Ecological Response in the Integrated Process of Biostimulation and Bioaugmentation of Diesel-Contaminated Soil  
[PERSON]  
1 State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
[PERSON]  
2 Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.C. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.L.) [PERSON]  
3 State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, Beijing 102206, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (X.D. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.Z.) [PERSON]  
3 State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, Beijing 102206, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (X.D. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.Z.) [PERSON]  
2 Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.C. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.L.) [PERSON]  
2 Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.C. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.L.) Footnote 2: email: {[EMAIL_ADDRESS]}  
Footnote 3: email: {[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.Z.)} Footnote 4: email: {[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.Z.)} Footnote 5: email: {[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.Z.)} Footnote 6: email: {[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.Z.)} Several methods are widely used for soil remediation, such as vapor treatment [11; 12], chemical treatment [13; 14], physical remediation [15; 16; 17] and bioremediation [18; 19], etc. Among these, bioremediation techniques have drawn growing attention due to their cost-effectiveness and non-invasiveness [20; 21; 22; 23; 24]. [PERSON] [25] et al. obtained a stabilized bacterial consortium from the rhizosphere soil of _Coverus_ sp. grown in an oil-contaminated field. The isolated bacteria were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis as _Ralstonia insidiosa_[26], _Cellulomonas hominis_[27], _Burkholderia kururiensis_[28], and _Serratia marcescens_[29]. The result showed that these bacteria efficiently removed monoaromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX). [PERSON] et al. screened a novel bacterial strain (B6) degrading a high concentration of diesel oil (up to 2.5% \(v/v\)) from contaminated soil in India [30]. The strain was identified to be 99% similar to _Planomicrobium_ and demonstrated efficient degradation for diesel oil range alkanes (C\({}_{14}\) to C\({}_{36}\)). The organism could grow at a wide temperature range, a high concentration of heavy metal, and tolerate to moderate NaCl concentration, suggesting its potential application in extreme environments. [PERSON] et al. [31] demonstrated that _Pseudoxanthomonas_ sp. RN402 was capable of degrading diesel, crude oil, n-tetradcane, and n-hexadecane. Further study showed that the immobilized cells had higher degrading efficacy than free cells and could degrade higher diesel concentrations. The immobilized cells still maintained high efficacy and viability throughout 70 cycles. Besides aerobic degradation bacterium, anaerobic microorganisms are also involved in biodegradation [32; 33; 34]. Our previous work demonstrated that soil microorganisms are highly sensitive to environmental disturbances caused by petroleum components [35; 36]. Soil enzyme activity and microbial community structure and diversity are the two most important aspects for evaluating soil microbes and their biological functions, so they can be used to evaluate diesel pollution and remedial measures [37; 38]. With the rapid development of biotechnology methods and molecular technology, 16S rRNA gene library, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) (The abbreviated terms mentioned in the article are presented in Table A1 (Appendix A)), single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP), DNA hybridization such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and DNA microarray are widely used in the evaluation of different bioremediation protocols [39]. For polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) bioremediation process, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) [40], PCR-DGGE [41], and high-throughput sequencing [42] are widely used.