# MTRSRP: Joint Design of Multi-Triangular Ring and Self-Routing Protocol for BLE Networks
## 2 Related Work
Consequently, this approach enhanced fault tolerance in link connections and improved throughput performance compared to BlueHRT [6]. BLEmesh technology [13] has garnered significant attention from academia and industry and has emerged as a standard solution for BLE multi-hop networks. The managed flooding approach implemented in the Bluetooth mesh effectively reduces the number of route discovery packets, ensuring acceptable end-to-end packet latency. In [19], an evaluation of the Bluetooth mesh's quality of service and scalability performance was conducted, offering general guidelines and configuration recommendations. By analyzing the timing randomization of the scanning and advertising processes, this study explored the relationship between the reliability, delay, and scalability parameters within Bluetooth mesh protocols. However, scalability remained challenging because of the broadcast storm problem associated with flooding protocols, particularly in densely deployed BLEmesh networks that impose reliability restrictions. In [20], a new nonuniform power formation algorithm (NUPFA) was proposed to establish a mesh topology to create energy-efficient BLE networks. This method incorporates two levels of power control and introduces dual links between piconets to enhance the energy efficiency and achieve the desired number of piconets through a distributed formation approach. Furthermore, the power consumption required for packet routing within the resulting mesh topology was determined. By leveraging non-uniform power levels and dual links, NUPFA demonstrated reduced packet power consumption and end-to-end packet delay compared to CBM and Bluetooth meshes. The research presented in [21] introduced a novel approach called the multiple mesh ring (MMR) topology, which was combined with hybrid routing. By employing a predefined mesh ring structure, the MMR methodology achieved balanced connectivity between piconets and scatternets in load distribution. This study also proposed a self-routing protocol to operate across different levels of the mesh ring configuration to minimize routing overhead. To further optimize load-balancing networks using the MMR approach, distributed topology control with a hierarchical self-routing strategy (DTC-HSR) was introduced in [22]. The DTC-HSR protocol integrates the leader selection and topology construction processes to establish a mesh ring topology, thereby ensuring improved performance and operational efficiency. Nonetheless, the routing mechanism within the self-routing protocol can be further refined by incorporating shortest-path optimization techniques. While our work focuses on BLE networks, we acknowledge that label-based routing has been extensively explored in other domains. For example, PortLand [23] adopted a centralized label assignment scheme to enable scalable Layer 2 routing in data center networks, whereas LESS [24] introduced a distributed label switching mechanism to enhance fault tolerance and reliability. More recently, label-based routing using topology-aware MAC addresses has been proposed for low-power wireless networks, such as the 2021 study [25], which outperformed RPL by embedding routing information directly into MAC address structures. Although these techniques have inspired aspects of our design, MTRSRP differentiates itself by offering a lightweight, fully decentralized labeling mechanism specifically tailored for hierarchical BLE scatternets, which are constrained by energy and hardware limitations. This paper presents an integrated framework that combines a decentralized multi-triangular ring topology with a decoding-based self-routing protocol to enhance BLE network performance. The proposed design optimizes the number of rings and utilizes a dual-bridge architecture to enable efficient, shortest-path routing.