esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Conclusions  
The method presented in this paper prolongs the lifetime of WSN with smart sensor nodes. The considered smart sensor nodes have extended computing capabilities and enable comprehensive data processing to transmit information about detected events instead of raw sensor readings. To detect events in larger areas, the smart nodes communicate and cooperate in clusters. One node in cluster must be selected as the CH. The introduced method allows the sensor nodes to decide how long they should take the role of CH to maximize lifetime of WSN. To this end a lightweight energy consumption model is used, which takes into account probabilities of event occurrences for particular nodes. The results obtained during long-term experiments conducted on the hardware testbed shows that the proposed solution gives better results than state-of-the-art approaches when the event probability is constant as well as when the probability changes over time. Thus, it can be concluded that the proposed algorithm enables effective adaptation of the CH rotation process to the current situation of events detection. As for future works, an interesting topic is to examine the CH rotation methods for WSNs with more hierarchy levels and for hybrid sensor nodes that are equipped with different sets of sensors. Other further research directions include evaluation of the method for more complex statistical models with different distributions of event probability and experiments with larger WSNs.  
Conceptualization, M.L. and B.P.; Data curation, M.L. and B.P.; Formal analysis, M.L. and B.P.; Funding acquisition, M.L. and B.P.; Investigation, M.L. and B.P.; Methodology, M.L. and B.P.; Project administration, B.P.; Resources, M.L. and B.P.; Software, M.L. and B.P.; Supervision, B.P.; Validation, M.L. and B.P.; Visualization, M.L. and B.P.; Writing--original draft, M.L. and B.P.; Writing--review & editing, M.L. and B.P.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## Nomenclature  
\begin{tabular}{c l} \(C^{1,2}\) & Continuous \\ \(S_{1,2}\) & Fixed coordinate system of first and second surfaces \\ \(S_{f}\) & Fixed coordinate system \\ \(S_{q}\) & Additional fixed coordinate system to simulate the misalignment \\ \(\Sigma_{i}\) & Surface rotating around fixed axis (\(i=1,2\)) \\ \(\overset{\rightarrow}{n}_{i}\) & Normal vector function of first (\(n_{1}\)) and second (\(n_{2}\)) surfaces \\ \(v_{i}\) & Projection of \(r_{i}\) on the centerline (\(z\)-axis) \\ \(u_{i}\) & Radius from origin of coordinate system to the point of contact (\(i=1,2\)) \\ \(a_{12}\) & Distance between center of fixed coordinate system \\ \(R\) & Generic rotary translation matrix \(\overset{\rightarrow}{r}_{i}\) rotated vector function \\ \(\phi_{i}\) & Angle of rotation of each surfaces around fixed axis (\(i=1,2\)) \\ \(v_{i}\) & Axis of rotation of first and second surfaces (\(i=1,2\)) \\ \(f_{i}\) & Vector function of parametric surface \\ \(\beta\) & Helix angle \\ \(\alpha_{i}\) & Angle of initial involution (\(i=1,2\)) \\ \(R^{(i)}_{max}\) & Maximum radii of curvatures (\(i=1,2\)) \\ \(R^{(i)}_{min}\) & Minimum radii of curvatures (\(i=1,2\)) \\ \(\kappa^{(i)}_{max}\) & Maximum principal curvature (\(i=1,2\)) \\ \(\kappa^{(i)}_{min}\) & Minimum principal curvature (\(i=1,2\)) \\ \(E_{i}\) & Modulus of elasticity (\(i=1,2\)) \\ \(v_{i}\) & Poisson's ratio (\(i=1,2\)) \\ \(p_{o}\) & Maximum pressures for cylindrical line contact \\ \(p\) & Maximum pressures for elliptical point contact \\ \(MPR\) & Maximum pressure ratio \\ \(\delta_{c,p,l}\) & Modification function of each type of crowning in (\(u_{i},v_{i}\)) space \\ \(\Delta\varphi\) & Transmission error (TE) \\ \(\Delta\varphi_{max}\) & Maximum amplitude of transmission error \\ \(S_{c,p,l}\) & Area of transmission error function for each type of modification \\ \(\delta\) & The angle of out-of-plane misalignment \\ \(\gamma\) & The angle of in-plane misalignment \\ \(C_{c}\) & Amount of the circular crown in the middle of the face width \\ \(c_{1,2,3}\) & The parabolic crown coefficients \\ \(a_{1,2,3}\) & The logarithmic coefficient \\ \end{tabular}
## 5 Experimental Analysis of Acoustic Propagation Characteristics about High-Energy Pulse Excitation
### High-Energy Pulse EMAT Defect Detection  
In the paper, Lamb waves with A0 mode as the main mode is used to detect the surface crack defects of steel plates. As shown in Figure 14, the size of the steel plate is 600 mm \(\times\) 60 mm \(\times\) 1 mm, the crack depth is 1 mm, the crack width is 0.4 mm, the crack length is 30 mm, and the lift-off distance of the high-energy pulse excitation device is 1 mm. The distance between the receiving and transmitting parts is 90 mm, and the distance from the high-energy pulse power excitation device to the defect is 30 mm.  
