esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Variants of the Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy Protocol: Survey, Issues and Challenges
## 2 Background and Overview of WSNs
### WSN's Components  
A WSN is used to detect or monitor an area to collect data for further processing. Monitoring is conducted by a set of nodes, which are spread randomly in that area. Each node senses specific data and sends them to another node (if the communication model is multi-hop) until these data reach the BS, where data processing is performed on the data. Data are sent from one node to another node via radio transmission [59; 60]. Figure 1 illustrates the components of a common WSN.  
Sensor nodes are limited in size and weight, and each node in a WSN consists of a power supply (e.g., a battery), a small memory module, a small CPU, and an antenna, as shown in Figure 2.  
Limited power is the main drawback of WSNs because sensors can consume their total energy in a short period due to sensing and transmission operations. The difficulty and inefficiency of replacing batteries or power supplies of dead nodes (because the number of nodes can be large and deployment can be arbitrary) pose serious challenges in meeting application requirements [61; 62].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Challenge** & **Description** \\ \hline Single-hop communication & In WSNs, sensor nodes transmit data only to their neighbors, and this situation becomes a problem when a node must send data to other nodes. Thus, developing a routing algorithm to select a transmission route is a significant issue [50; 51]. \\ \hline Nodes mobility & In mobile sensor networks, sensor nodes move frequently. Reconstructing routes to reduce communication failures and make routes adaptive remains a challenge in WSNs [52; 53]. \\ \hline Large number of nodes & WSNs, that are deployed in a large area, comprise a large number of sensor nodes. Thus, considerations when designing algorithms include making sensor networks fault-tolerant and maintenance of these networks [54; 55]. \\ \hline Sensor deployment & WSNs are used to monitor a large region by dropping a large number of nodes from an aircraft. How can these nodes be deployed efficiently to cover the entire region? [56; 57] \\ \hline Topology control & The power of nodes in WSNs is limited, and after a period, several nodes die. Changing the topology of the network, especially in dynamic WSNs, is an important issue [58]. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: _Cont._  
Figure 1: WSN’s components.
## 3 Discussion
However, this hypothesis may be contrasted by the downregulation of a gene encoding the rate-limiting step of ABA biosynthesis, NCED6 (_Vitvi05g00963_, group 3) [83]. It is interesting to note that the DYE treatment also probably interfered with the transport of two hormones: of ABA, by down-regulating the expression of genes with similarities with two ABA transporters (the ABA export carrier ABCG25 (_Vitvi18g01703_, group 3) and the ABA importer ABCG40 (_Vitvi04g00423_, group 3) [82]), and of auxin, by down-regulating genes encoding proteins with similarity to the auxin influx carrier AUX1 (_Vitvi13g00019_, group 4) [90] and the efflux carrier PIN1 carrier (_Vitvi17g00210_, group 3) [94]. An interesting effect of DYE is also the reversion of declining expression of a cytokinin-responsive factor (CRF4) (_Vitvi16g01201_) from TP2 to H (Table 1). This gene has been claimed to be a master regulator of nitrogen uptake by controlling more than half of the genes associated with nitrogen uptake and assimilation [107]. By considering that nitrogen regulation can effectively promote the improvement of berry components and the formation of flavor compounds in wine grapes [108], the fact that DYE treatment can modulate the expression of CRF4 is a topic that should be further investigated. Overall, with these data, we provide the first comprehensive picture of the transcriptional signaling pathways that are modulated by the treatment with DYE in grapevine berries. We identified for the first time several DYE-responsive transcription factors that may be responsible for the activation of the downstream metabolic responses of berries selectively modulated by DYE without interfering with the main ripening parameters, sugars, and acidity. In addition, our data also provide novel and significant insights supporting the role of DYE in the modulation of ROS stress and, unexpectedly, of specific subsets of the signaling components of the JA and ethylene hormonal pathways, activated to modulate stress adaptation through molecular priming. Finally, both the molecular and metabolic evidence provided in this work point out a specific effect of DYE on the LOX pathway that may be coupled to a faster turnover of GSH, explaining the DYE-dependent increase of GSH- and Cys-bound 3 MH precursors.
