# Enhanced YOLO- and Wearable-Based Inspection System for Automotive Wire Harness Assembly
## 1 Introduction  
### Motivation  
As a crucial component of a vehicle's structure, the automotive wiring harness is analogous to the human nervous system and vascular network, weaving throughout the entirety of the vehicle to coordinate and monitor the operation of various components. It consists of elements such as connectors, terminals, wires, fuse boxes, relays, cable ties, rubber parts, covering materials, and protective casings. As core control components in automobiles, relays serve roles as both circuit switches and protective devices. In traditional internal combustion engine vehicles, relays are extensively used for various functions such as control, ignition, air conditioning, lighting, windshield wippers, electronic fuel injection systems, fuel pumps, electric doors and windows, power seats, electronic instruments, and fault diagnosis systems. In new energy vehicles, the usage of wiring harnesses and relays significantly surpasses that in traditional vehicles. Particularly, the intricate interplay of power and information currents within new energy vehicles places higher demands on the reliability and electrical performance of wiring harnesses. Consequently, the assembly and quality requirements for wiring harnesses and relay products in new energy vehicles are expected to see a substantial increase. Automotive wiring harness relay assembly work requires pre-installed relays and wiring harnesses to be sent to the production line for assembly. In order to improve work efficiency and save the installation time, the installation of harness relays is completed during the process of assembly workers picking up and moving the assembly materials. As automotive technology continues to advance and the functionality of automotive products expands, the wiring harness assembly process becomes more complex and requires the support of more components such as connectors, sensors, controllers and relays. Most wiring harness assembly tasks still rely on manual completion [1; 2; 3]. Today, most automotive production lines utilize co-line manufacturing and mixed-flow assembly modes. During the assembly process, workers are required to inspect various types of information on the wiring harnesses for different vehicle models. This includes checking the wiring harness number, relay box labeling, type of relays, number of relays, and the size and color of the relays. The inspection encompasses characters, colors, shapes, and more. Additionally, it is necessary to repeatedly confirm the unique identification text on the wiring harness to ensure the accuracy of the assembly work. However, given the multitude of relay types, relays for different car models often share identical dimensions and can be installed in the same location. This situation presents a risk of missed or incorrect installations when reliance is solely on visual verification to ensure consistency between production instructions and actual markings. In a high-load production environment, the limited capacity of humans to process information necessitates that assembly workers concentrate on the assembly task. As a result, the inspection process is not only time consuming but also prone to errors. Particularly after prolonged periods of work, a worker's attention may wane, and reliance on visual inspection alone cannot guarantee the quality of the product [4]. As new car models continue to proliferate, the issues of missed and erroneous inspections are becoming increasingly severe. Once defective products pass downstream in the production line, they can cause the automobile's electronic control system to malfunction. Consequently, there is an urgent need for a detection system based on computer vision to assist workers in efficiently completing the inspection tasks in this phase. However, we have encountered many challenges in the intelligent inspection process of automotive wiring harness assembly.