esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# FAmesh: Generating Frequency Adaptive Meshes from Single Images under 2D Hole Constraints
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, we propose a network framework for mesh reconstruction from a single image. The framework utilizes a global-to-local structure that combines MLP and GNN. Simultaneously, we propose a new grid pruning strategy under the 2D hole constraint, which overcomes the limitation of the 0-genus template. Then, the network is transitioned from global to local by an extended patch extraction module, and the high and low frequency local meshes are fine-tuned using a two-branch frequency adaptive local refinement structure to obtain a smooth mesh with rich mesh details. The method achieves the best quantitative results with a CD of 1.763 and an F-score of 85.40 on the ShapeNet dataset. Compared with other methods, our method can deal with holes with small areas and infrequent locations. Additionally, our method accurately restores details in high-curvature parts while maintaining the smoothness of low-curvature parts. However, it is difficult for our model to reconstruct objects with occlusions. Occluded images have semantic ambiguity, making it difficult for existing methods to reconstruct the occluded parts. In the future, we will explore the introduction of symmetry priors to improve the performance of 3D reconstruction networks.  
Conceptualization, methodology, writing--original draft, F.W.; supervision, funding acquisition, writing--review and editing, Q.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This study is jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61871138) and the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province (2017 GXNSFAA198371).  
Not applicable.  
Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.  
Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.  
The authors are grateful to the ShapeNet team for providing the dataset. We also wish to thank the anonymous referees who reviewed this paper for their comments and recommendations.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 10: Qualitative results on Pix3D dataset. (**a**) RGB image, (**b**) image without background, (**c**) Atlasnet, (**d**) TMNET, (**e**) Ours, (**f**) Ground truth.
## 2 Experimental Methods  
### Test Piece Fabrication  
The BJ3 DP method was adopted for this study to create porous copper structures with various geometries: Sintered Plain, Large Lattice, Small Lattice, and Staggered. These structures were fabricated on a circular copper rod substrate. The aim is to improve the pool-boiling heat transfer by leveraging the unique properties of porous materials and the design flexibility offered by this additive manufacturing technique. The test pieces were manufactured by the DMP 2500 (now Nano Dimension, Waltham, MA, USA) BJ3 DP through a multi-step process listed below. The 3D printer's resolution for both the \(Z\)-axis resolution for layer thickness and the \(XY\)-axis for the print head horizontal pitch was 35 \(\upmu\)m. The manufacturing process is as follows:  
1. CAD design and data transmission: First, a 3D model of the porous structure was geometrically designed using software Magics (Materialise NV, Leuven, Belgium);2. Layered fabrication: This design was then prepared for slicing and processing by the DMP 2500 (now Nano Dimension), BJ3 DP. Thin layers of copper powder with an average particle size are 20-30 \(\upmu\)m are spread onto a substrate. A binder was selectively applied to define the structure geometry of each layer, solidifying it. This layering and binding process was repeated until the complete 3D porous structure was formed;
3. Drying (curing): The newly printed green structure was then dried in an oven to cure the binder, ensuring its stability for subsequent steps;
4. Excess powder removal: Loose, unbound copper powder was carefully removed;
5. De-binding process: Binder removal (de-binding) was then performed in an oxidizing atmosphere to remove portions of the binding material;
6. Sintering: Finally, the structure was sintered in an inert atmosphere at high temperatures to fuse the copper particles, resulting in a dense, solid metallic porous component (final product).
###### Abstract  
In vitro culture of endothelial cells to form capillary-like networks is essential in tissue engineering. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the primary signal proteins stimulating blood vessel formation. This growth factor can be soluble in the medium or protein-bound to the substrate. However, less attention has been paid to distinguishing the specific stimulations by soluble and bound VEGF. We conducted a series of experiments to explore the respective effects of these two VEGF forms. An in-house synthesized biogel comprising a definite concentration of collagen and fibronectin was designed to cultivate human umbilical vein endothelial cells to form the capillary-like network. Collagen served as the primary substrate for cell attachment. Fibronectin provided the surface to bind soluble VEGF in the culture medium to create the bound VEGF. The experiment of adding VEGF-blocking-peptide was conducted to prevent the formation of VEGF bound to the fibronectin domains, to distinguish the respective effects of the soluble and bound VEGF. With the in-house biogel of definite components, we were able to clarify the different roles of soluble and bound VEGF. The results indicated that the soluble VEGF promptly induced the cells to change from round to elongated shape, which contributed to forming network cords. Simultaneously, the bound VEGF provided long-term stimulation, causing the cells to migrate and differentiate into the final capillary-like network.  
