esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Error Analysis  
To explore the circumstances under which the model makes mistakes, this section conducts an error analysis. Specifically, this section tallies the mean residual errors predicted by the model, and the distribution is shown in Table 6.  
It can be observed that as LBV increases, the loss output by the model also gradually increases. To investigate this issue, we conducted further statistical analysis on the data, obtaining the proportion of data in each segment, as shown in Figure 10.  
We found that when LBV is high, the amount of data is smaller, leading to a decline in the model's predictive performance. This is consistent with the characteristics of combustion experiments; when under high temperature and high pressure conditions, LBV is larger, but this also places more stringent demands on the experimental equipment, resulting in less available data, which, in turn, leads to a decrease in the model's predictive capability.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l l} \hline \hline
**LBV Intervals** & **0–20** & **20–40** & **40–60** & **60–80** & **80–100** & **100–120** & **120–140** \\ \hline
**Avg Residuals** & 1.948 & 1.808 & 3.930 & 2.951 & 4.330 & 9.019 & 39.726 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Residuals of the model across various intervals.  
Figure 9: Results of the robustness analysis.
## 3 Results
### Contact Angle  
The contact angle defines the angle at which the liquid-gas interface of a droplet intersects the solid on which the droplet is deposited. It is measured with respect to the liquid phase at the contact point of the solid, liquid, and gas phases. Its value indicates the wettability and surface energy of the solid. A low angle indicates high wettability (hydrophilicity) and high surface energy, whereas a high angle indicates low wettability (high hydrophobicity) and low surface energy.  
The contact angles were calculated as the averages of five measurements, each with a 4 \(\mu\)L droplet. The average contact angles were 40.0\({}^{\circ}\), 39.0\({}^{\circ}\), and 39.8\({}^{\circ}\) on L3, L5, and L7, respectively, 51.0\({}^{\circ}\), 36.6\({}^{\circ}\), and 38.4\({}^{\circ}\) on M3, M5, and M7, respectively, and 54.6\({}^{\circ}\), 36.1\({}^{\circ}\), and 36.0\({}^{\circ}\) on H3, H5, and H7, respectively (Figure 6). All GO-coated surfaces had contact angles lower than the conventional polystyrene contact angle of 85.6\({}^{\circ}\) (see Table 3). The polystyrene surface, which is hydrophobic, became hydrophilic after spray coating with GO. As cells better adhere to hydrophilic surfaces than hydrophobic surfaces, the GO coating is expected to facilitate cell growth [21].
## 3 Results and Discussion
### MultiRegional Interface Model  
In order to describe the interfacial characteristics of nanocomposites in detail, a multiregional interface model is presented based on the work in [23; 33; 47], as shown in Figure 12. The interfacial region is composed of compact region, buffer region, and normal region. The interfacial interaction strength and compatibility of nanocomposite are enhanced by filling BNNS, so that the molecular chains are easy to wrap around BNNS. Therefore, the mass density of the compact region is 15-25% higher than that of the normal region. Interaction strength reduces with the increase of distance from BNNS, which leads to the decrease of mass density in the buffer region compared with that of compact region. Furthermore, the decrease of free volume and the enhancement of interfacial interaction strength cause the molecular chain mobility to reduce. The molecular chain mobility in the compact region is significantly lower than that of other regions, and molecular chain mobility of the buffer region is higher than that of the compact region, but still lower than that of the normal region. Moreover, the molecular structure and chain mobility of the normal region is the same as the EP matrix. As a result, there are visible differences in characteristics between different regions of the nanocomposite interface.  
In this work, BNNS is functionalized by CH\({}_{3}\)-(CH\({}_{2}\))\({}_{4}\)-O- radicals, the interfacial interaction strength between EP and functionalized BNNS is enhanced compared with that of untreated BNNS/EP, which improves compatibility and reduces free volume of nanocomposite, so that the molecular chains are easier to twine around treated BNNS. Consequently, the mass density of the compact region and the buffer region is higher than that of untreated BNNS/EP. At the same time, the molecular chain mobility of functionalized BNNS/EP is lower than that of untreated BNNS/EP. These results show that  
Figure 12: Multiregional interface model.  
the interfacial thickness, interaction strength, and compatibility of nanocomposite are enhanced by filling functionalized BNNS, and the interfacial characteristics such molecular structure and chain mobility are improved with the functional density increasing.
