esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract  
This research focused on determining a rotary kiln's geometric parameters in a non-traditional geodetic way--by deriving them from a survey realized by a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS). The point cloud obtained by TLS measurement was processed to derive the longitudinal axis of the RK. Subsequently, the carrier tires' geometric parameters and shell of the RK during the shutdown were derived. Manual point cloud selection (segmentation) is the base method for removing unnecessary points. This method is slow but precise and controllable. The proposed analytical solution is based on calculating the distance from each point to the RK's nominal axis (local radius). Iteration using a histogram function was repeatedly applied to detect points with the same or similar radius. The most numerous intervals of points were selected and stored in separate files. In the comparison, we present the conformity of analytically and manually obtained files and derived geometric values of the RK-radiuses' spatial parameters and coordinates of the carrier tires' centers. The horizontal (X and Y directions) and vertical (Z-direction) of root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) values are up to 2 mm. RMSD of the fitting of cylinders is also up to 2 mm. The center of the carrier tires defines the longitudinal axis of the RK. Analytical segmentation of the points was repeated on the remaining point cloud for the selection of the points on the outer shell of the RK. Deformation analysis of the shell of the RK was performed using a cylinder with a nominal radius. Manually and analytically processed point clouds were investigated and mutually compared. The calculated RMSD value is up to 2 mm. Parallel cuts situated perpendicularly to the axis of the RK were created. Analysis of ovality (flattening) of the shell was performed. Additionally, we also present the effect of gradually decreasing density (number) of points on the carrier tires for their center derivation.  
rotary kiln; terrestrial laser scanning; point cloud processing; point cloud segmentation +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Smart Meter Gateways: Options for a BSI-Compliant Integration of Energy Management Systems
## 2 Related Work
### Technical Architecture: BSI Technical Guideline and Common Criteria Protection Profile  
In Germany, technical requirements for _Smart Metering Systems_ are defined by the _German Federal Office for Information Security_ (\"Bundesamt fur Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik\", BSI), which published the first version of the technical guideline _BSI TR-03109_[12] in 2014. Currently composed of five closely related sub-guidelines (TR-03109-x), it describes in detail the SMGW architecture with the three network areas (HAN, LMN, and WAN) introduced in Section 1.3. Part 1 describes the functionality of the SMGW, interoperability aspects, and tariff use cases [7]; Part 2 describes a dedicated security module for SMGWs, targeting at the secure handling of cryptographic functionalities [13]; Part 3 describes cryptographic requirements for the SMGW [14]; Part 4 describes the public-key-infrastructure for entities in the SMGW ecosystem [9]; and Part 6 describes the SMGW administration via the new role of the _SMGW Administrator_[15]. Part 5 is supposed to address a communication adapter that allows the integration of meters that are not LMN-compatible natively. However, it is announced as being in the planning stage and not yet published. Regarding security aspects, the BSI further defines a _Common Criteria_ (CC) protection profile for the SMGW, referenced as _BSI-CC-PP-0073-2014_[16]. It defines security objectives and security related requirements for the SMGW. Specified as CC Evaluation Assurance Level (EAL) 4, the CC protection profile follows the goal of certifying that an SMGW was methodically designed, tested and reviewed. According to SS 22 and SS 24 MsbG, SMGWs have to be certified by the BSI according to the BSI CC-PP-0073-2014 (ensuring the compliance with security related requirements), and according to the BSI TR-03109 (ensuring the compliance with technical and interoperability related requirements). According to SS 30 MsbG [6], the basic condition for the rollout of _Smart Metering Systems_ is the successful certification of SMGWs from at least three different manufacturers.
## 4 Signal Processing
### Pre-Processing  
The extracted observed signals contain noise interference; in order to separate the clear and true respiration, it is necessary to apply pre-processing procedures. The pre-processing step includes direct current (DC) removal, low pass (LP) filtering and baseline removal [24].  
The first step is to remove the DC component, and it can be implemented by  
\[R_{DC}(m,a)=Raw(m,a)-\frac{1}{a}\sum_{n=1}^{a}Raw(m,a) \tag{13}\]  
where \(R_{DC}(m,a)\) is the matrix after DC removal, \(m\) is the number of fast time samples and \(a\) is the number of the observed signals.  
