## 2 Methodology
### Statistical Analysis of Survey Responses  
The population of Buraydah was 669,000 in the year 2020 [34]. With 5.25 persons per household as per the Buraydah City Review Report [35] and assuming 2 drivers (older than 18 years) per household, the population proportion of road users was found to be 38%. The survey sample size was calculated using the following formula [36]:  
\[n=\frac{z^{2}\times p(1-p)}{e^{2}} \tag{1}\]  
where \(n\) is the sample size, the \(z\) value is 1.96 for the 95% confidence level, the margin of error was assumed to be 5% (0.05), and \(p\) is the population proportion. The participants were asked to complete all the questions in the questionnaire (see Table 1). In addition, some basic personal information of the respondents was also gathered, \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Code** & **Criteria** & **Code** & **Sub-Criteria** & **No.** & **Question Statement** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{C\({}_{1}\)} & \multirow{4}{*}{Design Functionality} & \multirow{4}{*}{SC\({}_{11}\)} & Illumination brightness adequacy & \multirow{4}{*}{1} & The illumination brightness of the city roads is considered adequate \\ \cline{3-4}  & & & & & \\ \cline{3-4}  & & \multirow{2}{*}{SC\({}_{12}\)} & Spacing appropriateness & \multirow{2}{*}{2} & The level of lighting distribution on the roads is sufficient and regular \\ \cline{3-4}  & & & & & \\ \cline{3-4}  & & \multirow{2}{*}{SC\({}_{13}\)} & Positioning of roadside advertisement billboards & \multirow{2}{*}{3} & Advertisement mobile screens and billboards beside the road do not adversely affect visibility \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{C\({}_{2}\)} & \multirow{4}{*}{Visibility adequacy} & \multirow{2}{*}{SC\({}_{21}\)} & Visibility of lane marking & \multirow{2}{*}{4} & Current street-lighting design leads you to choose the right track \\ \cline{3-4}  & & & & & \\ \cline{3-4}  & & \multirow{2}{*}{SC\({}_{22}\)} & Visibility of road pavement and signs & \multirow{2}{*}{5} & The current night lighting in the city of Buraydah enables you to see the pavement, traffic signs, and the sides of the road \\ \cline{3-4}  & & & & & \\ \cline{3-4}  & & \multirow{2}{*}{SC\({}_{23}\)} & Impact of opposite side vehicle lighting & \multirow{2}{*}{6} & Lights from oncoming cars in the opposite direction do not adversely affect visibility due to proper barrier design \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{C\({}_{3}\)} & \multirow{4}{*}{Driver satisfaction level} & \multirow{2}{*}{SC\({}_{32}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{Impact on eyes} & \multirow{2}{*}{7} & The currently available street-lighting in your city is suitable for the eyes and does not cause glare \\ \cline{3-4}  & & & & & \\ \cline{3-4}  & & \multirow{2}{*}{SC\({}_{31}\)} & Lighting performance in bad weather & \multirow{2}{*}{8} & During bad weather (dust or rain), the lighting is clear and adequate \\ \cline{3-4}  & & \multirow{2}{*}{SC\({}_{33}\)} & Road lighting ambiance & \multirow{2}{*}{9} & Road lighting ambiance is good in the city of Buraydah \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{C\({}_{3}\)} & \multirow{4}{*}{Overall performance of street-lighting system} & \multirow{2}{*}{10} & Overall opinion on the performance of the street-lighting system based on your driving experience in Buraydah \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4}  & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Question statements and performance criteria for an urban street-lighting system. such as age, use of glasses, the number of crashes experienced (if any), time of the crash, and the type of road where the crash occurred (i.e., main road or branch road). Personal information is not disclosed here. The responses to the questionnaire survey inform the drivers' perception of design functionality, visibility adequacy, and driver satisfaction level of the street-lighting system of Buraydah City. Statistical analysis of the collected data was performed to estimate the percentage frequencies of all the responses.