esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Experimental Setup and Results Analysis
### Experimental Settings  
As shown in Figure 1, the model learns drug pair representations by sharing GAT weights, realized through recycling identical layers for both medications. The algorithm consists of four GAT layers, each with \(C\) multihead modules, set to 2, where each attention head calculates a 32-dimensional intermediate feature, resulting in the final output of the GAT layers being transformed into a 64-dimensional hidden feature vector. Following the GAT layers are LayerNorm layers and ELU activation functions. The LayerNorm layer is directly is imposed upon the input datasets. Each interaction type \(\mathbf{I}_{r}\in\mathbf{L}\) is represented by a learnable matrix \(\mathbf{M}r\in\mathbf{R}^{64\times 64}\). The model uses the Adam optimizer [57] to train on batches of 1024 DDI data, with weight decay set to \(5\times 10^{-4}\). A learning rate with exponential decay over time is designed as \(0.01\times(0.96^{t})\), where \(t\) is the epoch number and the number of epochs is set to 200.  
Within this configuration, DDI pairs are haphazardly divided: 80% for training and 20% for evaluation, maintaining consistent interaction category ratios. This division recurs thrice, yielding three distinct randomly segmented dataset batches. The methodology we advocate, along with the parameters for every foundational model, is illustrated in Table 2. Each model undergoes training and assessment on these tri-fold datasets. The mean and variability of outcomes for each model, as derived from the trio of trials, are documented in Table 3.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Methods** & **Encoder** & **Hyperparameter** \\ \hline DeepDDI & Feedforward & Hidden layer channels \\ \hline DeepSynergy & Feedforward & Drug encoder channels \\  & Feedforward & Context encoder channels \\  & & Hidden layer channels \\ \hline  & & Atom encoder channels \\  & GAT & Edge encoder channels \\  & & Hidden layer channels \\  & & Readout layer channels \\ \hline  & & Drug encoder channels \\  & GCN & Drug encoder layers \\  & & Hidden layer channels \\ \hline  & & Drug encoder channels \\  & Feedforward & Hidden layer channels \\  & & Regularization coefficient \\  & & Magnification factor \\ \hline  & & Drug encoder channels \\  & & Attention heads \\
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Part II: Case Study  
#### 3.2.1 External Data  
The two jumps in the case study were chosen on the basis that they were performed by the same athlete, with the same equipment and similar wind conditions. Gate, wind conditions and jump distances are presented in Table 3.  
All wind measurements are shown, to highlight the similar wind conditions during the complete jump. With the given wind compensation, the difference in points between these two jumps would have been \(0.9\) points (\(10.5\) points initially, minus \(9.6\) points in gate compensation) in competition. As the jumps were performed by the same athlete during one training session, the body mass and equipment of the ski jumper did not influence the comparison. The difference in in-run speed expected when switching from Gate \(15\) to \(12\) on this hill was simulated to be \(0.33\,\mathrm{m}\,\mathrm{s}^{-1}\). For more information about the simulation, the reader is referred to [6].
# SIMECK-T: An Ultra-Lightweight Encryption Scheme for Resource-Constrained Devices
## 2 Methodology  
This section introduces the theoretical model of the encryption system, followed by implementation details. The evaluation methodology for assessing the cipher strength and the various statistical tests used for evaluating the security of the encryption system are described.
## 2 Methodology and Research Questions  
Conducting a thorough assessment of the existing literature is commonly achieved through a systematic literature review (SLR), which is recognized as one of the most widely used approaches [80; 81; 82; 83]. This type of study requires a clearly defined process to accurately identify relevant research. A review should follow a specific protocol to effectively collect and assess previous works. The methodology which was followed in this paper incorporates four steps: first, recognize the research questions; second, explain the literature sources and the search string; third, select applicable studies; and fourth, assess the studies gathered and extract the necessary data before combining them.  
This review aims to identify the task allocation approaches on edge devices. Thus, the RQs defined are the following:  
* **RQ1:** What are the contemporary task allocation techniques in edge computing?