## 2 Methods
### Mathematical Formulations
#### 2.2.4 Total System Mathematical Model  
The block diagram of the parallel control system is obtained by combining the three links above, as shown in Figure 3. The block diagram indicates that the parallel valve-pump system is a type-0 system and the valve and pump control links are all unstable, requiring the two links to be corrected in order to obtain sound control performance. The simplest method, integral correction, is used here.  
After correction, the open loop transfer functions of the valve control link and pump control link are respectively given by:  
\[G_{vk}=\frac{K_{sp}}{s(\frac{s^{2}}{\omega_{p}{}^{2}}+\frac{2\xi_{v}}{\omega _{v}}s+1)(\frac{s^{2}}{\omega_{l}{}^{2}}+\frac{2\xi_{l}}{\omega_{l}}s+1)} \tag{12}\]  
\[G_{pk}=\frac{K_{sp}}{s(\frac{s}{\omega_{bp}}+1)(\frac{s^{2}}{\omega_{l}{}^{2} }+\frac{2\xi_{l}^{2}}{\omega_{l}}s+1)} \tag{13}\]  
where \(K_{sp}\)_is_ the open loop gain of the corrected valve control link, _and_\(K_{sp}=30\ K_{m}K_{vl}K_{q}/(\pi D_{m}),\) in which \(K_{vl}\) is the integral gain of the valve control link, _\(K_{sp}\) is_ the open loop gain of the corrected  
Figure 3: Block diagram of LVPC system.  
pump control link, _and_\(K_{sp}=30\)\(K_{m}K_{p1}K_{u}D_{p}/(\pi D_{m})\), in which \(K_{pl}\) is the integral gain of the pump control link.  
The LVPC system is a multiple input single output (MISO) system. To facilitate the study, the system could be assumed a linear system that satisfies the superposition principle, that is the total output produced by multiple inputs is equal to the sum of the outputs produced by a single input. Specific to this system, LVPC can be viewed as a superposition of a pump controlled motor and a valve controlled motor, so the o integrated pen-loop gain of the combined system \(K_{sl}\) is equal to the sum of the valve-controlled open-loop gain \(K_{sp}\) and the pump-controlled open-loop gain \(K_{sp}\).  
\[K_{sl}=K_{\mathrm{p}}K_{sv}+K_{p}K_{sp} \tag{14}\]  
In the equation, \(K_{v}\) and \(K_{p}\) are used to adjust the proportion of pump control and valve control. The velocity stiffness of the LVPC system is given by  
\[\left|\frac{T_{L}}{n_{m}}\right|_{l}=\frac{K_{sl}D_{m}{}^{2}}{C_{l}} \tag{15}\]
# An Air Spring Vibration Isolator Based on a Negative-Stiffness Structure for Vehicle Seat
## 2 Design of the Air-Spring Vibration Isolator System  
### Model Description  
The ASVIS with NSS was improved with respect to the traditional vibration isolator by employing a sleeve air spring to replace the damper and the linear spring. The general structure of the ASVIS is displayed in Figure 1a. It consists of three individual structures, namely, a bellows-type air spring with NSS (1), a crisscross mechanism (2), and a sleeve-type air spring (3). When the isolated object (4) moves vertically, the air bellows mechanism (1) combines with the crisscross mechanism (2) to provide negative stiffness along the vertical axis, while a sleeve air spring (3) provides positive stiffness.  
