## 3 MParser
### Methodology  
The theoretical foundation of MParser comes from the sign description framework (SDF) [26], as shown in Figure 4. It is a language for representing signs in computing systems and is particularly intended to represent the interpreted meanings or ideas of all objects in reality, such as appearing in dictionaries, texts, software, and web pages. A sign: = (_sign_, _denoter_, _reiter_, _denotation_, _connotation_) is modeled by a bi-tree, consisting of three relationships of a _denotation_, a _connotation_ and a _reification_ between signs. A _denotation_ is an internal relationship between a sign and its denoter, such that the denoter denotes the properties of a sign. We can understand a denoter as a feature container, containing all features of a sign. For a natural language, these features consist of the form (e.g., iid, term, and pronunciation), sense (i.e., meaning), part of speech (e.g., noun), tense (e.g., past), aspect (e.g., perfective), gender (e.g., male), number (e.g., single), and context (e.g., English). In essence, denotation provides a way to define a sign in the context of a sentence by a set of properties provided by a denoter. A _connotation_ is an external relationship between signs, such that a sign is connoted by a set of signs, which builds a parse tree of a set of signs. For instance, when a set of signs constructs a sentence as a sign in language, it can be parsed through connotation in grammatical cases. For example, we replace the sign of a sentence, and connotation can then parse the sentence sign into many atomic signs. Figure 4: An SDF data model. Figure 3: The process of MParser. A _reification_ is an instantiation relationship between a reifier (often a particular sign) and a specific denoter (often an abstract sign). For instance, given a denoter denoting the sign of \"color\", then \"white\" is a reifier, and between \"white\" and \"color\", there is a reification relationship. Or the sign is INT datatype, and 1234 is the reifier. By generalizing these represented concepts of objects into structured signs, SDF represents all objects in reality, such as objects of abstract and concrete, physical and virtual, and real and fictitious. CoDic (CoDic [[http://www.cis.umac.mo/~jzguo/pages/codic/](http://www.cis.umac.mo/~jzguo/pages/codic/)]([http://www.cis.umac.mo/~jzguo/pages/codic/](http://www.cis.umac.mo/~jzguo/pages/codic/)), accessed on 30 August 2021) [17] is a common dictionary and an application of the SDF consisting of 93,546 English words, 20,446 Chinese words, and 190,001 word senses. In CoDic, a concept is a basic element in a sentence and consists of words and phrases. Each concept has already been collaboratively edited without semantic ambiguity. Any dictionary term in CoDic (called a sign) is identified as a unique and internal identifier \(\mathit{iid}\in\mathit{IID}\), which is neutral and independent of any natural language and can refer to any term of a natural language. PoS plays a very important role and includes 16 kinds of signs, which are: _Noun(n)_:= _[Common (ncm), Pronoun(npr), Proper Organization (nop), Proper Geography(ngp), Pronoun(npr)], Verb(v)_:= [Intransitive (vit), Transitive(ottr), Ditransitive(vidi), Copulative(cop)], Adjective (adj), Adverb(adv), Preposition (prep), Conjunction(cnj), Interjection (int), Onomatopoeia (ono) and Particle (par)._ For the detailed description of PoS in CoDic, please see Appendix A. Given a simple sign \(s\) = (\(t\), iid) = (icobox, 5107 df00b635) = (common noun, \"An insulated chest or box into which ice is placed, used for cooling and preserving food.\") as shown in Figure 5. Specifically, the form of the sign is presented as follows:  
* **IID**: = **POS+Y+ID**: indicates the universal sign representational form. For instance, iid = 5107 df00b635, in which 1 after 5 refers to common noun, 7 df refers to year 2015, and 00b635 is ID. * **Term** indicates literal representational form for a sign, e.g., \"_icebox_\" is the literal representation of the sign 5107 df00b635 in English context.