## 1 Introduction  
This review aims at demonstrating the viability and potential of utilising alternative agricultural feedstock, specifically industrial hemp, in the manufacturing of Lyocell man-made cellulosic fibres (L-MMCF). They were first developed by Eastman Kodak Inc., utilising the solvent \(N\)-methyl-morpholine-\(N\)-oxide (solvent dissolution) as an alternative to carbon disulphide (rayon viscose process-chemical derivatisation) [1, 2], with Courtaulds manufacturing the first commercial samples in 1984 and Lenzing scaling up to commercial production in 1997 [3, 4]. The L-MMCF is known to be environmentally friendly, in comparison with the rayon viscose process. With sustainability and environmental initiatives increasing worldwide, as well as the widening of the Cellulose Gap, L-MMCF are a logical choice for cellulosic manufacturing applications [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]. Table 1 outlines the advantages and disadvantages of the L-MMCF process in comparison to the viscose process.  
Lyocell man-made cellulosic fibres are increasing in usage, having a market share of 4% (approximately 0.3 million tonnes) of all man-made cellulosic fibres (MMCF) worldwide in 2021 [12]. Furthermore, there is a trend towards preferred MMCF (i.e., viscose, acetate, lyocell, modal, and cuprammonium fibres), encouraging the use of alternate cellulose feedstock sources instead of endangered and ancient forest pulp as outlined by The Wye Group [13, 14]. Canopy defines endangered and ancient forests as \"intact forest landscape mosaics, naturally rate forest types, forest types that have been made rare due to human activity, and/or other forests that are ecologically critical for the protection of biological diversity\" [14]. Current feedstock for L-MMCF include cotton linters, wood (e.g., eucalyptus, beach), and grasses (i.e., bamboo) [11; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22]; smaller quantities of L-MMCF have been evaluated from residual agricultural biomass (e.g., hemp, bagasse, corn cobs, citrus biproducts, flax noils, kudzu vines, kenaf) [7; 12; 19; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32], as well as recycled cellulosic textiles commercialised with the Refriba(tm) technology towards Tencel(tm) manufacturing [12; 33; 34]. Agricultural residues and recycled cellulosic textiles as a feedstock for L-MMCF offer new perspectives for sustainable feedstock sourcing.  
Preferred MMCF are manufactured from preferred cellulosic sources, such sustainably managed forests and plantations, recycled pre- and post-consumer cellulosic textiles, and utilisation of alternative fibre sources, such as agricultural biomass (e.g., industrial hemp) [12]. End-use applications for L-MMCF include industrial textiles and apparel, such as personal protective equipment (PPE) (e.g., flame resistant PPE in oil/gas, mining, electrical, and construction applications); disposable healthcare products (e.g., facemasks, gowns, cleaning wipes); disposable consumer products (e.g., hygiene/sanitation products, cleaning wipes); consumer apparel and textile applications; nonwoven industrial products (e.g., biodegradable geotextiles, carpet backings); and dental products (e.g., dental floss) [7].  
This review examines cellulosic morphology, including that of alternative feedstock, as well as the step-by-step process of manufacturing L-MMCF. Inclusion of research from traditional L-MMCF feedstock, such as wood, bamboo, and cotton linters, is used as a baseline to examine the utilisation of industrial hemp stalks towards L-MMCF manufacturing. For each step of the L-MMCF manufacturing process (preparation of feedstock, pulping process, chelation and bleaching, pulp dissolution, and fibre spinning), the challenges associated with the use of agricultural residues as a feedstock for L-MMCF are described. The paper ends with a discussion about strategies to tackle these challenges.