capillary-like network; endothelial cells; morphology; vascularization; VEGF
## 2 Related Work  
### The Concept of the Digital Twin  
The concept of the \"digital twin\" (DT) comes from NASA. In the early days of space exploration, they were pioneers in studying what was called \"pairing technologies\". Maintaining, repairing, and operating systems without physical access to them, were the challenges at that time. Indeed, the first twin was a hardware twin, and it consisted of two identical space vehicles, one in the space and the other on ground to enable engineers to better assist astronauts in orbit [15]. The use of digital twins is now very common at NASA, using a virtual environment to build and test their equipment, including spatial robots. Only after a total approval in the virtual environment, does the physical construction begin. The final result and the virtual twin are then linked through the sensors for a continuous improvement process. The general digital twin model of a product consists of the physical entities, the virtual models, and the connected data which tie physical and virtual worlds [16]. However, far away from this case, in general, current research on product lifecycle data mainly focuses on physical products rather than virtual models. The connection between physical and virtual product data is needed to support product design, manufacturing, and service [17].  
Similarly to equipment or products, manufacturing systems are becoming more autonomous. They need access to realistic models and real-time information about the processes for smart production management and control [18]. The use of model-based simulation is necessary not only during design and planning, but also during the production phases for such purposes as diagnosis, control, and optimization [10]. Given the uncertainty involved during the process of machinery degradation, proper design and adaptability of a digital twin model remain challenges [19]. Digital twins can be applied from initial factory planning and design to commissioning and maintenance, giving them value throughout the production lifecycle [20; 21]. The digital twin can be also used for risk prediction and prevention pertaining to operators in processing plants [22]. In this sense, robots are perfect candidates for digital twin applications.
# Two Low-Complexity Efficient Beamformers for an IRS- and UAV-Aided Directional Modulation Network
## 1 Introduction
In this scenario, the SR of the communication system is further enhanced by increasing the number of IRS reflecting elements. This may lead to a significant performance improvement compared to direct communication. The main contributions of the article are as follows:  
1. The IRS and UAV-aided DM networks were established to transmit a single CM stream by giving full play to the advantages of the DM, UAV, and IRS to improve the SR performance. To obtain a high performance SR, the CM beamforming vector was given by the rule of maximizing the SR (Max-SR), and the method of maximizing the signal-to-leakage-noise ratio (SLNR) in [41] was used to design the PSM of the IRS. The mutual iterative CM beamforming vector and the PSM of the IRS further improved the SR. AN was independently projected on the null-space of other channels, maximizing the interference with Eve through the direct channel. The iterative process was related to the initial value. Therefore, the Max-SR-SLNR method had high computational complexity. 2. To reduce the computational complexity of the Max-SR-SLNR, a maximum ratio transmission (MRT)-based method is proposed. Here, the CM and AN beamforming vectors were constructed by using an MRT and an NSP, respectively, whereas the PSM of the IRS was designed by using the phase alignment (PA) method. It is particularly noted that the three optimization variables (OVs) were designed independently, and the method is called the MRT-NSP-PA. In addition, CM beamforming was only aligned to the Alice-to-IRS channel, ignoring the direct channel, etc. Therefore, the relationship between the direction of the CM beamforming and the number of IRS reflecting elements was observed from simulations. By designing different MRT methods at different IRS scales, the SR performance of the MRT-NSP-PA method was improved at small-scale and medium-scale IRSs. The structure of this paper is as follows. Section 2 shows the system model of this paper and the derivation of the SR problem under this model. The two designed beamforming methods are presented in Section 3. In Section 4, the numerical simulations and related analyses are presented. In the end, Section 5 draws the conclusions and presents the limitations of the two methods. **Notations:** In this paper, bold lowercase and bold uppercase letters represent vectors and matrices, respectively.The notation \(\mathbf{I}_{N}\) indicates the \(N\times N\) identity matrix. The sign of \(\mathbb{E}\{\cdot\}\) is the expectation operation. The mathematical notations are shown in the following Table 1:  
A comparison table to compare the existing works is drawn as Table 2:
# The Wind and Photovoltaic Power Forecasting Method Based on Digital Twins
## 3 Simulation Experiments
### Dataset  
In this paper, four datasets, namely Flanders_PV, Wallonia_PV, Flanders_wind, and Wallonia_wind, are utilized for conducting simulation experiments. The training set in this paper consists of 80% of the data, while the remaining 20% is reserved as the test set.  
