esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# An Enhanced Feature Extraction Network for Medical Image Segmentation
## 4 Experiment
### Datasets and Results
#### 4.2.2 Results on CVC-ClinicDB Dataset
Second, the performance of the model itself also needs to be further improved, which mainly includes the ability of the network to extract features and the further improvement of the compensation method for lost information in the process of feature extraction. Furthermore, we introduce the differences between our model and the baseline model U-Net and a recent work, DoubleU-Net, in terms of computational efficiency, utilization of computational resources, and model complexity. The comparison results are presented in Table 3. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline
**Methods** & **Parameters (M)** & **Pre-Training(Y/N)** & **FPS** & **Inference Time(s)** \\ \hline U-Net & 18.93 & Y & 0.64 & 1.56 \\ DoubleU-Net & 29.30 & Y & 0.28 & 3.45 \\ EFEN & 29.44 & Y & 0.20 & 4.97 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* \({}^{\text{M}}\) in this table stands for million, \({}^{\text{Y}}\)Y and \({}^{\text{N}}\)’ stand for yes and no, respectively, and \({}^{\text{I}}\)Inference time\({}^{\prime}\) refers to the time required for inference per image.  
\end{table} 
Table 3: More comparisons. Figure 4: Visualization results of EFEN on CVC-ClinicDB test set. Each column includes the original input image and its corresponding mask, the result of baseline model U-Net and EFEN. The red box shows the comparisons in the same position. As can be seen from Table 3, compared with U-Net and DoubleU-Net, our model has slightly increased parameters and processing time per image. However, this trade-off results in significantly improved segmentation accuracy.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### FTIR Analysis  
Figure 6 depicts the FTIR spectra of the nano-CaCO\({}_{3}\), ceresine wax, E-44 epoxy resin, \(N\),\(N\)-dimethylformamide and WM2. The characteristic peak located at 1700 cm\({}^{-1}\) is the stretching vibration peak of C=O in nano-CaCO\({}_{3}\), the characteristic peak at 1425 cm\({}^{-1}\) is the antisymmetric stretching vibration peak of C-O in CO\({}_{3}\)\({}^{2-}\), the peak at 881 cm\({}^{-1}\) is the out-of-plane deformation vibration peak of CO\({}_{3}\)\({}^{2-}\), and the in-plane deformation vibration peak of O-C-O is at 725 cm\({}^{-1}\). The 2927 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 2864 cm\({}^{-1}\) characteristic peaks are from symmetric stretching vibrations and asymmetric stretching vibrations of -CH\({}_{2}\)- and -CH\({}_{3}\) groups in ceresine wax, respectively. The peaks at 1550 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 1500 cm\({}^{-1}\) are characteristic peaks of stretching vibration of aromatic C-C and symmetric bending absorption peak of dimethyl in epoxy resin. The peaks at 917 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 827 cm\({}^{-1}\) are absorption peaks of C-O and C-O-C in ethylene epoxide group. The characteristic peak at 678 cm\({}^{-1}\) is the absorption peak of amide I band, which implies that a small amount of  
Figure 5: SEM images of microcapsules: (**a**) WM1, (**b**) WM2.  
\(N\),\(N\)-dimethylformamide is encapsulated in WM2. The presence of characteristic peaks corresponding to nano-CaCO\({}_{3}\), cceresine wax, E-44 epoxy and N, N-dimethylformamide can be found in the FTIR spectra of WM2. Combining the SEM and FTIR results, it can be concluded that E-44 epoxy was successfully encapsulated in the nano-CaCO\({}_{3}\)/ceresine wax composite shell.
# Determination of Cyanotoxins and Prymnesins in Water, Fish Tissue, and Other Matrices: A Review
## 4 Sample Preparation and Analytical Methods for Cyanotoxins and Prymnesins Detection  
Various methods are available for the quantification of cyanotoxins, as described above, and are primarily split between immunoassay and chromatographic separation (i.e., GC or LC), followed by quantification using mass spectrometry, UV, and photodiode array detectors. The matrix suitability varies by procedure, with a variety of interferences inherent to specific analysis; for example, mass spectrometric methodologies are susceptible to matrix interferences related to the ionization technique employed, with ion suppression/enhancement commonly observed in more challenging sample matrices. For each method, then, the samples often require specific preparation before analysis. This is especially common for tissue and other more complex matrices than water.
