esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Simulation and Discussion
### Simulation V  
This simulation aims to verify the improvement of ICCD method (consider consecutive prismatic joints or consecutive parallel revolute joints as the group) compared with the traditional CCD method (each joint is adjusted individually) and the evolution process of NICCD method. UR5 manipulator with consecutive parallel revolute joints meets the configuration requirements. The specific values of its target and initial angles of UR5 are the same as the data of \(\mathbf{\Theta_{goal}}\) and \(\mathbf{\Theta_{in2}}\) in Simulation I (see Table 3). According to Equation (1), the goal configuration of the end-effector frame of UR5 relative to \(\mathbf{\Theta_{goal}}\) is described as Equation (76).  
The inverse kinematics are calculated using the CCD, ICCD, and NICCD methods, with \(\mathbf{\Theta_{in2}}\) as initial value. The position and angle errors of the initial selected joint angles of the UR5 versus the convergence times of the CCD, ICCD, and NICCD methods are illustrated in Figure 7 and versus the number of iterations are illustrated in Figure 8, where the error is represented on the logarithmic axis.  
From Figures 7 and 8, ICCD method is better than CCD method in convergence time and iteration times. Especially at the initial iteration, the ICCD method drops much more rapidly than the CCD method in terms of positional error. Specifically, the ICCD method has a position error of 5.8159 after 2 iterations (0.0032 s), while the CCD method needs to iteration 29 times (0.0364 s) to achieve the same error. A similar conclusion can be drawn for angle error.  
It is not difficult to conclude from Figures 7 and 8 that the convergence rate of the NICCD method is significantly more rapidly than that of the other two methods. To analyze this reason, Figure 9 shows the evolution process of the NICCD method. From Figure 9, the NICCD method converges after four iterations among which the ICCD method is used for the first two iterations and [PERSON]'s method is used for the last two iterations. NICCD method proposed in this paper uses the ICCD method to rapidly find a feasible point that is near to the true solution and then uses [PERSON]'s method to obtain a solution that achieves the desired precision. This avoids the common disadvantage of CCD and ICCD methods, that is, the convergence rate is slow when the iteration point approaches the optimal point.  
Figure 6: The position, velocity, and acceleration of joints.
# Battery-Free Pork Freshness Estimation Based on Colorimetric Sensors and Machine Learning
## 3 Material and Method
### High-Efficiency Energy Harvesting with the Collinear Antenna  
When monitoring the freshness of packaged pork using the proposed sensor, the location of the observed object may change. Therefore, it is advantageous to have an omnidirectional radiation pattern if the possibility of transplantation increases, allowing the sensor tags to move freely. Additionally, compared to Yagi or Patch antennas, a printed circuit board (PCB) printed collinear antenna [12; 16; 17; 18] is more suitable for small-scale manufacturing and has enhanced power-receiving efficiency. In this study, a collinear antenna designed by applying a flat broadband dipole operating at 915 MHz [19; 20; 21] is used. The term \"collinear\" refers to an antenna designed to increase its gain.  
The left side of Figure 3 shows the signal's dipole element, which functions not only as a radiating and absorbing element but also as a 1:1 balun. On the right side of Figure 2, the ground is located at the bottom and was adjusted in terms of area, length, and shape through repeated simulations to achieve a smaller antenna that can operate at 915 MHz.  
Through simulations and measurements of the S11 parameters, the proposed collinear antenna was found to be within the 800-1000 MHz band (Figure 4). When using the network analyzer, the center frequency shifted from 915 MHz in the simulation to 913 MHz in the measurement, with a return loss of \(-21.22\) dB. The antenna is acceptable and suitable for RF energy harvesting as the center frequency remains within the UHF range. The proposed antenna's return loss parameter is \(-21.22\) dB, and it reflects only 0.755% of the input power, allowing it to achieve near-exact impedance matching at the input:  
\[L_{RT}=-20 log_{10}(\Gamma) \tag{1}\]  
\[\Gamma=10^{-\frac{L_{RT}}{20}}, \tag{2}\]  
\[P_{R}=Reflected\ Power=P_{in}\Gamma^{2}, \tag{3}\]  
Therefore, \(-21.11\) dB indicates that approximately 1% of the input power is reflected back to the source.  
