esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Discussion and Implications
### Discussion on the Results by Response Type  
By examining several key discussion points in the scoring system, ranging from the lowest score of 1 to the highest score of 5, the authors categorize scores below 2 as lower scores indicating impractically for practical use, and scores above 4 as higher scores indicating practical utility. This analysis confirms that the fine-tuning performance of the LLaMA2-13B model is superior to that of the Davinci-002 model in most cases. However, the relatively higher performance of the Davinci-002 model in the 'Explicit specification requirement' category is noteworthy. These results provide insight into how each model responds to specific types of queries and can serve as important guidelines for future research and development directions.  
* In the 'Search for other related specification' category, out of 65 fine-tuned completions, the Davinci-002 model scored above 4 in only 14 instances, while the LLaMA2-13B model did so in 54 instances. This significant difference suggests that the Davinci-002 model tends to not acknowledge its ignorance about content not included in its training data, a phenomenon known as hallucination. On the contrary, the LLaMA2-13B model showed a higher frequency of accurately indicating its lack of knowledge when asked about content absent in its fine-tuned material. This is further evidenced by the number of scores below 2 in this category, where the Davinci-002 model scored 45 and the LLaMA2-13B model only 8.
* Examining the highest score of 5, the LLaMA2-13B model scored significantly higher frequencies of 5 (ranging from 2 to 6 times higher) in all categories except 'How is it determined?' category. Even in this category, though the frequency difference was marginal, the LLaMA2-13B model still outscored the Davinci-002 model in terms of the number of the score 5 received.
* Looking at the lowest score of 1, in the 'Search for other related specification' category, the LLaMA2-13B model had significantly fewer instances, while it was the Davinci-002 model that had significantly fewer 1s in the 'Explicit specification requirement' category. Most of the results indicated a superior fine-tuning performance of the LLaMA2-13B model; however, interestingly, the Davinci-002 model received significantly fewer 1s in the \"Explicit specification requirement\" category and thus had a slightly higher average score (Davinci-002 model: 2.86, LLaMA2-13B model: 2.69).  
Data privacy and security are key concerns that must be addressed when developing LLM-based organizational KM tools for industrial use. The fine-tuning process involves the use of potentially sensitive corporate information, and it is essential that strict measures are implemented to prevent unauthorized access or data breaches. Although it requires additional processes and deeper knowledge, the use of open-source models offers advantages in developing a domain-specific model that is not only more accurate but also more cost-effective.
## 1 Introduction
Because of their high importance, there is a list of ongoing programs worldwide that aim to eradicate, contain or suppress the populations of tephritid species [45]. Area-Wide Integrated Pest Management (AW-IPM) has been proven successful for the control of tephritid pest species and incorporates different components, such as thorough population monitoring employing sophisticated trapping systems, the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), the Male Annihilation Technique (MAT) and often bait insectical sprayings [46]. To ensure effective application of the above components of the AW-IPM programs, an in-depth understanding of insect communication and mating strategies is required. This field has been widely investigated in tephritids and an expanding body of literature is available. In this review, we critically discuss the current knowledge on pheromone-based communication in tephritid fruit flies, as well as its applied relevance for pest control. Starting from the role of these semiochemicals in tephritid reproductive behaviour, we analysed the most relevant, available literature focusing on (_i_) volatile pheromones released by males and/or females, (_ii_) HMPs, and (_iii_) CHs. For each of these three groups, the tissues involved in the production, their chemical identity, and the analytical methods applied for the identification, as well as the electrophysiological and behavioural tools employed to shed light on their ecological significance, are considered. Due to their high economic importance, insights are provided on pest species of the genera _Anastrepha_, _Bactrocera_, _Ceratitis_, _Rhagoletis_ and _Zeugodacus_. Over the last decades, tephritid semiochemical research has not been equally dedicated to all three groups of semiochemicals. Thus, information related to