## 4 Results
### Application of FR Model  
The frequency ratio (FR) is a commonly used method of univariate probability analysis in landslide susceptibility assessment [21; 25]. When the frequency ratio is 1, it represents the average value; when the frequency ratio is greater than 1, it indicates that the factor has a strong correlation with the occurrence of the landslide; when the frequency ratio is less than 1, it indicates that the correlation between the factor and the occurrence of the landslide is weak. The landslide susceptibility index (LSI) calculated by the FR model can be expressed as Equation (11), as shown in Table 2.  
\[ \begin{array}{llll}LSI_{FR}=&(Elevation_{FR})+(Profile\:curvature_{FR})+( Plan\:curvature_{FR})+\\ &(Slope\:angle_{FR})+(Slope\:aspect_{FR})+(SPI_{FR})+(TWI_{FR})+(STI_{FR})+\\ &(Distance\:to\:roads_{FR})+(Distance\:to\:faults_{FR})+\\ &(Lindology_{FR})+(Rainfall_{FR})+(Soil_{FR})+(NDVI_{FR})+(Landuse_{FR})\end{array}  \tag{11}\] \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Factors** & **Class** & **Percentage of Domain** & **Percentage of Landslides** & **FR** & **Wj** \\ \hline Elevation (m) & 442–600 & 13.242 & 19.858 & 1.500 & 0.223 \\  & 600–800 & 16.399 & 34.043 & 2.076 \\  & 800–1000 & 12.091 & 21.986 & 1.818 \\  & 1000–1200 & 10.450 & 12.057 & 1.154 \\  & 1200–1400 & 12.756 & 10.638 & 0.834 \\  & 1400–1600 & 12.341 & 1.418 & 0.115 \\  & 1600–1800 & 12.042 & 0.000 & 0.000 \\  & 1800–2000 & 7.920 & 0.000 & 0.000 \\  & 2000–2200 & 2.504 & 0.000 & 0.000 \\  & 2200–2410 & 0.255 & 0.000 & 0.000 \\ Profile curvature & \(-\)14.28 to \(-\)0.05 & 45.753 & 46.809 & 1.023 & 0.083 \\  & \(-\)0.05–0.05 & 5.696 & 11.348 & 1.992 & \\  & 0.05–14.77 & 48.551 & 41.844 & 0.862 & \\ Plan curvature & \(-\)14.0 to \(-\)0.05 & 46.110 & 41.135 & 0.892 & 0.014 \\  & \(-\)0.05–0.05 & 6.893 & 9.220 & 1.338 & \\  & 0.05–13.07 & 46.996 & 49.645 & 1.056 & \\ Slope angle (\({}^{\circ}\)) & 0–10 & 23.641 & 25.532 & 1.080 & 0.146 \\  & 10–20 & 29.270 & 44.681 & 1.526 & \\  & 20–30 & 26.292 & 20.567 & 0.782 & \\  & 30–40 & 14.987 & 7.801 & 0.521 & \\  & 40–50 & 4.975 & 1.418 & 0.285 & \\  & 50–60 & 0.780 & 0.000 & 0.000 & \\  & 60–72.83 & 0.055 & 0.000 & 0.000 & \\ Slope aspect & Flat & 0.028 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.075 \\  & North & 14.212 & 11.348 & 0.798 & \\  & North-east & 12.976 & 11.348 & 0.875 & \\  & East & 12.046 & 12.057 & 1.001 & \\  & South-east & 12.505 & 16.312 & 1.304 & \\  & South & 11.982 & 22.695 & 1.894 & \\  & South-west & 11.044 & 9.220 & 0.835 & \\  & West & 11.355 & 6.383 & 0.562 & \\  & North-west & 13.853 & 10.638 & 0.768 & \\ SPI & \(<\)20 & 55.734 & 62.411 & 1.120 & 0.010 \\  & 20–40 & 15.930 & 14.184 & 0.890 & \\  & 40–60 & 7.404 & 8.511 & 1.149 & \\  & 60–80 & 4.284 & 3.546 & 0.828 & \\  & \(>\)80 & 16.649 & 11.348 & 0.682 & \\ TWI & \(<\)4 & 17.880 & 7.801 & 0.436 & 0.046 \\  & 4–5 & 32.049 & 35.461 & 1.106 & \\  & 5–6 & 23.903 & 34.043 & 1.424 & \\  & 6–7 & 12.599 & 14.184 & 1.126 & \\  & \(>\)7 & 13.569 & 8.511 & 0.627 & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Relationship between landslides and conditioning factors using FR and IoE models.
