# Seareed Exhibits Therapeutic Properties against Chronic Diseases: An Overview
## 6 Pharmacological Properties of Seaweed to Overcome Chronic Disease
### Liver Disease  
The liver is the main metabolic organ for the detoxification of drugs and xenobiotics, crucial to combatting oxidative-stress-inducing agents that circulate in the blood [150]. However, excessive alcohol intake can cause liver diseases, including alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The mechanism of alcoholic liver disease is shown in Figure 4c. Several studies on bioactive compounds for liver disease management have been conducted (Table 3). Recent studies have reported that _Sargassum licitifolium_ showed better inhibition of nephoprotective and hepatoprotective effects than _Halymenia porphyoides_ in the liver and kidney of rats after damage by administration of acetaminophen or cisplatin [151]. Hepatoprotection has been reported with the administration of _Turbinaria decurrens_ fuocidan, which ameliorates antioxidant status and decreases lipid peroxidation marker levels [73]. Administration of 50 mg/kg _Sargassum fluitans_ ethanol extract reduced the levels of APAP\({}^{-}\) and CCl4\({}^{-}\) in liver damage models through the inhibition of inflammation and fibrosis in liver tissue [32]. This result is in accordance with the research on the hepatoprotective effects of _Myagropsi mugroides_, _Sargassum henslowianum_, and _Sargassum \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Algal Source** & **Constituents** & **Study Type** & **Biological Effects** & **Ref.** \\ \hline  & & Brown seaweed (Phaeophyta) & & \\ \hline _Eckonia cava_ & 7-phloro-eckol & In vitro & Reduced alcohol-induced oxidative stress injury & [100] \\ _Sargassum fluitans_ & Ethanol extract & In vivo & Reduced the level of APAP\({}^{-}\) and CCl4\({}^{-}\) induced liver damage & [32] \\ _Sargassum licitifolium_ & Ethanol extract & In vivo & Showed nephprotective and hepatoprotective effects & [151] \\ _Turbinaria decurrens_ & Fucoidan & In vivo & Improved antioxidant status and reduced liver injury & [73] \\ _Myagropsi mugroides_ & Aqueous extracts & In vivo & Reduced the CCl4\({}^{-}\) induced acute elevation in the levels of GPT and GOT in rats & [152] \\ _Sargassum_ & Aqueous extracts & In vivo & Reduced the CCl4\({}^{-}\) induced acute elevation in the levels of GPT and GOT in rats & [152] \\ _Sargassum_ & Aqueous extracts & In vivo & Reduced the CCl4\({}^{-}\) induced acute elevation in the levels of GPT and GOT in rats & [152] \\ _Sargassum siliquastrum_ & Aqueous extracts & In vivo & Reduced the CCl4\({}^{-}\) induced acute elevation in the levels of GPT and GOT in rats & [152] \\ _Fucus vesiculos_ & Fucoidan & In vivo & Complicated thioacetamide & [153] \\ _Fucus vesiculos_ & Phytocomplex & In vitro and in vivo & Reduced both the postprandial (TAA)-induced liver injury & [153] \\ _Fucus vesiculos_ & Phytocomplex & In vitro and in vivo & Reduced both the postprandial (TAA)-induced liver injury & [154] \\ _Fucus vesiculos_ & Phytocomplex & In vitro and in vivo & Reduced both the postprandial (TAA) & [154] \\ _Ascophyllunt nodosum_ & Phytocomplex & In vitro and in vivo & glycemic peak and the blood glucose curve (AUC) & [154] \\ _Cladosiphon okamuranus_ & Fucoidan & In vivo & Showed isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction & [155] \\ _Sargassum thunbergii_ &
\begin{tabular}{c} Indole-4- \\ carboxaldehyde \\ \end{tabular} & In vitro & Reduced pro-inflammatory mediator, i.e., methylglyoxal (MGO) and advanced glycation end-product (AGE) formation & [156] \\ \hline  & & Red Seaweed (Rhodophyta) & & \\ \hline _Halymenia porphyoides_ & Ethanol extract & In vivo & Showed nephprotective and hepatoprotective effects & [151] \\ _Gracilaria lemaneiformis_ & Oligosaccharides & In vivo & Exerted antioxidant defense system & [157] \\ \hline  & & Green Seaweed (Chlorophyta) & & \\ \hline _Ulva lactuca_ & Sulfated polysaccharide & In vivo & Reduced p-Gal-induced DNA damage and necrosis level in rats & [8] \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: The effects of seaweed-derived compounds on liver disease. siliquastrum_[152].