esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### CLI Results  
First of all, the cost model, which has been developed by our own (see Section 2.1), enables us to obtain the total unitary production cost (see Table 2) and every term of it (see Table 1). The total unit production cost is used to calculate the benefit obtained for each reference as the sale price minus the production cost.  
As a result of the formulas implementation (see Section 2.3) to obtain the new KPI and the program's development in Python, the new KPI values are obtained on availability, performance and quality components, which can be seen in Table 3. Comparing Tables 2 and 3, can be concluded that the bigger the production cost is, the bigger the CLI is too. A graphical comparison of each CLI case can be seen in Figure 6.  
Observing these results, it can be said that case 1 reduces cost losses by 3% and 7% in comparison to machining in cases 2 and 3.  
Although the highest loss is caused by quality, the biggest difference between each case is associated with performance due to the difference in reduced speed losses. Quality losses are quite similar because the number of rejects and reworks has been a hypothesis which is the same in the three cases, the difference in this cost is defined by the machining part time on each case. Availability is the lowest loss because there were no breakdowns during the study.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Case 1** & **Case 2** & **Case 3** \\ \hline Unit production cost & 11.84 \(\upepsilon\) & 12.13 \(\upepsilon\) & 12.71 \(\upepsilon\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Unit production costs.  
Figure 6: Stacked bar chart for the three tests.  
The biggest losses can be identified from these diagrams. In the three tests quality losses involve more than 50% of the global losses, thus, should be the ones to be corrected first. The next problems to be solved are performance losses, in case 2 and 3 they are bigger due to their reduced speed. Furthermore, in the three cases, minimizing the first two losses involve almost 90% of the cost losses. Regarding to quality losses, rejects implies the biggest cost, therefore, rejects reduction should be the first measure to decrease these cost losses.  
This analysis enhances the results' comprehension and highlights improvement and cost reduction areas for the company.
## 5 Case Study: Smart Conservation of Cultural Heritage
### Evaluation and Results
#### 5.3.2 Reasoning Veracity  
BSON (a JSON variant) collections were utilized to model rules. For instance, Figure 9 shows an example of a rule that checks whether the temperature of a sensor has surpassed a certain threshold. Such rules were defined for various sensors, artifacts and rooms, including in their criteria for sensed data acquired from user devices. Artificial emergencies were initiated to test the system's response. Additionally, conflicting rules were defined to test collision detection and resolution. Finally, error-prone sensors were mimicked in order to test the uncertainty module. Each testing case was successfully addressed by the middleware.  
_id:ObjectId(\"Sec7a30 edc36d6d33c963 dc2\") sensor:\"123 FF21\" text:\"temperature>=25\" \(\sim\) rule:Array \(\sim\) 0:Object type:1 \(\sim\) op:Object param:\"temperature\" thresholdd:25 comparison:\"qte\" action:2  
Figure 10 shows an instance of the real-time monitoring script, which checks all rooms, and their equivalent rules for required actions. In this case, two actions were performed based on sensory measurements that required supervisor communication. In each case, the user's preferred type of notification (SMS and email) was selected. The script (written in Python) was continuously executed and performed actions on a real-time basis.
# A New Orbiting Deployable System for Small Satellite Observations for Ecology and Earth Observation
## 2 Small Satellites for VIS, TIR, and MW Remote Sensing
### CubeSats for Earth Observation as an Endpoint Case of Small Satellites  
CubeSats are a class of research spacecraft that are classified in the borderline between nano- and pico-satellites. The original CubeSat is a 10-cm cube, less than 1.33 kg in weight [82], but this standard shape, the so-called 1U factor form, can be typically extended to 2U and 3U ones, and up to 27U [83]. CubeSats have recently sprung into the spatial marketplace to address targeted science questions in a rapid and affordable manner (e.g., [57; 84]). The advantages given by lower costs, fast development, and the possibility of launching several dozen CubeSats by means of a single rocket, have brought forth the potential for radically new mission architectures. These consist in very large constellations of CubeSats, which allow to combine the temporal resolution of GEO missions with the spatial resolution of LEO missions, thus breaking a traditional trade-off in EO mission design (e.g., [15; 85]). Several EO measurements, such as natural-disaster and water-resource monitoring [86], could potentially be compatible with the current state-of-the-art CubeSat technology, even if some of them have never been addressed by any mission of this class [52].
