## 5 New Technologies in Greenhouses
### Automation of Greenhouse
An alternative is to measure distance from a fixed set of sensors with known positions. The paper presents a dynamic model for a hexarotor drone and develops a new navigation algorithm based on a two-dimensional robot motion control algorithm. The aim is to ensure reliable drone navigation in a three-dimensional indoor environment. To prove the hypothesis, the simulation was implemented in the Scilab environment, demonstrating the effectiveness of the algorithm in drone navigation in greenhouses [291]. Renewable energy systems, such as solar panels, provide sustainable energy for greenhouse operations. Solar panels capture solar energy and convert it into electricity to power climate control systems, lighting, and other devices [266]. The comprehensive review by [PERSON] et al. [292] analyzes several energy-saving strategies and climate control technologies applicable to greenhouses. Highlighted technologies include photovoltaic (PV) modules, solar thermal collectors, and PV/T hybrid systems. The study reveals that, through appropriate retrofits, it is possible to achieve energy savings of up to 80%. These improvements not only reduce energy consumption but also contribute to the environmental sustainability of greenhouse operations, promoting more efficient and environmentally friendly agricultural production. Technologies such as automatic traps and disease detection sensors monitor and control the presence of pests and diseases. Sensors detect signs of pests and diseases and trigger control measures, such as the release of biological agents or the application of specific pesticides [279]. The study by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [293] proposes an innovative pest detection system based on intelligent vision, using Regional Convolutional Neural Networks (RCNN) and deep learning. This system aims to control pests and diseases biologically, using computer and internet technologies instead of pesticides, to protect agricultural crops. Automatic plant pest detection has demonstrated significant improvements over traditional methods, offering a more effective and sustainable solution for pest management. This approach contributes to reducing the use of chemicals, promoting healthier and more environmentally friendly agriculture. Figure 13 illustrates the practical application of monitoring sensors on cucumber plants inside a greenhouse. These devices are essential for collecting real-time data on plant health and development, enabling accurate and timely interventions to optimize growth. Benefits of Automation in Greenhouses  
* Increased Productivity: Controlled conditions allow for faster cultivation cycles and higher yields [266]. * Efficient Use of Resources: Reduced waste of water and nutrients, in addition to lower energy consumption [279]. * Sustainability: Lower environmental impact due to efficient use of resources and reduced need for pesticides [285]. * Quality and Consistency: Producing high-quality food with less variability [266]. Challenges and Considerations When implementing automation technologies in greenhouses, several challenges and considerations must be taken into account to ensure the successful integration and operation of these systems:  
* Initial Cost: Implementing automated systems can be expensive, but the long-term benefits often justify the investment [294]. * Maintenance and Updates: Automated systems require regular maintenance and technological updates to remain efficient [225]. * Training: Operators and managers need to be trained to use and maintain automation technologies effectively [287]. Automation in greenhouses is transforming agriculture, enabling producers to meet the growing demand for food sustainably and efficiently. These emerging technologies are at the heart of current research aimed at optimizing the production of high-quality food, demonstrating the transformative potential of automation in protected agriculture.