# Hybrid Renewable Systems for Small Energy Communities: What Is the Best Solution?
## 1 Introduction
Urban planning that considers solar energy potential can further optimize the integration of PV technologies with other sustainable systems [33]. Wind energy with several innovations in turbine design, aerodynamics, and materials has boosted energy efficiency and capacity [34]. Modern turbine designs have become taller and lighter, featuring larger blades and more robust materials, allowing them to capture more wind energy even at lower wind speeds. Enhanced aerodynamics has improved the ability to convert kinetic energy into electricity, making turbines more efficient. These advancements have also increased the capacity factor, meaning wind turbines generate more electricity over time. Materials such as carbon fiber and advanced composites have made turbines more durable, reducing maintenance costs and extending their operational lifespan. These innovations have collectively led to significant reductions in the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) from wind, making it competitive with conventional energy sources. The adaptability of wind power is evident [35]. Onshore wind farms are typically installed in areas with high wind speeds, such as open plains, mountain ridges, or coastal regions. Offshore wind installations, on the other hand, are located in shallow and deep waters where wind speeds are typically stronger and more consistent. Off-shore wind farms can achieve higher capacity factors due to the stable wind conditions, although they require more sophisticated engineering to withstand harsh marine environments. Technological advances, such as floating turbines, are expanding the potential for offshore wind by allowing installations in deeper waters, increasing access to high-wind areas previously deemed inaccessible. These projects not only contribute to renewable energy goals but also create local economic opportunities through job creation and infrastructure development. The integration of energy storage solutions and smart grid technologies will make power sources capable of meeting significant global electricity needs [36]. Energy storage technologies, such as batteries and pumped-storage hydropower, help balance the intermittent nature of wind energy by storing excess power during periods of high generation and releasing it when demand exceeds supply. This ensures a stable electricity supply and reduces reliance on fossil fuel backup systems. Additionally, smart grid technologies facilitate the seamless integration of wind energy into the power grid by managing the flow of electricity, optimizing energy distribution, and responding dynamically to changes in supply and demand. These advancements make wind energy not only more reliable but also more economically viable, contributing to the de-carbonization of the energy sector. By 2050, the global demand for hydropower is expected to grow by 400 GW, harnessing roughly 64% of the total available capacity, which is a 35% increase over current use [37]. This expansion is driven by the need for clean, renewable energy sources to replace fossil fuels and meet rising energy demands. Hydropower's ability to provide base-load power and flexibility in power generation makes it an essential component of the future energy mix. The increased hydropower capacity will support grid stability, particularly as the share of intermittent renewable energy sources like wind and solar continues to grow. The development of new hydro-power projects, especially in regions with untapped hydro potential, will be essential for meeting global renewable energy targets. To ensure sustainable water allocation [37] alerts to the growth in water storage capacity to address the challenges posed by climate change, including more frequent droughts and irregular rainfall patterns, sustainable irrigation practices will require improved water management techniques, such as using efficient irrigation systems, recycling wastewater, and implementing smart water monitoring solutions.