## 3 Results
### Participant Characteristics
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Parameters**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Placebo Group**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Probiotic Group**} \\ \cline{2-9}  & **Baseline** & **Endpoint** & **\% Change** & **\(p\)-Value** & **Baseline** & **Endpoint** & **\% Change** & **\(p\)-Value** \\ \hline TG (mg/dL) & 122.40 \(\pm\) 12.84 & 101.80 \(\pm\) 8.39 & \(-\)16.83 & 0.111 & 121.80 \(\pm\) 11.59 & 92.40 \(\pm\) 9.83 & \(-\)24.14 & 0.029 * \\ TG/HDL-C ratio & 2.48 \(\pm\) 0.32 & 2.06 \(\pm\) 0.21 & \(-\)16.93 & 0.160 & 2.53 \(\pm\) 0.27 & 1.75 \(\pm\) 0.18 & \(-\)30.83 & 0.016 * \\ MDA (uM) & 0.18 \(\pm\) 0.07 & 0.07 \(\pm\) 0.01 & \(-\)61.11 & 0.147 & 0.19 \(\pm\) 0.07 & 0.06 \(\pm\) 0.01 & \(-\)68.42 & 0.067 * \\ CAT (unit/mL) & 159.08 \(\pm\) 3.97 & 163.39 \(\pm\) 5.43 & 2.71 & 0.542 & 153.60 \(\pm\) 2.89 & 166.00 \(\pm\) 4.36 & 8.07 & 0.005 * \\ GPx (unit/mL) & 0.61 \(\pm\) 0.11 & 0.78 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 27.87 & 0.196 & 0.63 \(\pm\) 0.06 & 0.83 \(\pm\) 0.13 & 31.75 & 0.060 * \\ SOD (unit/mL) & 588.84 \(\pm\) 62.54 & 643.14 \(\pm\) 40.22 & 9.22 & 0.350 & 562.41 \(\pm\) 7.34 & 678.92 \(\pm\) 51.68 & 20.71 & 0.115 \\ BA (umol/L) & 30.06 \(\pm\) 3.65 & 29.29 \(\pm\) 2.16 & \(-\)2.56 & 0.834 & 31.60 \(\pm\) 2.90 & 37.73 \(\pm\) 2.48 & 19.40 & 0.054 * \\ \hline \end{tabular} Data are presented as mean \(\pm\) standard error. *, **, and *** were significantly different \(p\) < 0.10, \(p\) < 0.05, and \(p\) < 0.01, respectively, within each group at different times of this study. BW = body weight, BMI = body mass index, WC = waist circumference, TC = total cholesterol, LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TC = triglyceride, MDA = malondialdehydedehyde, CAT = catalase, GPx = glutathione peroxidase, SOD = superoxide dismutase, BA= bile acid.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: _Cont._ \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Coefficient** & **95\% CI** & **\(p\)-Value** \\ \hline BW (kg) & 2.49 & \(-\)1.24 to 1.31 & 0.953 \\ BMI (kg/m\({}^{2}\)) & 0.90 & \(-\)0.52 to 0.51 & 0.985 \\ WC (cm) & 4.10 & \(-\)1.40 to 1.24 & 0.898 \\ TC (mg/dL) & \(-\)10.60 & \(-\)23.05 to 2.48 & 0.106 \\ LDL-C (mg/dL) & \(-\)8.00 & \(-\)23.42 to 6.78 & 0.259 \\ HDL-C (mg/dL) & 2.50 & \(-\)0.02 to 7.37 & 0.051 * \\ TG (mg/dL) & \(-\)9.40 & \(-\)35.10 to 15.44 & 0.420 \\ TG/HDL-C ratio & \(-\)0.31 & \(-\)0.86 to 0.26 & 0.270 \\ MDA (uM) & \(-\)0.01 & \(-\)0.04 to 0.03 & 0.825 \\ CAT (unit/mL) & 2.61 & \(-\)10.82 to 22.17 & 0.475 \\ GPx (unit/mL) & 0.05 & \(-\)0.29 to 0.30 & 0.980 \\ SOD (unit/mL) & 35.78 & \(-\)101.65 to 160.33 & 0.640 \\ BA (umol/L) & 8.44 & 1.52 to 15.15 & 0.020 ** \\ \hline \end{tabular} Data were compared to the placebo group at endpoint (Day 30). The \(p\)-value was at 95% confidence interval. * and * were significantly different \(p\) < 0.10 and \(p\) < 0.05, respectively. BW = body weight, BMI = body mass index, WC = waist circumference, TC = total cholesterol, LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TC = triglyceride, MDA = malondialdehydedehyde, CAT = catalase, GPx = glutathione peroxidase, SOD = superoxide dismutase, BA= bile acid.  
\end{table} 
Table 5: Gaussian regression analysis of physical examination parameters and biological markers for the probiotic group compared with the placebo group at the endpoint (Day 30) of the study. Effect of the Vegetable and Fruit Juice (VFJ) with and without Probiotic L. paracasei on Oxidative Stress Enzyme  
Plasma levels of CAT, GPx, and SOD in the placebo group did not differ significantly (\(p>0.05\)) between baseline and endpoint (Table 4). Meanwhile, in the probiotic group, CAT levels were significantly increased (\(p<0.01\)), whereas GPx exhibited an increased trend (\(p<0.10\)). However, the SOD levels were not significantly different after the endpoint compared to the baseline of the study period. Moreover, no significant differences were detected in CAT, GPx, or SOD levels between the groups (Table 5).