* **RQ2:** What are the most frequently used task allocation optimization algorithms used in edge computing?
* **RQ3:** What are the most used computer networks in edge computing?  
The following method was employed to create a search string clearly corresponding to our RQs. The key search terms first and foremost need to be RQs-specific. Then, further search terms are obtained utilizing previously examined documents. The next stage is to search for alternative spellings and synonyms for the main keywords. The final step is to combine the keywords to create the search string.
# Comprehensive Analysis of Advanced Techniques and Vital Tools for Detecting Malware Intrusion
## 8 Case Studies
### Case Study 1: Facebook Cambridge Analytica Data Breach Scandal
#### 8.1.1 Background Information  
Within a brief period, [PERSON] was successful in obtaining data from approximately 87 million Facebook profiles, representing approximately 23.8 percent of all Facebook members in the United States. The [PERSON] campaign team encountered difficulty in regards to leveraging the data to stimulate voters with political messaging. [PERSON]'s research was intended for academic purposes; however, his provision of access to the resultant data to Cambridge Analytica was in contravention of Facebook's regulations. [PERSON], the Chief Executive Officer of Facebook, defended the offence by postulating that it was not a data breach, but rather a violation of the agreement between Facebook and its users, since no passwords were pilfered nor any systems were damaged. The United States Federal Trade Commission commenced its investigations shortly thereafter [74].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Tool** & **Focus** & **Features** & **Limitations** \\ \hline GRR & Incident Response, Live Forensics & Remote Investigation, Scalable, & Learning Curve, Configuration \\ Wireshark & Network Protocol Analysis & Packet-level Analysis, Wide & Networking Expertise, Limited \\ VirusTotal & Web-based Malware Analysis & & Protocol Support & Malware Coverage \\  & & Aggregate Results, Web Interface, & Relies on Signatures, Limited to \\  & & Community-driven & Files and URLs \\ Suricata & Network IDS/IPS & High Performance, & Configuration Expertise, \\  & & Multi-threaded, Rule-based & Network-focused \\ Snort & Network IDS/IPS & Rule-based Detection, Regular & Regular Rule Updates, \\  & & Updates & Network-focused \\ Sophos Intercept X & Endpoint Protection & Real-time Protection, Exploit & Endpoint-specific, Limited \\  & & Prevention, Centralized & Network Coverage \\  & & Management & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Malware Detection Tools Comparison.
# Internal Backpressure for Onboard Crospoint-Buffered Switches with Port Multiplexing
## 5 Simulation and Evaluation
### Stochastic Scenario
(**b**) The effect of burst length on packet loss rate under different BP schemes. (**c**) The effect of burst length on throughput under different BP schemes. Compared with other mechanisms, the BP load balance mechanism can better deal with the non-uniformity of traffic distribution, so as to maintain a high throughput rate. On the other hand, if no BP strategy is employed, the system may exhibit poor performance in the face of non-uniformity traffic. Notably, BP coarse, which blocks all traffic on the output bus where the overloaded queue resides, yields a worse packet loss performance than even the no-BP scenario due to its indiscriminate nature.
