# Multi-Gateway-Based Energy Holes Avoidance Routing Protocol for WSN
## 6 Proposed Algorithm
able to transmit their packets over long distance. Distance-based selection of destination (gateway or sink) by a cluster head saves transmission energy and it increases network performance as compared to other protocols (LEACH, M-GEAR, and GSEP). Energy consumption is decreased by reducing the transmission distance between the transmitter and receiver. Energy holes are avoided near the sink, by reducing the communication load of the nodes in the sink region. Energy holes are also avoided in remote areas by using gateway nodes in between CH and the sink node. Cluster heads are formed in all parts of an area, so member nodes do not choose a remote cluster head. This saves energy of cluster member nodes. This protocol has a better stability period, lifetime, and throughput as compared to other protocols. It has good TIRPR over other protocols in different area sizes. It has uniform energy consumption and, therefore, it has much residual energy available for a large number of rounds. MGBEHA can cover a large area without lowering the performance of the network. Simulation results are very close to the theoretical results. **Acknowledgments:** [PERSON] is thankful to the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Human Resource Development Group, India for providing necessary fellowship. **Author Contributions:** [PERSON] has developed the model and wrote the manuscript under the guidance of [PERSON]. **Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest. ## Abbreviations

The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript: \begin{tabular}{l l} MGBEHA & Multi-Gateway Based Energy Holes Avoidance Routing Protocol \\ WSN & Wireless Sensor Network \\ GSEP & Gateway Based Stable Election Multi Hop Routing Protocol \\ M-GEAR & Gateway-Based Energy-Aware Multi-Hop Routing Protocol \\ LEACH & Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy Routing Protocol \\ CHs & Cluster Heads \\ ACO & Ant Colony Optimization \\ RSSI & Received Signal Strength Indicator \\ \end{tabular} 

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