esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion  
In the following section, the radial inlet with UGV, the guide vane with TEB, and the guide vane with SIS were simulated through various running conditions for comparison. The different radial inlets were named the UGV, TEB, and SIS models for the subsequent analysis. The TEB results refer to the momentumless wakes of the guide vane condition from our previous work [31]. The results and detailed analysis of the steady and unsteady simulations, respectively, are discussed. The steady simulation results provide the overall performance of the compressor and the flow details in the radial inlet, which includes the effect of the flow control method. The unsteady simulation results offer the aerodynamic load on the impeller blades, which can reflect the influence of the wake under different radial inlet conditions.
## 2 Background and Related Work
### Overview of Related Studies
#### 2.2.3 Resource Allocation  
The articles devoted specifically to resource allocation are fewer in number. The paper [12] briefly discussed possible improvements to resource multiplexing in an IAB network for the 3 GPP Release 17. In [11], the authors considered two schemes for multiplexing access and backhaul to optimize the average packet delay and network throughput, as well as spectral efficiency. The study in [47] compared the OFDM and single-carrier quadrature amplitude modulation (SC-QAM) schemes and concluded that SC-QAM might be a better alternative. In [49; 50], a single-hop backhaul IAB network was assumed. Specifically, the authors in [49] proposed an auction-based mechanism for distributing network resources among users. The problem of resource allocation was then solved by utilizing deep reinforcement learning (DRL) without taking into account IAB specifics.  
The work [48] was focused on reducing network congestion and increasing the average access bit rate in full-duplex conditions. This was achieved by using a DRL-derived neural network, which receives the values of the average latency and load on the IAB-nodes as its input. However, the performance was evaluated without a benchmark; only the proposed solution was quantified under different system and environmental conditions.  
The studies [10; 15; 16; 51; 17] considered cross-link interference (CLI) by explicitly taking into account half-duplex constraints. In [15], the authors proposed a beamformer design with the weighted queue minimization objective and resource allocation to manage the resulting CLI and to allocate wireless backhaul and access resources jointly. The study [51] considered several options for MIMO antenna arrays and investigated time slot allocation. These studies differed from [52; 53; 54; 55; 56], which considered CLI for full duplex. In the latter studies, the authors mainly advocated dealing with self-interference first and then proceeded to CLI management. As a measure to avoid self-interference caused by simultaneous reception, physical antenna separation and smart scheduling strategies were proposed in [10]. Finally, the studies [57; 58; 59; 60; 61] were devoted to technical issues related to signal precoding and beamforming.
# Three-Dimensional Localization of Underwater Nodes Using Airborne Visible Light Beams
## 4 The 3D-LUNA Localization Framework
### Estimated Position with Few Received Transmissions  
#### 4.4.1 Single Received Transmission  
As noted previously, the surface of the 3D shape in Figure 3 represents the possible location of the node based on a single received message from the airborne unit. If no other VLC transmission could be received, we can assume that the underwater node is located at the centroid of the whole contour. Let us assume that the contour is discretized into \(N_{z}\) circular slices at heights \(z_{0},z_{1},\ldots,z_{N_{z}}\). Each slice has a radius \(r(z_{i})\), and the boundary of each slice is a circle centered at \((x_{0},y_{0})\). The centroid of each circle is as follows:  
\[C_{i}=(x_{0},y_{0},z_{i}) \tag{20}\]  
The centroid of the 3D contour is simply the weighted average of the centroids of the individual circles that are formed by discretizing (slicing) the 3D contour along the \(z\)-axis. The x and y coordinates remain constant for all slices, and the z coordinate is the average of z\({}_{i}\).2\(\pi\).(r(z_{i}))\({}^{2}\). So, the centroid of the whole contour is as follows:\[x_{c} =x_{0} \tag{21}\] \[y_{c} =y_{0}\] (22) \[z_{c} =\frac{1}{N_{z}}\sum_{i=0}^{N_{z}}z_{i}.2\pi.(r(z_{i}))^{2} \tag{23}\]
## 5 Experimental Validation  
An experimental PEMFC power supply prototype is set up to validate the efficiency of the proposed control approaches. Besides the H-100 PEMFC and DC/DC buck converter, a dSPACE DS1104 controller board, M9710 DC electronic load, KXN-3020D DC power source, and Tektronix MDO3054 digital phosphor oscilloscope comprise the test platform, as shown in Figure 9. The currents were measured by HCS-LSP hall sensor by the conversion relation between sensor output voltage \(U_{o}\) and real measured current \(I_{r}\), i.e., \(I_{r}=(U_{o}-2.5)\times 5\). Figures 10 and 11 illustrated the experimental results where Channel 1 to Channel 4 represented inductor current, load current, load voltage, and PEMFC voltage, respectively.  