As shown in Figure 15, the direct wave and defect echo of A0 mode are very clear. The position of crack defect can be determined by the time difference between the direct wave and the defect echo.  
Figure 14: Steel plate defect detection.  
Figure 13: The A0 and S0 modes received signal change with the lift-off distance.  
Figure 15: A0 mode Lamb wave defect detection.  
In defect localization, the direct wave's arrival time of A0 mode is 36.1 \(\upmu\)s, and the defect echo's arrival time of A0 mode is 60.1 \(\upmu\)s. The group velocity of A0 mode is 2494 m/s measured by the frequency characteristic experiment. The calculated distance from the excitation device to the defect is 29.93 mm, and the actual distance is 30 mm. The accurate positioning of the defect was achieved.
## 4 Matrixes for Enzyme Immobilization
### Cross-Linked Polymers  
Cross-linked polymers are formed by chemically bonding enzyme molecules to a 3D polymer network using cross-linking agents like glutaraldehyde. This method produces a stable, insoluble matrix that entraps enzymes while allowing substrate access to the active site. Compared to linear polymers, cross-linked polymers offer superior rigidity, durability, and thermal stability. Common examples include polyacrylamide gels, natural and synthetic hydrogels, polyethylene glycol (PEG), alginate, chitosan, cross-linked carrier free immobilized enzyme aggregates, etc. [100].  
Polyacrylamide gel (PAG), composed of acrylamide monomers and bisacrylamide cross-linkers, is a widely used cross-linked polymer. Its porous structure immobilizes enzymes while facilitating substrate and product diffusion. The gel's biocompatibility and protein compatibility make it nontoxic and suitable for enzymatic applications. To synthesize robust enzyme-polymer beads, optimal concentrations of enzymes, acrylamide monomers, bisacrylamide, and free radical initiators are required [101]. Free radical-induced polymerization encapsulates enzymes within gel, with the pore size critically influencing stability and reactivity, i.e., excessively small pores hinder substrate diffusion, while overly large pores risk enzyme leakage. For instance, it was demonstrated that maltase entrapped in PAG exhibited improved thermal stability, tolerating temperatures up to 55 \({}^{\circ}\)C (vs. 45 \({}^{\circ}\)C for free enzyme), while maintaining optimal pH and reaction time.  
Polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) is a derivative of PEG, a hydrophilic, biocompatible polymer widely used in biotechnology [102]. Lacase immobilized on PEGDA microspheres showed enhanced pH stability, retained 45% activity after six cycles, and maintained a 60.4% higher activity than that of free lactose after 25 days at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C [103]. Similarly, glucose oxidase encapsulated in PEG hydrogels via physical entrapment and covalent binding retained activity for over a week without leakage, along with exhibiting higher activity [104].
