# Theoretical Framework (Module) for Short-Sea Shipping System Evaluation
## 4 Case Study of SSS and Alternative Transport Corridors
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline Parameter & 20 & 500 & 1000 & 1500 & 2000 & 2500 & 3000 \\ Number of units & 1 & 25 & 50 & 75 & 100 & 125 & 150 \\ Discount, \% & 0 & 5 & 10 & 15 & 20 & 25 & 30 \\ \(P_{\text{L}i}\), EUR & 2300 & 57,500 & 115,000 & 172,500 & 230,000 & 287,500 & 345,000 \\ \(P_{\text{SSS}}\), EUR & 1000 & 25,000 & 50,000 & 75,000 & 100,000 & 125,000 & 150,000 \\ \(P_{\text{SSS}}\), EUR with & 1000 & 23,700 & 45,000 & 63,750 & 80,000 & 93,750 & 105,000 \\ \(T_{\text{L}i}\), h & 36 & 900 & 1500 & 2700 & 3600 & 4500 & 5400 \\ \(T_{\text{SSS}}\), h & 24 & 600 & 1200 & 1800 & 2400 & 3000 & 3600 \\ \(D_{\textWhen processing the results of real experiments on freight transportation between Kiel and Klaipeda with real ships and road vehicles, the Kalman filter [38] and the dispersion method [39] were used to filter them, determining possible deviations (accuracy) in the results. For freight transportation time, deviations of up to 10-12% were obtained; for price, deviations of up to 12-15% were obtained; and for fuel consumption and, accordingly, emissions, deviations of up to 10-15% were obtained. In this way, it can be stated that the developed methodology meets the needs of scientific research and practical application in many cases. The total vehicle utilization time (\(T_{L}\)) and the cargo redistribution time at the terminal (\(D_{Li}\)) when transporting cargo by road vehicles and using the SSS system (\(T_{SSS}\)) and (\(D_{SSS}\)) differ significantly, especially the vehicle utilization time. The utilization time of road vehicles when traveling by road is about 25-30% longer (Figure 7). The cargo redistribution time at the terminal when using the SSS system is about 10-20% longer compared to cargo transportation by road, since the procedure time is reduced (no need to use the terminal) (Figure 7). Figure 6: Freight transportation cost (EUR) from 20 to 3000 t, using from 1 to 150 road vehicles, by road (\(P_{Li}\)—road transport) and using the SSS system (\(P_{SSS}\)—SSS) between Kiel and Klaipeda, as well as using a discount (\(P_{SSS}\)—SSS with discount). Figure 7: Cargo transportation and cargo redistribution time (h) from 20 to 3000 t, using from 1 to 150 road vehicles, by road (\(T_{L}\)—T, road transport) and using the SSS system (\(T_{SSS}\)—TSSS), at cargo redistribution terminals (\(D_{Li}\)—D, road transport), and using the SSS system (\(D_{SSS}\)—D, SSS) between Kiel and Klaipeda. Fuel consumption \(E_{Li}\) and corresponding emission CO\({}_{2}\) generated when transporting the same amount of cargo or road transport units using road vehicles and the SSS system (Figure 8) allow one to make the right decision regarding which freight transportation method is better to use. When transporting freight by road, about 2.5 times more fuel is consumed, and at the same time, about 2.5 times more CO\({}_{2}\) is generated compared to transporting the same amount of cargo using the SSS system. When evaluating all possible factors, using the comparative index, the difference in freight transportation between the analyzed points (Kiel and Klaipeda) is from approximately 2.14 to 2.23 when transporting the same cargo surplus using the SSS system, if discounts are not applied in the SSS system, and from 2.23 to 2.52 if discounts are provided in the SSS system (Figure 9). Figure 8: Fuel consumption for transporting goods (t) from 20 to 3000 t, using from 1 to 150 road vehicles, by road (\(E_{Li}\)—E, road transport) and using the SSS system (\(E_{SSS}\)—E, SSS), and the amount of CO\({}_{2}\) generated (\(A_{Li}\)—CO\({}_{2}\), road transport) and using the SSS system (\(A_{SSS}\)—CO\({}_{2}\), SSS) between Kiel and Klaipeda. Figure 9: Comparative index for transporting the same amount of cargo (number of vehicles) using the SSS system (\(K_{L}\)—Kl) and using the SSS transportation discount system (\(K_{L}\) with discount—KL with discount).