# MBMQA: A Multicriteria-Aware Routing Approach for the IoT 5G Network Based on D2D Communication
## 1 Introduction  
Nowadays, we are highly dependent on wireless devices, as they are flexible and straightforward to communicate with other users around the globe. The majority of people have access to smartphones, which have become the most common device of this decade. As people expect large bandwidth and connectivity in remote places, researchers are working on a paradigm of 2d-hoc networks to connect a large group of devices without the presence of infrastructure or central control units [1, 2]. Ad-hoc networks can support sharing resources between devices as well when there is no present management entity in the network, which is commonly known as a server. The next-generation networks, including vehicular ad-hoc networks [3], cognitive radio [4], mobile ad-hoc networks(MANETs) [5], wireless sensor networks (WSN), the Internet of Things (IoT) [6], 5G networks [7], etc. prefer employing a peer-to-peer model rather than a client-server model, as it offers additional flexibility and scalability. The peer-to-peer model utilizes distributed services across the network rather than at a single location. Thus, when a connection loss occurs, it will not affect communication between other devices. Although the peer-to-peer networks are highly scalable and do not require any infrastructure setup, they possess security issues due to inner and outer threats. 5G is prevalent in wireless communication technologies with the exponential growth of smart devices and a massive amount of information exchange between users. 5G networks feature lower latency, higher capacity, and increased bandwidth compared to conventional cellular networks, as shown in Figure 1. The D2D communication in 5G has attained significant consideration and is now viewed as a promising technology for IoT networks due to its high data rate, low transmission delay and high power efficiency [8; 9; 10; 11; 12]. The IoT is the foundation of D2D communication, which incorporates billions of internet-connected devices. With the high amount of information collection and integration from/ to a large number of devices, the IoT 5G network-based D2D communication technology has potential with the promise of realizing pervasive and intelligent applications for improving quality of life for people living in a connected world [13; 14]. A general scenario of D2D communication-based 5G IoT networks is shown in Figure 1. In this figure, eNodeB stands for Evolved Node B, which is used as a cellular network. The D2D communication based on the IoT 5G network concept is explored by researchers worldwide due to network deployment flexibility. It supports peer-to-peer high-speed data transmission without fixed infrastructure. Since a governing body in the D2D communication-based IoT 5G network is unavailable, and the devices are in random movement, the already challenging network is made further complex. This constant random movement becomes a challenge since it does not allow the re-use of previously calculated routes. Routing schemes conventionally implemented in network infrastructure are not suitable here due to the massive route calculations and the constant changes in network topology. Therefore, the research community has developed various routing protocols to address the challenges that arise from the mobility of the devices in the networks [15; 16; 17; 18]. Most of the previous works on routing protocols solely considered a single path to route traffic, limiting the devices' ability to utilize all the links towards the destination efficiently. In order to improve the performance of the network, multi-paths have been considered  
Figure 1: A general scenario of D2D communication-based 5G IoT networks. by researchers in recent years. They have become the optimum solution for the D2D communication-based IoT 5G network and its derivatives. Multiple links can significantly enhance the performance and efficiency of the network, as devices will be able to balance the traffic load between different paths leading to the same destination [19; 20].