For Flanders_PV, the dataset includes a total of 18,366 PV power generation records and corresponding weather conditions from 4 March 2021, 19:45 to 14 April 2023, 23:45 in the Flanders region. Similarly, Wallonia_PV encompasses 18,366 PV power generation records and weather conditions from the same period in the Wallonia region. Flanders_wind selects a total of 28,460 wind power generation records and weather conditions in Flanders from 1:45 on 1 January 2020 to 23:45 on 13 April 2023, and Wallonia_wind selects Wallonia on 1 January 2020 from 1:45 to 5:45 on 12 April 2023: a total of 28,419 wind power generation records and weather conditions. Figure 5 displays the visualization results of hourly PV and wind power sequences for both the Flanders and Wallonia regions after preprocessing the data.  
Figure 4: Data update process. (**a**) indicates the power forecast result; (**b**) indicates the database information; (**c**) indicates the digital twin visual data display.  
Taking the Flanders PV power generation dataset as an example, Figure 6 shows the data visualization results of T, Po, P, Pa, U, DD, Ff, ff3, N, H, and Td, respectively.
# Multi-Stage Dynamic Transmission Network Expansion Planning Using LSHADE-SPACMA
## 5 Simulation Results and Analyses
### West Delta Network (WDN) System Planning
#### 5.2.1 Validation of LSHADE-SPACMA Technique to Solve the TNEP Problem for WDN  
WDN was expected to meet the predicted peak load of the 2195.8 MW. A new site generator at bus 53 and 31 candidate routes have been proposed [24,25,33]. The new configuration of WDN is shown in Table 4. LSHADE-SPACMA adds seven new right of way routes and yields 17.28 million USD for an investment cost of the added transmission lines, and the consumed time of one run is 164.78 s. The results demonstrate, moreover, that LSHADE-SPACMA has the superiority compared to the HM [33], IBPSO [24], and MVO [25], because they acquired a high investment cost of 21.24, 22.19, and 20.645 million USD, respectively. The results presented in Table 5 explore that the power flow in the transmission lines is within its prescribed limits.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**IBPSO [20]**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**HT [28]**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**MVO [21]**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**LSHADE-SPACMA**} \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Terminal**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**No. of**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Terminal**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**No.**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Terminal**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**No.**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Terminal**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**No. of**} \\ \cline{2-11}
**From** & **To** & **Circuits** & **From** & **To** & **Circuits** & **From** & **To** & **Circuits** & **From** & **To** & **Circuits** \\ \hline
5 & 22 & 1 & 6 & 34 & 2 & 6 & 34 & 1 & 5 & 6 & 1 \\
6 & 34 & 2 & 31 & 53 & 1 & 7 & 36 & 1 & 33 & 53 & 1 \\
33 & 53 & 2 & 32 & 53 & 1 & 22 & 53 & 1 & 5 & 53 & 2 \\
34 & 53 & 2 & 33 & 53 & 1 & 37 & 53 & 1 & 36 & 53 & 2 \\
36 & 53 & 2 & 34 & 53 & 1 & 33 & 53 & 1 & 20 & 53 & 1 \\  & & 35 & 53 & 1 & 34 & 53 & 1 & & & & \\  & & 36 & 53 & 2 & 36 & 53 & 2 & & & & \\ \multicolumn{2}{c}{Added circuits} & 9 & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Added circuits} & 9 & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Added circuits} & 8 & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Added circuits} & 7 \\ \multicolumn{2}{c}{Total Cost} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Total Cost} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Total Cost} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Total Cost} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Total Cost} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{17.28} \\ \multicolumn{2}{c}{(million USD)} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{(million USD)} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{(million USD)} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{(million USD)} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{(million USD)} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{17.28} \\ \multicolumn{2}{c}{Time (s)} & NC & Time (s) & NC & Time (s) & NC & Time (s) & 164.78 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: New right-of-way routes and transmission line costs for WDN using IBPSO, HT, MVO, and LSHADE-SPACMA.  