volatile pheromones, mostly because of their more direct applied implications, is far more extended. This is also reflected in the present review, which additionally focuses on the role of semiochemical-based communication in species evolution. Tephritids display different levels of host specialisation, covering the whole spectrum from monophagy to polyphagy. Whether and how the adaptation to novel host plants drove the evolution of such an extreme diversity is still an open question and requires investigation of multiple factors (and their interactions), including those related to semiochemical-based communication. Finally, results focusing on applying the above-mentioned knowledge to fruit fly population monitoring and management, as well as to chemical taxonomy, are analysed, towards formulating major challenges for future research.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Characterisation  
#### 2.4.1 UV-Visible Absorption Behaviour  
The immobilisation of MTX on MOFs was confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy. The UV-vis absorption behaviour of a solution containing 50 uM of MTX, UiO-66, UiO-66-MTX, UiO-66-NH\({}_{2}\), and UiO-66-NH\({}_{2}\)-MTX in water was investigated. The UV-vis spectrum of MTX exhibited strong absorbance near 608 and 660 nm (Figure 2), corresponding to the dimer and monomer of the drug, respectively [47]. The absorbance at 608 nm was produced due to electron shift of substituent hydroxy group, and 660 nm was due to the substituent amino group attached to the anthraquinone ring [48]. UiO-66-NH\({}_{2}\) and UiO-66 showed no absorbance at wavelength range from 400 to 800 nm [49]. Due to electrostatic interaction between the cationic MTX molecules and MOFs, absorbance was expected to decrease in host-guest inclusion complex of UiO-66-MTX and UiO-66-NH\({}_{2}\)-MTX compared to free MTX as depicted in Figure 2A,B.  
A calibration curve (Figure S4) was constructed at 608 nm for MTX using UV-vis absorption of MTX solutions at different concentrations, ranging from 0.5 uM to 100 uM, in water. This curve served as a reference to determine the loading concentrations of MTX in the MOFs and the release concentrations of MTX from the MOFs.
###### Abstract  
The ionosphere is one of the main factors affecting the accuracy of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). It is a dispersive medium for radio signals, and for multi-frequency receivers, most of its effect can be removed. The problem is for the single-frequency devices, which must rely on a correction model. The motivation of this paper is the adoption of different ionospheric models in GPS/EGNOS (Global Positioning System/European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service) positioning to mitigate the impact of geomagnetic storms. The aim of this article is to examine the accuracy of GPS/EGNOS single-frequency positioning. In all the examined solutions, GPS L1 data augmented with the EGNOS clock and ephemeris corrections were used in position calculation. The changes were only made to the ionospheric model. The examined scenarios are as follows: without any model (off), Klobuchar, NeQuick G, and EGNOS model. The analysed period is 6-12 September 2017, during which the last strong geomagnetic storm took place. In order to perform a reliable analysis, the study was conducted at three International GNSS Service (IGS) stations in different geographical latitudes, within the EGNOS APV-1 (Approach with Vertical Guidance) availability border. The obtained results prove that the EGNOS ionospheric model meets the aviation positioning accuracy criteria for the APV-1 approach during the studied geomagnetic storm. The EGNOS average horizontal positioning error of 0.75 m was on average almost two times lower than the other solutions. For vertical positioning, the EGNOS error of 0.93 m proved to be two times lower than those of the Klobuchar and NeQuick G models, while it was more than three times lower for the off solution.  
GPS; GNSS; GPS/EGNOS positioning; ionospheric models; SBAS; EGNOS; NeQuick; Klobuchar 2020, 10, 1553; doi:10.3390/app10051553
## 5 Conclusions  
In this work, a two-zone model to simulate fire behavior and consequences in a compartment where multi-fuel combustion occurs was developed and validated using a series of full-scale compartment fire tests conducted in the IUSTI fire laboratory. In these experiments, different combinations of solid and liquid fuels and two levels of compartment confinement were studied, corresponding to both under-ventilated and well-ventilated fire conditions.  
Conclusions were drawn by comparing simulation and experimental results:  
Figure 18: Test 10: (**a**) individual and total HRRs, (**b**) average gas temperature, (**c**) average wall temperatures, (**d**) volume fractions of O\({}_{2}\) and CO\({}_{2}\) in the exhausted gases, and (**e**) smoke layer interface height.  