# A Reliable Scheme for Synchronizing Multimedia Data Streams under Multicasting Environment
## 2 Related Work
### Intra-Stream Synchronization  
It refers to the time relationship between various presentations units of one time-dependent media object [6].  
To understand intra stream synchronization, let us consider the Figure 1. The media packets are sent in a continuous stream with the constant inter-packet spacing. Due to IP network behavior, the delay between packets is no more constant when they are received as shown in Figure 2. If packets are played out as they are received, the receiver will have to wait for the random amount of time to playout the next packet. Thus the output will be a bad quality of voice/video. Playout buffering delay is imposed on the packets to compensate for jitter. Packets are held in the playout buffer for some time to process the delayed packets. Thus the final playout stream has uniform inter-packet spacing.  
Figure 1: Disruption of inter-packet timing during Network Transit.  
Figure 2: Network jitter affects reception time and is corrected in the playout buffer.  
If a packet arrives after its playout time has elapsed, it will be discarded as the encircled packet in Figure 2 arrived late and hence could not be played out. The amount of buffering delay depends upon the application and the network condition to avoid such packet losses. Similarly, if the packet arrives and finds that playout buffer is full, it will be dropped. There is no standard algorithm for calculating the jitter delay. It is fully dependent on the type of application and the network condition [10].
## 3 Results and Discussion
### The Effects of PSA Emulsions on the Mechanical Properties of Modified Mortar
However, the flexural strength of 28-day-old SA5M  
Figure 5: Compressive strengths of a series of PSA emulsion-modified mortars: (**a**) 7 days standard curing; (**b**) 28 days standard curing; (**c**) 28 days mixed curing. is generally higher than those of the other four types of modified mortars under different P/C ratios. Comparing the flexural strengths of the mortars modified with the series of PSA emulsions for different periods shows that the flexural strength does not increase significantly as the curing age increases. In particular, the increase is limited when the P/C ratio is 15%. Comparing the influence of different curing methods on the flexural strengths of the mortars modified with the five types of PSA emulsions shows that at a low P/C ratio, the flexural strength of the modified mortar under mixed curing is higher than under standard curing. This is associated with the fact that dry curing in the mixed curing method is beneficial to film formation. However, when the high P/C ratio is 15%, the opposite result is true, especially for SA1M and SA2M. The compressive-flexural ratios for the mortars modified with the series of PSA emulsions are obtained from the compressive and flexural strength test results. The results are shown in Figure 7. For different curing periods and methods for the five types of PSA emulsions, the compressive-flexural ratios of the modified mortars generally show a trend of gradually decreasing with increasing P/C ratios. The lowest value is 3.44, indicating that the toughness of the modified mortar is improving. However, there is no obvious relationship between the compressive-flexural ratios of the mortars modified with different PSA emulsions, the compositions of the five types of PSA emulsions, and the properties of the latex films, and the variations are irregular. In addition, the compressive-flexural ratios of SA2M and SA4M are significantly higher than those of the three other types of modified mortars, while the toughening effects are worse. The compressive-flexural ratio of the modified mortar increases the curing age, while the toughness reduces. Different curing methods have little effect on the compressive-flexural ratio of the mortars modified with the series of PSA emulsions. Figure 8 shows that adding PSA emulsion to the mortar reduces the modulus of elasticity of the mortar, making it flexible. The modulus of elasticity of the mortar gradually decreases with increasing P/C ratios, with the lowest value being approximately half that of the blank mortar. The elastic modulus of the modified mortar increases with curing age. There are minor differences in the elastic modulus values of the five types of mortars modified with PSA emulsions at each P/C ratio. The influence of different curing methods on the elastic modulus is also limited. Figure 6: The flexural strength of a series of PSA emulsion-modified mortars: (**a**) 7 days standard curing; (**b**) 28 days standard curing; (**c**) 28 days mixed curing.
