# Granular Material Development Applied in an Experimental Section for Civil Engineering Purposes
## 3 Results
### Percolation Column Test (CEN/TS 16637) for the WBA, Crushed M and GM  
The total amount analyzed for each material and the amount of stabilized soil (m\({}_{0}\)) were evaluated per duplicate for the WBA, crushed M and GM. The results are shown in Table 4.  
As was previously detailed, seven L/S ratios (eluates) were evaluated for each material (WBA, crushed M, GM), up to a L/S ratio of 10 L/kg, as specified in the standard. Table 5 presents the mean values of the metal(loid)s for the two replicas of the percolation column tests performed for each material. It is senseless to discuss the results from the eluates E1-E6 since nowadays there is no legislation. In this regard, it would be inappropriate to describe the tendency between E1 and E6 and to compare the values with the limits in the EN-12457 standard, as E1-E6 only represent trends in the metal(loid)s release. As expected, when the L/S ratio increases, the eluate concentration values decrease. Although it is important to observe the behavior when L/S = 10, E5 (L/S = 2) is the value used to compare between both standards, CEN/TS 16,637 and EN-12457-4. The results in Table 5 show that in E7 the leaching in the WBA is below the inert limits. When evaluating the crushed M's results in E7, the As, Cu, Mo and Zn are below the inert limits; meanwhile, Ba, total Cr, Hg, Ni and Pb are above the inert limits. This is because of the APC's composition. Despite all these results, it is very important to highlight that in E7 for GM the leaching behavior is below the inert limits. As such, by comparing the E7 values for GM and for crushed M, it can be concluded that the APC fly ash residue is stable when it is used for preparing the GM evaluated in this study.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Material** & **Total Mass (kg)** & **m\({}_{0}\) (kg)** \\ \hline WBA & 0.825 & 0.784 & 0.767 & 0.729 \\ M & 0.710 & 0.578 & 0.600 & 0.490 \\ GM & 0.830 & 0.829 & 0.741 & 0.741 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Data required in the percolation column tests.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **H (\%)** & **W\({}_{0}\) (\%)** & **pH** & **k** (m\({}_{\text{S}}\)cm\({}^{-1}\))** & **As** & **Ba** & **Total Cr** & **Cu** & **Hg** & **Mo** & **Ni** & **Pb** & **Zn** \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{Landfill *} & WBA & 7.34 & 93.00 & 12.09 & 2.97 & 0.010 & 2.5 & 1.780 & 9.215 & 0.01 & 2.0 & \textless{}0.2 & 0.395 & 1.535 \\  & APC & 2.54 & 97.46 & 12.50 & 5.84 & -0.520 & 93.93 & -0.040 & 0.279 & 0.01 & 2.5 & \textless{}1.3 & 4.7350 & 19.830 \\  & Crushed M & 15.19 & 84.81 & 12.66 & 16.33 & 0.010 & 97.4 & 1.595 & 0.600 & 0.01 & 2.8 & \textless{}6.1 & 5.600 & 1.805 \\  & GM & 10.66 & 98.5 & 11.31 & 1.61 & 0.010 & 9.7 & 1.140 & 5.600 & 0.01 & 1.8 & \textless{}1.1 & 0.415 & 4.310 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Landfill *} & Inert limit & - & - & - & - & 0.5 & 20 & 0.5 & 2 & 0.01 & 0.5 & 0.4 & 0.5 & 4 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Non-hazardous limit & - & - & - & - & 2 & 100 & 10 & 50 & 0.2 & 10 & 10 & 10 & 50 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Hazardous limit & - & - & - & - & 25 & 300 & 70 & 100 & 2 & 30 & 40 & 50 & 200 \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{Utilization  } & \multicolumn{2}{c}{1 -} & 5 \({}^{c}\) & 20 & 0.2 & - & 5 & 5 & 20 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Results of humidity (H, %), dried weight (W\({}_{\text{D}}\), %), pH, k (mS:cm\({}^{-1}\)) and heavy metal(loid)s concentrations (mg:kg\({}^{-1}\)) for the WBA, APC, crushed M and GM.