* Regardless of the fuels used and the confinement level of the enclosure, the two-zone model reproduces the experimental trends well for all fire scenarios, including the time evolution of the smoke layer interface.
* The new concept of surrogate fuel molecule is a good alternative when several fuels are burning in the same compartment. For under-ventilated fires, differences between model results and measurements appear, which may be due to the limited information on the combustion properties of some fuels involved in fire and to the simple one-step reaction mechanism with constant yields of soot and CO.
* The impact of the ceiling jet on the walls depends strongly on the size of the fire. For small fires, the model is rather conservative. In contrast, it slightly underestimates the wall temperature increase for large fires whose flames and fire plumes can touch the ceiling.  
Further modeling and numerical work should be conducted to improve the reaction mechanism and the ceiling jet modeling. For the latter, the flame height dependence could be studied. This study also provides data that other researchers could use in developing their fire model.  
B.P., conceptualization, methodology, and writing--original draft; N.S., software; Y.P., M.M., and P.P., investigation; J.L., project administration; N.D., validation; T.P., data curation. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Association Nationale de la Recherche et de la Technologie (ANRT), CIFRE Grant n\({}^{\circ}\) 2017/1739, and jointly by the Delegation Generale de l'Armement (DGA) and the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), Grant n\({}^{\circ}\)ANR-17-ASMA-0005.  
Not applicable.  
Data supporting the results of this study are available on request from J.L.  
The authors wish to express their thanks for the financial support of ANRT, DGA, and ANR.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.  
References
# Strength Characteristics of Iron Tailings Blended Soil as a Road Base Material
## 1 Introduction  
With the rapid development of Chinese society particularly across China, the process of road transportation is also constantly advancing and cutting-edge technologies are being applied. The highway construction system has improved to a large extent, however, the shortage of the raw materials such as sand and gravel and the escalating prices increase project costa [1], thus resulting in a series of constraints. As an important part of its mineral resources, iron ore mining in China discharges nearly 300 million tons of iron tailings (ITS) annually, such that a large amount of these can only be piled up in the form of tailings ponds. Presently, the utilization rate of ITS resources in China is only about 50% [2; 3]. The elevated levels of the tailing ponds are largely attributed to the increase of ITS discharge. The tailings accumulation exhibits fluidity which tends to collapse and thus poses a serious threat to the environment [4; 5; 6; 7]. Therefore, the rational utilization of ITS resources is of immense significance.  
According to various researchers, ITS have good application prospects in road engineering [8; 9; 10; 11; 12]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [13] studied the stabilization and solidification of ITS using lime and fly ash with the partial addition of Portland cement by means of the unconfined compressive strength (UCS), hydraulic conductivity, and leaching propensity tests. [PERSON] et al. [14] studied the effect of ITS on cement modified tropical black clay, and found the optimal blend is 4% cement and 6% tailings. [PERSON] et al. [15] investigated iron ore tailings stabilized with cement and slag and concluded that the UCS of 5% cement mixture complied with strength requirements necessary for the base course of roads. In another study, [PERSON] et al. [16] found that mixing laterite with iron ore tailingsand stabilizing with cement-line can be used as base material in construction of expressways. [PERSON] et al. [17] found that 12% of the Portland cement and 10-40% of tailing passes the freezing and thawing criteria for stabilization of low plasticity clay soils. [PERSON] et al. [12] demonstrated that cement-stabilized iron ore tailings may be incorporated in road construction.  
In this study, ITS in eastern China were mixed in the soil and the blended soils was stabilized by incorporating soil curing agent and cement. The mechanical properties and durability of the iron tailings blended soil (ITBS) were explored by conducting a multitude of laboratory tests as well as various microstructural tests. Also, the mechanism of ITBS with different materials was analyzed in detail and the performance of the ITBS was comprehensively evaluated in order to promote the application of the newly proposed base material in highways construction.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Comparison of Different Search Methods Based on the CD Estimation Principle  
The proposed CD estimation method based on FrFT can make full use of the advantages of time-frequency domain combination to better analyze the impact of CD on the optical fiber communication system. It can not only estimate the CD quickly and accurately, but also improve the compensation effect for other damages, reduce the cost, and optimize the utilization of optical network resources. To sum up, in order to reflect the comparison between the proposed CD estimation method and other scanning search CD estimation  
Figure 12: Relationship between (**a**) error rate and (**b**) estimation error with input power.  
