## 1 Introduction  
The developed and developing countries have been exerting efforts to adopt appropriate climate change mitigation initiatives depending on many factors including international agreement, national climate policy and priority, socio-economic conditions, natural resources, technological advancement level, and human resources. Developing countrieshave been facing the challenges to select suitable sectors and adopting appropriate mitigation measures. This study selected the solid waste management sector to trace the dynamics and the associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Greenhouse gases have environmental and health effects. They trap heat which ultimately causes climate change, and they also create smog and air pollution which causes respiratory disease. The increased number of extreme weather events and famine caused by food supply disruptions and increased wildfires are other effects of climate change caused by greenhouse gases. The global GHG emissions from solid waste management have been following an increasing trend [1]. Solid waste (SW) generation rates and composition vary across different regions of the world as it is a function of demographic and socio-economic factors such as local economy, industrial development, population and economic growth, industrialization and urbanization, waste management system, and lifestyle applicable to each country [2; 3; 4]. The most frequently used parameter for determining total waste generation and forecasting rate is population [5; 6]. Per capita solid waste generation rates are not influenced by demographic parameters, rather by other factors [7]. Worldwide, post-consumer waste was estimated to produce about 1300 Mt CO\({}_{2}\) eq in 2005, most of which was attributed to landfill and waste compost [8; 9]. Methane and carbon dioxide (CO\({}_{2}\)) are the most dominant types of GHG from the disposal site. Solid waste that is processed in these landfills and waste compost systems are a critical element in estimating GHG emission. Due to economic growth, the standard of living in Saudi Arabia has been, elevated which has resulted in higher SW generation [10; 11]. According to [PERSON] and [PERSON] [12], approximately 1.3 billion tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) were produced in 2012 and with the current rate of development, it is projected to be 2.2 billion tons of MSW in the year 2025. At present, the Middle East and North African region has a MSW production rate of 1.1 Kg/capita/day which is estimated to be 1.43 Kg/capita/day in 2025. Prominent cities of the Arab world such as Kuwait and Abu Dhabi produce about 1.5 kg SW per capita per day which results in nearly 250,000 tons SW per day for the Arab region [13]. Due to urbanization and growth in wealth, SW generated per capita is growing [14]. Income and demographic indices are the most frequently reported factors in MSW research [15; 16]. Gross domestic product (GDP) and population density are reported to have a strong positive correlation with MSW production in China and EU [17]. The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) postulated that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between per capita income and environmental degradations [18]. Thus, according to this hypothesis with consistent economic growth, ultimately MSW production will be reduced [19]. A recent report confirmed that the EKC hypothesis holds for Switzerland and bidirectional causality exists between MSW generation and GDP per capita [20]. A statistically significant linear correlation ([PERSON]'s correlation coefficient r = 0.607 with \(p\) < 0.001) had been observed between the income per capita and the annual municipal solid waste generation from research conducted on 39 municipalities in Brazil. A similar relationship was reported for Europe by others [21]. Factors such as consumption patterns and financial expenditure have an impact on MSW generation. Researchers reported from China that family size, income, and education level also have an impact on SW generation rate per household [22].