Figure 3: Single-line diagram of WDN [24].
## 2 Current Capabilities of Modern FPGAs
### Features and Platforms of FPGA Vendors
#### 2.2.2 Altera  
Altera shares the same road-map as Xilinx. It provides FPGAs based on 28 nm (V series [18]) technology SRAM and is aligned with the latest construction processes. Likewise, Altera provides 28 Gbps serial transceivers and 8 input LUTs. Moreover, the classification of Altera's FPGA is similar to Xilinx, which is Stratix (high-performance), Arria (mid-range) and Cyclone (low-cost). All the platforms are equipped with a variable amount of high-speed transceivers and DSP slices, similar to those of Xilinx. Moreover, Altera supports three soft-cores (Nios II, Cold Fire and ARM Cortex M1) in order to adapt their FPGAs to SoC-oriented platforms.  
Table 2 depicts the static power consumption of the main FPGAs from Altera. However, since the number of different platforms is high, only the parameters from the last series (V) are depicted as well as  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l c c c c} \hline \hline
**Platform** & **Model** & **Core Voltage (V)** & **Number of LUTs** & **Block RAM (KB)** & **Static Power Consumption (mW)** \\ \hline Spartan-3 & XC3S200 & \(1.2\) & \(4,320\) & \(216\) & \(41\) \\ Spartan-3E & XC5S250E & \(1.2\) & \(5,508\) & \(216\) & \(51\) \\ Spartan-6 & XC6 SLX100 & \(1.2\) & \(101,261\) & \(4,824\) & \(67\) \\ Virtex-4 & XC4 VLX200 & \(1.2\) & \(200,448\) & \(6,048\) & \(1,278\) \\ Virtex-5 & XC5 VLX220 & \(1\) & \(138,240\) & \(6,912\) & \(1,985\) \\ Virtex-6 & XC6 VLX240T & \(1\) & \(241,152\) & \(14,976\) & \(1,977\) \\ Virtex-7 & XC7 VX330T & \(1\) & \(326,400\) & \(27,000\) & \(141\) \\ Kintex-7 & XC7K160T & \(1\) & \(162,240\) & \(11,700\) & \(74\) \\ Artix-7 & XC7A100T & \(1\) & \(101,440\) & \(4,860\) & \(41\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Power consumption and operating voltage of Xilinx FPGAs.  
those used by proposed designs in Section 4 (Altera Cyclone I and II, and Altera Stratix I and II). Those parameters have been estimated using the PowerPlay Early Power Estimators (EPE). Mid-range FPGAs have been chosen in order to compare their static power consumption with no loaded configuration as depicted in Table 1.
## 3 Experimental Results  
### Dataset  
The proposed method was evaluated on the dataset of DME (diabetic macular edema) patients published at Duke University [30]. The dataset consists of 110 SD-OCT B-scan images with a size of \(512\times 740\), obtained from 10 patients with DME (11 B-scans per patient). The 11 B-scans of each patient are concentrated at the fovea and five frames on each side of the fovea (fovea slice was scanned at \(\pm 2\), \(\pm 5\), \(\pm 10\), \(\pm 15\), and \(\pm 20\) on each side of the fovea slice). These 110 B-scan images were annotated for retinal layers and regions of edema by two experts. This paper used the annotations of expert 1 as the ground truth for training the network and evaluation on the proposed method.