The schematic diagram of the ASVIS in the static equilibration position is described in Figure 1b. Firstly, the isolated object (4) was fixed to the upper plate and kept stationary. Two linear shafts (9) were assembled perpendicularly to the upper plate (7) by a bracket (8), which could slip on the two linear bushings (10). The two linear bushings (10) were fitted on the base support (11) to make the upper plate (7) move only along the vertical direction. Moreover, a crisscross structure (2) comprised two straight bars (19) and loading supports in a crisscross 'X' pattern. The upper ends of the straight bar (19) were connected with the upper linear guide (5) via a linear support (6), while the lower ends of the straight bar (19) were connected in the same manner to the base (12). Hence, the lower ends of the straight bar (19) could rotate circularly by means of a pin (20), while the upper ends could freely slide along the surface of the upper plate (7). Furthermore, two air bellows (15) were installed between the left link (14) and the right link (16). One side of the air bellows (15) was connected with a bellows fork (13), and the other side was connected with the crisscross mechanism by using a rotating joint (17). This joint could move up and down while slipping on the bellows' linear guide (18). Finally, a negative-stiffness structure consisted of the air bellows (15), the bellows fork (13), the left link (14), and the right link (15), which produced a negative stiffness in the vertical direction.  
In addition, a sleeve air spring was also added since it could provide sufficient rigidity in static conditions and be adapted to any weight changes. As a result, the dynamic stiffness in the vertical axis of the ASVIS system was equal to the total of the dynamic stiffness of the sleeve-type air spring and the negative-stiffness structure.
## 3 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Experimental Results of the Baseline Airfoil  
To verify the accuracy of the experiment, the experimental data from the wind tunnel of LM Wind Power were selected as a reference [28]. The aerodynamic data of the DTU-LN221 airfoil under uniform inflow were measured in the LM wind tunnel experiment at the approximate Reynolds number of \(1.5\times 10^{6}\). The lift and drag data were selected as a cross-validation case. In consideration of the interference effect of wind tunnel wall, the maximum blockage ratio in this experiment was about \(8.4\%\), so the experiment measured data of the airfoil were corrected by after the reference [29], and the experimental data analyzed below were all corrected. In order to perform a comparison, Figure 9 shows the comparison of experimental data of the DTU-LN221 airfoil under uniform inflow condition. To minimize the uncertainty, measurements were performed several times for comparison test at the approximate Reynolds number of \(1.5\times 10^{6}\), YZU1, YZU2, YZU3 represents the results of the repeated experiments. As shown in Figure 9, the lift and drag coefficients were very similar before the stall angle, while there were some discrepancies in the stall state. Consider the cause of flow separation, the deviation of results of drag is quite considerable, but the stall angles tested in the two wind tunnels were nearly the same. The reason for this may be that although the airfoils were of the same type, they were individually manufactured, for example the roughness of the airfoil surface may affect the experimental results. Besides, there were some differences in drag measurements, LM adopted the model surface pressure distribution in a certain range of the angle of attack, while YZU used the wake probes at all angles. Similar phenomena were seen in different wind tunnel laboratories [30; 31; 32]. In the following, for reason of comparisons, the measured data are averaged.  
Figure 8: Description of the flow field behind the grilles. (**a**) Turbulence intensity and average velocity (Re: \(0.8\times 10^{6}\)); (**b**) Comparison of the PSD (1.6 m behind the grille).  
Figure 9: Comparison of experimental data of the DTU-LN221 airfoil (uniform inflow, Re: \(1.5\times 10^{6}\)). (**a**) Lift coefficient comparison; (**b**) drag coefficient comparison.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Characteristics of the Field Survey and Consumption Patterns  
Characteristics of the sample are presented in Table 1. As the research focused on younger respondents, the sample was predetermined in terms of age (under 25) and parents of adolescents under 18 responded on behalf of their children. Therefore, the demographic characteristics were not stratified due to these predefined criteria. Since the number of adolescents and young adults in Serbia is estimated at about 1.2 million [36], the estimated sample size should be at 384 [37; 38], with a confidence level of 95% and confidence interval of 5%. Our survey gathered 377 responses. Nevertheless, the sample can be considered suitable to assess fruit and vegetable dietary habits [26]. In general, young female respondents prevailed compared to males. Young adults (mainly students) participated in over two thirds of the sample. Considering BMI, 13.3% were overweight, with no case of BMI > 30, i.e., obesity [25]. Consumption of vegetables is slightly higher than the consumption of fruits. Based on the two recall methods, the FFQ recall model resulted in higher values compared to the 24 h recall.  
