# Data Embedding in SHVC Video Using Threshold-Controlled Block Splitting
## 4 Experimental Results
### Video Quality  
The effect of data embedding on video quality is reported in Table 2. In all cases, the average PSNR degradation is less than 0.17 dB and 0.13 dB for the LDP and AI configurations, respectively. In terms of SSIM [37], the degradation is less than 0.0027 and 0.0022 for the LDP and AI configurations, respectively. The sequence _PartyScene_ experiences slightly greater degradation due to its high embedding capacity for all considered \(\tau\) values. On the other hand, the lowest average quality degradation is observed in the sequence _BlueSky_ and _RushHour_ for the AI configurations, respectively. It is also observed that video coded by using the AI configuration is slightly inferior in terms of video quality. It is mainly caused by the significantly higher payload carried by the all-intra-coded sequences. Nonetheless, the results for both configuration settings show comparable video quality after embedding data, and these outcomes suggest that the manipulation of PB size has negligible impact on the video quality for all video sequences.  
To visualize the performance of the proposed technique, we also plot the RD curves comparing the original (compressed) and processed videos for the LDP and AI configurations in Figures 6 and 7, respectively. Results suggest that data embedding leads to a slight drop in coding efficiency. The graphs also suggest that implementing the proposed techniques at higher QP causes greater loss in coding efficiency, and vice versa. To further analyze the video quality degradation and bit rate overhead, the Bjontegaard Delta of bit rate (BD-RATE) and Bjontegaard Delta of PSNR (BD-PSNR) are computed [38]. The average bit rate overhead and visual quality degradation caused by data embedding are recorded in Table 3. The results suggest that the average bit rate overheads for the LDP and AI configurations fall in the ranges of \([1.01,13.84]\) and \([1.51,7.07]\) percent, respectively. On the other hand, the average quality degradation for LDP and AI configurations fall in the ranges of \([0.05,0.63]\) dB and \([0.10,0.45]\) dB, respectively.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**BD-BR (\%)**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**BD-PSNR (dB)**} \\
**Sequence** & & **LDP** & & & & & & & **LDP** & & & **AI** & \\  & \(\mathbf{\tau_{0}}\) & \(\mathbf{\tau_{5}}\) & \(\mathbf{\tau_{10}}\) & \(\mathbf{\tau_{0}}\) & \(\mathbf{\tau_{5}}\) & \(\mathbf{\tau_{10}}\) & \(\mathbf{\tau_{0}}\) & \(\mathbf{\tau_{5}}\) & \(\mathbf{\tau_{10}}\) & \(\mathbf{\tau_{0}}\) & \(\mathbf{\tau_{5}}\) & \(\mathbf{\tau_{10}}\) \\ \hline _RushHour_ & 0.26 & 4.76 & 17.63 & 0.44 & 1.42 & 5.35 & 0.01 & 0.20 & 0.70 & 0.02 & 0.07 & 0.27 \\ _FourPeople_ & 1.91 & 6.23 & 12.30 & 2.11 & 3.86 & 7.13 & 0.10 & 0.29 & 0.55 & 0.14 & 0.26 & 0.47 \\ _BlueSky_ & 0.71 & 5.17 & 11.36 & 1.01 & 3.73 & 7.99 & 0.04 & 0.28 & 0.61 & 0.08 & 0.30 & 0.63 \\ _BasketballDrill_ & 1.13 & 7.42 & 15.83 & 2.02 & 4.10 & 7.58 & 0.05 & 0.33 & 0.68 & 0.11 & 0.22 & 0.40 \\ _PartyScene_ & 1.34 & 6.23 & 12.04 & 2.17 & 3.87 & 5.84 & 0.07 & 0.32 & 0.60 & 0.16 & 0.29 & 0.43 \\ _RaceHorses_ & 0.73 & 5.99 & 13.89 & 1.31 & 4.39 & 8.53 & 0.03 & 0.27 & 0.61 & 0.08 & 0.26 & 0.49 \\ \hline Average & 1.01 & 5.97 & 13.84 & 1.51 & 3.56 & 7.07 & 0.05 & 0.28 & 0.63 & 0.10 & 0.23 & 0.45 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Comparison in term of BD-RATE and BD-PSNR for the processed video.  
Figure 6: Rate distortion curve for the original compressed videos (Ori) and the processed videos using LDP configuration.