## 5 Discussion
### Theoretical Contributions  
From a theoretical standpoint, this research makes three main contributions. First, this research complements the literature on user disclosure by confirming that question sensitivity has an impact on disclosure in the context of interactions with chatbots. This result is consistent with previous research on question sensitivity and disclosure (not specific to chatbot interactions) [52; 53; 59]. Indeed, research on antecedents to disclosure had previously shown that sensitivity played a role in disclosure. In fact, [PERSON] [59] suggested that the sensitivity of information is an antecedent to disclosure in an online service context, while [PERSON] et al. [52] reported the same results in an e-commerce setting. However, sensitivity of information had not been explored in a chatbot context [52; 53; 59]. The present study suggests that this relationship does apply to interactions with chatbots. This result strengthens our understanding of the differences between human-human and human-AI interactions. Second, comparing the two types of nudges tested, this research suggests that a sensitivity signal seems more promising than social proof in influencing users' disclosure behaviors to chatbots. The difference between the two nudges might be due to the fact that user disclosure is an intrinsic behavior and people do not make judgments about their privacy based on what others do. These results come to complement previous research [97; 114; 115] on nudging and privacy for the disclosure of personal information online (not just specific to chatbots). Overall, empirical research on digital nudging to alter users' disclosure behaviors has produced conflicting findings in the past, with some studies finding it to be quite effective while others have found no such results [97]. On one hand, studies have demonstrated that motivating communications and persuasive messages with stronger arguments or more positive framings can enhance the disclosure of private information [114; 116]. In our case, the low-sensitivity signal goes in accord with these previous results, by increasing the disclosure of low-sensitivity information. However,  
Figure 4: Validated Research Model. * significant at 0.05 level; *** = significant at 0.001 level. there is still a question mark as to how to decrease--rather than increase--disclosure of high-sensitivity information. On the other hand, a growing interest has been shown in examining the impact of social nudges, centered around the social proof, used to affect users' privacy decision-making online [97]. According to research, social cues, such as the knowledge that a majority of users' peers have taken similar actions, such as disclosing personal information, can lead to an increase in information disclosure on websites [29; 99]. In the present case, by refuting the effect of such a nudge in user-chatbot interaction, this study complements previous results in the literature [29; 99] by marking a distinction between online and chatbot-specific interactions. These results also go hand in hand with other recent findings such as [PERSON] et al. [114] who found that while persuasive messages framed around learning increased the disclosure of sensitive items, people did not change their disclosure behavior for messages framed around social proof, contribution, and altruism. Nonetheless, the nudges used in this research may still have value by perhaps confirming users' judgments regarding questions they are prompted with. In our results, seven participants answered all questions, and twelve skipped some questions. The reasons for disclosure and non-disclosure given by participants show that, in the case where users have the same judgment as the nudge, the nudge may serve to confirm their decision to answer the question or not (confirmed by five participants). Third, evidence from this study showed that emotional response does not appear to be a mechanism describing how disclosure functions in user-chatbot interactions.