Figure 13: FrFT results of (**a**) PM-QPSK and (**b**) PM-16 QAM signals under different input powers.  
methods, the advantages and disadvantages of the corresponding methods are given in Table 4.  
Through the analysis of Table 4, for the scanning search method, the overall complexity of the estimation process depends on the scanning search interval, the number of sampling points and the complexity of the calculation process. The CD estimation method based on FrFT has advantages over the other two methods in terms of sampling points and computational complexity at the same search interval, and can obtain smaller CD estimation error. In addition, in terms of the resistance to OSNR and PMD damage, the CD estimation method based on FrFT has good robustness, while the other two methods only discuss the CD estimation effect under the condition of fixed OSNR and PMD, which has certain limitations. In general, the proposed method has certain advantages over other methods in terms of CD estimation accuracy and resistance to other damage.
## 4 Privacy-Preserving Smart Metering with Authentication Capability
### Scheme Construction
#### Data Encryption  
For \(1\leq i\leq n\), \(s_{i}\) encrypts its measurement \(m_{i}\) as \(c_{i}=Enc_{k_{i}}(m_{i})\) and forwards \(L_{i}=(L_{i-1},(ID_{i},c_{i}))\) (for a first smart meter, _i.e._, if \(i=1\), \(L_{0}\) is defined as null) to the subsequent smart meter \(s_{i+1}\) together with the aggregate signature \(\sigma\) (which will be generated below) until it reaches the concentrator.
# Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of Calcium-Silicate-Based Mineral Foam for Blast Mitigation
## 2 Air-Blast Experiments
### Calcium-Silicate-Based Mineral Foam as Crushable Core  
The crushable core used in this study is made from autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC). This material features a brittle, closed-cell microstructure and is classified as mineral foam with a density of 110 kg/m\({}^{3}\) and a porosity of 95%. The foam composition includes 70-80% by weight of calcium-silicate hydrate, less than 2% of quartz, 15-20% of calcite, and 3-8% gypsum. This mixture is stabilized in an autoclave at 12-bar pressure and approximately 190 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Uni-axial quasi-static compression tests were performed at a 1 mm/min crushing velocity for static properties. The foam exhibits [PERSON]'s modulus of 30 \(\pm\) 2 MPa, a plateau stress of 237 \(\pm\) 11 kPa and a densification strain of 72 \(\pm\) 1% [37].
# Drone SAR Imaging for Monitoring an Active Landslide Adjacent to the M25 at Flint Hall Farm
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Hardware Development
#### 3.2.5 Payload Enclosure and Other Components  
The antennas, E312 and Raspberry Pi are incorporated into an aluminium payload enclosure (Figure 10), which attaches to the underside of the drone in a modular fashion (Figure 11). Aluminium was chosen as a suitable material since it is a lightweight metal that provides good strength and stability at small thicknesses. The payload and antennas are oriented towards the front of the drone, due to the landing gear mechanisms and legs on the sides of the drone. As the drone can move about the yaw axis of rotation, the antennas can achieve the side-looking antenna viewing geometry required for SAR with forward-mounted antennas and sideways flight.  
Other payload components in Figure 11 include the Raspberry Pi version 2.1 camera module and the Emlid RS+ Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) module; these components are not required for the drone SAR imaging presented here; however, they are utilised for the ongoing work regarding data visualisation and the transition from discrete SAR imaging to multi-pass InSAR. Regarding the former, the Sony IMX219 8 Megapixel sensor with a fixed-focus lens provides 3280 (H) \(\times\) 2464 (V) pixel static images for SAR visualisation on optical data. Regarding the latter, this GNSS module is used in conjunction with an equivalent base station GNSS module for flight path  
Figure 9: Photographs of the CCL horn antennas: (**a**) external view; (**b**) internal view.  