# MAC Protocols for mmWave Communication: A Comparative Survey +
## 4 Centralized Protocols
### Cad-Mac  
To address the limitations of traditional directional mmWave communication, such as providing coverage to only a specific region, there is another directional-based MAC protocol for mmWave WPANs, which is called coverage adaptive directional medium access control (CAD-MAC) [42] and is a nearly obsolete approach in the mmWave domain. The primary interest in this protocol is its usages of the 60 GHz band. The CAD-MAC executes two stages in order.  
At first, sector management takes place, and adaptive regular S-CAP assignment is performed afterwards. The service range of the CAD-MAC is limited. In order to find out the appropriate beam width for transmission in the service range, sector management is conducted. Deploying a PNC is crucial in this role, because it collects the states of the DEVs  
Figure 6: Architecture of FD-MAC protocol.  
connected in the network, including the distance in the individual sector, DEV ID, and area sector number. Another goal of using a PNC is to reduce the sector counts. From the achieved data, it analyzes the distances among the devices and the sectors are combined. Moreover, to execute these stages, the PNC also evaluates the exact antenna coverage range. Subsequently, adaptive regular S-CAP assignment aims to solve the discrepancy in the number of available devices in the network and delay. The role of PNC is again required at this stage. It counts the number of DEVs available in each sector and uses it to determine a regular S-CAP. Subsequently, in every sector, a minimum dynamic contention window is appointed.
* Advantages: The CAD-MAC protocol can deliver higher energy efficiency and throughput than the existing general protocols because it covers a larger service area with fewer sectors. In addition, the distance measurements in the sector management stage are performed by using received signal strength indication (RSSI), which is very reliable.
* Disadvantages: To cover all devices in the confinement, the CAD-MAC has to maintain a large number of sectors, and this can lead to degraded throughput performance. The nodes in a single sector do not ensure the same performance throughout the sector. Devices residing in the same sector can exhibit inconsistent network performance based on their distance and position in the sector.
_applied sciences_  
_Article_  
**Ferrite-Loaded Inverted Microstrip Line-Based Artificial Magnetic Conductor for the Magnetic Shielding Applications of a Wireless Power Transfer System**  
[PERSON] \({}^{1}\)\({}^{\copyright}\), [PERSON] \({}^{1}\), [PERSON] \({}^{2}\), [PERSON] \({}^{3}\), [PERSON] \({}^{3}\) and [PERSON] \({}^{1,\star}\)\({}^{\copyright}\)  
\({}^{1}\) Department of Electrical Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.M.R.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.H.C.)  
\({}^{2}\) Department of Electronic Engineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Republic of Korea; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
\({}^{3}\) Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.H.O.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (I.-K.C.)  
\({}^{\star}\) Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel. +82-42-821-5688  
**Abstract:** In this paper, we propose a ferrite-loaded inverted microstrip line (IML)-based artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) with a novel design that can provide complete magnetic shielding at the backside of the transmitting (Tx) coil while slightly improving the power transfer efficiency (PTE) of a wireless power transfer system (WFTS). The target frequency of the WFTS application is approximately 6.78 MHz. In the proposed design, the AMC is placed behind the Tx coil, and its magnetic shielding capability and PTE performance were verified through simulations and measurements. The size of the proposed AMC is 528 \(\times\) 528 \(\times\) 6.6 mm\({}^{3}\). The measurement results verified that, compared with the Tx coil without an AMC surface, the proposed ferrite-loaded IML-based AMC can provide complete magnetic shielding while improving the PTE of the WFTS by approximately 8.05%.  
