## 2 Results
### Identification of Volatiles Released from S. palmetto Leaves  
All volatiles from all samples are listed in Table S1. The five most abundant volatiles identified in this study were hexanal, E-2-hexanal, 3-hexanal, Z-3-hexen-1-ol, and 1-hexanol (Figure 2). Hexanal was present in high concentrations (>1 \(\times\) 10\({}^{7}\)) in \(I\) palms (Table S2); however, it was only present substantially lower concentrations in _NIT_ (Table S3) and _NINT_ (Table S4) palms (Figure 3). Of the 15 palms classified as _NIT_, there was no detection of hexanal in six specimens, while three palms (Spa_7, Spa_8 and Spa_21) displayed concentrations of hexanal comparable to \(I\) palms (>1 \(\times\) 10\({}^{7}\)). All other specimens had concentrations of hexanal that were lower that (>1 \(\times\) 10\({}^{7}\)). The level of observed hexanal among _NIT_ and _NINT_ palms appeared to be similar. Similar to hexanal, E-2-hexenal was present in substantially higher concentrations in \(I\) palms (>3 \(\times\) 10\({}^{7}\)) than in _NIT_ and _NINT_ palms, which had concentrations below 3 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) and 2 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\), respectively. The concentration of E-2-hexenal did not differ substantially among _NIT_ and _NINT_ palms. The compound 3-hexenal was detected in high concentrations (>1 \(\times\) 10\({}^{7}\)) from _NIT_ palms but was absent from \(I\) and _NINT_ palms (Figure 3). Concentration of Z-3-hexen-1-ol appeared higher in _NIT_ palms than in \(I\) and _NINT_ palms; however, it appeared in similar concentrations in _NINT_  
Figure 1: Examples of lethal bronzing-infected (**a**) and healthy (**b**) _Sabal palmetto_ specimens. and \(I\) palms (Figure 3). Finally, 1-hexanol was present in similar concentrations in all palms (\(I\), \(NIT\), and \(NINT\)) (Figure 3). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**qPCR Results**} \\ \hline
**Palm Sample** & **Infection Status** & **TaqMan Ct** & **HRMA Ct** & **HRMA Tm (\({}^{\circ}\)C)** & **Result** \\ \hline Spa\_1 & \(I\) & 24.33 & 22.43 & 77.6 & + \\ \hline Spa\_2 & \(NINT\) & No Ct & No Ct & 64.5 & - \\ \hline Spa\_3 & \(I\) & 33.97 & 30.21 & 77.6 & + \\ \hline Spa\_4 & \(NIT\) & No Ct & No Ct & 82.8 & - \\ \hline Spa\_5 & \(NIT\) & No Ct & No Ct & 82.8 & - \\ \hline Spa\_6 & \(NINT\) & No Ct & No Ct & 82.8 & - \\ \hline Spa\_7 & \(NIT\) & No Ct & No Ct & 82.7 & - \\ \hline Spa\_8 & \(NIT\) & No Ct & No Ct & 82.9 & - \\ \hline Spa\_9 & \(NINT\) & No Ct & No Ct & 82.7 & - \\ \hline Spa\_10 & \(NIT\) & No Ct & No Ct & 82.9 & - \\ \hline Spa\_11 & \(NIT\) & No Ct & No Ct & 82.8 & - \\ \hline Spa\_12 & \(NIT\) & No Ct & No Ct & 82.8 & - \\ \hline Spa\_13 & \(NIT\) & No Ct & No Ct & 82.8 & - \\ \hline Spa\_14 & \(NIT\) & No Ct & No Ct & 82.7 & - \\ \hline Spa\_15 & \(NINT\) & No Ct & No Ct & 82.9 & - \\ \hline Spa\_16 & \(NINT\) & No Ct & No Ct & 83.0 & - \\ \hline Spa\_17 & \(NIT\) & No Ct & No Ct & 82.8 & - \\ \hline Spa\_18 & \(NIT\) & No Ct & No Ct & 82.7 & - \\ \hline Spa\_19 & \(NIT\) & No Ct & No Ct & 82.7 & - \\ \hline Spa\_20 & \(NIT\) & No Ct & No Ct & 82.7 & - \\ \hline Spa\_21 & \(NINT\) & No Ct & No Ct & 82.8 & - \\ \hline Spa\_22 & \(NIT\) & No Ct & No Ct & 82.9 & - \\ \hline (+) control & N/A & 23.44 & 21.75 & 77.6 & + \\ \hline (-) control & N/A & No Ct & No Ct & 55.34 & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Specimens of _Sabal palmetto_ selected for analysis, as well as their infection statuses and quantitative PCR results. Figure 2: Molecular structures of major green leaf volatiles identified from _Sabal palmetto_ leaves. Volatile concentrations among samples were consistent in palms in the \(I\) and \(N\)_NINT_ groups; however, much more variability was observed among samples in the _NIT_ group. Palm samples Spa_7, Spa_8, Spa_10, and Spa_21 all displayed significantly higher levels of hexanal that other samples, which were comparable to levels observed in \(I\) palms; however, these samples tested negative for phytoplasma via qPCR.