esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-Based Flexible Resistive Strain Sensors for Wearable Applications
## 4 Applications
Nanoscale crack junctions of Pt film-based sensors were applied for medical physiological signal collection (Figure 5b) [78]. The flexible strain sensor was attached to a human neck for speech pattern recognition; the accuracy of simple word recognition was approximately 97.5% even in a noisy environment. Another application of the nanoscale crack sensor was heart rate measuring; the diastolic and systolic movements of the heart were successfully monitored. Wearable strain sensors can also function in sports performance monitoring. A proof-of-concept device was demonstrated composed of five U-shaped graphene strain sensors implanted on a common glove to detect the bending and stretching of fingers. The data glove could measure the deformation of fingers in the strain range of 35-45% (Figure 5c) [63]. A large single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)/PDMS-based strain sensor was assembled in a commercial stocking over the knee joint, and could detect and distinguish every movement of the knee including bending, marching, squatting, and jumping(Figure 5d) [46]. Figure 4: (a) A smart glove system made of five strain sensors control the avatar fingers in the virtual environment. Reprinted with permission from [68], Copyright American Chemical Society, 2014; (b) A low-cost system for decoding and transmitting human hand gestures by generating digit binary key based on the on/off states of the strain sensors. Reprinted with permission from [81], Copyright PLOS, 2017; (c) The robot wore graphene/PDMS-based sensors at movable joints using adhesive tape to detect various kinds of motion. Reprinted with permission from [82], Copyright John Wiley and Sons, 2015; (d) A mobile robotic platform controlled by the carbon paper (CP)/PDMS strain sensor. Reprinted with permission from [83], Copyright American Chemical Society, 2016.
# Accuracy of Assessing Weight Status in Adults by Structured Observation
## 4 Discussion
The main limitations of the study are the small sample size and the use of two-dimensional figures from the Stunkard scale, although validation studies have shown high correlations between self-reported BMI using this scale's body size figures and real BMI [18]. The small number of observers limited the conclusions in regard to the potential effect that the observers' characteristics may have on weight status assessment. However, to our knowledge, this is the first study that intends to classify the accuracy of body weight status assessment in adults by paired trained observers using body image scales. As such, the exploratory and innovative nature of the data presented should be highlighted. The development, improvement, and validation of this new and easy-to-use methodology for structured observation may be very useful when anthropometric measurement is not possible. Although anthropometric measurement is the established gold standard for obtaining weight and height information, in some studies, this methodology can pose some challenges to achievable data collection, namely due to logistical constraints. Some examples include the following: (1) the study setting may not allow for the existence of the ideal privacy conditions for the individuals to be measured; (2) in some regions, cultural and/or religious barriers to body measurement may exist, which can lead to low participation rates; or (3) in some countries (especially low-income countries), the human and material resources necessary for anthropometric measurement may not be sufficient. Also, the incorporation of pictorial images with known BMI, as well as professionals trained in structured observation using such images, could address some of the limitations associated with self-reported measures, especially related to the underestimation of weight and BMI, and the consequent misidentification of overweight and obese subjects.
# Design of SBS-Modified Bitumen Stabilizer Powder Based on the Vulcanization Mechanism
## 4 Analysis of Test Results of the Basic Component of the Stabilizer
### Analysis of Stabilizer Content in Bitumen  
In order to explore the reasonable content of stabilizer powder in SBS-modified bitumen, SBS-modified bitumen was prepared respectively with the stabilizer contents of 0%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3% (percentage by mass of modified bitumen, and S:TMTD:ZnO:BHT = 60:16:4:20). Gelation did not occur. When the content of the stabilizers was less than 2%, slight gelation occurred at a content of 0.2%, significant gelation at a content of 0.25% and serious gelation at a content of 0.3%. The test results are shown in Table 5 and Figure 8.  
In Table 5, \"Technical Specification of Construction of Highway Asphalt Pavement (JTG F40-2004, China)\" [20] and \"Standard Test Methods of Bitumen and Bituminous mixtures for Highway Engineering (JTG E20-2011)\" [33] were the referenced standards.  