# BODIPY-Based Nanomaterials--Sensing and Biomedical Applications
## 2 Metallic Nanoparticles@BODIPY
### Sensing Applications
#### 2.1.1.
As the continuation of the study, the authors expanded the collection of designed fluorescent nanoparticles with three novel entities--SPION@SiO\({}_{2}\)-N1-BODIPY (N1), SPION@SiO\({}_{2}\)-N2-BODIPY (N2), and SPION@SiO\({}_{2}\)-N3-BODIPY (N3) [63]. This time, the researchers focused on the absorbing abilities of created nanoparticles towards eliminating Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solutions. The preparation of the new SPIONs echoes the protocol designed for F-SPION, involving the composition of silica-coated magnetite nanospheres with the subsequent application of aminopropyltrimethoxysilanes (APTMS for SPION@SiO\({}_{2}\)-N1-BODIPY, TPED for SPION@SiO\({}_{2}\)-N2-BODIPY, and TMPTA for SPION@SiO\({}_{2}\)-N3-BODIPY), and the conclusive introduction of \(p\)-tolyl BODIPY molecules into terminal amino groups. However, the reaction time in the silanization step was reduced from 72 h to 24 to retain free silanol groups of silica coating (FT-IR analysis confirmed their presence). As a result, the particle N1 revealed an average size of 18 nm, N2 had 18.5 nm, and N3 had 19 nm. The authors assessed the maximum Cr(VI) ions absorption capacity at a pH of 2 and room temperature employing potassium chromate solution as a source of Cr\({}^{6+}\). The following values were noted: 23.98 mg/g (equilibrium contact time 180 min) for N1, 33 mg/g (equilibrium contact time 180 min) for N2, and 43.49 mg/g (equilibrium contact time 150 min) for N3. The authors concluded that the absorbing properties advance with the increase of nitrogen-donating groups in a particle. Thus, based on physicochemical studies, a suitable physisorption mechanism was proposed [63].
## 3 Datasets and Evaluation Metrics
### Datasets
#### 3.1.4 Datasets Aimed at Image Quality Assessment  
UPIQ [87] is a dataset containing 3779 LDR images and 380 HDR images derived from four widely known IQA datasets: LIVE, TID2013, Narwaria, and Korshunov. The images are represented in absolute photometric and colorimetric units, corresponding to the light emitted by a screen. This dataset is widely used in research evaluating the quality of HDR and LDR images and is a reference in the field of image quality.
# Climate Perspectives in the Intra-Americas Seas
## 4 Climate Variability
### High-Frequency Variability  
The MJO is a dominant mode of intra-seasonal variability over the tropics and is characterised by a planetary-scale propagation of organised tropical deep convection that originates over the tropical Indian Ocean on a time scale ranging between 30 and 60 days [160]. The MJO travels eastward, equatorially trapped during the boreal winter, and is characterised by a prominent northward propagation during the boreal summer. During this period, anomalous rainfall was first evident over the Indian Ocean and remained apparent while it propagated over the warm western and central tropical Pacific oceans [161]. This pattern generally becomes vague over the cooler eastern Pacific, with the exception of the region off the west coast of Central America. It also reappears occasionally at low amplitude over the tropical Atlantic. In the IAS, the MJO has a strong influence on rainfall distribution and often modulates the onset of the rainy season, inducing variations in the length of the rainy seasons and the MSD. A significant relationship exists between Pacific MJO activity and rainfall over Central America and Mexico during June-September [162]. In the most affected regions, the daily rainfall amount doubled between periods when the MJO was enhancing and suppressing rainfall [163]. These changes were driven primarily by variations to mean large-scale circulation. The MJO can influence TC activity in the ENP and TNA basins during the boreal summer, enhance EWs activity [164] and tropical cyclogenesis [165; 163], and modulate convectively coupled Kelvin waves [166]. The background state of the east Pacific is modulated by the MJO, and the CLLJ alters the count and spatial characteristics of EWs [98]. The MJO modulates TCs and hurricanes over the Atlantic during the peak months of the Atlantic hurricane season and it is linked to the passage of more intense hurricanes near Puerto Rico when both annual and MJO-filtered wind shear are in the eastern phase [167]. According to [PERSON] [167], the MJO affects the Caribbean circulation and the convective signal as the MJO reaches the Caribbean (10-15\({}^{\circ}\) N, 60-80\({}^{\circ}\) W) from a transition area of the equatorial east Pacific (2\({}^{\circ}\) S-7\({}^{\circ}\) N, 110-130\({}^{\circ}\) W), which mainly occurs from September to November, when Caribbean SST exceeds 28 \({}^{\circ}\)C and the equatorial trough lies northward. The MJO influences the timing of the MSD in Costa Rica. It has been determined that the first and the second rainfall peaks occur more often during MJO phases 1 and 8, respectively [168]. The influence of the MJO is a consistent feature across Central America and Mexico [130]. To the best of our knowledge, unlike other areas, the MJO modulation of the onset and demise of rain periods in the IAS is still an open problem.