**Keywords:** artificial magnetic conductor; high impedance surface; inverted microstrip line; magnetic shielding; magnetic field leakage reduction; metamaterial; reactive impedance surface; wireless power transfer system
# Characterization of Tiled Architecture for C-Band 1-Bit Beam-Steering Transmitarray
###### Abstract  
A new implementation of a beam-steering transmitarray is proposed based on the tiled array architecture. Each pixel of the transmitarray is manufactured as a standalone unit which can be hard-wired for specific transmission characteristics. A set of complementary units, providing reciprocal phase-shifts, can be assembled in a prescribed spatial phase-modulation pattern to perform beam steering and beam forming in a broad spatial range. A compact circuit model of the tiled unit cell is proposed and characterized with full-wave electromagnetic simulations. Waveguide measurements of a prototype unit cell have been carried out. A design example of a tiled 10 \(\times\) 10-element 1-bit beam-steering transmitarray is presented and its performance benchmarked against the conventional single-panel, i.e., unibody, counterpart. Prototypes of the tiled and single-panel C-band transmitarrays have been fabricated and tested, demonstrating their close performance, good agreement with simulations and a weak effect of fabrication tolerances. The proposed transmitarray antenna configuration has great potential for fifth-generation (5G) communication systems.  
antenna array; antenna measurements; beam pattern; beam steering; equivalent circuit modelling; transmitarray
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Adsorption Experiments of Dodecane with PE  
In the irradiated, original PE stock, the major compound that was formed during radiolysis and/or seemingly eluded radical-induced degradation reactions was _n_-dodecane. The very low water solubility of _n_-dodecane (3.7 mg L\({}^{-1}\) at room temperature) [46] and absence of tertiary carbons that stabilize radicals may account for part of its aqueous radiation stability. A standard aqueous solution of _n_-dodecane at its saturation concentration was tested using the SPME headspace method. While the SPME method is considered only semi-quantitative [47], the integrated area from the subsequent GCMS analysis was significantly lower than the areas detected from the headspace analysis of the irradiated PE-water mixtures.  
The wide variation in the amount of _n_-dodecane extracted from the different PE-water mixtures and the standard aqueous _n_-dodecane solution, which did not contain any PE, is shown in Figure 3. These data suggest that _n_-dodecane adsorbs strongly to PE, enabling its presence in the water mixture well beyond its water solubility limit. Further, through adsorption, _n_-dodecane potentially evades the expected radical-induced solution chemistry. Our data also indicate that _n_-dodecane is a product of the radical-induced degradation of PE. The size of the scission products is consistent with previous experiments for the direct exposure of PE-water mixtures to UV light and O\({}_{2}\), which promoted the formation of di-carboxylic acids of C\({}_{8}\)-C\({}_{12}\) chain lengths and dissolved organic carbon [48; 49]. Overall, the radical-induced degradation (weathering) of PE microplastics in water is slower than other polymers that contain tertiary carbons, which are more subject to radical transformations owing to the stabilization of radical centers by hyperconjugation [50].  
The interactions between PE, _n_-dodecane and water were further probed quantitatively using _n_-dodecane well above its water solubility. In each case, no _n_-dodecane was detected in the water. Most of the 22 \(\upmu\)mols of _n_-dodecane was recovered from the subsequent extractions of PE with disopropyl ether, indicating that _n_-dodecane adsorbs strongly to PE microplastics. Given that studies of weathered PE, which contain adsorbed chemicals, show that endocrine disruption effects in adult fish are higher than with pure PE [51], these types of investigations are important for predicting the toxic nature of PE in natural water environments. Our studies indicate that when _n_-dodecane forms as a scission product from the gamma radiolysis of PE, it remains adsorbed to the surface of the PE microplastic particle.
# A Formal Analysis of the Mimblewimble Cryptocurrency Protocol +
## 2 The Mimblewimble Protocol
### Commitment Scheme  
A commitment scheme [34] is a two-phase cryptographic protocol between two parties: a sender and a receiver. At the end of the commit phase the sender is committed to a specific value that he cannot change later and the receiver should have no information about the committed value.  