It can be seen from the test results shown in Table 5 that with the stabilizers' constant increase, the anti-aging properties of SBS-modified bitumen were continuously improved, the penetration of SBS modified bitumen decreased, the penetration index remained unchanged, the softening point continuously increased, Brookfield viscosity at 135 \({}^{\circ}\)C increased, the solubility slightly reduced (this may be related to the insolubles in the stabilizer) and elastic recovery no longer changed. When the  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Component No.**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**RTFOT**} \\ \cline{2-4}  & **Loss on Heating (\%)** & **Penetration Ratio (\%)** & **Residue Ductility at 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C (cm)** \\ \hline
19 & 0.38 & 69.3 & 16.6 \\
20 & 0.30 & 72.5 & 17.7 \\
21 & 0.21 & 75.7 & 19.4 \\
22 & 0.14 & 78.3 & 20.5 \\
23 & 0.13 & 78.2 & 20.3 \\
24 & 0.13 & 78.5 & 20.4 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} RTFOT, Rolling Thin Film Oven Test.  
\end{table}
Table 4: The anti-aging performance of SBS-modified bitumen with different BTH content.  
content of stabilizer exceeds 0.2% (including 0.2%), the gelation phenomenon of bitumen occurs. With the content increasing, the gelation phenomenon becomes more and more serious.  
Figure 8 shows that the 48-h segregation softening points' difference of modified bitumen decreased with the increasing content of stabilizer content. However, even when the stabilizer content reached 0.15%, the 48-h segregation softening points' difference was no lower than 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C. From the analysis of the segregation softening point data and the performance of SBS-modified bitumen, the best content of the basic components of the stabilizer was 0.15%. If the content of S were taken as the reference, the optimum content of the stabilizer (expressed as the mass percentage of S content) was 0.09%.
# Early Gapping and Platoon Merging Strategies for Autonomous Vehicles using Local Controllers
## 1 Introduction
### Merge Methods  
A conventional late zipper merge strategy is often recommended for human-driven vehicles [13; 14]. Drivers are guided to use both lanes until reaching the merging area, where they alternate merging in a zipper fashion. The drivers are required to make an abrupt maneuver merge at the lane's end while maintaining a fair approach for both lanes over time [15], i.e., merging percentages approaches 100%. For human drivers, the zipper method has been shown to considerably reduce speed differences between the two lanes, thus increasing safety. However, it has not been proved to increase throughput [16]. [PERSON], [PERSON] [17] used simulations to show the advantages of the zipper method in cases where slow-to-start effects are stronger, i.e., when vehicles acceleration and deceleration are delayed, as occurs with manually driven vehicles. However, regarding cooperative adaptive cruise control on a straight road or a lane change and merge maneuvers, research supports collaborative driving of coupled platoons (or convoys) [18]. However, it conflicts with the zipper merge approach, which forces platoon split.  
This study suggests that, when vehicles respond fast, such as in AV, non-zipper methods may achieve higher flow rates and higher merging percentages, assuming the following:  
1. When driving as platoons, AVs allow smaller gaps;
2. AVs can merge smoothly by accurately planning and calculating ahead;
3. AVs are obedient and are bound to obey precursory behavioral profiles;
4. AVs are indifferent to fairness on the road.  
Here, we aim to examine alternative gap profiles to be imposed upon the AVs on the road to improve traffic flow in the intersection. As mentioned above, such profiles may be implemented using vehicular ad hoc networks. An alternative option is to locate short-range road-side units (RSU) [19] along the lane before the merging position to manage the vehicles' speed and gap profiles (see Figure 1). Such units only require vehicle-to-infrastructure communication. Their locations are well defined (e.g., proper line-of-sight, distances, etc.), and their signal is specific [9]. In contrast to vehicular ad hoc networks, RSUs are trusted, and their computation capabilities are higher than those of the vehicles.  
