esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Facility and Methods
### Alternating Electric Field-Generating Device  
The alternating electric field-generating device is shown in Figure 2.  
Figure 1: Alternating electric field treatment (AEFT) device and cycle process.  
The circulating cooling water enters from the lower inlet, passes through the electromagnetic field generated by the ion bar, and flows out from the upper outlet. The ion bar has a diameter and a length of 32 and 330 mm, respectively. The metal pipe has a diameter of 100 mm. The ion bar is connected to a high-voltage AC(Alternating Current) power source that provides 4 kV, 50 Hz AC to create an alternating electric field around the ion bar. The direction and magnitude of the electric field strength change with time. The circulating cooling water flows between the ion bar and the metal tube wall, flows forward, and cuts the electric field lines.  
According to our previous experiments using electrostatic fields, a voltage of 4 kV may produce good scale inhibition effect. Therefore, six groups were set up: three experimental groups with AEFT and three control groups without AEFT.
# Fuzzy Logic-Based Geographic Routing Protocol for Dynamic Wireless Sensor Networks
## 3 FLGR Protocol  
The traditional data forwarding mode is not suitable in the situation without the accuracy location information of the destination node. In FLGR protocol, the nodes to be selected can first be confirmed, based on the fuzzy location region of the destination node. Then, we can select the better forwarding node based on the fuzzification, fuzzy reasoning, and defuzzification of node parameters. In addition, the scheme to avoid the routing void problem is also proposed. In this way, the FLGR protocol can effectively reduce routing overhead and improve the success rate of data transmission.
## 4 Case Studies
### Optimization Results
#### 4.1.2 Typical Winter Day
Figure 10: Multi-energy load profiles and IDR implementation on a typical winter day: (**a**) Comparison in electrical, cooling and heating load profiles before and after implementing IDR, respectively, and available PV power at a confidence level of 0.85; (**b**) electrical and heat load shift amount at different times of the day, where the negative value indicates the amount of energy demand reduction and the positive value indicates the amount of energy demand increment. The results highlight the effectiveness of IDR in accommodating PV within the MEMG, as well as the improvement of energy efficiency and economic system operation. The study can provide a new way of thinking to implement IDR within a MEMG system in the condition that renewable energy resource penetration is high, which increases the correlation between renewable generation and electrical, cooling and heating loads.
## 4 Conclusions  
Zwitterionic polymer P(AM-DMC-AMPS) named SDCap was developed as a low-molecular-weight encapsulator for deepwater drilling fluid. The number-average and weight-average molecular weight of SDCap were about 260,000 and 380,000, respectively, much lower than that of the conventional encapsulator. In the deepwater drilling temperature range 4-75 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the WBDF containing SDCap had lower and more stable rheological property than that containing conventional encapsulators PHPA and PA-367, because of its short molecular chains. The shale recovery rate of WBDF containing SDCap was higher than that of WBDFs containing conventional encapsulator, and the swelling rate of these WBDFs were similar, indicating the strong shale inhibition performance of SDCap although its molecular weight was low. In addition, SDCap improved the filtration property of WBDF by forming tight filter cake, and was completely compatible with other components in WBDFs for it was a zwitterionic polymer with low-molecular-weight. The strong shale inhibition property of SDCap owes to its adsorption on the surface of clay particle and wrapping effect through both hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction. An optimized WBDF containing SDCap was also presented and  
Figure 12: SEM photos of filter cakes formed by different test fluids. **(a)** 4% bentonite suspension (400-fold magnification); **(b)** 4% bentonite suspension (3500-fold magnification); **(c)** 4% bentonite suspension with 0.3% PHPA (400-fold magnification); **(d)** 4% bentonite suspension with 0.3% PHPA (4000-fold magnification); **(e)** 4% bentonite suspension with 0.3% SDCap (400-fold magnification); **(f)** 4% bentonite suspension with 0.3% SDCap (5000-fold magnification).  
it performed better than other WBDFs. It was concluded that using SDCap instead of conventional encapsulators can maintain the wellbore stability and keep the integrity of drill cuttings by inhibiting shale dispersion, and prevent the drilling fluid from lost circulation and adhesion on the vibrating screen caused by the severe thickening at a low temperature.  
This work was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2015 CB251205), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51374233 and 51474236), and the Postdoctoral Innovative Project Foundation of Shandong Province (No. 201602027).  
[PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived and designed the experiments; [PERSON] synthesized the encapsulator; [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] performed the evaluation experiments; [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] analyzed the data; and [PERSON] wrote the paper.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Capacity-Operation Collaborative Optimization for Wind-Solar-Hydrogen Multi-Energy Supply System
###### Abstract  
In pursuit of widespread adoption of renewable energy and the realization of decarbonization objectives, this study investigates an innovative system known as a wind-solar-hydrogen multi-energy supply (WSH-MES) system. This system seamlessly integrates a wind farm, photovoltaic power station, solar thermal power station, and hydrogen energy network at the power grid level. Central to the study is the introduction of a bi-level collaborative optimization model--an innovative algorithmic framework specifically tailored for complex multi-energy systems. This model co-optimizes both the capacity planning of essential system components and their annual load distribution, adeptly navigating the complexities of optimizing capacity and annual load distribution under uncertain energy sources and load conditions. A layered methodology synergistically combines linear programming with an advanced version of non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II. When applied to a real-world case study in Zhangbei, China, this approach identifies an optimal system capacity, leading to annual green power generation of 201.56 GW and a substantial reduction of over 173,703 tons of CO\({}_{2}\) emissions. An economic analysis further reveals that each 1% reduction in CO\({}_{2}\) emissions corresponds to a modest 1.7% increase in the system's levelized cost of energy. Moreover, a comprehensive exploration of the impacts of various capacity parameters on the WSH-MES system's performance is conducted. These insights offer invaluable guidance for the large-scale advancement of efficient renewable energy utilization and the attainment of decarbonization targets.  
wind/photovoltaic/concentrating solar power/proton exchange membrane electrolysis/proton exchange membrane fuel cell; multi-energy supply system; capacity-operation collaborative optimization; multi-objective optimization; sensitivity analysis +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 4 Tracking Control Based on EKF  
Considering the nonlinear uncertain AUV dynamics in Equations (1) and (2) with state feedback information from acoustic localization, we propose the trajectory tracking controller with MPC and EKF. MPC uses a system prediction model to obtain the system trajectory over a future finite time interval. Optimization problems are formulated based on the predicted trajectories and are solved repetitively online in a receding horizon way, and thus also called receding horizon control. To relieve the possible computational burden using Equations (1) and (2) as the prediction models, successive linearizations are applied in the framework of MPC. Moreover, an EKF approach is proposed to handle the uncertainties in the system and acoustic measurements. Corrected system state information is obtained and used in the predictive tracking controller design. During the control time steps when the updated localization information is not available, the dead-reckoning technique is utilized.
# Mapping Areal Precipitation with Fusion Data by ANN Machine Learning in Sparse Gauged Region
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Assessment of Rainwater Resources of the Qaidam Basin
#### 3.3.2 The Precipitation Variation Trend
Therefore, the spatial distribution and temporal variation trend of TRMM products after correction can characterize the spatial-temporal variation characteristics of precipitation in the Qaidam Basin. According to the corrected 3B42 RT and 3B43 precipitation in the Qaidam Basin from 2001 to 2016, the change trend and significance on the grid scale in the study area were calculated, as shown in Figure 9.  
It can be seen from the Figure 9a,b that the precipitation in the northeast of the Qaidam Basin (Qilian Mountain area) showed a decreasing trend, while in the southeastern edge of the basin (east of the Kunlun Mountains) showed an increasing trend based on corrected 3B42 RT and 3B43 products. It is obvious the precipitation slightly increased at the center and northwest of the basin. Figure 9b,d showed the significant test results of the precipitation change trend. We know that most areas of the Qaidam Basin were non-significantly increased or decreased, and only a small part of the areas passed the significant change test (\(Z\geq 2.58\)).
# Investigating and Modeling of Cooperative Vehicle-to-Vehicle Safety Stopping Distance
## 6 Simulation of Density Losses
### Analysis of Density-Based Results  
The figures provided show similar results to that of distance-based losses. However, we can see that the losses are far greater; thus, the distance needed to avoid potentially dangerous collisions is vastly reduced in comparison. As DSRC aims for 99.9% reliability, our most appropriate result is seen in the 1% category or 1-2 packet losses. If the losses are kept at this level, the stopping distance would not be affected, but, as the losses increase to even 10%, we can see that a rate of 10 pps is unsafe to use. The use of 140 pps performs well at 70 mph, but, at 30 mph, the 140 pps becomes unsafe to use; this also shows that DSRC needs to have high data rates if the reliability is reduced below 99%.  
