# Biosynthesis of Phytocannabinoids and Structural Insights: A Review
## 6 Bioactivities of Phytocannabinoids in Animals and Humans
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Phytocannabinoids** & **Bioactivity in Animals** & **References** \\ \hline \(\Delta^{9}\)-THC & Pleiotropic effects such as analgesia, muscle relaxation, increased weight and appetite; spasticity, dysphoria & [58] \\ \(\Delta^{9}\)-THC & Neuroprotective and antitumor activity & [59] \\ \(\Delta^{9}\)-THCV & Non-psychotropic effect on obesity and metabolic disorder & [60] \\ CBC & Non-psychotropic and anti-inflammatory activity & [61] \\ CBD & Cures memory loss, obesity, rheumatoid arthritis, epilepsy & [62] \\ CBG & Non-psychotropic effect & [60] \\ CBL and DCA & HIV and cancer and boost the immune activity & [63] \\ CBL & Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial activity & [64] \\ -cis-perrottetienne (_cis_-PET) & Increased analgesia, catalelpsy, hyperlocomotion, and hypothermia & [65] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Bioactivity and effect of different phytocannabinoids in animals. and ventral striatum and low levels in the brainstem; other respiratory control centers lack CB1. Moreover, this is the main reason phytocannabinoids have a low effect on respiratory and cardiovascular activities [74]. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPR) such as GPR18 and GPR55 serve as potent phytocannabinoid receptors. GPR18 is a \"deorphanized\" receptor present in cells and tissues of the thymus, spleen, small intestine, lymph nodes, leukocytes, and gametes [73]. Phytocannabinoids exerts strong therapeutic potential in humans assessed by the meta-analysis of several clinical trials; they possess a strong effect on health conditions such as nausea, vomiting, insomnia (sleeping disorder), depression, anxiety, paraplegia (paralyzes in a lower limb due to spinal cord injury), and psychosis (emotional metal disorder) and provide appetite stimulation in response to several syndromes [70]. Hemp predominantly produces bioactive compounds; it has resin glands with low THC and CBD activity. The antibacterial activity of these byproducts can be attributed to the terpenes and polyphenol compounds; phytocannabinoids are the main active compounds responsible for the antibacterial biocidal activity [72]. Another biphenyl cis-THC, (-)_cis_-perrotteinene (_cis_-PET), was isolated from the liverwort _Radula perrottetii_[72; 73]. The cis configuration in the cyclohexene ring in cis-PET is comparable with \(\Delta^{9}\)-trans-THC. PET resembles \(\Delta^{9}\)-THC in its 3D shape and can bind to many of the same cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) as \(\Delta^{9}\)-THC. Moreover, research data on additives and the synergic and antagonistic activities of bioactive compounds are important to promote their use in feed as well as their industrial importance [73]. In addition, the cannabis industry is expected to grow much faster than expected, reaching USD 57 billion by 2027, with North America having the largest group of cannabis buyers; the global market is expected to cover at least 67% of the expenditure, and medicinal marijuana the remaining 33%. Other developed countries are expected to contribute to the medicinal cannabis market, thus making it the largest in the world. Several common diseases in several mammal species can be treated with phytocannabinoids, which can represent a translational improvement in bioactive phytocannabinoids; however, legislation must be passed to enable this [74; 75].