esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Conclusions  
The extensive empirical evaluation confirms that XAI can be used to detect adversarial attacks, while also being effective at revealing insightful information on model behavior in standard and adversarial settings. Instead of selecting random tokens for substitution, we used the IG XAI method to identify tokens with strong positive and negative influences, which were then used as substitution candidates. The IG XAI method can be applied to any differentiable DNN, which further increases the applicability of our approach across a wide range of DNNs. Our method does not require any changes to the training process or the model architecture to detect adversarial examples. As demonstrated in the empirical outcomes, our method outperforms in the detection accuracy and F1 scores while maintaining par detection performance against most adversarial attacks compared to baselines of RS&V and FGWS. Finally, this method can also detect adversarial examples with high accuracy and low word substitution rates compared to the RS&V method, which further demonstrates superior computational performance.  
Conceptualization, H.M., D.D.S. and M.M.; Methodology, H.M., D.D.S., Z.Land S.K.; Validation, G.K., Z.I., M.M. and S.K.; Formal analysis, H.M., Z.I. and M.M.; Investigation, H.M., G.K., D.D.S., Z.I. and S.K.; Resources, S.K.; Data curation, G.K.; Writing - original draft, H.M., G.K., D.D.S., Z.I., M.M. and S.K.; Visualization, G.K.; Supervision, D.D.S. and M.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author due to human research ethics requirements.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.  
Figure 6: Comparison of detector accuracy across varying numbers of votes and substitution rates on Word-CNN classifier trained with IMDB dataset. (**a**) Our method, (**b**) RS&V method.
# Plant-Leaf Recognition Based on Sample Standardization and Transfer Learning
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Improved ResNet50 Model and Transfer Learning
#### 2.3.3 Transfer Learning  
Transfer learning refers to the transfer and reuse of knowledge from one domain to another. There are two commonly used transfer-learning strategies, one is feature extraction  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Activation Function** & **Validation Accuracy \%** & **Training Time** \\ \hline ReLU & 99.65\% & 13 m 36 s \\ LeakyReLU & 99.65\% & 16 m 31 s \\ Swish & 99.65\% & 16 m 32 s \\ ELU & 99.83\% & 18 m 54 s \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Performance comparison of different activation functions on standardized Flavia leaf dataset.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Convolution Kernel** & **Validation Accuracy \%** & **Training Time** \\ \hline \(3\times 3\) & 98.95\% & 16 m 58 s \\ \(5\times 5\) & 99.65\% & 17 m 44 s \\ \(7\times 7\) & 99.13\% & 17 m 52 s \\ \(11\times 11\) & 99.83\% & 18 m 54 s \\ \(13\times 13\) & 99.48\% & 19 m 54 s \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Performance comparison of different convolution kernel sizes on standardized Flavia leaf dataset.  
and the other is fine-tuning [27]. Feature extraction is to add a simple classifier after the pre-trained network structure, take the pre-trained network on the source task as the feature extractor of the target task, and only train the parameters of the newly added classifier. Fine-tuning is using a pre-trained network to initialize the network model and using new data to train part or the entire network. Due to the fact that the datasets used in this paper are all composed of a small number of samples, retraining network models from scratch not only requires a lot of time but also easily leads to the problem of overfitting. Hence, the transfer-learning strategy is adopted to reduce the training time and improve the convergence effect of the model.  
Firstly, the ResNet50 model is pre-trained on the ImageNet dataset, and then most of the pre-trained parameters are transferred to improve the convergence effect of the model. Secondly, the ELU activation function with better performance is used to promote network learning, and the convolutional layer of the last residual block of the model is subsequently replaced. Finally, a global average pooling (GAP) layer is used to reduce the parameters, and a new fully connected layer is added for the classification of the target dataset. Since the improved model uses _ELU_ activation function and a larger convolution kernel size, it is named EC-ResNet50. The specific process of transfer learning for the EC-ResNe50 network is shown in Figure 8.
# Sustainable Approach of Generating Water and Energy:
## 5 Conclusions  
This research evaluates the performance of a direct contact membrane desalination system integrated with PVT modules for the continuous generation of electricity and clean water. The proposed system's optimal design that leads to minimum operating cost is investigated, and a detailed techno-economic analysis of the specific cost of water is examined under different scenarios. Other parameters that affect the performance of the proposed system such as the rated capacity of PVT, mass flow rate to the DCMD, the inlet feed water temperature to the collectors, were explored. The following are the main conclusions:  
1. The proposed system has the capacity to provide a small family with clean portable water. The average monthly freshwater production is 23.6 m\({}^{3}\)/month based on a typical meteorological weather data for Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Given an average daily water consumption per capita in Saudi Arabia of 250 L/day [37], the proposed system can meet daily water requirements for 3-4 people.  