In order for brief comparison, Figure 19 shows the PATH reaction at 70 mph and has the reaction time set to the standard human reaction as used previously of 1.5 s. This figure is only an example used to show how much DSRC systems can assist and reduce stopping distances. It is acknowledged that the human driver would react from visually witnessing an emerging scenario; therefore, the figures are highly improbable. The only loss percentage that would not suffer significant degradation is at 1% consecutive loss.  
These tests highlight the importance of three main factors; reliability, data rate, and latency. Other services would be able to cope with the loss of any of the three, but, where safety is concerned, they are all of vital importance and must be ensured to the highest of levels.
# Quality Control of Fried Pepper Oils Based on GC-MS Fingerprints and Chemometrics
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Volatile Compounds of Tengjiao Oils  
As presented in Table S2, a total of 45 volatile flavor compounds were identified in ZAO1-ZAO16, including alkenes, alcohols, esters, aldehydes, and alkanes, with average contents of 948.02, 915.22, 64.68, 7.75, and 11.00 \(\upmu\)g/g, respectively. The content of linalool (893.33 \(\upmu\)g/g, 45.89%), D-limonene (361.67 \(\upmu\)g/g, 18.58%), sabinene (214.22 \(\upmu\)g/g, 11%), myrcene (108.90 \(\upmu\)g/g, 5.59%) and linalyl acetate (47.73 \(\upmu\)g/g, 4.64%) accounts for 81.06% of the total volatile flavor components, positioning them as the primary flavors of Tengjiao oil. According to [PERSON] et al. [25], linalool, \(\upmu\)-myrcene, and limonene are the most potent odor-active compounds contributing to the overall volatile profile of ZAOs. Other important potent odorants included \(\upalpha\)-terpinene, ocimene, caryophyllene, and \(\upgamma\)-terpinene. However, citronellal and geraniol, considered the most potent odor-active compounds, were not detected in the present study. The lack of these volatile compounds in our samples may be ascribed to the different growth environments of Tengjiao, such as the illumination time and rainfall, which impact flavor characteristics [26]. Additional factors such as post-harvest treatments or processing methods can also influence the odor compounds in fried pepper oils. According to a prior investigation, linalool, myrcene, ocimene, and caryophyllene impart ZAOs with spicy, woody, and green notes [27], while limonene and \(\upalpha\)-phellandrene impart a citrus note. \(\upbeta\)-Pinene, terpinolene, and \(\upgamma\)-terpinene impart ZAOs the pine and woody notes. Sabine contributed a turpentine-like flavor to ZAOs [25].
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Sensory Analysis by Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA)  
The sensory evaluation was evaluated by 15 trained panelists, and the profiles of the 7 genotypes of wild edible durians are shown in Figure 4. The QDA result revealed that the genotypes varied in the intensity of sweet, fruit, sulfur, alcohol, nutty, grassy, and floral aroma attributes. The analysis showed that _D. dulcis_ was characterized by the strongest sweet and grassy aroma. The panelist perceived _D. kutejensis_ and _D. axleganus_ as mild aroma durian. The research by [PERSON] et al. [16] found that _D. kutejensis_ generally has a milder aroma. The three genotypes in _D. gruwelens_, yellow-fleshed and orange-fleshed, have strong fruity and sweet aromas, while red-fleshed have a strong nutty aroma; however, the _D. gruwelens_ perceived an intense alcohol aroma compared to the other wild edible durian genotypes. _Durio graveolens_ was characterized by the highest relative amount of alcohol compounds. [PERSON] et al. [29] stated that depending on the synergistic effect with other flavour\(-\)active compounds, the high amount of alcohol compounds can exhibit floral, fruity, or herbal aromas The panellists determined the intensities of the sulfur aroma of the seven genotypes in descending order: _D. axleganus_, _D. kutejensis_, _D. dulcis_, _D. gruwelens_ (yellow-fleshed), _D. gruwelens_ (red-fleshed), _D. gruwelens_ (orange\(-\)fleshed), and _D. zibethinus_ (Terung iban). _Durio zibethinus_ (Terung iban) possessed a strong sulfur aroma, similar to common durian cultivars [18; 19]; however, it has a weak floral, grassy, and nutty aroma. This is most likely due to _D. zibethinus_ (Terung iban) sensing the most sulfur-containing compounds (Table 4), such as ethanethiol, diethyl disulfide, ethyl 1-methylethyl disulfide, diethyl trisulfide, and 3,5-dimethyl-1,2,4-trithiolane.  