Figure 8: Simulation results under parametric variations: (**a**) Condition 5 \(R\) estimation (**b**) Condition 5 voltage response; (**c**) \(L\) estimation; (**d**) voltage response depending on \(L\) profile; (**e**) \(C\) estimation; (**f**) voltage response depending on \(C\) profile.  
In Figure 10a,b, the transient responses (tested in Condition 1) of inductor current tracking control were given, where the traditional SMC presented a chattering phenomenon and the maximum amplitude was about 4.5 A, and the results of traditional adaptive backstepping SMC exhibited local chattering. RBFNN-based current and voltage control results were shown in Figure 10c,d, and their transient performances exhibiting fast settling time and no overshoot were better than the traditional methods.  
Figure 10: Transient response: (**a**) current control by SMC; (**b**) current control by adaptive backstepping SMC; (**c**) current control by RBFNN; (**d**) voltage control by RBFNN.  
Figure 9: Experimental test for the power supply prototype.  
Finally, the load resistance variation experiments (tested in Condition 5) were conducted to examine the disturbance rejection ability. Figure 11 indicated that the adaptive output voltage controls tracked setpoint, and RBFNN reduced up to 7.5% overshoot and smoothed PEMFC voltage and inductor current while disturbance was changing.
## 1 Introduction
To overcome the aforementioned limitations of neat biopolymer-based films, several modification techniques are being applied, such as: the use of cross-linkers like glutaraldehyde, citric acid, calcium chloride, formaldehyde [33, 36, 37]; the addition of additives like plasticizers; functional components like essential oils; and antimicrobial compounds such as nisin and lysoszymes [35, 38, 39]. Other techniques include hydrophobic modification with structured oil nanoparticles [29, 40, 41, 42], incorporating organic and inorganic fillers [30], coating biopolymers with synthetic polymers, or a combination of two or more biopolymers having potential packaging properties [43, 44, 45, 46]. The application of novel technologies like high-pressure processing, cold plasma, ultrasonication, high-pressure homogenization, irradiation, and microwaves [47] have also been examined. Cold plasma treatment is a novel technique that modifies the surface of the polymer providing opportunities to develop packaging materials with desired characteristics. For instance, the application of a cold plasma-activated polylactic acid surface facilitated the coating of nisin, resulting in the formation of antimicrobial packaging materials [48]. The grafting of polycaprolactone on the plasma-treated zein film showed enhanced water barrier properties [49]. Coating of plasma-treated low-density polyethylene with carboxymethyl cellulose or collagen loaded with cinnaldehyde showed improved physical, mechanical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities suitable for packaging tilapia fillets [45]. The pre-treatment of zein and polyacid with cold plasma amplified the compatibility and adhesion between the layers and enhanced the mechanical, water barrier, and hydrophobic properties of the films [46]. Recently a number of studies have been carried out examining the application of cold plasma in the modification of biopolymer-based packaging films. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to undertake a systematic review of the application of plasma for the modification of packaging materials suitable for food packaging applications as outlined in scientific literature. Section 2 of this review discusses the production of plasma and features prominent plasma-producing devices. Section 3 critically analyses the impact of cold plasma on surface roughness, contact angle, molecular properties, mechanical properties, thermal properties, barrier properties, antimicrobial effects, and biodegradability. Section 4 discusses safety concerns in relation to the application of cold plasma in the preparation of films used for food packaging applications.