## 7 Biological Activity of Se-Polysaccharides
### Plant Se-Polysaccharides  
The immunomodulatory properties of the natural garlic polysaccharides and those modified with selenium have been compared. The selenation process significantly increasedthe bioactivity of the polysaccharides. Hence, Se-polysaccharides showed a stronger stimulating effect of the cellular and humoral immune system. Further, chickens administered these Se-polysaccharides showed a higher level of lymphocyte proliferation and a higher serum antibody titer along with a higher stimulation of Th1 helper lymphocytes to produce IFN-\(\gamma\) and IL-2 [280]. In addition, the native polysaccharides isolated from the roots of _Hedysarum polybotrys_ also showed an immunomodulatory effect [261]. However, the research demonstrated that the _H. polybotrys_ polysaccharides modified with selenium had a stronger antioxidant effect, reflected by the removal of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals [390]. In another study with a group of rats administered CCl4, the biological activity of Se-polysaccharides isolated from the root of _Astragalus membranoceus_ was compared with those of the natural polysaccharides. The results showed that selenopolysaccharides had a greater efficiency in increasing the activity of SOD, GPx, and MDA. Additionally, histopathological examination of the liver tissue of the rats confirmed the effectiveness of Se-polysaccharides in alleviating the inflammation and necrosis of hepatocytes, induced by the administration of CCl4 by inactivating the Kupffer cells [270]. Research on selenium polysaccharides derived from _Pyracantha fortunaeana_ showed that they can enhance the cytotoxic effect of doxorubicin on human breast cancer cells in vitro [391]. Furthermore, investigation in Se-polysaccharides from _Platycodon grandiflora_ indicated that selenium-enriched biopolymers had the ability to protect against oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide in the pheochromocytoma cells of rats [392]. In another study, tea was identified as another plant source of bioactive Se-polysaccharides, and its ability to inhibit the proliferation of S\({}_{180}\) in mice was reported to be significantly higher than that of the Se-yeast (Se-enriched _Saccharomyces cerevisiae_) [392]. Green tea Se-polysaccharides may have a positive effect in the treatment of human osteosarcoma and greater antioxidant activity when compared to the native polysaccharides [170].
# Analysis of Available Components and Performance Estimation of Optical Multi-Band Systems
## 2 Review of Commercially Available Components
### Transceivers
Furthermore, QSFP, where Q stands for \"Quad\", and CFP, where C stands for \"100\", can extend further the data rate to 100 Gb/s and beyond, as they can employ multiple optical channels. From Table 2, it is evident that the main operational bands for these commercially available components are the O and C-band. This is expected, as the transmission bands for the upstream direction of important access standards, such as Gigabit-PON (GPON), 10G-EPON, and XG(S)-PON is O-band, while the C-band is also the premium band in current transmission systems due to its low fiber attenuation. Furthermore, the output power is an important parameter that can increase the overall power budget allowing (a) to support a larger number of users, as the number of power splits in a Passive Optical Network (PON) is higher and (b) to extend the transmission reach, as the tolerable link loss can be greater. Finally, a low sensitivity receiver is desirable in an optical system as it can detect an even smaller signal, leading to an improved power budget.