Figure 4: Spider-web of seven aroma sensory attributes in seven wild edible durians in Sarawak.
# Simplified Calculation Method for Active Anti-Floating of Elliptical Basements by Relief Wells
## 1 Introduction
[27] proposed a new computational model to simplify the calculation of water inflow in pits with impermeable walls based on the concept of segmental resistance coefficients under the assumption of two-dimensional seepage in the profile, and gave the formula of segmental resistance coefficients. This is highly accurate and can be used for both watered and unwaceted, confined and unconfined, and single-layer and double-layer systems. [PERSON] et al. [28] proposed a simplified method for solving the seepage problem (including wall leakage and wall bypass) in weakly permeable layers by using the solutions of two types of models, namely wall leakage only and wall bypass only, when the effects of permeability and thickness of impermeable walls are considered simultaneously. Lastly, the outlet height of the drainage structure, its arrangement, and the pressure distribution beneath the basement slab are determined. Various drainage structures such as relief wells, drainage corridors, ditches, etc., are considered in the drainage relief and anti-floating analysis and calculation. The first two steps are consistent across these structures, and mature calculation methods are desired. The primary distinction lies in the final step, which also presents the main challenge in the simplified analysis of IDPR anti-floating. This paper focuses on the calculation and analysis for the relief well. [PERSON] et al. [18] derived the head distribution of a uniformly distributed multi-well system inside a circular pit, assuming a constant head on the inner boundary of the cut-off wall. However, in practical engineering, the wells within the pit are often unevenly distributed and most have irregular shapes. These need to be mapped into a circle following the Schwarz-Christoffel transform in complex function theory, a process that is quite intricate [29; 30; 31]. In light of this, based on the conformal mapping method from an ellipse to a unit circle, we propose a simpler and more universally applicable simplified algorithm. This algorithm is designed for the IDPR anti-floating design of elliptical pits under arbitrary well deployment conditions.
## 2 Optimization Problem
### Shift Mass Calculation  
It is known that a three stage gearbox contains four shafts constructing three stages. For this reason, the mass of the gearbox shafts can be determined by:  
\[m_{s}=m_{s1}+m_{s2}+m_{s3}+m_{s4} \tag{19}\]  
In which,  
\[m_{s1}=\rho_{s}\cdot\pi\cdot d_{s1}^{2}\cdot l_{s1}/4 \tag{20}\]  
\[m_{s2}=\rho_{s}\cdot\pi\cdot d_{s2}^{2}\cdot l_{s2}/4 \tag{21}\]  
\[m_{s3}=\rho_{s}\cdot\pi\cdot d_{s3}^{2}\cdot l_{s3}/4 \tag{22}\]  
\[m_{s4}=\rho_{s}\cdot\pi\cdot d_{s4}^{2}\cdot l_{s4}/4 \tag{23}\]  
\(m_{s1}\), \(m_{s2}\), \(m_{s3}\), and \(m_{s4}\) are the mass of shafts 1, 2, 3, and 4 of the gearbox (kg) respectively; \(\rho_{s}\) is the weight density of shaft material (cf. Table 1); \(l_{s1}\), \(l_{s2}\), \(l_{s3}\), and \(l_{s4}\) are orderly the length of shaft 1, 2,3, and 4 of the gearbox established by (cf. Figure 1):  
\[l_{s1}=B_{1}+1.2\cdot d_{s1} \tag{24}\]  
\[l_{s1}=l_{s2}=B_{1} \tag{25}\]  
\[l_{s4}=B_{1}+1.2\cdot d_{s4} \tag{26}\]  
In the above equations [12]:  
\[d_{s1}=\left[T_{11}/\left(0.2\cdot[\tau]\right)\right]^{1/3} \tag{27}\]  
\[d_{s2}=\left[T_{12}/\left(0.2\cdot[\tau]\right)\right]^{1/3} \tag{28}\]  
\[d_{s3}=\left[T_{13}/\left(0.2\cdot[\tau]\right)\right]^{1/3} \tag{29}\]  
\[d_{s4}=\left[T_{14}/\left(0.2\cdot[\tau]\right)\right]^{1/3} \tag{30}\]  
where \([\tau]\) is the allowable shear stress. In this study, its value is chosen as \([\tau]\) = 17 MPa.