In Figure 5, the surface plot of the proposed antenna's 3D gain is shown. The simulated gain reaches up to 2.59 dB in the direction of maximum radiation.  
Figure 3: Structure of the collinear antenna; (**a**) Top view in simulation, (**b**) bottom view in simulation, (**c**) printed collinear antenna.  
To design a narrowband antenna operating at 915 MHz, the basic design provided by the Magus tool was used as a reference. In the CST tool, the geometric parameters of each antenna were adjusted to enhance its efficiency. The dimensions of the PCB collinear antenna are as follows:  
* Length 36 mm;
* Width 149 mm;
* Thickness 2.4 mm.
## 1 Introduction
### Solution Approach  
The performance of a clustering algorithm is checked either with qualitative or quantitative criteria [17; 18]. In the qualitative assessment, different algorithms are compared based on the shapes of the generated load profiles and the clustering compositions, i.e., the number of patterns that belong to each cluster. This assessment does not rely on mathematical objective criteria and is a minority in the literature. The quantitative assessment is based on the scores of the algorithm in a set of adequacy measures or clustering validity indicators. These indicators are built upon the Euclidean distance metric and evaluate the capacity of an algorithm to formulate well-separated and compact clusters. This assessment approach is the most common in the literature. However, while a clustering validity indicator provides a strong mathematical basis to build upon the conclusions derived from load profiling, the process of the evaluation of an algorithm is actually validity indicator specific. This means that the selection of an indicator influences the conclusions. For instance, a comparison of the algorithms with 2 different indicators can lead to different algorithms ranking. In order to deal with this issue, the present paper presents a set of 5 overarching criteria that can assess the complexity of an algorithm, its capacity per application and availability. These criteria are the following:  
* Criterion#1: Minimum number of parameters that need to be specified.
* Criterion#2: Minimum requirement for parameter updating.
* Criterion#3: Superior performance as measured by the most validity indicators.
* Criterion#4: High execution speed/minimum time requirement.
* Criterion#5: Generation of exploitable information about load data clusters.
* Criterion#6: Software availability.  
This paper implements the algorithms' comparison as a multi-criteria decision-making problem, using the above criteria. We employ the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method to indicate which algorithm performs better at all the aforementioned criteria [19]. TOPSIS is a well-tested method in decision making; it is characterized by simplicity and flexibility, i.e., different distance metrics can be regarded to calculate the similarities between the alternative solutions and the ideal ones.
# Design of Tracking, Telemetry, Command (TT&C) and Data Transmission Integrated Signal in TDD Mode
###### Abstract  
For satellite or aircraft networks, tracking, telemetry, and control (TT&C) and data transmission between different nodes are necessary. Traditional measurement mostly adopts the frequency division duplex (FDD) mode and uses a continuous measurement system to achieve high-precision measurement. However, as the number of network nodes increases, the mode suffers from complex frequency domain allocation, and high-cost measurement and data transmission equipment is required. This paper proposes the integrated signal in time division duplex (TDD) mode to improve frequency utilization to address these circumstances. The proposed signal can transmit the TT&C and data at the same frequency. In addition, the high-precision time-frequency synchronization and relative measurement technology in the TDD mode for distributed spacecraft or aircraft networks are studied. The simulation results show that the signal can work normally when the Doppler extrapolation error is less than a quarter of the integration frequency. The distance extrapolation error should be less than a quarter of the length of a chip. The integrated signal reduces the frequency band occupation and realizes the integration of TT&C and data transmission. In addition, the measurement performance is reduced by only 2-3 dB compared with that of the traditional pure TT&C signal.  
binary offset carrier (BOC); integrated signal; TT&C; data transmission +
Footnote †: journal: remote sensing  
_Article_  
Design of Tracking, Telemetry, Command (TT&C) and Data Transmission Integrated Signal in TDD Mode
## 5 Evaluation
### Result  
#### 5.3.1 GITW Dataset  
**EN Puzzles:** There are a total of 38 English puzzles, among which our framework successfully solved 32, achieving an accuracy of 84.2%. Among the six unsolved puzzles, four failures were due to the ciphertexts employing relatively long keys, which led the agent to fail in adjusting the search space during tool-based enumeration. The remainingtwo puzzles were not solved because the agent failed to correctly identify the encryption algorithm used.  
