# Efficient Management of Power Losses from Renewable Sources Using Removable E.V. Batteries
## 2 Literature Review
### Integrated Electricity Storage and Supply System  
The increasing penetration of electric vehicles into the automotive market has led to problems related to the quality of the distribution network, in particular network congestion and nominal frequency problems. Electric vehicles are based on a mobile single-phase load, so they can be randomly connected to any distribution network points, leading to a scenario in which the network can be overloaded. In addition, since electric vehicles have an asymmetrical spatial layout and have a temporally uncertain evolution, the additional loads generated are a danger to maintaining the reliability and security of the network. Furthermore, overlapping the charging of electric vehicles above the peak of household consumption may result in additional system peaks [46]. Therefore, optimal integration of electric vehicles into distribution networks is an important area of research, particularly concerning reducing the impact of consumption peaks and the possibility of synchronizing these consumption peaks with the extremes of renewable energy generation produced, sometimes at times when there is no market demand [47]. A significant source contributing to greenhouse gas emissions is the electricity industry, particularly energy generation through fossil fuels in the combustion process. Renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar, are increasingly being deployed at the level of states to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from the energy industry. The variable nature of renewable energy sources, which depend on weather or location, causes problems for the stability and reliability of the electricity grid, which leads to the need to integrate the energy storage system [48]. As a result, there may not be sufficient demand during which renewable energy sources deliver to the system, leading to an underutilization of the average capacity generated. Using the integration of the energy storage system to optimize the use of renewable energy sources can lead to the full use of the energy generated. An integrated energy storage system can receive energy when demand is low and can be supplied when demand is high [49]. Electric vehicles are increasingly used to combat greenhouse gas emissions. Although these electric vehicles are essentially battery-powered, electric vehicles can also act as a dynamic energy storage system, thanks to the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) feature. Electric vehicles provide energy stored in their batteries back into the grid [50]. In addition, electric vehicles are located a considerable amount of time (22 h on average) in parking conditions [47], so they can be used adequately for energy sources without creating inconvenience to users. However, battery degradation is still a problem that can be offset by providing incentives for users to participate in the integrated electricity storage and supply system. Since the battery capacity of each electric vehicle is minuscule compared to the network charging requirements, an aggregation of the installed power of electric vehicles is generally required to provide the grid with backup power. In addition to storing excess energy generated by renewable energy sources, electric vehicles may provide additional ancillary services to the grid, such as voltage regulation and frequency regulation. Electric vehicles can also participate in energy trading as a source of income for users, thus offsetting battery degradation due to participation in the integrated electricity storage and supply system [2]. Figure 1 shows the role of a network of removable batteries in taking over the excess electricity supplied at certain times by renewable sources and adjusting the entire energy system. Figure 1 describes an integrated electricity storage and supply system based on removable batteries that can be used to propel electric vehicles within households or companies as sources of energy complementary to the distribution network.