Table 2 depicts if there is statistically significant association between sex and frequency of consumption and age groups and frequency of consumption, as reported in the FFQ part of the questionnaire. There are sex related differences in the consumption frequency of blackberries and onion (\(p\) < 0.05), as female respondents reported more frequent consumption of the two commodities. The consumption of oranges, strawberries, tangerines and onions varies significantly between different age groups (\(p\) < 0.05). Younger population more often consumes these fruits while older population more frequently consumes onion.
# Phtyoremediation and Bioremediation of Pesticide-Contaminated Soil
## 7 Remediation of Pesticides
### In Situ Bioremediation and Phtoremediation
#### 7.3.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bioremediation and Phytoremediation  
In situ bioremediation and phytoremediation make use of natural processes and are appropriate for application in many locations where soil is contaminated with pesticides. One important issue is the time required for remediation because biological processes are slow compared to excavation and hauling to a landfill for hazardous substances or to an incinerator. It is well known that bioremediation and phytoremediation are less expensive than many alternative remediation processes such as soil removal followed by incineration or chemical oxidation [72,74,110,136,214]. The concentration of the pesticide in the soil may be an issue because biological processes are suitable for conditions where the pesticide is not toxic to the plants and microorganisms that are to be used for remediation. Yet, if it is needed as a C or N source for the micro-organism the concentration must be high enough to fulfill that need. Otherwise, co-metabolism with an additional substrate, perhaps supplied by the plant, will be more effective. Pesticide contamination that is at or near the soil surface is more appropriate for biological processes. Phytoremediation is generally most effective in the root zone of the vegetation [136,214]. There is research progress in developing new genetic capability for biodegradation and phytoremediation [40,136,148,277,289].
# Dynamic Information Flow Tracking: Taxonomy, Challenges, and Opportunities
## 3 Hardware-Assisted Dynamic Information Flow Tracking
### Micro-Architecture-Level DIFT Design
#### 3.2.3 Off-Core DIFT Design  
[PERSON] et al. in [24; 25] used the core debug interface (CDI) to extract a trace of a program at runtime from a processor core. The CDI is mainly used as a special interface for functional verification and program performance analysis. This interface is normally connected to on-chip debuggers which allow the programmer to analyze the contents and states in the register memory. Based on this dedicated component, this work proposes a DIFT engine as a hardware IP attached to a shared interconnector. The runtime trace is extracted from the processor and sent to the DIFT engine for further processing. A heuristic analysis method is applied to decide whether control-flow integrity and data-flow integrity are violated. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. in [PERSON] et al. (2018) used the ARM CoreSight debug component to extract the trace. However, the commercial core debug component could only extract limited information about the program executing on the processor. As a result, the target programs needed to be instrumented to recover the complete program trace. To achieve this goal, tag dependency instructions were generated through static analysis to instruct the corresponding tag operations, e.g., tag propagation and tag checking. Note that extra storage needs to be added to save the tag dependency instructions.  
[PERSON] et al. in [PERSON] et al. (2018) used an dedicated coprocessor to perform DIFT operations. This type of design does not involve many processor pipeline modifications, which are often complex tasks. Instead, the processor pipeline only needs to be extended slightly to output the committed instructions from the commit stage of pipeline. Additionally, this design decouples the tag and data. It uses a dedicated L1 cache as tag storage to reduce the hardware overhead. Custom instructions are also added to support flexible configurations that adapt to security rules at runtime. However, the design also brings in a new problem, i.e., inconsistency between data and tags on multiprocessors. Each processor is assigned one accelerator to support DIFT operations and it is difficult to manage multiple accelerators on chip multiprocessor (CMP) platforms. Following in the work in [PERSON] et al. (2018), [PERSON] et al. in [PERSON] et al. (2018) designed a coprocessor interface which is used to collect the program profiling and machine states from the main processor, e.g., program counter value, memory address and instruction encoding. After receiving the above runtime information, the four-stage pipeline coprocessor analyzes the committed instructions and executes the corresponding tag-related operations. The tag is saved in the dedicated tag cache of the coprocessor to help accelerate the process of tag fetch.
