esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Implementation and Evaluation of Nodal Distribution and Movement in a 5G Mobile Network
###### Abstract  
The determining factor in the accelerated pace of informatization is the increase in the speed and reliability of data transmission networks. In this regard, new and existing standards are developed and modernized. A lot of organizations are constantly working on the development and implementation of new generation communication networks. This article provides an overview of available software solutions that allow us to investigate and evaluate the behavior of data networks. In particular, tools suitable for mobile communication systems were determined, having sufficient built-in functionality and allowing us to add our own implementations. NS3 has been chosen as a suitable network simulator. Apart from the review, a solution for this tool was developed. It allows estimating the reliability of data transmission from the start movement of a network node at all times during its removal from a base station.  
5G; networks; security; reliability; NS3; Okumura-Hata +
Footnote †: journal: _Future Internet_  
to generate noise and study its effect on the system. It is an intrinsic element of noise immunity in the field of information security and telecommunications networks. The motive is behind the shaping of network simulation scenarios. They demonstrate the process of influencing not only network subscribers, but also sources of interference.  
There are situations when the built-in set of available modules, designed to generate simulation scenarios, prevents full consideration of aspects in this area. Therefore, the developers assign the task of finalizing and introducing additional implementations. Therefore, the overview part presents both the existing ready-made network tools and projects on research related to the growth of mobile 5G networks. In addition, algorithms for the behavior of network subscribers were implemented, and results were obtained that allow one to determine the interference pattern.
###### Abstract  
A study to determine the visual requirements for a remote supervisor of an autonomous sprayer was conducted. Observation of a sprayer operator identified 9 distinct \"look zones\" that occupied his visual attention, with 39% of his time spent viewing the look zone ahead of the sprayer. While observation of the sprayer operator was being completed, additional GoPro cameras were used to record video of the sprayer in operation from 10 distinct perspectives (some look zones were visible from the operator's seat, but other look zones were selected to display other regions of the sprayer that might be of interest to a sprayer operator). In a subsequent laboratory study, 29 experienced sprayer operators were recruited to view and comment on video clips selected from the video footage collected during the initial ride-along. Only the two views from the perspective of the operator's seat were rated highly as providing important information even though participants were able to identify relevant information from all ten of the video clips. Generally, participants used the video clips to obtain information about the boom status, the location and movement of the sprayer within the field, the weather conditions (especially the wind), obstacles to be avoided, crop conditions, and field conditions. Sprayer operators with more than 15 years of experience provided more insightful descriptions of the video clips than their less experienced peers. Designers can influence which features the user will perceive by positioning the camera such that those specific features are prominent in the camera's field of view. Overall, experienced sprayer operators preferred the concept of presenting visual information on an automation interface using live video rather than presenting that same information using some type of graphical display using icons or symbols.  
agricultural machine; autonomous; remote supervision; sprayer; automation interface
# Real-Time Contrail Monitoring and Mitigation Using CubeSat Constellations
## 4 Distributed Systems with CubeSats
### Alternative Approaches  
While CubeSats offer a powerful tool for contrail monitoring, they are most effective when integrated into a broader, multi-layered monitoring network that includes other types of satellites, ground-based sensors, and airborne platforms. Such a network would leverage the strengths of each system, providing a comprehensive picture of atmospheric conditions and enabling more accurate and reliable contrail predictions.  
Ground-based sensors, such as lidar and radar systems, could provide additional data on atmospheric conditions, particularly in regions where satellite coverage is limited or where real-time data are critical. These sensors could be used to validate the data collected by the CubeSats, ensuring their accuracy and reliability.  
Airborne platforms, such as high-altitude drones or research aircraft, could also play a role in this integrated monitoring network. These platforms could be deployed in  
Figure 8: Average contact duration of the satellites in constellation over the northern hemisphere.  
Figure 6: Global coverage of \(3\times 3\) satellite constellation system over the northern hemisphere. Note that there is almost 100% availability of at least one of the satellites in the constellation.  
Figure 7: Global coverage of \(3\times 3\) satellite constellation system over the northern hemisphere indicating at least 3 visible satellites over the region.  
specific regions where contrail formation is expected, collecting in situ data on atmospheric conditions and providing real-time feedback to the CubeSat system. This approach would allow for more targeted monitoring, ensuring that the CubeSats are focused on the areas where they are needed most.  
Integrating these various systems would require the development of sophisticated data fusion algorithms, capable of combining data from multiple sources to produce a unified, accurate picture of atmospheric conditions. This could involve the use of machine learning techniques to identify patterns and correlations between the different datasets, improving the accuracy of contrail predictions and enabling more effective mitigation measures.
