# Effects of Glyphosate and Its Metabolite AMPA on Aquatic Organisms
## 2 Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine)
### Toxic Effects
#### 2.3.1 Fish
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\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Species** & **Concentration** & **Exposure** & **Effects** & **References** \\ \hline Common carp _(Cyprius carpio)_ & 2.5, 5, 10 & & \(\uparrow\) ALP in liver, heart, COT in liver and kidney, GPT in kidney, GPT in kidney,\(\ddot{\text{S}}\)ubepithelial edema and epithelial hyperplasia in gills, focal fibrosis in liver & [47] \\ \cline{2-5}  & 3.5, 7, 14 mg/L (Roundup 1) & 16 days & \(\downarrow\) ACHe in muscle, brain and liver, Hb, HCT, RBC, WBC, AST, ALT, LDH & [48] \\ \cline{2-5}  & & & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Vacuolization of the renal parenchyma and intumesence of the renal tubule in kidney,} & [49] \\ \cline{2-5}  & 52.08, 104.15 mg/L (GLY) & 7 days & \(\uparrow\) AST, ALT, MDA, PC; \(\downarrow\) GSH, inhibition of NA\({}^{+}\)/K \({}^{+}\) -ATPase, SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, T-AOC, induce inflammatory response in gills & [60] \\ \hline European eel _(Arguilla Anguilla)_ & 58, 116 \(\mu\)g/L (Roundup 1) & 1, 3 days & \(\uparrow\) TBARS, LPO, GDL, ENA & [42] \\ \cline{2-5}  & (Roundup 1) & & \(\uparrow\) GDI, damaged nucleoids, EndoIII & [59] \\ \hline Curimbata _(Prochilodus lineatus)_ & 10 mg/L (Roundup 1) & 24 h & \(\uparrow\) GSH, GST, LPO; \(\downarrow\) SOD, GPx, inhibition of AChE in muscle in brain and muscle & [38] \\ \cline{2-5}  & (Roundup 1) & 96 h & \(\uparrow\) GST, LPO:inhibition of AChE in muscle in brain and muscle & [64] \\ \hline Spotted snakehead _(Chama punctatus)_ & 32.54 mg/L (Roundup 1) & 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 days & \(\uparrow\) TBARS, DNA damage, LPO, ROS; \(\downarrow\) CAT, SOD, GR in gill and blood & [62] \\ \hline Ten spotted live-bearer _(Cresterdox decommaculatus)_ & 1, 1.75, 35 mg/L (GLY) & 96 h & \(\downarrow\) AChE & [63] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{_Megalporinus obtusidens_} & 3, 6, 10, 20 mg/L (Roundup 1) & 96 h & \(\uparrow\) hepatic GL, GLU, NH\({}_{3}\) in liver and muscle, PCV, Hb, RBC, WBC, P; \(\downarrow\) AChE in brain, LACT, P in liver, muscle GL, GLU & [64] \\ \cline{2-5}  & 3, 6, 10, 20 mg/L (Roundup 1) & 96 h & \(\downarrow\) hepatic GL, LACT in liver and muscle, P in liver; \(\downarrow\) AChE in liver, P in muscle, NH\({}_{3}\) in liver and muscle, TBARS in muscle; \(\downarrow\) muscle GL, GLU in liver and muscle, AChE in brain & [65] \\ \cline{2-5}  & 0.730 mg/L (GLY) & 24, 96 h, 10 days & \(\uparrow\) immature circulating cells; \(\downarrow\) RBC, THR, WBC, phagocytic activity, agglutination activity, lysozyme activity & [67] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{_Rhamdia quelen_} & 18, 36, 72 \(\mu\)g/L (Roundup 1) & 7 days & \(\uparrow\) TT in liver, PT in liver, PT in liver, PT, GL in gills, liver, and kidney & [68] \\ \cline{2-5}  & 2.5-20 mg/L (Roundup 1) & 2 months & \(\downarrow\) CT in liver and kidney; \(\downarrow\) GR in kidney, liver, and brain, G6 PDH in kidney, liver and brain, SOD in kidney, liver and brain & [69] \\ \cline{2-5}  & & & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Behaviour abnormalities (observed depression, erratic swimming, partial loss of equilibrium), liver tissue damage (cellular swelling, inflammatory cell} \\ \cline{2-5}  & 0.22, 0.44, & & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \\ Goldfish 0.88 mmol/L (GLY) & 96 h & \(\uparrow\) brown particles), kidney tissue damage (edema in the epithelial cells of renal tubules, \(\uparrow\) cell volume, loose cytoplasm, slight staining, LDH), changes in plasma (\(\uparrow\) CK, UN, \(\downarrow\) LDH) & [70] \\ \cline{2-5}  & & & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Hyaline cast in kidney,} & \\ \cline{2-5}  & 0.2 mmol/L (Nongteshi 2) & 90 days & \(\uparrow\) 3-hydroxybutyrate, LACT, alanine, acetamide, glutamine, glycine, histidine, inosine, GLU;\(\downarrow\) SOD, GSH-Px, GR, lysine, NAA, citrate, choline, phosphocholine, myo-inosine, nicotinamide, & [71] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{North African catfish _(Clurias garipinus)_} & 0, 19, 42, 94, 207, 455 mg/L (GLY) & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Cellular infiltration in gills; fatty degeneration, fat vacuolation, diffuse hepatic necrosis, infiltration of leukocytes in liver; hematopoietic necrosis, pyknotic nuclei in kidney; mononuclear infiltration, neuronal degeneration, spongiosis in brain; respiratory stress, erratic swimming} & \\ \cline{2-5}  & & & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \\ \cline{2-5}  & &There are just a few data about the chronic effects of glyphosate on nontarget organisms.