## 1 Introduction
[15] claimed that the goal of precipitation nowcasting is to predict the future rainfall intensity in a local region over a short period of time. Nowcasting models are based on the extrapolation of radar rainfall scans to track the motion of precipitation cells with a forecasting lead time of a few hours. Quantitative precipitation estimation and precipitation nowcasting will help reduce or manage precipitation-related disasters such as flash-flooding [16], seasonal flooding [17], storms [18] and landslides [19]. Therefore, both precipitation measuring and predicting are significant for hydrology applications. Using rain gauge data available from the Mexico Meteorological Services, this study applied a nowcasting model to compare the efficacy and reliability of precipitation data generated by GPM IMERG with ground data. The results provide valuable information, not only for improving the processes of satellite precipitation retrieval but also for operators in many relevant applications, from hydrological modelling and hazard research to climatic change-based simulations such as for flash flood forecasting in urban areas. The aim of this study was to investigate whether real-time short-term (0-6 h) satellite rainfall measurements can be applied effectively for nowcasting and forecasting of precipitation (rainfall) in developing countries. The research objectives are in three-folds: (1) to determine the efficacy and reliability of GPM precipitation compared to rain gauge data; (2) to assess the ability of nowcasting to forecast rainfall events with GPM rainfall; and (3) to gather evidence to show that GPM precipitation data can be used for real-time short-term forecasting. To achieve the objectives, the STEPS (Short Term Ensemble Prediction System) nowcasting model was used to investigate the potential of GPM IMERG precipitation data and predict short-term real-time precipitation (0-3 h). The short duration analysis is justifieddue to the fact that the resolution of weather radar is typically 1 km by 1 km, which is the most commonly used in nowcasting modelling. It was therefore necessary to use MATLAB projection for the GPM data in order to improve the accuracy of nowcasting results; the code developed by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [20] was used for this purpose. After data projection, the resolution of the GPM data was corrected from 10 km by 10 km to 5 km by 5 km, which is the least resolution for GPM data without reducing the accuracy of the data. Several representative precipitation events (i.e., heavy rainfall for a day) in Mexico were then selected to simulate and nowcast precipitation. Finally, the performance of precipitation nowcasting was evaluated by calculating the errors between the observed precipitation and the nowcast results.
## Magnetically Supported FSM Mechanism  
### FSM Configuration  
As shown in Figure 3, the mirror is supported by a magnetic suspension. Soft tip-tilt and axial passive springs are generated by the magnetic coupling [12]. This magnetic suspension uses a magnetic circuit similar to those used in centrifugal blood pumps [13], except for the restoring torque around the Z axis generated by the separated permanent magnets and cores in the rotor.  
The magnetic suspension mechanism consists of four pairs of U-shaped iron cores and coils in the stator, and four pairs of crescent-shaped permanent magnets sandwiched between two crescent-shaped iron rings in the suspended mirror. The four pairs of U-shaped electromagnets in the stator and the four pairs of permanent magnets and cores in the suspended mirror are installed at 90 degree intervals.
## 6 Experimental Results
### Performance Evaluation
#### 6.3.5 [PERSON]'s Modification of Needham-Schroeder Public Key Protocol  
In the NSPKT protocol (Figure 7), we assigned the following delay values: \(D_{1}=2\), \(D_{2}=3\), \(D_{3}=4\). During our analysis, we carried out four scenarios, including two Intruder interventions, two [PERSON]'s attacks, and two Man-in-the-Middle behaviour. It is important to note that as per the protocol structure, we had to use two distinct lifetime values, which are crucial for the protocol's operation.  
[PERSON]'s attacks were found to be possible at locations 23 or 55, while Man-in-the-Middle behaviour could occur at locations 47 or 71. Honest executions were feasible at locations 3 or 7. Intruder interventions were observed at locations 11, 15, 27, 31, 39, 43, 59, or 63.  
Upon investigation, we found that for the NSPKT protocol and the given delays, the minimum values of \(L_{1}=L_{2}=9\) ensured honest executions without enabling the Man-in-the-Middle behaviour. The minimum values that allow a Man-in-the-Middle behaviour (the locations 47 and 71 are reachable) are \(L_{1}=L_{2}=12\). These minimum values for honest executions and specific attacks are crucial for understanding the behaviour of the NSPKT protocol.