## 3 Geopolymer Concrete (GPC)
### Mechanical Properties of Hardened Geopolymer Concrete
#### 3.2.2 Tensile Strength and Flexural Strength  
The splitting tensile strength (fsp) and the flexural strength (fr) of GPC increase in tandem with the compressive strength [79], and the compressive strength is proportional to the splitting tensile strength (fsp) and the flexural strength (fr). Test results by [PERSON] [63] showed that the splitting tensile strength of geopolymer concrete is only a fraction of the compressive strength. However, there are some deviations from this general response described by some investigators. According to [PERSON] et al. [14], the rate of tensile strength increase slows as compressive strength increases. Replacing fly ash with GGBS was found to have a lower effect on splitting tensile and flexural strengths as compared with that compressive strength [80]. Tests by [PERSON] et al. [81] showed a reduction in flexural strength as the fly ash replacement with slag increased from 15% to 20%, knowing that there is a compressive strength enhancement with this modification. [PERSON] et al. [31] found that in contrast to the elastic modulus of GPC, preheating concrete at 75 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 26 h significantly increased compressive and flexural strengths. Other tests by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [82] showed that in contrast to the compressive strength if 50% of fly ash is replaced with GGBS, there is a significant splitting tensile strength enhancement. The same observation was made for the elastic modulus property. Comparing data given by [PERSON] et al. [83] with the others showed that using a special heat curing affects enhancing the flexure/compression ratio and, to a lesser degree, the tensile/compression ratio, as compared with the case of ambient temperature curing. [PERSON] et al. [84] presented the tensile strength of the GPC experimental test was measured at 7, 14, and 28 days. Figure 18 demonstrates that when the ratio of sand to FA increases, the tensile strength steadily falls. The outcomes of experimental tests of geopolymer concrete tensile strength were compared by [PERSON] et al. [85] based on the design strength of the ACI code, and findings suggest that the splitting tensile strength of GPC is comparable to that of the ACI design. According to [PERSON] et al. [85], the tensile strength of the GPC was better than that of PC-quality concrete.  
Figure 17: GPC and Portland cement concrete (PCC) compressive strength experiment data (10% Na\({}_{2}\)CO\({}_{3}\) by weight of powder mixtures (slag and zeolite), 50% fine aggregate) [45].
# Defining NAD(P)(H) catabolism
## 4 Ribosylated Catabolites of NAD(P)(H)
Wistar rats' hearts perfused with 4-PYR were used to evaluate the 4-PYR metabolic pathways and discovered that 4-PYR was a precursor to yet another metabolite, 4-ox-NAD (Figure 6) [133]. 4-PYR-TP (Figure 6) and 4-ox-NAD could be detected in tissues following a 5 min exposure with 4-PYR solution, indicating a very effective uptake of circulating 4-PYR by tissues and conversion to nucleotides (Figure 1). Short-term exposure to 4-PYR on rat hearts did not affect the heart functions. 4-PYR had no acute cardiovascular toxicity but prolonged exposure to 4-PYR adversely affected the metabolism of endothelial cells, a process that has been proposed to lead to atherosclerosis. [PERSON] et al. later reported on the impact of 4-PYR metabolism on cellular energetic balance in endothelial cells which [134] included a decrease in NAD\({}^{+}\) levels upon exposure to 4-PYR. Inhibition of the ENT transporter by dipyridamole abrogated these effects. Overall, 4-PYR conversion to its triphosphate and adenine dinucleotide was shown to have an adverse effect on energy balance in endothelial cells [137]. Crucially, 4-PYR-MP is converted to 4-ox-NAD via the NAD\({}^{+}\) biosynthetic enzyme, NMNAT. This conversion was observed in human neuroblastoma cells, human malignant melanoma cells, stem cells derived from human adipose and bone marrow, human dermal microvascular endothelial cells, and human embryonic kidney cells [137]. Although 4-PYR was not shown to affect mitochondrial function, it was found to be detrimental to glycolysis and overall cellular bioenergetics [137]. In an NMNAT3 KD experiment, ATP, NAD, 4-PYR-MP, and 4-ox-NAD levels were affected by 4-PYR