# Process-Oriented Stream Classification Pipeline: A Literature Review
## 3 Data Sources and Benchmarking
### Benchmark Datasets
#### 3.2.2 Datasets
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Dataset**} & **Description** & **Observations** & **Attributes** & **No. Classes** & **Discipline** \\ \hline Adult [58] & Predict income & 48,842 & 14 mixed types & 2 & Miscellaneous \\ Airline [59] & Flight delays in USA & \(116\times 10^{6}\) & 13 mixed types & 2 & Vehicles \\ AWS Prices [60] & Bids on server capacity & \(27.5\times 10^{6}\) & 6 mixed types & Arbitrary & Industry \\ CIFAR [61,62] & Tiny colour images & 60,000 & \(32\times 32\) pixels & 10 & Computer Vision \\ COCO [45] & Text recognition in images & 173,589 & 5 mixed types & Arbitrary & Computer Vision \\ Electricity [47,63] & Relative price changes & 45,312 & 8 mixed types & 2 & Industry \\ ECUE 1 [64] & E-mail spam filtering & 10,983 & 287,034 tokens & 2 & Miscellaneous \\ ECUE 2 [64] & E-mail spam filtering & 11,905 & 166,027 tokens & 2 & Miscellaneous \\ E-Mail data [65] & E-mail headings & 1500 & 913 words & 2 & Social Media \\ Forest Covertype [66] & Covertype for quadrants & 581,012 & 54 mixed types & 7 & Miscellaneous \\ Gas Sensor Array [67,88] & Gas type identification & 13,910 & 8 mixed types & 6 & Industry \\ Kddcup99 [69] & Intrusion detection & 494,021 & 41 mixed types & 23 & IT-Security \\ Keystroke [70] & Detect imposter keystrokes & 20,400 & 31 mixed types & 10 & IT-Security \\ MNIST [71] & Handwritten digits & 70,000 & \(28\times 28\) pixel & 10 & Computer Vision \\ Luxembourg [72] & Classify internet usage & 1901 & 20 mixed types & 2 & Social Media \\ NOAA Rain [73] & Predict rain & 18,159 & 8 mixed types & 2 & Miscellaneous \\ Nursery [74] & Rank applications for nursery schools & 12,960 & 8 numerc & 5 & Miscellaneous \\ Ozon [75] & Predict ozone levels & 2534 & 72 mixed types & 2 & Miscellaneous \\ Outdoor objects [76] & Recognize objects in garden & 4000 & 21 mixed types & 40 & Computer Vision \\ Poker Hand [77] & Hand of five cards & \(1\times 10^{6}\) & 11 mixed types & 9 & Miscellaneous \\ Powersupply [69] & Predict hour on basis of power supply & 29,928 & 2 numerc & 24 & Industry \\ Rialto Tmeples [78] & Identify buildings & 82,250 & 27 numerc & 10 & Computer Vision \\ Sensor [69] & Identify sensor ID & 2,219,803 & 5 numerc & 54 & Miscellaneous \\ Usenet [79] & Messages sent in groups & 1500 & 99 attributes & 2 & Social Media \\ Spam Assassin Collection [80] & Spam E-Mails & 9324 & 39,917 words & 2 & Social Media \\ Weather [57] & Predict occurrence of rain & 18,159 & 8 mixed types & 2 & Miscellaneous \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Real-world datasets from different application scenarios of stream classification. in the electricity markets of Australia to object recognition by using thousands of tiny images [47; 61]. A common practice regarding real-world datasets is the concatenation of static smaller sets to mimic streaming scenarios, i.e., to connect them in a series and create consecutive artificial timestamps. An example of this approach is the famous MNIST dataset, consisting of images of handwritten numbers, which is used across various machine learning domains [62; 81]. In Table 3, the name of the dataset, as well as a short description of its content, is given. We referenced the original authors of the dataset, sometimes alongside other researchers who conducted significant enhancements. In addition, the number of records, attributes, assigned classes, and the general discipline from which the dataset was collected are given. Although today, more data is produced than ever in the past, it is generally criticized that only a few large datasets exist for benchmarking purposes [34]. Additionally, the existing datasets have flaws: for example, refs. [39; 82] detect irregularities in the Electricity dataset provided by [63], since it incorporates dependent labels. Prices succumb to long periods of ups and downs. Moreover, delays often occur in real-world problems, and labels are not directly available [83].