# Challenges Associated with Implementing 5G in Manufacturing
## 5 The Wireless Spectrum and 5G  
With the rapid development of wireless communication technologies, the need for bandwidth is increasing. Usage of the wireless spectrum has increased in recent years and that has resulted in the necessity to manage the spectrum to allow multiple end-user devices to communicate in a structured \begin{table}
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**Deployment Scenarios and Resource Management** & How to identify where the best locations to install the MEC platforms physically and how to manage them remotely. \\ \hline
**Computational Caching and Offload** & The combination of computing and storage locally can provide an increase in compute capability and speed to the user, whilst reducing traffic to the cloud connections. There are challenges here around deciding what to cache, as each user’s computing requirements may have unique data requirements. \\ \hline
**IoT Applications and Big Data Analytics** & MEC can help reduce and refine datasets before sending back to big data platforms for analysis/deep learning. \\ \hline
**Mobility Management** & Ensuring continuous connectivity for mobile users is a crucial consideration for MEC, with trajectory predictions (of the user) enabling the caching of data amongst MEC nodes in the network. \\ \hline
**Security and Privacy** & As there are multiple compute points, at remote locations, the attack surface is increased exponentially over a traditional cloud platform. Privacy of the user’s computing requirements is also a key concern for MEC systems. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
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Table 4: Key areas for multi-access edge computing (MEC) architectures [2]. method enabling interoperability across a wide array of wireless protocols both presently available and those that are due for release in the near future [30, 31, 32]. In accordance with European law, the radio spectrum is awarded to a technology and is applied in a technology neutral manner, this means that licensees may use the radio spectrum as they see fit provided that they comply with the relevant applicable harmonized standards in the band in which they communicate. In Ireland, radio frequencies are treated as a national resource and their licensing is managed by the national communications Regulator, ComReg [33, 34, 35, 36, 37]. When an end user such as a company plans to deploy a wireless technology in a licensed band, the procedure for this is that the company will require a license from the government regulator to operate in the chosen spectrum, in the geographical area assigned for the deployment. It is important to note that this process only applies when operating in bands of the spectrum that are licensed. No license is required to operate in unlicensed frequency bands as long as the equipment is certified and approved for use in the jurisdiction. Examples of unlicensed bands would be the 418 MHz and 433 Mhz channels often used for remote controls etc. [38, 39, 37]. The development of wireless communication technology has driven the need for bandwidth, and that growing need is pushing the wireless spectrum resources to become more scarce. To address the expected growth in traffic in the next iteration of wireless networks, there is now an increasing interest in modifying the traditional allocation of the spectrum towards a more dynamic usage model, where the spectrum is treated as a shared resource which will allow for the deployment of multiple wireless networks in a heterogeneous architecture within a limited site of operation. The planned heterogeneous approach is advocating a transitional approach from the static allocation of spectrum, to a more dynamic approach, which will free up the spectrum's resources. This shared infrastructure approach could have a transformative effect on how factories deploy their wireless assets in the future. Spectrum sharing in future wireless networks will likely occur in both licensed bands (e.g., the 2.3-2.4 GHz band in Europe and the 3.55-3.65 GHz band in the USA) and unlicensed bands [40, 41, 42, 43].