# Mobile Networks and Internet of Things Infrastructures to Characterize Smart Human Mobility
## 5 Cellular Networks Technologies
### Coverage Human Mobility Comparison  
The properties of 5G technology improve the QoS, mainly, when large numbers of machines or devices make extensive use of the mobile network. Additionally, these properties provide a good fit for IoT applications. These two benefits can be realized easily in populated areas. Thus, human mobility researchers should focus their research generally only on populated events like music concerts, stadiums, and arenas, and other conventions. For example, in [100], large office towers, such as the Empire State Building, in the USA, or 54-story Mori Tower in Tokyo's Roppongi Hills district, are where thousands of employees work during the week. In many rural households, these 5G deployments improvements do not just extend to phones and tablets--household Internet access via cellular broadband is increasingly common. However, as shown in Figure 7, it was not always so due to the limitations of the coverage range of different mobile networks. Several human mobility measures indoor or outdoor can be done based on proximity area. Ref. [101] is one such outdoor measure and uses RFID technology. Being RFID an automated identification and data capturing technology that identifies objects without a line of vision and greater reading distance, this work estimates the count of passengers at bus stops, in buses, as well as supply additional buses at required crowded spots. Authors also presents vision-based technique, an alternative for people counting systems. Another idea widely used in human mobility applications to indoor location tracking is also based on RFID. From this technology, ref. [102] proposed an indoor tracking method that enables navigating visually impaired people. It determines a user's location based on the Bayesiandecision theory considering as an observation vector the signal received by RFID readers. However, the localization error is large because the sensing range of active tags is too far. Therefore, other WPANs technologies that covers a larger area is needed: Bluetooth and Zigbee. Bluetooth low energy (BLE) has several benefits such as small size, low cost, and power, and high security. There are several recent research works dedicated to localization systems based on this technology. Beyond exchanges information between devices, BLE provides new opportunities to explore positioning. In [103], researchers study how BLE beacons radio signals can be used for indoor location scenarios, as well as their human mobility tracking precision. In an outdoor context, Zigbee is promising to be of lower cost in comparison with BLE. It is also characterized as low-power consumption, with low data rate, so-called close proximity wireless personal area network (WPAN). In [104], authors identify the existing privacy-preserving solutions, focusing on decentralized methods, and analyzing them in the context of human mobility tracking and proximity detection via mobile device-based localization. One of the drawbacks of using WPAN is operated in a limited area or a personal space around a user. In order to overcome this limitation, human-mobility based surveys can adopt wireless local area network (WLAN). WLAN has become crucial in indoor positioning. It meets increasing demands for location-based services by ubiquitous connectivity and leveraging the IoT. Moreover, it is essential to determine accurate wireless indoor location information. To deal with all these challenges, for example, ref. [105] uses wi-fi system to data-driven approach that models indoor human mobility at multiple spatial scales, extracting human mobility trajectories from smartphone digital traces. On the other hand, many applications in outdoor environments, such as urban planning, epidemic, and traffic modeling understand human mobility using data collected from WLAN. This communication network enables researchers to found that human mobility can be regular and predictable in outdoor environments [106]. However, it has a limited area to cover and need wireless access points.