# A Better Integration of Industrial Robots in Romanian Enterprises and the Labour Market
## 3 Modelling Data Regarding Enterprises' Use of Industrial Robots: Key Findings and Main Results  
### Data Collection  
The data used in this paper are primarily extracted from Eurostat. Values regarding the share of enterprises using industrial robots were extracted from Eurostat's Database--3D Printing and Robotics [34], while the values for enterprise number, turnover or gross premium written (million euro), the growth rate of employment (%), wages and salaries (million euro), employee numbers, gross value added per employee (thousand euro), and apparent labor productivity (thousand euro) were extracted from Eurostat's Annual enterprise statistics [35] for special aggregates of activities, according to the classification of economic activities--NACE Rev.2, database. Gross domestic product (GDP) and GDP per capita series expressed in Purchasing Power Parities (PPP) at current international USD were extracted from the World Development Indicators database of the World Bank Group [36]. Clustering Analysis of Countries' Distribution Based on the Share of Enterprises That Are Using Industrial Robots  
According to Eurostat data, in 2020, 28% of the large enterprises from the European Union, with respect to the total business economy and excluding the financial sector, were using industrial or service robots for certain processes of their work, while 13% of medium enterprises implemented robotics in their activity. In the case of small enterprises, the percentage was lower, with a percentage of only 5% of total small enterprises from the EU using industrial or service robots (Eurostat's classification for large to small enterprises is based on their hiring capabilities: large enterprises are considered those employing 250 persons or more; medium enterprises, those that employ between 50 to 249 employees; and small enterprises, those with 10 to 49 employees. This statistic is based on 2018 data). The average percentage for all enterprises (all enterprises with more than 10 employees were considered, excluding the financial sector), regardless of their size, that were using, in 2020, service or industrial robots for all EU countries was 7%, while the most robotized enterprises were found in Denmark (13%) and Finland (10%), who both surpassed 2018's most robotized country, Spain, whose enterprises reduced their usage of robots from 11% registered in 2018 to 9% in 2020. Although, while still among some of the least automated countries in the EU, both Hungary and Romania's percentage of enterprises that use industrial or service robots in 2020 (4%) was one percentage point higher than those registered in 2018 (3%), and in countries such as Latvia, Estonia, Cyprus (all 3%), and Ireland (2%). When it comes to the percentages of enterprises that use industrial robots, the 2020 data are slightly different, with 9% of enterprises using industrial robots in Denmark, 8% in Belgium, Slovenia, and Finland, 3% in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and only 1% in Cyprus. As revealed above, Romania falls behind most developed countries in the EU, with only 4% of its enterprises making use of service or industrial robots in 2020. This percentage is based on 1% of all enterprises that adopted service robots and the 3% of enterprises that financed the use of industrial robots. These numbers fall outside the most developed countries' pattern of distribution, based on robot type; as the percentages of industrial robots used by enterprises from countries such as Denmark (9%), Belgium, Slovenia, and Finland (all 8%) are higher than the percentages calculated for the use of service robots for the same period and countries (Denmark--5%, Belgium--2%, Slovenia--1%, and Finland--3%). Additionally, IFR reveals that in 2018, Romania had a robot density of only 18 robots for every 10,000 workers, falling again far behind the Central and Eastern European countries, and far behind the worldwide average robot density of 113 robots/10,000 workers.