esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Reliability and Risk Centered Maintenance: A Novel Method for Supporting Maintenance Management
## 3 The Proposed RRCM Method  
The proposed RRCM method is composed of a set of activities that support to define and periodically update the maintenance plans of an engineering system. Figure 2 presents a method that depicts such activities.  
As can be seen in Figure 2, the RRCM method comprises three main processes: the Maintenance Plan Definition and Implementation, the Risk Review, and the Assessment of Maintenance Plans' Effectiveness. The first one, which will be described in more detail in Section 3.1, is the main process and is responsible for determining the best set of maintenance tasks for each failure mode based on the failure mode risk classification and recommended failure management policy.  
The second process, Risk Review, is responsible for periodically reassessing the risk level of each failure mode to verify if there has been any significant change that would imply a change in failure management policies. Periodic reviews allow the organizations  
Figure 2: The activities comprised in the proposed RRCM method.  
to update the input data used for risk categorization as well as review the method and decisions made to be better aligned with the organization's context.  
Finally, the third process, the Assessment of Maintenance Plans' Effectiveness, aims to assess whether the maintenance plans defined and implemented in the process present the expected results. This assessment can be supported by predetermining several maintenance performance indicators, such as benchmarks for unscheduled downtime, mean time between failures, maintenance costs, and others. Thus, it is possible to verify whether the implementation of the maintenance plans derived from the determined maintenance policies has achieved the maintenance objectives and, eventually, update them.  
It is worth mentioning that both proposed periodic reviews through the second and third process of the RRCM intends to ensure that the method is a living application. In other words, the RRCM does not end with the implementation of maintenance plans as the organization needs to periodically review the risks of failure modes and the effectiveness of the defined maintenance plans.
## 4 Experiments
### Comparison with Previous Methods  
We compare this proposed model with the state-of-the-art methods, including Traj-GCN (International Conference on Computer Vision, ICCV, 2019) [25], SPGSN (European Conference on Computer Vision, ECCV, 2022) [43], DSTD-GC (IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems, TNNLS, 2023) [44], and AMHGCN (Neural Networks, Elsevier Ltd., NN, 2024) [17]. The evaluation metric is MPJPE for both short-term and long-term predictions. These comparisons highlight the advantages and limitations of our method relative to the current leading approaches.
# Convolutional Neural Networks Refitting by Bootstrapping for Tracking People in a Mobile Robot
## 2 Materials and Methods
### PeTra  
Figure 1 illustrates Petra's running, from the time the robot gathers data from its LIDAR sensor until PeTra locates people around the robot. PeTra first builds a 2D occupancy map from all the readings of the LIDAR, see Figure 1c. This first occupancy map is processed by a CNN that returns a new occupancy map including only the readings belonging to people leg-like patterns, see Figure 1d. The CNN used by PeTra is based on the U-net architecture [29]. The architecture was originally designed to perform the biomedical image segmentation [30]. Postprocessing the output of PeTra's CNN, a centre-of-mass calculation provides people location estimates. Correlating the location estimates by using a Kalman filter allows for tracking each person in the scene over time. A video showing PeTra's operation is available online [31].  
PeTra has shown good performance in the scenarios where it has been evaluated. However, its performance is worse in some specific locations, such as corridors. In these cases, PeTra sometimes detects people where there are not. Thus, it may be necessary to refit the PeTra's CNN to get better performance in such environments.
