## 2 Experimental Procedure
### Test Methods  
Table 5 shows the test methods with respect to the evaluation item in the study. Tests on the evaluation items in series I (i.e., particle size distribution, scanning electron microscope, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, and grading distribution) were conducted based on ASTM C204 [28], ASTM C1723 [29], ASTM C114 [30], ASTM C457 [31], and ASTM C136 [32], respectively. Additionally, for series II, the slump test was conducted based on ASTM C143, and the air content was measured based on ASTM C231 [33]. The compressive strength test was conducted based on ASTM C873 (specimen size: \(\O\)100 mm \(\times\) 200 mm) [34] and ASTM C39 [35]. The target slump was set to \(180\pm 25\) mm, and the target air content was set to \(4.5\pm 1.5\)%. For series III, the carbonation depth and chloride penetration depth were measured based on KS F 2584 (specimen size: \(\O\)100 mm\(\times\) 200 mm) [36] and NT Build 492 (specimen size: \(\O\)100 mm \(\times\) 50 mm) [37]. Tests on the relative dynamic elastic modulus and weight reducing ratio were conducted based on ASTM C666 (specimen size: 100 mm \(\times\) 100 mm \(\times\) 400 mm) [38]. For carbonation depth measurement, an accelerated carbonation test was conducted after specimens were fabricated and subjected to standard curing until 28 d of age. The carbonation depth was measured in the fourth and eighth week after the test commenced. To measure the chloride penetration depth, a chlorine ion penetration resistance test was conducted based on the potential difference using 0.5 M NaCl solution as the cathode cell solution and saturated Ca(OH)\({}_{2}\) solution as the anode cell solution.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Mix No.**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**W/B (\({}^{\text{th}}\))**} & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Unit Weight (kg/m\({}^{\text{3}}\))**} & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**AD (\({}^{\text{th}}\))**} \\ \cline{2-9}  & & **Water** & **OPC** & **GGBS** & **WSS (\({}^{\text{2}}\))** & **CS (\({}^{\text{3}}\))** & **CGA (\({}^{\text{th}}\))** & **(B (\({}^{\text{th}}\)\)\(\times\) wt.\%)** \\ \hline Plain & & & 330 & 0 & 351 & 521 & 878 & 0.90 \\ G1 & & & 297 & 33 & 351 & 520 & 877 & 0.85 \\ G2 & & & 264 & 66 & 350 & 519 & 875 & 0.80 \\ G3 & 0.53 & 175 & 231 & 99 & 350 & 519 & 874 & 0.75 \\ G4 & & & 198 & 132 & 349 & 518 & 873 & 0.70 \\ G5 & & & 165 & 165 & 349 & 517 & 872 & 0.65 \\ G6 & & & 132 & 198 & 348 & 516 & 871 & 0.60 \\ G7 & & & 99 & 231 & 348 & 516 & 870 & 0.55 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{(\text{th})}\) W/B: water/binder ratio; \({}^{(\text{th})}\) WSS: washed sea sand; \({}^{(\text{th})}\) CS: crushed sand; \({}^{(\text{th})}\) CGA: crushed granitic aggregate; \({}^{(\text{th})}\) AD: chemical admixture; \({}^{(\text{th})}\) B: unit binder weight.  
\end{table}
Table 4: Mixing proportions of the concrete.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Series**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Experimental Factor and Level**} \\ \cline{2-4}  & **Unit Binder** & **GGBS** & **Curing** & **Evaluation Item** \\  & **Content** & **Ratio** & **Temperature** & \\  & & **(\%)** & **(\({}^{\text{th}}\))** & **(\({}^{\text{th}}\))** \\ \hline I. & & & & Particle size distribution (\%) \\ Raw & & & & Scanning electron microscope \\ material analysis & & 0 & & X-ray fluorescence \\  & & 10 & & X-ray diffraction \\  & & 20 & & Grading distribution (\%) \\ \hline II. Engineering & 330 & 30 & 20 & Slump (mm) \\ performance analysis & & 40 & & Air content (\%) \\  & & 50 & & Water content (kg/m\({}^{\text{3}}\)) \\  & & 60 & & Compressive strength (MPa) \\  & & 70 & & Carbonation depth (mm) \\ III. Durability & & & & Chloride penetration depth (mm) \\ performance analysis & & & & Relative dynamic elastic modulus (\%) \\  & & & & Weight reducing ratio (\%) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Experimental plan.