## 3 Results and Discussion
### Comparative Study of the Efficiency of Extraction by UAE and BBE Techniques  
A comparative study was conducted on the efficiency of the applied extraction methods, UAE and BBE, for compounds from _R. typhimurium_ fruits used in the present investigation. UAE is frequently regarded as an efficient extraction method for phenolic compounds [74; 75], including those from the fruits of _R. typhimurium_[32]. The BBE method was used for the first time in this study to extract compounds from staghorn sumac based on the consideration that it does not involve a temperature rise during the process, such as for UAE, at which some compounds may be sensitive, being a method suitable for many types of samples and with a lower cross-contamination risk [76]. When comparing the mean values of all experimental results, it was found that flavonoids, anthocyanins, and carotenoids were efficiently recovered through the UAE technique (Figure 8a). Based on the high recovery of the other investigated compounds (total phenolics) and antioxidant activity (FRAP), the BBE method was found to be more efficient. When comparing the mean values of those experimental results performed at the lowest extraction time, 10 min (Figure 8b), the same tendency resulted for both extraction methods, UAE and BBE. Where differences are not significant, BBE should be preferred, taking into account that UAE may affect some thermolabile compounds [77] and may cause the loss of volatile compounds [65]. Given the shorter time required for extraction of certain compounds and antioxidant activity, the extract obtained by BBE under optimal conditions (5 min, 2.8 mm ceramic beads) was subsequently used for carrying out the HPLC profile and antimicrobial, hemolytic, and cytotoxic evaluations. The GLM analysis on experimental UAE data showed that TPC is a significant predictor for the antioxidant activity measured by FRAP (t = 10.389, \(p\) = 2.37 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-7}\)***) or DPPH assay (t = 6.594, \(p\) = 1.73 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\)***). The existence of a significant relationship between the phenolic content and the antioxidant activities (FRAP, DPPH) has also been reported by other authors [78; 79]. Regarding the GLM analysis performed on BBE data,  
Figure 8: Comparative distribution of tested bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity according to the extraction method (UAE, BBE). (**a**) mean values of all experimental data. (**b**) mean values at an extraction time of 10 min. the carotenoid content (t = \(-\)4.647, \(p\) = 0.00046 ***) was a significant predictor, while TFC was marginally significant (t = 2.040, \(p\) = 0.06223) for the FRAP antioxidant activity. Still, for the DPPH method, only the TAC was a marginally significant predictor (t = 1.999, \(p\) = 0.0655). A weak, significant positive correlation was previously found between FRAP and flavonoid content [80], and a strong positive relation was found between FRAP and carotenoid content for red bell peppers [81]. [PERSON] et al. (2021) [82] reported the presence of a significant positive correlation between DPPH antioxidant capacity and the anthocyanin content in sweet potatoes. Regarding the total content of the bioactive compounds recovered from _R. typhina_ fruit extracts prepared either by UAE or BBE, our results showed similarities but also some differences compared to other reported ones. Thus, the TAC was found to be lower than that reported in extracts of other _Rhus_ species, _R. coraria_ fruits (3.57 mg/g [83] or 39.73-171.96 mg/kg [84]. The TPC in our study was found to be similar to that reported in fruits of _Rhus pentaphylla_ (12.97 \(\pm\) 0.26 mg/g) [85] but lower than that of _R. typhina_ in an extract obtained in acidic ethanol under a rotary shaker (81.6 \(\pm\) 0.3 mg/g DW), or water (46.3 \(\pm\) 0.2 mg/g DW) [86]. [PERSON] et al. (2021) [25] reported lower phenolics in a hydroalcoholic extract from staghorn sumac fruits (6.22 mg/g). Regarding the flavonoids, a content of 4.97 mg catechin equivalents/g DW was reported by other authors for an ethanolic extract from _R.