# Current Knowledge on the Fungal Degradation Abilities
## 4 Enzymatic Action  
Fungal ligninolytic action is often considered a threat to wooden structures [61; 62; 63; 64; 65; 66]. Cultural heritage materials constructed with these materials can be affected by fungal hyphae penetration but also by the action of various exoenzymes [67]. Moreover, brown and white rot fungi are known to contribute to these substrates' deterioration and degradation in various contexts [68]. So far, fungal ligninolytic ability characterization in cultural heritage scenarios has been helpful to study the biodeteriorative contribution of isolates retrieved from air, wooden materials and art objects [61; 69; 70]. Ligninolytic ability screening can be conducted using media with Azure B (lignin peroxidase), Phenol Red (Mn peroxidase), Remazol Brilliant Blue R (lactase) [71; 72; 73; 74] or, alternatively, by applying Potato Dextrose agar supplemented with guiaicol (PDA-guiaicol) [61; 70]. Positive ligninolytic ability is usually evaluated by the clearance of the media specific color (Azure B, Phenol Red and Remazol Brilliant Blue R) or by the development of reddish-brown zones (PDA-guiaicol) after a period of incubation. As pointed by [PERSON] and colleagues [36; 69], data regarding ligninolytic abilities of filamentous fungi in biodeterioration contexts is still somewhat scarce. Nonetheless, as evidenced by Table 3, almost thirty species have been found to display these biodeteriorative abilities. Moreover, mainly species of genera _Aspergillus_, _Chatonium_, _Chatosporium_ and _Penicillium_ represent the bulk of the currently studied lignin deteriorating fungi. As such, the detection of species from these genera might indicate a putative threat to lignin materials, such as the case of some types of paper and wood art pieces and objects. Fungi can also have an important role in the attack of animal-based objects, adhesives and additives. Textile materials such as silk and wool can suffer microbial mediated \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Current Species Name** & **Original Study Focus** & **References** \\ \hline _Alternaria consoritials_ ([PERSON].) [PERSON] and [PERSON] 1 & Wooden art objects & [36] \\ _Arthrium phenosperm_ ([PERSON]) [PERSON] & Wooden art objects & [36] \\ _Aspergillus amsteladami_ ([PERSON]) Thom and Church 2 & Wooden art objects & [36] \\ _Aspergillus avuamori_ [PERSON]. & Wooden art objects & [36] \\ _Aspergillus fischeri_ [PERSON] 3 & Wooden art objects & [36] \\ _Aspergillus flavus_ [PERSON] & Wooden art objects & [36] \\ _Aspergillus fumigatus_ [PERSON]. & Wooden art objects & [36] \\ _Aspergillus tiger_ [PERSON] & Wooden art objects & [36] \\ _Aspergillus terrens_ [PERSON] & Wooden art objects and air & [36; 69] \\ _Aspergillus ustus_ ([PERSON]) Thom and Church & Wooden art objects & [36] \\ _Aspergillus versicolor_ ([PERSON].) [PERSON]. & Wooden art objects & [36] \\ _Beanveria bussiana_ (Bals.—Criv.) [PERSON]. & Wooden art objects & [36] \\ _Chatonium elatum_ [PERSON] & Wooden art objects & [36] \\ _Chatosporium cladosporoides_ ([PERSON].) [PERSON] & Wooden objects and air & [69] \\ _Chatosporium herbarum_ (Pers.) Link & Wooden art objects & [36] \\ _Chatosporium_ Link & Wooden art objects & [36] \\ _Hypocntictium_ [PERSON]. & Wooden materials & [61] \\ _”Nexcosmospora\" solani_ ([PERSON].) [PERSON] 4 & Wooden materials & [70] \\ _Penicillium chrysogenum_ [PERSON] & Wooden art objects & [36] \\ _Penicillium expansum_ Link & Wooden art objects & [36] \\ _Penicillium glabrum_ (Wehmer) [PERSON] & Wooden art objects & [36] \\ _Penicillium ltenqvist_ Bainier and Sartory & Wooden art objects & [36] \\ _Penicillium_ Link & Wooden art objects & [36] \\ _Penicillium sacculum_ [PERSON] & Wooden art objects & [36] \\ _Pseudogymnoascus pamorum_ (Link) [PERSON] 5 & Wooden art objects & [36] \\ _Trichoderma viride_ Pers. & Wooden art objects & [36] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Previously identified as: 1 _Alternaria consoriaté_, 2 _Eurotium amsteladami_; 3 _Nesarostorya fischeri_; 4 _Fusarium solani_; 5 _Ctrysosporium pamorum_.  
\end{table}