Then the Butter-worth LP filter with a cut-off frequency of 3 Hz is applied to remove the noise caused by the UAV blades' echo at about 3.5 Hz and other high-frequency noise interference. The LP filter is determined as  
\[R_{LP}(m,a)=R_{DC}(m,a)*h(t) \tag{14}\]  
where \(R_{LP}(m,a)\) is the matrix after the 3 Hz LP filter.  
Figure 4: The problem of range migration. (**a**) Radar echo data with range migration. (**b**) Data after range migration compensation.  
The last step is to denoise the baseline by applying the BEADS algorithm, which is illustrated in [25]. The input signals of ICA are the observed signals after pre-processing.
# Quantum Leap from Gold and Silver to Aluminum Nanoplasmonics for Enhanced Biomedical Applications
## 1 Introduction  
The combination of several treatment mechanisms enabled by aluminum (Al) nanostructures (NSs) may be used to develop new medical devices for sensor-guided therapy, food security, and environmental applications. For example, plasmonic ultraviolet (UV) response and enhanced sensing properties of Al NSs such as Al nanoparticles (NPs) and metamaterial substrates could be used for point-of-care medical treatment. To develop efficient devices, it is important to better understand the treatment mechanisms and to optimize control strategies. The goal is to perform biomolecular detection with high sensitivity in real time and to develop cheaper point-of-care treatment. This review is focused on highlighting the biomedical applications of several technologies that could be improved by using aluminum nanoplasmonics.  
Classical nanoplasmonics with gold (Au) and silver (Ag) NSs is based on the local electromagnetic near-field enhancement, with surface plasmon resonance (SPR), which depends on the size, shape, and material properties of the NSs. Au and Ag plasmonic NSs have SPRs in the visible and near infrared spectral range. On the other hand, Al NSs have an extended spectral range into deep UV, which enables a broad variety of applications. Under an ambient environment, the surface of aluminum is covered with a thin layer of Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\). However, the thickness of the Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) layer may be used for tuning the plasmonic response of Al NSs in a wide spectral range [1].  
In this review, we first give an overview of aluminum plasmonics in Section 2, including nanostructure fabrication (Section 2.1) and treatment mechanisms (Section 2.2). Then we reviewthe biosensing applications of Au and Ag plasmonic NSs with several examples of spectroscopic signals enhanced by Al NSs (Section 3.1). We discuss plasmonic biomedical applications in Section 3.2, with the treatments of cancer (Section 3.2.1) and bacteria (Section 3.2.2), highlighting the advantages and limitations of Au and Ag, and the promising applications of Al plasmonics. We discuss strategies to improve the performance of Al NSs in Section 4, including alloys/composites (Section 4.1), chemical enhancement (Section 4.2), quantum effects (Section 4.3), future translational applications (Section 5), and we conclude with a summary in Section 6.
# Multiple Observations for Secret-Key Binding with SRAM PUFs
## 2 Notation and SRAM-PUF Statistical Model
### Sram-Puf Statistical Model  
#### 2.2.1 One-Probability of a Cell  
Each SRAM cell has a one-probability \(\theta\in[0,1]\) that defines the probability that a one is observed for this cell, i.e.,  
\[\Pr(X=1|\Theta=\theta)=\theta. \tag{2}\]  
In practice, we do not know the one-probability \(\theta\) of each SRAM cell. Instead, the one-probability is a random variable, independent and identically distributed over the cells according to some known distribution \(p_{\Theta}(\theta)\). And we can calculate the average one-probability  
\[\Pr(X=1)=\int_{0}^{1}\theta p_{\Theta}(\theta)\,d\theta. \tag{3}\]  
The currently most used model for PUFs [7] adopts the following \(\Theta\)-distribution  
\[p_{\Theta}(\theta)=\frac{\lambda_{1}\phi\big{(}\lambda_{2}-\lambda_{1}\Phi^{- 1}(\theta)\big{)}}{\phi(\Phi^{-1}(\theta))}. \tag{4}\]  
Here \(\phi(x)\) and \(\Phi^{-1}(x)\) are the probability density function and the inverse of the cumulative distribution function of the normal distribution. Furthermore, \(\lambda_{1}\) and \(\lambda_{2}\) are parameters that determine the average reliability and average one-probability of the SRAM cells, respectively.  
