# Evaluating the Efficacy of a Passive Exoskeleton for Enhancing Ergonomics in Manufacturing
## 1 Introduction
In contrast, passive exoskeletons are growing in popularity for integration as assistive ergonomics tools into practical industry applications due to their being more affordable and user-friendly [14; 15]. Passive exoskeletons are innovative devices, engineered to reduce the risk of injury and alleviate the physical strain associated with such tasks, thereby enhancing workplace safety and productivity [16]. The passive exoskeleton offers a viable substitute for its active counterpart by eliminating the need for batteries or any external power supply as well as relying on systems of springs and pulleys instead of motors to assist with movement. Its design, which often incorporates a belt or a buckle for attachment, ensures it is both light and user-friendly, which makes it convenient to don and doff and enhances mobility and comfort for the user [17]. Besides reducing physical strain, the exoskeleton may also lighten the cognitive load in tasks requiring prolonged posture, potentially improving balance and mental performance [18]. Exoskeletons represent an innovative method for preventing workplace injuries, yet their extensive adoption remains limited [19]. The full adoption of passive exoskeletons as assistive technologies is hindered by a lack of clarity on users' evaluation of their effects and risks [20; 21]. Studies indicate that exoskeletons customized for individual needs may be more effective than generic models [22; 23]. However, thorough evaluations, weighing their advantages and disadvantages, are still needed to guide developers, ergonomists,and users. A detailed analysis of how these exoskeletons can be used for performance improvement across various work tasks is also lacking. Thus, there is a need for research to uncover the full potential and limitations of passive exoskeletons, specially through user-centric simulations that mirror typical manual labor tasks [24]. The impact of this technology is especially notable in the development of occupational passive lower back-supporting exoskeletons (BExos), which are tailored to assist workers who are frequently involved in physically demanding activities. The advancement of technology has significantly increased the accessibility and practicality of exoskeletons in various workplace settings. This accessibility has encouraged more companies to explore exoskeletons as a tool for improving both worker safety and productivity [25]. Integrating assistive technology into manufacturing environments is vital for optimizing human performance, safety, and well-being. Aligning these technologies with human factors and ergonomics enables targeted design modifications, fostering user acceptance and trust [25; 26; 27]. Tailoring technology to ergonomic principles allows for specific design enhancements, creating a more user-friendly interface. By incorporating human factors and ergonomics, the design aligns with the natural capabilities and limitations of the human body, reducing the risk of injuries and fatigue. Research shows that exoskeletons are promising in enhancing manufacturing ergonomics by offering mechanical support that contributes to reducing strain on muscles and joints during MMH tasks [28; 29]. Exoskeletons designed for back support could be beneficial in various contexts, given their ability to lower the activation level of back muscles. This reduction could decrease the likelihood of MSDs in tasks that involve frequent lifting or maintaining awkward and static positions [29; 30]. Considering repetitive lifting tasks, a study on the biomechanical analysis of BExos, using a simulation of lifting showed that the use of an exoskeleton plays a significant role in reducing lumbar spine stress and lowering metabolic energy expenditure during symmetric lifting activities, highlighting its potential utility in diverse work environments where repetitive lifting is a requirement [28]. Another study highlighted that passive exoskeletons support users by supplying some of the torque needed for physical tasks, such as lifting or holding a bent posture.