## 5 Conclusions
In order to achieve this, it is essential to reduce the number of protocols currently in use. Furthermore, the development of uniform rules for the representation of system data, which consider open building automation standards [74; 119] (KNX, LonWorks, BACnet), would be beneficial;* The objective is to develop mechanisms for the coexistence of communication protocols of the ICT network standard (TCP/IP) and communication in fieldbus networks, edge level, direct communication of sensors, and executive elements. In particular, the requirements for real-time data transmission for the implementation of active monitoring and control functions must be determined. This is to be performed in the context of implementing dynamic models of control and decision making in energy management systems, handling dynamic energy tariffs, and the rational use of resources in buildings and energy microgrids;
* The development of universal frameworks for the organization of standard monitoring and control functions for BIM and DT tools is required. These frameworks should be modeled on the functional profiles of open building automation standards and should consider the spread of fieldbus network nodes and the need for integration and interoperability of BACS, BMS, and ICT systems;
* The development of application strategies for BIM and DT tools in the novel area of building control and management, in particular in the broader perspective of improving their energy efficiency and facility management. Furthermore, it is necessary to raise awareness among building managers and their users regarding the benefits of implementing BACS and BMS systems with BIM and DTs, particularly in commercial, public, and industrial (nonresidential) buildings;
* The development and verification of mechanisms for data transmission and processing for BACS system platforms with BIM and DTs in the structures of distributed IoT networks and cloud services, with the development of real-time communication mechanisms between fieldbus network levels (edge nodes) and data servers in the cloud. Such solutions are necessary to support advanced functional models of BACS systems, with data analysis mechanisms in DTs for the rationalization of use scenarios and prediction of operating states, potential failures, damages, etc. ;
* The opening of BIM and DT tool platforms to innovative learning models, including ML, reinforcement learning, and AI algorithms, represents a significant step forward in the field of construction. These novel solutions should facilitate the implementation of BACS and BMS functional organization procedures, in particular the selection of control and monitoring functions, their operating parameters, and the organization of effective integration algorithms for automation functions supporting various elements of building infrastructure and microgrid networks. In consideration of the original contributions identified in this paper and the new research directions indicated in Section 4, future work of the authors of this article will concentrate on a detailed analysis of the BIM tools and design-simulation environments that are already available, with a view to determining their suitability as platforms for parametric verification of system designs and predictive analyses of automation and monitoring functions of equipment and building infrastructure. A further aspect to be considered is the necessity to ascertain the viability of integrating and utilizing DT models in the conceptualization and effective implementation of dynamic building management mechanisms. In their research and development work, the authors will focus on the development of concepts and technical solutions to automate the processes of selection and implementation of control, monitoring, and security functions of buildings with BIM and DTs in order to improve their energy efficiency while complying with the guidelines of the EN ISO 52120 and SRI standards. Conceptualization, A.O. and G.W. ; methodology, G.W. ; validation, A.O. ; formal analysis, A.O. ; investigation, G.W.