esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Effects of Aft-Body Extension Design on the Fundamental Characteristics of HWB Civil Aircraft
## 4 Characteristics Evaluation
### Basic Takeoff and Landing Performance Analysis
#### 4.2.2 Landing-Performance Analysis  
This subsection is an evaluation of the basic landing performance of these four configurations of aircraft. As mentioned in this paper, the HWB aircraft is a kind of configuration with high integration of the lift surface and control surface, and the upward deflection of the elevons during landing will destroy the lift surface's aerodynamic shape and cause significant lift loss at the trailing edge of the aircraft, so the angle of attack in the landing process needs to be increased to supplement the lift. Due to the large landing angle of attack, the lateral stability of the HWB layout aircraft in landing is poor, and there is even a risk of Spiral mode dispersion, which is not conducive to landing safety [29]. In summary, the evaluation of the basic landing performance of the four configurations focuses on the trim angle of attack in the landing process and the modal performance of the aircraft at low speed.  
Figure 11: Takeoff performance for the four configurations.  
The final calculation results of the landing performance are shown in Figures 12 and 13, where Figure 12 reflects the landing angle of attack of each type of aircraft in the configuration family, and Figure 13 reflects the motion modes in the landing state. From Figure 12, we can see that the aft-body extension can significantly decrease the landing angle of attack of the aircraft, where the OPT1 aircraft can even reach the level of the same class of TAW aircraft, while the shortest aft-body, OPT4 aircraft, has the angle of nearly 15 degrees. From Figure 13, it is obvious that the Spiral mode of the aircraft is significantly improved with the aft-body extension, and the convergence of Spiral mode is finally achieved on OPT1 aircraft.  
few speed points between Mach 0.4 and 0.8 are selected for the trim and calculation. The \(\frac{\partial\delta_{e}}{\partial n_{n}}\) can be obtained by Equation (10):  
\[\frac{\partial\delta_{e}}{\partial n_{n}}=-\frac{\left(\frac{\partial C_{n}}{ \partial C_{L}}+\frac{C_{nn}}{\mu_{1}}\right)}{C_{m\delta_{e}}}\frac{W}{qS}, \tag{10}\]  
where \(\mu_{1}\) is the relative density of the aircraft.  
The calculated results for the control authority of the four configurations are shown in Figure 14. According to the results, we have the following conclusions. First, the aft-body extension improves the control authority of the HWB aircraft at both high and low speeds. The comparison of OPT3 and OPT4 and the comparison of OPT2 and OPT3 especially shows that the initial improvement effect of the aft-body extension to control authority is significant. On the other hand, from the comparison of Aircraft 1 and 2, this improvement effect decays when the aft-body is extended to a certain degree. Secondly, the difference in control authority of each configuration at high speed is not as large as that at low speed, so the aft-body extension shows much importance in improving the control authority of HWB aircraft at low-speed operation.
## 5 IPv6 in Networking
### Improved Header Format  
IPv6 introduces a more streamlined header format compared to its predecessor, IPv4. IPv6's fixed header size of 40 bytes, in contrast to the variable-length header of IPv4, simplifies packet processing and reduces the processing burden on routers and network devices. This streamlined header includes only essential information, omitting unnecessary or rarely used functionalities, which accelerates packet forwarding and enhances network scalability. The improved header format aligns with IPv6's broader goal of providing a more efficient and scalable foundation for the growing network of internet-connected devices.
# Optimal Particle Filter Weight for Bayesian Direct Position Estimation in a GNSS Receiver
## 4 Derivation of the Optimal Particle Weight for Multiple GNSS Signals
Considering the term \(\exp\left\{\frac{|P_{n}(\tau_{n},\omega_{n})|^{2}}{4}\right\}\) in Equation (27), the numerical limits are reached for a correlation value \(P_{n}(\tau_{n},\omega_{n})>53.28\) approximately. A solution to overcome the effect of limited digital precision is proposed in the next chapter.
