# Overview of Mobile Communications in Colombia and Introduction to 5G
## 3 Analysis and Results
### Expectations for the Implementation of 5G in Colombia  
The future implementation of 5G in Colombia allows the different participants in this hypothetical scenario to consider different uses. Although there is no commercial 5G infrastructure, there are reports of some applications that have been tested by PRSTs with permission to use the spectrum for 5G trials together with public and private organizations. For example, Claro defined three use cases in its pilot tests: mobile terminals via eMBB, fixed terminals for fixed wireless access (FWA), and a private 5G network located in a shopping center in the city of Bogota [80]. Among the areas benefiting from these experiments is healthcare, which will benefit from 5G through the transmission to the cloud of the images resulting from computed tomography (CT) scans, corresponding to the uRRLC scenario. Additionally, in the educational field and in alliance with the Mayor's Office of Medellin, a pilot project was carried out that allows students in educational institutions to develop classes with the support of cameras and high-definition video [81], which is in line with the characteristics of eMBB. Motivstar also focused its 5G-related resources on telemedicine, facilitating the transmission of real-time video images, and allowing doctors to assess remotely located patients [82; 83]. Tigo is one of the providers that has developed the most applications in the framework of the pilot tests, also in partnership with the Mayor's Office of Medellin and Nokia, presenting seven 5G use cases: eMBB, FWA, navigation and assisted maintenance for drivers, collaborative robots, 360\({}^{\circ}\) VR, video analysis, and smart lighting [84], the latter framed in mMTC. Finally, Xiro Investment, through the IDTOLU Research and Development Lab, is focused on testing LTE-based 5G in audiovisual broadcasting (TV and radio) using the FeMBMS (further evolved multimedia broadcast multicast service) transmission mode [85]. In addition to the trials conducted by the PRSTs, different researchers in Colombia have been working on thematic lines related to 5G. For example, in [62], they simulated 5G radio signal propagation at 28 GHz, 38 GHz, and 60 GHz, while [63] performed simulations in the 3.5 GHz band, both in the city of Bogota. Pilot tests in different use cases carried out by TNSPs in Colombia demonstrate that 5G can become a tool to increase and strengthen the competitiveness of various economic sectors while helping to reduce the digital divide. Thanks to 5G's improvements in speed, latency, and density of connected devices, it is possible to integrate other technological solutions that help improve everyday production or human processes. One of these is IoT, in which through the use of 5G, multiple sensors and software platforms will benefit the development of smart environments [86]. There is a field of opportunities in Colombia to implement 5G/IoT in different areas, including agriculture, livestock, tourism, industry, environment, and health [25], in addition to others such as education and smart environments implemented during the testing process, which are of special interest for the economic and social development of this country. In this respect, telemedicine is one of the areas that could benefit most from 5G, and proof of this is the interest of TNSPs in this sector during the pilot phase in Colombia, a country with many locations too far away from the main populated areas and where permanent medical services are rarely available. Although the concept of e-health is not new, 5G could leap in quality and expand the coverage of medical services thanks to the advantages over previous generations of mobile networks. In the case of telemedicine, the uRLLC scenario offers the necessary features of high transmission speed and low latency that are necessary for the timely diagnosis and treatment of diseases [87]. Another candidate sector for multiple 5G/IoT applications is agriculture, an activity of great importance for present and future food sustainability.