# YOLOv5-Based Electric Scooter Crackdown Platform
## 1 Introduction  
Electric scooters, a relatively new addition to personal mobility (PM) devices, have been steadily increasing in number each year due to their operational efficiency and convenience for short-distance travel. According to Business Research, the global PM market was valued at United States Dollars (USD) 1.33 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 2.20 billion by 2032, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.8% during this period [1]. The usage of PM devices in South Korea has also surged, particularly in shared mobility services. The number of shared PM devices grew more than fourfold, from 70,000 in 2020 to 290,000 in 2023. According to data.ai, cumulative downloads of the top eight shared PM applications in the first half of 2023 reached approximately 18.68 million, marking a 36% increase compared to the same period in the previous year [2]. The widespread adoption of PM devices has led to positive impacts, such as improved traffic efficiency. However, it has also introduced challenges, including safety concerns and traffic disruptions. A key issue is that many users fail to comply with traffic laws, prompting governments to strengthen regulations on PM devices, including electric scooters. To address these concerns, South Korea revised the Road Traffic Act on 9 June 2020, with the updated regulations coming into effect on 10 December 2020. Under this amendment, PM riders are required to wear helmets and possess a valid driver's license, reflecting a commitment to enhancing safety through legislation. In contrast, France classified PM devices as a new category of vehicle under Order No. 2019-1082 on the Regulation of Personal Mobility Devices, enacted on 23 October 2019. This classification was integrated into the Road Act to establish a clearer legal framework for PM usage [3,4]. Despite these regulatory efforts, the Traffic Accident Analysis System (TAAS) of the Korea Road Traffic Authority reported 2389 PM-related traffic accidents in 2023, resulting in 24 fatalities and 2622 injuries. This marks only a slight decrease from 2022, which recorded 2386 accidents, 26 deaths, and 2684 injuries. Notably, the fatality rate--defined as the number of deaths per 100 traffic accidents--remains alarmingly high at 5.6%, which is 4.3 times greater than the overall traffic accident fatality rate of 1.3% from the previous year. Contrary to expectations following the 2020 Road Traffic Act revision, electric-scooter-related accidents have continued to rise, increasing from 447 cases in 2019 to 897 in 2020, 1735 in 2021, 2386 in 2022, and 2389 in 2023, while the fatality rate nearly doubled each year, highlighting the urgent need for more effective enforcement measures [5]. Despite the revision of the Road Traffic Act, the enforcement of personal mobility (PM) violations remains hindered by limited manpower and resources, making it challenging to consistently apply regulations across all regions. Common violations, such as failing to wear a helmet, riding with multiple passengers, operating without a license, and driving under the influence, persist. A major shortcoming of the current Road Traffic Act is the lack of adequate punitive measures for PM violations. Consequently, the number of violations continues to rise, while existing enforcement methods remain inefficient due to these constraints. This situation underscores the urgent need for a technology-driven system capable of effectively detecting and recording violations in real time. This study proposes a smart enforcement platform designed to identify legal violations and automatically issue fines during the use of shared electric scooters. The key technical contributions of this study are as follows:  
1. High-accuracy violation detection, including failure to wear a helmet and riding with multiple passengers, achieved through YOLOv5 (You Only Look Once version 5) object detection technology [6, 7, 8, 9]. 2.