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Communication Phase  
As shown in Figure 2, the architecture is designed such that all client's \(C\) are connected to the dynamically selected fog server \(FS\) within the university/organization. To select the dynamic fog server \(FS\), first, client \(C\) needs to provide his/her identity to the \(AS\), which then confirms its validity from the digital identity blockchain. Once the validity is confirmed, it is then provided with the public key of the latest \(FS\), which then authenticates all local client's \(C\) within that fog. The performance evaluation of the protocol security level considered is less than 400 bit depending on the mode, as the encryption/decryption algorithm we used is 272 bit (LES).
## Materials and Methods
### Sequencing Data and Differentially Expressed Gene Analysis  
Raw data (raw reads) in the FASTQ format were transformed into clean data after data-processing: removal of the low quality reads, adaptors and reads containing poly-N. Then the clean data were used for the subsequent analysis. The quality parameters of clean data including the length, number of reads, and GC-content, were used for the data evaluation. The raw data in the FASTQ format was deposited in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Sequence Read Archive (SRA) database ([[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/?term=](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/?term=)]([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/?term=](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/?term=))). Then the clean data was retained and mapped to the reference transcriptome of _L. cubbea_[2] using BLAT software ([[http://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgBlat](http://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgBlat)]([http://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgBlat](http://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgBlat))) [42; 43]. The reference transcriptome file of _L. cubbea_ was downloaded directly from the NCBI website ([[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)]([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/))). The accession number of the transcriptome is SRA080286. The read numbers mapped to each gene was counted using HTSeq v0.5.4p3 ([[http://www-huber.embl.de/users/anders/HTSeq/](http://www-huber.embl.de/users/anders/HTSeq/)]([http://www-huber.embl.de/users/anders/HTSeq/](http://www-huber.embl.de/users/anders/HTSeq/))). Then, the expression abundance of the genes was calculated by the number of reads per kilobase of exon model per million mapped reads (RPKM) [44]. Differential expression analysis of two samples was performed using the IDEG6 [[http://telethon.bio.unipd.it/bioinfo/IDEG6/](http://telethon.bio.unipd.it/bioinfo/IDEG6/)]([http://telethon.bio.unipd.it/bioinfo/IDEG6/](http://telethon.bio.unipd.it/bioinfo/IDEG6/)) [45]. The false discovery rate (FDR) was applied to adjust the P value in multiple tests and statistical analyses. After the P-values were adjusted, the DEGs were obtained by identifying genes with a P \(\leq\) 0.01 and 1 log\({}_{2}\) (fold-changed) \(|\)\(\geq\) 1.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Chemicals  
Redistilled phenol, Bradford reagent, Bromophenol Blue, epigallocatechin gallate, Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Blue (MTT), bovine serum albumin (BSA), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), ascorbic acid, galacturonic acid, gallic acid, 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-chroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), linoleic acid, potassium persulphate, dihydrochloride (AAPH), m-hydroxylphenyl, sodium phosphate dibasic solution, sodium phosphate monoshic solution, hyaluronic acid soybean 15-lipooxygenase, and hyaluronidase were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Fine Chemicals (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dithiothreitol (DTT) was from Serva (Heidelberg, Germany), and Coomassieie Brilliant Blue from Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland). \(\beta\)-D-(+)-glucose was provided by ChromaDex (Irvine, CA, USA). Foetal bovine serum (FBS), DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium, high glucose + GlutaMAX), and Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS) were from Gibco (Life Technologies, Paisley, UK). SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) was provided by BioShop (Burlington, ON, Canada). Disodium hydrogen phosphate dehydrate (Na\({}_{2}\)HPO\({}_{4}\)\(\times\) 2H\({}_{2}\)O) was purchased from Chempur (Piekary Slaskie, Poland). Standards of monosaccharides were provided by Dr. Ehrenstorfer GmbH (Augsburg, Germany). Isoamyl alcohol, sulphuric acid, and solvents were purchased from Avantor Performance Materials Poland (Gliwice, Poland). A Millipore Direct-Q3 purification system (Bedford, MA, USA) was used to prepare ultrapure water.  
