## 3 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Convergence Accuracy Analysis
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Function** & & **PSO** & **Gold-SA** & **HHO** & **GTO** & **SSA** & **ISSA** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\(F_{1}\)} & AVG & \(8.35\times 10^{-6}\) & \(4.46\times 10^{-207}\) & \(1.10\times 10^{-98}\) & **0.0** & \(1.11\times 10^{-84}\) & **0.0** \\  & STD & \(8.80\times 10^{-6}\) & 0.0 & \(4.65\times 10^{-98}\) & **0.0** & \(5.85\times 10^{-84}\) & **0.0** \\  & \(p\) & \(4.13\times 10^{-11}(+)\) & \(9.64\times 10^{-2}(-)\) & \(1.07\times 10^{-9}(+)\) & \(7.27\times 10^{-8}(+)\) & \(7.27\times 10^{-8}(+)\) & **0.0** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\(F_{2}\)} & AVG & \(1.12\times 10^{-2}\) & \(1.69\times 10^{-129}\) & \(8.34\times 10^{-51}\) & \(4.06\times 10^{-193}\) & \(5.25\times 10^{-55}\) & **0.0** \\  & STD & \(1.79\times 10^{-2}\) & \(9.10\times 10^{-129}\) & \(3.54\times 10^{-50}\) & 0.0 & \(2.78\times 10^{-54}\) & **0.0** \\  & \(p\) & \(4.46\times 10^{-11}(+)\) & \(5.14\times 10^{-2}(-)\) & \(2.45\times 10^{-10}(+)\) & \(3.19\times 10^{-3}(+)\) & \(2.24\times 10^{-11}(+)\) & **0.0** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\(F_{3}\)} & AVG & \(4.13\times 10^{+02}\) & \(1.47\times 10^{-206}\) & \(4.36\times 10^{-72}\) & **0.0** & \(5.32\times 10^{-82}\) & \\  & STD & \(1.28\times 10^{+03}\) & 0.0 & \(2.34\times 10^{-71}\) & **0.0** & \(2.82\times 10^{-81}\) & \\  & \(p\) & \(4.01\times 10^{-11}(+)\) & \(7.42\times 10^{-2}(-)\) & \(6.48\times 10^{-10}(+)\) & \(2.01\times 10^{-07}(+)\) & \(2.01\times 10^{-07}(+)\) & **0.0** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\(F_{4}\)} & AVG & \(3.71\times 10^{-01}\) & \(7.87\times 10^{-96}\) & \(5.22\times 10^{-49}\) & \(3.71\times 10^{-194}\) & \(8.22\times 10^{-46}\) & **0.0** \\  & STD & \(1.16\times 10^{-01}\) & \(4.24\times 10^{-95}\) & \(2.65\times 10^{-48}\) & 0.0 & \(4.40\times 10^{-45}\) & **0.0** \\  & \(p\) & \(3.00\times 10^{-11}(+)\) & \(1.67\times 10^{-1}(-)\) & \(1.69\times 10^{-8}(+)\) & \(4.97\times 10^{-4}(+)\) & \(1.93\times 10^{-10}(+)\) & **1.41 \(\times 10^{-8}\)** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\(F_{5}\)} & AVG & \(2.87\times 10^{1}\) & \(6.62\times 10^{-3}\) & \(1.45\times 10^{-2}\) & 1.61 & \(1.70\times 10^{-4}\) & **1.41 \(\times 10^{-8}\)** \\  & STD & \(9.06\) & \(1.01\times 10^{-02}\) & \(1.82\times 10^{-02}\) & 6.01 & \(4.18\times 10^{-4}\) & **3.71 \(\times 10^{-8}\)** \\  & \(p\) & \(3.02\times 10^{-11}(+)\) & \(2.38\times 10^{-07}(+)\) & \(8.15\times 10^{-11}(+)\) & \(1.52\times 10^{-3}(+)\) & \(6.07\times 10^{-11}(+)\) & **3.71 \(\times 10^{-8}\)** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\(F_{6}\)} & AVG & \(5.02\times 10^{-6}\) & \(2.31\times 10^{-4}\) & \(1.37\times 10^{-4}\) & \(1.77\times 10^{-7}\) & \(3.90\times 10^{-7}\) & **2.46 \(\times 10^{-11}\)** \\  & STD & \(5.90\times 10^{-6}\) & \(3.07\times 10^{-4}\) & \(2.19\times 10^{-4}\) & \(1.80\times 10^{-7}\) & \(5.04\times 10^{-7}\) & **7.98 \(\times 10^{-11}\)** \\  & \(p\) & \(2.83\times 10^{-8}(+)\) & \(5.49\times 10^{-11}(+)\) & \(8.15\times 10^{-11}(+)\) & \(0.379(-)\) & \(4.50\times 10^{-11}(+)\) & **0.0** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\(F_{7}\)} & AVG & \(7.57\times 10^{-2}\) & \(2.16\times 10^{-4}\) & \(1.73\times 10^{-4}\) & \(9.01\times 10^{-5}\) & \(3.67\times 10^{-4}\) & **6.57 \(\times 10^{-5}\)** \\  & STD & \(2.68\times 10^{-2}\) & \(2.84\times 10^{-4}\) & \(2.24\times 10^{-4}\) & \(8.64\times 10^{-5}\) & \(3.27\times 10^{-4}\) & **4.81 \(\times 10^{-5}\)** \\  & \(p\) & \(3.02\times 10^{-11}(+)\) & \(1.44\times 10^{-3}(+)\) & \(4.94\times 10^{-5}\)(+) & \(9.06\times 10^{-8}(+)\) & \(4.20\times 10^{-10}(+)\) & **4.81 \(\times 10^{-5}\)** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\(F_{8}\)} & AVG & \(-2.70\times 10^{3}\) & \(-1.26\times 10^{4}\) & \(-1.26\times 10^{4}\) & \(-1.26\times 10^{4}\) & \(-9.34\times 10^{3}\) & **-1.26 \(\times 10^{4}\)** \\  & STD & \(3.74\times 10^{2}\) & \(1.61\times 10^{-1}\) & \(5.96\times 10^{-1}\) & \(7.49\times 10^{-5}\) & \(2.49\times 10^{3}\) & **2.90 \(\times 10^{-8}\)** \\  & \(p\) & \(3.02\times 10^{-11}(+)\) & \(4.62\times 10^{-10}(+)\) & \(1.55\times 10^{-9}(+)\) & \(3.02\times 10^{-11}(+)\) & \(2.91\times 10^{-11}(+)\) & **2.90 \(\times 10^{-8}\)** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\(F_{9}\)} & AVG & \(52.1\) & **0.0** & **0.0** & **0.0** & **0.0** & **0.0** \\  & STD & \(12.2\) & **0.0** & **0.0** & **0.0** & **0.0** & **0.0** \\  & \(p\) & \(1.21\times 10^{-12}(According to Table 2, ISSA can find the optimal value in the unimodal functions \(F_{1}\)\(\sim\)\(F_{4}\).