Figure 13: The sensitivity of varying PVT capital and installation cost and the required auxiliary heating on the SCW.  
2. The annual operating cost for the proposed system is $5300. This cost includes the annual loan payment and the energy purchased from the grid. The specific cost of water (SCW) is 23.6 $/m3. At a small-scale desalination system, the proposed system in this study is attractive from an economic and environmental perspective when compared with conventional systems.
3. For microgrid integration, the lowest operating cost was found at 25% renewable energy penetration. This means that the proposed hybrid system is capable of meeting 25% of the residential building's electric load. The ability of the proposed system to cover higher energy demand for the residential building is limited due to the need for energy storage. In this case, increasing the annual renewable energy penetration above 25 percent results in a higher operating cost. This was ascribed to significant capital expenditures as a result of the system's oversizing.
4. Environmental benefits of the proposed system are crucial as it eliminates energy consumption from pipelines that used to transport clean water from the nearest desalination plant. The annual Co2 emission reduction for a single building is 4300 kg.  
Conceptualization, F.A.A. and A.N.; methodology, F.A.A.; software, F.A.A.; validation, F.A.A. and A.N.; formal analysis, A.N. and J.O.; investigation, E.A. and H.A.-A.; resources, A.N.; data curation, A.N.; writing--original draft preparation, F.A.A.; writing--review and editing, E.A., H.A.-A. and J.O.; visualization, E.A. and H.A.-A.; supervision, E.A.; project administration, F.A.A.; funding acquisition, F.A.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The authors extend their appreciation to the Researches Supporting Project number (RSP2022R515), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, for funding this research work.  
Not Applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Analysis of Vibration Characteristics of the Grading Belt in Wolfberry Sorting Machines
## 1 Introduction
[PERSON] [6], in addressing the vibration issue of the intelligent terminal lifting integrated machine of synchronous belt, utilized the multi-body dynamics software Recur Dyn to establish a model of the vertical load synchronous belt transmission system and carried out simulation analysis, exploring the influence patterns of rotational speed and initial tension on the transmission performance such as lateral vibration, angular velocity fluctuation of the driven wheel, and tension fluctuation. By conducting the dynamic characteristic analysis of the timing drive system of a certain diesel engine based on multi-body dynamics, [PERSON] [7] acquired the dynamic tension of the synchronous belt and pulley force, and expounded the impact of crankshaft speed fluctuation and other excitations on the dynamic characteristics of the synchronous belt. In the simulation and optimization of the fresh wolfberry sorting machine, the principles of flexible multibody dynamics provide essential support for tackling the vibration challenges associated with the transmission mechanism. Belt transmission is a prevalent mode of mechanical power transmission. Due to its advantages, such as a simple structure, low cost, ease of maintenance, and strong adaptability, it has emerged as a significant method of transmission that is widely utilized across various types of mechanical equipment. With the ongoing evolution of working environments and mechanical equipment, certain transmission belts exhibit variations from conventional standard belts in terms of shape, structure, or function. These beltsare characterized by innovative and targeted designs that enhance their adaptability to specific operational conditions [8; 9; 10]. Currently, the majority of studies on the vibration characteristics of belt drives are based on conventional standard belts like flat belts, V-belts, and synchronous belts, with relatively scarce dynamic analyses of transmission mechanisms involving special-shaped belts [11; 12]. This paper takes the fresh wolfberry sorting machine as the research object. Through the dynamic simulation model of the grading belt, the lateral vibration characteristics of the special-shaped belt under different working conditions are discussed, and the optimal combination of working parameters is determined, providing a basis for improving and optimizing the stability of the sorting machine.
# Cognitively Driven Arabic Text Readability Assessment Using Eye-Tracking
## 3 Related Work
### Arabic Text Readability Assessment Studies  
As observed by [PERSON] et al. [55], although readability prediction has been studied for a long time for English and certain other foreign languages, Arabic readability has only recently been considered by the Arab NLP community. [PERSON] et al. [30] reviewed the current trends in Arabic automated text readability assessment. Some Arabic readability assessment studies that successfully transformed many of the used features in other languages to Arabic [43] are [PERSON] and [PERSON] [22], [PERSON] [43], [PERSON] et al. [56], and [PERSON] et al. [57]. Given that Arabic readability research is still in the very early stages, [58] promoted the investigation of this topic by comparing Arabic readability tools from different usability dimensions and proposing some enhancements.  
Al Jarrah [18] represents the first attempt to use NNs for Arabic readability assessment by comparing their performances to a number of traditional machine learning approaches. The most recent Arabic readability assessment study is the study of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [59]. By modeling sentences by using sentence embeddings only, they found that fine-tuned Arabic-bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) show the best performance in difficulty prediction tasks compared with the other embedding types. Because of the similarity between all BERT-like models in their architecture, the authors attributed the Arabic-BERT model's better performance to its training corpora.
