## 3 Analytical Platforms for Terpenoids
### Chromatographic Techniques
Throughout all GC strokes, the oven temperature is typically set to begin at 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C and then ramped up to 160 \({}^{\circ}\)C (at an increasing rate of 5\(-\)10 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min). Following this initial stage, the temperature is often raised to 360 \({}^{\circ}\)C in order to elute the chemicals. Electron ionization (EI) sources were used in the GC-MS setup, with collision energies ranging from 15 to 70 eV depending on the target molecules. Total GC analysis time ranged from 2 to 50 min. Despite the similarity of several terpenes MS spectra, further identification was performed using the retention index. The retention indices for the chemicals detected in each sample were determined using an n-alkane standard analyzed on the same GC-MS instrument under identical GC conditions [52; 53; 54; 55; 56; 57; 58; 59]. Here, metabolic profiles of monoterenoid (linalool, limonene, and alpha-pinene) and sesquiterpenoid (costunolide, parthenolide, and trans-caryophyllene) \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Instrument** & **Column Name** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Dimension (Length, Inner** \\ **Diameter \& Thickness)** \\ \end{tabular} & **Oven Program** & **References** \\ \hline GC-MS & DB-5 MS-DG, & 30 m \(\times\) 0.25 μm ID \(\times\) 0.25 μm, & 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C (2 min), Ramp: 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min to 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C & [52] \\ \hline GC-MS & TG-624 SilMS & 30 m \(\times\) 0.25 mm ID \(\times\) 1.4 μm & 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C (30 s), Ramp 1: 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min to 130 & \\  & TG-624 SilMS & 30 m \(\times\) 0.25 mm ID \(\times\) 1.4 μm & (3 min); Ramp 2 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min to 140 \({}^{\circ}\)C & [53] \\  & & & (1 min); Ramp 3: 22\({}^{\circ}\)C/min 280 \({}^{\circ}\)C & \\  & & & (3 min) & \\ \hline GC-MS & HP-5 & 30 m \(\times\) 0.25 μm ID \(\times\) 0.25 μm & 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C (2 min), Ramp 1: 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C min to 180 \({}^{\circ}\)C, & \\  & & Ramp 2: 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min to 270 \({}^{\circ}\)C & [54] \\ \hline GC-MS & Rxi-624 Sil MS & 30 m \(\times\) 0.25 mm ID \(\times\) 1.4 μm & 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C (1 min), Ramp 1: 12 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min to 150 & \\  & & (1 min); Ramp 2 9 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min to 250 (1 min) & [55] \\ \hline GC-FID & ZB-5 PLUSTM & 20 m \(\times\) 0.18 mm ID \(\times\) 0.36 μm & Ramp 1: 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min to 205 \({}^{\circ}\)C & [56] \\  & & Ramp 3: 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min for 1.9 min & \\ \hline GC-MS & DB-HeavyWax & 30 m \(\times\) 250 μm ID \(\times\) 1.4 μm & 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C (0.75 min), Ramp 1: 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C (0 min); & \\  & & Ramp 2: 240 \({}^{\circ}\)C (5 min) & [57] \\ \hline GC-FID & VF-624 ms & 60 m \(\times\) 0.32 mm ID \(\times\) 1.8 μm & 90\({}^{\circ}\)C (1 min), Ramp 1: 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C min to & [58] \\  & & & 181 \({}^{\circ}\)C (3 min) & \\ \hline GC-MS & Elite-5 & 30 m \(\times\) 0.25 μm ID \(\times\) 0.25 μm & 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C (5 min), Ramp 1: 20 C/min & \\  & & (200 \({}^{\circ}\)C), Ramp 2: 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min (270 \({}^{\circ}\)C) & [59] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: List of GC-MS column and oven program for terpenoid analysis. groups, injected individually at a concentration of 100 \(\upmu\)g/mL in GC-Q-Orbitrap-MS, are shown in Figure 2.  
Figure 2: GC-Q-Orbitrap-MS profiling of three major standard compounds from monoterreponoids (alpha-pinene, linalool and limonene) and sesquiterpenoids (trans-caryophyllene, costunolide and parthenolide).