## 3 Results
### Anterior Segment Surgery
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**SAN GOVANNI DI DIO (CAGLIARI)**} \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{**PRE-COVID-19 YEAR**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**COVID-19 YEAR**} & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Period**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**N**} & **Median (25–75 Quartiles)** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Period**} & **N** & **Median (25–75 Quartiles)** & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\Delta\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{_p-Value_} \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5} \multirow{2}{*}{First quarter} & \multirow{2}{*}{0} & 0 & & & 0 & \\  & & [0-0] & & [0-0] & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Second quarter} & \multirow{2}{*}{2} & 0 & & 0 & 0 & 0.74 \\  & & [0-0] & & & [0-1] & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Last six months} & \multirow{2}{*}{2} & 0 & & 0 & 0 & & \\  & & [0-0] & & & [0-1] & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Total} & \multirow{2}{*}{4} & 0 & & 0 & & 0.23 \\  & & [0-0] & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} **MATER DOMINI (CATANZARO)** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{**PROE-COVID-19 YEAR**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**COVID-19 YEAR**} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Period**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**N**} & **Weekly Mean \(\pm\) SD** & **Period** & **N** & **Weekly Mean \(\pm\) SD** & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\Delta\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{_p-Value_} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{First quarter} & \multirow{2}{*}{37} & 2.85 \(\pm\) 0.99 & Lockdown & 19 & 1.46 \(\pm\) 1.76 & \(-\)_48.64\%_ & _0.02_ \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Second quarter} & \multirow{2}{*}{27} & 2.08 \(\pm\) 1.55 & Unlock & 27 & 2.08 \(\pm\) 1.93 & 0\% & 1 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Last six months} & \multirow{2}{*}{59} & \multirow{2}{*}{2.27 \(\pm\) 1.28} & Second & \multirow{2}{*}{40} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(1.54\pm 1.33\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(-\)_32.20\%_} & _0.04_ \\  & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Total} & \multirow{2}{*}{123} & \multirow{2}{*}{Total} & \multirow{2}{*}{86} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(-\)_30.08\%_} & \multirow{2}{*}{_0.02_} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
N: number of procedures; Mann–Whitney U test. Data are given in median (quartile 25–75); statistically significant values are in italics.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Number of anterior segment procedures performed at San Giovanni di Dio (SGD), University of Cagliari, and Mater Domini, University Magna Grecia of Catanzaro (UMG), divided by periods of lockdown, unlock, and second wave, respectively.
## 3 Short-Reach Systems Classification and Enabling Technologies
### Pulse Amplitude Modulation
#### 3.3.2 Advanced Optoelectronic Devices for High-Speed DCIs
Nevertheless, the DML capability for high-speed data links is hindered by the limited modulation bandwidth. To attend to the drawback, different viable techniques can be adopted along with advanced modulation formats and DSP. For instance, the DML modulation bandwidth can be enhanced through the exploitation of innovative design and techniques such as multisection laser design [92], multiple quantum well (MQW) laser design [42; 92], and injection locking [42]. Another limiting factor for the DML-based system is the spectrum broadening, which is mainly due to the inherent chirp effect. Several techniques both in the optical and digital domains can be used to address the chirp effect [42; 93].
## 4 Synthesis and Summary
### Future Directions
#### 4.4.5 Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Practices  
Climate change has become one of the top worldwide concerns and issues an urgent call for more sustainable developments in the near future [96]. A novel Remote Hyperspectral Imaging System (RHIS) was integrated into an Unmanned Aquatic Drone (UAD) for the purpose of detecting and identifying plastic debris in both coastal and freshwater ecosystems. The findings indicate that this newly implemented RHIS, in conjunction with the UAD, constitutes an environmentally friendly and effective method for the identification of plastic pollution in aquatic settings [97]. In the case that mobile sensors could not be deployed, the USV was taken to identify pollution sources, map the environmental impact and be an analysis tool for the further research of these ecosystems, promoting the green development of ecology [98].  
The path-planning sector can also expedite the sustainable practices of USV, since an innovative path-planning algorithm, grounded in AI methodologies, was proposed to calculate viable navigation routes adhering to the Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREG). This algorithm uniquely incorporated considerations of energy efficiency, factoring in wind and sea current data to optimize energy consumption during maritime voyages [99]. Additionally, the USV was utilized in water quality monitoring [100; 101], Arctic exploration [102] and persistent ocean observation [103], and was considered a catalyst for energy revolution [91], since some USVs are equipped with sustainable natural energy sources using solar arrays and ocean wave energy converters. An improved differential evolution particle swarm optimization algorithm (DePSO) was proposed, and demonstrates that it can effectively reduce the path intersection points, and thus greatly shorten the overall path length to reach sustainable development [104]. The integration of the chaotic quantum-behaved particle swarm algorithm (cQPSO) with the multi-population genetic algorithm (mGA) led to the development of a novel hybrid algorithm, termed cQPSO-mGA. This advanced algorithmic fusion demonstrated the effective resolution of the two-level scheduling model, as substantiated by empirical data. The results highlighted its proficiency in facilitating cost-effective transportation solutions and ensuring reliable path tracking [105].  
