# Artificial Intelligence of Things for Solar Energy Monitoring and Control
## 3 AIoT Applications in PV Systems: A Comprehensive Review
### Applications of IoT in PV Systems
#### 3.2.1 Solar Monitoring Systems
The paper demonstrates how energy harvesting can efficiently provide a continuous battery power supply, even for low-powered devices, ensuring sustained operation even over varying distances. Table 8 presents a comparative analysis of the mentioned IoT-based solar PV monitoring systems highlighting the IoT technology used, data acquisition methods, communication protocols, key monitoring features, and cost-effectiveness. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt}} \hline \hline
**Study** & **IoT Technology Used** & **Data Acquisition Protocol** & **Communication Protocol** & **Monitoring Features/Additional Functions** & **Low Cost** \\ \hline [PERSON] and [PERSON] [127] & IoT system with mobile interface & Voltage, current, power & Wireless control via mobile devices & Remote monitoring and control via mobile devices & No \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [128] & Open-source SCADA system & Analog current and voltage sensors for PV data & Wireless cloud-based dashboards & Remote monitoring via cloud-based dashboards & Yes \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [129] & IoT solar metering system & DC Voltage Transducer, Current Shunt & Wi-Fi off-grid solar setups & Remote monitoring for \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [130] & IoT-based DAQ system & Current, voltage, humidity, temperature, wind speed, dust & Wi-Fi temperature, wind speed, dust & Wi-Fi power saving and 13\% PV degradation analysis & Energy-saving switches; 58\% power saving and 13\% PV degradation analysis & Yes \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [131] & Renewable Energy Monitoring System (REMS) & Solar voltage, current, temp, irradiance & Wi-Fi and remote firmware updates and real-time cloud monitoring & No \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [132] & MQTT-based IoT architecture & Environmental conditions, PV efficiency & MQTT & Low-cost, real-time monitoring with \textless{1} s network delay & Yes \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [133] & IoT-based monitoring system for solar-powered motor pump & status, frequency, power, voltage, speed, temperature & MQTT, MODBUS via SMS/call, GPS tracking for installation location & Yes \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [134] & Embedded monitoring for solar inverters & Grid fault, PV over/under voltage & Modbus, Wi-Fi inverter performance via web platform & Remote monitoring of inverter performance via web platform & No \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [135] & Open-source IoT tool-based monitoring system & Voltage, current, power, battery status & Modbus-RTU (wired) & Quasi-real-time monitoring, data stored in Influxb, visualized using Grafana, customized exploretor for Excel/CSV files & Yes \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [136] & Siemens S7-1200 PLC-based IoT monitoring system & Voltage, current, power, temperature, irradiance, environmental conditions & PROFINET (wired) & Real-time monitoring, web server access via WiFi, performance tracking, and issue alerts for maintenance and optimization & No \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: Comparative analysis of IoT-based solar PV monitoring systems.