## 3 Results  
### Evaluation of HAV Infectivity Using PMA/RT-qPCR after DBDP Treatment  
For the PBS suspension results (Figure 1), the titer of the control of the non-PMA and PMA treatment groups was 3.87 copies/uL, and after 10, 20, 30, and 60 min of DBDP treatment, the non-PMA group were 3.67, 3.37, 3.10, and 2.72 copies/uL, respectively, showing a significant decrease as the treatment time increased (\(p<0.05\)). In the PMA-treated group, the titers were 3.52, 3.19, 2.85, and 2.38 copies/uL, respectively, after 10, 20, 30, and 60 min of DBDP treatment. There was a significant difference between the non-PMA and PMA-treated sample at the treatment time of 30-60 min (\(p<0.05\)). The D-value of the IAV of the PMA-treated suspension was 39.99 min, and R\({}^{2}\) was 0.97 (Figure 2).  
The results of the reduction in titers in the PMA-treated and non-PMA-treated fresh oysters infected with IAV following treatment with DBDP are shown in Figure 3. In the case of the non-PMA group, the titer of the control was 2.68 log copies/uL, and after 10, 20, 30, and 60 min of DBDP treatment, the titers were significantly reduced to 2.48, 2.15, 1.89, and 1.57 log copies/uL, respectively (\(p<0.05\)). In addition, even though DBDP was processed simultaneously, it was confirmed that there was a difference in the titers before and after PMA treatment. The titer of the control was the same, 2.68 copies/uL, and those after 10, 20, and 30 min of DBDP treatment, were 2.35, 2.05, and 1.75, respectively. The titers were further reduced in the non-PMA group at each time point. In particular, the titers decreased by 1.35 copies/uL after 60 min of DBDP treatment, and a significant difference (\(p<0.05\)) between the non-PMA-treated and PMA-treated groups was shown. The D-value of the IAV in the PMA-treated oysters calculated by the first-order kinetics model was 46.73 min, and the R\({}^{2}\) for the model was 0.97, indicating high reliability (Figure 4).  
Figure 1: Comparison of HAV values in PBS suspension between RT-qPCR and PMA/RT-qPCR analysis by DBDP. Error bars indicate standard deviations of the mean of three samples per treatment. The different letters indicate significant differences at untreated samples (A–E) or PMA-treated samples (a–e) using [PERSON]’s multiple range test (\(p<\) 0.05). Asterisks (\(\tau\)) indicate significant difference between untreated and PMA-treated samples by \(l\)-test (\(p<\) 0.05).  
Figure 2: Fitted survival curves of HAV in PBS suspension treated by DBDP using the first-order kinetics model. Error bars indicate the standard deviations for the mean of three samples per treatment.  
Figure 4: Fitted survival curves of HAV in oyster treated by DBDP using the first-order kinetics model. Error bars indicate the standard deviations for the mean of three samples per treatment.  
Figure 3: Comparison of HAV values in oyster between RT-qPCR and PMA/RT-qPCR analysis by DBDP. Error bars indicate standard deviations of the mean of three samples per treatment. The different letters indicate significant differences at untreated samples (A–E) or PMA-treated samples (a–d) using [PERSON]’s multiple range test (\(p\) < 0.05). Asterisk (*) indicates a significant difference between untreated and PMA-treated samples by \(t\)-test (\(p\) < 0.05).