It has been observed on several occasions [3; 4; 21] that the SRAM PUFs are _unbiased_, i.e.,  
\[\Pr(X=1)=\Pr(X=0)=1/2, \tag{5}\]  
the average probability of observing a one is equal to the probability of observing a zero. This is a desirable property for PUFs as it ensures that the observations are completely unpredictable for an attacker. In [7], [PERSON] et al. showed that the model (4) well represents their empirical data for \(\lambda_{1}=0.065,\lambda_{2}=0.000\), which indeed corresponds to unbiased SRAM PUFs. In this paper, we assume an unbiased SRAM-PUF and set \(\lambda_{2}=0\). It follows that the distribution of the one-probabilities is _symmetric_, i.e.,  
\[p_{\Theta}(\theta)=p_{\Theta}(1-\theta). \tag{6}\]  
This symmetry of the one-probability distribution is a property of the SRAM-PUF model that is key for the zero-secrecy leakage of the multiple observation schemes discussed in this paper.
## 5 Studies on the Effects of _M. oleifera_ Leaf Extracts on Male Reproductive Function
### Psychological Stress  
Psychological stress has been revealed as one of the causes of idiopathic male infertility, confirmed by studies based on the correlation between stress and impaired semen quality [119]. Psychological stress is explained as a less comfortable surge of emotions coupled with alterations in an individual's biochemistry, physiology and behaviour [120]. These alterations lead to changes in reproductive functions, reducing libido, sexual performance and overall functions of the reproductive system [119].  
_M. oleifera_ leaf extracts in male Wistar rats subjected to the 12 h immobilisation of stress for seven days improved sexual performance by decreasing the intromission latency and increasing intromission frequency on the stressed male rats, and also suppressed the activity of monoamine and phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) [92].  
Psychological stress in animals and humans increases corticosterone and cortisol, respectively, and increases apoptosis of the Leydig cells, subsequently reducing testosterone levels; this leads to changes in Sertoli cells and the blood-testis barrier, causing spermatogenesis arrest [7,120]. Treatment of stressed rats with _M. oleifera_ reduced corticosterone and increased testosterone levels, number of Leydig cells and spermatozoa. In addition, _M. oleifera_ in these stressed rats resulted in a more organised seminiferous epithelium with more interstitial Leydig cells and more spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubule lumen [92].
## 4 Challenges, Technical Limitations, and Analytical Comparison for Sprayer UAVs
### Other Challenges  
In addition to the abovementioned obstacle detection and collision avoidance challenges, the following open challenges exist.  
* For agricultural sprayer UAVs, spray deposition and coverage are a primary concern, and these parameters are directly related to the drone weight and payload. Moreover, there is always a trade-off between payload and cost, and reliability should be maintained when selecting the type of agricultural sprayer UAV. In most instances, the selection is between single-rotor and multi-rotor. However, quadrotors, which have several spraying limitations, are the preferred choice for agricultural sprayer UAVs.
* Taking into consideration the current stage of sprayer UAV technology, the high cost of the intelligent sensors and that of the UAV system is a major issue. Improvementsin this area will enable farmers to reap more from the use of sprayer UAVs for remote sensing in precision spraying.
* Even though the use of UAVs for agricultural spraying is increasing, several limitations that prevent wider usage exist. Among these limitations is the absence of a standardized workflow, which leads to the use of ad-hoc procedures for deploying agricultural sprayer UAVs, a fact that discourages stakeholders.
* As agricultural sprayer UAVs require data-intensive algorithms for the processing of the images acquired, expertise in the field of autonomous flight is usually needed. This suggests that the average farmer will require training or may be compelled to hire experts to assist in the image processing, which may be costly. This may prohibit the adoption of agricultural sprayer UAVs from farmers with less technical expertise.
* Most agricultural sprayer UAVs have a short flight time, usually from 10 min to barely half an hour. The sprayer UAVs that can offer a longer flight time are relatively expensive. Moreover, the effective usage of a sprayer UAV is mostly prone to climatic conditions. For instance, during windy or rainy days, the flight operation has to be postponed.