exposure. Surprisingly, 4-PYR-MP did not accumulate in these cells. This would be indicative of a very dynamic 4-PYR-MP metabolism, whereby 4-PYR-MP can either be hydrolyzed back to 4-PYR or metabolized to the triphosphate (PYR-TP). Unfortunately, these species were not measured in these experiments. Under NT5C2 KD conditions, the same cells responded to 4-PYR treatment with a 2-fold increase in 4-PYR-MP levels and a trend towards the increase in 4-ox-NAD levels. Importantly, ATP levels decreased to similar levels to that observed when NMNAT-3 KD was applied, linking increased ox-NAD levels to disturbance of bioenergetics. Important developments associated with the physiological role of 4-PYR in the context of cancer have emerged more recently, whereby a higher concentration of 4-PYR is observed in the plasma of non-small cell lung cancer patients. Furthermore, an association between higher plasma 4-PYR concentrations and endothelial damage was observed in lung cancer patients. It was then proposed that the observed toxicity of 4-PYR towards the endothelium could lead to cancer cell proliferation, invasiveness, and inflammatory signaling [138]. Since then, circulating levels of 4-PYR and its metabolites have been closely associated with nicotinamide metabolism in bladder and breast cancer [105; 139] and shown to correlate with breast cancer metastasis.
###### Abstract  
Through formation flying, the distributed spaceborne SAR(synthetic aperture radar) system can increase the number of spatial degree of freedoms (DOFs) and provide flexible multi-baselines for SAR-GMTI (ground moving target indication), which improves the system performance. This paper proposes an a priori knowledge-based adaptive clutter cancellation and moving target detection technique applied to the distributed spaceborne SAR-GMTI systems. Firstly, the adaptive clutter cancellation technique is exploited to suppress the ground clutter. A priori knowledge, such as road network information, is integrated to the adaptive clutter cancellation processor to reduce any moving target steering vector mismatch. Secondly, adaptive matched filter (AMF) and adaptive beamformer orthogonal rejection test (ABORT) are exploited as adaptive detection techniques for moving target detection. Due to the dense road network, the moving target steering vector estimation may be ambiguous for the different position and orientation of the roads. The multiple hypothesis testing (MHT) technique is proposed to detect the moving targets and resolve the potential ambiguities. A scheme is exploited to detect, classify, and relocate the moving targets. Finally, simulation experiments and performance analysis have demonstrated the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed technique.  
distributed spaceborne SAR; GMTI; a priori knowledge; adaptive clutter cancellation; adaptive detection technique; multiple hypothesis testing Article A Priori Knowledge Based Ground Moving Target Indication Technique Applied to Distributed Spaceborne SAR  
2023  
152467[[https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092467](https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092467)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092467](https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092467))
## 2 Message Replication in OppNets for Sensed Data Collection
### Handheld User Devices and OppNets for Sensed Data Collection  
Unique OppNet characteristics such as operating without relying on supporting infrastructure, absence of central administration, lack of end-to-end connectivity, and node mobility bring about new challenges, especially in the aspect of routing. As a result, nodes lack global or up-to-date knowledge about the network, and attempts at obtaining such knowledge may risk making assumptions that go against network characteristics. For instance, obtaining knowledge about available forwarding routes may require making incorrect assumptions that the network topology is fairly stable or that there is some sort of central administration. Also, the presence of portable handheld user devices introduces additional challenges that determine the feasibility and performance of message replication techniques for sensed data collection. We identify these characteristics in the following subsections, in order to facilitate investigation on the current state of message replication.