## 6 _Listeria monocytogenes_ Inactivation by HPP  
Listeriosis, the human infection caused by the _Listeria monocytogenes_ bacterium, can be a great risk, particularily for vulnerable groups of people such as the elderly and pregnant women, as it is characterized by high morbidity, hospitalization, and mortality rate ([PERSON] and [PERSON], 2015) [75]. A person with listeriosis presents symptoms similar to a flu or gastrointestinal illnesses, but also septicaemia, meningitis, and encephalitis ([PERSON] et al., 2010) [76]. For pregnant women, the disease is confirmed by the isolation of the bacteria from blood, spinal fluid, or amniotic fluid or the placenta [77]. In the United \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Strain** & **Food Products** & **pH** & **Pressure (MPa)** & **Temperature (\({}^{\circ}\)C)** & **Time (min)** & **Log** & **Reduction** & **Reference** \\ \hline O157:H7 & NCTC 12079 & Poultry meat & nr & 600 & RT & 15 & 1.5 & 8.0 & [51] \\ \hline O157:H7 & NCTC 12079 & UHT milk & nr & 600 & RT & 15 & 0.5 & [51] \\  & & & 500 & 50 \({}^{\circ}\) & 15 & 8.0 & & [51] \\ \hline - & ATCC 25922 & UHT milk 2\% fat & nr & 600 & RT & 15 & \(\geq\)7.0 & [48] \\ \hline - & Cocktail of & 5 strains & Raw milk & nr & 600 & RT & 5 & 6.8 & [68] \\ \hline O157:H7 & Cocktail of & \multirow{2}{*}{Coconut water} & \multirow{2}{*}{5.2} & \multirow{2}{*}{593} & \multirow{2}{*}{RT} & \multirow{2}{*}{3} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\geq\)6.6} & [69] \\  & 8 strains & & & & & & & \\ \hline O157:H7 & Cocktail of & \multirow{2}{*}{Ground beef 3 strains} & \multirow{2}{*}{nr} & \multirow{2}{*}{500} & \multirow{2}{*}{RT} & \multirow{2}{*}{15} & \multirow{2}{*}{7.0} & [70] \\  & & & & & & & & \\ \hline - & Cocktail of & \multirow{2}{*}{Raw beef} & \multirow{2}{*}{5.8} & \multirow{2}{*}{500} & \multirow{2}{*}{RT} & \multirow{2}{*}{7} & \multirow{2}{*}{4.4} & [53] \\  & 5 strains & & & & & & & \\ \hline - & \multirow{2}{*}{(ATCC 10536)} & \multirow{2}{*}{Fresh goat cheese} & \multirow{2}{*}{6.5} & \multirow{2}{*}{450-500} & \multirow{2}{*}{RT} & \multirow{2}{*}{5} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(>\)8.5} & [71] \\ \hline - & ATCC 25922 & & Fork slurry & nr & 400–500 & RT & 10 & \(>\)6.0 & [47] \\ \hline _Acidic juices_ & & & & & & & \\ \hline O157:H7 & NCTC 12079 & Orange juice & 3.4–4.5 & 550 & RT & 5 & \(>\)7.0 & [72] \\ \hline O157:H7 & ATCC 43894 & Mango juice & 4.5 & 550 & RT & 5 & \(>\)8.0 & [73] \\ \hline O157:H7 & C9490 & Orange juice & 3.8 & \multirow{2}{*}{500} & \multirow{2}{*}{RT} & \multirow{2}{*}{5} & \(>\)7.0 & [74] \\  & & Apple juice & 3.5 & 500 & RT & 5 & \(>\)7.0 & [74] \\ \hline - & \multirow{2}{*}{Tornato juice} & \multirow{2}{*}{4.1} & \multirow{2}{*}{5} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(>\)7.0} & \multirow{2}{*}{} & \multirow{2}{*}{} & \multirow{2}{*}{} \multirow{2}{*}{} \\  & & Tomato juice & 4.1 & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* \({}^{*}\)RT = room temperature HPP; UHT = ultra-high temperature; nr—not reported. \({}^{\circ}\) Initial temperature before comprression.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Inactivation of _Escherichia coli_ in milk, meat products, coconut water, and acidic fruit juices by high-pressure processing (HPP) \({}^{\star}\). States, between 2018-2022, simultaneous food outbreaks caused by _L. monocytogenes_ were registered in different states. These were linked to foods such as deli meat and cheese (e.g., sliced), fresh cheese, Brie and Camembert cheeses (outbreak in 2022), ice cream (outbreak in 2022), packaged fresh salads, mushrooms, hard-boiled eggs, pork products, and deli ham [78]. The EFSA reported public health risks posed by _L. monocytogenes_ in specific ready-to-eat foods in the European Union (EFSA, 2018) [79]. Problems in frozen fruits and vegetables, including herbs, blanched during processing were also raised by the EFSA (EFSA, 2020) [80]. Table 3 presents _L.