# Security Situation Assessment for Terminal Area Control System Operation Based on BN-ISSA-ELM
## 3 Model Performance Verification
### Performance Verification of ISSA
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Benchmark Function** & **Optimization** & **Average Value 30d** & **Average Value 100d** & **Standard Deviation** & **Standard Deviation 100d** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{F1} & ISSA & \(2.1581\times 10^{-84}\) & \(2.6832\times 10^{-62}\) & \(1.1821\times 10^{-83}\) & \(1.0824\times 10^{-61}\) \\  & SSA & \(2.9701\times 10^{-39}\) & \(5.0607\times 10^{-28}\) & \(1.6268\times 10^{-38}\) & \(2.7719\times 10^{-27}\) \\  & PSO & \(5.5070\times 10^{-1}\) & \(3.1639\) & \(1.6572\times 10^{-1}\) & \(4.5560\times 10^{-1}\) \\  & WOA & \(2.4179\times 10^{-8}\) & \(6.5456\times 10^{-9}\) & \(8.5877\times 10^{-8}\) & \(1.4386\times 10^{-8}\) \\  & GSA & \(2.9595\times 10^{3}\) & \(8.2840\times 10^{4}\) & \(6.0421\times 10^{2}\) & \(4.6641\times 10^{3}\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{F2} & ISSA & \(3.9635\times 10^{-39}\) & \(2.2241\times 10^{-33}\) & \(2.1664\times 10^{-38}\) & \(1.2182\times 10^{-32}\) \\  & SSA & \(5.7599\times 10^{-15}\) & \(4.1768\times 10^{-16}\) & \(3.1525\times 10^{-14}\) & \(2.2824\times 10^{-15}\) \\  & PSO & \(3.2922\) & \(1.4101\times 10^{1}\) & \(5.3670\times 10^{-1}\) & \(1.3739\) \\  & WOA & \(7.3167\times 10^{-8}\) & \(2.6767\times 10^{-7}\) & \(1.7986\times 10^{-7}\) & \(4.6450\times 10^{-7}\) \\  & GSA & \(6.1797\) & \(5.1123\times 10^{1}\) & \(1.6679\) & \(4.1111\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{F3} & ISSA & \(4.0308\times 10^{-55}\) & \(3.1812\times 10^{-59}\) & \(2.2078\times 10^{-54}\) & \(1.7424\times 10^{-58}\) \\  & SSA & \(1.5436\times 10^{-23}\) & \(2.1678\times 10^{-18}\) & \(7.8309\times 10^{-23}\) & \(1.1818\times 10^{-17}\) \\  & PSO & \(9.5349\times 10^{-1}\) & \(10.8845\) & \(3.6760\times 10^{-1}\) & \(3.2200\times 10^{5}\) \\  & WOA & \(1.2253\times 10^{5}\) & \(1.4052\times 10^{6}\) & \(4.9060\times 10^{4}\) & \(5.0471\times 10^{5}\) \\  & GSA & \(7.0643\times 10^{3}\) & \(4.6464\times 10^{5}\) & \(2.4549\times 10^{3}\) & \(1.3021\times 10^{5}\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{F4} & ISSA & \(4.9737\times 10^{-31}\) & \(3.5903\times 10^{-45}\) & \(4.4066\times 10^{-26}\) & \(2.7210\times 10^{-30}\) \\  & SSA & \(2.3338\times 10^{-15}\) & \(1.5970\times 10^{-17}\) & \(2.7242\times 10^{-30}\) & \(1.8142\times 10^{-44}\) \\  & PSO & \(3.2340\times 10\) & \(5.6501\times 10\) & \(5.3131\) & \(3.8200\) \\  & WOA & \(7.5256\times 10\) & \(7.8924\times 10\) & \(1.6070\times 10\) & \(2.0444\times 10\) \\  & GSA & \(2.0026\times 10\) & \(5.6500\times 10\) & \(2.2642\) & \(3.1428\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{F5} & ISSA & \(3.300\times 10^{-3}\) & \(3.8000\times 10^{-3}\) & \(5.9000\times 10^{-3}\) & \(7.0000\times 10^{-3}\) \\  & SSA & \(1.1938\times 10^{-2}\) & \(3.7144\times 10^{-2}\) & \(1.7150\times 10^{-2}\) & \(7.2300\times 10^{-2}\) \\ \cline{1-1}  & PSO & \(8.4428\times 10\) & \(4.4530\times 10^{2}\) & \(1.6732\times 10\) & \(5.7158\times 10\) \\ \cline{1-1}  & WOA & \(2.8830\times 10\) & \(9.8472\times 10\) & \(3.3300\times 10^{-2}\) & \(9.6262\times 10^{-2}\) \\ \cline{1-1}  & GSA & \(9.4166\times 10^{4}\) & \(9.00060\times 10^{5}\) & \(4.9410\times 10^{4}\) & \(2.6666\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Comparison of SSA, PSO, WOA, SSA, and ISSA optimization results. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Benchmark Function** & **Dimension** & **Operating Period (SSA)/s** & **Operating Period (ISSA)/s** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{F1} & 30d & 6.267 & 2.429 \\  & 100d & 2.698 & 2.952 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{F2} & 30d & 2.972 & 2.685 \\  & 100d & 3.161 & 2.779 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{F3} & 30d & 2.712 & 2.596 \\  & 100d & 2.966 & 2.567 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{F4} & 30d & 2.720 & 2.432 \\  & 100d & 2.714 & 2.549 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{F5} & 30d & 2.844 & 2.428 \\  & 100d & 2.733 & 2.530 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Comparison of the SSA and ISSA operating periods. facilitating the completion of optimization computations related to security posture assessments in a shorter time, and has a great advantage in the real-time security applications of terminal control.