Process Kinematics (PPK). To achieve repeat-pass interferometry, the flight path must be repeated to within a critical baseline, which is typically tens of centimetres for drone radar platforms, depending on the specific imaging geometries and radar parameters. The GNSS data corrected through PPK provides horizontal and vertical kinematic accuracies of \(7+1\) and \(14+2\) (mm + ppm), respectively.  
Figure 11: Drone radar payload attached to the drone at Flint Hall Farm.  
Figure 10: Drone radar payload, with the CCL horn antennas, E312 SDR and 3D-printed connection stabiliser for the SMB-SMA connectors, and Raspberry Pi (on the back).
# Formation Control of Nonlinear Multi-Agent Systems with Nested Input Saturation
## 5 Experimental Results on a Swarm of Aerial Robots  
In this section, we showcase the experimental outcomes of implementing the proposed decentralized control protocol on a fleet of five commercial quadrotors, specifically the Crazyflies 2.1 ([[https://www.bitcraze.io/products/crazyflie-2-1/](https://www.bitcraze.io/products/crazyflie-2-1/)]([https://www.bitcraze.io/products/crazyflie-2-1/](https://www.bitcraze.io/products/crazyflie-2-1/)), accessed on 3 December 2023). All the experiments were conducted in our lab using the associated Loco Positioning system ([[https://www.bitcraze.io/documentation/system/positioning/loco-positioning-system/](https://www.bitcraze.io/documentation/system/positioning/loco-positioning-system/)]([https://www.bitcraze.io/documentation/system/positioning/loco-positioning-system/](https://www.bitcraze.io/documentation/system/positioning/loco-positioning-system/)), accessed on 3 December 2023) to measure the position of every quadcopter w.r.t. to their inertial frame. Note, that each quadrotor can only exchange information with its neighbors dictated by the communication graph of the system. The quadrotors are equipped with a cascade PID onboard control scheme that compensates for the inertial dynamics. Therefore, each quadrotor belongs to the class of (17) and satisfies Assumption 2, where the state \(\zeta_{i}\in\mathbb{R}^{3}\) of agent \(i\), represents its coordinates w.r.t. to its inertial frame, denoted as \(\zeta_{i}=[x_{i},y_{i},z_{i}]^{T}\), \(i=1,\ldots,5\). The control inputs are the corresponding translational velocities, i.e., \(u_{i}=[u_{x,i},u_{y,i},u_{z,i}]^{T}\), \(i=1,\ldots,5\), restricted in both magnitude and rate by the physical constraints of the quadcopter's motors. The adjacency matrix \(\mathcal{A}\) of the communication graph is the same as in (18) and the matrix \(B=[1,0,0,0,1]\) was chosen to satisfy Assumption 1. Notice that only agents 1 and 5 have knowledge about the state of the leader \(\zeta_{0}=[x_{0},y_{0},z_{0}]^{T}\). The objective of the robotic swarm is twofold. First, the agents starting from a straight line configuration on the ground should form a regular pentagon, with the virtual leader positioned at its center. Then, the swarm should track the motion of the leader, moving at a constant speed of 5 cm/s, while maintaining the desired formation. In particular, the leader's trajectory is given by:  
\[\zeta_{0}(t)= \begin{cases}[0.5,0,1.3]^{T},&0\leq t<40\\ [0.5-0.05(t-40),0,1.3]^{T},&40\leq t\leq 70\end{cases} \]  
The performance parameters, the control gains and the saturation levels are presented in Table 3. The selection of control parameters is based on Remark 6 while the saturation levels were selected in order to guarantee safe flight for the agents, free of large and jerky velocities. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Performance Index** & **Proposed Scheme** & **Scheme of [35]** \\ \hline \(H_{ASE}\) & 0.43835 & 0.83016 \\ \(\mu_{AAE}\) & 0.9195 & 2.3677 \\ \(H_{TEC}\) & 5.0563 & 2.7216 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Tracking Performance Indices.