According to optimal lane reservations for human drivers [20], lane change maneuvers should consider a late merging strategy, i.e., a minimum merging preparation distance [21] in the attempt to increase vehicle road capacity. In this study, it is suggested that, for AVs, the preparation section strongly improves the amount and size of the merging vehicle clusters, thus affecting the percentage of successful merging vehicles. We show that, in contrast to late zipper merging, for AVs, it may be preferable to use early gapping and platoon merging strategies. To this end, we use numerical simulations to investigate how the profile type, gap size, preparation distance before the merging location and vehicle velocity during gapping affect the merging percentage and total traffic flow rate.
# Accuracy and Wear Evaluation of the Customized Zirconia Guided Sleeves
## 3 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Maximum Horizontal Deviation**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Maximum Vertical Deviation**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Angulation (\(\cdot\))**} \\  & **(mm)** & & **(mm)** & & **(\(\cdot\))** \\
**Varies** & **M \(\pm\) SD** & **\(p\)** & **M \(\pm\) SD** & **\(p\)** & **M \(\pm\) SD** & **\(p\)** \\ \hline Position & & \textless{}0.001 \({}^{\ast}\) & & 0.001 \({}^{\ast}\) & & \textless{}0.001 \({}^{\ast}\) \\
16 (\(n\) = 15) & 0.48 \(\pm\) 0.12 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & & 0.5 \(\pm\) 0.32 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & & 3.33 \(\pm\) 2.28 \({}^{\text{f}}\) \\
26 (\(n\) = 15) & 0.14 \(\pm\) 0.07 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & & 0.77 \(\pm\) 0.51 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & & 1.98 \(\pm\) 1.52 \({}^{\text{h}}\) \\
36 (\(n\) = 15) & 0.12 \(\pm\) 0.08 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & & 1.08 \(\pm\) 0.35 \({}^{\text{de}}\) & & 5.61 \(\pm\) 1.21 \({}^{\text{g}}\) \\
46 (\(n\) = 15) & 0.13 \(\pm\) 0.07 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & & 0.6 \(\pm\) 0.24 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & & 1.44 \(\pm\) 1.38 \({}^{\text{h}}\) \\ Distance & & 0.603 & & 0.145 & & 0.046 \({}^{\ast}\) \\
0.01 (\(n\) = 20) & 0.21 \(\pm\) 0.17 & & 0.59 \(\pm\) 0.38 & & 2.1 \(\pm\) 2.15 \({}^{\text{i}}\) \\
0.02 (\(n\) = 20) & 0.21 \(\pm\) 0.18 & & 0.72 \(\pm\) 0.36 & & 3.17 \(\pm\) 2.45 \({}^{\text{i}}\) \\
0.03 (\(n\) = 20) & 0.26 \(\pm\) 0.19 & & 0.86 \(\pm\) 0.51 & & 3.92 \(\pm\) 1.87 \({}^{\text{j}}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Deviations of implant installation for multiple drill sleeve distances and positions.
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper, the flexural test and numerical simulation of BFRP bar concrete beams reinforced with bamboo fiber and steel wire mesh were carried out, and the following conclusions were obtained:  
1. The addition of bamboo fiber and steel wire mesh can increase the cracking load of the BFRP bar concrete beam to a certain extent. The lifting effect of the two materials alone is obvious, at 52% and 68%, respectively. However, the lifting effect under the composite action of bamboo fiber and steel wire mesh is not as good as the lifting effect under their separate actions.
2. The addition of bamboo fiber and steel wire mesh can share the tensile stress with the concrete, so that the global stiffness of the beam is improved and the deflection significantly reduced. The L-1-0 rigidity improvement effect of the concrete beam with steel wire mesh only in the whole beam section was the most obvious.
