## 4 Discussion
Tree-based modeling, using Shapley values, can lead to the identification of vital environmental factors that affect organic matter content nationwide. This knowledge is essential for managing the soil's health and the sustainability of cropping systems and for fine-tuning fertilizer and water use management. Moreover, when addressing agricultural challenges, especially with adopting alternative production systems [53; 54], the results can support the selection of a farm location to improve not only soil organic matter and fertility conditions but also the marketability and profitability of crop harvests. For example, in Kenya, agricultural practices include the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation to enhance soil organic matter, potentially producing premium-market-priced organic products [55]. When premium prices are available for organic produce, the organic system yields significantly higher net returns than conventionally managed systems, achieving a gross margin that is 1.3 to 4.1 times higher. Additionally, intercropping various crops enhanced overall productivity and profitability [55]. Thus, these results provide insights into the economic implications of choosing an alternative farming system based on soil organic matter levels and related conditions. In enhancing soil organic matter content, several viable management approaches may offer additional means to boosting agricultural productivity, including soil amendment; yet, the economic evaluation of each of these methods has been limited, and a gap exists in terms of the comprehensive evaluation of the socioeconomic impacts, necessitating further research in this area. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [56] modeled the benefits of soil organic carbon, mainly focusing on the increased availability of nitrogen and increased plant-available water-holding capacity (PAWC). The value of soil organic carbon is estimated to be between AUD 7.1 and 8.7 Mg\({}^{-1}\) ha\({}^{-1}\) annually. This valuation includes approximately 75% for carbon sequestration and smaller proportions for productivity improvements. The enhancements in PAWC (-5%) and nitrogen replacement value (-20%) contribute to higher agricultural productivity. An increased PAWC allows for increased water retention in the soil, and increased nitrogen availability supports healthier plant growth. Both soil quality and profit result in higher-quality land having a higher market value, providing an additional incentive to adopt a soil-conserving crop production system. [PERSON] et al. [57] evaluated the monetary value of soil organic carbon stocks in the U.S., considering various factors such as soil order, depth, and geographic region. They estimated the total value of soil organic carbon storage to range from USD 4.64 trillion to USD 23.1 trillion. This valuation highlights the critical role of its management in delivering environmental and economic benefits. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [58] offered a detailed financial analysis of ecosystem services from healthy soils in Vermont, highlighting benefits such as increased carbon storage (USD 19 acre\({}^{-1}\) year\({}^{-1}\) in climate mitigation), reduced phosphorus losses (USD 8 acre\({}^{-1}\) year\({}^{-1}\) in water quality), erosion control (USD 2 acre\({}^{-1}\) year\({}^{-1}\) in waterway damage reduction), and enhanced water retention (USD 2 acre\({}^{-1}\) year\({}^{-1}\) in flood damage reduction), cumulatively valued at over USD 25 million annually. This emphasizesthe economic importance of soil health investment and preservation. [PERSON] et al. [59] used the \"market value of soil\" method to calculate the cost of soil erosion, considering nutrient loss and fertilizer market prices. They estimated an average economic loss of USD 59.54 per hectare per year in pasture lands and USD 102.36 in agricultural lands in Turkey due to soil erosion.