esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Discussion
The experimental design of the study, with data collected in two different laboratories, possibly introduced additional variability in the experimental data. Collected data were however post-processed consistently. From a methodological perspective, several assumptions were made. First, simplified ligament and cartilage representations were adopted in the attempt to simplify the comparison among joint models. Indeed, only the two major ankle ligaments, TiCa and FiCa, were included, they were represented by their most isometric fiber, assuming a bilinear elastic characteristic with the same stiffness for both ligaments; articular contact was modeled through the elastic foundation approach. When evaluating anatomical consistency, the effects of joint distraction or slack ligaments were ignored. Both would result in joint instability, hard to consider within a rigid multibody model. Second, the lower-limb MSK models had muscle geometry and musculotendon parameters scaled from average literature values obtained from older cadavers [19; 42]. Their application to study a juvenile cohort is therefore questionable. However, muscle properties were kept identical across the three modeling methods, therefore not affecting the comparison carried out in the study. Furthermore, marker-based scaling of a generic MSK models assumes that skeletal anatomy scales linearly between individuals. While this is accepted for adults, its suitability is still unclear for juvenile individuals [43]. Therefore, the adoption of a scaled ankle axis could explain the significant differences observed for the SGJ. Third, a comprehensive validation of the MSK models could not be carried out based on the existing data. In fact, no electromyography data nor dynamic fluoroscopy data were available as part of the retrospective study. However, MCJ was previously validated [21] and the respect of ligament isometry found in this study can be considered as an indirect validation of the model. Last, while our analysis focused on the effect of anatomical inconsistency on the ankle joint, a comprehensive approach should look at the whole KC including joints with more complex kinematics, such as the knee or the articulations within the foot.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Numerical Simulation Set-Up
#### 3.1.2 Model B: Square Lattice  
Next, consider the transmission of water waves across the square lattice structure, as shown in Figure 4 for the transmission patterns. A typical wave amplitude distribution with the incident wave along the \(\Gamma M\) direction is shown in Figure 4a. The concentration areas are not exactly right on top of the cylinder but form band structures. In this case, the conversion efficiency in the \(\Gamma M\) direction appears to be higher than the \(\Gamma K\) direction. Figure 4b presents the maximum wave amplitude which bears a very similar pattern to that for the triangular lattice structure. However, as compared to the case of triangular lattice, the enhancement factor is appreciably larger.  
Table 3 lists the numerical enhancement factors when the cylinders are arranged in the square lattice. It is noted that there are some sparse points where the amplitude vanishes. These correspond to the forbidden frequency regions as the wave propagates through the band-gap areas.
# High Imperceptible Data Hiding Method Based on Combination Theory for AMBTC Compressed Images
## 5 Conclusions  
With combination theory, this paper proposed a highly imperceptible data-hiding method in AMBTC-compressed images. The proposed scheme is a non-block-classification-based scheme, as no predefined threshold is set to classify the block into smooth and complex. All the blocks are embeddable. The embedding strategy utilizes combination theory. The proposed scheme can embed at least 4 bits in a block using combination theory. The proposed scheme can achieve higher hiding capacity even in complex images. Moreover, by only modifying 1 bit in a block, the proposed scheme proved to be highly imperceptible. This is a very fundamental requirement for data hiding in the compressed domain.  
Further, our proposed scheme performs well with a practical and low-computation algorithm. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme satisfied the modified compressed image quality and had a high hiding capacity. Moreover, the proposed scheme performs better than related schemes, especially in complex images.  
For further development, our proposed scheme can be very effective and adopted appropriately in medical imaging for securing electronic patient information because our proposed scheme induces invisible modification of image quality.  
The authors' contribution to this manuscript is stated as follows: conceptualization: K.A.; methodology: K.A.; software: S.-F.C.; validation: N.-I.W.; formal analysis: N.-I.W.; investigation: S.-F.C.; data curation: S.-F.C.; writing--original draft preparation: K.A.; writing--review and editing: M.-S.H.; project administration: M.-S.H.; funding acquisition: M.-S.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology (Taiwan), grant numbers MOST 109-2221-E-468-011-MY3, MOST 108-2410-H-468-023, and MOST 108-2622-8-468-001-TM1. The APC was funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology (Taiwan).  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Context-Aware Gossip-Based Protocol for Internet of Things Applications
## 1 Introduction
Third, this paper reports further simulations that were conducted to examine the impact of parameter variability on three categories of applications within the IoT context: critical, bandwidth-intensive, and energy-efficient applications. In these simulations, the performance of the proposed protocol was evaluated in comparison with the original gossiping protocol and the Fair Efficient Location-based Gossiping (FELGossiping) protocol [19]. The experimental results show that the proposed protocol better satisfies the requirements of each analysed type of IoT applications: it reduces the end-to-end delay for critical applications, achieves fewer rebroadcast nodes and an increased percentage of saved broadcasts for bandwidth-intensive applications, and improves the network lifetime for energy-efficient applications. The remainder of this paper is organised as follows. Section 2 reviews variants of the gossiping protocols for WSNs. Next, the motivating scenario underlying this work is presented in Section 3. The system design is introduced in Section 4, detailing the weight function, the parameters considered, and the proposed variant of the gossiping protocol. In Section 5, the experimental configuration used  
Figure 1: Smart city project. Reproduced with permission from [PERSON] [17], SmartyTempy-IoT smartyWiot for Smart Cities [18]; published by Wardston Consulting, 2018.  
