esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results  
The actual methomyl concentrations in the 0 (control), 0.2, 2, 20, and 200 ug L\({}^{-1}\) groups were 0, 0.23 \(\pm\) 0.02, 2.12 \(\pm\) 0.13, 21.50 \(\pm\) 1.21, and 182.0 \(\pm\) 8.96 ug L\({}^{-1}\), respectively, just after the fish were exposed and 0, 0.21 \(\pm\) 0.03, 1.92 \(\pm\) 0.14, 18.52 \(\pm\) 1.43, and 179.0 \(\pm\) 9.12 ug L\({}^{-1}\), respectively, after exposure for 24 h. The results are discussed in relation to the nominal concentrations.  
The effects of chronic exposure to pesticide methomyl on sex steroid hormones CHO, PREG, and PROG in the serum and testes of male tilapia and recovery patterns are shown in Figure 1. No significant changes (\(p\) > 0.05) were observed in the sex steroid hormones CHO, PREG, and PROG in the serum and testes of male tilapia exposed to 0.2 ug L\({}^{-1}\) and 2 ug L\({}^{-1}\) methomyl, whereas male tilapia exposed to 20 or 200 ug L\({}^{-1}\) methomyl showed significant changes (\(p\) < 0.05): CHO, PREG, and PROG both in serum and testes were significantly decreased (\(p\) < 0.05). Moreover, dose-response relationships were found between methomyl and CHO, PREG, and PROG in both serum and testes. Specifically, CHO, PREG, and PROG, both in the serum and testes, decreased with an increase in methomyl concentration.  
When the tilapia were transferred to methomyl-free water for 18 days, CHO, PREG, and PROG in both the serum and testes of male tilapia in each group recovered comparatively. There were no significant differences in CHO, PREG, and PROG both in the serum and testes of male tilapia exposed to 2 and 20 ug L\({}^{-1}\) methomyl compared with the controls. Conversely, significant differences (\(p\) < 0.05) in the 200 ug L\({}^{-1}\) treatment group were observed compared to the control group.  
Figure 1: Cholesterol (CHO), pregnolone (PREG), and progesterone (PROG) levels in testes (**a**,**c**,**e**) and serum (**b**,**d**,**f**) of male \(O\). _niloticus_ exposed to methomyl for 30 days and after an 18-day recovery period in methomyl-free water (R18). (Note: All the data were expressed as Average \(\pm\) SD (\(n=6\)). _”*\"_ means significant difference from the control. Different lower-case letters indicate significant difference among concentrations at the same exposure period, and different upper-case letters indicate difference between exposure and recovery periods at the same methomyl concentration, with \(p<0.05\) considered significant).
# Path Tracking of Agricultural Vehicles Based on 4 WIS-4 WID Structure and Fuzzy Control
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Analysis and Discussion
#### 3.2.2 Rapid Convergence  
Regarding the convergence efficiency, from Figure 12 and Table 3, the stability distance of FCP under four different initial states are 2418 mm, 3052 mm, 2582 mm, and 1661 mm, significantly shorter than the corresponding stability distance of TPP, which shows that TCP has faster convergence for path tracking. The settling time of FCP is also significantly shorter than that of TPP. It can be seen from Table 2 that the stability distance is not proportional to the settling time because the settling time is highly related to the trajectory.  
Figure 12: Comparison of tests under four initial states. (**a**) Comparison of path-tracking trajectories in the initial state (1 m, 90\({}^{\circ}\)), (**b**) Comparison of path-tracking trajectories in the initial state (1 m, \(-90^{\circ}\)), (**d**) Comparison of the path-tracking trajectory in the initial state (0 m, 90\({}^{\circ}\)).
# Historically Based Room Acoustic Analysis and Auralization of a Church in the 1470s
## 3 Digital and Historical Reconstruction
### Model Creation  
A wide range of historical sources were used in the construction of the digital model. Due to the importance of the church in question, there are many sources directly related to it. This includes drawings, documents, plans, maps, traces in the church room, and historical objects such as sculptures and textiles. In addition, there is a range of earlier research [36; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42]. This material could be complemented by more general historical information regarding practices for the given time period and geographical location. The collected information was translated into concrete 3D suggestions of what lost and altered parts of the church interior may have looked like.  
