# Three-Dimensional Real-Scene-Enhanced GNSS/Intelligent Vision Surface Deformation Monitoring System
## 3 Data Sources
### Multi-Source Sensing Data  
The multi-source sensing data encompass meteorological data (temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction, rainfall, and atmospheric pressure), deformation information from the GNSS terminal, and visual sensor data. The visual sensor data include camera monitoring video, monitoring video from unmanned aerial vehicles' (UAVs') regular cruising, and inspection video from intelligent trolleys. Meteorological sensors, a GNSS receiver, and cameras are integrated into the GNSS monitoring station to ensure comprehensive data collection. These data are transmitted in real-time with low-latency and high-volume data transmission using 4G wireless technology. Figure 2 shows the multi-sensor data sources of the deformation monitoring system.  
The weather station uses a YL-QX86 meteorological instrument to monitor six environmental parameters: temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction, rainfall, and atmospheric pressure. Table 1 shows the measurement parameters of the meteorological elements.  
Figure 2: Multi-sensing data sources for the proposed deformation monitoring system.  
The GNSS data were collected by the ComNav A300 Universal GNSS receiver, designed specifically for geological disaster monitoring applications. Featuring a low-power design, the device automatically adjusts its operational modes through built-in MEMS sensors and real-time positional changes of monitoring points. It utilizes 4G wireless communication and meets IP68 waterproof and dustproof standards, ensuring reliable functionality in extreme outdoor environments. Its positioning accuracy is defined as \(\pm\)(8 + 1 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-6}\)\(\times\) D) mm horizontally and \(\pm\)(15 + 1 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-6}\)\(\times\) D) mm vertically, where D represents the baseline length in kilometers.  
The cameras used in this study include the Sony 3351/2.8 CMOS sensor and GuoKe G7205V300 processing chip, integrated with an SoC processor. This combination has very low and stable power consumption, making it suitable for long-term monitoring applications. The system supports the H.265 compression algorithm, ensuring efficient data transmission, and adheres to the standard ONVIF protocol and RTMP streaming, facilitating seamless integration with existing infrastructure. The maximum pixel is 500W and the maximum resolution is 5 MP (2560 \(\times\) 1920). Additionally, it supports both timed and event-triggered video storage.  
Aerial video data were collected by a DJI Mavic 3E drone. Before tilt photography, the aerial photography area was surveyed, taking into account factors such as wind direction, and weather conditions. The aerial photography was conducted between 8:00 and 10:00 a.m. at a flight altitude of 200 m. The tilt data were collected following a \"well-shaped\" flight route. The drone's aerial video has a resolution of 4K pixels with a frame rate of 30 frames per second (fps). The real-time images were transmitted to the ground station through a high-definition camera and wireless transmission system, enabling the capture of both overall and detailed features around deformation areas.  
The inspection video was captured using a DJI RoboMasterS1 equipped with a high-definition camera (with a maximum image size of 1920 \(\times\) 1080) and a specific gimbal that enables fast rotation for the 360-degree monitoring of both indoor and outdoor deformation areas. The videos were transmitted to a remote server for storage and analysis, supporting edge detection.