## 8 Conclusions  
In this work, a mixed-mode universal filter configuration has been proposed based on only two VDBAs, two grounded resistors, and two capacitors. The proposed circuit is capable of realizing all five biquadratic filtering functions in VM, CM, and TAM operation. In TIM operation, the circuit can realize LP and BP responses. The circuit satisfies the major advantages simultaneously such as (i) employment of grounded passive components, except for VM operation; (ii) having electronic tunability for \(\omega_{o}\); (iii) independent controllability of its quality factor; (iv) unemploying inverting-type or double-type input signals; (v) having low output impedance for VM and TIM operations; (vi) low active and passive sensitivity features. The high-\(Q\) filter can be easily achieved through a single resistance adjustment. The mathematical analyses such as non-ideal gains, sensitivity performance and parasitic analysis along with the numerical simulation results and experimental measurement results are shown, in order to strengthen the design idea.  
Conceptualization, N.R. and W.T.; methodology, N.R. and W.T.; software, N.R. and M.F.; validation, N.H. and W.T.; formal analysis, M.F.; investigation, N.R., M.F., N.H. and W.T.; resources, N.R. and W.T.; data curation, N.R. and W.T.; writing--original draft preparation, N.H. and W.T.; writing--review and editing, N.H. and W.T.; visualization, N.R. and W.T.; supervision, W.T.; project administration, W.T.; funding acquisition, N.R., M.F., N.H. and W.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The data supporting the results presented in this work are available on request from the authors.  
This work was supported by [PERSON]'s Institute of Technology Laddrabang (KMITL).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 24: Measured THD values of the BP outputs for various sinusoidal input signals at a frequency of 1.59 MHz.
# Corrosion and Scaling in Geothermal Heat Exchangers
## 2 Heat Exchangers in Geothermal Power Plants
### In-Service Degradation  
Heat exchangers in geothermal power plants are exposed to harsh operating conditions, including high temperatures, pressure fluctuations, and the presence of corrosive substances in geothermal fluids. These conditions can lead to various degradation mechanisms over time. The main degradation mechanisms for heat exchangers in geothermal power plants include:  
* Corrosion: Corrosion occurs when the metal surfaces of heat exchanger components react with the corrosive constituents present in geothermal fluids leading to impairment of the metal. These corrosive constituents, such as hydrogen sulphide (H\({}_{2}\)S), CO\({}_{2}\), and other acidic compounds, can deteriorate the heat exchanger's metal surfaces,  
Figure 1: Schematic of a binary geothermal plant with a shell-and-tube type heat exchanger.  
leading to thinning of the materials and potential leakage. Corrosion can be mitigated via material selection, coatings, and water treatment.
* Scaling: Scaling occurs when minerals and solids dissolved in the geothermal fluid precipitate and form deposits on heat exchanger surfaces. Common scale-forming minerals include calcium carbonate, silica, and various metal sulphides. Scaling reduces heat transfer efficiency, increases energy consumption, and can lead to mechanical damage if left unchecked. Regular cleaning or anti-scaling treatments are necessary to mitigate scaling.
* Fouling: Fouling involves the accumulation of organic or inorganic materials on the heat exchanger surfaces, which can reduce heat transfer efficiency. Organic fouling may include microbial growth or algae, while inorganic fouling can result from particulate matter suspended in the geothermal fluid. Periodic maintenance, cleaning, and filtration can help prevent fouling.
* Erosion: Erosion occurs when high-velocity geothermal fluid, containing abrasive particles, impinges on heat exchanger surfaces. Over time, this can lead to material loss and reduced heat transfer efficiency. Proper design and material selection can mitigate erosion, but some degree of wear is expected in high-velocity flow areas.
* Hydrogen Embrittlement: In some geothermal environments with high H\({}_{2}\)S content, hydrogen embrittlement can occur. Hydrogen can diffuse into the metal microstructure of heat exchanger components, making them brittle and susceptible to cracking and failure. Prudent material selection and control of hydrogen exposure are essential to prevent this type of degradation.