One of the first steps in the creation of a digital model was the laser-scanning of the complete interior space of the church, aimed at obtaining a high-resolution 3D model to be used as reference. This model was then further processed and refined using the graphical modeling software Blender. First, elements of the scan dating later than the 15 th century, as based on historical information, were removed from the digital model. The resulting model of the 15 th century shell (Figure 2) was a starting point for the digital reconstruction.  
The 15 th century shell was extended by 3D suggestions of lost and altered parts of the interior, based on information in historical sources. Different suggestions were then evaluated to find which were more plausible. This process was iterative, and involved primarily the art historian and 3D modeler within the project. Experts on medieval construction, theology, and archaeology were consulted when appropriate.  
The evaluation and appraisal of the different 3D suggestions benefited from working in a spatial environment. Formulating the constructions in a 3D space made it clear that some suggestions were incompatible with the church room itself, historical accounts, or other constructions. For example, in some cases several constructions would need to occupy the same space, or they might lack necessary physical support structures. Further refinement could be achieved when liturgical practices were considered. Line of sight to certain spots important for the liturgy, processional walkways, and easy access to key locations was necessary for the religious functionality of the space, and could thus be used to dismiss less appropriate solutions.  
The next sections will focus on key areas of the church. First, the furnishings in the naive are discussed briefly. Second, the reconstruction of the gallery and the choir are described and motivated.
# Evaluation of Adjustment Effects of Highway Guide Signs Based on the TOPSIS Method
###### Abstract  
With the rapid expansion of highway networks, the demand for timely and reliable road information has steadily increased. However, some guide signs on newly built or extended highways in China have not been updated or adjusted in time, resulting in incomplete information and non-standard setups. These issues not only affect drivers' navigation experience but may also negatively impact road safety and traffic efficiency. Therefore, it is crucial to establish a scientifically sound evaluation system and a comprehensive assessment model for highway guide signs. This study selected a representative highway (G2 Expressway in China) as the research subject and combined questionnaire surveys with field investigations to identify common issues such as vague information and irregular placement of guide signs. Through an in-depth analysis of travel demand, the core requirements of drivers were summarized as safety, efficiency, and comfort. Based on these insights, the study proposes four key design principles for guide signs: standardization, readability, continuity, and consistency. A set of quantifiable evaluation indicators was developed through a comprehensive analysis of key factors affecting signage performance, and factor analysis was applied to verify the independence and rationality of the indicators. On this basis, an evaluation model was constructed using the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) to scientifically quantify the effectiveness of guide signs. The model was applied in a field study on the Hebei section of the G2 Expressway in China (with comprehensive traffic sign coverage, high traffic volume, and more traffic sign issues), with results demonstrating the feasibility and practicality of the proposed evaluation system and model. This research offers a systematic solution to enhance the service quality of highway guide signs and provides essential references for future highway planning and management practices. It aims to comprehensively improve drivers' travel experiences and promote the development of sustainable and intelligent transportation networks, offering valuable insights for building integrated urban systems.  
sustainable transportation; traffic safety; guide sign performance; TOPSIS evaluation; field investigation; driver experience
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Relationships between Studied Parameters of P. rhoas Extracts  
Table 3 represents the Pearson correlation coefficients between the different parameters in this work. Some parameters are positively correlated while others are negatively correlated. Starting with the positively correlated parameters namely: TPC with TFC, TA, and TAC (r = 0.984, 0.983, and 0.993, respectively), TFC with TA and TAC (r = 0.934, 0.998, respectively), TA with TAC (r = 0.954), _E. coli_ CIP with _E. coli_ ATCC (r = 1.00), and finally _K. pneumoniae_ with _S. aureus_ (r = 1.00). Other parameters are negatively correlated, namely: IC50 with TAC (r = \(-\)0.824), yield with IC50 (r = \(-\)0.723), TPC with IC50 and MIC _E. coli_ ATCC, _E. coli_ CIP (r = \(-\)0.884, \(-\)0.969, and \(-\)0.971, respectively), TFC with IC50 and MIC _E. coli_ ATCC, _E. coli_ CIP (r = \(-\)0.787, \(-\)0.911, and \(-\)0.914, respectively), TA with IC50 and MIC _E. coli_ ATCC, _E. coli_ CIP (r = \(-\)0.955, \(-\)0.998, and \(-\)0.999, respectively) and lastly IC50 with TAC (r = \(-\)0.824). Our correlation results show that the antioxidant activity of three samples studied is positively correlated with TPC, TFC, and TA. In this context, several studies show the linear correlation between antioxidant activity and phenolic substances [57; 58; 59].  