## 2 Operating Principle
### Stage 3: \(t_{1}<t\leq t_{2}\)  
In Figure 4, only the device \(S_{smb1}\) is activated. The energy delivered by the leakage inductance \(L_{l1}\) to the snubber capacitor \(C_{snb1}\) is now returned to the leakage inductance \(L_{l1}\). For energy balance, the average current in the snubber capacitor \(C_{snb1}\) is zero.  
\[i_{L_{m}}(t)=-\frac{\frac{V_{p1}\ d_{1}}{(L_{m}+L_{l1})}\ V_{out}}{V_{p1}\ d_{1}}\ t+\frac{V_{p1}\ d_{1}}{(L_{m}+L_{l1})f_{s}}+i_{L _{l1}}(t) \tag{4}\]  
\[I_{D_{out}}=i_{L_{m}}(t)-i_{L_{l1}}(t) \tag{5}\]  
\[\begin{array}{c}i_{L_{l1}}(t)=i_{C_{snb1}}(t)\\ =\frac{V_{out}-V_{C_{snb1}}(0)}{L_{l1}}\sqrt{L_{l1}C_{snb1}}\sin\Bigl{(}\frac{1 }{\sqrt{L_{l1}C_{snb1}}}t\Bigr{)}\\ +I_{L_{m_{max}}}\cos\Bigl{(}\frac{1}{\sqrt{L_{l1}C_{snb1}}}t\Bigr{)}\end{array} \tag{6}\]  
\[\begin{array}{c}v_{L_{l1}}(t)=L_{l1}\frac{di_{C_{snb1}}(t)}{dt}\\ =V_{out}-V_{C_{snb1}}(0)\cos\Bigl{(}\frac{1}{\sqrt{L_{l1}C_{snb1}}}t\Bigr{)}\\ -I_{L_{max}}\frac{L_{l1}}{\sqrt{L_{l1}C_{snb1}}}\sin\Bigl{(}\frac{1}{\sqrt{L_{ l1}C_{snb1}}}t\Bigr{)}\end{array} \tag{7}\]  
\[V_{L_{m}}+v_{L_{l1}}-v_{C_{snb1}}=0\to v_{C_{snb1}}=v_{L_{l1}}+V_{L_{m}} \to v_{C_{snb1}}=v_{L_{l1}}-V_{out} \tag{8}\]  
At \(t=t_{2}\), the leakage inductance current, given by Equation (6), is maximum but it circulates in the opposite direction than in Stage 2. For \(t=t_{2}\), the snubber capacitor recovers the initial voltage of Stage 1. The output diode current \(i_{D_{out}}\) is given by Equation (9), and the main switch blocking voltage is given by Equation (10).  
\[i_{D_{out}}(t)=i_{L_{m}}(t)-i_{L_{l1}}(t) \tag{9}\]  
\[V_{DSmain1_{off}}=v_{L_{l1}}(t)+V_{L_{m}}-V_{C_{inb1}}\ \to\ V_{DSmain1_{off}}=v_{L_{l1}}(t)-V_{out}-V_{P_{1}} \tag{10}\]
## 6 Implementation and Simulation
### Sep-Knn  
The original implementation of the Stable Election Protocol (SEP) comprises 16 cluster heads, as illustrated in Figure 4, and operates under a framework characterised by two levels of heterogeneity. The selection of cluster heads is conducted randomly, contingent upon the probability assigned to each sensor node. Simulation results of the original protocol indicate that certain cluster heads are positioned at considerable distances from the base station, resulting in increased energy consumption during data transmission between the nodes and the base station. Notably, the original protocol includes two cluster heads that do not serve any associated nodes.  
In contrast, the modified approach will retain the same parameters and initial conditions utilised in the initial MATLAB implementation of the original SEP protocol. The simulated network will consist of 50 nodes randomly distributed within a 100 m \(\times\) 100 m area. The sensor nodes within this heterogeneous network exhibit varying energy consumption profiles, with the base station located at the centre of the network.