Consequently, USV development will place greater emphasis on environmental sustainability, including emissions reduction, the adoption of renewable energy sources, andmitigating marine pollution through technological innovations, but the relevant research is blank at the moment.
## 3 Purposed Approaches
### Using Karl Pearson Correlation and Cosine Similarity as Affinity Functions  
As shown in Table 5, an example of affinity is as follows:  
1. Using the Karl Pearson Correlation \[simil\left(x,y\right)=\frac{\sum_{i\in I_{x,y}}\left(r_{x,i}-\overline{r_{x}} \right)\left(r_{y,i}-\overline{r_{y}}\right)}{\sqrt{\sum_{i\in I_{x,y}}\left( r_{x,i}-\overline{r_{x}}\right)^{2}\sum_{i\in I_{x,y}}\left(r_{y,i}-\overline{r_{y}} \right)^{2}}}\] \[I_{x,y}=3\left(\text{Courses A, D and E taken by same users from Table 5}\right);\] \[r_{x,i}=\text{numeric grade of student }x\text{ in course }i;\] \[\overline{r_{x}}=(3+3+5+4)/4=3.75;\] \[\overline{r_{y}}=(2+2+4+3)/4=11/3=3.67=\text{mean grade of student }x;\] \[\text{KP Similarity }=\frac{\left(3-3.75\right)\left(2-3.67\right)+\left(5-3.75 \right)\left(4-3.67\right)+\left(4-3.75\right)\left(3-3.67\right)}{\sqrt{ \left\{\left(3-3.75\right)^{2}+\left(5-3.75\right)^{2}+\left(4-3.75\right)^{2} \right\}\left\{\left(2-3.67\right)^{2}+\left(4-3.67\right)^{2}+\left(3-3.67 \right)^{2}\right\}}}=1\]
2. Using weighted Karl Pearson Correlation: Preference is given to students who have more courses in common with the antigen student by assigning a weight = common courses watched/total courses. \[\text{Weighted\_KP\_similarity}=\text{KP\_similarity}\times I_{x,y}/ \text{size}(\text{Antigen})=1\times 3/5=0.6\]  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Course** & **A** & **B** & **C** & **D** & **E** \\ \hline Student 1 (Antibody \(x\)) & 3 & & 3 & 5 & 4 \\ Student 2 (Antigen \(y\)) & 2 & 2 & & 4 & 3 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Example for calculation demonstration.  
3. Using Cosine Similarity \[simil\left(x,y\right)=\cos\left(\overrightarrow{x},\overrightarrow{y}\right)= \frac{\overrightarrow{x}\cdot\overrightarrow{y}}{1\mid\overrightarrow{x} \mid\mid\,1\,\times\,\mid\,1\,\overrightarrow{y}\mid\mid\,1\,}=\frac{\sum_{i \in I_{x},y}r_{x,i}r_{y,i}}{\sqrt{\sum_{i\in I_{x}}r_{x,i}^{2}\sqrt{\sum_{i \in I_{y}}r_{y,i}^{2}}}}\] \[\text{Cosine Similarity}=\frac{3\times 2+5\times 4+4\times 3}{\sqrt{ \left(3^{2}+3^{2}+5^{2}+4^{2}\right)}\sqrt{2^{2}+2^{2}+5^{2}+4^{2}}}=0.7067\] (4) Using Weighted Cosine Similarity \[\text{Weighted\_cosine\_similarity}=\text{Cos\_similarity}\times I_{x,y}/\text{size}(\text{Antigen})=0.7067 \times 3/5=0.424\]  
The data for all four equations were tested, and showed that the weighted cosine similarity provided the most accurate predictions. However, the accuracy obtained using the cosine similarity and the KP weighted similarity were close to the accuracy obtained using the weighted cosine similarity.
