultivated; may \\ become naturalized \\ \end{tabular} & [PERSON], 2010 [63] \\ \hline
20 & \begin{tabular}{c} _Haloxylon ethylum_ Minkw. \\ \end{tabular} & Kazakhstan & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Low–Native in arid zones \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} [PERSON] and \\ [PERSON], 2017 [64] \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
21 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} _Haloxylon sulcorricum_ (Moq.) \\ Bunge ex Boiss. \\ \end{tabular} & India &
\begin{tabular}{c} Low–Native and adapted \\ supersics \\ \end{tabular} & [PERSON] and [PERSON], 1976 [65] \\ \hline
22 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} _Juniperus communis_ L. \\ \end{tabular} & Serbia &
\begin{tabular}{c} Low-Native European \\ species \\ \end{tabular} & [PERSON] et al., 2023 [66] \\ \hline
23 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} _Juniperus axcedras_ L. \\ \end{tabular} & Spain &
\begin{tabular}{c} Low–Native, non-invasive \\ \end{tabular} & [PERSON] et al., 2010 [67] \\ \hline
24 & \begin{tabular}{c} _Juniperus phoretica_ L. \\ \end{tabular} & Spain & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Low–Native, dune stabilizer \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} [PERSON], 2009; \\ [PERSON] et al., 2010 [67, 68] \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
25 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} _Juniperus virginiana_ L. \\ \end{tabular} & Serbia &
\begin{tabular}{c} Medium–Can spread \\ aggressively in some \\ climates \\ \end{tabular} & [PERSON] et al., 2023 [66] \\ \hline
26 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} _Kunzen ericoides_ ([PERSON].) \\ [PERSON]. \\ \end{tabular} & New Zealand &
\begin{tabular}{c} Low–Native and effective \\ \end{tabular} & [PERSON], 1994 [69] \\ \hline
27 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} _Leptospermium laerigatum_ \\ ([PERSON].) [PERSON]. \\ \end{tabular} & South Africa &
\begin{tabular}{c} High–Aggressive invasive \\ in some areas \\ \end{tabular} & [PERSON], 1999 [70] \\ \hline
28 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} _Litsau glutinosa_ \\ \end{tabular} & China &
\begin{tabular}{c} Low–Native, used \\ for restoration \\ \end{tabular} & [PERSON] et al., 2018 [71] \\ \hline
29 & \begin{tabular}{c} _[PERSON]_ \\ (Forsssk.) [PERSON] \\ \end{tabular} & Thailand & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Low–Coastal native \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} [PERSON] et al., 2020 [72] \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
30 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} _Pica glauc_ [Moench] [PERSON] \\ \end{tabular} & Canada &
\begin{tabular}{c} Low–Native, boreal zones \\ \end{tabular} & [PERSON], 1994 [73] \\ \hline
31 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} _Pica gleluini_ [PERSON] \\ \end{tabular} & Japan &
\begin{tabular}{c} Low–Native to Japan \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
32 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} _Pinus halepensis_ [PERSON]. \\ \end{tabular} & Tunisia; Greece &
\begin{tabular}{c} Medium–Naturalized, may \\ displace native shrubs \\ \end{tabular} & [PERSON] et al., 2021 [60, 74] \\ \hline
33 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} _Pinus nigra_ [PERSON] \\ \end{tabular} & Belgium; USA &
\begin{tabular}{c} Medium–Naturalized, \\ long-term impacts debated \\ \end{tabular} & [PERSON], 2011 [75, 76] \\ \hline
34 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} _Pinus pinea_ [PERSON]. \\ \end{tabular} & Tunisia &
\begin{tabular}{c} Low–Widely planted \\ Mediterranean native \\ \end{tabular} & [PERSON] et al., 2017 [74] \\ \hline
35 & \begin{tabular}{c} _Pinus radiata_ D.Don \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Argentina; UK; \\ New Zealand \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} High–Documented invasive \\ in New Zealand and \\ South Africa \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} [PERSON] et al., 2013; \\ [PERSON] et al., 2001; [PERSON] and \\ [PERSON], 1989 [77, 78, 79] \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
36 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} _Pinus resinosa_ (Sol. [PERSON]) \\ \end{tabular} & Canada &
\begin{tabular}{c} Low–Native boreal pine \\ \end{tabular} & [PERSON] and [PERSON], 1992 [80] \\ \hline
37 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} _Pinus sylestris_ L. \\ \end{tabular} & Serbia &
\begin{tabular}{c} Low–Native across Europe \\ \end{tabular} & [PERSON] et al., 2023 [66] \\ \hline
38 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} _Pinus strobus_ L. \\ \end{tabular} & Canada &
\begin{tabular}{c} Medium–Some \\ invasiveness reported \\ outside native range \\ \end{tabular} & [PERSON] and [PERSON], 1992 [80] \\ \hline
39 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} _Pinus tueda_ L. \\ \end{tabular} & Brazil &
\begin{tabular}{c} High–Invasive in South \\ America and Africa \\ \end{tabular} & [PERSON] et al., 2014 [81] \\ \hline
40 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} _Pinus thunbergii_ Parl. \\ \end{tabular} & Japan &
\begin{tabular}{c} Low–Coastal stabilizer \\ in Japan \\ \end{tabular} & [PERSON] et al., 2019 [82] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}