# Improvement of Fast Simplified Successive-Cancellation Decoder for Polar Codes
## 5 Conclusions  
We proposed an improved method for reduction of SC decoding latency. In this approach, the constituent codes were first identified offline on the decoding tree. Further, the frozen-bit check is conducted at the R-other nodes. It is shown that 30% of the R-other nodes on the pruning tree satisfy the FC when the SNR is 3 dB. Compared to the Fast-SSC and IMSC decoders, the proposed method yields the smallest decoding latency without affecting the error-correction performance. Moreover, the proposed method solves the problem of high latency for the Improved-SSC method at a high code rate and low SNR simultaneously. In the future, the method proposed in this work can be used for low-complexity successive cancellation list decoding.  
Figure 8: FERs of systematic polar codes under Fast-ISSC decoder and non-systematic polar codes under SC decoder.  
Figure 7: BERs of systematic polar codes under Fast-ISSC decoder and non-systematic polar codes under SC decoder.  
**Author Contributions:** [PERSON] proposed the original idea, conceived the simulation and completed the manuscript. [PERSON] refined the ideas and carried out additional analyses. [PERSON] modified and refined the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This work was supported in part by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61475075, 61871234, 61271240, and 61401399), the Jiangsu Province Postgraduate Innovative Research Plan (Grant Nos. CXZZ13_0486 and CXLX12_0477), the Zhejiang Provincial Nature Science Foundation of China (No. LY18F010017), and the Research Fund of the National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University (No. 2016D05).  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Leveraging IPv6 and ICMPv6 for Delay-Tolerant Networking in Deep Space
## 2 Comparative Study of BPv7 and IPv6 Functionalities
### Feature Analysis
#### 2.3.4 Routing  
Routing in IPv6 and BPv7 networks reflects their fundamentally different design goals. IPv6 relies on dynamic routing protocols such as OSPF and BGP, which assume continuous connectivity and low latency between nodes. These protocols compute routes based on the network topology discovered in real time, enabling efficient and reliable packet forwarding in traditional Internet environments. In contrast, BPv7 is designed for Delay-Tolerant Networks (DTNs) and employs a schedule-aware or time-variant routing approach tailored to intermittent connectivity. Algorithms like CGR are used to determine optimal forwarding paths based on predicted contact opportunities, addressing disruptions and high latencies. While IPv6 usually forwards packets based on pre-computed routing tables, BPv7 commonly performs per-packet routing decisions to take into account the network congestion forecast, with the option to recompute the forwarding decision if changes occur while in storage. BPv7 implementations already present the flexibility needed to handle this type of routing, while the IPv6 suite does not currently contemplate such schedule-based or reactive routing. Therefore, adaptations of the stack and the implementation of routing protocols like CGR are necessary for IPv6 to operate in DTN.
# Autonomous Manipulator of a Mobile Robot Based on a Vision System
## 3 Results
### Vision System Accuracy Testing  
This section shows the measurement of the camera position relative to the marker. The measurements were performed as a function of the distance from the marker and the tilt angle in relation to the selected axis because such changes have a significant impact on the accuracy of the vision system. In this test, the camera was mounted on an IRB 1600 ABB industrial robot because the industrial robot is highly accurate (according to the robot specification, the robot pose accuracy is 0.04 mm) [26]. Its position in relation to the marker system was taken as the reference position. Tables 2 and 3 show the obtained results, and Figure 5 shows a diagram of the dependence of the error on the distance to the marker. The tests were carried out under good lighting conditions. Artificial laboratory lighting and a 250 W lamp directly illuminating the panel were used.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Actual Manipulator Movement** & **Absolute Error** & **Relative Error** \\
**mm** & **mm** & **mm** \\ \hline
49.9 & 0.1 & 0.20\% \\
49.8 & 0.2 & 0.40\% \\
50 & 0 & 0.00\% \\
49.7 & 0.3 & 0.60\% \\
50 & 0 & 0.00\% \\
51.9 & 1.9 & 3.80\% \\
47 & 3 & 6.00\% \\
49.3 & 0.7 & 1.40\% \\
49.4 & 0.6 & 1.20\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Measurements of the manipulator’s z-axis movements for a setpoint of 50 mm.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Reference Distance** & **Vision System** & **Absolute Error** & **Relative Error** \\
**mm** & **mm** & **mm** & **mm** \\ \hline
200.1 & 200.5 & 0.4 & 0.20\% \\
218.3 & 219.2 & 0.9 & 0.41\% \\
236.8 & 237.6 & 0.8 & 0.34\% \\
255.6 & 256.3 & 0.7 & 0.27
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Color Simulation Model  
#### 2.2.1 Principle  
According to the program written in MATLAB R2020b, which can read the color parameters of all pixels in a sapphire image, each color region of the faceted blue sapphires was defined by the range of color parameter obtained through manual color extraction. The color parameters obtained were divided into four groups: brilliance, fire, body color, and darkness.  
