## 3 Results
### Culture-Dependent Methods
#### 3.3.2 Identification of Microorganisms
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Object of Study**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Period**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Region**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Target**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Sequencing**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**CD/CI**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Reference,**} \\  & & & **Microorganisms** & & & **Method** & **Approaches** & **First Author,** \\  & & & & **(com)** & & & \\ \hline Indoor tomb & & & & & & & \\ chamber of the & 325/326 AD & Israel & Ar, B, Cy (com) & \begin{tabular}{c} Nanopore \\ (MinION Flow \\ Cell R9.4.1 on a \\ MinION Mk1C) \\ \end{tabular} & CI & \begin{tabular}{c} [44] \\ [PERSON] et al., \\ 2022 \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Internal walls of a & & & & & & \\ Santa Maria della & 13 th century & AD & Italy & Cy, F (com) & [PERSON] & CD & [45] \\  & Pieta church & & & & & \\ \hline Indoor pillars of a & & & & & & \\ church in Lemos & 16 th century & AD & Portugal & F (com) & \begin{tabular}{c} [PERSON] \\ Illumina MiSeq \\ \end{tabular} & CD & \begin{tabular}{c} [46] \\ [PERSON] et al., \\ 2022 \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Internal walls of a & & & & & & \\ church in Lemos & 16 th century & AD & Portugal & F (com) & \
\begin{tabular}{c} [PERSON] \\ Illumina MiSeq \\ \end{tabular} & CD &
\begin{tabular}{c} [47] \\ [PERSON] et al., \\ 2023 \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Internal walls of a & & & & & & \\ church in a Lemos & 16 th century & AD & Portugal & F & [PERSON] & CD & [48] \\  & Pantheon & & & & & 2023 \\ \hline Indoor status & & & & & & \\ \hline
**SEMI-OPEN** & & & & & & \\
**SITES** & & & & & & \\ \hline Walls of a & 12 th–13 th & Portugal & Al, Cy (com) & \begin{tabular}{c} [PERSON] \\ Illumina MiSeq \\ \end{tabular} & CD & \begin{tabular}{c} [50] \\ [PERSON] et al., \\ 2019 \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Walls of a & & & & & & \\ semi-open spaced & 12 th–13 th & Portugal & F (com) & \begin{tabular}{c} [PERSON] \\ Illumina MiSeq \\ \end{tabular} & CD & \begin{tabular}{c} [51] \\ [PERSON] et al., \\ 2019 \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Walls of a & & & & & & \\ semi-open spaced & 12 th–13 th & Portugal & Ar, B, Cy (com) & \begin{tabular}{c} [PERSON] \\ Illumina MiSeq \\ \end{tabular} & CD & \begin{tabular}{c} [52] \\ [PERSON] et al., \\ 2021 \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Walls of a & & & & & & \\ semi-open spaced & 12 th–13 th & Portugal & Cy & [PERSON] & CD & \begin{tabular}{c} [53] \\ [PERSON] et al., \\ 2021 \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Internal and \\ external sites of a \\ Minaret of [PERSON] \\ \end{tabular} & Ottoman period & Egypt & B (com) & [PERSON] & CD & \begin{tabular}{c} [54] \\ [PERSON] and \\ [PERSON] 2022 \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Coimbra’s & \begin{tabular}{c} Somewhere \\ between 1 st and \\ 2 nd century AD \\ \end{tabular} & Portugal & [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] (com) & \begin{tabular}{c} [PERSON] \\ Illumina MiSeq \\ \end{tabular} & CD & \begin{tabular}{c} [55] \\ [PERSON] et al., \\ 2022 \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Coimbra’s & \begin{tabular}{c} Somewhere \\ between 1 st and \\ 2 nd century AD \\ \end{tabular} & Portugal & F & Sanger & CD & \
\begin{tabular}{c} [56] \\ [PERSON] et al., \\ 2022 \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Outdoor walls of & & & & & & [57] \\ several buildings & ND & France & B, F (com) & [PERSON] & CD &
\begin{tabular}{c} [57] \\ Balland-Bolou- \\ [PERSON] et al., 2023 \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._All of the sequences were deposited to public databases (the National Center for Biotechnology Information or the China National Center for Bioinformation database) and are available for identification verification and sequence comparison.