# Research on the Influence of Anxiety Psychology on Unsafe Behavior Among Construction Workers
## 3 Methodology
### Data Collection  
A pilot study with 168 valid questionnaires (from 200 distributed) was conducted prior to the formal survey to assess the reliability and validity of the initial scales. This sample size (N = 168) exceeded the recommended threshold of 10 times the number of observed variables, ensuring statistical rigor. The pilot data were exclusively used to refine ambiguous items and were excluded from the final analysis to prevent contamination. This approach aligns with established psychometric practices, where pre-testing on a sufficiently large subsample enhances scale robustness before full-scale deployment. The formal survey was conducted in November 2021, with frontline construction workers at the Xuzhou Garden Expo construction site serving as the core research sample. Data were collected utilizing both online platforms and offline paper-based questionnaires. A total of 300 questionnaires were distributed, of which 70% (210) were completed onsite via paper forms during safety meetings or rest periods, while 30% (90) were administered through a secure online platform. All participants provided informed consent both verbally and in writing, emphasizing principles of anonymity and voluntary participation. All data were stored in encrypted formats without collecting personally identifiable information, ensuring GDPR compliance. Of 300 questionnaires distributed, 280 were returned (93.33% response rate). After excluding incomplete, duplicate, and carelessly completed responses, 263 valid questionnaires were retained, representing a valid response rate of 87.66%. The demographic characteristics of the sample are summarized in Table 2. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Constructs** & **Label** & **Measurement Items** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Anxiety Psychology} & A1 & Frequent abnormal heart rate fluctuations during work \\  & A2 & Frequent elevated blood pressure during work \\  & A3 & Frequent rapid breathing rates during work \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Unsafe Behaviors} & B1 & Unsafe behaviors caused by operational loss of control at construction sites \\  & B2 & Intentional unsafe behaviors due to resentment or emotional instability at \\  & B2 & construction sites \\  & B3 & Unsafe behaviors stemming from lack of safety knowledge \\  & B4 & Neglect of personal protective equipment (PPE) usage \\  & B5 & Unsafe behaviors induced by external distractions \\  & B6 & Unsafe behaviors attributable to hazardous construction environments \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Organizational Climate} & O1 & Well-established safety protocols in the project department or team \\  & O2 & Regular safety training conducted by the project department or team \\  & O3 & Poor safety climate within the project department or team \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Job Satisfaction} & S1 & Dissatisfaction with salary levels \\  & S2 & Interpersonal conflicts with colleagues or supervisors \\ \cline{1-1}  & S3 & Lack of interest in work tasks \\ \cline{1-1}  & S4 & Operator dissatisfaction with on-site safety conditions \\ \cline{1-1}  & S5 & Operator dissatisfaction with leadership practices \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Safety Competency} & C1 & Unsafe behaviors arising from inadequate job proficiency \\ \cline{1-1}  & C2 & Unsafe behaviors due to physical fatigue \\ \cline{1-1}  & C3 & Unsafe behaviors resulting from insufficient safety awareness \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: List of measurements. Gender distribution: Males constituted 70.7% (n = 186) of respondents, while females accounted for 29.3% (n = 77), aligning with the male-dominated nature of construction sites. Age structure: Over 50% of respondents were aged 35-50 years, reflecting significant workforce aging. Educational background: 94.3% possessed junior or senior high school diplomas, consistent with the industry's low educational attainment patterns. Work experience: Most workers (>60%) had 5-20 years of experience, with fewer than 5% having less than 5 years.