A non-interactive commitment scheme [35] can be defined as follows:  
**Definition 1** (Non-interactive Commitment Scheme).: _A non-interactive commitment scheme \(\zeta(\mathit{Setup},\mathit{Com})\) consists of two probabilistic polynomial time algorithms, Setup and Com, such that:_  
* _Setup generates public parameters for the scheme depending on the security parameter_ \(\lambda\)_._
* _Com is the commitment algorithm: Com_ : \(M\times R\to C\)_, where_ \(M\) _is the message space,_ \(R\) _the randomness space and_ \(C\) _the commitment space. For a message_ \(m\in M\)_, the algorithm draws uniformly at random_ \(r\gets R\) _and computes the commitment_ \(\mathit{Com}\gets\mathit{Com}(m,r)\)_._  
We have simplified the notation, but it is important to keep in mind that all the sets depend on the public parameters, in particular, the commitment algorithm.  
It is said that the commitment scheme is homomorphic if:  
\[\mathit{for\ all\ }m_{1},m_{2}\in M,r_{1},r_{2}\in R\text{:}\]  
\[\mathit{Com}(x_{1},r_{1})+\mathit{Com}(x_{2},r_{2})=\mathit{Com}(x_{1}+x_{2},r _{1}+r_{2}).\]  
In other words, \(\mathit{Com}\) is additive in both parameters.  
Transactions in MW are derived from confidential transactions [32], which are enabled by Pedersen commitments with homomorphic properties over elliptic curves. We define the non-interactive Pedersen commitment scheme we will use in our model, based on Definition 1, as follows:  
**Definition 2** (Pedersen Commitment Scheme with Elliptic Curves).: _As in Definition 1, let \(M\) and \(R\) be the finite field \(\mathbb{F}_{n}\) and let \(C\) be the set of points determined by an elliptic curve \(\mathcal{C}\) of prime order \(n\)._  
_The probabilistic polynomial time algorithms are defined as:_  
* _Setup generates the order_ \(n\) _(dependent on the security parameter_ \(\lambda\)_) and two generator points_ \(G\) _and_ \(H\) _on the elliptic curve_ \(\mathcal{C}\) _of prime order_ \(n\) _whose discrete logarithms relative to each other are unknown._
* \(Com(v,r)=r.G+v.H\)_, with_ \(v\) _the transactional value and_ \(r\) _the blinding factor chosen randomly in_ \(\mathbb{F}_{n}\)_._  
Security properties of this commitment scheme (for MW) will be analyzed in Section 4.3.
# ERACE: Toward Facilitating Exploit Generation for Kernel Race Vulnerabilities
## 6 Evaluation
### Setup  
To demonstrate the utility of ERACE, we conducted an investigation into Linux kernel race vulnerabilities in the past seven years from the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures [1] database and syzbot [2]. Google's syzbot [2] platform has published many PoCs for Linux kernel vulnerabilities including a lot of race vulnerabilities that have not been confirmed. As discovered in our investigation of these two platforms, nearly 62 percent of race vulnerabilities had available PoCs, which can satisfy the input requirement of ERACE. Then, we excluded the race vulnerabilities that were not related to data races or that involved specific hardware devices. Finally, we selected 17 CVE that had rich public vulnerability information to evaluate our results. In addition, we randomly chose six race vulnerabilities that had available PoCs from syzbot [2]. We show these 23 vulnerabilities in Table 1.  
Since the race vulnerabilities selected involved different kernel versions, in order to better evaluate the utility of ERACE we transplanted all the vulnerabilities to the 4.12.1 version of the Linux kernel. Some vulnerabilities were located in the older version of the kernel, which does not support kcov or KASAN instrumentation. The research in this paper did not involve bypassing the mitigation mechanisms so we turned off the default protection mechanisms of the system such as the kernel address space layout randomization SMEP and SMAP mitigation mechanisms. Since ERACE needs to perform a static analysis of the Linux kernel to compare the warning information of KASAN and collect the dynamic execution path and instruction timing relationship, it was necessary to compile three versions of the kernel. One version used Clang to compile the kernel source code into the LLVM intermediate representation. The second used gcc to compile the kernel, with KASAN and kcov configured. The third performed delay instrumentation for the race points to recognize their timing relationship. The system selected for the experiments was an Ubuntu 18.04 system, running on a desktop with 128 G RAM and an Intel(R) Core(TM) i9-10900 KF CPU @3.70 GHz.
