## 2 Energy Management and Review of Surveys
### MG Components  
Based on the literature, the MG components are addressed as follows:  
* Distributed generators (DGs) [12; 19];
* Storage systems (SS), [19], including battery, flywheel, super-capacitor, fuel cell, CES, SMES, and pumped storage [12]; or mechanical (flywheel, compressed air, and pumped hydro), electrochemical (lead-acid (PbA), lithium-ion (Li-ion), sodium-sulfur (NaS), and redox flow batteries, and hydrogen fuel cells (HFC)), and electrical (super-capacitor (SC) and super magnetic) types [11]; or lead acid, lithium-ion, and nickel-cadmium [13];
* Conventional sources: oil, gas, and coal-based generation units [13];
* Point of common coupling (PCC) [19];
* Distribution system [19];
* Protection system [19];
* Monitoring and metering [19];
* Power converters [13; 19];
* Control system [19];
* Loads: commercial, residential, industrial, and other types (public and agriculture) [12]; or identification-based (measurement-based and component-based) and controlled-based (controlled and uncontrolled) [12]; or thermal loads and electrical loads (constant power (the most common), constant current, constant impedance, and complex ZIP model) [13];
* EVs: vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) [12], in four modes of operation, including forward motoring, reserve regeneration, reserve motoring, and forward regeneration [13];
* xEVs: electric vehicles (EVs), battery EVs (BEVs), hybrid EVs (HEVs), fuel cell hybrid vehicles (FCHVs), and plug-in hybrid EVs (PHEVs) [14; 20]. In addition, the leading technologies of non-renewable DGs are categorized as follows:
* Reciprocating engines [19];
* Gas turbines [19];
* Micro-turbine [19];
* Fuel cells [19]: Alkaline fuel cell (AFC), Phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC), Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), Molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), and Molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) [13];
* Diesel generators [12]. The leading technologies for renewable DGs are listed as follows:
* Wind [12; 19]: centralized and decentralized [13];
* Photovoltaic systems [19]: monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and amorphous [13];
* Biomass gasification [19];
* Small (or hydro) hydropower [12; 19];
* Geothermal [19];
* Ocean energy [19];
* Solar thermal [19] or solar [12];
* Combined heat and power (CHP) [12]. As an important note, all of the renewable DGs are from AC type, except the fuel cell, solar, or photovoltaic systems [12; 19]. In another classification, [PERSON] et al. [15] presented the MG components based on what is described in Table 2.  
It should be noted that [PERSON] et al. [8] addressed incentive-based programs for DRP including direct load control (DLC), interruptible, emergency (EDRP), and capacity market program (CMP). [PERSON] et al. [12] also divided the supply and demand management strategies into two categories of demand control (price-based and direct load) and energy generation control (with and without RES). Table 3 compares various costs of energy storage systems [21; 22] and their environmental impacts [23]. Table 4 also describes some technical characteristics of different ESS technologies [23]. It should be noted that these data were recompiled using reported data from various references. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline  & & Price-based programs: \\  & & \(\bullet\) & time-of-use; \\  & & \(\bullet\) & critical peak; \\  & & \(\bullet\) & real-time pricing. \\  & & & Incentive-based programs: \\  & & & \\ Flexible energy sources & Demand response programs (DRP) & \(\bullet\) & classical; \\  & & \(\bullet\) & direct load control; \\  & & \(\bullet\) & capacity market program; \\  & & \(\bullet\) & ancillary service market; \\  & & \(\bullet\) & emergency DRP; \\  & & \(\bullet\) & market-based program. \\  & ESS & Fuel cell, battery, EV, flywheel, \\  & & & super-capacitor \\  & & & Diesel generator, micro-turbine, \\  & Non-RES & gas engine, and combustion \\  & & & turbine \\ Non-flexible energy sources, or RES & PV, hydro, tidal, wind, biomass, geothermal \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}