**ZH Puzzles:** The result is shown on Figure 3. Among a total of 76 Chinese puzzles, our multi-agent framework (based on 4o) was able to independently solve 17 of them, resulting in a success rate of 22.4%. With human-provided hints, our framework solved 33 puzzles, corresponding to a 43.4% success rate. A significant portion of the unsolved puzzles involved multimodal content. After removing multimodal-related puzzles, 52 remained, among which our framework solved 17 independently and 32 with hints, achieving success rates of 30.9% and 58.2%, respectively. Focusing specifically on cryptography-related problems, there are a total of 44 puzzles. Our framework solved 13 of them independently and 28 with hints, yielding success rates of 29.5% and 63.6%, respectively.  
In comparison, NYUCTF Agents obtained a success rate of 14.5% (independently) and 19.7% (with hints), HackSynth obtained 6.6% (independently) and 13.2% (with hints), while ChatGPT-4o (with official function calling and web search) obtained 19.7% (independently) and 28.9% (with hints).  
We further analyze the problem-solving strategies adopted by the agents when tackling specific questions, as illustrated in Figure 4. For the agent powered by GPT-4o, the proportions of questions solved using local tools, code generation, and web-based tools are 12.1%, 39.4%, and 45.5%, respectively, which highlights the effectiveness of our proposed approach.  
Moreover, the differences in reasoning paths between agents using GPT-4o and Deepseek-R1 further demonstrate the impact of the reasoning model on problem-solving performance. Specifically, although our framework achieves the same score when using GPT-4o and R1 as the base models with human hints, Deepseek-R1 shows a stronger tendency to directly perform calculations during the reasoning process and performs excellently. This characteristic enables it to demonstrate better reasoning performance on diverse and non-standard problems, which also explains why it outperforms GPT-4o in scenarios without human hints. Case 2 in Section 5.4 will fully illustrate this phenomenon.  
Figure 3: Results on the GITW-ZH dataset, categorized by challenge type, where “others” includes misc, reserve, pwn, etc. For each LLM bar, the dark segment indicates the number of problems solved fully autonomously, while the light segment represents those solved with minimal human hints. The “Best Human” bar shows the actual performance of a top human player from the original competition. The height of the bars represents the success rate, and the numerical labels represent the success numbers.
# A Novel Energy-Efficient Reservation System for Edge Computing in 6G Vehicular Ad Hoc Network
## 3 Methodology
### Evaluating Parameters of Simulation
#### 3.16.3 Packet Delivery Ratio  
The ratio of packages being sent by the sending vehicle to those collected through other vehicles is the packet delivery ratio (PDR). PDR ratings that are higher suggest better performance of the network.  
\[PDR=\frac{totalP_{r}}{totalP_{s}} \tag{20}\]
## 2 Hybrid Framework Description
### ESKF Implementation  
We define the state vector as \(\mathbf{x}=\left[\boldsymbol{\varphi},\mathbf{r},\mathbf{v}\right]^{T}\). Further, the error-state vector can be defined as \(\delta\mathbf{x}=\left[\delta\boldsymbol{\varphi},\delta\mathbf{r},\delta \mathbf{v}\right]^{T}\), where \(\delta\boldsymbol{\varphi}\) is the attitude error, \(\delta\mathbf{r}\) is the position error, and \(\delta\mathbf{v}\) is the velocity error. In the ESKF, the error-state vector is predicted by the error-state model (time update) and updated by the error measurement model (measurement update). The filtered error-state vector is employed to compensate the raw-state vector.
# Crop Disease Diagnosis with Deep Learning-Based Image Captioning and Object Detection
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Structure of the Crop Disease Diagnosis Solution  
#### 3.3.1 Image Captioning Model  
The Image Captioning model used in this study is based on the End-to-End structure, which is one of the machine translation models in natural language processing. Image features are extracted from the encoder, and caption sentences are generated in the decoder based on the extracted features. In this study, InceptionV3, a CNN-based model pretrained with 'ImageNet' data, was used as an encoder, and Transformer was utilized as a decoder.  