## 3 Failure Analysis of the Memory
### Tensile Test and SEM Analysis  
Considering the special Pb-free material (SAC305) and the extreme environmental condition, the authors speculated that the failure was relevant to low temperature based on existing researches [25; 26]. The other three memories of the failed circuit board were put into the tensile test. The universal tensile testing machine was used to pull the memory off the board. The corresponding fixture was made, and the tensile test was conducted under room temperature with a constant speed of 0.1 mm/min. The fracture occurred on the solder ball. Then, SEM was used to observe the fracture surface of the solder joints. The surface morphology under SEM is shown in Figure 5.  
Figure 4: Cracks in the solder joint observed under a metallurgical microscope.  
Figure 3: X-ray detection shows the deformation of the solder ball.  
From Figure 5, the obvious intergranular fracture could be seen. It is the characteristic of brittle fracture. It could be observed that there was a brittle fracture of the solder joint. Theoretically, the fracture behavior of SAC305 should be ductile at a normal temperature. Actually, the result of SEM showed that there was a change in material characteristics. According to relative studies, Sn-based solder transforms from ductile to brittle at low temperatures. This is because of an isomer transition phenomenon (commonly known as Sn-pest) of Sn-rich solder alloys when the temperature is low, and for SAC305, the temperature is lower than -30 \({}^{\circ}\)C [27]. The fracture changes from \(\beta\)-Sn to \(\alpha\)-Sn and the volume of this kind of Sn fracture can expand by 26%, resulting in partial or total fracture of the solder joint [28]. We think the reason is that low temperature causes the change in material characteristics, and it is much easier to fracture under cryogenic and shock tests because of the brittleness. In order to verify our conjecture, a contrast test under room temperature was designed.
# Microstructural Evaluation of Dental Implant Success Using Micro-CT: A Comprehensive Review
## 8 Challenges and Limitations of Using Micro-CT in Dental Implant Evaluation  
Micro-CT is a valuable tool in dental research, offering high-resolution 3D imaging without damaging the sample. It is employed in the fields of implantology, endodontics, and tissue engineering [22; 28]. Nevertheless, the practical application of this approach is hindered by a number of limitations that impact its efficacy. These constraints include the potential for distortion of the resulting image due to artifacts in the imaging process [84; 85]. The variability in imaging resolution affects the accuracy of the detection and measurement of gaps and the complexity of biological structures [86; 87].  
The direct utilization of micro-CT in clinical settings is currently quite restricted. As stated by [PERSON] et al. (2022), the direct use of micro-CT in animals and humans is inherently dangerous due to the potential harm caused by the radiation produced [88]. Another disadvantage of micro-CT is the high cost, the necessity for extensive data storage, the inability to stain all objects for optimal contrast, the lengthy scanning and reconstruction process, and the need for expertise in operation [28; 89]. To address the limitations of radiation dose and poor soft tissue contrast, researchers have developed strategies, including iterative reconstruction algorithms and novel contrast mechanisms such as spectral and phase contrast imaging [90]. The standardization of protocols and data analysis remains a significant challenge, as research findings from one system may not be directly applicable to another. Ethical considerations and radiation safety are also of paramount importance. The potential for long scan times is a further concern. Despite recent technological advances that have led to the development of low-dose micro-CT systems, concerns about radiation exposure remain [15; 91]. [PERSON] et al. (2021) presented several strategies to overcome these challenges, including improvements to contrast resolution, the utilization of advanced detector technology, the application of deep learning techniques, the adoption of phase contrast imaging, optimization of radiation dose, and enhancements to longitudinal imaging capabilities. By focusing on these strategies, researchers can effectively overcome the limitations associated with micro-CT imaging, thereby increasing its utility in preclinical research and translational applications [92].