## 2 Materials and Methods
### Anthropometric Measurements  
All of the anthropometrical evaluations were conducted at the Sport Sciences Laboratory of Bologna University, with standardized conditions (\(\sim\)20 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 30-50% humidity). A trained operator collected all of the anthropometric measurements (stature, sitting height, body mass, lengths, widths, circumferences, and skinfold thicknesses) through standardized procedures [15]. Stature and sitting height were measured to the nearest 0.1 cm with a Raven anthropometer (Raven Equipment Ltd., London, UK), and leg length was derived through the subtraction of sitting height from stature. To evaluate sitting height, a flat anthropometric chair with a known height (40 cm) was used, and trunk height was obtained by subtracting it from sitting height. The participants (barefoot) were measured in a straightened upright position with the head oriented on the Frankfurt plane. Body mass was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg using a weighing scale (Seca Deutschland Medical Measuring Systems and Scale, Hamburg, Germany) with participants dressed in light clothing. Circumferences (relaxed and contracted upper arm, thigh, and calf) were measured to the nearest 0.1 cm with a non-stretchable tape (GPM measuring tape, DKSH, Swiss) and widths (humerus and femur) were measured to the nearest 0.1 cm with a sliding caliper, both at the left side of the body. The upper arm circumference was taken midway between the tip of the acrom and olecranon processes, with the participant's elbow relaxed along the body side (relaxed evaluation) or flexed 90\({}^{\circ}\) with the palm facing upward (contracted evaluation); the thigh circumference was taken at the mid-point between the inguinal fold and the superior rotula point, with the participant in a standing position (thigh muscles relaxed); and the calf circumference was taken at the bulkiest calf point, with participant in a standing position (calf muscles relaxed). The humerus and femoral widths were taken, respectively, between the lateral and medial epicondyles, with participants' elbows and knees flexed 90\({}^{\circ}\). Skinfold thicknesses (biceps, triceps, subscapular, supraspinal, supra-iliac, thigh, and calf) were measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using a Lange skinfold caliper at the left side of the body (Beta Technology Inc., Houston, TX, USA); triceps and biceps were measured vertically at the mid-point between the acrom process and the olecranon process at the posterior and anterior upper arm face, respectively; subscapular thickness was measured at an angle of 45\({}^{\circ}\) to the lateral side of the body, about 2 cm below the tip of the scapula; supraspinal skinfold thickness was measured above the anterior superior iliac spine; supra-iliac thickness was measured above the iliac crest (in the axillary line); the thigh was measured vertically at the mid-point between the inguinal fold and the superior rotula point; and the calf was measured vertically at the bulkiest calf point both medially and laterally.  
Each anthropometric measurement was performed three times, and the mean value was gathered.  
Body mass index (BMI) was computed as weight (kg)/stature squared (m\({}^{2}\)). The body fat percentage (%F) was estimated according to [PERSON] and colleagues [16]. To complete the body composition assessment, [PERSON]'s formulas [17] were also applied to calculate the total area of the upper arm, the calf, and the thigh, the muscle area of the upper arm,the calf, and the thigh, and the fat area of the upper arm, the calf, and the thigh. In addition, the arm fat index, the calf fat index, and the thigh fat index were derived.