(a) InceptionV3  
The InceptionV3 is a CNN-based image recognition model that showed a greater performance than VGGNET, commonly known as ILSVRC14 (ImageNet Large-Scale Visual Recognition Challenge 2014) [28]. GoogleNet, developed by researchers at Google, is InceptionV1, an earlier version of InceptionV3 [29].  
Thanks to the Inception Module, InceptionV3 was able to be trained with 48 deep neural networks for high accuracy, as shown in Figure 5. As illustrated in Figure 6, the Inception Module performs four types of convolution and pooling operations on the input values, and it combines the results in the channel direction. The Inception V3 model has nine Inception Modules.  
We perform various dimensions of convolution operations in parallel to extract the feature map from the Inception Module in a more effective way. In the Inception Module, the \(1\times 1\) convolution layer plays a key role in reducing dimensions and reducing operations.  
The InceptionV3 model was improved by changing the optimizer to RMSProp from the InceptionV2 by applying the Label Smoothing technique, which prevents overfitting and Batch Normalization (BN) in the fully connected layers.  
Those techniques allow InceptionV3 to reduce the complexity while operating with fewer number of parameters, thereby improving accuracy in a shorter period of time.  
In this study, we removed the SoftMax layer, the last layer of the InceptionV3 model, in order to extract certain feature points of the input images and use them as other inputs for the Transformer.  
Figure 5: Structure of InceptionV3.
# A Deep Belief Network Classification Approach for Automatic Diacritization of Arabic Text
## 2 Literature Review
### Rule-Based Systems  
Rule-based systems formulate a set of rules that are used to derive a solution for a problem. Human knowledge is utilized in this kind of approaches in the form of morphological analyzers, dictionaries and grammar modules. Rule-based techniques were used to develop a morphological analyzer and a syntax analyzer for Arabic [22]. Furthermore, well-formed rules were used to detect diacritics in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) scripts [23]. In this work, the relation between each word with its part of speech is taken into account as well as the relation between a word and its position in the sentence. The WER reported by this work was 9.36%.  
[PERSON] et al. [24], proposed a multi-layered approach to diacritize Arabic text. The authors embed their knowledge of Arabic syntactic rules in order to decrease WER. Experimental results show that the system achieves a syntactic WER of 9.4%.  
Alserag is a rule-based diacriitizer proposed by [PERSON] [25]. The system is based on three components in order to provide fully diacritized Arabic words, these components are: morphological analysis, syntactic analysis and morph-phonological processing. Alserag depends on two resources; the Arabic diacritized dictionary and a set of linguistics rules which guide the diacritization process. The system was evaluated on the LDC Arabic Treebank dataset and has a WER and DER of 8.68% and 18.63%, respectively.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Photosynthetic Activity Determination  
Photosynthetic measurements were taken with a pulse-amplitude modulated (PAM) chlorophyll fluorometer Junior-PAM (Walz GmbH, Effeltrich, Germany). After the samples were dark-adapted for 15 min, the maximum [F\({}_{\rm{v}}\)/F\({}_{\rm{m}}\) = (F\({}_{\rm{m}}\) - F\({}_{\rm{0}}\))/F\({}_{\rm{0}}\)] quantum yields of photosystem II (PSII) were determined from the ground fluorescence (F\({}_{\rm{0}}\)) in the presence of a weak measuring light (<1 \(\upmu\)mol photons m\({}^{-2}\) s\({}^{-1}\)) and maximum (F\({}_{\rm{m}}\)) fluorescence due to the application of a saturation light pulse (>9000 \(\upmu\)mol photons m\({}^{-2}\) s\({}^{-1}\), 0.8 s). Samples were exposed to a series of increasing actinic light intensities (E\({}_{\rm{AL}}\)) to determine the effective PSII-quantum yields [\(\Phi_{\rm{PSII}}\) = (F\({}_{\rm{m}}\) - F\({}_{\rm{t}}\))/F\({}_{\rm{m}}\)]. Every 30 s and before the intensity of the actinic light increased, a saturation pulse (>9000 \(\upmu\)mol photons m\({}^{-2}\) s\({}^{-1}\), 0.8 s) was applied, and the corresponding terminal (F\({}_{\rm{t}}\)) and maximal (F\({}_{\rm{m}}\)) fluorescence yields were measured. The photosynthetic electron transport rates (ETR) were calculated as follows [22]:  
