# Advances and Challenges in IoT-Based Smart Drug Delivery Systems: A Comprehensive Review
## 4 Research Survey for Exploring the Role of IoT in Revolutionising Healthcare
This implantable device stored anticancer drugs in refillable reservoirs and allowed remote control and adjustment of drug administration. In vitro tests showed that the system delivered anticancer drugs accurately, inhibiting breast cancer cells by over 71%. An IoT-based anaesthesia drug control system for monitoring and controlling anaesthesia drugs for patients was designed in [54]. The system detects pulse rate and temperature to adjust anaesthesia. It uses NodeMCU for control. Ubidots cloud allowed medical professionals to monitor patient data via IoT. It showed an efficient solution for anaesthesia control. IV drug administration is effective, but manual setup lacks accuracy and monitoring. Radioactive scan chamber safety concerns led to a clinical survey in 2021 [55] to find an improved device for intravenous drips. This study proposes an IoT-based device to address air embolism and blood backflow and improve drug administration for neonates and paediatrics. The device solves manual IV drip control and offers real-time monitoring. Wireless controllers are now essential in healthcare, with researchers exploring advanced medical devices for efficient medication delivery. In research work [56], a smartphone-controlled iontophoretic drug delivery device with a hardware module and mobile app for drug delivery control was developed. It features a safety mechanism to detect loose leads and stop drug delivery. The device's performance was tested in an vitro drug release investigation, yielding promising results for emulsion gel-based drug delivery. India's healthcare sector is important to its economy, but high costs are a concern. AIDD proposes using IoT and ML for an improved insulin delivery system for comatose patients [57]. Multiple ML models were used to predict insulin doses for diabetic patients remotely, eliminating the need for physical assistance. A remote system with interconnected devices that delivers drugs and prognosis was designed in [58]. This system enabled monitoring of patients' vital signs, collecting sensor data, and regulating drug release via an implantable pump. Rigorous testing confirmed the system's effectiveness in remote medical care. In recent times, due to COVID-19, COPD patients in hospitals struggled to receive proper drug injections and monitoring. A system was created with medical devices and IoT technology to provide the necessary oxygen and vital signs monitoring [59]. The system had two sections: one monitored the drip rate and fluid volume using an IR sensor and photodiode, and the other controlled the nebulization speed and duration with an Arduino Nano and MOSFET. This system improved COPD patients' quality of life through better medical care. The authors in [60] proposed an IoT and AI system with fuzzy learning to regulate anaesthesia during surgery. Adaptable and robust to surgical disturbances, a system using sliding mode control, type II fuzzy systems, and artificial neurons was used to regulate anaesthesia drug infusion and adjust the bispectral index. It also allowed for remote drug infusion adjustments. The automated temperature controller (AMTC) was developed in 2021 [61] for synthesising NiO and CuO nanoparticles. The device created dexamethasone-loaded nanomicelles for testing transcorneal penetration. It had the potential for other controlled thermal reactions, providing a compact solution. In 2015 [62], an implanted micropump device using electrolysis, EI sensors, and wireless technology for drug delivery was formulated. This system was tested successfully for controlled infusion rate, sensed dosage in simulated brain tissue, and estimated coil separation and off-centre. RFID tags with helical antennas and drug compartments for tracking drug dosage in real-time were created, with two prototypes being tested to monitor drug dosage changes in vitro [63]. The results showed a sensitivity of 1.27 L/MHz for transdermal delivery and 2.76 L/MHz for implanted delivery.