Principal component analysis (PCA) is a powerful method for extracting data from multivariate matrices because it portrays the data as a set of a few orthogonal variables [60]. The parameters are displayed in blue, while the samples are plotted in red (Figure 6). The first component represents (PC1) 83% of the variation in the data, while the second component (PC2) represents 16%. PC1 is positively correlated with TPC, TFC, TA, TAC, MIC Kp, and MIC Sa. Therefore, a negative correlation can be observed between the same principal component and IC50, MIC _E. coli_ ATCC, and MIC _E. coli_ CIP. In addition, the PC2 is positively correlated with IC50 and MIC _E. coli_ ATCC and MIC _E. coli_ CIP, so it is negatively correlated with MIC Ca, TA, and yield.  
Given the similarities of the samples, PCA was able to distinguish between the three samples studied. There was a large difference between the three samples. The P3E sample presented a high content of TPC, TFC, and TA and, consequently, the highest antioxidant activity (high TAC and low IC50) and better antibacterial activity (MIC) against _E. coli_ ATCC and _E. coli_ CIP strains compared to the other samples. In addition, P2E and P1E samples showed very high antimicrobial activity against _K. pneumoniae_, _S. aureus_, and _C. albicans_ strains compared to the P3E sample.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Yield** & **TPC** & **TFC** & **TA** & **ICS0** & **TAC** & **MIC** & **MIC** & **MIC** & **MIC** & **MIC** \\  & & & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & &
## 2 Results and Discussion
### Analysis of Cinnamon Volatiles by SPME/GC-MS
#### 2.1.4 Esters  
Esters are characterized by fine odor being responsible for the characteristic odor of several plant essential oils, though not major constituents in cinnamon oil such as (_E_)-cinnamyl acetate [3; 25]. About 22 peaks belonged to esters in cinnamon specimens belonging to fatty and aromatic acid esters, Table S1. Esters accounted for 2.0-23.5% and 1.2-3.7% for authenticated drugs and commercial products, respectively. Examples of esters detected using SPME included (_E_)-cinnamyl acetate (P60, 0.02-0.9%), dimethyl phthalate (P62, 0.07-0.2%), (_E_)-ethyl cinnamate (P 63, 0.03-2.1%), and benzyl benzoate (P116, 0.1-0.9%). It is noteworthy to report that CA showed the highest levels at 23.5%, attributed to its high content of ethyl palmitate (P125) at 7.7%, detected at trace levels in other authenticated drugs, Table S1. Ethyl palmitate possesses a wax-like odor and exerts anti-inflammatory properties [36]. Whether ethyl palmitate can serve as a marker for CA should be confirmed by analyzing samples from other origins to be conclusive.  
Esters showed a total abundance of 1.2-3.7% in commercial products represented by (_E_)-cinnamyl acetate (P60), dimethyl phthalate (P62), (_E_)-ethyl cinnamate (P63), and benzyl benzoate (P116) accounting for 0.03-0.2%, 0.04-0.7%, 0.01-0.1%, 0.03-0.01%, respectively, Table S1.
## 4 Implementation Analysis of a Reasonable Completion State  
### Cable Erection  
The cable erection control is the foundation for the realization of a reasonable completion state [33]. The pre-displacements of components were calculated using the method described in Figures 5 and 10, considering the deformations of tower and girder caused by the cable force and concrete shrinkage and creep effects [34; 35]. The pre-displacements of cable anchoring points at the west and east girder ends were \(-1.5\) cm and \(3\) cm, respectively. The same pre-displacements were adopted for the splay saddle bases and bearings at girder ends. The corresponding pre-displacements of hanger anchoring points were calculated. The pre-displacements of the main saddle and the splay saddle were \(25.6\) cm and \(2\) cm, respectively, which were pre-biased toward the girder ends along the support planes. The bearings on the crossbeam of east tower were pre-biased toward the east side-span with the value of \(2.5\) cm. The pre-lifting amounts of main saddles were \(1.5\) cm. The pre-camber of girder at the middle mid-span was \(0.18\) m.  
The unstressed lengths of cables were calculated based on the cable cross-section type shown in Figure 14 and the results of cable alignments are shown in Figure 11. The calculation method of the unstressed hanger length was proposed as shown in Figure 15, which was based on the measured geometry of the hanger tube and cable erection alignment.  