for conducting the simulations is described. This section also presents and discusses the experimental results. Section 6 assesses the performance of the proposed gossiping protocol in comparison with well-established benchmarks and reports the results. Finally, Section 7 summarises and concludes the paper and briefly discusses future work.
## 2 Numerical Method and Its Validation  
### Numerical Model  
A two-dimensional finite element model of a soil-structure system was established based on the platform OpenSees, as shown in Figure 1. The soil is simulated by four node quad element, and the beam, column, pile, and pile cap are simulated by dispBeamColumn elements. The dispBeamColumn element is based on the displacement formulation and considers the spread of plasticity along the element, and the default integration along the element is based on the Gauss-Legendre quadrature rule [22]. The soil constitutive model adopts the PressureIndependMultiYield model [23], which is an elastic-plastic material and is suitable for simulating the nonlinear behavior of clay under fast loading conditions. The constitutive models of concrete and reinforcing bar for reinforced concrete (RC) frames are uniaxial materials Concrete02 [24] and Steel02 [25], respectively. The stress-strain relationship of Concrete02 is shown in Figure 2a [26], where \(E_{0}\) and \(E_{t}\) denote the initial elastic modulus and tension softening modulus; and \(\sigma_{c0}\), \(\sigma_{cu}\), and \(\sigma_{t}\), respectively, denote the compressive strength, crushing strength, and tensile strength; \(\varepsilon_{c0}\) and \(\varepsilon_{cu}\) denote the strain at the maximum strength and the strain at the crushing strength; and \(d\) denotes the ratio of the unloading slope at \(\varepsilon_{cu}\) to the initial elastic modulus \(E_{0}\). Figure 2b illustrates the stress-strain relationship of Steel02 material, a uniaxial Giuffre-Menegotto-Pinto steel material considering isotropic strain hardening, where \(f_{y}\), \(E_{0}\), and \(b\) denote the yield strength, initial elastic tangent, and ratio between the post-yield tangent and initial elastic tangent, respectively. Regarding the connection between the nodes of the pile cap and soil, the horizontal translational degrees of freedom (DOFs) of the pile cap node and soil node are coupled to simulate the horizontal restraint of soil on the pile cap; the vertical DOFs of the pile cap node and soil node are connected by employing Zerolength elements, and the uniaxial material elastic-no tension (ENT) is assigned to the Zerolength elements to simulate the opening and closing between the soil and pile cap. Two lateral boundaries of plane soil are set as layered shear boundaries [27], where the translational DOFs of the nodes at the same height on the two lateral soil boundaries are coupled. The nodes of the pile and soil at the same position are fully coupled. The soil bottom is considered bedrock and the seismic excitation is conducted by inputting the time history acceleration of the bedrock to the bottom of the soil.
###### Abstract  
This in vitro study evaluated the accuracy of guided endodontics for the removal of intraradicular fiberglass posts from posterior mandibular teeth and the influence of the operator's experience in this procedure. Forty root-filled mandibular first molars with an intraradicular fiberglass post were mounted onto 20 mandibular models. Guides for access were made following surface scanning and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) using CoDiagnostix software. The models were randomly divided between two operators (n = 20). One was an inexperienced dental surgeon (IN), and the other was a dentist experienced in the guided technique (EX). A postoperative CBCT scan was superimposed on the initial planning, and the means were calculated for the angle and for 3D deviation. The 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated, and differences between groups were assessed by a \(t\)-test. The mean deviation angle was 2.54\({}^{\circ}\) (0-5.85\({}^{\circ}\)) for IN and 1.55\({}^{\circ}\) (0-2.85\({}^{\circ}\)) for EX. The mean 3D deviation was 0.44 mm (0.14-0.73 mm) for IN and 0.33 mm (0.11-0.76 mm) for EX. The means of the angle and 3D deviation were significantly different (\(p\) = 0.008 and \(p\) = 0.049). Guided endodontics was influenced by the operator and allowed access for removing intraradicular fiberglass posts with minimal deviation and greater accuracy for an experienced operator compared with an inexperienced one.  