# Optical Trapping, Sizing, and Probing Acoustic Modes of a Small Virus
###### Abstract  
Prior opto-mechanical techniques to measure vibrational frequencies of viruses work on large ensembles of particles, whereas, in this work, individually trapped viral particles were studied. Double nanohole (DNH) apertures in a gold film were used to achieve optical trapping of one of the smallest virus particles yet reported, PhiX174, which has a diameter of 25 nm. When a laser was focused onto these DNH apertures, it created high local fields due to plasmonic enhancement, which allowed stable trapping of small particles for prolonged periods at low powers. Two techniques were performed to characterize the virus particles. The particles were sized via an established autocorrelation analysis technique, and the acoustic modes were probed using the extraordinary acoustic Raman (EAR) method. The size of the trapped particle was determined to be 25 \(\pm\) 3.8 nm, which is in good agreement with the established diameter of PhiX174. A peak in the EAR signal was observed at 32 GHz, which fits well with the predicted value from elastic theory.  
optical trapping; virus; elastic properties; acoustics; GHz ultrasonics; optics; Raman Article
# Advances in Tissue Engineering for Disc Repair
## 3 Tissue Engineering for IVD Regeneration
### Tissue Engineering for AF and NP Restoration and Maintenance
#### 3.2.1 AF Regeneration and Tissue Engineering  
AF is composed of type I collagen and stacked lamellae and is highly organized [84]. AF is needed to transfer stress from the NP, maintain IVD integrity, and protect against damage caused by bending, stretching, and twisting [85; 86]. The homeobox protein Mokhav (Mkx) has been reported to be essential for AF development, maintenance, and regeneration. It has been found that Mkx is predominantly expressed in the outer AF, and that removal of Mkx in mice resulted in the loss of numerous tendon- and ligament-related genes in the outer AF. Transplantation of MSCs overexpressing Mkx revealed the AF phenotype and promoted functional AF regeneration [87].  
In AF regeneration and tissue engineering, natural materials, such as collagen, HA, chitosan, alginate, silk fibroin, and chondro sulfate, as well as natural biologic materials, such as the decellularized matrix from AF, are used to promote tissue regeneration and repair [57; 88]. Natural scaffolds have the advantages of having low toxicity and similar properties to those of native tissue, and they can be mass-produced. Synthetic polymer scaffolds can be manufactured and processed based on the desired structural (aligned, angle-ply, hierarchical, bilayer, or biphasic) and mechanical properties of the final engineered tissue [11]. A poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) scaffold covered with a poly(ester-urethane) (PU) membrane to address AF rupture repair of bovine IVD has been manufactured as a carrier for MSCs. A PTMC scaffold with MSCs and PU membrane has been found to restore the disc height and prevent IVD herniation [89]. Furthermore, biodegradable poly(ether carbonate urethane)urea (PECUU) materials have been produced in AF-derived stem cells (AFSCs) using an electrospinning technique. Moreover, it has been reported that the elasticity of PECUU fibrous scaffolds with AFSCs resembled that of natural AF tissue [90].
## 3 Data Processing and Analyses
### Manual Reference Measurements
The computed mean reference heights for the seven coniferous tree classes are: 5.5, 7.8, 11.0, 14.6, 17.2, 23.4, and 28.7 m, with uncertainties between 1% and 6% from object height for WorldView-3 and between 5% and 24% for Pleiades. The mean reference heights for the deciduous tree classes are: 3.1, 5.4, 8.0, 12.6, 15.4, 16.2, and 18.5m, with uncertainties between 2% and 10% from object height for WorldView-3 and between 7% and 44% for Pleiades. 3. For buildings, two geometrical parameters are taken into account: length and width. According to their size, built-up structures are grouped into several classes starting with very small (5 m in length and width) to large (50 m length and 25 m width). Therefore, lengths, widths, and roof ridge elevations were measured for 100 buildings in both Pleiades and WorldView-3 images. The mean reference height values varied from 2 m (small built-up structures) to 10-12 m (large industrial buildings), with associated uncertainties from 2% to 16% from object height for WorldView-3 and between 11% and 68% for Pleiades. While identical trees and buildings were investigated in both Pleiades and WorldView-3 images, this was not possible for vehicles, since they are moving objects. Therefore, (parked) vehicles were randomly selected within the entire scene also using the non-overlapping parts.