## 4 Numerical Results and Discussion
### Analysis of Numerical Simulation Results of Main Tunnel Excavation
#### 4.3.4 Deformation Analysis of Underground Pipelines  
The vertical deformation of 8 underground pipelines is shown in Figure 22. Legend Y indicated that the distance between the pipeline and the portal is 30 m, 40 m, 50 m, 60 m, 70 m, 80 m, 90 m and 100 m, respectively. The maximum vertical displacement of each underground pipeline was obtained near the central axis of the middle partition wall, and this position was closer to the right tunnel due to the influence of the excavation sequence of the main tunnel and the bias phenomenon. The farther away from the portal, the greater the vertical displacement of the underground pipeline, indicating that the impact of tunnel excavation on the underground pipeline was continuous and strong propagation. The vertical deformation of all pipelines in the tunnel site area should be continuously monitored during the excavation process, rather than only focusing on the underground pipeline near the excavation surface. The vertical displacement of underground pipelines near the fault fracture zone was generally greater than that at other locations.  
Figure 21: Torsional deformation of the middle partition wall.
# RM-Line: A Ray-Model-Based Straight-Line Extraction Method for the Grid Map of Mobile Robot
## 3 Results  
This paper implemented the proposed RM-Line on an indoor mobile robot, as shown in Figure 6. The robot collects environmental information and builds a grid map with the help of gyroscopes, odometers, laser scanners, collision sensors, etc. The radius of the robot is 17 cm, and the moving speed is about 25 cm/s. The measurement error of the gyroscope is \(\pm\)10\({}^{\circ}\)@60 min. The scanning frequency of the laser scanner is 2 Hz, the measurement range is 15-300 cm, and the measurement accuracy is 5 cm@200 cm. The robot has an embedded controller installed, with a 128 MByte DDR and 300 MHz running frequency.  
We tested RM-Line in several different environments to verify the effectiveness of the algorithm in different environments. Meanwhile, RM-Line was compared with Canny-Line. To the best of our knowledge, CannyLine is a state-of-the-art and well-known line extraction algorithm.  
Figure 5: The process of RM-Line: (**a**) initial map; (**b**) edge map; (**c**) active map; (**d**) pitch an active point; (**e**) obtain a line segment; (**f**) line segments. The red lines are segments extracted from the map.  
Figure 6: The mobile robot.
# Characterization of Asphalt Binders Modified with Bio-Binder from Swine Manure
###### Abstract  
Asphalt is an essential material in the construction of asphalt pavements. Due to its high demand and dependence on petroleum, it is crucial to use greener materials that can fully or partially replace petroleum-based binders. The characteristics of asphalt cause the bio-binder obtained through a hydrothermal liquefaction process from swine manure to have great potential to be used as a modifier due to its similarities with asphalt, contributing to the construction of more sustainable roads. Thus, this paper characterizes an asphalt binder modified with a new bio-binder obtained from swine manure at different rates (0%, 10%, and 20%). Several characterization tests were performed, including penetration, ring and ball, Fraass, viscosity, Cleveland open cup, and the UCL method. Furthermore, the possible leaching of the bio-binder was studied, showing no environmental problems. Results from the rheological tests showed that as the content of bio-binder increases, the softening temperature, Fraass breaking point, and viscosity of the bio-modified asphalt binder decrease, indicating the lower consistency of the bio-modified binder and its greater thermal susceptibility.  
bio-binder; asphalt; asphalt mixture; swine manure; hydrothermal liquefaction
## 2 Methodological and Operational Framework for CDTs  
An investigation of the present usage and adoption of DTs by manufacturing companies shows that current approaches to the implementation of DTs in manufacturing lack a solid methodological framework. At the same time, there is no systematic approach in scientific literature that applies the concepts of CDTs in agile supply chain networks.  
Though some early adopters have demonstrated applications of DTs for manufacturing, current implementation limitations are:  
* Inadequate understanding of the connotations of CDT-driven manufacturing.
* Focus mostly on operation and maintenance of production lines and not on the value chain.
* Lack of application frameworks and reference models for CDTs [17].  
The methodological approach, followed in this paper, for the definition of such framework is based on the following three steps:  
1. Understanding the concept and functionality of a CDT.
2. Positioning the CDT into the manufacturing context and more particular in reference Industry 4.0 architectures using some reference scenarios.
3. Define the basic enablers for a CDT and explaining how they apply in the reference scenarios.