## 3 Proposed Model Techniques  
### LoRa Overview: What Is LoRa? LoRa refers to a long-range wireless communication technique introduced by the LoRa Alliance and developed by Semtex. It is used in wireless metropolitan area networks (WMANs). LoRa was proposed to support wireless network services for devices with \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Author(s)/Year** & **Technique Used** & **Problem Addressed** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Network Parameter** \\ **Enhancement** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [24]/2023} & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Selection of spreading factors and \\ power controlling. \\ \end{tabular} } & Enhancing the energy & \multirow{2}{*}{Yes} \\  & & consumption of LoRaWAN & \\  & power controlling. & networks with a compound of & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} [PERSON] \\ et al. [25]/2022 \\ \end{tabular} } & \begin{tabular}{c} Applying the LoRa \\ communication protocol and \\ sensor node installation along the \\ pipeline. \\ \end{tabular} & Oil pipeline monitoring over long & \multirow{2}{*}{No} \\  & & distances. & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [26]/2023} & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Deep-learning-based grouping \\ model approach. \\ \end{tabular} } & Extending the WSN lifetime and & \multirow{2}{*}{Yes} \\  & & increasing the efficiency of data & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & transmission. & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [27]/2020} & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Deep learning approach using the \\ LoRa communication protocol. \\ \end{tabular} } & Building a real-time monitoring & \multirow{2}{*}{No} \\  & & system and achieving better & \\  & & performance in the waste & \\  & & management field & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} [PERSON] \\ et al. [28]/2024 \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Feature extraction from regression \\ analysis. \\ \end{tabular} } & Enhancing the accuracy of & \multirow{2}{*}{Yes} \\  & & LoRaWAN propagation & \\  & estimation and energy efficiency. & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} [PERSON] \\ et al. [31]/2018 \\ \end{tabular} } & \begin{tabular}{c} Deploying a machine learning \\ approach on the edge of a LoRa \\ network. \\ \end{tabular} & Enhancing the transmission & \multirow{2}{*}{Yes} \\  & & Power. & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} [PERSON] et al. \\ [34]/2023 \\ \end{tabular} } &
\begin{tabular}{c} Mathematical approach for a \\ multi-hop network. \\ \end{tabular} & Treating interference and power & \multirow{2}{*}{No} \\  & & transition limitations. & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._limited resources, such as battery-operated devices and those with low data rates that do not exceed 100 kbps, and it has a long-distance coverage of up to 20 km [36; 37; 38]. LoRa is considered a low-power, long-coverage-range wireless communication technique that transfers small-sized data over long distances. These important features make it a preferred choice for IoT industries. LoRaWAN is an application layer that calculates how devices utilize the LoRa hardware. In addition to this concept, various challenges related to LoRa are being overcome in different fields, such as those associated with weather conditions, pollution, and disasters, as well as operations related to measuring energy monitoring and consumption or production in several renewable energy systems [39]. LoRa is preferred for its simplicity because it is considered a cost-effective solution, so it is broadly utilized in smart system engineering, transportation, agriculture, household appliances, and the oil and gas industry. In the LoRa network, the desired data are sent over longer distances than those with other wireless communication technologies, such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and Zigbee. The standards of the LoRaWAN configuration ensure that it provides integrity with different devices; this is a key reason why the LoRa technology was so quickly integrated into smart systems and the IoT field.