# Exploring the Oncogenic Potential of Bisphenol F in Ovarian Cancer Development
## 4 Discussion  
In the past few years, BPA has been increasingly substituted by BPF in consumer products due to safety issues. However, numerous investigations suggest the oncogenic potential of BPF, necessitating its comprehensive analysis in cancer development. This study aimed to evaluate BPF's contribution to ovarian carcinogenesis, revealing its concentration-dependent effects on cell behavior. The findings demonstrated that BPF slightly enhanced cell viability at low concentrations, while at high concentrations, BPF imparted cytotoxic effects, indicating its ability to induce cell death. The enhanced SKOV3 cell viability observed at low BPF concentrations aligns with previous findings in breast cancer [36]. For instance, BPF at 0.01-1 uM concentrations enhanced breast cancer cell proliferation. Furthermore, BPF increased the intracellular ROS and Ca\({}^{2+}\) levels in MCF7 breast cancer cells. Moreover, increased protein expression levels of nuclear estrogen receptor (Era), membrane estrogen receptor GPER1, cell cycle markers (cyclin D1 and c-myc), phosphor-ERK1/2, and PKB were observed at these BPF concentrations [44]. Similar molecular alterations might contribute to the enhanced cell viability observed in our findings at low BPF concentrations. Contrary to our findings, [PERSON], (2024) [37] reported that BPF had no significant effect on cell viability in CaOV3 ovarian cancer cells (IC50 > 200 uM). However, consistent with our observations, at higher concentrations (25 uM and 50 uM) BPF inhibited cell viability [36]. The variations in the effects of BPF in various OC cell lines could be attributed to the differences in their molecular profiles [45]. SKOV3 cells are characterized by mutations in PIK3 CA, ARID1A and amplification in ERBB2 genes, while only TP53 is mutated in the CaOV3 cell line [45], which could contribute to observed cell line-specific effects. Using bioinformatics approaches, [PERSON] et al. (2024) [46] identified 276 potential targets including BCL2, CASP3, and MAPK3 linked with BPF-induced cellular alterations  
Figure 5: T-AOC in cells treated with BPF. No significant difference in T-AOC was observed between BPF-treated cells and NC (\(p\) = 0.8087). Data are presented as mean \(\pm\) SD (\(n\) = 3). in prostate models. Further, functional enrichment analysis revealed these targets' involvement in endocrine signaling, apoptosis, and cancer-related signaling cascades. Thereby, suggesting that BPF might promote prostate carcinogenesis by affecting cell death, proliferation, and androgen metabolism [46]. Our observations of enhanced proliferation and migration in OC cells at low BPF concentrations could be linked to the alterations of the BPF targets, by modulating the MAPK signaling cascade, inhibiting apoptosis, and promoting OC. Cancer metastasis, a crucial hallmark of cancer [47], is a multistep process characterized by cell migration and invasion [41], accounting for a majority of cancer-related mortalities [48]. Recent reports suggest that environmental chemicals such as BPA [49] and BPF modulate cancer cell migration [28]. Therefore, we conducted a wound-healing assay to investigate its potential role in regulating metastatic cell behavior in OC. The assay results showed 13.5% enhanced cellular migration in the presence of 1 uM BPF, suggesting its potential role in facilitating OC progression. This aligns with previous findings in breast cancer, with enhanced cell migration in BPF-treated cells by modulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers and cell cycle-related genes [28]. Hence, the concentration-dependent effects observed in our study highlight the importance of understanding environmental exposure to BPF and its impact on ovarian tumorigenesis. Invasion is a critical step in cancer metastasis, facilitating the cancer cells to migrate to distant organs, thereby promoting cancer progression [50]. Previously, BPA, a structural analog of BPF, was reported to enhance OC invasion. To determine whether BPF imparts similar effects in OC, an invasion assay was performed.