## 1 Introduction
### Defining and Measuring Moral Judgment Development  
[PERSON]. [6] proposed a developmental stage view of moral judgment. According to [6], moral judgment develops in discrete stages, wherein individuals complete one stage before moving on to the next (much like a staircase). [PERSON]. [6] created the Moral Judgment Interview (MJI) to measure moral judgment development. In the MJI, participants are prompted to articulate their moral reasoning or the process by which they decide which course of action the protagonist in the moral dilemma ought to take.  
An extensive coding procedure is used to determine the developmental stage at which the interviewee is operating. Though revolutionary in his approach to studying moral development, [PERSON]. [6]'s theory and methods are not without their limitations.  
[PERSON]. [4] and colleagues [7; 8; 9] advanced a Neo-Kohlbergian theory of moral judgment development that has its roots in [6]'s work; however, this Neo-Kohlbergian view differs in important ways from [6]'s view. For example, [PERSON]. [7; 8; 9] rejected the staircase view of moral judgment development, instead endorsing a schemata view, which posits that an individual experiences shifts in the frequency with which they use moral judgment developmental schemata. Thus, on the schemata view, individuals can use more than one way of thinking about moral issues at a time, which contradicts the [6] staircase view.  
According to [7; 8; 9], there are three primary moral judgment developmental schemata: personal interests, maintaining norms and postconventional reasoning. The personal interests schema is the least developmentally advanced of the three schemata, and reasoning at this level focuses on the self and those close to the self. The maintaining norms schema is more developmentally advanced compared to the personal interests schema, taking a society-wide perspective; reasoning at this level focuses on authority, rules, roles and the generally established way of life for a community in which the individual is a member. The postconventional schema is the most developmentally advanced, with reasoning at this level focusing on shared ideals that are open to scrutiny and deliberation, as opposed to simply relying on established way.  
Moral judgment development, as defined in the Neo-Kohlbergian perspective [7; 8; 9], can be measured using the Defining Issues Test (DIT and the subsequent DIT-2; [7; 8; 9]). Unlike the MJI, the DIT does not require respondents to articulate their moral reasoning; rather, respondents are presented with moral dilemmas for which they must evaluate various statements' importance regarding the course of action that the protagonist in the scenario should follow. These statements that respondents evaluate are representative of the three moral judgment developmental schemata described above. Measuring moral judgment development using recognition rather than production/articulation, as [6] did, allows researchers to detect a wider range of developmental reasoning levels and not simply the less developmentally advanced ones. (The Materials and Methods section provides additional information about the DIT).