# Integration of AI in Self-Powered IoT Sensor Systems
## 5 Self-Powered IoT Sensors Identification and Applications
In the case of this type of sensor, constant battery monitoring is necessary, which requires the inclusion of a maintenance stage that interrupts the operational flow. Therefore, this process is prone to interruptions and entails a certain maintenance cost, which means low reliability in isolated or hard-to-reach environments. The self-powered sensors in Figure 5 have a separate energy harvesting process, and the system runs in a continuous autonomous flow. Basically, the process is uninterrupted due to the energy self-supply capabilities, eliminating the need for an external source. Thus, long-lasting autonomous operation is ensured, which is ideal for hard-to-reach environments or dense sensor networks. Figure 5,b highlight the operational superiority of self-powered sensors in modern IoT applications. Furthermore, the two diagrams outline the elimination of battery dependence, not only as an optimization process but also as an extension of the functionality of these sensors in isolated or complex environments. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Features** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Efento Wireless Indoor Air** \\ **Quality Logger with Battery** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **EnOcean Easyfit ETHS** \\ **Self-Powered** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Measured \\ Parameters \\ \end{tabular} & Temperature, Humidity & Temperature, Humidity \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Measurement \\ Interval \\ \end{tabular} & Configurable: 1 min–10 days & \begin{tabular}{c} Periodic + event-based \\ (significant change detection) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Wireless Technology \\ \end{tabular} & Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) & \begin{tabular}{c} EnOcean wireless (868 MHz \\ EU/902 MHz US) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Power Supply \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Battery-powered (up to \\ 5 years autonomy) \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Solar-powered, optional coin \\ cell for backup \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Cloud/Remote \\ Monitoring \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} With Efento Gateway + \\ Efento Cloud \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Possible via \\ EnOcean-based systems \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Technical specification of the sensors. In Table 3, the authors conduct a direct comparative analysis of battery-powered sensors and self-powered sensors, highlighting the advantages of self-powered sensors. Table 3 highlights the advantages of self-powered sensors compared to traditional battery-powered ones. Battery-powered sensors constantly consume resources, both materially and humanly, from a maintenance perspective. Self-powered ones eliminate these needs and function autonomously. From the standpoint of operational continuity, powered sensors represent a superior solution due to their long-term operation, especially in hard-to-reach environments or dense networks, such as in agriculture, urban infrastructure, ecological monitoring, or the medical field. From the perspective of sustainability, self-powered sensors reduce electronic waste, resulting in a decrease in the energy footprint. Thus, these sensors align with current directions of sustainable development [189]. Battery-powered sensors require intelligent energy management strategies, which also apply to hybrid systems that combine traditional batteries with supercapacitors. In  
Figure 5: Operational flow of: (**a**) battery-powered IoT sensor process; (**b**) self-powered IoT sensor process.