d 202313516 [1]Applied Sciences
# Crowdsourcing Based Performance Analysis of Mobile User Heterogeneous Services
## 5 Use Cases
### Use Case 1: Data Statistical Study in Heterogeneous Environments  
In the heterogeneous environments, one of the challenges that concerns the mobile network sector is the management of the handover mechanism and the best station's coverage. The use of radio quality indicators is very helpful in this context such as the RSRP and the RSRQ in long-term evolution (\(LTE\)) systems [28]. Therefore, the first use case of our dataset is the study of the possible relations between RSRP and RSRQ on one hand and their impact on the quality of the services on the other hand from both system and user points of view. The objective is to come out with some recommendations of best signal indicators range per service and per user terminal [19]. To that end, we rely on system-view quality that represents service status on two levels: \(OK\) (service is supposed to work fine) and \(PROBLEM\) (presents \(FAILED\) and \(TIMEOUT\) status)). This is given automatically from the evaluation tool and is calculated based on the bitrate for the three tested services including file downloading, video streaming and web browsing. Table 6 shows the statistics about physical parameters per service for the two devices used. As in [19], most of the results are expected in the case of video streaming and web browsing. However, for a few number of traces, we notice that, despite very good received signal strength on the radio side (average RSRP of \(-84\) dBm) and regardless of the user terminal, the user is not able to download the content. Therefore, we conclude here that the poor performance is caused by the servers and not by the radio provision. It is more likely that the servers were overloaded at the moment of the measurement of these few traces. Caching the popular contents per region at the edge may help in such a scenario. Next, we focus on the video streaming and web browsing services. In fact, we took the average values of RSPR and RSRQ classes to achieve an overview of recommended signal strength levels for these two services as illustrated in Figure 6. Note that the measurements of the two used devices (Redmi and Samsung) are taken into account. By comparing our results in Figure 6 against the recommendations published in [19], we notice that the results are similar in the two considered services (video and web).
# A Nodal Analysis Based Monitoring of an Electric Submersible Pump Operation in Multiphase Flow
## 2 Multiphase Surging Empirical Model Review
Similar to the previous authors, this model can judge the ESP performance in gas well conditions. Based on [PERSON]'s experimental data, [PERSON] developed the model to predict the multiphase head degradation of the mixed flow pump (GN4000). His model relates the critical GVF and the pump operating PIP. This model can be applied in the ESP performance monitoring since it includes the pump operating PIP [18]. [PERSON] developed an empirical model for predicting pump performance in multiphase conditions. The model relates the normalized gas rate, normalized liquid rate, and the ratio of gas density to liquid density. The correlation predicts the stage pressure increment under the bubble flow regime and defines the transition patterns [19]. This correlation is more widely applied in designing pumps than monitoring; it is less attractive for judging the ESP performance in gassy well conditions. Using [PERSON]'s original model, [PERSON] (2010) developed the model to evaluate pump performance degradation in multiphase operation. His model correlated the normalized liquid rate and pump intake pressure [14]. This model can also be adopted to judge the ESP performance based on its operating PIP and normalized rate. [PERSON] combined a wide range of GVFs, pump rotational speeds, and intake pressures. He developed the correlation for predicting the pump surging initiation as a function of fluid properties and rotational speed [13]. [PERSON] conducted the recent experimental study regarding the multiphase effect on ESP performance [11; 20; 21]. He developed a new mechanistic model to evaluate the gas-liquid flow patterns in the ESP. His model correlates the critical gas fraction with angular speed, surface tension, liquid flow rate, impeller volume, and rotor radius. This model is more oriented to the ESP design than monitoring operating conditions. Briefly, the PIP plays a significant role in determining the threshold GVF amount entrained in the ESP without degradation [5]. The surging model proposed by [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] offers practical parameters for judging the ESP performance in gas well conditions. The remaining correlation models were not adopted in this study.
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Software Features and Algorithm
#### 3.1.2 Preprocessing  
In preprocessing (Figure 1; step 1.2), the video is processed to eliminate the regions that are not of interest to the user and transformed into a virtual primary color system (color space XYZ). In this color space, the chromaticity (XZ) and luminance (Y) are coded separately, resulting in a more uniform response to the luminosity variation. Then, grayscale transformation and normalization are applied to increase homogeneity between the frames. Smoothing is also applied through a transformation based on the median of neighborhood pixels to eliminate noise.