## 3 Driver/Passenger-Vehicle Interaction Database  
For this study, a special database was needed that included control command, vehicle behaviors, relations between vehicles, subjective assessment data of the driving performance, etc. To derive the objective evaluation method, a driver-vehicle interaction database constructed in a previous study was used. The database provides specific experiment results of passenger-vehicle interaction data conducted with 19 selected drivers, and it contains various types of measurable parameters and subjectively assessed acceptance values. For this study, the drivers served as control system for the automatic lane change system and were classified into two groups, i.e., expert and novice. The selection and classification conditions were as follows: more than three years of work experience as a regular chauffeur for the experts, and less than one month of driving experience with their vehicles for the novices. The expert group was expected to show stable and safe driving results with a comparably higher acceptance rate from passengers. The other group of novice drivers was expected to show unstable and dangerous driving results with comparably lower acceptance rates from passengers. For the classification of these two groups, it was mainly assumed that the driving characteristics of the expert drivers would be more desirable concerning driver/passenger acceptance.  
In the experimental program, only the lane change situation was considered and drivers served as a control system of autonomous driving systems, particularly an automatic lane change system. Two passengers were designated to observe and evaluate lane change performance considering both vehicle behaviors and traffic relations. Throughout the experiment, the drivers drove and conducted lane changes not only autonomously but also as commanded. The database contains a massive amount of information on the results of subjective assessment and various objective data for lane change situations on an expressway, with vehicle speeds from 80 kph to 90 kph on average. As shown in Figure 1a, 19 drivers participated in this test: 10 of them were considered expert drivers; the other 9 drivers were considered novice drivers. Thus, 1823 events were collected through this test; 45% of those events were directed by the experimenter; the other cases were the results of the drivers' own decisions. Figure 1b shows the ratios of lane change situations classified by certain conditions between the expert and novice drivers. Figure 1c shows the ratios between accepted and rejected lane change cases. It is seen that accepted cases were two times greater in occurrence than the rejected cases.
## 4 Discussion  
### On the Electromagnetic Characteristics of Different Tissues  
As is known, a biological molecule is composed of different types of atoms and has different electric dipole moments. Therefore, different polarization effects are presented under the influence of an external electric field, and different electrical responses are triggered along with a change of frequency. Bio-tissues contain many organic macromolecules and polar groups like -NH\({}_{2}\), -OH, -SH, and -COOH with comparatively greater electric dipole moments. When an external electric field is applied, the orientation of the dipoles of polar groups in biological molecules changes, resulting in the high permittivity of bio-tissue. The higher the degree of oriented arrangement, the bigger the permittivity is. Various bio-tissues have a permittivity closely associated with the oriented arrangement of their component biological molecules. Under low frequency, when both macromolecules and small molecules are in an oriented arrangement, the permittivity of a tissue is at its maximum, as the frequency increases, responses are only triggered in polar molecules with relatively smaller molecular weights. The permittivity of the system decreases, but conductivity of bio-tissue increases within the  
Figure 4: Test results of a wearable Electrocardiograph (ECG) sensor. (**a**) Test configuration of ECG sensor, (**b**) test waterfall chart from SAR test (maximum value of SAR = 0.961 W/kg); (**c**) test result of SAR at different distance; (**d**) absolute values of three-dimensional electric field intensity from different locations.  
frequency range in question, which indicates when electromagnetic waves are absorbed by a bio-tissue, the higher the frequency, the greater the expected attenuation. Therefore, electromagnetic waves with higher frequencies permeate an organism to shallower depths.
# Assessment of Seasonal and Diurnal Variations of Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Pasteurized Milk
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Study Area and Selection Method
#### 2.1.2 Analysis of the Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) Standard Curve  
The Electra m2 Unified Analyzer, a spectrophotometer, was used to construct the 6-point linear point measurement curve of the method with the \"AP test\" kit to obtain quantitative measurements of ALP presence in milk samples. Each sample was mixed with R1, R2 and R3 reagents and was incubated, using the exact quantities of reagents and samples that were used for the semi-quantitative determination. The results obtained validated the comparison method between the \"AP test\" kit and HEYL LACTOGNOST III. Spiked samples with 3.5 mU/L, 35 mU/L, 70 mU/L, 140 mU/L, 280 mU/L ALP and 560 mU/L ALP were used as calibrators. Reagents R1, R2 and R3 (as detailed in the Section 2.3.1.1) and deionized water were used as blank. The wavelength for the method was 340 nm.