## 3 Results and Discussion
[48] a lower hygroscopicity could be more positive because of its importance on flowability factor during storage. Hygroscopicity presented significant [PERSON]'s correlation when related to \(\rho_{\rm b}\) and \(\varepsilon\) (_p_ < 0.05). The higher the hygroscopicity, the higher the \(\rho_{\rm b}\) and the lower the \(\varepsilon\), with 0.9799 and -0.9786 correlation values, respectively. Table 4 shows color coordinates and total color differences of beetroot powders. Using higher P concentrations caused higher L* values and lower b* and h* values in spray-dried samples. SD at higher temperature also caused higher L* values and lower b* and h* values in spray-dried samples. Therefore, 7P150 (higher P % and higher spray-dried temperature) presented the highest L* and the lowest b* and h*. Contrarily, 3.5P125 (lower P % and lower spray-dried temperature) presented the lowest L* and the highest b* and h*. Other authors also observed that adding a carrier agent (maltodextrin, gum arab \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Parameter** & **3.5P125** & **3.5P150** & **7P125** & **7P150** \\ \hline x\({}_{\rm w}\) (gw/g) & 0.0492 (0.0013) a & 0.0331 (0.0009) c & 0.0448 (0.0013) b & 0.0321 (0.0002) c \\ CP (gCP/g) & 20.380 (0.006) d & 21.79 (0.07) c & 26.70 (0.05) b & 27.65 (0.12) a \\ WAI & 0.49 (0.09) b & 0.53 (0.03) b & 0.70 (0.05) a & 0.824 (0.013) a \\ WSI (\%) & 17.4 (0.9) a & 17.90 (0.03) a & 15.1 (0.2) b & 12.4 (0.7) c \\ \(\rho_{\rm b}\) (g/cm\({}^{3}\)) & 0.5675 (0.0007) a & 0.44 (0.02) b & 0.417 (0.012) b & 0.363 (0.013) c \\ \(\epsilon\) & 0.6143 (0.0006) d & 0.703 (0.008) c & 0.718 (0.006) b & 0.754 (0.006) a \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Mean values (and standard deviation) of water (x\({}_{\rm w}\)), crude protein (CP) content, water absorption (WAI), water solubility (WSI) index, bulk density (\(\rho_{\rm b}\)), and porosity (\(\varepsilon\)) of beetroot spray-dried powders. resistant starch) caused whiter powders because these carrier agents are white [33,38,39]. According to [PERSON] et al. [49], total color differences are perceptible by the human eye when they are larger than 3. Total color differences for spray-dried samples because of SD temperature (\(\Delta\)E\({}_{1}\)) or P % (\(\Delta\)E\({}_{2}\)) ranged from 2.5 to 4.2, proximate to 3. Only total color differences between 7P125 and 7P150 were not perceptible, however the remaining total color differences shown in Table 4 are proximate to 3. Total color differences for spray-dried samples with the same P % (3.5 or 7) by temperature effect (\(\Delta\)E\({}_{1}\)) showed significant differences if the sample contained 3.5 or 7% P. However, there were significant differences in \(\Delta\)E\({}_{2}\) (\(p>0.05\)). Figure 2 shows the appearance of the studied samples. In concordance with color coordinates (Table 4), 3.5P125 of beetroot juice spray-dried sample was darker than the other samples. 7P125 and 7P150 showed a similar appearance, as it is indicated in low values of \(\Delta\)E\({}_{1}\) (Table 4). Visually, the most different sample of the four studied is 3.5P125. In Figure 3, spray-dried beetroot juice powders FESEM micrographs are showed. Spray-dried beetroot powder presents an oval or spherical shape with smooth-surfaced particles, typical of SD samples. Other authors showed similar kinds of particles in mangos [50], lychees [51], and oranges [38]. Powdered particles had a continuous wall and no surface cracks. When increasing P % in beetroot juice, powdered particles are smaller with a higher particle density. Furthermore, when increasing spray-dried temperature,