# Attacks on IoT: Side-Channel Power Acquisition Framework for Intrusion Detection
## 1 Introduction  
With the ever-evolving global attack surface, recent years have seen an explosion in the volume of cyberattacks. Reports show that 2020 saw a 358% increase in malware attacks compared to the previous year [1]. From 2020, cyberattacks continued to increase globally well into 2021 and, in the first half of 2022 alone, approximately 236.1 million ransomware attacks occurred across the globe. The World Economic Forum (WEF) estimates that if all cybercrime was amalgamated under the same flag, this country would rank as the world's third-largest economy. Cybercrime caused damages totalling USD eight trillion in 2022 alone [2]. There is no evidence that this acceleration in the growth of cyber-criminality will slow any time soon; in fact, the opposite is proving true. As mentioned, approximately 236 million ransomware attacks occurred in the first half of 2022 alone. Ransomware [3], a type of malware which encrypts a victim's hard-drive and holds it for 'ransom' unless demands are met, is a seemingly new menace plaguing the headlines. However, ransomware has been a threat for quite a long time. In May 2017, the WannaCry [4] ransomware first made international headlines. WannaCry was unique for its colossal impact. The WannaCry attack infected over 300,000 computers spanning 150 countries, with total damages estimated to be billions of USD [5]. The most destructive threat that WannaCry ushered in was not the prospect of significant ransom demands but rather a new cyber-terrorism trend: to hold hospitals, schools and universities to ransom, with little care if the victims pay the ransom or not. The primary goal of this attack is to cause massive disruption to critical-infrastructure. In fact, for the year 2023, the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) revealed that their priority sectors are \"water, hospitals and K-12\" (K-12 being kindergarten to 12 th grade in the United States). These sectors are resource-poor with massive attack surfaces and are heavily targeted by ransomware [6]. In 2022 Emsisoft, a cybersecurity vendor, recorded at least 25 ransomware attacks on \"hospitals and multi-hospital health systems\", affecting approximately 290 hospitals across the US [7]. In 2021, almost 1 million students countrywide were negatively affected by 67 ransomware attacks against K-12 schools. The estimated cost due to the downtime was USD 3.5 billion [8]. However, this epidemic affecting the health and education sectors is not confined to the United States. Ireland has become a victim of large-scale attacks on these sectors recently. In May 2021, the Irish Health Service Executive (HSE) fell victim to a massive ransomware attack [9]. This attack was the most significant cyber attack on an Irish state agency in history and caused mass disruption to the health service. The education sector in Ireland has, like the US, seen many attacks in recent years. Third-level institutions, such as the National University of Ireland (NUI) Galway [10], National College of Ireland (NCI) Dublin [11], and Technological University Dublin (TU Dublin) [12], have fallen victim to ransomware attacks which have greatly affected the availability of systems, leading to the temporary closure of education facilities. The most recent of these attacks was a ransomware attack, which led to the closure of Munster Technological University (MTU) for approximately one week [13]. Ransomware is not the only concern in the security field currently. With the massive explosion in the installation of Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices worldwide, the global attack surface continues to grow significantly. This growth in popularity is thanks to the innate ability of this technology to enable communication between (smart) edge devices and the Internet, thus improving the quality of human life [14] or optimising industrial processes. A forecast made by the International Data Corporation (IDC) projects that there will be 55.7 billion IoT devices by 2025 [15].