## 2 Background Knowledge  
Disaster risk reduction is vital for protecting critical infrastructures like buildings, transportation networks, and power grids. Key strategies include activities and measures aimed at mitigating the impacts of natural disasters [22; 23; 24]. Identifying potential hazards and risks is very important in this context [25]. Tools such as hazard maps and risk assessments are instrumental in pinpointing areas vulnerable to natural disasters, including floodplains and earthquake zones [26; 27; 28; 29], and coastal areas [30]. Disaster risk reduction also involves planning and coordination across various organizations and agencies [31; 32]. Effective planning includes creating emergency procedures and training personnel [33; 34; 35; 36]. Building strong partnerships and collaborations  
Figure 1: Research framework diagram: A visual guide to the RIACT process for earthquake resilience in urban settings. is another facet of disaster risk mitigation, involving both public and private sectors [37]. Measures to enhance infrastructure resilience include reinforcing buildings for earthquake resistance and implementing early warning systems for evacuations [38; 39; 40]. Additionally, backup power systems and redundant communication networks support critical infrastructure during disasters [41; 42]. Investments in disaster risk mitigation yield significant economic and societal benefits. For instance, the World Bank highlights that every dollar spent on disaster risk reduction can prevent up to 7 USD in post-disaster recovery expenses [43]. However, challenges remain, especially in developing nations, due to resource constraints [44]. Urban resilience (UR) is becoming increasingly recognized as cities face challenges like climate change and natural disasters [45; 46; 47]. Effective UR requires a multifaceted strategy, considering the city's unique characteristics and involving various stakeholders [48; 49; 50]. Key aspects of UR include institutional capacity, governance, and a systems-based approach [51; 52]. UR steps involve identifying hazards and vulnerabilities, assessing current resilience, identifying gaps, developing strategies, and evaluating intervention effectiveness [52]. These steps should be continuously monitored and improved for maximum impact [12; 47; 53]. UR and sustainability are intertwined, addressing challenges like climate change, resource conservation, and social equity [54]. Cities must adopt strategies that reduce emissions, promote sustainable land use and transportation, conserve water, manage waste, and build green infrastructure. These efforts enhance UR across pre-disaster, disaster, and post-disaster phases [47; 55; 56]. UR measurement uses classification systems based on physical, social, economic, and environmental indicators [57; 58]. These indicators track a city's infrastructure condition, social cohesion, economic stability, and environmental health, helping cities identify resilience strengths and weaknesses. Regular data collection on these indicators informs UR strategies, addressing the city's hazard, exposure, and vulnerability aspects [59]. Risk management within UR involves identifying, analysing, and mitigating risks to the city's assets [60]. Effective risk management supports UR by enabling cities to anticipate and prepare for future risks [52]. Strategies include hazard assessments, emergency response plans, and early warning systems [7; 61]. Risk management also involves making infrastructure more resilient against natural disasters [62]. Post-disaster recovery is also a very important aspect, with measures aimed at quickly restoring normalcy [63]. Building rules and standards that promote the development of structures that can resist natural disasters, as well as programs that stimulate the retrofitting of existing buildings to make them more resilient, are examples of such initiatives [64].