## 1 Introduction
This method can simulate the mechanical behavior of crack formation, penetration, and macroscopic fracture of rocks under external force. In addition, it can continuously monitor the characteristics of stress concentration and transfer, energy conversion, displacement, and deformation during rock fractures. For example, [PERSON] et al. simulate the dynamic responses around an underground tunnel subjected to blasting load by the particle flow code (PFC) [29]. [PERSON] et al. proposed a method for simulating the triaxial experiment of granite based on a flat joint contact model [30]. [PERSON] et al. studied the effect of heating on the fracture behavior of cemented backfill through PFC [31]. In addition, the PFC is suitable for studying the mechanical properties of rocks under impact dynamic loads. [PERSON] et al. established a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) numerical model using PFC to study crack generation, interaction, and energy conversion in the process of sandstone impact failure [32]. [PERSON] et al. established a model of blasting fracturing rock stratum using PFC and studied the influence of decoupling charge on the increase in crack growth in sandstone [33]. Thus, PFC numerical tests can be used to study the dynamic response characteristics of holes under stress waves. It can be seen from the above that there have been a lot of studies on the stress concentration of the hole. However, on the one hand, the current research mainly focuses on the fracture mechanism of roadways under the condition of static stress concentration, while the research on failures induced by dynamic disturbance is relatively few. On the other hand, the existing research on dynamic disturbance mainly focuses on dynamic stress evolution but lacks an in-depth discussion on the critical failure conditions of holes and the analysis of the difference between failure modes in different regions. In view of this, as the flowchart shows in Figure 1, in this study, the initial generation position, the penetration process of the hole edge crack, and the final failure mode of the entire sample during the incident stress wave are first captured based on SHPB laboratory tests. This is performed to characterize the failure mechanism of holes caused by the incident stress wave. Then, the temporal and spatial variations in circumferential stress around the hole, crack formation, and energy conversion are monitored and investigated by PFC simulations. In addition, the failure modes in different areas of the hole are analyzed. Finally, the effects of the stress wave frequency, amplitude, and elastic modulus of the rock on the surrounding rock stability are discussed. Considering that plenty of strong mine tremors can cause the deformation and failure of roadways, the main contributions of the study are as following: (1) the stress evolution process of the overall structure of the surrounding rock of the roadway after the incident of the stress wave is obtained. Considering the rock strength characteristics and dynamic stress evolution, the failure process of the surrounding rock is deeply analyzed, and the causes and differences of the failure of the surrounding rock in different regions are revealed; and (2) the research results are conducive to understand the failure mechanism when roadways are subjected to stress waves radiated by mine tremors, which is highly significant for proposing corresponding support methods for underground roadways/tunnels subjected to mining-tremor disturbances.