# Prediction Models for Diabetes in Children and Adolescents: A Review
## 1 Introduction  
The Global Burden of Diseases Study (GBD) has provided critical projections for disease prevalence through 2050. Based on the diabetes burden from 1990 to 2021 across 204 countries, combined with proportions of type 1 and type 2 diabetes recorded in 2021, it is estimated that by 2050, diabetes will emerge as one of the leading global causes of death and disability, affecting all demographic groups [1]. The findings reveal that in 2021, 529 million people worldwide were living with diabetes. This figure is anticipated to rise to 1.31 billion by 2050. Regions such as North Africa and the Middle East are projected to experience the highest prevalence, while the prevalence rates are expected to surpass 10% in over 43.6% of countries of the world [2]. The diabetes-related mortality was analyzed, and it is expected that the mortality burden of both T1D and T2D will gradually decline. However, achieving a reduction in T2D mortality remains a significant challenge, requiring substantial and continuous efforts in prevention and management. [PERSON] et al. [3] and [PERSON] et al. [4] projected the economic burden of diabetes. According to their study, the total economic costs of diabetes are expected to rise from $250.2 billion in 2020 to $460.4 billion in 2030, with an annual growth rate of 6.32%. Additionally, per capita costs are predicted to grow from $231 to $414, with an annual increase of 6.02%. The findings outlined above emphasize that diabetes represents a growing public health and economic challenge, necessitating enhanced resource allocation and robust prevention strategies. Diabetes is a rapidly spreading disease not only in adults but also in young people. Since 1990, when the first publications on type 2 diabetes (T2D) in children and adolescents were published [5], researchers began noticing a growing incidence of diabetes worldwide [6,7], and the disease has firmly established as a global health issue. Youth-onset type 2 diabetes (T2D) was first identified in Pima Indian children and adolescents [8]. By the mid-1990s, various clinics across the United States began reporting T2D cases in children from diverse ethnic backgrounds, particularly among non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics [9,10]. At that time, the researchers noticed that in some regions of the United States, T2D is as common in adolescents as type 1 (T1D) [11, 12, 13]. In 2000, the SEARCH for Diabetes Study was launched in the US to explore the epidemiology of both types of diabetes: T1D and T2D in children [14, 15, 16]. It was followed by the initiation of the \"Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth\" (TODAY) study in 2004 [17]. Data from the SEARCH study indicate that between 2003 and 2018, the adjusted incidence of T2D among children and adolescents in the US nearly doubled [18]. While the US leads in the T2D epidemic among children and adolescents [19], similar trends are evident worldwide [20], for example, in Austria, Britain, Germany [21], Canada [22], Hong Kong [23], China [24], Japan [25], India [16,26], Israel [27], etc. However, the overall incidence of T2D in Europe remains lower than in the US. Thus, in Germany, there was a threefold increase in T2D prevalence among 10- to 19-year-olds between 2002 and 2020 [21]. A comparable threefold rise was also seen in children during 2008-2018 compared to 1997-2007. In the UK, the number of children registered as having T2D and treated in pediatric diabetes units increased by more than 50% from 2015 to 2020 [28]. The Chinese data reveal an average annual increase of 26.6% in T2D among youth aged 10-19 years [29]. These data show that diabetes, especially T2D, is not a disease of adults as it was once believed. Its frequency among children and adolescents is on the rise and follows, first of all, the growth of the obesity rate in childhood [30,31]. Early-onset T2D represents a significant global public health challenge [32].