# Engineering Design of the European DEMO HCPB Breeding Blanket Breader Zone Mockup
## 5 Categorization of the Mockup following the European Union Pressure Equipment Directive  
Since the mockup is a pressure equipment, the mockup has to conform to the requirements of European Union Pressure Equipment Directive 2014/68/EU. There are several steps to determine the category of pressure equipment following the Directive 2014/68/EU.  
Step 1: Grouping of the fluid.  
Step 2: Check if it is required to meet the essential safety requirements according to Annex I of the Directive 2014/68/EU.  
Step 3: Assignment of the category (Cat. I to Cat. IV), based on: Type of pressure equipment (vessel or piping); state of aggregation of the fluid; Fluid group of the fluid and design data (Product of pressure and volume or pipe size).  
Following the above-mentioned steps and the instructions in the Directive 2014/68/EU, the pressurized helium is not hazardous; therefore, it is grouped into Fluid II/gaseous. As pressure equipment, the mockup is required to meet the essential safety requirements. Based on the features of the mockup, the mockup can be considered as vessel or as piping. It is decided to consider the mockup as piping pressure equipment. Finally, the mockup is assigned to pressure equipment Cat. III module G. The thickness of the pressure-bearing parts is determined following the harmonized European Norm of metallic industrial piping EN 13480 [19] and pressure vessel EN 13445 [20].  
The maximum operating temperature allowed in HELOKA facility is 550 \({}^{\circ}\)C and the operating pressure is 8 MPa. Following the norms, the calculation pressure should be 9.2 MPa, 115% of the operating pressure, to account uncertainty. According to the norm  
Figure 6: Thermocouples and pressure sensors upstream and downstream of test section.  
EN 13445, the strength condition and geometrical condition (e.g., minimum thickness) should be met. Using the professional European Norm-conforming software FEST [21], the required minimal effective thickness of the tube is 8.6 mm; the required maximum ratio of effective thickness to outer diameter is 0.16. The selected tube size is with 168.3 mm as outer diameter and with a thickness of 12 mm.
# Mapping Rice Fields in Urban Shanghai, Southeast China, Using Sentinel-1A and Landsat 8 Datasets
## 3 Results
### Mapping Results from Sentinel-1A and Landsat 8
The use of the condition, NDVI \(\geq\) 0.5, significantly reduced the commission errors in Trees, thereby increasing the PA of Others, and hence, an overall increase in the classification accuracy of Trees and Others. It can be observed that most of the areas initially misclassified as Trees in Figure 6 have been classified as \"Others\" in Figure 7. This is quite agreeable with ground reference data as the class \"Others\" occupies a larger portion in the study area. As the major focus of this study is urban rice mapping, it is extremely important to note the comparative advantages of the two mapping algorithms in discriminating rice fields. With the incorporation of optical indices, there is a slight decrease in the PA of Rice but a substantial increase in its UA. The slight decrease in the former is attributable to the omission errors associated with the use of NDVI. We have proposed that a pixel is classified as Rice when it meets the temporal backscatter change criterion, while having NDVI values \(\geq\) 0.3 but < 0.5. The three additional pixels eliminated from the Rice class with the introduction of NDVI is likely due to the fact that, even within a plot of rice, growth is not uniform, and pixels which may fall below a critical threshold could be removed from the Rice class. With the sole use of the temporal VH images, only one Rice validation point was eliminated. However, results obtained from the sole use of VH images are largely misleading due to the commission errors in the Rice class, and of course also, the commission errors in Water, Built and Trees, which are as a result of the large omission errors in the class \"Others\". With the integration of the temporal VH images of Sentinel-1A with the single-date Landsat 8 OLI's NDVI and MNDWI images, there is a substantial increase in the class accuracy of Rice and the reduction of commission and omission errors in the other classes brought a slight increase in overall classification accuracy.
## 3 Concept for a Smart Control Service
### Control Services  
The control features of a SICS controller are no longer available as classic control functions, but rather as control services according to the service paradigm. A SICS (literally: smart industrial control service) can, thereby, use all the features of cloud computing, thus enabling the creation of new business models, such as the rental of control services.  