Figure 14: Schematic diagram of cable strand and the photo of the pressure sensor installment.  
Figure 15: Algorithm flowchart of the determination method of unstressed hanger length.  
The comparison between the measured free cable alignment and target alignment is shown in Figure 16, which takes the north cable as an example. The error percentage of cable alignment at each hanger was compared. For the sake of brevity, only part of the hanger serial number was plotted along the horizontal coordinate axis. In addition, the discrete statistics results of error percentage were described. The results show that the error percentages of cable alignment at girder ends and middle mid-span are relatively higher, because of the catenary characteristics of the cable. Moreover, the errors of cable alignment are smaller than the allowable value of \(\pm\) 2 cm in China specification.
# B5 GEMINI: AI-Driven Network Digital Twin
## 3 B5 gemini Network Digital Twin
### Introduction to Network Digital Twinning  
In the digital twinning context, two concepts with differentiated characteristics are established [2]:  
1. Digital Twin (DT): Treated as an intelligent system in charge of modeling all the characteristics of a specific physical component. In the case of the DT, the communication performs a one-to-one mapping between the physical twin and its DT, allowing bidirectional feedback between both. From this point of view, using a bidirectional data flow between both worlds, the DT is able to continuously adapt to operational changes based on real-time data and information coming from the physical twin, being able, among other things, to monitor and even predict the future state of the physical twin. In addition, the DT can also be manipulated, and changes made to it can be automatically transferred to the physical twin.
2. NDT (Network Digital Twin): Treated as an intelligent system composed of multiple individual DT systems that are able to model complex interactions. The DTs are inter  
Figure 1: Mouseworld Lab.  
connected through an abstraction layer, which is in charge of the data flow between the different DTs. The abstraction layer built on top of the actual network functions as an interface capable of extracting and translating data from one DT to another, creating a communication channel between them, and enabling the integration and interoperability of each DT system. As such, the NDT also comprises the infrastructure of the network and the data flow between the different DT systems. In this case, the data flow follows a many-to-many method, interconnecting all DTs with each other within the NDT. This facilitates the exchange of information between all the DTs included in the NDT, achieving more accurate detections of the network state, enriching the real-time analysis and improving decision making about the physical twins.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Materials  
SIF and corresponding observations (e.g., meteorological variables, flux observations, and vegetation indices) were acquired at four sites including two maize field sites (Daman, China, DM; Huailai, China, HL), a subalpine conifer forest (Niwot Ridge, USA, NR), and one temperate deciduous forest site (Harvard Forest, USA, HF). The characteristics of these sites are summarized in Table 1. The SIF measurements of the DM and HL sites (760 nm) were measured by a tower-based automatic measurement system named \"SIFSpec\" and retrieved using the 3 FLD method [18]. The SIF data (745 to 758 nm) were observed from a scanning spectrometer (PhotoSpec) at the NR site [19]. The SIF data of the HF site were retrieved from FluoSpec deployed about 5 m above the canopy on top of a tower and extracted by spectral fitting methods at 760 nm [20].  
Meteorological variables including net radiation (Rn), relative humidity (Rh), and so on were collected. Energy flux and carbon flux were extracted from eddy covariance (EC) instruments at four sites. Leaf area index (LAI) of all four sites was acquired from the MCD15A3H dataset with 4-day and 500 m temporal-spatial resolution [21] and interpolated on Google Earth Engine [22]. Flux observations during wet conditions (one hour before rainfall to six hours after rainfall) were excluded to minimize the influence of canopy interception and avoid the poor performance of eddy covariance under high relative humidity [17; 23] (See supplementary Table S1 for details of input and intermediate variables).  
The underlying water-use efficiency (uWUE) was used to partition ET observations into E and T [24]. The estimated T from the uWUE method (denoted as T\({}_{\text{Zhou}}\)) was used to evaluate T estimated from SIF. The uWUE method was developed based on data from 14 flux tower sites including the HF site, and has been successfully applied to three sites in the Heihe River Basin [25] including the DM site. In particular, T/ET estimated by the uWUE method agreed with the isotope method well during the peak growing season at the DM site [26]. The reference T\({}_{\text{Zhou}}\) may have some uncertainty during drought conditions as [PERSON]'s method assumes plants keep an optimal response (square root) to vapor pressure deficit (VPD) [27]. Additionally, in some ecosystems, soil evaporation cannot be ignored even during the peak growing season.
