# Electronic Life Cycle Monitoring System for Various Types of Lead Acid Batteries
## 3 The Results and Discussion
If the application notices certain deviations from the norm, a message and suggestions to enter certain corrections are displayed for the operator on the screen. In the case of the working mode of the monitoring and research system, the general picture that the system operator can see is presented in Figure 2:9 In this case, if the process is proceeding properly and there are no deviations from the experimental conditions, the screen simply shows the currents and voltages of each charging or discharging battery. In order to change or stop the research process in the application, the operator has to perform certain actions using the system settings. The developed application is smart and able to independently evaluate the data received from the stand, and in the case of deviations, the reason for their occurrence is shown. At the same time, in the case of deviations from the norm (such as exceeding the number of battery life cycles, etc. ), the computer application is able to offer the operator possible scenarios for solving the problem. The charging and discharging modes of the batteries are determined using a certain software subsystem in the application, the general view of which is presented in Figure 3.0 Using this digital tool, the system operator can enter the parameters of the experiment. In this way, it is possible to change the battery charging voltage and current, depending on the type of batteries and recommendations of manufacturers. After completing the settings, the planned experiment and data monitoring process begins. After creating a prototype system for the research and analysis of the working parameters of batteries, various types of lead-based batteries were tested. A 12 V voltage and 40 Ah batteries were chosen for the research. Four types of batteries were studied: (1) shallow cycle batteries, (2) deep cycle batteries, (3) AGM-type batteries and (4) GEL-type batteries. The dependence of the charging voltage on the charge level is presented in Figure 3.1  
The batteries were charged in the voltage range of 11.9-12.7 V using a DC source. The battery charging mode was selected using 0.2 C (which corresponds to a charging current of 8 A). Usually, the manufacturer recommends using a charge mode in the range of 0.1-0.3 C in order to keep the battery intact [1; 5]. As we can see from the results, the charging curves of all the analyzed types of batteries coincide within the limits of measurement error. This meant that the battery charging speed does not depend on the type of battery in this case. The fastest charging was observed up to 80% of the charge level. Between 80 and 100%, the charging speed of the batteries slowed down a bit. Figure 3.2 The general image of the computer application visible on the screen. During the testing of the developed battery research system, the level of battery degradation was also evaluated. The level of battery degradation was assessed by measuring the dependence of the battery capacity on the number of life cycles. It is worth noting that the life cycle is considered the process when, according to the manufacturer's recommendations, the battery is fully charged and discharged. The dependence of the battery capacity on the number of life cycles is presented in Figure 3.3 In this case, the shallow cycle batteries were not examined, because they are not suitable for a deep multicycle charge/discharge process. Figure 3.4 A computer application tool that allows to change or set the parameters of the experiment. Figure 3.5 Dependence of the charge voltages of different types of lead-based batteries on the charge level. Examining the results, it was found that deep cycle batteries with liquid electrolytes are the most likely to degrade faster. As it can be seen from the results, this type of battery can withstand about 500 charge/discharge cycles. Later, their capacity drops down to 4 Ah. AGM-type batteries which electrolytes are made on the basis of glass fibers serve approximately 600 charge/discharge cycles when the capacity decreases to 5 Ah.