# Optically Transparent Honeycomb Mesh Antenna Integrated into OLED Light Source
## 6 Conclusions and Perspectives  
To the authors' knowledge, this paper has proposed for the first time an original contribution with the experiment tests to integrate a transparent antenna into an OLED light source and can serve as a reference. The discussed method involved first designing a honeycomb mesh that achieved optical transparency. With the chosen mesh parameters,  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Colorimetric Parameters** & **Without Antenna** & **With Antenna** \\ \hline Luminance (cd m\({}^{-2}\)) & 8654 \(\pm\) 12.3 & 6481 \(\pm\) 8.3 \\ CCT [K] & 3037 \(\pm\) 3.6 & 3033 \(\pm\) 0.3 \\ (x, y) & (0.4331, 0.4006) & (0.4330, 0.3998) \\ (u\({}^{\prime}\), v\({}^{\prime}\)) & (0.2496, 0.5194) & (0.2498, 0.5191) \\ Duv & \(-\)0.0009 & \(-\)0.0011 \\ (Rf, Rg) & (86, 99) & (86, 99) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Measured colorimetric parameters of the OLED before and after antenna integration.  
Figure 18: The SPD of the OLED with and without the mesh transparent antenna.  
this transparency was approximately 75.4 %, while the antenna was not visible to the bare eye. This antenna was fabricated using a photolithography process and compared with its non-transparent counterpart in terms of the S-parameters and radiation patterns measured inside an anechoic chamber.  
In addition, optical and photometric characterizations were carried out with and without an antenna. The luminance, spectral power distributions, correlated color temperature, CIE 1931 (x,y), CIE 1976 (u\({}^{\prime}\),v\({}^{\prime}\)), Duv value, fidelity, and gamut indexes were calculated using the IES TM-30-18 color-rendering method. It was assessed that integrating the three-layer antenna degraded the luminance of the OLED by 25 % due to the chosen substrate and mesh dimensions.  
Optically transparent antennas will make it possible to replace conventional antennas in future devices. With the development of connected and intelligent objects, present in all sectors such as smart cities, smart lighting, transport, wearables, industry, smart hospitals, etc., these antennas will be crucial in future 6G applications. Therefore, future work will aim to improve the co-integration mechanism using some OLED layers as both a supporting and radiating element as an antenna. On the one hand, this will optimize the manufacturing cost by reducing the number of additional layers added. On the other hand, by minimizing the number of interfaces, it will reduce the transmission losses due to refractive index mismatches, thereby maximizing luminous efficiency. Furthermore, this approach to antenna/OLED co-integration could introduce new solutions for emerging technologies, such as transparent and flexible displays, wearable biomedical devices, and automotive lighting devices.  
Conceptualization, M.E.H. and L.C.; methodology, M.E.H.; software, M.E.H., P.D. and O.P.; validation, M.E.H., O.P., P.D. and L.C.; writing--original draft preparation, M.E.H., P.D. and L.C.; supervision, A.A., L.C. and G.Z.; writing--review and editing, A.A., G.Z. and L.C.; funding acquisition, L.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work is supported by PHC Maghreb (Hubert Curien Program, grant number: 43981 ZG) \"MELINA\" (Mastering Efficient Lighting in North Africa) supported by the French Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs and Campus France and, in Morocco, by the Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Innovation, in partnership with the National Center for Scientific and Technical Research (CNRST).  
The data will be provided upon request from the corresponding author.  
The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to [PERSON] and [PERSON] of the LAPLACE lab for their support in the antenna manufacturing.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.