## 1 Introduction  
Car-sharing services, wherein vehicles are rented through mobile applications for brief periods, have been established as common systems experienced in both implementation and maintenance within the transportation services market. Through systematic evaluation, these systems have evolved into numerous operational variants, enabling users to rent cars according to a range of business or functional models. Furthermore, as these services have expanded, they have encompassed an increasingly diverse array of user groups. The offerings encompass systems provided by organized enterprises or startups catered to individual consumers (B2C--Business-to-Consumer car sharing) or business clients (B2B--Business-to-Business car sharing), which are recognized as the predominant forms of car sharing [1; 2; 3]. Additionally, it is pertinent to acknowledge another variant of car-sharing systems, namely, peer-to-peer services. In this model, individuals lease their personal vehicles to others for brief durations, typically via an online platform or mobile application [4]. Participants in this service model have the capability to access nearby and cost-effective vehicles and are charged solely for the duration of their use. The typical operation of peer-to-peer car sharing includes the following steps [5]:  
1. Listing: Vehicle owners register their automobiles on the peer-to-peer car-sharing platform, providing details such as the make, model, location, availability, and rental rates. 2. Search and Book: Prospective renters search for available vehicles on the platform, applying filters such as location, vehicle type, price, and availability. Upon locating a suitable vehicle, they can book it for a designated period. 3. Key Exchange or Remote Access: Key exchange may occur directly between the owner and the renter, or some platforms may offer remote access solutions, enabling renters to unlock and start the vehicle using a smartphone. 4. Rental Period: Renters utilize the car for a predetermined period, incurring fees based on the duration and distance traveled. 5. Return: Upon the completion of the rental period, the renter returns the vehicle to the owner, whereupon both parties may provide feedback or ratings on the platform based on their experiences. Unlike in traditional minute- or kilometer-based car sharing, vehicles in peer-to-peer services are typically rented for extended durations, such as hours or days, aligning these services more closely with conventional car rental models [6]. Peer-to-peer car-sharing services have evolved gradually. The period from 2010 to 2012 marks the inception of these services, beginning in the American market. It was during this time that the first peer-to-peer car-sharing platforms were established; for instance, RelayRides was launched in the United States in 2010, followed by Getaround in 2011, one of the pioneers of the peer-to-peer car-sharing model. Subsequently, these services expanded into the European market. In 2012, the Tamyca platform was launched in Germany, and the company Drivy (originally known as Voiturelib) began operations in France. Between 2013 and 2015, companies established in 2012 experienced growth, and many new entrants emerged in the markets of Germany, the Netherlands, France, and Great Britain, alongside numerous rebranding efforts, such as the transformation of RelayRides into Turo. From 2016 to 2018, significant technological advancements were made, and services expanded into new markets. From 2019 to the present, there has been a notable effort by companies to integrate with traditional mobility services, aiming to incorporate them into the framework of Mobility as a Service (MaaS), as well as the implementation of legal regulations that define the operation of services in various countries. Despite varying societal acceptance and actual usage, car-sharing services are identified as alternatives to current individual motorization.