## 1 Introduction  
The internet of things (IoT) is a paradigm that refers to embedded computing devices interconnected within the existing internet infrastructure in a unique and identifiable way, enabling them to collect and exchange data without human intervention. This technology extends the internet's capabilities beyond traditional computing devices to a wide range of physical objects equipped with sensors and software, allowing them to communicate and interact with their environment. As the IoT evolves, it reshapes our interactions with the physical world through seamless connectivity and communication between objects, systems, and people. The vast potential for innovation and disruption across industries and sectors indicates a future where the digital and physical domains are intricately intertwined. Currently, the development of the IoT is rapidly advancing due to the integration of hardware and software, combining smart devices with sensing, processing, and communication capabilities [1]. This has led to a vast intelligent computing platform, connecting billions of devices to address real-world challenges [2]. Another rapidly growing sector in the IoT is its hardware capabilities. Proper hardware is essential for IoT systems, as initial design robustness is crucial for reliability. IoT chips are used in devices and facilitate network functionality, providing key features such as data sensing, wireless connectivity, data processing, energy efficiency, and security. IoT chips come in various types: processors, sensors, connectivity ICs, memory chips, and logic device chips. In AI-based IoT, essential chips include the system on chip (SoC), microcontroller units (MCUs), communication, and sensor chips. The SoC handles data processing, the MCU gathers data and executes commands, the communication chip manages data transmission, and the sensor chip detects external signals [3; 4]. As an up-and-coming technology, the IoT can potentially revolutionize domains such as intelligent buildings, smart cities, healthcare, industries, and environmental monitoring [5]. The IoT has already been expanded to cover diverse applications, including smart grids, manufacturing processes, and product supply chains, demonstrating its integration into various aspects of society [6]. The future of IoT communication infrastructure is expected to sustain innovative applications in smart cities, smart grids, smart industries, and intelligent healthcare, emphasizing the potential of IoT technologies [7]. Figure 1 illustrates the current state of the IoT architecture. This IoT architecture integrates several critical components to effectively manage and utilize connected devices' data. At its core, \"things\"--objects equipped with sensors and actuators--collect and act on data. These objects can range from household appliances to industrial machinery, with sensors sometimes positioned remotely to monitor the surrounding environment. Data flows from these things to the cloud via gateways, which facilitate connectivity and preprocess and filter data to reduce the volume sent to the cloud while transmitting control commands from the cloud to the things. A cloud gateway further compresses these data and ensures secure transmission to IoT servers, adapting to different protocols as necessary. Within the cloud, a streaming data processor manages data transfer to a data lake and controls applications, ensuring there is no data loss or corruption. The data lake stores vast amounts of raw device data, which, when needed, are transferred to a big data warehouse, where they undergo further filtering and structuring for detailed analysis. Data analysts utilize this structured data to extract insights, identify trends, and improve system efficiency. Moreover, machine learning (ML) is employed to develop sophisticated models for control applications, which are regularly updated based on new data to enhance decision-making processes.