\[\rm{ETR}=\Phi_{\rm{PSII}}\times E_{\rm{AL}}\times A\times F_{\rm{II}} \tag{1}\]  
where \(\Phi_{\rm{PSII}}\) is the effective PSII-quantum yield, E\({}_{\rm{AL}}\) is the actinic light intensity, A is the thallus absorptance and F\({}_{\rm{II}}\) is the fraction of quanta absorbed by PSII (i.e., 0.8). The thallus absorptance A was measured using a cosine-corrected 2\(\pi\) PAR quantum sensor (Licor 192 SB; Li-COR Inc., Lincoln, Dearborn, MI, USA), and A was calculated as  
\[\rm{A}=1-(E_{t}\times E_{0}^{-1})-R \tag{2}\]  
where E\({}_{t}\) and E\({}_{0}\) are the irradiances of the PAR-emitting light source used in the experiment, measured when the sensor was covered with one thallus of _L. bterteroana_ (transmitted light: E\({}_{t}\)) and remained uncovered (incident light: E\({}_{0}\)), respectively, and R is the reflectance (reflected fraction) of the thallus (i.e., 0.05). Values of ETR were plotted against the actinic light intensity (E\({}_{\rm{AL}}\)), and the photosynthetic parameters (ETR\({}_{\rm{max}}\), \(\alpha_{\rm{ETR}}\), E\({}_{\rm{k}}\)) were determined by non-linear curve fitting of ETR-E\({}_{\rm{AL}}\) curves after the model of [23]:  
\[\rm{ETR}=\rm{ETR}_{\rm{max}}\times\rm{tanh}\ (\alpha_{\rm{ETR}}\times E_{\rm{AL }}\ \rm{ETR}_{\rm{max}}^{-1}) \tag{3}\]  
where ETR\({}_{\rm{max}}\) is the maximum ETR, tanh is the hyperbolic tangent function, E\({}_{\rm{AL}}\) is the actinic light intensity and \(\alpha_{\rm{ETR}}\) is the initial slope of the ETR-E\({}_{\rm{AL}}\) curve. The saturation irradiance for the photosynthetic electron transport (E\({}_{\rm{k}}\)) is the intercept between \(\alpha\)ETR and ETR\({}_{\rm{max}}\) (E\({}_{\rm{k}}\) = ETR\({}_{\rm{max}}\ \alpha_{\rm{ETR}}^{-1}\)).
# Improved Control of Forest Microgrids with Hybrid Complementary Energy Storage
###### Abstract  
In order to improve the power quality and the fault ride-through capability of islanded forest microgrids, a hybrid complementary energy storage control method is proposed. In this method, mode-based sectional coordinated control is adopted as the basic control scheme, whereas control of the hybrid energy storage, which includes the battery, the supercapacitor, and the wind turbine, utilizes the improved strategy. According to the characteristics of the energy storage units, adaptive control of batteries and supercapacitors are adopted to smooth the low-frequency power fluctuation in the long-term and to suppress the high-frequency component separately, in which predictive control of the converters is utilized to achieve rapid regulation. Furthermore, as a third energy storage unit, the wind power unit was investigated, utilizing the large rotating kinetic energy of the wind turbine to temporally suppress huge power disturbance and avoid load shedding. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed coordination control with hybrid complementary energy storage, simulations of the islanded DC microgrid in forest area were conducted in MATLAB/Simulink, with the results showing that, by utilizing the improved control method, the transient operation characteristics of the system were effectively enhanced.  
forest microgrid; biomass energy; operation mode-based sectional coordinated control; hybrid energy storage; predictive control; inertia improvement Article