# Smart Product Design Process through the Implementation of a Fuzzy Kano-AHP-DEMATEL-QFD Approach
###### Abstract  
Product design has become a critical process for the healthcare technology industry, given the ever-changing demands, vague customer requirements, and interrelations among design criteria. This paper proposed a novel integration of fuzzy Kano, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL), and Quality Function Deployment (QFD) to translate customer needs into product characteristics and prioritize design alternatives considering interdependence and vagueness. First, the customer requirements were established. Second, the fuzzy KANO was applied to calculate the impact of each requirement, often vague, on customer satisfaction. Third, design alternatives were defined, while the requirements' weights were calculated using AHP. DEMATEL was later implemented for evaluating the interdependence among alternatives. Finally, QFD was employed to select the best design. A hip replacement surgery aid device for elderly people was used for validation. In this case, collateral issues were the most important requirement, while code change was the best-ranked design.  
product design; fuzzy Kano; AHP; DEMATEL; healthcare technology industry; smart manufacturing +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Reputation and Trust Approach for Security and Safety Assurance in Intersection Management System
## 2 Related Work
### Trust and Reputation Models and Approaches in VANETs
Knowledge renders observation on the trustee (the vehicle which is providing data) as direct trust. [PERSON] et al. [33] formulated a proof-theoretic of the trust and reputation model for VANETs with an extension of the natural deduction calculus (un)SecureND [34]. Using an algorithm, they could qualify the operation passed as a safe message through any number of vehicles by checking at each interaction that consistency is preserved. Therefore, reputation model is based on an evaluation of parameterized feedback messages, in terms of the temporal measure and ranking of the relevant service characteristic of each message. [PERSON] et al. [35] proposed DrivMan, blockchain-based trust management, and data sharing solution for VANETs. The use of DrivMan gives each vehicle a unique crypto-fingerprint, which is used to establish data provenance. Certificates issued by infrastructure units are exploited to preserve the privacy of the vehicles. DrivMan can be used as an effective solution to provide both data provenance and data integrity to intelligent vehicles in VANETs for their secure and reliable operation. In this paper, we address the situation, when legitimate AVs intentionally or unintentionally transmit bogus data that do not reflect the real situation on the road and at the intersection in particular. We propose the trust and reputation-based approach to reduce the likelihood of the intersection traffic accidents and to increase the efficiency of the intersection management system.
## 5 Performance Evaluation
### Performance Metrics  
The metrics used in these experiments were also used in previous works such as [11; 12], and calculated as:  
1. **Execution time (\(ET\))**: measures the time consumed by an algorithm to find the embedding solution.
2. **Acceptance ratio (\(\mathbf{AR}=\mathbf{R}^{A}/\mathbf{R}^{T}\))**: measures the accepted service requests (\(\mathbf{R}^{A}\)), which are successfully mapped to the total number of arrived requests (\(\mathbf{R}^{T}\)).
3. **Embedding cost (\(\mathbf{C}_{avg}\))**: it is the average of total used resources for mapping service requests over 100 time unit. It is calculated based on the objective Equation (11).
4. **Average embedding cost/average revenue (\(\mathbf{R}_{c/r}=\mathbf{C}_{avg}/\mathbf{R}_{avg}\))**: it is the ratio between the average embedding cost \(\mathbf{C}_{avg}\) and the average revenue \(\mathbf{R}_{avg}\) of a service requests over 100 time units. The revenue of a service request is calculated as the product of the total resources of virtual nodes and the average physical nodes cost, plus the product of the total bandwidth of virtual links and the average cost of physical links.  
Distribution of Mapped Service Requests  
To evaluate the impact of attributes of service requests, such as number of virtual nodes, links and paths, we measured the metrics for the studied schemes according to the average at time windows (100 time units) and according to the service request attributes. Evaluating results for the attributes of service requests can show the efficiency of the selection algorithms in DSBM and DcPSM. It might help the designers of service by showing the efficiency of re-implementing services with multiple paths. Another reason is that the measurements for a service request might change by the time depending on the status of the physical network.  
Given that long simulation run is selected to be 20,000 time units and each time window of the Poisson process is 100 time units with average 4 requests. The average number of generated service requests in each service request type is 800 in each simulation run while 10 simulation runs are conducted. The total average generated requests for all five service types is 40,000. Each scheme solves those requests on 4 topologies except ILP-A, which is evaluated over BT Europe and BT\({}^{+}\) because it is expected to show high execution time in large-scale, see Table 4.  