The color chroma of the samples was evaluated by a professional gemstone inspector. And the evaluation result showed that the sapphires in this study exhibited intense blue color, with chroma values (C) greater than or equal to 85. The inspector primarily focused on the most vivid part (the \"fire\" region) of the gemstone during the evaluation process. Therefore, the \"fire\" region was chosen as the primary area for simulating gemstone colors. And two methods were employed for color simulation.  
Method One (Statistical Method): The average, median, and mode of the **L**, **a**, and **b** values in the \"fire\" region were selected, respectively. These three sets of data were subjected to color simulation, and the simulated color blocks were compared with the gemstone colors. Since the color parameter reads by the program retains fourteen decimal places, all of the obtained color parameters did not appear to be duplicate values. Therefore, the color parameters undertook the integer process to obtain the mode used in this study.  
Method Two (Function Simulation Method): There was a negative linear correlation between the gemstones' chroma and Parameter **b**. The chroma (**C**) and **b** in the \"fire\" region was linearly simulated to obtain the corresponding linear formulas. The mean, median, and mode of **b** were selected separately and substituted into the above formula to calculate the corresponding **C** value. The average, median, and mode of the selected **b** corresponded to multiple lightness (**L**), and the average of these **L** values was calculated as the **L** value used to simulate the color. The following used LBR01 as an example.
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Data Annotation
#### 3.2.1 Initial Sub Dataset Assembly and Stratification  
Our data annotation phase commenced with the careful assembly of an initial sub dataset, encompassing a month's worth of posts from five targeted subreddits: r/anxiety, r/lonely, r/SuicideWatch, r/depression, and r/mentalhealth. This deliberate selection aimed to encapsulate a broad range of mental health discussions, ensuring a comprehensive and varied dataset for analysis.
###### Abstract  
Throughout the course of human history, owing to innovations that shape the future of mankind, many technologies have been innovated and used towards making people's lives easier. Such technologies have made us who we are today and are involved with every domain that is vital for human survival such as agriculture, healthcare, and transportation. The Internet of Things (IoT) is one such technology that revolutionizes almost every aspect of our lives, found early in the 21 st century with the advancement of Internet and Information Communication (ICT) Technologies. As of now, the IoT is served in almost every domain, as we mentioned above, allowing the connectivity of digital objects around us to the Internet, thus allowing the remote monitoring, control, and execution of actions based on underlying conditions, making such objects smarter. Over time, the IoT has progressively evolved and paved the way towards the Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT) which is the use of nano-size miniature IoT devices. The IoNT is a relatively new technology that has lately begun to establish a name for itself, and many are not aware of it, even in academia or research. The use of the IoT always comes at a cost, owing to the connectivity to the Internet and the inherently vulnerable nature of IoT, wherein it paves the way for hackers to compromise security and privacy. This is also applicable to the IoNT, which is the advanced and miniature version of IoT, and brings disastrous consequences if such security and privacy violations were to occur as no one can notice such issues pertaining to the IoNT, due to their miniaturized nature and novelty in the field. The lack of research in the IoNT domain has motivated us to synthesize this research, highlighting architectural elements in the IoNT ecosystem and security and privacy challenges pertaining to the IoNT. In this regard, in the study, we provide a comprehensive overview of the IoNT ecosystem and security and privacy pertaining to the IoNT as a reference to future research.  