## 4 Discussion
previously investigated the effect of TGF\(\beta\)3, GDF5 and GDF6 growth factors on the discogenic differentiation of bone marrow- and adipose-derived MSCs (AD-MSCs). After 14 days, they observed that GDF6 resulted in increased expression of NP phenotypic genes KRT8, 18, and 19, FOX1 and CAXII compared to either TGF\(\beta\)3 or GDF5 alone in both cell types with greater effects observed for AD-MSCs. However, they did not evaluate the effects of combining the growth factors [28]. In this study, GDF6 resulted in a higher sGAG/collagen ratio in NP microtissues, although this was not found to be statistically significant. On the other hand, GDF5 stimulation resulted in the highest sGAG/collagen ratio in NC microtissues, which was significantly higher than GDF6, TGF\(\beta\)3 + GDF5 and TGF\(\beta\)3 + GDF6. Interestingly, TGF\(\beta\)3-only stimulation had a comparable effect to combinations with GDF5/GDF6. For NP microtissues, TGF\(\beta\)3 also had a similar effect to other growth factors used in isolation and in combination, thereby demonstrating the potency of TGF\(\beta\)3 in promoting matrix synthesis. The differential effects induced by the different growth factors, despite all belonging to the TGF\(\beta\) superfamily, could be due to the difference in the signalling pathways activated. TGF\(\beta\)3 is recognised by receptor type II, which activates the SMAD 2/3 signalling pathway, while GDF5 and GDF6 utilise the BMP receptor II, which activates the SMAD 1/5/8 pathway [28; 62]. Activation of these distinct pathways ultimately results in different downstream signals, which may explain the differential effects observed in this study. There are several limitations associated with the present study worth highlighting. First, longer term evaluation beyond 7 days may result in larger differences in microtissue maturation. However, this study is valuable as it demonstrates that microtissues stimulated with growth factors can produce a significant amount of ECM in a short time frame of 7 days, which would be compatible with a priming or conditioning strategy prior to implantation in the challenging disc microenvironment. We have previously shown that bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) respond to growth factor stimulation (TGF\(\beta\)3) under acidic conditions typically found in the degenerated disc (pH 6.8) [63]. A growth factor supplementation strategy with any of the growth factors assessed in this work may also prove to be beneficial. In addition, we have previously demonstrated that priming of BMSCs, NP and chondrocyte tissues with growth factors prior to a challenge or insult, confers better protection against acidic conditions, possibly due to the ECM being produced during the priming phase, thereby providing a protective niche [31; 40; 64]. In addition, further investigations on the gene expression profile of NCs would be valuable to identify whether typical NP markers are up-regulated.
The concept is generally based on the combining effect of the high reactivity derived from the functional silane and the hydrophobicity attributed to the non-functional silane, thus resulting in a robust matrix-filler interface in the composite. This technique finally offers improved handling properties of the uncured paste, a higher degree of double bond conversion during photopolymerization, better mechanical properties, and lower water sorption and polymerization stresses [33]. In particular, when blends of MPS/OTMS (50/50 wt/wt) and UDMS/OTMS (50/50 wt/wt) were used to silanize silica nanoparticles in Bis-GMA/TEGDMA composites, they were found to impart almost the same resistance against water sorption, whereas the sorption in ethanol/water solution was higher for the UDMS/OTMS blend. Moreover, composites with MPS/OTMS blend presented lower solubility than those containing UDMS/OTMS in both aqueous solutions [27]. The workability of the uncured composite paste containing silanized silica with MPS/OTMS can be better by increasing the mass fraction of OTMS, but the flexural modulus and strength decreased as the ratio of OTMS raised to 7.5% and 10% [32; 33]. Biaxial flexure strength was higher for composites with MPS/OTMS modified silica in comparison with SETMS/OTMS (1/1 mass ratio), even if the strength was enhanced due to the presence of the latter [31]. Dual silanization of silica by incorporating the cross-linker BTSE in blends with MPS, ACPS, and UDMS showed that ACPS/BTSE can result in the highest flexural strength, whereas water uptake significantly reduced for MPS/BTSE blends [24]. In the present study, dental nanocomposite resins were synthesized by incorporating silica nanoparticles silanized with functional silanes of different polarity and non-functional silane individually, as well as with blends of different functional/non-functional and functional/functional silanes. More specifically, the gold standards of MPS, ACPS, and OTMS were preferred as control silanes, while the influence of the blend systems ACPS-OTMS and MPS-ACPS in the physicochemical and mechanical properties was investigated for the first time.
## 6 Discussion
### Synergy of Multispectral and Hyperspectral Data  
The integration of Sentinel-2's high-frequency revisit capability with the high spectral resolution of EnMAP and GF5-02-AHSI has proven effective in detecting methane plumes with varying emission rates. Sentinel-2's ability to provide frequent observations (every 2-5 days) allows for the continuous monitoring of methane hotspots, while EnMAP and GF5-02-AHSI offer the precision needed to quantify emissions accurately. This synergy is particularly valuable in regions where methane emissions are intermittent and highly variable, such as in coal mines and oil and gas facilities. The combination of these  
Figure 11: Illustration of a tiered observation approach for detecting methane leaks [19]. The satellite remote sensing component of the approach is highlighted by the red box, while the blue rounded rectangles emphasize the processes following detection and culminating in mitigation.  
datasets enables a more comprehensive understanding of methane dynamics, facilitating the identification of both persistent and transient emission sources.