# Recent Advances of Exciplex-Based White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes
## 3 Approaches for Exciplex-Based WOLEDs
### WOLEDs Based on Exciplex Hosts
#### 3.3.3 WOLEDs Adopting Exciplex as the Host of TADF Emitters  
For WOLEDs adopting exciplex as the host of TADF emitters, it is favorable to develop TADF exciplex hosts by carefully selecting donor and acceptor materials. Thus, by virtue of Forster energy transfer, guest TADF emitters can effectively harvest the singlets of the exciplex hosts. In addition, the T\({}_{1}\) of the exciplex is needed to be lower than that of each exciplex host, which is conducive to avert the triplets being quenched by the exciplex. On the other hand, the TADF emitter is required to show a lower T\({}_{1}\) compared with the exciplex. If the above requirements can be satisfied, it is promising to construct low cost, high efficiency, stable color WOLEDs.  
Recently, [PERSON] et al. built such WOLED by adopting CDBP: PO-T2T as the TADF exciplex host of blue and red TADF emitters, achieving the peak EQE and PE as high as 19.2% and 46.2 lm W\({}^{-1}\), respectively [182]. For their EML architecture, a low concentration of 1 wt.% red TADF material  
Figure 8: Device structure and energy levels. Black dashed rectangle is the main exciton recombination zone. O, B, and B3 are PO-01, FIrpic, and B3 PYMPM, respectively. Solid and dashed lines correspond to the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels. Circles and diamonds are T\({}_{1}\) and S\({}_{0}\) exciton energies, respectively [181].  
2,6-bis[4-(diphenylamino)phenyl]-9,10-anthracenedione) (AnbTPA) has been doped into the CDBP: PO-T2T TADF exciplex host as a red EML, while a concentration of 10 wt.% blue TADF material 1,2-bis(carbazol-9-yl)-4,5-dicyanobenzene (2 CzPN) has been doped into the CDBP: PO-T2T TADF exciplex host as a blue EML. Particularly, an interlayer formed by the CDBP: PO-T2T TADF exciplex host has been inserted between the red and blue EMLs, as displayed in Figure 9. The reasons for their high performance are summarized below. First, by using CDBP: PO-T2T as the exciplex host, the RISC was efficient, which could enhance the efficiency of such kind of WOLEDs. Besides, this exciplex possessed the appropriate HOMO and LUMO, which could help to effectively form \"barrier-free\" characteristic and reduce trapping effect of guests. Additionally, by changing the ratio of CDBP or PO-T2T, it could regulate and balance the charge injection and transport. Furthermore, the additional introduction of interlayer could well confine excitons, which is beneficial to stabilizing the colors. Due to \(\sim\)3 nm Forster radius, Forster energy transfer between the red and blue EMLs could be prevented by the introduced 6 nm CDBP: PO-T2T interlayer. Hence, their WOLED could balance charge transporting as well as render singlets/triplets being formed on the full EML region. As a consequence, the exciton distribution for red EML and blue EML kept the same at various luminances, leading to a stable color.
## 4 Conclusions  
This paper focuses on the fracture mechanism of Chinese P92 steel welded joints under creep-fatigue loading. The strain-controlled CF experiments with holding times of 30, 120, 300, 600 and 900 s were performed on welded specimens at 923 K, as well as base-metal (BM) specimens. The cyclic softening, inelastic strain amplitudes and stress relaxation behaviors were compared between welded and BM specimens. The following conclusions can be drawn:  
1. From the results, the failure stage of welded specimens occupied 45% of the lifetime fraction, while it only took up 20% of the lifetime fraction in BM specimens with short holding times (30 and 120 s). Furthermore, only two softening stages were observed for both kinds of CF specimens with long holding times (300, 600 and 900 s for welded specimens; 600 and 900 s for base-metal specimens).
2. Compared with the welded specimens, the degeneration of stress relaxation for the BM specimens were more remarkable. The stress levels of the welded specimens were gradually larger than those of the BM specimens. It has been speculated that the inhomogeneity in the welded specimens could be responsible for the different stress relaxation behaviors.
3. Based on the observation of the fracture surfaces, the fracture mechanism shifted from fatigue-dominated damage to creep-fatigue interaction with increasing holding periods.  
Conceptualization, Y.L. and Y.S.; investigation, Y.S.; data curation, P.L.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.L.; writing--review and editing, Y.L. and T.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The research work was supported by the Key Technologies Program of Zhejiang Province (No. 2019 YFC03112) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial Universities of Zhejiang (RF-A2020010) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (52075490).  
Not applicable.  
The datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are included within the article.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# On the Use of Structured Prior Models for Bayesian Compressive Sensing of Modulated Signals
## 2 Proposed Method
### Structured Spike and Slab for Modulated Signals
#### 2.4.3 Strong Assumptions on In-Block Symmetry and Weak Assumption for  
Inter-Block Similarity  
The strong prior assumption on symmetry enable shrinking components that do not have their symmetrical counterparts in the spectrum. This can be particularly beneficial, when the measured signal is perturbed with external interfering components. However, this may fail in case of model mismatch, e.g., non-symmetrical components due to the noise level or the transfer function. In particular, it is common to observe in real industrial signals multiple modulations components around the first carrier harmonic, while their number decreases for higher carrier harmonics.  
To offer more flexibility to the model to deal with this problem, we can relax the strong prior assumption regarding the perfect similarity of the support around all the carrier harmonics by setting  
\[\forall b\in\{1,\,\ldots,\,B\}\forall q\in\{1,\,\ldots,\,Q\}, \quad\mathbf{x}_{q,b} \sim(1-z_{q,b})\delta_{\mathbf{0}}+z_{q,b}\mathcal{CN}\Big{(} \mathbf{0},\mathbf{\Lambda}_{q,b}\Big{)} \tag{7}\] \[z_{q,b} \sim\mathcal{B}(\phi(g_{q}))\] \[\quad\mathbf{g} \sim\mathcal{N}(\mathbf{m},\mathbf{R})\]  
where \(\mathbf{\Lambda}_{q,b}\) is the diagonal matrix formed by elements \(\lambda_{k}\) of the slab component lying in position \(q\) and \(-q\) in the block \(b\). In model (7), only the strong assumption regarding the symmetry around each carrier harmonic is kept unchanged while the similarity assumption of the support through the different blocks is relaxed by letting the spike variables in different blocks take different values. This means that the support is forced to be perfectly similar around the carrier harmonic, while it may slightly differ from one carrier harmonic to another, depending on the observed signal. Equivalently, the prior assumption on perfectly similar support is relaxed to give an additional degree of freedom to the observation in order to provide additional information as to whether the support is exactly the same or not.  
While the relaxation of this hypothesis helps to handle the above problem of model mismatch, it may not help to recover low magnitude sidebands in a different block, especially in high noise levels. This may be compensated by adding, for instance, energy constraints. Similarly to (6), letting the slab component parameter \(\lambda_{q,v}=\gamma_{q}v_{b}\), we enforce symmetrical coefficients in the same block to have close magnitudes. In that way, the spectrum is forced to be perfectly quasi-symmetrical around the same carrier harmonic. Furthermore, coefficients lying in the same or symmetrical position will have close energy contribution in their relative active blocks if there are not zero.
# A Geo-Clustering Approach for the Detection of Areas-of-Interest and Their Underlying Semantics +
## 5 Discussion and Conclusions  
### Discussion  
In this paper we presented a novel geo-clustering algorithm which aims to solve the problem of AOI extraction of touristic interest from an urban area. Our approach works \"in-the-wild\", i.e., it does not rely on any prior knowledge. Instead it is based on geo-tagged metadata. More specifically, the only available knowledge to be exploited was a set of geo-tagged photos collected from a well-known social photo sharing network, namely Flickr, along with their accompanying textual metadata. These photos had been taken mainly from tourists visiting the city of Athens, Greece. We demonstrated that the proposed algorithm is able to extract meaningful vernacular regions based on a user qualitative evaluation study. Also, it is able to successfully extract the underlying semantics of each vernacular region, upon processing the set of user-generated tags. Quantitative evaluation focusing on the quality of the extracted AOIs further confirmed the potential of the proposed approach.  
However, the experimental results, though they are satisfactory, they are still far from being optimal, indicating the difficulty of the problem at hand, i.e., the extraction of vernacular regions in-the-wild. First of all, it is the nature of the problem that constitutes it as a challenging one. Since vernacular regions exist only in the perception, feelings and attitudes of their residents they form an expression of naive geography. Thus, there does not exist any dataset which may constitute an appropriate ground truth, i.e., one without any ambiguity. Moreover, when the goal of research is to extract these regions in-the-wild, since no additional knowledge may be used, the only valid approach is to work with socially-generated geo-tagged metadata. This, however, becomes contradictory with the aforementioned definition of vernacular regions, since e.g., checkins or geo-tagged photos in the context of typical social networks and within areas of touristic interest originate by both tourists/visitors and local residents, while it is not feasible to separate them, accordingly. This means that the extracted social knowledge heavily includes the perception of non-residents, which of course may be significantly different in certain cases than the one of local residents, thus evaluation may encounter various difficulties and overall the problem is not well-posed.