Spectrophotometric analyses were performed using an Infinite Pro 200F microplate reader (Tecan Group Ltd., Mannedorf, Switzerland) with the use of 96-well microplates (Nunclon, Nunc; Roskilde, Denmark). An IKA RV 10 evaporator (Staufen, Germany) was used for evaporation. lyophilisation was performed in the Free Zone 1 apparatus (Laboconco, Kansas City, KS, USA).
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Estimation of the Measurement Uncertainty
#### 4.1.3 Calorimeter Method Measurement Uncertainty  
In the calorimeter method, the size of the measurement error depends not only on the accuracy of the battery tester but also on the thermometer. Its accuracy influences both the calibration and the actual measurement [12].  
* Calibration For calibration, a known amount of energy \(Q_{calibration}\) is fed into the system by using the calibration heater and the Neware BTS according to Equation (6). With the accuracy of the current and voltage measurement, the measurement error for \(Q_{calibration}\) is calculated according to Equation (14), \[\Delta Q_{calibration}=\left|\frac{\Delta U}{U}\right|+\left|\frac{\Delta I}{I}\right|\] (14) For the accuracy of the heat capacity of the system, it results in Equations (15) and (16), \[\Delta C_{system}=\left|\frac{1}{\Delta T_{calibration}}\right|\Delta Q_{calibration }+\left|-\frac{Q_{calibration}}{\Delta T_{calibration}^{2}}\right|\Delta T_{error}\] (15) \[\Delta C_{system}=\left|\frac{1}{\Delta T_{calibration}}\right|\left(\left| \frac{\Delta U}{U}\right|+\left|\frac{\Delta I}{I}\right|\right)+\left|- \frac{Q_{calibration}}{\Delta T_{calibration}^{2}}\right|\Delta T_{error}\] (16)
* Measurement In the measurement, the heat capacity of the system \(C_{system}\) and the measured temperature change \(\Delta T_{measurement}\) are used to determine the loss energy \(Q_{loss}\) of the cell according to Equation (17), \[Q_{loss}=C_{system}\Delta T_{measurement}\] (17) With the determined measurement error for \(C_{system}\) and the accuracy of the temperature measurement, the result is Equation (18), \[Q_{loss}=|\Delta T_{measurement}|\Delta C_{system}+\left|C_{system}\right| \Delta T_{error}\] (18) The further calculation was conducted analogue to the direct-energy method following Equation (12) for determining the internal resistance and Equation (18) for determining \(Q_{loss}\).  
\[|\Delta R_{i}|=\left|\frac{1}{I_{m}^{2}t_{m}}\right|(|\Delta T_{measurement}| \Delta C_{system}+\left|C_{system}\right|\Delta T_{error})+\left|\frac{-2Q_{ loss}}{I_{m}^{3}t_{m}}\right|\Delta I_{m} \tag{19}\]
# Research Progress on Curved Plates in China: Applications in Architecture
## 4 Optical Characteristics of Curved Plates
### Natural Lighting Design of the Main Structure
#### 4.1.2 Top Daylighting  
Lighting design at the top of a curved main structure mainly concerns the skylight design, which mainly considers the scattering of natural light, that is, making it become softly scattered light. In practical applications, horizontal skylights and serrated skylights with special structures are used as models. The following is a detailed introduction of these two skylight lighting forms based on cases.  
Although horizontal skylight structures are simple and decoratively flexible, special structures (or devices) are needed to provide light before scattering. Taking Terminal 3 of Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport as an example, the designer implemented a special double-layered curved skin with dense honeycomed openings in its cladding, thus forming thousands of small hexagonal skylights. At the same time, a number of horizontal large skylights were set and embellished (Figure 4(c1)). As a result, natural light is first reflected multiple times through the special double-layered structure and then converted into scattered light to uniformly illuminate the entire space through the horizontal skylight [96]. In addition, part of the building has two or three stories, and sunlight from the top of the space can provide direct illumination to meet the needs of natural lighting on the ground floor (Figure 4(c2)).  