The counters of request from specific number of nodes, edges, and paths are distributed as shown in Figure 4. The upcoming Section 5.3 will discuss the performance of the studied schemes based on this distributions of counters.
## 4 Discussion  
The observed results were related to differences in RS sensor types, the assumptions of the TSEB ET\({}_{\text{a}}\) model and inherent uncertainty, and the complex physical processes that derive the heat and water vapor transfer between the surface and atmosphere. Regarding the RS data characteristics, the spatial resolution significantly impacts the accuracy of the hourly maize ET\({}_{\text{a}}\). The RS platforms with higher spatial resolution (<10 m) capture finer surface feature details within agricultural fields. These high-spatial-resolution data have the potential to better characterize spatial variability in soil and vegetation conditions, which is essential for accurate crop ET\({}_{\text{a}}\) estimation using the TSEB RS of ET\({}_{\text{a}}\) algorithm. The RS sensors with coarse spatial resolution, such as Landsat-8 (30 m), have limitations in providing relevant multispectral data that represents well local variations of the Ts and surface reflectance values for smaller agricultural fields. These limitations can lead to increased uncertainty in ET\({}_{\text{a}}\) estimates, particularly in row crop fields. The integration of ground-based measurements, such as IRT nadir-looking Ts data, has been shown to significantly improve the accuracy of RS-based ET\({}_{\text{a}}\) estimates, especially when coarse Ts spatial-resolution data are not representative of local field conditions. The observed underestimation of the ET\({}_{\text{a}}\) estimation, when using the proximal, airborne, and spaceborne RS surface reflectance data, may be related to uncertainties in the TSEB model parameters and the simplifications of the surface energy balance equations. Another challenge regarding the use of different RS sensors is the temporal resolution. Limited revisit frequencies and local atmospheric effects (e.g., aerosols) can introduce uncertainty in data acquisition and quality, ultimately impacting ET\({}_{\text{a}}\) estimates. Accurate, spatio-temporal ET\({}_{\text{a}}\) predictions are essential for increasing crop yields while mitigating water scarcity issues, a critical factor in securing water sustainability within a diverse range of water stakeholders. While remote sensing data, particularly through the TSEB model, has significantly advanced our understanding of crop ET\({}_{\text{a}}\), challenges persist in implementing sustainable solutions within agricultural settings. Despite the potential of RS to advance sustainable water management in irrigated fields, limitations exist. Spaceborne data such as those from Landsat-8, Sentinel-2, and Planet CubeSat often lack consistent daily imagery acquisition for ideal ET\({}_{\text{a}}\) modeling conditions, and this inconsistency can create challenges in implementing daily irrigation scheduling based on RS data inputs. To overcome the limitations, we propose an approach
## 1 Introduction
### On Secure Communications
#### 1.1.2 Conditional Security  
Conditionally secure key exchange systems are the ones used generally nowadays. They are software protocols installed at [PERSON] and [PERSON]. Such algorithms utilize computational complexity and achieve only (computationally) conditional security (see e.g., [1; 2]). The system is temporarily secure provided the adversary has limited computational resources. A major goal of quantum computer developments is to crack these types of key exchange systems (e.g., the Shor algorithm). From an information-theoretic point of view, security is non-existent because [PERSON] has all the information to crack the encryption, but she needs a long time to do that unless she has a quantum computer or a yet-to-be-discovered classical algorithm that can do the job in a short time. The security is not future-proof.