# Enhancing Precision in SQUID Sensors: Analyzing Washer Geometry Dependence at the Microscale
## 3 Methodology
### Effective Area
When a uniform magnetic flux density B is applied to a superconducting loop, and the magnetic flux is concentrated into a hole within the loop, the effective area is [35]  
\[A_{\text{eff}}=\gamma_{A}\Big{(}A_{\text{h}}A_{\text{t}}\Big{)}^{\frac{1}{2}}, \tag{15}\]  
The geometric factor is denoted by \(\gamma_{A}\), and takes the value \(\gamma_{A}=1-0.68/\big{(}d/w+2.07\big{)}^{1.75}\), \(A_{\text{h}}\) and \(A_{\text{t}}\) are the area of the internal holes of the washer ring and the total area of the loop, respectively, and the values are given by the following equation:  
\[\big{(}A_{\text{h}}A_{\text{t}}\big{)}^{\frac{1}{2}}=\bigg{(}\frac{N}{4} \bigg{)}\text{tan}\Big{(}\frac{\pi}{N}\Big{)}d(d+2w) \tag{16}\]  
If the shape of the washer is square--that is, \(N=4\)--the above formula can be simplified to  
\[\Big{(}A_{\text{h}}A_{\text{t}}\Big{)}^{\frac{1}{2}}=d(d+2w) \tag{17}\]  
The shape of the octagonal washer \(N=8\) can be given by the following equation:  
\[\Big{(}A_{\text{h}}A_{\text{t}}\Big{)}^{\frac{1}{2}}=0.83d(d+2w) \tag{18}\]  
When the washer shape is circular, \(N\rightarrow\infty\), the above equation is rewritten as  
\[\Big{(}A_{\text{h}}A_{\text{t}}\Big{)}^{\frac{1}{2}}=\pi/4d(d+2w) \tag{19}\]  
We utilize the Matplotlib library in Python to visualize the effective area formulas of various washer types, the results of which are shown in Figure 3, enabling a visual comparison of changes in the effective area with parameters d and w. From the figure, it is evident that, under identical parameters, the square washer exhibits the largest effective area, which can lead to a superior quality factor. However, an excessively large loop area may introduce excessive inductance. Balancing various parameters by refining the shape to ultimately achieve the optimal device design will be addressed in our subsequent work.
## 3 Results and Discussion
On the other hand, the hydrophilic-PFAEM exhibited the highest voltage efficiency (VE) among the membranes tested, due to the lowest mass transport resistance (note the data in Table 2). Overall, the VRFB employing the hydrophobic-PFAEM showed the highest energy efficiency (EE), of about 87%. In the case of ADLFC, it was preferable to use a hydrophilic-membrane because ion conductivity was the most critical factor determining the efficiency of the system. However, unlike ADLFC, the crossover of the redox species through the membrane more significantly influenced the system efficiency in VRFB. Therefore, in this case, it was found that the employment of a hydrophobic-PTFE-based PFAEM can result in a more improved energy efficiency. Figure 7: VRFB charge–discharge performances of (**a**) AMX, (**b**) Hydrophobic-PTFE based PFAEM, and (**c**) Hydrophilic-PTFE based PFAEM. The soaking tests for the membranes were also conducted in 0.1 M V\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{5}\) solution (in 5 M H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\)) at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C for about 200 h, to evaluate the oxidative stability in a vanadium electrolyte solution, as displayed in Figure 9. The results show that the V\({}^{4+}\) ion concentration increased continuously owing to the oxidative degradation of the polymer. However, the PTFE-based PFAEMs exhibited a much-reduced increase rate of V\({}^{4+}\) ion concentration, compared to that of the commercial AMX membrane. In addition, it was shown that the difference in hydrophilic properties of the porous substrates did not appear to have a significant effect in this case. These are well coincident with the results of the Fenton test and demonstrate that the PTFE-based PFAEMs have excellent oxidative stabilities in the harsh conditions of both ADLFC and VRFB. The excellent oxidative stability for the PFAEMs could be attributed to the use of chemically stable PTFE substrates and the decreased free volume due to the high cross-linking density, which reduces the influence of oxygen radicals on the polymer degradation [45].