# Direct Selective Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide: Laboratory, Pilot and Industrial Tests
## 19 Description of Modern Industrial Methods Based on the Process of Direct H\({}_{2}\)S Oxidation
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Location**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Operation Conditions**} & & \\ \cline{2-6} \# & **Object** & & **Scale** & **Gas Supply** & **Year** & **H\({}_{2}\)S, \%** \\ \cline{2-6}  & **H\({}_{3}\)S Content** & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \multirow{4}{*}{1} & Astrakhan sour gas field & & & & \\  & Natural gas & Pilot & up to 50 nm\({}^{3}\)/h & 1987 & 98 \\  & C\({}_{\text{(H2S)}}\) = 27 vol.\% & & & & & \\  & Natural gas & Pilot & up to 50 nm\({}^{3}\)/h & 1988 & 98 \\  & \(C_{\text{(H2S)}}\) = 27 vol.\% & & & & & \\  & Astrakhan sour gas field & & & & & \\ A3 & Natural gas & Pilot & up to 20 nm\({}^{3}\)/h & 1991 & 98 \\  & C\({}_{\text{(H2S)}}\) = 27 vol.\% & & & & & \\  & Ufa Refinery & & & & & \\
4 & Hydrodesulfurization gas & Pilot & up to 50 nm\({}^{3}\)/h & 1990 & 98 \\  & C\({}_{\text{(H2S)}}\) = 70 vol.\% & & & & & \\  & Shkapovo GPP & & & & & \\
5 & Acid gas from amine unit & Semi-industrial & up to 350 nm\({}^{3}\)/h & 1995 & 98 \\  & C\({}_{\text{(H2S)}}\) = 65 vol.\% & & & & & \\  & Bavly oil field & & & & & \\
6 & Acid gas from amine unit & Semi-industrial & up to 70 nm\({}^{3}\)/h & 2004–2009 & 99.5 \\  & C\({}_{\text{(H2S)}}\) = 65 vol.\% & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
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Table 2: Pilot and experimental industrial tests of the technology of direct catalytic oxidation of hydrogen sulfide (Modification 1-fluidized bed) [140]. Figure 14: Direct catalytic oxidation in a reactor with a fluidized catalyst bed. Basic engineering concept. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Location**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Operation Conditions**} & & \\ \cline{2-5} \# & **Object** & **Scale** & **Gas Supply** & **Year** & **H\({}_{2}\)S, \%** \\  & **H\({}_{3}\)S Content** & **Scale** & **Gas Supply** & **Year** & **H\({}_{2}\)S, \%** \\ \hline  & Novo-Ufimsky Refinery & & & & \\
1 & Tail gas of Claus process & Pilot & up to 20 nm\({}^{3}\)/h & 1989-1990 & 98 \\  & C\({}_{\rm(H2S)}\) = 2 vol.\% & & & & \\  & Astrakhan GPP & & & & \\
2 & Tail gas of Claus process & Pilot & up to 20 nm\({}^{3}\)/h & 1991 & 98 \\  & C\({}_{\rm(H2S)}\) = 2 vol.\% & & & & \\  & Orenburg GPP & & & & \\  & Gases of zeolites & & & & \\
3 & regeneration & Pilot & up to 20 nm\({}^{3}\)/h & 1990 & 98 \\  & C\({}_{\rm(H2S)}\) = 2 vol.\% & & & & \\  & C\({}_{\rm(H8H)}\) = 5 vol.\% & & & & \\  & Kamchatka peninsula & & & & \\
4 & Geothermal steam & Fixed bed & up to 0.5 tn. & & 99.9 \\  & C\({}_{\rm(H2S)}\) \textless{} 1 vol.\% & Pilot & up to 1.0 MPa & & 2500 h of continuous \\  & C\({}_{\rm(H2O)}\) \textgreater{} 99 vol.\% & & & & \\  & Novo-Ufimsky Refinery & & & & \\
5 & Tail gas of Claus process & & & & \\  & C\({}_{\rm(H2S)}\) = 2 vol. \% & & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
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Table 3: Pilot and experimental industrial tests of the technology of direct catalytic oxidation of hydrogen sulfide (Modification 2-Honeycomb Catalyst) [140]. Figure 16: Pilot Plant at the Ufa Refinery. Figure 15: Direct catalytic H\({}_{2}\)S oxidation in a reactor via a monolithic catalyst with a honeycomb structure. Figure 17: Mutnovskoe deposit of geothermal steam. Figure 18: Pilot plant for H\({}_{2}\)S removal from geothermal steam. **21. Installation for H\({}_{2}\)S Recovery from Acid Gas after the Amine Treatment of Oil-Associated Gases at Bavly Gas Shop of PJSC Tatneft**  
The use of associated petroleum gas (APG) is strictly regulated according to the legislation implemented by the Russian government on 8 November, 2012 (#1143, edited on 17 December 2016), which states that \"Regarding peculiarities of the cost calculation for the negative environmental impact during emission of pollutants generated upon combustion using flare facilities and/or associated petroleum gas scattering\". The legislation also includes a statement on the peculiarities of cost calculation for a negative environmental impact due to the emission of pollutants generated by facilities using a combustion flare and/or associated petroleum gas scattering.