applied sciences  
Lose Your Grip: Challenging _Varrao destructor_ Host Attachment with Tartaric, Lactic, Formic, and Citric Acids  
[PERSON] 1,2\({}^{\copyright}\), [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 2 and [PERSON] 1,3,*  
Received: 6 July 2023  
Received: 28 July 2023  
Accepted: 7 August 2023  
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and better apply current organic treatments would be to challenge the host attachment ability of mites by exposing their arolia [23]. Indeed, attachment is an essential part of the interaction between a parasite and its host. The study of attachment ability for ticks such as _Ixodes ricinus_ showed a new biological target for tick control strategies: to prevent grip [23; 24; 25]. For _V. destructor_, chemical orientation with repellent or attractive molecules was highly explored as a potential control strategy; however, little is known about their attachment abilities [26; 27; 28]. Arolia are soft pads found at the end of most parasites' pre-tarsus and are characterised, for some, as adhesive disc-like structures necessary to walk and grip their hosts, especially for mites and ticks [29]. In ticks, a biphasic fluid with a hydrophilic and hydrophobic phase mediates the stickiness under the arolia [5]; however, the existence of such a fluid in _Varroa_ mites remains unknown as their biology is not fully understood yet [10; 30].  
In this work, we investigate for the first time if organic acids such as formic, citric, tartaric, and lactic acids can interfere with the host attachment ability of _V. destructor_. We chose current concentrations of in-the-field organic acids such as formic or lactic acids [31; 32] but also less-in-use candidates such as citric and tartaric acids to compare [33]. In order to test their grip skills, we treated _V. destructor_ females' arolia directly and used a homemade machine with a wooden rotative substrate called Rotavar. Moreover, we investigated host attachment by treating honeybees with organic acids and checking the number of fallen mites (Figure 1).
## 5 Conclusions  
This study assesses the capability of two analytical models to obtain valuable estimations of the SPIF process load. [PERSON]'s model yields conservative results, which may be useful for the design of ISF equipment. While [PERSON] model predictions are closer to the experiments, it does not incorporate a strain-hardening exponent in its correlation. Therefore, the maximum force computed by this equation occurs at a wall angle of 47\({}^{\circ}\). An underestimated force is possible if the component walls are above this angle.  
Additionally, the influence of the work-hardening model on the accuracy of the FEM simulations is explored. Advanced characterization and parameter identification techniques may be required to accurately predict the experimental force evolution of materials with a high degree of strain-hardening, as is the case of the AISI-SAE 304 stainless steel. For the studied AA1050-H24 aluminum alloy, the numerical results indicate that both accurate and conservative predictions can be obtained with a simpler numerical approach and the correct utilization of tensile test data. In addition to the peak force, refined FEM models can approximate the characteristic force curve observed under different forming conditions. For example, the falling trend originated from the imbalance between the material hardening and the sheet thinning occurring in the AA1050-H24, 70\({}^{\circ}\), component. However, without a damage model, it is impossible to describe the sudden drop in the part stiffness caused by material cracking.  
In future studies, the analytical and numerical models should be systematically tested on more complex topologies and a wider range of materials. Also, simulations based on alternative isotropic or combined isotropic-kinematic hardening models should be validated. Additionally, thermal effects and their influence on the material properties should be considered. Only then can conclusive guidelines regarding their accuracy be established.  
Conceptualization, R.P.-S., N.J.H. and E.C.-U.; methodology, R.P.-S. and N.J.H.; software, R.P.-S.; validation, R.P.-S.; formal analysis, R.P.-S. and N.J.H.; investigation, R.P.-S., G.C.-G. and E.V.-L.; resources, E.C.-U.; data curation, R.P.-S.; writing--original draft preparation, R.P.-S.; writing--review and editing, N.J.H., G.C.-G., E.V.-L. and E.C.-U.; visualization, R.P.-S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors upon request.  
Figure 10: Force curves predicted for the three aluminum parts simulated in this study.  
**Acknowledgments:** The first author acknowledges the support from the Grup de Recerca en Enginyeria de Proces, Producte i Produccio, from the Universitat de Girona, and the Metamaterials and Lightweight Structures Lab at Tec de Monterrey.