## 2 Experimental Setup
### TPCAST VR Testbed
For this purpose, the HDMI signal from the TPCAST receiver to the HMD is split and recorded by the monitoring equipment. This allows for a pixel-by-pixel comparison among the displayed video frames as a basis for the video freeze detection. In particular, if \(n\) consecutive video frames show exactly the same picture, a freeze of length \(x=n-1\) is indicated. The minimum freeze length is therefore given as \(x_{\text{min}}=1\) for \(n=2\). Figure 5 shows an example of a text trace and a video trace that are produced by the monitoring function. In this example, a freeze length of \(x=3\) is detected. * **Full-swivel chair:** During our initial pilot studies on networked immersive media systems, it was observed that sudden turns of the HMD may cause freezes and lags of the video displayed to the user. A full-swivel chair was identified as a suitable device that allows for generating reproducible video freeze conditions. However, preliminary testing of this approach with in-person participation revealed that nausea may potentially be induced to some users after a few minutes. It was decided to execute this experimental study using an HMD mounted on the headrest of a full-swivel chair, and to post-analyze the video traces for the appearance and length of potential freezes. In particular, a full-swivel chair was used that can swivel around the entire \(360^{\circ}\) range of the azimuthal angle \(\phi\). The base and seat of the full-swivel chair were connected by swivel mechanisms with the base being fixed with heavy duty tape to the play area.
# A New Real-Time Detection and Tracking Method in Videos for Small Target Traffic Signs
## 3 Results
### Effectiveness Analyses
#### 3.2.3 Comparison with State-Of-The-Art Methods
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Class** & **io** & **i1** & **i2** & **i3** & **i4** & **i5** & **i10** & **i11** & **i12** & **i13** & **i14** \\ \hline Zhu [23] & - & - & 77.68 & - & 88.04 & 93.04 & - & - & - & - \\ Ours1 & 78.41 & 100.0 & 93.73 & 0 & 90.97 & 96.58 & 66.67 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ Ours2 & 88.84 & 100.0 & 89.04 & 100.0 & 91.1 & 97.99 & 100.0 & 0 & 100.0 & 83.33 & 100.0 \\ \hline
**Class** & **i15** & **i150** & **i160** & **i170** & **i180** & **i190** & **i1100** & **i1110** & **i120** & **ip** & **p1** \\ \hline Zhu [23] & - & - & 86.97 & - & 85.16 & - & - & 50.00 & - & 82.31 & - \\ Ours1 & 0 & 0 & 93.33 & 0 & 85.71 & 91.67 & 100.0 & 100.0 & 0 & 71.98 & 50.00 \\ Ours2 & 0 & 50.0 & 96.87 & 0 & 85.98 & 77.54 & 88.89 & 76.0 & 0 & 91.81 & 84.21 \\ \hline
**Class** & **p2** & **p3** & **p4** & **p5** & **p6** & **p7** & **p8** & **p9** & **p10** & **p11** & **p12** \\ \hline Zhu [23] & - & - & - & - & - & - & - & - & 78.72 & 87.47 & 86.50 \\ Ours1 & 35 & 77.78 & 0 & 93.97 & 4.86 & 0 & 0 & 70.0 & 86.76 & 83.25 & 50.00 \\ Ours2 & 100.0 & 99.76 & 0 & 85.47 & 80.40 & 0 & 100.0 & 100.0 & 79 In conclusion, the proposed method has achieved better results in terms of small targets, multi-classification, and real-time performance compared with current state-of-the-art methods. Compared to the latest method [54], both the detection accuracy and speed have been greatly improved, which obtains 91% precision, 92% recall, and 91.77% mAP under the condition of the same detection categories. Table 5 also indicates the improvement of average precision of the proposed method on different traffic signs in comparison with Zhu [23].