# Real-Time Contrail Monitoring and Mitigation Using CubeSat Constellations
## 5 Future Roadmap and Implementation
### Long-Term Vision and Impact on Global Aviation  
By integrating real-time atmospheric data into flight operations, airlines could minimize their contribution to global warming by reducing contrail-induced radiative forcing. This would represent a significant step in the broader effort to decarbonize the aviation industry and mitigate its environmental impact. The successful implementation of this system could have several profound implications for global aviation.  
1. Redefining environmental standards in aviation: The introduction of contrail mitigation technologies could lead to a re-evaluation of environmental standards within the aviation industry [71]. As airlines adopt CubeSat-enhanced FMSs, the reduction in contrail formation could become a key performance indicator for environmental sustainability, alongside traditional metrics such as fuel efficiency and CO\({}_{2}\) emissions.  
2. Influencing airline business models: The ability to minimize contrail formation and its associated environmental impact could become a competitive differentiator for airlines. Passengers, increasingly aware of the environmental impact of air travel, may favor airlines that demonstrate a commitment to sustainability through the adoption of advanced technologies. This could drive airlines to integrate contrail mitigation into their business models, offering \"green flights\" that prioritize environmental responsibility [72; 73].
3. Shaping future aircraft design and operations: The availability of real-time contrail data could influence the design of future aircraft, leading to innovations that further reduce the likelihood of contrail formation. This might include new engine designs that produce fewer particulates or the development of flight paths and altitudes optimized for minimizing environmental impact. Additionally, the operational practices of airlines could evolve to incorporate contrail avoidance as a standard procedure, much like the current practices for avoiding turbulence or severe weather [74; 75].
4. Contributing to global climate goals: The widespread adoption of CubeSat-based contrail monitoring and mitigation technologies could play a significant role in helping the aviation industry meet its climate commitments. By reducing the non-CO\({}_{2}\) effects of aviation, such as contrail-induced warming, airlines could make a meaningful contribution to global efforts to limit temperature increases in line with the Paris Agreement [29].
5. Encouraging innovation in environmental monitoring: The success of CubeSat technology in contrail monitoring could inspire further innovation in environmental monitoring, both within aviation and across other industries. The concept of using small, modular satellites to provide real-time data on environmental conditions could be applied to other areas, such as monitoring air quality, tracking deforestation, or assessing the health of marine ecosystems. This could lead to the development of new tools and technologies that support global sustainability efforts across multiple sectors.
# Actimetry-Derived 24 h Rest-Activity Rhythm Indices Applied to Predict MCTQ and PSQI
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Instruments
#### 2.3.3 Wrist Actimetry  
Each participant wore an actimeter 'Daqtometer v2.4' (Daqtix, Germany) (Figure 1) on the wrist of the non-dominant hand for 1 week, continuously.  
The activity was measured at 1 Hz, and the values were summed once per minute and expressed in arbitrary units (a.u.). Activity was recorded by a dual axis accelerometer that records dynamic (motion) as well as static (gravity, i.e., change in position) acceleration. The following algorithm was used to quantify the activity. In the sampling interval of 1 s, the value for each axis (\(x_{i}\) and \(y_{i}\)) of the sensor was read. The linear difference between two subsequent readings was summarized for the number of sampling intervals (bin = 1 min).  
Figure 1: Actimeter ‘Daqtometer v2.4’ (Daqtix, Germany).  
This number was then saved for the specific bin. The value stored for each bin was computed as (1):  
\[\text{Saved value for bin}=\sum_{i=1}^{60}\left(x_{i}-x_{i-1}\right)+\left(y_{i}-y_{i -1}\right) \tag{1}\]  
The study participants kept a diary in which they indicated the time that they removed the actimeter when engaging in activities involving water, as well as the times that they went to bed in the evening and rose in the morning. Time intervals when measurements of motor activity were not made were removed from the actograms, and the time in bed was also indicated. Figure 2 shows a 7-day actogram for one of the study participants. Using the Chronos-Fit software package ([PERSON] and [PERSON], Frankfurt, Germany), the parametric indices of the 24 h rest-activity rhythm (MESOR, \(A\), and \(\varphi\)) were calculated. Nonparametric indices (IS, IV, L5, mid-phase of L5 (L5t), M10, and mid-phase of M10 (M10t)) were calculated as described in [30; 31; 35]. In addition, the average weekly motor activity in bed (AciB) and outside of bed (AcoB) was calculated.  
