# HAE: A Hybrid Cryptographic Algorithm for Blockchain Medical Scenario Applications
###### Abstract  
The integration of cryptographic algorithms like Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is pivotal in bolstering the core attributes of blockchain technology, especially in achieving decentralization, tamper resistance, and anonymization within the realm of medical applications. Despite their widespread utilization, the conventional AES and ECC face significant hurdles in security and efficiency when dealing with expansive medical data, posing a challenge to the effective preservation of patient privacy. In light of these challenges, this study introduces HAE (hybrid AES and ECC), an innovative hybrid cryptographic algorithm that ingeniously amalgamates the robustness of AES with the agility of ECC. HAE is designed to symmetrically encrypt original data with AES while employing ECC for the asymmetric encryption of the initial AES key. This strategy not only alleviates the complexities associated with AES key management but also enhances the algorithm's security without compromising its efficiency. We provide an in-depth exposition of HAE's deployment within a framework tailored for medical scenarios, offering empirical insights into its enhanced performance metrics. Our experimental outcomes underscore HAE's exemplary security, time efficiency, and optimized resource consumption, affirming its potential as a breakthrough advancement for augmenting blockchain applications in the medical sector, heralding a new era of enhanced data security and privacy within this critical domain. AES; ECC; blockchain; hybrid cryptographic algorithm +
Footnote †: journal: Applied  
offering superior data security and a reduced performance overhead. Notably, the scheme leverages the blockchain for user identity management and data storage, eliminating the need for third-party service providers. It also delineates distinct VANET data access privileges based on user attributes. [PERSON] et al. [3] proposed a secure data exchange framework called GRADE for machine-type communication (MTC) in a separate study. Based on blockchain and garlic routing (GR), this framework employs AES encryption to secure the GR network. Although GRADE offers good security and scalability, its ability to withstand adversarial attacks and malware threats in real-world scenarios needs further strengthening. [PERSON] et al. [4] proposed an anonymous endorsement system for the Hyperledger Fabric platform. This system uses ring signatures to conceal the link of the endorser's identity. The researchers analyzed the security and performance of the system by varying the size of the RSA modulus. However, the time efficiency of this system still requires improvement. [PERSON] et al. [5] conceived a lightweight, efficient, and secure hybrid RSA (SHRSA) messaging scheme, fortified with a four-tier authentication stack. While the scheme addresses the sluggish RSA decryption and its computational intensity, its security aspects warrant further exploration. [PERSON] et al. [6] tackled the vulnerability of the Diffie-Hellman (DH) algorithm to quantum attacks. They devised a certificate-less data authentication protocol employing lattice cryptography, which offers protection against quantum threats. This protocol also facilitates batch validation within a blockchain framework. [PERSON] et al. [7] integrated the Diffie-Hellman (DH) algorithm's digital signature technology to replace conventional blockchain digital signature methods, enhancing resistance to attacks and bolstering the security of blockchain digital currency. [PERSON] et al. [8] addressed the security concerns surrounding electronic medical records (EMRs). They employed the elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) to encrypt EMRs, subsequently storing them in the cloud. The associated hash values of these records are integrated into the blockchain. [PERSON] et al. [9] introduced a privacy-centric authentication protocol tailored for the blockchain and the internet of medical things (IoMT).