# Creating Smart Cities: A Review for Holistic Approach
## 5 Analysis and Findings  
The following analysis attempts to answer the first research question related to the 'proportion of distribution in the academic and scholarly publications'. Analysis across the years and subjects are carried out to identify if there is any evident disproportion to be reported. To provide the context and an illustrative backdrop to this topic, the graph in Figure 3 depicts the number of publications across all the subject areas in the database within the three domains since its first article in 1997 along with the comparison of the number of publications in the last 10 years. Figures 4 and 5 illustrate the comparison in the publications on smart cities, over the last 20 years including the recent 10 years (2011-2020) based on the journal articles with the keyword'smart city' used for the literature review analysis as explained in the methodology part above. The findings demonstrate that more research outcomes are published in the domain of engineering, followed by research in IT. Figure 4 denotes that the number of research conducted in management is lower compared to the other two domains since 1997. Comparing the number of articles published by the three disciplines over the last 10 years (between 2011 and 2020), it was found that lesser number of studies were published in management (2592 articles) compared to IT (3533 articles) and 4743 in engineering. Figure 5 illustrates the publication in the three disciplines by years for the last 10 years (2011-2020). Publication on the topic of smart cities in management discipline has been consistently lower compared to engineering and IT. Additionally, Figure 5 depicts the drop between 2019 and 2020 was higher for management studies (17%) compared to the drop in engineering and IT which are 8% and 10% respectively. In summary, among the studies of smart cities, management is continuously getting lesser attention compared to engineering and IT and it dropped rapidly in recent year. Using the same data and three domains represented in the graph as shown in Figure 5, a thematic analysis using NVivo on the author keywords is conducted and an extract is tabulated in Tables 2 and 3. The full list for IT domain is provided in the Appendix A for reference. These tables attempt to answer the second research question related to 'What concerns can arise due to possible disproportionate distribution in publications?' Table 2 presents a list of themes associated with the IT and engineering domains followed by Table 3 which outlines the keywords from the management journals. However, some of the themes in management (see Table 3) reflect IT and engineering domains related keywords and they are marked with an asterisk (*) symbol. This may be caused by the overlap in topics from the multidisciplinary subject area. While the need for smart cities to be more people-centric was identified much earlier [16], our analysis of keywords usage from literature identifies further gaps in this direction. With the fast evolution in technological advancements, there is a stronger need for people-centric emphasis in future scholarly research studies on smart cities. It is to be acknowledged that while Figure 5 could indicate this well-known gap due to the number of publications across the three domains, the difference in publication rates among these domains could be attributed to the fact that diverse fields or domains have very different publication practices. Hence, the publication trend in Figure 5 should not be misinterpreted with the domain interest in the topic. However, Figure 5 does provide a clear indication of the evolution of publications across the various domains over a period of time. The differences in the total number of publications could just indicate the relative representation  
Figure 5: Journal articles on smart cities: IT, engineering and management themes. in Scopus or differences in practice adopted in that domain.