## 1 Introduction  
Digital technologies and artificial intelligence (AI) drive transformative changes across various sectors, including education [1]. AI facilitates personalized learning experiences, supports data-driven decision-making, and enables automated assessments and customized educational content [2]. AI-driven analytics enable personalized learning and assist teachers in developing targeted educational strategies [3]. As AI technology reshapes the K-12 education paradigm, countries are actively developing policies to create AI-based learning environments. South Korea, through its revised 2022 educational curriculum, emphasized the use of AI in teaching, learning, and assessment processes [4], while Japan implemented the 'GIGA School Program' to support AI-based personalized learning with a one-device-per-student policy [5]. Singapore introduced the 'AI Learning Analytics' system to analyze individual student learning data and support customized education [6], and China has expanded its AI-based education innovation through the 'New Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan' and the 'Smart Campus AI Initiative', which includes AI textbook development and online assessment systems [7; 8]. Saudi Arabia and the UAE are also advancing in building smart learning environments utilizing AI [9; 10]. The expansion of AI in education is transforming teaching methods and reshaping educators' roles. Teachers are increasingly required to design personalized learning experiences using AI-based learning analytics tools and to enhance the objectivity of assessments through AI grading systems, thereby serving as both designers of personalized learning and data-driven decision-makers [11]. These changes necessitate teachers to possess AI Literacy, highlighting the need for effective integration of AI in education. In the United States, the National AI Education Initiative (2022) has been enhancing AI education by linking the AI4K12 framework with STEM education and expanding AI Literacy training for teachers [12]. The United Kingdom and the European Union (EU) continue to explore integrating AI technology in education, developing AI Literacy training and usage guidelines for teachers [13]. AI Literacy encompasses a comprehensive skill set that includes understanding the fundamental concepts and principles of AI, applying them effectively within an educational context, and considering the social and ethical implications of their use. This skill set is an extension of traditional literacy (reading, writing, speaking) and digital literacy, including the understanding of AI's operational principles and data analytics capabilities, the ability to assess the impact of AI on education and society, and a responsible ethical stance on AI usage [1]. Teacher AI Literacy is the ability to effectively integrate AI technologies in all educational stages--preparation, execution, assessment, and utilization of assessments. This requires teachers to possess theoretical and practical knowledge, develop technical skills to achieve educational objectives, and master pedagogical methods for effective AI application [1]. With the increasing importance of AI Literacy, the level of teachers' AI Literacy is becoming more crucial in enhancing the quality of education and student learning outcomes. Recent studies have been actively exploring the development of training programs to improve AI Literacy and the execution of technology, with a focus on teachers' AI Literacy capabilities and their influence on students' acquisition of AI Literacy [14; 15; 16]. While initial studies primarily concentrated on the impact of teachers' AI Literacy on students' learning, most prior research has focused on establishing the concept of AI Literacy and developing pedagogies, with less empirical examination of how teachers' perceptions affect their AI Literacy performance and educational effectiveness in real classrooms. This study makes several significant contributions.