## 3 LBV of Conventional Aviation Fuel  
### LBV of Jet A and Its Surrogate Fuel  
Research on the LBV of aviation fuels typically involves surrogate fuels. Surrogate components are typically selected from representative components of alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatic compounds contained in traditional aviation fuels. The selection and proportion of components are crucial factors determining whether the performance of the surrogate fuel closely resembles that of traditional aviation fuels. Experimental conditions and methods used to measure LBV for Jet A and its surrogate fuels are summarized in Table 2. Table 3 summarizes the composition and property data of Jet A and its surrogate fuel, with some values sourced from references, while others calculated based on surrogate component ratios where reference data were unavailable. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Surrogate Fuel/Jet A**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Experimental Conditions**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**LBV**} \\ \cline{2-6}  & **T (K)** & **P (atm)** & \(\Phi\) & **Measurement Methods** & **Ref.** \\ \hline n-Decane, methylcyclohexane, toluene (82.1/7.9/10.0 and 59.6/-/40.4 mol\%) & 400 & 1 & 0.7–1.4 & \begin{tabular}{c} Jet wall \\ stagnation flame \\ configuration \\ \end{tabular} & [30] \\ n-Dodecane, n-propylbenzene, 1,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane (66.2/15.8/ 18.0 mol\%) & 473 & 1 & 0.6–3.0 & Laminar burner & [31] \\ n-Decane, n-propyl-benzene, 10 propyl-cyclohexane (76.7/13.2/10.1 wt\%) & 400–473 & 1–10 & 0.7–1.3 & \begin{tabular}{c} High-pressure \\ Bunsen burner \\ \end{tabular} & [6] \\ n-Decane, methylcyclohexane, benzene, 10 butylcyclohexane (40/20/20/20 vol\%) & 400 & 1 & 0.7–1.4 & \begin{tabular}{c} Heat flux \\ method \\ \end{tabular} & [32] \\ Jet A & 400, 473 & 1 & 0.7–1.4 & \begin{tabular}{c} Counterflow \\ burner \\ \end{tabular} & [33] \\ Jet A & 400, 450, 470 & 1 & 0.7–1.4 & \begin{tabular}{c} Counterflow \\ burner \\ \end{tabular} & [5] \\ Jet A & 473, 550 & 1 & 0.7–1.1 & Bunsen burner & [34] \\ Jet A & 473 & 1 & 0.9–1.4 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Bunsen burner \\ Jet wall \\ stagnation flame \\ configuration \\ \end{tabular} & [35] \\ Jet A & 470 & 1 & 0.75–1.5 &
\begin{tabular}{c} stagnation flame \\ configuration \\ \end{tabular} & [36] \\ Jet A & 473 & 1, 3, 6 & 0.6–2.0 & Bunsen burner & [37] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Experimental conditions and measurement methods for the LBV of Jet A and its surrogate fuel. This indicates that under lean conditions, the pressure dependence exponent increases with the equivalence ratio, as shown in Formula (5). [PERSON] et al. selected liquid volume fractions of 40% n-decane, 20% butylcyclohexane, 20% methylcyclohexane, and 20% benzene as alternative fuels for Jet A and measured fuel LBV using the heat flux method [32]. At 400 K, differences in LBV data between alternative fuels and kerosene were approximately 5-10 cm/s across the entire \(\Phi\) range, suggesting incomplete evaporation of all fractions in kerosene and leading to experimental error in the results. Formulas (3) and (5) enable extrapolation of LBV data, permitting cross-comparison of LBV measurements obtained under different temperature or pressure conditions across studies. While extensive research exists on empirical temperature/pressure dependency correlations, extrapolation formulas for the equivalence ratio are virtually absent [38; 39; 40]. However, all LBV investigations invariably include measurements at the stoichiometric ratio (\(\Phi\) = 1.0) and its neighboring equivalence ratios (0.9-1.2). Whether higher or lower equivalence ratios are experimentally examined varies among studies. For meaningful cross-study comparisons, LBV data should be compared at identical equivalence ratios.