## 5 Discussion  
Additional Recommendations for Applying the Principles Formulated above to Develop a Digital Representation of Complex Technical Systems  
This section is primarily devoted to additional recommendations, which are partially presented in the previous section, for applying the principles formulated above to develop a digital representation of complex technical systems.  
Based on the reviewed publications, it can be concluded that the more complex the system and its model are, the more principles are used. However, applying these principles requires a certain level of digital maturity within the company [145; 146]. Companies can achieve levels 4 and 5 of digital maturity (autonomous production and autonomous organization) by developing a single system model according to the MBSE methodology. To reach these levels, companies must first undergo significant digitalization of processes and objects (level 1), selective implementation of advanced analytics (level 2), and interdisciplinary optimization (level 3).  
All the identified principles in the article should be used in accordance with the description presented in the results. However, their application to creating a digital representation of complex technical systems requires specific considerations. It is recommended to implement the principle of metamodeling and use platform solutions to combine heterogeneous models and manage complex technical systems. Semantics ensure the stability of a complex technical system by clarifying concepts in a new, transformed environment. If digital technologies cannot create a digital representation of any part of a complex technical system, it is recommended to apply the principle of independence until the necessary technologies become available. The connection between the model and the physical world should be based on 3D models. With proper development of digital technologies, testing on physical objects should be minimized. Automated mechanisms for verification and validation should be provided. The ontology of a complex technical system must be dynamic, with an automated update based on new scientific and practical knowledge. Networking should be organized for a complex technical system and life cycle management on a permanent single platform. Generation and reuse should be critical principles in the final stages of development. The remaining principles are mandatory for consideration in system modeling based on MBSE, although they do not have specific applications.  
For a more comprehensive collection of the fundamental principles of systems engineering, the authors recommend referring to INCOSE reports [43; 44]. They do not believe that the principles outlined in this article conflict with those outlined in these reports. However, the reports focus more on the fundamental principles of systems engineering, on which there is consensus in the MBSE community, and the principles in this article are more of a generalization of the observational practice of applying them for creating a digital representation of a system using the MBSE approach. Therefore, proving cross-industry principles and reaching a consensus on their application may be the subject of further research.