## 1 Introduction
If the decoupled Duffing equations of a two-degree-of-freedom dynamical system are equivalent in the sense of Lyapunov to the canonical form of the original equations of motion, then the Lyapunov characteristic exponents are the same, i.e.,  
\[\lambda_{i}=\lambda_{i\epsilon},\text{ with }i=1,\;2,\;3,\;4, \tag{2}\]  
where \(\lambda_{i}\), and \(\lambda_{i\epsilon}\) are the canonical form, and the equivalent Lyapunov characteristic exponents, respectively. It is believed that the decoupled form, in the sense of Lyapunov, of the normal canonical representation of Equation (1) can be used as a valuable tool for understanding the significance of nonlinear normal modes of several nonlinear systems. In fact, the generalization of conservative nonlinear normal modes and its computation has led to the use of these in a diverse range of applications in structural dynamics [27]. Furthermore, nonlinear normal modes have been used to identify localized modes in micro-electromechanical devices [28] for the development of a new kind of low frequency acoustic absorber [29] and for the analysis of nonlinear vibrations for double-walled carbon nanotubes [30]. Also, the nonlinear normal modes have helped in the understanding of the dynamic response behavior of full-scale aircrafts and satellites [31; 32] as a tool for sub-structuring [33], for the construction of reduced-order models [34], and for damage detection in engineering structures [35], among others uses. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to verify the previously mentioned conjecture by introducing a nonlinear approach to replace the canonical normal form of a dynamical two-degree-of-freedom system by two equivalent decoupled expressions of the Duffing type. A few examples are presented to outline the basic ideas behind the determination of the equivalent representation form in the sense of Lyapunov of nonlinear, forced, damped, two degree-of-freedom systems. The steps involved in the proposed transformation approach to decouple nonlinear equations are introduced next.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Antioxidant Activity  
The capacity of cold-pressed oils to scavenge free radicals in oils has been linked to _alpha_-tocopherol and polyphenols [28]. The antioxidant activity (Figure 1) was the best in grape seed oil (65.53 mg TEAC/I), followed by milk thistle (61.49 mg TEAC/I), walnut (60.82 mg TEAC/I), poppy seed (53.56 mg TEAC/I), and flax seed oil (28.88 mg TEAC/I). The lowest value was detected in flax seed oil. The antioxidant potential of grapes and the products of their processing, such as leaves, skin, wine, and seeds, were compared in a study by [PERSON] et al. [29]. By using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay, grape seeds were found to have the highest antioxidant capacity (42.18 mmol of Trolox equivalent/g). This high antioxidant potential may be the consequence of the synergistic interaction of various phenolic compounds and is linked to the high concentration of procyanidins, epicatechin, gallic acid, and proanthocyanidins in grape seeds and the related oil. [PERSON] et al. [30] used poppy seed oil in concentrations ranging from 20 to 100 \(\mu\)L and determined the antioxidant activity to be between 22.28 \(\pm\) 1.40 and 58.32 \(\pm\) 3.40%. These authors concluded that poppy seeds are a useful source of natural antioxidants that can be utilized to substitute for synthetic antioxidants. [PERSON] et al. [31] determined the antioxidant activity of walnut oil and walnut extract using the DPPH method. The walnut oil samples were found to have lower antioxidant activity than the walnut extract (0.47 and 1026.19 \(\mu\)mol TEAC/g, respectively). This might have been the result of the high abundance of polyphenols in walnut kernels. [PERSON] et al. [32] analysed the antioxidant activity in cold-pressed poppy seed oil from blue, white, and yellow poppy varieties using the DPPH method. The highest value was found in the blue variety--31.23 mmol TEAC/g, followed by white (30.37 mmol TEAC/g) and yellow (22.61 mmol TEAC/g) varieties. Antioxidants, especially polyphenols, contained in oil can improve its oxidative stability [33]. In our study, grape seed and milk thistle oils were found to have the highest activity, which has probably influenced the oxidative stability results (Table 1)--these oils also showed the longest times in the stability test.