# Operational Flood Mapping Using Multi-Temporal Sentinel-1 SAR Images: A Case Study from Bangladesh
## 5 Conclusions  
Based on the results of the study, we can conclude that earth observation and geospatial technologies provide prompt information for effective decisions for comprehensive flood disaster management for Bangladesh. Due to the predominance of severe weather conditions during flooding time, freely available and regularly sampled Sentinel-1 SAR earth observation data has great potential in producing flood information with high accuracy and high spatial resolution in a six day interval. The method was based on publicly available free-of-charge data, particularly useful for less developed countries. Cloud-based computation environments, such as the GEE platform, proved to be particularly valuable for operational users in planning a flood-related emergency response and for understanding flood damage by land cover mapping. Natural flood disasters are common and cannot be stopped. However, efficient tools for flood inundation mapping and flood damage assessment can be useful for emergency response and disaster management.  
**Supplementary Materials**: The following are available online at [[http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/3/1581/s1](http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/3/1581/s1)]([http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/3/1581/s1](http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/3/1581/s1)), Figure S1. Box plots of Sentinel-1 VH and VV backscatter for flood and non-flood samples, Table S1. List of Sentinel-1 images used for the flood inundation mapping, Table S2. Landsat 8 operational land imager (OLI) spectral bandwidth spatial resolution, Table S3. Land cover classification system (LCCS) along with adopted code, Table S4. Omission and commission (%) errors between Landsat (22 August 2017) and Sentinel images (29 August 2017).  
**Author Contributions**: [PERSON] and [PERSON] conceptualized overall research design; [PERSON] performed image analysis, prepared the flood map, land cover maps, flood damage assessment, and change assessment, and drafted the first version of the manuscript; [PERSON] and F.J.M. reviewed and provided feedback; finally all the authors read, edited, critiqued the manuscript, and approved the final version.  
**Acknowledgments**: We express our gratitude to [PERSON], Director General and [PERSON], Deputy Director General of ICMMOD for the overall guidance. This study was partially supported by core funds of ICMMOD contributed by the governments of Afghanistan, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Norway, Pakistan, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. This paper has been prepared under the SERVIR-Himalaya initiative funded by the NASA and USAID. Our special gratitude goes to [PERSON], Chief of Party, SERVIR HKH for their encouragement and very active support in bringing out this work. Finally, we would like to thank those who reviewed the articles incomprehensibly and provided valuable suggestions to improve the manuscript.  
**Conflicts of Interest**: The views and interpretations in this publication are those of the authors. They are not necessarily attributable to ICMMOD and do not imply the expression of any opinion by ICMMOD concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area of its authority, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or the endorsement of any product.