Figure 2: Example of 24 h rest-activity rhythm (**upper panel**) and 24 h rest-activity rhythm characteristics (**lower panel**). The abscissa axis represents the local time in hours, the ordinate axis represents the level of motor activity in arbitrary units, and the measurement step is 1 min. Rectangles highlighted in color: time in bed; MESOR: Medline estimating statistics of rhythm; A: amplitude; \(\varphi\): acrophase; M10(t): most active 10 h period (mid-phase of M10); L5(t): least active 5 h period (mid-phase of L5); AcoB: motor activity outside of bed; AciB: motor activity in bed at night.
# WAMs Based Eigenvalue Space Model for High Impedance Fault Detection
## 1 Introduction
### Protection Schemes  
Distance and Out-of-Step relaying schemes served in part as the basis for the development of the solution presented in the next section. These schemes are introduced briefly as follows: Distance relays utilize voltage and current measurements to estimate the impedance of a powerline. This resulting impedance is graphed in the X-R plane, and is usually accompanied by a circle. The diameter and location of this circle with respect to the axis are predetermined for each line, and define the abnormal zones of operation for the power line [26]. When a fault occurs, the magnitude of the current increases bringing the impedance seen by the relay to an area inside the zone of protection. Once the impedance is inside the zone of protection, and after a pre-programmed delay, the relay makes a decision to initiate a trip sequence. Figure 1 illustrates the characteristics of a version of the Distance Relay, the Mho Relay.  
Out-of-Step Relays distinguish acceptable operating conditions from potentially hazardous conditions by leveraging the spatial characteristics and rate of change of the system's impedance. Zones of protection similar to those seen in distance relays are established in Out-of-Step Relays, but in addition to tracking the angle and magnitude of the impedance, the relay times impedance as it moves in the R-X plane. Decisions are made based on how far inside the zone of protection the impedance has traveled, and how long it has been there. Figure 2 illustrates the characteristics of an Out-of-Step Relay.  
Figure 1: Mho Relay Characteristic [26].
## 4 Results and Discussion  
### Unloaded Swelling Deformation  
#### 4.1.1 Improvement Effect of MB  
To investigate the improvement effect of MB, the swelling strains of NB specimens under fresh and saline water conditions, and the swelling strains of MB specimens under saline water conditions were compared. Figure 5 shows the relationships between the unloading swelling strain and swelling time for these three conditions. For the NB, the swelling strain in saline water (45.5%) was about four times smaller than that in fresh water (179.3%). The swelling strain of MB under saline water conditions was 178%, which was almost identical to the swelling strain of NB in fresh water. The results indicate that the improvement efficiency was remarkable and MB exhibited high salt tolerance.  
In addition, it can be seen in Figure 5 that the swelling speed of NB in saline water is greater than that in fresh water. This can be attributed to the higher concentration difference (gradient) in saline water conditions [36; 37]. Large quantities of saline water can percolate rapidly through the bentonite and cause the rapid swelling of the specimen, as a result, the bentonite specimen has greater rate of swelling in saline water conditions [38].  
Saline water conditions had a significant effect on the swelling capacity of NB that can be explained by the diffuse electric double layer. Due to high ion concentrations in saline water, the thickness of the diffuse electric double layer of NB decreased, further affecting changes in the molecular structure of NB. The structure of NB changed from being dispersed to flocculated structure at high ion concentrations. In addition, the swelling capacity of NB decreased and hydraulic conductivity increased with changes in structure [39]. Using polymer (guar gum) to modify bentonite can effectively prevent ions affecting structural changes in NB. When the NB and guar gum dissolve in water, the guar gum can surround the NB, therefore ions in saline water are prevented from making contact with the NB molecules and structural changes cannot occur. The MB can maintain a high swelling capacity and low hydraulic conductivity under saline water conditions. Hydraulic conductivity changes of NB and MB in saline water conditions are discussed in the following section.  
Figure 4: Rigid wall permeameter for hydraulic conductivity testing.