## 5 Paleomagnetic Mapping
### Paleomagnetic Mapping in Northern Israel
#### 5.1.1 Combined Paleomagnetic Map for the Sea of Galilee and Its Vicinity  
Structurally, historically-geologically, and methodologically, the region of the Sea of Galilee (Lake Kinneret) (see its location in Figures 2B and 3) is the best object of the paleomagnetic mapping of transition regions from the ocean to the continent. The phenomena and structures of the collisional type caused by the closure of the Noetethys Ocean and the elements of the initial phases of the Red Sea-East African Rift system spreading are developed here. It is the largest freshwater reservoir in Israel and the Middle East and an etalon region for the volcanogenic association examination. The N-S Dead Sea Transform (DST) and the E-W and NW-SE fault systems break up the Galilee region. The sea, and the plain to its south, are in a depression bounded on the east and west by active fault scarps with steep gradients [70]. The superposition of vertical movements perpendicular or inclined to the transform impedes the tectonic-structural interpretation of this basin [54]. At the end of the XX century, different geological and geophysical surveys raised the question of developing the tectonic-geodynamic model of this area, e.g., [54; 71]. Further studies [16; 17; 21] displayed that the solution to this problem is to develop a methodology for the paleomagnetic mapping by an optimal linkage of the methods of magneto-geophysics (adopted in the study of the oceans and the methods of the paleomagnetic stratigraphy assumed for the continents) supported by a set of independent geological-geophysical investigations. This study [16; 17] was the first experience of this kind of research. In the context of the regional geological-geophysical studies of the African-Arabian region, paleomagnetic mapping of the area of the Sea of Galilee has been significantly expanded and detailed [49; 57; 72]. A compiled paleomagnetic column for the Sea of Galilee indicates the complexity of the medium (Figure 18). The elaborated edition of the paleomagnetic map of the Sea of Galilee and its vicinity (Figure 19) was extended to the south (to the Belvoir uplift) and supported by a paleomagnetic scale. Here, a deep well was drilled, and a set of the Cenozoic traps radiometric dating was obtained. The map was significantly detailed due to the attraction of novel data from the structural, radiometric, and paleomagnetic analyses, which increased the understanding of the studied area's structure and evolution. Figure 18: Generalized chronostrigraphic and magnetostrigraphic scales of Late Cenozoic basaltic formations for the Sea of Galilee and Hula Basin (modified after [16; 49; 72]). (1) General stratigraphic scale, (2) paleomagnetic chrons and subchrons, (3) paleomagnetic scale and its radiometric limits, (4) sequence of basaltic formations. For effective paleomagnetic mapping, applying an optimal paleomagnetic scale is necessary. The development of the Jalal, Sogdiana, Gissar, Tuarkyr, and Khorezm paleomagnetic classification is described in [73; 74]. Methodologically, in such a manner, we tacked the mapping of the transition region from the ocean to the continent to the methods widely used in the paleomagnetic mapping of the oceanic regions [57] and optimally compiled with the geodynamic principles [75]. A new variant of the paleomagnetic map of the Sea of Galilee and adjacent areas (Figure 19A) includes an anomalous pull-apart basin, areas of the circular structures' development [15; 21], the arc faults, and the rotational markers of the crustal block recognized from the tectonic-structural and paleomagnetic data [54; 76; 77]. Figure 19: _Cont._  
Two relatively sizable ring structures are presented here. The first is the Sharon trap depression located in the central-western part of the map. The second is the Irbid ring structure, bounded by conical dikes and partially presented in the southeastern part.