## 3 Results
### Improvement of the Oxidative Stability of Aoil by Enrichment with Lecithin-CA  
To assess the effect of enriching Aoil with lecithin-CA on its oxidative stability, the lecithin (20 mg/g oil) [29] and CA (0.07%) were added directly to Aoil. The maximum amount of lecithin that could be solubilised in the oil was added to Aoil. The results of the solubility assay showed that the concentration of CA in the Aoil enriched with lecithin was higher than that in the Aoil non-enriched with lecithin (Figure 6A). The results of the influence of lecithin-CA on the oxidative stability of enriched Aoil showed that the oil enriched with lecithin-CA had a lower MDA and FFA levels than oils enriched with CA (Figure 6B,C). Compared with CA, the inhibition rate of lecithin-CA on MDA increased by 2.23%. Compared with CA, the inhibition rate of lecithin-CA on FFA was 0.19% higher (Figure S4). The microstructures of the oils enriched with lecithin-CA oxidized for 30 d were similar to those of the oil enriched with CA oxidised for 30 d (Figure 6D). The main volatile lipid oxidation products of oil enriched with the lecithin-CA after oxidation for 30 d were less presented than in oil enriched with CA after oxidation for 30 d (Figure 6E). Compared to CA, lecithin-CA has a reduction of 0.213 g in rancid volatile gases. Oil enriched with lecithin-CA had a higher amount of unsaturated double bonds, bisallyl hydrogen protons, and allyl hydrogen protons than oil enriched with CA (Figure 6F-H). In general, enrichment with lecithin-CA can improve the oxidative stability of Aoil.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Component** & **Engulation** & **RT** & **RI** & **Initial (ug)** & **CA (ug)** & **TBRQ (ug)** & **BBA (ug)** & **BBT (ug)** & **-AT (ug)** & **Control (ug)** \\  & **Femouts** & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline Cyclohexamid, Taubj- & Cupload, Cpload, Cpload & 42.699 & 1355.080 & - & - & - & 707.51 \(\pm\) 18.42\(\pm\) 5.42\(\pm\) 5.71\(\pm\) & 34.883 \(\pm\) 5.93\(\pm\) & 108.93\(\pm\) 5.79\(\pm\) \\ \({}^{2}\)Alboranel & Cupload, C  
Figure 5: \({}^{1}\)H-NMR analyses of Aoil at the beginning and storage at 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 5 h. (**A**), \({}^{1}\)H-NMR spectrum of Aoil enriched with different antioxidants. a: unsaturated double bond; b: glyceryl; c: daily; d: alpha carbonyl peri-methyl; e: allyl; f: g-carbonyl vicinal methyl; g: saturated methylene; i: a-terminal methyl group (saturated acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid acyl). Quantification of unsaturated double bonds (**B**), dailyl (**C**), and allyl (**D**). a–f means with different superscripts differ significantly (\(p<0.05\)).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Peak Number** & **Chemical Shift (ppm)** & **Functional Group Structure** & **Functional Group Name** \\ \hline a & 5.55–5.20 & **–CH**=**CH—** & unsaturated double bond \\ b & 4.50–4.00 & HOCH\({}_{2}\)CHCHCH— & glyceryl \\ c & 3.00–2.60 & **CH\({}_{2}\)=CH\({}_{-}\)CH\({}_{2}\)—CH\({}_{2}\)** & dailyl \\ d & 2.50–2.20 & **–C**=O—CH\({}_{2}\) & alpha carbonyl peri-methyl \\ e & 2.20–1.90 & **H\({}_{2}\)C=CH\({}_{-}\)CH\({}_{2}\)—** & allyl \\ f & 1.80–1.55 & **–C**=O—CH\({}_{2}\)—CH\({}_{3}\) & \(\beta\)-carbonyl vicinal methyl \\ g & 1.50–1.15 & **–CH\({}_{2}\)—** & saturated methylene \\ i & 1.10–0.75 & **–CH\({}_{3}\)** & terminal methyl group (saturated acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid acyl) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Chemical shift assignments of \({}^{1}\)H-NMR signals of oxidation products of Aoil.