# Study on the Ground Pressure Manifestation Patterns of Roof Cutting and Pressure Relief
###### Abstract  
Pillarless mining technology is of great significance for improving coal recovery rates, but the intense mining-induced stress disturbances on gob-side entries often lead to surrounding rock instability. In this study, we focused on the ground control challenges in the headgate of Panel 81308 at Huayang Mine No. 2. Comprehensive monitoring of roof-floor convergence, rib deformation, and support resistance revealed the gob-side entry retaining deformation mechanisms with roof-cutting pressure relief; the results show that this retaining deformation exhibits the following three phases of characteristics: the rapid, decelerated, and stable stages. The average roof-floor convergence (607 mm) was significantly greater than the average rib deformation (170 mm), with floor heave accounting for 72.6% of total convergence. The coal pillar side showed dominant deformation in rib movements. The mining influence zones can be divided, based on their distances behind the working face, into strong disturbance zones (0-88 m), weak disturbance zones (88-142 m), and stabilized zones (>178 m). The cable bolt support system demonstrated advanced response characteristics. Compared with conventional gob-side entry retaining, the roof-cutting pressure relief technique altered stress transmission paths, significantly reduced roof load transfer efficiency, and effectively controlled roadway convergence, providing technical guidance for safe production in both this panel and mines with similar geological conditions.  
Keywords:gob-side entry retaining; roof-cutting pressure relief; strata pressure manifestation; numerical simulation; strata behavior laws +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Successful Tests on Detecting Pre-Earthquake Magnetic Field Signals from Space
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Swarm Satellite Observations Data
We prefer here to consider the same shorter interval of time before the earthquake occurrence for all earthquakes, in order to avoid the possible interference of other earthquakes close to the earthquake of interest. This choice has also another advantage, i.e., that of speeding up the analysis very much [36]. The data used for the analysis are from ten days before the earthquake until the day of the event and along the routes that pass through the Dobrovolsky region, as a proxy of the earthquake preparation area [38]. This choice to analyze ten days before each earthquake is also supported by the results of previous research (e.g., [37; 39]), which state most magnetic satellite anomalies can be found within 5-10 days prior to an earthquake. The Dobrovolsky region is a circular area centered at the earthquake epicenter, calculated by the following equation,  
\[R=10^{0.43M} \tag{1}\]  
where \(R\) is the radius of the area from the epicenter in kilometers and \(M\) is the magnitude (we generally consider moment magnitude, \(M_{\rm w}\) when it is available) of the earthquake [38]. According to various studies, most of the precursor phenomena have been observed inside this area [40; 41]. Its use also for data at ionospheric altitudes is justified because when the Dobrovolsky region is extrapolated at those altitudes, the Dobrovolsky radius is only 7% larger than at the Earth's surface. The direct use of the Dobrovolsky radius given for the Earth's surface is thus not only more straightforward but also conservative. Regarding the quasi-polar orbit of the Swarm satellites, we have preliminarily considered the impact of the Swarm satellites' orbit evolution on our results. The evolution of the Swarm constellation and its orbit could indeed affect the spatial and temporal resolution of the data, which in turn might influence the detection and characterization of magnetic anomalies. We have taken into account these potential variations by cross-referencing data from multiple satellite passes and ensuring that the anomalies are consistent across different orbits. Indeed, our approach helps to mitigate the impact of any single orbit's evolution on our overall findings.
# TR-GPT-CF: A Topic Refinement Method Using GPT and Coherence Filtering
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Evaluating Topic Coherence Improvement Across Datasets
#### 3.1.4 Improvement of Topic Coherence in the Newsgroup Dataset  
The refinement method has exhibited significantly but varied impacts across various models, as illustrated in Table 8. G-BAT exhibits the most significant improvement, with an extraordinary 40.19% increase in coherence score from 0.209 to 0.293.  
This significant achievement emphasizes the efficacy of the refinement procedure, particularly for models that initially encounter difficulties with coherence on this dataset. In contrast, BERTopic continues to demonstrate robust performance, maintaining high coherence scores that have marginally improved from 0.823 to 0.839, representing a 1.94% increase. In the interim, LDA exhibits a slight improvement, with its coherence score rising from 0.583 to 0.602, representing a 3.26% increase. This enhancement illustrates the refinement method's effectiveness in probabilistic models, such as LDA, and is particularly relevant in datasets with structured topics, such as Newsgroup.  