Zigzag skylights can scatter light directly and effectively only due to their curved shape. They are seldom used in China but are relatively mature and widely used in neighboring Japan. Taking the Shonan Christian Church as an example, [PERSON] designed the overall shapes of six curved roofs, with partial gaps on both sides of each roof to provide natural sunlight (Figure 4d). These curved surface structures successfully adapt to local daylight changes throughout the day. In the morning and at noon, the space is dominated by soft diffuse light suitable for prayer, and in the afternoon and evening, the  
Figure 4: **(a)** Beijing Lize SOHO [88]: **(a1)** overall appearance and **(a2)** atrium. **(b)** Al Hamra Tower: **(b1)** overall appearance [89] and **(b2)** reverse design [90]. **(c)** Shenzhen Bao’an International Airport Terminal 3 [91]: **(c1)** lighting design and **(c2)** interior setting. **(d)** Shonan Christ Church [92]. **(e)** Harbin Grand Theater [93]. **(f)** London City Hall: **(f1)** overall appearance [94] and **(f2)** setback terrace design scheme [95].  
light pours in again. The walls are also deliberately set longitudinal grooves so that the curved beam top connection highlights and enhances the sense of light rhythm.
# Evaluating the Perceived Quality of Mobile Banking Applications in Croatia: An Empirical Study
## 3 Methodology
### Study Participants and Evaluated Mobile Banking Applications  
A total of 130 subjects (64.6% male and 35.4% female) took part in the study. The sample comprised 59.2% students, 38.5% employees, and 2.4% retired participants. The age of respondents ranged from 19 to 63 years (M = 29.2, SD = 12.9). At the time the study was conducted, 60% of participants had between 21 and 23 years. Almost one-third (31.5%) of the sample is using \"PBZ mobile banking\", 21.5% of them are employing \"George\" by \"Erste Bank\", 18.5% of them are consuming \"m-zaba\" by \"Zagrebakka banka\",and 17.7% of them are applying \"OTP m-banking\" when they need to conduct financial transactions such as pay bills or check the balance on their bank accounts. The remaining 10.9% of study participants are users of other mobile banking applications. Login screens of mentioned mobile banking applications that were evaluated in our empirical study are shown in Figure 2.  
When the frequency of using services provided by mobile banking applications was considered, we discovered that majority (91.5%) of study participants are obtaining an insight into bank account balances, 67.7% of them are committing money transfers, 53.1% of users are obtaining insights into transaction history, 42.3% of bank clients are using the \"Scan & Pay\" feature (service that enables bill payments by scanning QR code or barcode), 16.2% of respondents perform transaction signing for the completed electronic purchase while 14.6% of study participant are using mobile banking applications for buying mobile phone vouchers.
## 2 Related Works
### EH-Based Clustering Routing Protocols  
Reference [28] introduces an innovative EH approach that allows for simultaneous data and energy transmission over RF links--SWIPT, which aims to supplement and equalize the remaining energy among nodes through EH. Based on the target network, EH-based clustering routing protocols can be more specifically divided into clustering routing protocols for EH-WSNs and for EH-CRSNs.
## 2 Literature Review  
### Review Methods  
For this review, we chose published conferences and journal articles that are peer reviewed. We have also presented a summary of the pivotal accomplishments in this area of research, including those by companies that have contributed to the wildfire detection technologies focused on in this review. A comprehensive review of all articles published in this area is impossible, but we believe the selection of work in this review is an adequate representation of the fundamental research trends. Figure 2 shows a distribution of the papers and articles we selected for this paper, in 5-year incremental periods. Satellites were one of the first to be utilized for wildfire detection, with a notable surge in other methods observed in the last couple of decades. This pattern correlates with the rising frequency of fires shown in Figure 1.