In terms of information technology, SICS has to be produced, parameterized, distributed, stored and recalled as objects by means of software methods. Since the components of a SICS controller are no longer available as hardware, but only as software objects in the IC or Internet/Intranet and generally are also stored there in databases, it makes sense to use data models for the modeling of the SICS's service architecture. Figure 7 shows the SICS structure, for the controller depicted in Figure 4, as an entity relationship diagram (ERD).  
Figure 5: Component structure and communication paths for server-based SICS solutions. (**a**) Server mode (SM); (**b**) server-based mixed mode (SMM).  
Figure 6: Component structure and communication paths for client-based SICS solutions. (**a**) Client-based mixed mode (CMM); (**b**) client mode (CM).  
According Figure 7 a SICS controller is realized with two services:  
* Runtime service (SICS runtime or SICS RT);
* Router service (SICS router or SICS-R).  
A SICS controller usually requires both services. However, it can also be realized by only a runtime service if the connected CPS component (automation device) already has a SICS runtime interface. The SICS router service is comparable to the I/O configuration part of a classical PLC.  
Both SICS services are built according to the principle of web-oriented automation services (WOAS) [11].  
If required, the SICS service instances can be displayed in the client (web browser) for operation and visualization. Therefore, both services include a graphical user interface (HMI proxy). Via that parameter, the HMI proxy can be switched on or off.
## 2 Control and Estimation under Information Constraints
### Coding/Decoding Schemes  
Under the assumption that the sampling time \(T_{0}\) can be chosen arbitrarily, optimality of the _binary coding_ in the sense of the required transmission rate (in bit-per-second) has been proven in [39], see also [66]. Therefore in the present study the binary quantizer is used as a core element for the coding procedure.
## 2 Materials and Experimental Method
### Thermal Aging of Asphalt: Short-Term and Long-Term Processes  
Thermal aging of asphalt is a critical factor in determining the longevity and performance of pavement materials. It is divided into two main phases: short-term and long-term thermal aging. Each phase simulates different aspects of the aging process that asphalt undergoes throughout its lifecycle.  
Short-Term Thermal Aging: This phase is primarily concerned with the initial aging that occurs during the asphalt production process. The Rolling Thin Film Open Test (RTFO), as outlined in ASTM D2872-19 [20], is used to replicate the conditions experienced by asphalt when it is mixed with aggregates at high temperatures. During the RTFO test, asphalt is exposed to elevated temperatures of 163 \({}^{\circ}\)C and continuous air flow for 85 min, which simulate the volatilization of lighter hydrocarbons and the oxidation processes that occur during hot-mix asphalt production. This test is essential for understanding how asphalt will perform immediately after being laid, as it provides insight into the changes in viscosity and other physical properties that result from the initial exposure to heat and oxygen.  
Long-Term Thermal Aging: Following the RTFO process, the asphalt binder is subjected to long-term aging using a Pressurized Aging Vessel (PAV), as specified in ASTM D6521-19 [21]. The PAV test simulates the oxidative aging that occurs during the pavement's service life, typically spanning 5 to 10 years. This method involves exposing the asphalt to elevated temperatures and pressures, which accelerates the aging process, allowing researchers to predict the material's long-term performance. The PAV procedure mimics the natural environmental stresses, such as heat, air, and UV radiation, that asphalt encounters over time, leading to the gradual hardening and embrittlement of the material. Understanding long-term thermal aging is crucial for assessing the durability and resilience of asphalt pavements, ensuring they meet performance expectations throughout their intended lifespan.  
Together, these testing methods provide a comprehensive understanding of how asphalt materials respond to thermal aging, guiding the selection and formulation of binders that can withstand the rigors of both initial processing and extended use in road construction.