# Secure LoRa Firmware Update with Adaptive Data Rate Techniques +
###### Abstract
Bulk data transfers may also occur when a sensor does not have a reliable RF link, so data collected for an extended period of time must be transmitted when the link is reliable. In addition to the challenges associated with ADR, reliability and security considerations add complexity to the firmware update process. If a firmware update is not completed properly, the device is likely to become inoperable. Since free-ranging cattle can travel long distances, it is quite possible that they will roam outside of the operational communication range of the base station, increasing the risk of an incomplete firmware image transfer. In addition, the device's low-capacity battery may not be able to provide the power required to complete the firmware update process, resulting in an incomplete transfer. The security of the update process is also a concern since a malicious actor could try to hijack the firmware during the update process, which could allow them to access data stored on the device, including the proprietary embedded algorithms. A malicious actor could also subvert the devices using a Denial of Service (DoS) attack by loading code onto the devices that is not functional. This paper addresses the aforementioned concerns by providing techniques that ensure reliability and security, while using ADR to complete the process as efficiently as possible. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Time to Transfer Firmware for a 128 kB Image**} \\ \hline
**LoRa SF** & **6** & **8** & **10** & **12** \\ \hline Time & 16 min & 46 min & 2.49 h & 8.36 h \\ \hline
**FSK (bps)** & **19,200** & **57,600** & **115,200** & **300,000** \\ \hline Time & 53.3 s & 17.7 s & 8.88 s & 3.41 s \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: The time required to update a 128 kB firmware image.
# Influence of Aging Conditions on the Dynamic Stiffness of EPDM and EVA Rail Pads
## 4 Results
### Type C Pads  
Dynamic stiffness curves obtained from tests for the different conditions of pad C reveal an increase in stiffness with escalating mechanical degradation, although no effect is observed under low exposure levels. UV light exposure exhibits a mixed effect, decreasing stiffness under low exposure conditions while increasing it under more intense exposures, whereas the influence of hydrocarbon exposure is relatively mild, causing a slight reduction in stiffness as exposure increases, as shown in Figure 14.  
Pad C shows, through the boxplots presented in Figure 15, an increase in stiffness under the mechanical degradation conditions M1, M2, and M3 of 2.5%, 22%, and 27%, respectively. Regarding exposure to UV light, a decrease of 13% is observed for UV1 and an increase of 9.5% for UV2. On the other hand, exposure to hydrocarbons reduces dynamic stiffness by 5% under HC1, whereas in HC2, a 5% increase is recorded.  
Figure 14: Dynamic stiffness curves obtained from tests under different conditions for pad C.  
Figure 15: Boxplots showing the effect of each type of aging stiffness for rail pad C.  
Figure 16 shows that exposure to UV light produces a mixed effect on this pad; it reduces the stiffness in conditions of low exposure and increases it in those of higher exposure. In addition, it is observed that, for small load values, the stiffness is higher in both cases.
## 5 Implementation and Results
### Effects of Defined Constraints on the Engine Behavior
As a result, implementing the overshoot limit provides the impact to the shaft speed response, as shown in the solid transient line in Figure 13, retaining a large safety margin to the compressor limits and producing a smoother transient response by reducing the final steady-state oscillations. Figure 12: The comparison of HPC transient performance with and without limits of engine parameters. Figure 13: LPC (**a**) and HPC (**b**) transient performance controlled by MPC with different definitions of parameter constraints. Including the TET limit from Table 2, the MPC monitors the values of TET to prevent the turbine from over-heating. Two different upper limits (1792 K and 2100 K) and one lower limit (679 K) of TET have been included in the test. From Figure 15a, it can be seen that the temperatures can be successfully constrained within their limits throughout the entire operating range. However, longer acceleration and deceleration is produced, as shown in Figure 16. A longer transient time means that a stricter temperature limit has been applied (Figure 16) as well as a larger surge margin, as shown in Figure 15b. Figure 14: The gross thrust under the control of MPC with different definitions of parameter constraints. Figure 15: The performance of turbine entry temperature (TET) (**a**) and the HPC (**b**) affected by the limited TET compared to the results from the control of MPC without TET constraint.
# Analysis of Distributed Measurement Method for Array Antenna Position
## 3 Structural Design and Method  
### Structural Design  
In order to verify the feasibility of the measurement method, the Y12 aircraft was chosen as the experimental aircraft, and its structure is shown in Figure 5. According to the structural dimensions of the Y12 aircraft, the experimental wing device was designed and its structure is shown as follows.  
In order to simulate the real flight environment, the Y12 aircraft was refitted, and the experimental aircraft wing device was installed in the belly of the aircraft. The installation layout is shown in Figure 6. In order to improve design and the accuracy of manufacturing, we use the reference point system (RPS)  
Figure 5: Y12 aircraft and experimental aircraft wing device.  
so that when machining the aircraft wing model, the design datum point, process positioning point, and measurement datum point are unified, and can realize accurate coordinate control.