# Longitudinal Study on Construction Organization's BIM Acceptance
## 1 Introduction  
BIM includes property information on building objects (walls, slabs, windows, doors, roofs, stairs, etc.) and not just 3D models, making it possible to build better buildings faster and at lower costs [1]. In the construction industry, interest in BIM is increasing, and it is becoming increasingly necessary. Accordingly, many application technologies that support BIM-based planning in maintenance and management are being developed globally, and governments are proposing guidance development and policies for BIM implementation. In Korea, the Public Procurement Service has published the basic BIM Application Guidelines for Facility Projects, which provides standards for BIM-related work and the use of BIM data in construction and maintenance. In 2012, the application of BIM was imposed on public construction projects worth over 500 trillion, and the same was planned for all public construction projects by 2016. In addition, MOLIT (the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport of Korea) is trying to activate BIM utilization by establishing the \"2030 BIM utilization activation roadmap\". Market Research Future (MRFR) [2] predicts that the BIM market will grow at an annual average growth rate of 14.9% from 2018 to 2023, while Zion Market Research (ZMR) [3] predicts to grow to $10.36 billion in 2022. As such, the BIM market is expected to continue to grow. Meanwhile, according to a report that surveyed BIM utilization in 2012 [4], the implementation of BIM in Korea is currently at 58%, which means that approximately only six out of 10 workers in the Korean construction industry are using BIM. Among those who have not yet applied BIM, a total of 39% of workers are aware of BIM, and only 3% have not heard of BIM. The level of BIM application in Korea was higher than those in North America in 2009 (49%) and Western Europe in 2010 (36%) but lower than in North America in 2012 (73%). Despite the high level of BIM application in Korea, the competency of BIM users in the country, excluding engineers, is lower than those in Western Europe and North America. Furthermore, the number of current non-BIM users (10%) who had previously used BIM but stopped was higher in Korea than in Western Europe (4%) and North America (2%). In 2015, a survey on the level of BIM utilization by BIM construction organizations in Korea revealed that BIM interests and BIM necessity were sufficiently sympathetic, but hesitant to use BIM for actual work [5]. According to the research results of the BIM utilization level in 2019 [6], Korean construction companies perceived the effect of BIM technology on average, and were positive about whether it would be activated within 10 years, but the introduction plan in 10 years was still hesitant, and utilization was low. Despite the passage of time, the level of BIM utilization remained largely unchanged. As this is attributable to the introduction of BIM at a stage when factors that hindered its use were left unresolved. Although the implementation rate increased in the short term, there were limits to the achievement of expected effects. As a result, it was often judged that the use of BIM could not be continued because of low credibility. Thus, BIM adoption and use remains a central concern of BIM research and practices in Korea. Existing studies on BIM acceptance include studies comparing the relationship between BIM acceptance and factors affecting BIM acceptance by countries, organizational culture, organizational size, and organization sector (design, contractor, CMr, owner etc.) as well as studies for deriving factors affecting BIM acceptance. However, studies on changes in users' attitudes over time are lacking because many studies have investigated users' attitudes only at specific time points and using a cross-sectional approach. Therefore, this study tests the 2012 BIM acceptance model against the 2019 data and investigates the changes in factors affecting BIM acceptance attitudes as well as mechanisms in the relationships among factors over time spent using the technology.