# Architectural Simulation of Hybrid Energy Harvesting: A Design Experiment in Lanzarote Island
## 4 Design Development
### Architectural Design Based on Energy Harvesting Technology with Macro-Energy Sources
#### 4.1.2 Optimal Tilt Angle (\(\beta\omega\)) Setting for the Installation of Solar Panels  
To improve the efficiency of solar energy, it is important to maintain a certain angle between the solar panel and the ground surface. The angle that allows the maximum efficiency of energy production of a solar module varies depending on the location and the time of the installation of the module [26]. This study applies a function that yields the optimal tilt angle of a solar panel using the latitude of the research subject and the solar declination to calculate the optimal tilt angle (\(\beta\omega\)) of the solar panels to be installed in the research subject location in Lanzarote (Equation (1)) [27]. \[\beta\omega=a_{1}+a_{2}\varphi \tag{1}\]  
In Equation (1), \(\beta\omega\) is the optimal tilt angle; \(\varphi\) is the latitude of the research subject, Lanzarote (\(28.9^{\circ}\) N); and \(a_{1}\) and \(a_{2}\) are the coefficients generated from the solar declination, the precise figures of which can be found in Table 1. As such, when solar panels are installed according to the optimal tilt angle (\(\beta\omega\)) from January to December, the generation efficiency of the solar panels is at its maximum point. .1.3 Calculation of Generation of Solar Energy According to the Optimal Tilt Angle (\(\beta\omega\))  
Solar energy generation is calculated with Revit 2019 and its plug-in program, Insight by Autodesk [28; 29]. Revit is representative software of Building Information Modeling (BIM), digital software in the field of architecture. Revit can be implemented in a three-dimensional virtual architecture under various environmental conditions, so it is used especially for green building design in the field of architecture [30; 31; 32; 33]. Figure 6 is an example where the annual solar energy generation of 1254 Wh was calculated using Insight, assuming a prototype of 1.5 m\({}^{-2}\) solar panels and a tilt angle of 51\({}^{\circ}\) using Revit software. For the solar panel model, the Hanwha Q. CELLS' Q.PEAK.DUO L-G7.4 390-405 model was chosen (Table 2). The reason is that the Hanwha Q. CELLS' Q.PEAK.DUO model occupies the first place in the US residential and commercial building sector in 2020 [34]; thus, the product performance was judged to be excellent. In addition, this model has the advantage of its size (2.0 m \(\times\) 1.0 m), is suitable for the production of the solar panel module of this study, and has strong power generation efficiency (20.3%) and capacity (390-405 Wp). The 35 m \(\times\) 30 m pergola roof to be installed in Lanzarote Dynamic Square with a total of 504 solar panels (1 m \(\times\) 1.5 m module) is simulated in three dimensions using the Revit software. Then, to maximize solar energy generation, the optimal tilt angle (\(\beta\omega\)) value from January to December is applied to the Insight software to generate the monthly solar energy generation (Figure 7). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**N.**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Month**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Solar Declination (deg)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Coefficients**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Optimal Tilt Angle (deg) \(\beta\omega\)**} \\ \cline{3-3} \cline{5-6}  & & & \(a_{1}\) & & \(a_{1}\) \\ \hline
1 & January & d\({}_{1}=-21.269\) & 31.33 & 0.68 & 51.0 \\
2 & February & d\({}_{2}=-13.289\) & 16.25 & 0.86 & 41.1 \\
3 & March & d\({}_{3}=-2.819\) & 6.80 & 0.84 & 31.0 \\
4 & April & d\({}_{4}=9.415\) & \(-6.07\) & 0.87 & 19.1 \\
5 & May & d\({}_{5}=18.792\) & \(-14.95\) & 0.87 & 10.2 \\
6 & June & d\({}_{6}=23.314\) & \(-19.27\) & 0.87 & 5.9 \\
7 & July & d\({}_{7}=21.517\) & \(-15.65\) & 0.83 & 8.3 \\
8 & August & d\({}_{8}=13.784\) & \(-4.23\) & 0.75 & 17.4 \\
9 & September & d\({}_{9}=2.217\) & 6.42 & 0.77 & 28.7 \\
10 & October & d\({}_{10}=-9.599\) & 15.84 & 0.83 & 39.8 \\
11 & November & d\({}_{11}=-19.148\) & 23.61 & 0.84 & 47.9 \\
12 & December & d\({}_{12}=-23.335\) & 30.56 & 0.76 & 52.5 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}