## 3 Research about Impact of AI on Education
### Large-scale AI Applications in the Future of Education
Adaptive testing would enable educators to adjust the complexity of questions based on the student's responses, providing a more nuanced and accurate assessment of their higher-order thinking skills. For example, the undergraduate journalism major may need to demonstrate their ability to apply political theory concepts to real-world situations, while the doctoral level literature major may need to demonstrate their ability to analyze and critique political theory literature. Adaptive testing could allow both students to be assessed at a complexity level appropriate for their academic level and disciplinary background. Predictive or learning analytics can transform how educators and administrators understand and support students' academic performance. Using data to identify patterns and trends in student behavior and performance, predictive analytics can provide insights that enable educators to intervene early and effectively when students are struggling [61]. For example, one application of predictive analytics is using early warning systems to identify students at risk of falling behind or dropping out [62]. By analyzing data, such as attendance, grades, and course completion rates, these systems can identify students needing additional support or intervention before their academic performance deteriorates [63]. This could help educators provide timely and targeted support to at-risk students, potentially improving their chances of success [64]. Universities could also use analytics to identify factors that contribute to the success of international students, such as language proficiency, cultural background, and socio-economic status [65]. This information could be used to develop more effective support programs tailored to international students' needs. This could improve the quality of support provided to international students and make it more cost-efficient, as universities could focus resources on the most effective interventions [66]. We have already seen some of the applications of chatbots for learning and research through language models, such as ChatGPT. Chatbots come with significant concerns about academic integrity, but when used properly, they provide timely support to students struggling with coursework [67]. For example, they can provide personalized feedback on writing tasks and assist with navigational and technological issues within a course. They could also translate instructions from a professor so that they may be better understood by learners for whom English is a secondary language. Consider an international student navigating a new academic environment in a foreign country while balancing cultural and language differences. With these added challenges, the student needs access to resources that can help them succeed academically. For example, if the student is struggling with a particular topic or assignment, a chatbot can provide a helpful tool for the student to receive immediate and accurate responses to their questions. Although the chatbot cannot replace a professor's valuable expertise and guidance, it can serve as a complementary resource for the student to use until they can connect with their professor during office hours. Using a chatbot allows international students to maximize their learning potential and stay on track with their studies, even with limited access to their professor due to language or cultural barriers. Additionally, the chatbot can provide a quick and efficient means of obtaining information, and, in some cases, the chatbot may also be able to direct the student to relevant resources or suggest possible solutions to complex problems. When referring to personalized learning experiences or adaptive learning and the role of academic libraries, consider a student who is visually impaired needing to view written materials. AI has the potential to make library resources and services more accessible for users with disabilities, including visual impairment, by providing real-time transcriptions, translations, and audio descriptions.