# Architectural Trends in Collaborative Computing: Approaches in the Internet of Everything Era
## 4 Results and Analysis
### Synthesis of Results
[48]:  
**Message:**: Effective communication is crucial for Smart Cities to function, as autonomous and urban devices must collaborate efficiently. **Meetings:**: The interaction and coordination of autonomous devices with urban devices can be seen as virtual meetings. **Efficiency:**: The text emphasizes the importance of intelligent collaboration to enhance service efficiency and reduce traffic congestion in Smart Cities. **Network:**: Mention of 5G concepts like Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) and Third-Generation Partnership Project IP Multimedia Subsystems underscores the role of network infrastructure in collaboration. **Openness:**: Collaboration implies sharing information and resources among entities. **Participation:**: The active involvement of autonomous and urban devices in exchanging information and coordinating actions to achieve common goals is highlighted. **Effort:**: Collaboration requires effort from all parties to improve service efficiency and quality. **Responsibility:**: Collaboration between autonomous and urban devices implies shared responsibility for common goals like reducing traffic congestion. [PERSON] et al. [46] propose a Software-defined Edge Computing (SDEC) to address the challenges and issues related to the design, management, and collaboration of various Edge hardware resources and services in the context of Edge Computing. They mainly discuss the heterogeneity of Edge resources, the limited computing and storage capacity, the geographic dispersion of Edge nodes, and the need for high autonomy and intelligence in Edge systems. The SDEC architecture, presented in Figure 10, virtualizes Edge resources, including terminal devices, storage, computing, and services, to form a unified, flexible resource pool. The SDEC controller acts as the core management entity, orchestrating these components through cyber-physical mapping, enabling dynamic scheduling, automatic collaboration, and modular service deployment. The decoupled architecture abstracts hardware complexities while unifying the management of Edge applications. The term \"Coordination\" is suitable here because the article discusses the need for flexible management and intelligent collaboration among various Edge hardware resources and services, which requires organizing and coordinating resources and services. The following collaboration aspects are extracted from [PERSON] et al. [46]:  
**Order:**: SDEC facilitates the synergistic management of different categories of Edge resources and services, which points to an organized structure. Figure 9: A 5G–Edge autonomous car architecture, adapted from [PERSON] et al. [48]. Roles: Different categories of Edge resources and services show division and specialization. Decisions: The emphasis on the flexibility of SDEC allows decision-making by way of software. Efficiency: The SDEC promotes sharing, reusing, recombining, and configuring resources to improve overall service capability. Network: The architecture focuses on collaboration among various Edge hardware resources and services, implying a connected network. [PERSON] et al. [50] address the issue of trust and security in collaborative IoT environments to enhance the control and automation of IoT devices. They propose a Blockchain-Based Trust framework where multiple devices and cross-platforms must operate seamlessly and  
Figure 4.0 Detailed overview of SDEC, adapted from [PERSON] et al. [46]. securely. The architecture of trust-based automation in IoT uses Blockchain for secure, decentralized device collaboration without relying on a central authority, as shown in Figure 4.1 Devices authenticate and authorize one another through a universal identity mechanism, IoT Passport, managed by smart contracts. User-defined policies outline triggers and actions for automation, while access control rules enforce permissions based on a dynamic trust score, adjusted using Trust-Oriented Credits. Smart contracts handle authentication, authorization, and trust management transparently.