# Review and Comparison of Emerging Routing Protocols in Flying Ad Hoc Networks
## 5 Future Research Issues
### Path Planning  
In the field of large-scale missions and multi-UAV operations, the participation and coordination between UAVs is one of the important factors to improve FANET efficiency. In particular, in the process of UAV application in smart city, trajectory optimization is very important in order to ensure that the UAVs will fly according to the preset route. Because the trajectory of a UAV is susceptible to different factors, such as flight time, energy constraints, ground user requirements, and collision avoidance. In order to optimize UAV performance when exploring trajectory [57], several key factors needed to be considered, such as channel changes, UAV movements, energy consumption [58], and flight limitations.
# REISCH: Incorporating Lightweight and Reliable Algorithms into Healthcare Applications of WSNs
## 4 The Proposed Data Collection Scheme
### Security Goals of REISCH Scheme  
The REISCH has the following security services:  
* **Information confidentiality**: This service is achieved to hide \(SN\)s/patients' identities and to protect patients secrecy from disclosure by intruders.
* **Data integrity**: This service is required to protect the patient data from tampering by intruders. The collected data should arrive at the intended target without alteration to provide a reliable communication channel among \(SN\)s, \(CH\)s, \(LS\), and \(CS\)[72].
* **Non-repudiation**: This is a feature to prove that the \(m\) is sent by a particular \(SN\) in the HWSN. If a legitimate entity in HWSN performs internal attacks, he/she cannot deny his/her messages while availing the privileges granted to him/her.
* **Forward secrecy/Backward secrecy**: This requirement is performed when network entities use new keys and parameters temporarily without depending on old ones in the future. While backward secrecy prevents the newly joined sensors from accessing previous messages before entering the HWSN.  
Figure 4: General REISCH model.  
* **Freshness**: It indicates that the data collection message is new and updated to guarantee that the intruder cannot replay the previous message at a later time. This goal is accomplished by a checking of time, a random passcode, and random signatures within each data collection round to counteract spoofing risks such as replay, MITM, and impersonation.
* **Security of Localization**: This feature ensures that the patient/sensor's real location is protected from detection, or sends error messages to the \(LS\) by an intruder.
* **Scalability**: HWSN applications elaborate in a scalable environment in both data and devices. Thus, these applications need data collection schemes capable of processing and adapting to the ever-increasing number of devices of the HWSN. This feature indicates the ability of the data collection scheme to properly handle huge HWSN devices. Public key signature schemes are convenient to provide this requirement [73].
* **Survivability**: It provides a certain level of services in patient data collection or network capability to withstand failure/threats in an appropriate manner and continue to provide services between \(SN\)s and \(LS\) for as long as possible.
* **Accountability**: This property means tracking the behaviour of malicious threats/suspicious activities by legitimate users/counterfeiting attacks in accessing EMR repository.
* **Efficiency**: HWSN sources such as energy, storage, and processor should be within the design objectives of security protocols in HWSN.
## 4 Non-Coaxial Image Motion Compensation Method  
Most dual-axis area-array cameras operate under 90\({}^{\circ}\) downward-looking or wingspan-sweep side-viewing conditions. The fast compensation mirror, used for image motion compensation, is fixed inside the aircraft's roll gimbal and moves with the roll gimbal during whisk-broom scanning. After the compensation mirror rotates, the optical path is reflected by the pitch mirror to compensate for roll-induced image motion. According to optical relationships, the equivalent compensation axis of the compensation mirror is perpendicular to the LOS. Under 90\({}^{\circ}\) downward-looking scanning conditions, this equivalent compensation axis coincides with the aircraft's roll axis, allowing direct one-half compensation for roll deviations.  
However, under the backward-squint whisk-broom scanning conditions discussed in this paper, the pitch mirror has a significant tilt angle and undergoes rotational changes with roll movements. Consequently, the equivalent compensation axis also changes due to the interactions between the pitch mirror's motion and the roll gimbal's rotation. As a result, the equivalent rotation axis of the compensation mirror no longer coincides with the aircraft's roll axis, as illustrated in Figure 5. Therefore, traditional composite-axis image stabilization methods are not suitable for backward-squint imaging. Thus, a new non-coaxial image motion compensation method is required to address this challenge.