3. The addition of bamboo fiber to the BFRP bar concrete beam causes a small decrease in the flexural ultimate bearing capacity, however it is significantly improved when the steel wire mesh is in the whole beam section; the ultimate flexural bearing capacity is increased by 16.8%. When bamboo fiber and steel wire mesh are composite in concrete, the effect on the ultimate flexural bearing capacity is still not ideal.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Specimen** & **Theoretical Value \(M_{u}^{c}\) (kN\(\cdot\)m)** & **Measured Value \(M_{u}^{0}\) (kN\(\cdot\)m)** & \(\frac{M_{u}^{0}-M_{u}^{c}}{M_{u}^{c}}\times\)100 **(\%)** \\ \hline L-0-0 & 88.1 & 102.0 & 13.6 \\ L-0-30 & 84.6 & 98.7 & 14.3 \\ L-1/2-30 & 84.8 & 85.2 & 0.5 \\ L-1-0 & 98.5 & 119.1 & 17.3 \\ L-1-30 & 90.3 & 102.0 & 11.5 \\ L-1-45 & 91.7 & 102.9 & 10.9 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: The measured value of the flexural bearing capacity is obtained by the calculation method of the beam bending moment in the material mechanics.  
\end{table}
Table 7: Comparative analysis of the theoretical value \(M_{u}^{c}\) and the measured value \(M_{u}^{0}\) of the bending capacity.  
Based on the experimental and numerical simulation results, a calculation formula for the flexural bearing capacity of the normal section of BFRP bar concrete beams reinforced with bamboo fiber and steel wire mesh was established. The formula is simple in form and the calculated value was in good agreement with the experimental value. It can effectively calculate the flexural bearing capacity of such components and provide a theoretical basis for actual engineering.  
Conceptualization, W.C.; Data curation, H.M.; Funding acquisition, W.C.; Investigation, W.C. and Z.Z. ([PERSON]); Methodology, W.C. and Y.Z.; Software, K.Z.; Validation, K.Z.; Writing--original draft, H.M. and Y.Z.; Writing--review & editing, W.C. and Z.Z. ([PERSON]). All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Disciplinary Construction Support Plan of Sichuan Agricultural University [grant number 2021993505].  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Results and Discussion  
This section addresses the verification of the designs to ensure their correct operation as well as the outcomes of the synthesis process. Behavioral and structural simulations were conducted using the ASIMUT to verify the design. As exhaustive testing of all multipliers is impractical, they were tested using random inputs applied through a pattern file. The scripts were written to synthesize the array, Wallace, and radix-4 Booth multipliers. To ensure a fair comparison, all the designs were given identical synthesis parameters. These parameters were utilized in the LOON, BOOM, and BOOG tools to obtain the smallest delay constraint for every multiplier. Detailed synthesis reports were generated for the area and delay. The timing report shows the complete critical path, with the delay associated with the path.
## 3 Results
### Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Vegetation Greenness and Productivity Across Global Drylands
#### 3.1.2 Spatial Patterns of Averaged Change Trend in Satellite-Observed LAI, GPP, and SIF  
Spatially, LAI, GPP, and SIF in most vegetated areas of global dryland exhibited notable increases from 1982 to 2018, as shown in Figure 3. Specifically, the averaged LAI of three datasets (GLASS LAI, GLOBMAP LAI, and GIMMS LAIqg) increased in >75.58% of global drylands; correspondingly, vegetation browning was detected in 24.42% of global drylands (Figure 3a). Furthermore, the averaged GPP of three datasets (i.e., GLASS GPP, NIRv GPP, Ec_LUE GPP) in >74.33% of global drylands substantially increased; correspondingly, the mean GPP in 25.67% of regions decreased from 1982 to 2018 (Figure 3c). Comparably, two types of SIF exhibited similar findings, with the average SIF growing widely across >70.60% of global drylands, and the SIF decreasing in 29.40% of global drylands (Figure 3e). Interestingly, both LAI, GPP, and SIF showed similar spatial patterns in their interannual change trend from 1982 to 2018. This means that, with the same spatial distribution, LAI, GPP, and SIF greatly increased across most parts of global drylands. These greening areas were primarily found in the middle-latitude regions of the northern and southern hemispheres, which included northwestern Australia, southern Asia, southern Africa, the Sahel region of northern Africa, and North America. Correspondingly, vegetation browning mainly occurred in the low-latitude areas of the southern hemisphere, especially in Central Asia, southeastern Australia, and eastern South America (Figure 3b,d,f). When taken as a whole, both of these aforementioned findings revealed that global drylands had been experiencing significant greening trends with great spatial heterogeneities, and the greening hotpots in global drylands were primarily found in the middle and low-altitude regions of the northern and southern hemispheres during the past decades of 1982-2018.
