# Approaching Electroencephalographic Pathological Spikes in Terms of Solitons
## 7 Conclusions  
We suggested that the central nervous system's nervous macroscopic activity could be assessed in terms of solitons. Particularly, we argued that the brain electric oscillations detected by scalp EEG monitoring could be described as solitary waves. Going through many examples, we claimed that solitons resemble, in many respects, the cortical electric spikes. Solitons are very versatile, being able to generate both destructive waves in the ocean and noise-free messages in optic fibers. They have the potential to achieve powerful and reliable information processing in different fields, including telecommunications networks in electronics, optical computing and signal control [60], as well as practical applications in ultra-sharp pulse/edge generation and high-speed metrology [37]. The main questions are as follows: what does the potential relationship between solitons and cortical electric field bring to the table? What are the beneficial outcomes, operational qualities and methodological advantages? Considering that solitons may carry just a modest amount of information when viewed as a code, what extent of information can be extracted from them in the context of brain activity? Solitons would allow the electric, noise-free transport of messages without dissipation. The low signal-to-noise ratio (S/N ratio) of scalp EEG often acts as a bottleneck, limiting the widespread application of EEG technology. If solitons do occur in EEG traces, they might be utilized to enhance the S/N ratio of scalp EEG recordings. Indeed, solitons stand for bits of information that are robust to perturbations and noise, highly stable over long timeframes and able to recover spontaneously even after complete disruption [23]. Solitons in Bose-Einstein condensates could function as qubits with long lifetimes of the order of a few seconds [61]. While isolated solitons can only encode single bits, two or more coupled solitons could boost transmission capacity by encoding more than one bit of information at a time. Also, charged soliton pulses could be used as a substrate for memory storage since they carry details of the input deformation parameters [48]. Further, multidimensional solitons in nematic and cholesteric liquid crystals can be used as vehicles for the two-dimensional delivery of micro-cargos [38]. Therefore, the theoretical occurrence of EEG soliton-like waves in the brain might provide benefits from a physiological and evolutionary standpoint. The functional contributions of solitary waves to brain activity in healthy individuals could be manifold. It has been suggested that soliton pulses and surface waveforms might cooperate to identify incoming signals, help focus attention and retrieve memory [48]. Traveling waves could be behaviorally relevant in supporting brain connectivity and correlation between task events [49]. Ultraslow sequences of solitary traveling oscillations might couple circuits across extended time scales, serving as a template for new sequence formation during navigation. Since the mutual attraction of multiple solitons traveling in optical fibers can generate bound states, we speculate that solitary waves could help the phase synchronization of cortical networks [50]. Solitons' production could compensate for maladjustments of one variable by fine-tuning another one, providing a theoretical explanation for the effects of anesthetics [17; 19; 20]. Further, cortical traveling waves might contribute to the hierarchical organization of each brain region by unidirectional communication between arbitrarily paired areas [50]. We argued that if a correlation does exist between solitons and pathological EEG patterns, this similarity could be harnessed to identify certain diseases through the detection and analysis of solitons. Therefore, if the soliton-like EEG modalities could be somehow disrupted. The elimination of the soliton that the proper procedures might lead to a recovery of the brain's healthy state.