## 2 Literature Review  
### Studies on Typhoons' Cascading Effects  
A cascading effect is defined as a dynamic pattern whereby multiple disasters may interact to generate amplified impacts, while cascading disasters refer to the direct or indirect consequential disasters triggered by an initial disaster [13; 14]. The cascading effect of a typhoon disaster is characterized by the continuous expansion of risk in time and space through the dynamic coupling of risk factors [15]. The disaster evolution process exhibits significant regional differences: coastal areas experience compound marine disasters [16; 17], with strong winds, large waves, and storm surges, whereas inland regions experience cascading disasters, including floods [18; 19], urban waterlogging [20], and mudslides [21]. Notably, the cascading effects of typhoons not only result in disruptions in infrastructure systems [22] such as power systems and water supplies, but may also exacerbate ecological issues through vegetation degradation and saltwater intrusion [23], ultimately having impacts that are far more severe than those of the initial typhoon. Scholars studying typhoon mechanisms are progressively shifting their research focus from singular typhoon events to cascading disaster events. Existing studies primarily employ mathematical modeling and physical simulations to develop models for simulating typhoons and their cascading effects, such as floods and mudslides, with these approaches demonstrating high accuracy. For instance, [PERSON] et al. utilized the K-means++ method to systematically analyze spatial distribution patterns of typhoon rainfall events in mountainous watersheds of central Hainan Island, explaining flood-inducing rainfall patterns and their correlations with flood characteristics [24]. [PERSON] et al. conducted numerical simulations to investigate saltwater intrusion mechanisms in estuarine areas during typhoon events, revealing that peak saltwater intrusion typically occurs approximately one day after typhoon passage [25]. Current research increasingly incorporates cascading-effect analysis into mitigation strategies to strengthen resilience against extreme weather events. For instance, [PERSON] et al. quantitatively evaluated the dependence between storm surges/wave disasters and typhoon disasters using extreme value theory and Copula models, thereby optimizing coastal engineering to protect against extreme weather scenarios [26]. [PERSON] et al. employed Copula models to capture the relationships between flood events and typhoon-induced storm surges, subsequently integrating these relationships into energy system planning models to strengthen infrastructure resilience [27]. [PERSON] et al. developed policy instruments, through content analysis focused on typhoon-rainstorm disaster chains, to improve policy precision in response to cascading disasters [28]. Cascading disasters are characterized by complex evolution patterns, high dynamic uncertainty, and rapid multi-directional spread [29]. Traditional monitoring methods have limitations in terms of their information timeliness and coverage dimensions, making it difficult for the public to receive disaster information in time. Social media captures disaster data in real time through user-generated content, providing new data sources for early warning, process monitoring, and loss assessment. [PERSON] et al. validated the supplementary value of social media data for disaster intensity assessment through a spatiotemporal correlation analysis between Weibo information and the physical parameters of Typhoon Lekima [30]. [PERSON] et al. developed a representation method for disaster cascading processes based on media information, systematically identifying the characteristics of media information using network theory to describe social cascading processes after natural disasters [31]. [PERSON] et al.