# OntoTouTra: Tourist Traceability Ontology Based on Big Data Analytics
## 3 The Ontology: OntoTua
### Development of the Ontology on the Domain of Tourism Traceability
#### 3.3.2 Conceptualization  
We considered two types of data sources for knowledge acquisition (see Table 2). The first source corresponds to expert organizations in the tourism domain. We analyzed the management documentation, policies, guidelines, and reports to define the ontology domain's branches, classes, subclasses, relationships, properties, and scope. The second data source is ubiquitous computing. In this phase, we refined the ontology, iterating between the specification and the conceptualization. The data were gathered with web scraping from the OTA. Due to its Big Data characteristics, we applied the appropriate methods for these environments, such as data mining, text mining, and the MapReduce technology. With the vocabulary obtained (see Section 4.2.3), mainly from tourist reviews, we refined the previously defined concepts with the first data source type. Subsequently, we built the TTS glossary, identifying the concepts and ensuring each term was described with synonyms and acronyms. We also checked the terms that referred to the same concept (related terms). Each term has a simple description within the ontology. Through the relationships between classes, we avoided any ambiguity of concepts, for instance: destination-city-municipality, point of interest-POI-attraction, tourist-visitor-reviewer, and provider-supplier. A fragment of the TTS glossary is depicted in Table 3.  
We implemented the top-down approach (see Section 3.4), starting with a general level until the level of the details. By identifying the classes and their relationships, we defined the taxonomy and hierarchy of the ontology. According to [PERSON] et al. [47], a _hierarchy_ is defined as \(H=(N,E)\), which is a simple directed graph, where \(N\) is the nodes and a set of edges \((n_{p},n_{c})\in E\subseteq NxN\). The address of an edge \((n_{p},n_{c})\) is defined from the parent node \(n_{p}\) to the child node \(n_{c}\) (SubClass Of). Figure 3: OntoTouTra architecture. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Ontology Main Class** & **Data Source (Individuals)** & **Linked Data** & **Data Sources Used in This Research** \\ \hline Tourist & social networks: OTA, eVOM & foaf & [48, 49, 50, 51] \\ \hline Experience & tourist providers’ datasets (DMOs) & & MixCIT-Open Data [52], DataEco [53] \\ \hline Provider & government providers’ datasets & & MixCIT [54] \\ \hline City & social networks & GeoNames & [48] \\ \hline Attraction & social networks, IoT (POI wireless transmitters) & GeoNames & [48], beacors \\ \hline Hotel & social networks: eVOMs, OTMAs & [48] \\ \hline Review & social networks: eVOMs, OTMAs & time & [48] \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Data sources of the individuals of the main classes of OntoTouTra. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Term** & **Synonym** & **Acronym** & **Description** & **Type** \\ \hline Attraction & Point-of-Interest & Pol & A place of interest where tourist visit for its value or significance. & Class \\ \hline Tourist & Visitor & & A person who travels away from their normal residential region for a temporary period of at least one night, to the extent that their behavior & Class \\  & & & involves a search for leisure experiences from interactions with features or characteristics of places he/she does to visit. & Class \\ \hline Tourist experience & & TE & A set of activities in which individuals engage on their personal terms, such as pleasant and memorable places, allowing each tourist to build his or her own travel experiences so that these satisfy a wide range of & Class \\ \hline Destination & City & & A geographical area consisting of all the services and infrastructure necessary for the stay of a specific tourist or tourism segment. & Class \\ \hline Provider & Supplier & & All businesses offering tourism services and experiences to consumers & Class \\ \hline Review & Opinion & & A subjective opinion of a tourist’s experience. & Subclass \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Glossary of a TTS (sample concepts).