# Enhancing IoT Network Security Using Feature Selection for Intrusion Detection Systems
## 2 Related Work
### Hybrid Approaches Combining Feature Selection and Machine Learning  
[PERSON] et al. introduced an optimized common feature selection and deep-autoencoder model, which operated on the MQTT-IoT-IDS2020 dataset and achieved an accuracy of 99% in lightweight intrusion detection [19]. Feature selection was incorporated, and memory usage was reduced to 2 kB.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] combined a genetic algorithm with an extreme learning machine and generated a hybrid wrapper feature selection method for the task of detecting intrusions [20]. This approach underscored the importance of selecting relevant features in the IDS and accurately detecting intrusions using the IoT_ToN dataset.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] developed a lightweight IDS specifically designed for IoT devices [21]. The IDS selected a subset of features based on their efficiency and detectedcyberattacks based on stochastic gradient descent classifiers. The dimensionality of the dataset was reduced by 79.93% while the detection of cyberattacks was enhanced and computational complexity was minimized.  
[PERSON] et al. combined the Pearson correlation coefficient with random forest techniques for feature selection, addressing feature redundancy and improving the accuracy of IIoT anomaly detection. By integrating bidirectional gated recurrent units (BiGRU) and inception-CNN, they tackled challenges such as data imbalance, enhancing the overall performance of intrusion detection systems [22].
# A Survey of Applications of Deep Learning in Radio Signal Modulation Recognition
## 9 Concluding Remarks
It is hoped that this paper will introduce and provide useful information on the radio modulation methods based on DL, so that more research and attention can be given to this topic to further improve the efficiency and accuracy of radio modulation recognition. Data curation, T.W. and M.J.; funding acquisition, Q.Y. ; investigation, P.C. ; methodology, T.W. ; supervision, Z.X. ; validation, G.Y. and T.W. ; writing--original draft, T.W. ; writing--review and editing, Q.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research has received no external funding. Not applicable. The authors declare no conflict of interest. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**DL Network Models** & **Advantages** & **Disadvantages** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{CNN} & Local perception; & The input is a fixed length; \\  & Weight sharing; & One-way non feedback \\  & Shift invariance. & connection. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{RNN} & Contains the feedback input at the current time; & Gradient vanishing problem; \\  & Processing signal sequence. & Processing signal sequence unable \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{LSTM} & Back propagation; & The calculation is complex and \\  & With memory function. & time-consuming. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{DBN} & Establish a joint probability & \multirow{3}{*}{High complexity; \\  & distribution; & The recognition accuracy is low. \\ \cline{1-1}  & Unsupervised learning. & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 15: Advantages and disadvantages of the DL network model.
# Collaborative Caching for Implementing a Location-Privacy Aware LBS on a MANET
## 7 Conclusions and Future Work  
This study proposes a novel collaborative caching strategy to implement privacy-aware decentralized LBSs in MANETs. Our main contributions include (1) a peer-to-peer LBS architecture enabling direct query resolution within MANETs, (2) a two-tier caching system combining local and proximity-based storage, (3) location-aware data storage strategies optimizing geographical proximity, and (4) an accumulated privacy loss metric quantifying privacy implications in hybrid systems. Experimental results demonstrated that our collaborative approach effectively reduces LBS server queries and data redundancy while preserving privacy despite increased communication costs. The evaluation of data  
Figure 6: Number of queries sent to LBSs and number of query responses from MANET vs. expiration time. Solid lines represent queries sent to LBSs; dashed lines represent query responses from MANET.  
obsolescence showed that optimized expiration times enhance system effectiveness in promoting local query resolution.  
Future work will focus on the following:  
* Optimizing cache management for varying data validity requirements.
* Implementing decentralized cloaking mechanisms.
* Incorporating privacy budgets to enhance user awareness and control.  
Conceptualization, R.F., P.G. and C.G.-S.; methodology, R.F., P.G. and C.G.-S.; software, R.F.; validation, R.F. and P.G.; formal analysis, P.G.; investigation, R.F., P.G. and C.G.-S.; resources, C.G.-S.; data curation, R.F.; writing--original draft preparation, P.G.; writing--review and editing, P.G. and C.G.-S.; visualization, R.F., P.G. and C.G.-S.; supervision, P.G. and C.G.-S.; project administration, P.G.; funding acquisition, P.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by Vicerrectoria de Investigacion y Doctorados de la Universidad San Sebastian--Fondo USS-FIN-24-APCS-30 and by Universidad del Bio-Bio, Chile, under grant INN I+D 23-53.  
Not applicable.  
Data Availability Statement: Data are contained within the article.  
This research was funded by Universidad San Sebastian.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.