## 1 Introduction  
Particle pollution, also known as particulate matter or PM, is a general term used for a mixture of solid and liquid droplets suspended in the air [1]. PM are classified by their aerodynamic diameters: TSP (total suspended particulate) has a particle diameter of 50 \(\upmu\)m or smaller, PM\({}_{10}\) has a particle diameter of 10 \(\upmu\)m or smaller, PM\({}_{25}\) has a particle diameter of 2.5 \(\upmu\)m or smaller, and PM\({}_{1}\) has a particle diameter of 1 \(\upmu\)m or smaller [2]. The World Health Organization (WHO) has been providing guidelines for PM\({}_{10}\) and PM\({}_{25}\) since 1987. In 2013, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a WHO affiliated organization, classified outdoor air pollution and PM as a carcinogenic agent to humans [3]. The correlations of PM\({}_{10}\) with various diseases in the respiratory and cardiovascular systems have been confirmed based on various epidemiological studies in which the aerodynamic diameter and particle mass concentration (PMC) are major contribution factors [4; 5; 6; 7; 8]. Furthermore, the importance of chemical composition and concentration is emphasized because PM are complexes unlike gaseous pollutants. The elemental components of PM can be used as important basic data for risk assessment of PM or identification of pollutants because they are associated with large health risks and have characteristics that are preserved without naturally disappearing or changing [9; 10; 11]. Construction work is one of the major causes of air pollution in most countries [12; 13; 14]. According to the National Fine Dust Information Center of the Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Korea, 48.3% of the total PM\({}_{10}\) emissions pertained to fugitive dust in 2018; among these, emissions from construction work and resuspended road dust accounted for 61.7% (Figure 1) [15]. Road excavation-restoration work involves various construction activities, such as cutting, breaking, excavation, and restoration, and may generate large quantities of PM. The generated PM can accumulate on the road surface or scatter into the atmosphere, thus affecting the air environment, workers, and residents in the surroundings. Moreover, PM accumulated on the road surface are subsequently scattered into the atmosphere by moving vehicles or wind, thus contributing to road-rescattered dust [16; 17; 18; 19]. It is expected that road excavation-restoration work will continue to increase owing to the development of urban infrastructures (such as the underground facilities policy) and aged underground facilities. Furthermore, PM generated during road excavation-restoration work does not originate from established emission sources, such as vehicular and nonvehicular exhausts. Little is known about the emissions and composition of these PM [20; 21; 22; 23; 24]. Studies on PM emissions from road pavement-related activities (e.g., milling and pavement) are being conducted around the world, and several relevant studies have been published on this subject matter. The PM generated during asphalt concrete paved road-milling activities are reduced by increasing water flow [25]. The average number of particles emitted from asphalt concrete road pavement activities is 1 to 4 times larger than the background concentration. Milling and pavement activities produce very high PM concentrations (PMC) [26]. Asphalt concrete road excavation-restoration work yields high levels of PM\({}_{10}\) emissions. According to the field measurement performed by [PERSON] et. al., the average PMC of PM\({}_{10}\) generated from road-cutting activities was 1286.3 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}/\mathrm{m}^{3}\), the highest PM\({}_{10}\) emission among all road excavation-restoration work activities [27]. Asphalt concrete road pavement workers were exposed to high concentrations of ultrafine particles during their work. This may potentially adversely affect their health [28].