Internet of Things (IoT); Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT); Internet of Everything (IoE); Information and Communication Technology (ICT); security; privacy; internet; cyber security; nanotechnology; wireless network; edge computing; fog computing 2020 IEEEexample:BSTcontrol
# Penetration Efficiency and Concentration Distribution of Nanoparticles in a Hollow Tapered Cylinder
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Influence of Conical Column  
Figure 10 represents the effect of the conical column on the concentration profile at the outlet of the hollow tapered cylinder for the particle sizes of 3 nm and 10 nm at different flow rates. For particles with a particle diameter of 3 nm, the conical column results in a lower concentration in the central region than in the middle region of the hollow tapered cylinder at the flow rates of 2 L/min and 5 L/min, as shown in Figure 10a. A phenomenon can be observed, which avoids the centralization of particles in the central region and presents an annular profile of the radial concentration at the outlet of the hollow tapered cylinder. This phenomenon is not obvious when the flow rate is reduced to 0.5 L/min, since the penetration efficiency of the hollow tapered cylinder is reduced. In contrast, Figure 10b shows that the influence of the conical column on the concentration profile in the central region of the hollow tapered cylinder is insignificant for 10 nm particles at flow rates of 2 L/min and 5 L/min. Furthermore, the annular profile of the radial concentration at the outlet of the hollow tapered cylinder becomes apparent when the flow rate is reduced to 0.5 L/min. Using the characteristics of particle concentration distribution, the difficulty of excessive or insufficient nanoparticle concentration at the outlet of the hollow conical cylinder can be solved. For example, when the nanoparticle concentration at the outlet is excessively concentrated in certain locations, it causes a bias in the downstream detector. At this point, the concentration distribution can be adjusted by the central column and the flow rate to homogenize the particle distribution at the outlet. Conversely, as the concentration of particles at the outlet is insufficient at certain locations, resulting in insufficient collection  
Figure 9: Nanoparticle penetration efficiency of the hollow tapered cylinder with or without the conical column at different flow rates.  
for quantitative analysis, it can be improved by collecting particles at specific locations in this way.
## 1 Introduction
So, the current results shed light to the important role of evaluating the best WRF model configuration for wind energy resource assessment and mapping in Iran. The main goals of this study are to generate wind climate data at different levels in the lower troposphere over Iran and to prepare a mesoscale wind energy map via the WRF model over a long period, in a region with a very complex topography. In addition, this study aims to identify areas with high wind energy production potential, and to provide an initial assessment of the amount of wind energy that can be extracted, as well as the necessary data for the study and development of small-scale wind farms in the identified areas. Under a warmer world scenario and with the temperature increase in the Middle East in the coming decades to be much higher than the global average [52], the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources is more than imperative. In an area with a great lack of observational data, the most important step to achieve this goal is to optimize the WRF model for wind energy assessment and spatial mapping, and mainly to evaluate the choice of the SL and PBL parameterizations in the model that better represent the wind regime over the country. This is one of the first studies that used NWP models to evaluate the wind energy potential throughout the Iranian territory. For this purpose, different physical configurations of the WRF model were evaluated and the best configuration was obtained for wind simulations over Iran. Then, a 17-year climate wind dataset was generated, enabling the identification of high-potential wind energy areasthroughout the country and providing the basis for further studies to prepare micro-scale data for the establishment of wind farms.
# Smartphone-Based NFC Potentiostat for Wireless Electrochemical Sensing
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Chemicals and Materials  
All chemicals used in this work were analytical grade and deionized water was used throughout the experiments. Potassium ferricyanide (K\({}_{3}\)[Fe(CN)\({}_{6}\)]), potassium chloride (KCl) and ascorbic acid were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All electrochemical measurements including cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry were performed on an NFC potentiostat developed by Silicon Craft Technology PLC (Bangkok, Thailand) and a Galaxy Nexus smartphone (Samsung, Seoul, South Korea) with Android operating system. A CH instrument (CHI 611E, Texas Instruments Inc., Austin, TX, USA) was used as a standard instrument. A commercial screen-printed carbon electrode (TE100, Zensor R&D Co., Ltd., Taichung City, Taiwan), consisting of a 3 mm diameter carbon working electrode, carbon counter electrode and Ag/AgCl reference electrode, was used to perform the experiment.
# Towards a Collection of Security and Privacy Patterns
## 5 Collection Overview and Practical Application
### Collection Expansion
#### 5.1.2 Interoperability  
Four levels of interoperability are identified and taken into consideration: technological, syntactic, semantic, and organizational interoperability. An approach towards a pattern rule definition for these cases is detailed in the sections that follow.  
In more detail, from the bottom up, the following types of interoperability can be distinguished [92]:  
* Technical interoperability--enables seamless operation and cooperation of heterogeneous devices that utilize different communication protocols on the transmission layer.
* Syntactic interoperability--establishes clearly defined formats for data, interfaces, and encoding.
* Semantic interoperability--settles commonly agreed information models and ontologies for the used terms that are processed by the interfaces or are included in exchanged data.
* Organizational interoperability--cross-domain and cross-platform service integration and orchestration through common semantic and programming interfaces.  
It is important to note that higher levels of interoperability assume the existence of lower ones, otherwise they cannot be achieved--e.g., to have syntactic interoperability, you need to have established technical interoperability first. This is denoted by the \"implies\" relationship in the resulting graph.  
The interoperability properties and their relationships with some enabling patterns that could be further documented are visualized in Figure 27.