## 2 Related Works  
Routing protocols used in homogeneous WSNs have been adapted to develop routing methods for HWSNs, which are designed to extend network lifespan. Stable Election Protocol (SEP) [14] is an example of a heterogeneous sensing protocol, which aims to extend the interval time before the first node uses up its energy. SEP achieves this by weighting the election probability of nodes based on the amount of initial energy they possess compared to other nodes in the network. For applications that rely on precise feedback, it is critical to extend the time interval before the first node runs out of power. Distributive Energy-Efficient Clustering (DEEC) [15] is another protocol designed for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks, which is a distributed arrangement while saving energy. The way it selects cluster heads is to determine a relationship by looking at how much energy is left at each node and the average cost of energy to the network. The protocol determines whether a node becomes a cluster head by looking at the energy state of the node, in which the energy state of the node is the key consideration. Besides this, the consideration of time after the node becomes the cluster head depends on its initial energy and what level of remaining energy is. If the node has a lower energy, it is less likely to be the cluster head than a node with a higher energy. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. developed a hybrid routing system called Zone Stable Election Protocol (Z-SEP) [16], specifically designed for HWSNs. In this protocol, when the base station transmits data, some nodes directly participate in the process, while others use a clustering algorithm similar to the Stable Election Protocol (SEP) to participate in the process. This hybrid routing system is used to better meet the needs of HWSNs, and its data transmission can be realized more efficiently in this way. These protocols introduce new energy management and data transfer solutions, which are effective for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. Through effective clustering and routing algorithms, these protocols can enhance energy efficiency and data transmission performance, thereby prolonging network lifetime and providing reliable communication services. However, further research and experimental validation are still needed to further evaluate the performance and applicability of these protocols in practical applications. In all these years of development, meta-heuristic algorithms and heuristic algorithms have been used in the theoretical research of HWSNs, and many of these techniques have been used to enhance the cluster head selection process in cluster routing protocols, thereby extending the network lifetime. [PERSON] et al. [17] created the Multi-Layer Hierarchical Routing Protocol (MLHP), a three-level hybrid clustering method. The first level includes the selection process, which is a unified method, in which the base station (BS) is more important in the cluster head selection, playing a relatively large role. At Level 2, GWO routing algorithms are used for efficient data transmission, enabling nodes to find the best path to BS while saving energy. Finally, the third layer adds distributed clustering by using cost functions. [PERSON] et al. suggested a hybrid approach for clustered wireless sensor networks that combines Biogeography-based Optimization (BBO) [18], a bio-inspired metaheuristic optimization, with k-means clustering. BBO is driven by species movement between habitats and has been utilized successfully to address global optimization concerns.The authors introduce a new clustering method in their study [19], in which an enhanced particle swarm optimization (EC-PSO) energy center search is used to eliminate energy gaps and discover energy centers for cluster head selection. When the network energy becomes heterogeneous, this strategy clusters using EC-PSO. Nodes near energy centers are chosen as CHs by utilizing an upgraded particle swarm method to seek for them.