# Fast Spectral Approximation of Structured Graphs with Applications to Graph Filtering
## 6 Experimental Results
### Time Complexity  
At this point, we have shown that the theory holds for the approximation quality of the graph spectrum. However, one of the appealing reasons to use this approach is the possibility of making a trade-off between spectrum accuracy and computational complexity. To show the behavior of the proposed method, in Figure 5 we plot the time required by the built-in MATLAB function \(\mathit{eig}(\cdot)\) for different graph sizes and compare it with the time required to obtain the approximate spectrum with the method introduced in this work.  
Figure 4: (**a**) Approximation quality of the graph spectrum for the family \(\mathcal{S}^{l}_{1/2}\), with \(N=1000\), for different depths of the hierarchical decomposition. (**b**) Approximation quality of the graph spectrum for the family \(\mathcal{S}^{l}_{1/2}\), with decomposition depth \(d=\{4,5,6\}\), for graphs of different sizes.  
Figure 5: Comparison of the time required by the built-in MATLAB routine for obtaining the eigenvalues of a matrix, and the time required by the proposed algorithm levering a hierarchical decomposition.  
Clearly, the time required by the MATLAB function follows the expected complexity for eigenvalue decomposition. However, the proposed approximation method does not exhibit such a rapid increase for the different tested graph sizes. For this simulation, the depth decomposition is set to \(d=0.5\log_{2}(n)\) as this is the depth value that provides a good trade-off between computational complexity and approximation accuracy. The time reported for the proposed method includes (i) the time for the decomposition, (ii) the time for computing the eigenvalue decomposition at the leaves and (iii) the time for sorting the eigenvalues. The combination of these results shows that both in theory and practice the proposed method delivers good and feasible approximations for the spectrum of structured graphs. This opens a venue for approximate signal processing techniques that leverage the underlying combinatorial structure of the graph.
# A Survey on Change Detection and Time Series Analysis with Applications
## 6 Conclusions
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Field** & **Data/Time Series** & **Description** & **References** \\ \hline Geodesy & Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) and Temperature Data & LSSA, LSWA, and LSCWA are applied to VLBI and temperature series; the methods are also applied to study the behavior of GRACE stripes in space-frequency domains & [43, 60, 94, 95] \\ Geophysics & Marine Seismic and Multicomponent Streamer Data & ALFT, ASFT, IMAP, MIMAP, ALLSSA and MALLSSA are applied to regularize coarsely sampled seismic data & [19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27] \\ Remote Sensing & MODIS and Landsat Imagery & BFAST, BFAST Monitor, CCDC, DBEST, EWMACD, JUST, and JUST Monitor as well as LSWA and LSCWA and other similar methods are applied for vegetation and drought monitoring, forecasting forest fire danger conditions, and crop yield forecasting & [65, 66, 71, 73, 76, 77, 89, 90, 91, 92, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100] \\ Astronomy & Telescope Observations—AAVSO the orbital, pulsation, and spin periods of variable stars and others & [42, 51, 101] \\ Hydrology & Streamflow and Climate Data & CWT, XWT, HHT, LSWA, LSCWA, and other similar methods are applied to study inter- and intra-annual fluctuations in streamflow and climate time series for flow forecasting and other purposes & [102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107] \\ Finance & Stock exchange and price series; daily Eurozone stock market & CWT, DWT, maximal overlap DWT, and wavelet coherency are applied to analyze financial time series & [108, 109, 110, 111] \\ Medicine & Electroencephalogram (EEG) and Electrocardiogram (ECG) Signals & CWT, DWT, EMD, and EWT are applied to the EEG and ECG signals to study brain and heart activities & [112, 113, 114] \\ \hline MODIS: Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer; AAVSO: American Association of Variable Star Observers; GRACE: Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment; GOCE: Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer. & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Some of the applications of the methods reviewed in this paper.