Regarding the Newsgroup dataset, the refinement method's impact varied across models. NMF displayed no change in coherence scores, remaining at 0.743 both before and after refinement, suggesting that the refinement model method had no measurable effect  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Model** & **Before Refinement** & **After Refinement** & **Improvement (\%)** \\ \hline LDA & 0.485 & 0.503 & 3.71 \\ BERTopic & 0.706 & 0.745 & 5.52 \\ G-BAT & 0.468 & 0.492 & 5.13 \\ NMF & 0.564 & 0.581 & 3.01 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: Coherence score for Yahoo Answers dataset.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Model** & **Before Refinement** & **After Refinement** & **Improvement (\%)** \\ \hline LDA & 0.583 & 0.602 & 3.26 \\ BERTopic & 0.823 & 0.839 & 1.94 \\ G-BAT & 0.209 & 0.293 & 40.19 \\ NMF & 0.743 & 0.743 & 0.00 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 8: Coherence score for the Newsgroup dataset.  
on this model. This lack of improvement may indicate that NMF already captures the maximum coherence achievable for this dataset. Conversely, both LDA and BERTopic showed only small gains. The fact that LDA and BERTopic did not make as much progress as they did on other datasets like TagMyNews suggests that the structured nature of Newsgroup, along with topics that overlap or are similar, may pose problems that make the refinement process less effective. These factors can make substantial coherence improvements more challenging, highlighting the complexity of enhancing topic model performance in datasets characterized by structured but similar content.
## 1 Introduction  
Bridges are an integral part of the existing central European infrastructure. Since most of the traffic routes in Europe already exist and the loads to be considered are rising steadily [1], in addition to maintaining and assessing existing bridges, the replacement of old structures is often unavoidable. Minimising construction time, traffic disruption and fuel wastage, as well as emotional distress, are of particular importance for such replacement projects [2].  
The Institute for Structural Engineering at the TU Wien has developed new construction methods for the use of semi-precast concrete elements in bridge construction. These technologies can be used for T-beams, which are applied on short to medium spans [3, 4, 5], for deck slabs on bridges [6], and for girders with a box shaped cross-section [7, 8, 9], which are used for large multi-span bridges [10; 11]. By employing these technologies, not only construction time, but also construction cost can be reduced, [3; 6], while the combination of prefabricated parts and in-situ concrete creates a durable, monolithic superstructure [12].  
In [7] a new approach to the construction of box-shaped segments from thin-walled concrete panels (70 to 100 mm), strengthened by steel girders (Figure 1a, as well as the construction of a prototype, shown in Figure 1b was presented. The idea of this construction method is to install such lightweight segments in a bridge girder with existing segmental bridge construction methods, for example, incremental launching or the balanced cantilever method as described in [10; 11; 13]. This girder acts as formwork and falsework for further in-situ concrete, finally creating a monolithic superstructure. The big advantage in comparison to segments with final dimensions is the reduced weight, resulting in lower stresses during construction as well as easier handling and transport. In comparison to in-situ casting of concrete, it offers more rapid construction and the shifting of working steps from the site to a factory.  
Figure 2c shows the application of such lightweight segments with cross-frames to the balanced cantilever method. After the installation of a certain number of segments, the shear force distribution due to self-weight along the bridge girder, as shown in Figure 2a, can be observed. This shear force needs to be transferred across grouted joints (highlighted in orange in Figures 1b and 2a. In the next step, after assembling lightweight segments to a girder, in-situ concrete is added to strengthen the thin-walled structure in a targeted manner. In the example of the balanced cantilever bridge in Figure 2, the bottom slab is strengthened first above the pier (Figure 2b,c), causing the shear force distribution in the cross-frames of the segments displayed in Figure 2b.  
This paper focuses on the transmission of shear forces during the construction of a bridge with this new method: on the one hand, in the transversal direction at the level of one cross frame in a segment, and on the other hand at the level of a bridge girder in the longitudinal direction, across the grouted joints between segments.